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2813947909391298317	Dream a Little Dream of Me	Dream a Little Dream of Me - wikipedia Dream a Little Dream of Me This article is about the song . For other uses , see Dream a Little Dream of Me ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' Song by Ozzie Nelson and His Orchestra Released 1931 Recorded February 16 , 1931 Genre Vocal jazz pop Label Brunswick Composer ( s ) Fabian Andre Wilbur Schwandt Lyricist ( s ) Gus Kahn `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' is a 1931 song with music by Fabian Andre and Wilbur Schwandt and lyrics by Gus Kahn . It was first recorded in February 1931 by Ozzie Nelson and also by Wayne King and His Orchestra , with vocal by Ernie Birchill . A popular standard , it has seen more than 60 other versions recorded , with one of the highest chart ratings by Mama Cass Elliot with the Mamas & the Papas in 1968 . Contents 1 Early recordings 2 Cass Elliot version 2.1 Chart performance 3 Anita Harris version 4 Robbie Williams version 4.1 Music video 4.2 Track listings 4.3 Charts 4.4 Release history 5 List of notable recorded versions 6 References 7 External links Early recordings ( edit ) `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' was recorded by Ozzie Nelson and his Orchestra , with vocal by Nelson , on February 16 , 1931 , for Brunswick Records . Two days later , Wayne King and His Orchestra , with vocal by Ernie Birchill , recorded the song for Victor Records . `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' was also an early signature tune of Kate Smith . In summer 1950 , seven recordings of `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' were in release , with the versions by Frankie Laine and Jack Owens reaching the US top 20 at respectively numbers 18 and 14 : the other versions were by Cathy Mastice , Ella Fitzgerald , Louis Jordan , Vaughn Monroe , Dinah Shore and a duet by Bing Crosby and Georgia Gibbs . Other traditional pop acts to record `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' include Louis Armstrong , Barbara Carroll , Nat King Cole , Doris Day , Joni James , and Dean Martin . The song was again recorded in 1968 by Mama Cass Elliot with The Mamas & the Papas , and then by Anita Harris . More than 40 other versions followed , including by the Mills Brothers , Sylvie Vartan , Henry Mancini , The Beautiful South , Anne Murray , Erasure , Michael Bublé , and Italian vocal group Blue Penguin ( see below : List of recorded versions ) . Cass Elliot version ( edit ) `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' Single by Mama Cass with the Mamas & the Papas from the album The Papas & The Mamas B - side `` Midnight Voyage '' Released June 1968 Format 7 - inch single Genre Pop Length 3 : 14 Label Dunhill Composer ( s ) Fabian Andre Wilbur Schwandt Lyricist ( s ) Gus Kahn Producer ( s ) Lou Adler The Mamas and the Papas singles chronology `` Safe in My Garden '' ( 1968 ) `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' ( 1968 ) `` For the Love of Ivy '' ( 1968 ) Audio sample file help `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' was recorded for the Mamas & the Papas April 1968 album release The Papas & The Mamas . The group had often sung the song for fun , having been familiarized with it by member Michelle Phillips , whose father had been friends with the song 's co-writer , Fabian Andre , in Mexico City where Michelle Phillips ' family had resided when she was a young girl . `` Mama '' Cass Elliot suggested to group leader John Phillips that the group record `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' . According to him she was unhappy while recording the song , objecting to its campiness . However , Elliot herself would later tell Melody Maker : `` I tried to sing it like it was 1943 and somebody had just come in and said , ' Here 's a new song . ' I tried to sing it as if it were the first time . '' In the album version , recorded with the Mamas and the Papas , a spoken introduction from an engineer is heard mentioning a drink , and then concluding with the words : `` And now , to sing a lovely ballad , here is Mama Cass '' . Only the last part was heard on the single version of the song . Cass did her own whistling , which is heard before the song 's fade . By the time of the album 's release , there were strong indications that the Mamas & the Papas were set to disband , a perception strengthened by the failure of the lead single `` Safe in My Garden '' . Having an opportunity to promote the group 's best - known member as a soloist , Dunhill Records gave a June 1968 single release to the `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' track with the credit reading - to John Phillips ' displeasure - `` Mama Cass with the Mamas & the Papas '' ; in its UK release the artist credit simply read `` Mama Cass '' . Promoted in the US press and on billboards with a photograph of a discreetly but obviously nude Elliot lying in a bed of daisies , `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' peaked at # 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 that August ( its Cash Box peak was # 10 and in Record World it reached # 8 ) . The Billboard Easy Listening chart ranked the single as high as # 2 . In the UK , `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' reached # 11 that September ; the track also afforded Mama Cass a hit in Ireland ( # 13 ) and South Africa ( # 8 ) . In Australia the Go - Set Top 40 chart ranked `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' at # 1 for the weeks of 4 & 11 September 1968 . `` Dream a Little Dream '' was released as a single in Europe in 1992 - credited to the Mamas and the Papas and featuring that group 's # 1 hit `` Monday , Monday '' as the B - side - to reach # 5 in Germany and # 22 in Switzerland . In Australia the song spent two weeks at # 1 , and was the 16th biggest hit of 1968 . A slightly different version of `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' was included on Elliot 's solo debut album , Dream a Little Dream . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Australia Canada 7 Germany 5 Ireland 13 South Africa 8 Switzerland 22 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 10 US Record World 8 Year - end charts Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Australia 14 Canada 72 UK 94 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 105 US Cash Box 85 Anita Harris version ( edit ) The release of the Mama Cass single of `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' prompted a cover by Anita Harris which was recorded at Olympic Studios in a session produced by Mike Margolis with Alan Tew as musical director . Released 26 July 1968 , the Harris version debuted in the UK Top 50 dated 10 August 1968 at # 46 ahead of the Cass version at # 49 although the latter would vault into the Top 30 and then Top 20 over the next two weeks while the Harris version would never reach the Top 30 . However Harris 's version of `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' would maintain a lower chart presence throughout the ascendancy of the Cass version with Harris 's single peaking at # 33 the week after Cass 's peak at # 11 . Robbie Williams version ( edit ) `` Dream a Little Dream '' Single by Robbie Williams from the album Swings Both Ways Released 13 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) Genre Swing pop Length 3 : 33 Label Island Composer ( s ) Fabian Andre Wilbur Schwandt Lyricist ( s ) Gus Kahn Producer ( s ) Guy Chambers Music video Robbie Williams featuring Lily Allen on YouTube English singer - songwriter Robbie Williams recorded `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' ( retitled `` Dream a Little Dream '' ) for his tenth studio and second swing album , Swings Both Ways ( 2013 ) . While the album version is a duet with Lily Allen , she was omitted from the single version , which was released on 13 December 2013 as the album 's second single . Music video ( edit ) The video features Williams singing the song whilst presenting a Christmas show in the style of The Dean Martin Show . Track listings ( edit ) Irish digital download `` Dream a Little Dream '' -- 3 : 10 German , Swiss and Austrian digital download `` Dream a Little Dream '' ( single version ) -- 3 : 11 `` You Got Old '' -- 3 : 43 `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' ( remix ) -- 2 : 18 Charts ( edit ) Album version featuring Lily Allen Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 34 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 160 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 88 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 67 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 144 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ireland 13 December 2013 Digital download Island Austria Germany Switzerland List of notable recorded versions ( edit ) Year Performer Album Source Al Martino The Magic of Al Martino Anne Murray I 'll Be Seeing You 2014 Barry Manilow My Dream Duets 1995 Beautiful South French Kiss ( Soundtrack ) ' 1957 Bing Crosby Bing with a Beat 1959 Dean Martin Sleep Warm 2007 Diana Krall We All Love Ella Dinah Shore Long Songs Sung 1958 Doris Day Day by Night 2011 Eddie Vedder Ukulele Songs Ella Fitzgerald 75th Birthday Celebration 1957 Ella Mae Morse Barrelhouse , Boogie , and the Blues 2013 Emilia Mitiku I Belong to You 1963 Frankie Laine I Believe Gerry Mulligan Dream a Little Dream 1969 Henry Mancini A Warm Shade of Ivory 1968 Louis Armstrong What a Wonderful World Michael Bublé Special Delivery 1999 Nat King Cole Dream a Little Dream of Me 1968 The Mamas & the Papas The Papas and the Mamas 2002 Tony Bennett & k.d. lang A Wonderful World 2008 Max Raabe und das Palast Orchester Heute nacht oder nie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The New York Times , 14 July 1968 , p. D22 ^ Jump up to : Fiegel , Eddi . Dream a Little Dream of Me : the Life of `` Mama '' Cass Elliot ( London : Sidgwick & Jackson . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 283 - 07331 - 4 ) pp. 256 , 261 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts ~ 1968 '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts - 11 September 1968 '' . Poparchives.com.au. 1968 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian charts - Top Records for the Year of 1968 '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs from the Year 1968 '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - Search for `` Mama Cass '' or `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` . IrishCharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mama Cass - Dream a Little Dream of Me - hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mama Cass : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Mama Cass Elliot Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 147 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 8 / 31 / 68 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1968 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes - Music - Dream a Little Dream - Single by Robbie Williams '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes - Musik -- `` Dream a Little Dream - Single '' von Robbie Williams `` . Itunes.apple.com. 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Robbie Williams feat . Lily Allen -- Dream a Little Dream '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Robbie Williams feat . Lily Allen -- Dream a Little Dream '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Robbie Williams feat . Lily Allen -- Dream a Little Dream '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Robbie Williams feat . Lily Allen -- Dream a Little Dream '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Robbie Williams -- Dream a Little Dream '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Robbie Williams feat . Lily Allen -- Dream a Little Dream '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Zywietz , Tobias . `` CHART : CLUK Update 30.11. 2013 ( wk47 ) '' . Zobbel . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musik -- `` Dream a Little Dream - Single '' von Robbie Williams `` . Itunes.apple.com. 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Musik -- `` Dream a Little Dream - Single '' von Robbie Williams `` . Itunes.apple.com. 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Magic of Al Martino - Al Martino - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I 'll Be Seeing You - Anne Murray - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Dream Duets - Barry Manilow - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French Kiss ( Original Soundtrack ) - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bing with a Beat - Bing Crosby - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sleep Warm - Dean Martin - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` We All Love Ella : Celebrating the First Lady of Song - Various Artists - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love Songs Sung - Dinah Shore - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Day by Night - Doris Day - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ukulele Songs - Eddie Vedder - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 75th Birthday Celebration - Ella Fitzgerald - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Barrelhouse , Boogie , And the Blues - Ella Mae Morse - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` I Belong To You '' . 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` I Believe '' . 6 November 2001 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Dream a Little Dream - Gerry Mulligan Quartet , Gerry Mulligan - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Warm Shade of Ivory - Henry Mancini - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What a Wonderful World - Louis Armstrong - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Special Delivery - Michael Bublé - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dream a Little Dream of Me - Nat King Cole - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Papas & the Mamas - The Mamas & the Papas - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Wonderful World - Tony Bennett , k.d. lang - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heute nacht oder nie - Max Raabe und das Palast Orchester '' . Retrieved 5 October 2018 . External links ( edit ) NPR audio piece on `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' being one of the 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty Cass Elliot John Phillips Michelle Phillips Jill Gibson Studio albums If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears ( 1966 ) The Mamas & the Papas ( 1966 ) The Mamas & The Papas Deliver ( 1967 ) The Papas & The Mamas ( 1968 ) People Like Us ( 1971 ) Compilations Farewell to the First Golden Era ( 1967 ) Golden Era , Vol. 2 ( 1968 ) Hits of Gold ( 1969 ) 16 Greatest Hits ( 1969 ) 20 Golden Hits ( 1973 ) The Best Of ( 1982 ) Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) All the Leaves Are Brown ( 2001 ) Singles `` Go Where You Wanna Go '' ( 1965 ) `` California Dreamin ' '' ( 1965 ) `` Monday , Monday '' ( 1966 ) `` I Saw Her Again '' ( 1966 ) `` Words of Love '' ( 1966 ) `` Dancing in the Street '' ( 1966 ) `` Look Through My Window '' ( 1966 ) `` Dedicated to the One I Love '' ( 1967 ) `` Creeque Alley '' ( 1967 ) `` My Girl '' ( 1967 ) `` Glad to Be Unhappy '' ( 1967 ) `` Dancing Bear '' ( 1967 ) `` Twelve Thirty '' ( 1967 ) `` Safe in My Garden '' ( 1968 ) `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' ( 1968 ) `` For the Love of Ivy '' ( 1968 ) `` Do You Wanna Dance '' ( 1968 ) `` Step Out '' ( 1972 ) Related Chynna Phillips Mackenzie Phillips Bijou Phillips Wilson Phillips The Beach Boys Geneviève Waïte The Journeymen Book Cass Elliot Albums Dream a Little Dream Bubblegum , Lemonade , and ... Something for Mama Make Your Own Kind of Music Cass Elliot The Road Is No Place for a Lady Collaborations Dave Mason & Cass Elliot Compilations Mama 's Big Ones Live Do n't Call Me Mama Anymore Singles `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` California Earthquake '' `` Move in a Little Closer , Baby '' `` It 's Getting Better '' `` Make Your Own Kind of Music '' `` New World Coming '' `` One Way Ticket '' `` A Song That Never Comes '' `` The Good Times Are Coming '' `` Do n't Let the Good Life Pass You By '' `` Baby I 'm Yours '' `` That Song '' `` If You 're Gonna Break Another Heart '' `` Does Anybody Love You ? '' `` I Think a Lot About You '' Related articles The Mamas & the Papas Robbie Williams singles Discography Life thru a Lens `` Old Before I Die '' `` Lazy Days '' `` South of the Border '' `` Angels '' `` Let Me Entertain You '' I 've Been Expecting You `` Millennium '' `` No Regrets '' `` Strong '' `` She 's the One '' / `` It 's Only Us '' `` Win Some Lose Some '' Sing When You 're Winning `` Rock DJ '' `` Kids '' `` Supreme '' `` Let Love Be Your Energy '' `` Eternity / The Road to Mandalay '' `` Better Man '' Swing When You 're Winning `` Somethin ' Stupid '' `` Mr. Bojangles / I Will Talk and Hollywood Will Listen '' Escapology `` Feel '' `` Come Undone '' `` Something Beautiful '' `` Sexed Up '' Greatest Hits `` Radio '' `` Misunderstood '' Intensive Care `` Tripping '' `` Make Me Pure '' `` Advertising Space '' `` Sin Sin Sin '' Rudebox `` Rudebox '' `` Kiss Me '' `` Lovelight '' `` Bongo Bong and Je ne t'aime plus '' `` She 's Madonna '' Reality Killed the Video Star `` Bodies '' `` You Know Me '' `` Morning Sun '' In and Out of Consciousness `` Shame '' Take the Crown `` Candy '' `` Different '' `` Be a Boy '' Swings Both Ways `` Go Gentle '' `` Dream a Little Dream '' `` Shine My Shoes '' The Heavy Entertainment Show `` Party Like a Russian '' `` Love My Life '' `` Mixed Signals '' Other singles `` Freedom '' `` United '' `` Close My Eyes '' Featured singles `` My Culture '' `` Goin ' Crazy '' `` The Days '' Other songs `` I Wan'na Be like You '' Frankie Laine Studio albums With All My Heart ( 1955 ) Jazz Spectacular ( 1956 ) Rockin ' ( 1957 ) Foreign Affair ( 1958 ) Wanderlust ( 1963 ) Singles `` The 3 : 10 to Yuma '' `` Answer Me '' `` The Ballad of High Noon '' `` Cool Water '' `` The Cry of the Wild Goose '' `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' `` Granada '' `` Hey Joe '' `` Hey , Good Lookin ' '' `` Hummingbird '' `` I Believe '' `` Tell Me a Story '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' `` In the Beginning '' `` Jezebel '' `` The Kid 's Last Fight '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Mam'selle '' `` Moonlight Gambler '' `` Mule Train '' `` Rawhide '' `` Rose , Rose , I Love You '' `` Shine '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` Some Day '' `` Sugar Bush '' `` That Lucky Old Sun '' `` That 's Good , That 's Bad '' `` That 's My Desire '' `` To Each His Own '' `` Up Above My Head '' `` Way Down Yonder in New Orleans '' `` A Woman in Love '' `` You Gave Me a Mountain '' `` Your Cheatin ' Heart '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dream_a_Little_Dream_of_Me&oldid=862523910 '' Categories : 1931 songs Blind Guardian songs Cass Elliot songs Doris Day songs Ella Fitzgerald songs Louis Armstrong songs Nat King Cole songs Sissel Kyrkjebø songs Songs about loneliness Songs about dreams Songs with lyrics by Gus Kahn The Mamas & the Papas songs 1968 singles Dunhill Records singles Song recordings produced by Lou Adler Frankie Laine songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 23 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what movie has dream a little dream of me in it	[]	[]
5919789828660966732	One Tree Hill (season 7)	One Tree Hill ( season 7 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 7 ) One Tree Hill ( season 7 ) One Tree Hill Season 7 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release September 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 13 ) -- May 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of One Tree Hill episodes The seventh season of One Tree Hill premiered on September 14 , 2009 . This is the first season not to include the show 's original cast members Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton . After successful ratings for the first three episodes , The CW gave the series a full - season order of 22 episodes . The season premiere was seen by 2.55 million viewers and achieved a 1.2 rating in Adults 18 -- 49 . Episode 7 achieved season highs with 2.67 million viewers and a 1.3 rating in Adults 18 -- 49 . The season averaged 2.3 million viewers and a 1.1 rating placing it at # 118 in the 2009 -- 10 season . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Cast 6 Reception 7 DVD release 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) The seventh season takes place fourteen months after the season six finale , marking the series ' second time jump in three years . A year has passed since Lucas and Peyton left Tree Hill to go traveling . A scandal threatens Nathan 's career in the NBA ; Haley goes back on the road , but suffers a family tragedy that causes her to battle a period of depression . Rachel and Dan return to Tree Hill and Brooke hires a new model ( Alex ) for `` Clothes Over Bros '' that in turn threatens her relationship with Julian . Mouth and Millicent 's relationship is also threatened when Millie decided to become a model , but suffers serious self - image and a drug problem . Newcomers Clay and Quinn settle in Tree Hill and soon fall for one another , only to have their own dramas from psycho Katie . While old romances , Mia and Chase seem to struggle , new ones form , Miranda and Grubbs , give in and begin a relationship , while Victoria and Alexander decide to take their professional relationship to the next level . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 22 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 22 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 22 episodes ) Austin Nichols as Julian Baker ( 22 episodes ) Robert Buckley as Clay Evans ( 22 episodes ) Shantel VanSanten as Quinn James ( 22 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 18 episodes ) Jana Kramer as Alex Dupré ( 20 episodes ) Lisa Goldstein as Millicent Huxtable ( 19 episodes ) Jackson Brundage as Jamie Scott ( 16 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 13 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Skills Taylor ( 11 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Daphne Zuniga as Victoria Davis ( 12 episodes ) India de Beaufort as Miranda Stone ( 12 episodes ) Allison Munn as Lauren ( 10 episodes ) Michael Grubbs as Grubbs ( 10 episodes ) Mitch Ryan as Alexander Coin ( 10 episodes ) Danneel Harris as Rachel Gatina ( 10 episodes ) Gregory Harrison as Paul Norris ( 8 episodes ) Kate French as Renee Richardson ( 7 episodes ) Stephen Colletti as Chase Adams ( 8 episodes ) Amanda Schull as Katie Ryan and Sara Evans ( 7 episodes ) Paul Teal as Avery ( 7 episodes ) Bradley Evans as Jerry ( 6 episodes ) Michael May as Chuck Scolnik ( 6 episodes ) Scott Holroyd as David Lee Fletcher ( 6 episodes ) Kate Voegele as Mia Catalano ( 5 episodes ) Andrea Moore as Makenna Gage ( 4 episodes ) Lindsey McKeon as Taylor James ( 4 episodes ) Sasha Jackson as Kylie ( 4 episodes ) Bess Armstrong as Lydia James ( 3 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 3 episodes ) Katherine Landry as Madison ( 3 episodes ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 3 episodes ) Jaden Harmon as Andre Fields ( 2 episodes ) Joe Manganiello as Owen Morello ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 131 `` 4 : 30 AM ( Apparently They Were Traveling Abroad ) '' Clark Mathis Mark Schwahn September 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 14 ) 3X5301 2.55 Nathan learns of a shocking accusation that could threaten his career , much to the chagrin of his sports agent Clay . Brooke prepares to launch a new fashion line , and Julian decides to produce a big movie . Haley 's sister Quinn makes a surprise visit . Mouth wants Skills to move out , though Skills refuses which leads to a naked standoff . Meanwhile , Jamie celebrates his 7th birthday . This episode is named after a song by Roger Waters . 132 `` What Are You Willing to Lose '' Les Butler Mark Schwahn September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 3X5302 2.30 While in the process of recording her new album , Haley battles to protect Red Bedroom Records with the help of Mia . Brooke casts the new face of her clothing line , though her personality turns out to be what Brooke had n't expected . Clay defends Nathan against a growing scandal . Julian and Brooke decide to move in together . Julian 's father visits . Meanwhile , Dan unveils his new bride , Rachel Gatina . This episode is named after a song by Lucero . 133 `` Hold My Hand as I 'm Lowered '' Liz Friedlander Mark Schwahn September 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) 3X5303 2.51 Clay and Nathan disagree on how to handle an ever - worsening scandal . Quinn and Brooke organize a photo shoot , and Mouth ups the stakes in his battle with Skills . Meanwhile , Alex makes Julian an interesting proposition . This episode is named after a song by Noah and the Whale . 134 `` Believe Me , I 'm Lying '' Greg Prange John A. Norris October 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) 3X5304 2.13 Nathan 's scandal becomes public . Brooke 's fashion show brings an unexpected responsibility for Millicent , and Haley convinces Quinn to talk to her estranged husband David . Meanwhile , Mouth makes a decision that could threaten his career . At Brooke 's fashion show , Clay gets into a fist fight with Quinn 's husband . This episode is named after a song by Forever the Sickest Kids . 135 5 `` Your Cheatin ' Heart '' Peter B. Kowalski Mike Herro & David Strauss October 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) 3X5305 2.55 Haley is thrust into the spotlight and storm of Nathan 's growing scandal . Against her better judgment , Brooke allows Julian to continue working with Alex . Millicent gets a new job , which may cause trouble for Mouth . Meanwhile , Clay and Quinn grow closer . This episode is named after a song by Hank Williams . 136 6 `` Deep Ocean Vast Sea '' Janice Cooke Mike Daniels October 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) 3X5306 2.21 While Haley begins to wonder if Renee 's accusations have merit , Nathan 's scandal threatens his endorsement deals and so Haley considers taking matters into her own hands . Julian gives Alex another chance , and a jealous Brooke reconnects with Chase . Millicent questions whether she has what it takes to be a model . Meanwhile , Clay lets Quinn in on a big secret . This episode is named after a song by Peter Murphy . 137 7 `` I and Love and You '' James Lafferty Mark Schwahn October 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) 3X5307 2.67 Nathan and Haley are dealing with the fact that Dan has invited Renee onto his show , where she will undoubtedly air out the young Scott 's dirty laundry . Quinn contemplates where her marriage with David went wrong , while Brooke has to admit to Julian what her future plans and dreams are . Clay must deal with his past when Sara comes to town . This episode is named after a song and album by The Avett Brothers . 138 8 `` ( I Just ) Died in Your Arms Tonight '' Michael J. Leone Terrence Coli November 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) 3X5308 2.32 Julian agrees to a weekend camping trip but struggles to fit in with Nathan and the guys . Back in Tree Hill , Brooke and Haley spend Girl 's Night doing a little bonding of their own , and Quinn helps Clay come to terms with a tragic loss . Meanwhile , Dan and Rachel 's past catches up to them . This episode is named after a song by Cutting Crew . 139 9 `` Now You Lift Your Eyes to the Sun '' Sophia Bush Karen Gist November 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) 3X5309 2.67 Haley returns to the stage and Brooke receives life - changing news . Meanwhile , Dan Scott returns to Tree Hill much to the chagrin of Nathan , who is about to sign a new NBA contract with the help of his agent Clay . Quinn and Clay grow closer . This episode is named after a song by Stars of Track and Field . 140 10 `` You Are a Runner and I Am My Father 's Son '' Paul Johansson Mark Schwahn November 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) 3X5310 2.63 Nathan reaches the breaking point with Clay , causing a rift between Haley and Quinn . Brooke comes clean with Julian about her worries regarding his growing connection to Alex . Meanwhile , Skills pursues a new career in LA and Millicent 's drug problem worsens . This episode is named after a song by Wolf Parade . 141 11 `` You Know I Love You ... Do n't You ? '' Greg Prange William H. Brown November 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 30 ) 3X5311 2.40 Nathan and Haley 's careers bring about a tough decision for the family , and Julian divulges a secret to Alex that leads to a confrontation with Brooke . Meanwhile , Clay tries to resuscitate his career as an agent , and Jamie learns the truth about Skills ' new job . And a fresh - from - jail Millie finds an unlikely supporter in Victoria . After a shocking conversation with Julian , Alex leaves her suicide note on his voice mail . This episode is named after a song by Howard Jones . 142 12 `` Some Roads Lead Nowhere '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn December 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 07 ) 3X5312 2.57 Quinn helps Clay form a plan to convince Nathan to rehire him , but they may be too late as Nathan and Haley prepare to leave Tree Hill behind in their move to Barcelona . Brooke struggles to accept Julian 's reaction when Alex undergoes another crisis . Meanwhile , Millie 's downward spiral threatens her relationship with Mouth , and Dan makes an announcement that shocks Rachel and his studio audience . This episode is named after a song by Matthew Ryan . 143 13 `` Weeks Go by Like Days '' Joe Davola Karin Gist January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) 3X5313 2.18 Taylor ( Haley and Quinn 's sister ) returns , and she brings a familiar face with her . Millie goes in front of the judge for her DUI . Scenes from Haley 's concerts are also featured . This episode is named after a song by My Morning Jacket . 144 14 `` Family Affair '' Paul Johansson Mike Herro and David Strauss January 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) 3X5314 2.20 Nathan tries to keep Haley calm after Taylor shows up at their house with Quinn 's ex-husband in town . Julian sticks up for Alex on the set of their movie , and Brooke leans on Alexander to ease her heartache . Meanwhile , Clay gets a chance to prove his commitment to Quinn by helping her through a dinner with her sister and David . This episode is named after a song by Sly and the Family Stone . 145 15 `` Do n't You Forget About Me '' Les Butler Terrence Coli February 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) 3X5315 2.15 In the chaos surrounding an ' 80s alumni dance at the high school , Haley 's birthday is forgotten , Jamie is left home alone , and Nathan and Clay are stranded 200 miles from Tree Hill . Meanwhile , Brooke 's appearance at the dance with Alexander forces Julian to relive his dorky adolescence in an episode dedicated to the memory of John Hughes . This episode is named after a song by Simple Minds . 146 16 `` My Attendance Is Bad But My Intentions Are Good '' Jessica Landaw Nikki Schiefelbein February 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) 3X5316 2.17 Haley , Quinn and Taylor receive life - changing news when their mom Lydia shows up to town . Brooke and Julian try to find a balance between their personal lives and work as the movie shoot begins . Alex sets her sights on Alexander , and Millicent finds herself struggling with temptation . This episode is named after a song by PlayRadioPlay ! 147 17 `` At the Bottom of Everything '' Bethany Joy Lenz John A. Norris February 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) 3X5317 1.87 Nathan tries to help Haley and Jamie confront Lydia 's seemingly hopeless situation , while Brooke and Julian navigate their volatile relationship in the midst of a hectic movie shoot . Meanwhile , Clay and Quinn spend some time apart , and Miranda tries to prove to Grubbs that she 's the right person to produce his album . Owen returns to help Millicent with a recent problem . This episode is named after a song by Bright Eyes . 148 18 `` The Last Day of Our Acquaintance '' Joe Davola Mike Daniels February 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 22 ) 3X5318 2.23 As Brooke angrily deals with Alex 's tryst with Julian , Lydia 's condition worsens , prompting Quinn and Haley to try to reconnect with Taylor . Clay is forced to deal with Katie 's unsettling advances , and Nathan helps Jamie come to terms with Lydia 's impending death . This episode is named after a song by Sinéad O'Connor . 149 19 `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' Chad Graves William H. Brown April 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 26 ) 3X5319 2.01 On the eve of Quinn 's big gallery opening , an uninvited guest ambushes Clay . Nathan spends the day with Jamie , while Haley struggles with life after her mother 's death . Brooke and Julian each receive a shocking surprise . Meanwhile , Skills learns the truth about Lauren and Mouth . This episode is named after a song by Rod Stewart . 150 20 `` Learning to Fall '' Greg Prange Shaina Fewell and Renee Intlekofer May 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 03 ) 3X5320 1.95 Nathan and Haley struggle with the aftermath of her mother 's death , while Brooke deals with the fallout of Alexander 's tryst with Victoria . Alex discovers a secret about her leading man , Josh , that could derail Julian 's film , and Clay is confronted by an unhinged Katie . This episode is named after a song by Boys Like Girls . 151 21 `` What 's in the Ground Belongs to You '' Peter Kowalski Mark Schwahn May 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 10 ) 3X5321 2.10 Nathan struggles to reach an increasingly depressed Haley , while Quinn leads Jamie on a Tree Hill treasure hunt . Julian shows his finished film to Brooke , and Clay is forced to deal with Katie . This episode is named after a song by If These Trees Could Talk . 152 22 `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn May 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) 3X5322 2.02 Haley tries to overcome her depression by joining Nathan , Jamie and the rest of the Tree Hill gang on a trip to Utah for the premiere of Julian 's film . Julian 's film is a huge hit , Haley discovers some good news , Julian takes a huge step in his relationship with Brooke , and Katie returns hurting both Clay and Quinn ! This episode is named after an album by Wakey ! Wakey ! Production ( edit ) On February 25 , 2009 , The CW renewed One Tree Hill for a seventh season . On May 12 , 2009 , it was confirmed that both Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton would not be returning for the seventh season . On June 8 , 2009 , it was announced that the seventh season will occur fourteen months into the future from the sixth season finale . On September 29 , 2009 The CW ordered a full season , set to total at 22 episodes . Cast ( edit ) This season includes three new characters portrayed by Robert Buckley , Shantel VanSanten , and Jana Kramer . Buckley is featured as Clayton , Nathan 's agent and friend . VanSanten is featured as Haley 's sister Quinn James . Kramer is featured as Alex , a model for Brooke fashion line , `` Clothes Over Bros '' . Returning are both Austin Nichols who plays Julian Baker a character introduced in the sixth season . This season also saw the return of Danneel Harris who had previously portrayed bad girl Rachel Gatina . Nichols has been promoted to a series regular while Harris will be recurring for at least seven episodes , beginning with the second episode of the seventh season . In an interview with new cast member Shantel VanSanten , she had noted the return of Lindsey McKeon as Taylor James , the sister of Haley and Quinn , midway through the season . While speaking on the return of Taylor , VanSanten also revealed that her character 's mother , played by Bess Armstrong will also return . Reception ( edit ) The season averaged 2.28 million viewers and a 1.1 average Adults 18 -- 49 rating placing it at # 118 in the 2009 -- 10 season . DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season seven was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Region 1 and Region 2 and Region 4 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The Complete Seventh Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 924 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 928 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 886 minutes ( Region 4 ) 5 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English , Spanish French ( Region 1 ) Audio commentaries `` I and Love and You '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , and actor ( s ) James Lafferty and Robert Buckley `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , and actor ( s ) James Lafferty , Stephen Colletti and Robert Buckley Deleted scenes Episodes : 2 , 12 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 22 Gag reel `` Return to Camp One Tree Hill : The experiences of newcomers Robert Buckley , India DeBeaufort , Jana Kramer and Shantel VanSanten `` Spring Break with One Tree Hill : Two contest winners are put through their paces working as production assistants on spring break `` OTH -- The Director 's Debut : Following First - Time Helmer Sophia Bush '' Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia August 17 , 2010 October 11 , 2010 May 4 , 2011 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 21 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Calabria , Rosario ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , November 2 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Final 2009 - 10 broadcast primetime show average viewership Retrieved : 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill sneak preview time jumps hot new characters and life without Chad Michael Murray Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , September 28 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , October 5 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 13 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , October 12 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , October 19 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , October 26 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , November 9 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , November 16 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , November 30 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , December 7 , 2009 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( January 19 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , January 18 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , January 25 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , February 1 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , February 8 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , February 15 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ TV Ratings : Olympics Dominate But The Bachelor Holds Up Well ; 24 Drops -- Page 42092 -- TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , April 26 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 3 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 10 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for Monday , May 17 , 2010 '' . Your Entertainment Now . Retrieved February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Audiences Lundi 17 / 05 : Big Bang respire , Chuck au plus bas . Audiences USA . May 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Super News : CW Renews Six Shows ! ( But Is Chad Over the Hill ? ) '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill stars Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton exit Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer & One Tree Hill Do Time Jump ^ Jump up to : It 's official : ' One Tree Hill ' troublemaker returns ! ^ Jump up to : One Tree Hill 's Shantel VanSanten : Road Bumps Are Ahead for Quinn and Clay http://www.onetreehillweb.net/ External links ( edit ) Official website One Tree Hill on IMDb One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_7)&oldid=848487030 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 06 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did luke and peyton go in season 7	[]	[]
3693351465062983246	Van Schalkwyk	Van Schalkwyk - wikipedia Van Schalkwyk Jump to : navigation , search van Schalkwyk is an Afrikaans surname . Notable people with the surname include : Jaco van Schalkwyk ( born 1979 ) , South African rugby union player Marthinus van Schalkwyk ( born 1959 ) , South African politician Shadley van Schalkwyk ( born 1988 ) , South African cricketer Theunis van Schalkwyk ( 1929 -- 2005 ) , South African boxer This page lists people with the surname van Schalkwyk . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_Schalkwyk&oldid=603065823 '' Categories : Surnames Afrikaans - language surnames Surnames of Dutch origin Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2014 , at 22 : 18 . About Wikipedia	where does the surname van schalkwyk come from	[]	[]
652568812598259882	Metric system	Metric system - wikipedia Metric system For a topical guide to this subject , see Outline of the metric system . For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic , see Introduction to the metric system . Four metric measuring devices : a tape measure in centimetres , a thermometer in degrees Celsius , a kilogram weight and a multimeter that measures volts , amperes and ohms The metric system is an internationally recognised decimalised system of measurement . It is in widespread use , and where it is adopted , it is the only or most common system of weights and measures . It is now known as the International System of Units ( SI ) . It is used to measure everyday things such as the mass of a sack of flour , the height of a person , the speed of a car , and the volume of fuel in its tank . It is also used in science , industry and trade . In its modern form , it consists of a set of base units including metre for length , kilogram for mass , second for time and ampere for electrical current , and a few others , which together with their derived units , can measure any physical quantity . Metric system may also refer to other systems of related base and derived units defined before the middle of the 20th century , some of which are still in limited use today . The metric system was designed to have properties that make it easy to use and widely applicable , including units based on the natural world , decimal ratios , prefixes for multiples and sub-multiples , and a structure of base and derived units . It is also a coherent system , which means that its units do not introduce conversion factors not already present in equations relating quantities . It has a property called rationalisation that eliminates certain constants of proportionality in equations of physics . The units of the metric system , originally taken from observable features of nature , are now defined by phenomena such as the microwave frequency of a caesium atomic clock which accurately measures seconds . One unit , the kilogram , remains defined in terms of a man - made artefact , but this is expected to change in 2019 . While there are numerous named derived units of the metric system , such as watt and lumen , other common quantities such as velocity and acceleration do not have their own unit , but are defined in terms of existing base and derived units such as metres per second for velocity . Though other currently or formerly widespread systems of weights and measures continue to exist , such as the British imperial system and the US customary system of weights and measures , in those systems most or all of the units are now defined in terms of the metric system , such as the US foot which is now a defined decimal fraction of a metre . The metric system is also extensible , and new base and derived units are defined as needed in fields such as radiology and chemistry . The most recent derived unit , the katal , for catalytic activity , was added in 1999 . Recent changes are directed toward defining base units in terms of invariant constants of physics to provide more precise realisations of units for advances in science and industry . Contents 1 Units 1.1 Base units 1.2 Derived units with special names 1.3 Auxiliary and accessory units 2 Realisation of units 3 Properties as a system 3.1 Units based on the natural world 3.2 Base and derived unit structure 3.3 Decimal ratios 3.4 Prefixes for multiples and submultiples 3.5 Coherence 3.6 Rationalisation 4 International System of Units 4.1 Historical variants 4.1. 1 Gaussian second and the first mechanical system of units 4.1. 2 The EMU , ESU and Gaussian systems of electrical units 4.1. 3 Centimetre -- gram -- second systems 4.1. 4 International system of electrical units 4.1. 5 MKS and MKSA systems 4.1. 6 Metre -- tonne -- second systems 4.1. 7 Gravitational systems 5 Conversion and calculation incidents 6 Conversion table 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Units ( edit ) Base units ( edit ) The modern metric system consists of four electromechanical base units representing seven fundamental dimensions of measure : length , mass , time , electromagnetism , thermodynamic temperature , luminous intensity , and quantity of substance . The units are : the metre for length kilogram for mass second for time ampere for electromagnetism kelvin for temperature candela for luminous intensity mole for quantity Together they are sufficient for measuring any known quantity , without reference to further quantities or phenomena . The metre , ampere , candela , and mole are all defined in terms of other base units . For example , the speed of light is defined as 299792458 metres per second , and the metre is derived from that constant and the definition of a second . As a result , in dimensional analysis , they remain wholly separate concepts . Derived units with special names ( edit ) There are currently 22 derived units with special names in the metric system , these are defined in terms of the base units or other named derived units . Eight of these units are electromagnetic quantities : volt , a unit of electrical potential ohm , a unit of electrical resistance tesla , a unit of magnetic flux density weber , a unit of magnetic flux farad , a unit of electrical capacitance henry , a unit of electrical inductance siemens , a unit of electrical conductance ( the inverse of ohm ) coulomb , a unit of electrical charge Four of these units are mechanical quantities : watt , a unit of mechanical or electrical power newton , a unit of mechanical force joule , a unit of mechanical , electrical or thermodynamic energy pascal , a unit of pressure Five units represent measures of electromagnetic radiation : becquerel , a unit of radioactive decay sievert , a unit of absorbed ionising radiation gray , a unit of ionising radiation lux , a unit of luminous flux lumen , a unit of luminous intensity Two units are measures of circular arcs and spherical surfaces : radian , a unit of circular arc steradian , a unit of spherical surface area Three units are miscellaneous : degree Celsius , a unit of thermodynamic temperature katal , a unit of catalytic activity ( enzymatic ) hertz , a unit of cycles per second ( inverse of second ) Auxiliary and accessory units ( edit ) Main article : Non-SI units mentioned in the SI Although SI , as published by the CGPM , should , in theory , meet all the requirements of commerce , science , and technology , certain customary units of measure have acquired established positions within the world community . In order that such units are used consistently around the world , the CGPM catalogued such units in Tables 6 to 9 of the SI brochure . These categories are : Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units ( Table 6 ) . This list includes the hour and minute , the angular measures ( degree , minute and second of arc ) , and the historic ( non-coherent ) metric units , the litre , tonne and hectare ( originally agreed by the CGPM in 1879 ) Non-SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally ( Table 7 ) . This list includes various units of measure used in atomic and nuclear physics and in astronomy such as the dalton , the electron mass , the electron volt , the astronomical unit , the solar mass , and a number of other units of measure that are well - established , but dependent on experimentally - determined physical quantities . Other non-SI units ( Table 8 ) . This list catalogues a number of units of measure that have been used internationally in certain well - defined spheres including the bar for pressure , the ångström for atomic physics , the nautical mile and the knot in navigation . Non-SI units associated with the CGS and the CGS - Gaussian system of units ( Table 9 ) . This table catalogues a number of units of measure based on the CGS system and dating from the nineteenth century . They appear frequently in the literature , but their continued use is discouraged by the CGPM . The SI symbols for the metric units are intended to be identical , regardless of the language used but unit names are ordinary nouns and use the character set and follow the grammatical rules of the language concerned . For example , the SI unit symbol for kilometre is `` km '' everywhere in the world , even though the local language word for the unit name may vary . Language variants for the kilometre unit name include : chilometro ( Italian ) , Kilometer ( German ) , kilometer ( Dutch ) , kilomètre ( French ) , χιλιόμετρο ( Greek ) , quilómetro / quilômetro ( Portuguese ) , kilómetro ( Spanish ) and километр ( Russian ) . Variations are also found with the spelling of unit names in countries using the same language , including differences in American English and British spelling . For example , meter and liter are used in the United States whereas metre and litre are used in other English - speaking countries . In addition , the official US spelling for the rarely used SI prefix for ten is deka . In American English the term metric ton is the normal usage whereas in other varieties of English tonne is common . Gram is also sometimes spelled gramme in English - speaking countries other than the United States , though this older usage is declining . In SI , which is a coherent system , the unit of power is the `` watt '' , which is defined as `` one joule per second '' . In the US customary system of measurement , which is non-coherent , the unit of power is the `` horsepower '' , which is defined as `` 550 foot - pounds per second '' ( the pound in this context being the pound - force ) . Similarly , neither the US gallon nor the imperial gallon is one cubic foot or one cubic yard -- the US gallon is 231 cubic inches and the imperial gallon is 277.42 cubic inches . The concept of coherence was only introduced into the metric system in the third quarter of the 19th century ; in its original form the metric system was non-coherent -- in particular the litre was 0.001 m and the are ( from which the hectare derives ) was 100 m . However the units of mass and length were related to each other through the physical properties of water , the gram having been designed as being the mass of one cubic centimetre of water at its freezing point . Realisation of units ( edit ) The metre was originally defined to be one ten millionth of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator through Paris . Main article : Realisation ( metrology ) The base units used in the metric system must be realisable . Each of the definitions of the base units in SI is accompanied by a defined mise en pratique ( practical realisation ) that describes in detail at least one way in which the base unit can be measured . Where possible , definitions of the base units were developed so that any laboratory equipped with proper instruments would be able to realise a standard without reliance on an artefact held by another country . In practice , such realisation is done under the auspices of a mutual acceptance arrangement ( MAA ) . The standard metre is defined as exactly 1 / 299,792,458 of the distance that light travels in a second . The realisation of the metre depends in turn on precise realisation of the second . There are both astronomical observation methods and laboratory measurement methods that are used to realise units of the standard metre . Because the speed of light is now exactly defined in terms of the metre , more precise measurement of the speed of light does not result in a more accurate figure for its velocity in standard units , but rather a more accurate definition of the metre . The accuracy of the measured speed of light is considered to be within 1 m / s , and the realisation of the metre is within about 3 parts in 1,000,000,000 , or an order of 10 parts . The kilogram is defined by the mass of a man - made artefact of platinum - iridium held in a laboratory in France . Replicas made in 1879 at the time of the artefact 's fabrication and distributed to signatories of the Metre Convention serve as de facto standards of mass in those countries . Additional replicas have been fabricated since as additional countries have joined the convention . The replicas are subject to periodic validation by comparison to the original , called the IPK . It has become apparent that either the IPK or the replicas or both are deteriorating , and are no longer comparable : they have diverged by 50 μg since fabrication , so figuratively , the accuracy of the kilogram is no better than 5 parts in a hundred million or within an order of 10 parts . A proposed redefinition of SI base units is expected to include replacing the IPK with an exact definition of Planck 's constant , which will then define the kilogram in terms of the second and metre . Properties as a system ( edit ) Although the metric system has changed and developed since its inception , its basic concepts have hardly changed . Designed for transnational use , it consisted of a basic set of units of measurement , now known as base units . Derived units were built up from the base units using logical rather than empirical relationships while multiples and submultiples of both base and derived units were decimal - based and identified by a standard set of prefixes . Units based on the natural world ( edit ) Like most units of measure , the units of the metric system were based on perceptual quantities of the natural world . But they also had definitions in terms of stable relationships in that world : a metre was defined not by the span of a man 's arms like a toise , but on a quantitative measure of the earth . A kilogram was defined by a volume of water , whose linear dimensions were fractions of the unit of length . The earth was not easy to measure , nor was it uniformly shaped , but the principle that units of measure were to be based on quantitative relationships among invariant facets of the physical world was established . The units of the metric system today still adhere to that principle , but the relationships used are based on the physics of nature , rather than its sensory dimensions . Base and derived unit structure ( edit ) The metric system base units were originally adopted because they represented fundamental orthogonal dimensions of measurement corresponding to how we perceive nature : a spacial dimension , a time dimension , one for the effect of gravitation , and later , a more subtle one for the dimension of an `` invisible substance '' known as electricity or more generally , electromagnetism . One and only one unit in each of these dimensions was defined , unlike older systems where multiple perceptual quantities with the same dimension were prevalent , like inches , feet and yards or ounces , pounds and tons . Units for other quantities like area and volume , which are also spacial dimensional quantities , were derived from the fundamental ones by logical relationships , so that a unit of square area for example , was the unit of length squared . Many derived units were already in use before and during the time the metric system evolved , because they represented convenient abstractions of whatever base units were defined for the system , especially in the sciences . So analogous units were scaled in terms of the metric units , and their names adopted into the system . Many of these were associated with electromagnetism . Other perceptual units , like volume , which were not defined in terms of base units , were incorporated into the system with definitions in the metric base units , so that the system remained simple . It grew in number of units , but the system retained a uniform structure . Decimal ratios ( edit ) Some customary systems of weights and measures had duodecimal ratios , which meant quantities were conveniently divisible by 2 , 3 , 4 , and 6 . But it was difficult to do arithmetic with things like ⁄ pound or ⁄ foot . There was no system of notation for successive fractions : for example , ⁄ of ⁄ of a foot was not an inch or any other unit . But the system of counting in decimal ratios did have notation , and the system had the algebraic property of multiplicative closure : a fraction of a fraction , or a multiple of a fraction was a quantity in the system , like ⁄ of ⁄ which is ⁄ . So a decimal radix became the ratio between unit sizes of the metric system . Prefixes for multiples and submultiples ( edit ) Main article : metric prefix In the metric system , multiples and submultiples of units follow a decimal pattern . Metric prefixes in everyday use Text Symbol Factor Power yotta Y 7024100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000000000000000000 10 zetta Z 7021100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000000000000000 10 exa 7018100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000000000000 10 peta 7015100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000000000 10 tera 7012100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000000 10 giga 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000 10 mega 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 10 kilo k 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 10 hecto h 100 10 deca da 10 10 ( none ) ( none ) 10 deci d 0.1 10 centi 0.01 10 milli m 0.001 10 micro μ 6994100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 001 10 nano n 6991100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 001 10 pico p 6988100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 001 10 femto f 6985100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 000 001 10 atto 6982100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10 zepto z 6979099999999999999 ♠ 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10 yocto y 6976099999999999999 ♠ 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10 A common set of decimal - based prefixes that have the effect of multiplication or division by an integer power of ten can be applied to units that are themselves too large or too small for practical use . The concept of using consistent classical ( Latin or Greek ) names for the prefixes was first proposed in a report by the French Revolutionary Commission on Weights and Measures in May 1793 . The prefix kilo , for example , is used to multiply the unit by 1000 , and the prefix milli is to indicate a one - thousandth part of the unit . Thus the kilogram and kilometre are a thousand grams and metres respectively , and a milligram and millimetre are one thousandth of a gram and metre respectively . These relations can be written symbolically as : 1 mg = 0.001 g 1 km = 1000 m In the early days , multipliers that were positive powers of ten were given Greek - derived prefixes such as kilo - and mega - , and those that were negative powers of ten were given Latin - derived prefixes such as centi - and milli - . However , 1935 extensions to the prefix system did not follow this convention : the prefixes nano - and micro - , for example have Greek roots . During the 19th century the prefix myria - , derived from the Greek word μύριοι ( mýrioi ) , was used as a multiplier for 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 . When applying prefixes to derived units of area and volume that are expressed in terms of units of length squared or cubed , the square and cube operators are applied to the unit of length including the prefix , as illustrated below . 1 mm ( square millimetre ) = ( 1 mm ) = ( 0.001 m ) = 6994100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 001 m 1 km ( square kilometre ) = ( 1 km ) = ( 1000 m ) = 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 m 1 mm ( cubic millimetre ) = ( 1 mm ) = ( 0.001 m ) = 6991100000000000000 ♠ 0.000 000 001 m 1 km ( cubic kilometre ) = ( 1 km ) = ( 1000 m ) = 7009100000000000000 ♠ 1000000000 m Prefixes are not usually used to indicate multiples of a second greater than 1 ; the non-SI units of minute , hour and day are used instead . On the other hand , prefixes are used for multiples of the non-SI unit of volume , the litre ( l , L ) such as millilitres ( ml ) . Coherence ( edit ) Main article : Coherence ( units of measurement ) James Clerk Maxwell played a major role in developing the concept of a coherent CGS system and in extending the metric system to include electrical units . Each variant of the metric system has a degree of coherence -- the derived units are directly related to the base units without the need for intermediate conversion factors . For example , in a coherent system the units of force , energy and power are chosen so that the equations force = mass × acceleration energy = force × distance energy = power × time hold without the introduction of unit conversion factors . Once a set of coherent units have been defined , other relationships in physics that use those units will automatically be true . Therefore , Einstein 's mass -- energy equation , E = mc , does not require extraneous constants when expressed in coherent units . The CGS system had two units of energy , the erg that was related to mechanics and the calorie that was related to thermal energy ; so only one of them ( the erg ) could bear a coherent relationship to the base units . Coherence was a design aim of SI , which resulted in only one unit of energy being defined -- the joule . Rationalisation ( edit ) Maxwell 's equations of electromagnetism contained a factor relating to steradians , representative of the fact that electric charges and magnetic fields may be considered to emanate from a point and propagate equally in all directions , i.e. spherically . This factor appeared awkwardly in many equations of physics dealing with the dimensionality of electromagnetism and sometimes other things . International system of units ( edit ) Main articles : International System of Units and List of physical quantities The International System of Units is the modern metric system . It is based on the Metre - Kilogram - Second - Ampere ( MKSA ) system of units from early in the 20th century . It also includes numerous coherent derived units for common quantities like power ( watt ) and irradience ( lumen ) . Electrical units were taken from the International system then in use . Other units like those for energy ( joule ) were modeled on those from the older CGS system , but scaled to be coherent with MKSA units . Two additional base units , degree Kelvin equivalent to degree Centigrade for thermodynamic temperature , and candela , roughly equivalent to the international candle unit of illumination , were introduced . Later , another base unit , the mole , a unit of mass equivalent to Avogadro 's number of specified molecules , was added along with several other derived units . The system was promulgated by the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( French : Conférence générale des poids et mesures -- CGPM ) in 1960 . At that time , the metre was redefined in terms of the wavelength of a spectral line of the krypton - 86 atom , and the standard metre artefact from 1889 was retired . Today , the International system of units consists of 7 base units and innumerable coherent derived units including 22 with special names . The last new derived unit , the katal for catalytic activity , was added in 1999 . Some of the base units are now realised in terms of invariant constants of physics . As a consequence , the speed of light has now become an exactly defined constant , and defines the metre as ⁄ of the distance light travels in a second . The kilogram remains defined by a man - made artefact of platinum - iridium , and it is deteriorating . The range of decimal prefixes has been extended to those for 10 , yotta , and 10 , yocto , which are unfamiliar because nothing in our everyday lives is that big or that small . The International System of Units has been adopted as the official system of weights and measures by all nations in the world except for Myanmar , Liberia , and the United States , while the United States is the only industrialised country where the metric system is not the predominant system of units . Historical variants ( edit ) A number of variants of the metric system evolved , all using the Mètre des Archives and Kilogramme des Archives ( or their descendants ) as their base units , but differing in the definitions of the various derived units . Variants of the metric system Quantity CGS MKS MTS distance , displacement , length , height , etc . ( d , x , l , h , etc . ) centimetre ( cm ) metre ( m ) metre mass ( m ) gram ( g ) kilogram ( kg ) tonne ( t ) time ( t ) second ( s ) second second speed , velocity ( v , v ) cm / s m / s m / s acceleration ( a ) gal ( Gal ) m / s m / s force ( F ) dyne ( dyn ) newton ( N ) sthene ( sn ) pressure ( P or p ) barye ( Ba ) pascal ( Pa ) pièze ( pz ) energy ( E , Q , W ) erg ( erg ) joule ( J ) kilojoule ( kJ ) power ( P ) erg / s watt ( W ) kilowatt ( kW ) viscosity ( μ ) poise ( P ) Pa ⋅ s pz ⋅ s Gaussian second and the first mechanical system of units ( edit ) In 1832 , Gauss used the astronomical second as a base unit in defining the gravitation of the earth , and together with the gram and millimetre , became the first system of mechanical units . The emu , esu and Gaussian systems of electrical units ( edit ) Several systems of electrical units were defined following discovery of Ohm 's law in 1824 . Centimetre -- gram -- second systems ( edit ) The centimetre -- gram -- second system of units ( CGS ) was the first coherent metric system , having been developed in the 1860s and promoted by Maxwell and Thomson . In 1874 , this system was formally promoted by the British Association for the Advancement of Science ( BAAS ) . The system 's characteristics are that density is expressed in g / cm , force expressed in dynes and mechanical energy in ergs . Thermal energy was defined in calories , one calorie being the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15.5 ° C to 16.5 ° C. The meeting also recognised two sets of units for electrical and magnetic properties -- the electrostatic set of units and the electromagnetic set of units . International system of electrical units ( edit ) The CGS units of electricity were cumbersome to work with . This was remedied at the 1893 International Electrical Congress held in Chicago by defining the `` international '' ampere and ohm using definitions based on the metre , kilogram and second . MKS and MKSA systems ( edit ) In 1901 , Giovanni Giorgi showed that by adding an electrical unit as a fourth base unit , the various anomalies in electromagnetic systems could be resolved . The metre -- kilogram -- second -- coulomb ( MKSC ) and metre -- kilogram -- second -- ampere ( MKSA ) systems are examples of such systems . The International System of Units ( Système international d'unités or SI ) is the current international standard metric system and is also the system most widely used around the world . It is an extension of Giorgi 's MKSA system -- its base units are the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , kelvin , candela and mole . The MKS ( Metre , Kilogram , Second ) system came into existence in 1889 , when artefacts for the metre and kilogram were fabricated according to the convention of the Metre . Early in the 20th century , an unspecified electrical unit was added , and the system was called MKSX . When it became apparent that the unit would be the ampere , the system was referred to as the MKSA system , and was the direct predecessor of the SI . Metre -- tonne -- second systems ( edit ) The metre -- tonne -- second system of units ( MTS ) was based on the metre , tonne and second -- the unit of force was the sthène and the unit of pressure was the pièze . It was invented in France for industrial use and from 1933 to 1955 was used both in France and in the Soviet Union . Gravitational systems ( edit ) Gravitational metric systems use the kilogram - force ( kilopond ) as a base unit of force , with mass measured in a unit known as the hyl , Technische Mass Einheit ( TME ) , mug or metric slug . Although the CGPM passed a resolution in 1901 defining the standard value of acceleration due to gravity to be 980.665 cm / s , gravitational units are not part of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Conversion and calculation incidents ( edit ) The dual usage of or confusion between metric and non-metric units has resulted in a number of serious incidents . These include : Flying an overloaded American International Airways aircraft from Miami , Florida to Maiquetia , Venezuela on 26 May 1994 . The degree of overloading was consistent with ground crew reading the kilogram markings on the cargo as pounds . In 1999 the Institute for Safe Medication Practices reported that confusion between grains and grams led to a patient receiving phenobarbital 0.5 grams instead of 0.5 grains ( 0.03 grams ) after the practitioner misread the prescription . The Canadian `` Gimli Glider '' accident in 1983 , when a Boeing 767 jet ran out of fuel in mid-flight because of two mistakes made when calculating the fuel supply of Air Canada 's first aircraft to use metric measurements : mechanics miscalculated the amount of fuel required by the aircraft as a result of their unfamiliarity with metric units . The root cause of the loss in 1999 of NASA 's US $125 million Mars Climate Orbiter was a mismatch of units -- the spacecraft engineers calculated the thrust forces required for velocity changes using US customary units ( lbf ⋅ s ) whereas the team who built the thrusters were expecting a value in metric units ( N ⋅ s ) as per the agreed specification . Conversion Table ( edit ) Main article : Conversion of units During its evolution , the metric system has adopted many units of measure . The introduction of SI rationalised both the way in which units of measure were defined and also the list of units in use . These are now catalogued in the official SI Brochure . The table below lists the units of measure in this catalogue and shows the conversion factors connecting them with the equivalent units that were in use on the eve of the adoption of SI . Quantity Dimension SI unit and symbol Legacy unit and symbol Conversion factor Time second ( s ) second ( s ) Length metre ( m ) centimetre ( cm ) ångström ( Å ) 0.01 10 Mass kilogram ( kg ) gram ( g ) 0.001 Electric current ampere ( A ) international ampere abampere or biot statampere 7000100002200000000 ♠ 1.000 022 10.0 6990333564100000000 ♠ 3.335 641 × 10 Temperature Θ kelvin ( K ) degree Celsius ( ° C ) centigrade ( ° C ) ( K ) = ( ° C ) + 273.15 Luminous intensity J candela ( cd ) international candle 0.982 Amount of substance mole ( mol ) No legacy unit n / a Area square metre ( m ) are ( a ) 100 Acceleration LT ( m ⋅ s ) gal ( gal ) 10 Frequency hertz ( Hz ) cycles per second Energy L MT joule ( J ) erg ( erg ) 10 Power L MT watt ( W ) ( erg / s ) horsepower ( hp ) Pferdestärke ( PS ) 10 745.7 735.5 Force LMT newton ( N ) dyne ( dyn ) sthene ( sn ) kilopond ( kp ) 10 10 7000980665000000000 ♠ 9.806 65 Pressure L MT pascal ( Pa ) barye ( Ba ) pieze ( pz ) atmosphere ( at ) 0.1 10 7005101325000000000 ♠ 1.013 25 × 10 Electric charge IT coulomb ( C ) abcoulomb statcoulomb or franklin 10 6990333564100000000 ♠ 3.335 641 × 10 Potential difference L MT I volt ( V ) international volt abvolt statvolt 7000100034000000000 ♠ 1.000 34 10 7002299792500000000 ♠ 2.997 925 × 10 Capacitance farad ( F ) abfarad statfarad 10 6988111265000000000 ♠ 1.112 650 × 10 Inductance L MT I henry ( H ) abhenry stathenry 10 7011898755200000000 ♠ 8.987 552 × 10 Electric resistance L MT I ohm ( Ω ) international ohm abohm statohm 7000100049000000000 ♠ 1.000 49 10 7011898755200000000 ♠ 8.987 552 × 10 Electric conductance siemens ( S ) international mho ( ℧ ) abmho statmho 6999999510000000000 ♠ 0.999 51 10 6988111265000000000 ♠ 1.112 650 × 10 Magnetic flux L MT I weber ( Wb ) maxwell ( Mx ) 10 Magnetic flux density MT I tesla ( T ) gauss ( G ) 10 Magnetic field strength IL ( A / m ) oersted ( Oe ) ⁄ = 7001795774700000000 ♠ 79.577 47 Dynamic viscosity ML T ( Pa ⋅ s ) poise ( P ) 0.1 Kinematic viscosity ( m ⋅ s ) stokes ( St ) 10 Luminous flux J lumen ( lm ) stilb ( sb ) 10 Illuminance JL lux ( lx ) phot ( ph ) 10 ( Radioactive ) activity becquerel ( Bq ) curie ( Ci ) 7010370000000000000 ♠ 3.70 × 10 Absorbed ( radiation ) dose gray ( Gy ) roentgen ( R ) rad ( rad ) ≈ 0.01 0.01 Radiation dose equivalent sievert roentgen equivalent man ( rem ) 0.01 Catalytic activity NT katal ( kat ) enzyme unit ( U ) 1 / 60μkat The SI Brochure also catalogues certain non-SI units that are widely used with the SI in matters of everyday life or units that are exactly defined values in terms of SI units and are used in particular circumstances to satisfy the needs of commercial , legal , or specialised scientific interests . These units include : Quantity Dimension Unit and symbol Equivalence Mass tonne ( t ) 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 kg Area hectare ( ha ) 0.01 km 10 m Volume litre ( L or l ) 0.001 m Time minute ( min ) hour ( h ) day ( d ) 60 s 7003360000000000000 ♠ 3600 s 7004864000000000000 ♠ 86 400 s Pressure L MT bar 100 kPa Plane angle none degree ( ° ) minute ( ′ ) second ( '' ) ( ⁄ ) rad ( ⁄ ) rad ( ⁄ ) rad See also ( edit ) Binary prefix , used in computer science History of the metric system History of measurement ISO / IEC 80000 , style manual for measurements metric and non-metric , superseding ISO 31 Metrology Units of measurement Metrification Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In German all nouns start with an upper - case letter Jump up ^ Non-SI units for time and plane angle measurement , inherited from existing systems , are an exception to the decimal - multiplier rule Jump up ^ A stable isotope of an inert gas that occurs in undetectable or trace amounts naturally Jump up ^ Roentgen is a measure of ionisation ( charge per mass ) , not of absorbed dose , so there is no well - defined conversion factor . However , a radiation field of gamma rays that produces 1 roentgen of ionisation in dry air would deposit 0.0096 gray in soft tissue , and between 0.01 and 0.04 grays in bone . Since this unit was often used in radiation detectors , a factor of 0.01 can be used to convert the detector reading in roentgens to the approximate absorbed dose in grays . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strictly speaking , weak and strong charges may add two base dimensions : see Chyla , W.T. ( December 2011 ) . `` Evolution of the International Metric System of Units SI '' ( PDF ) . Acta Physica Polonica A. 120 ( 6 ) : 998 -- 1011 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 124 -- 129 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , p. 130 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Online Translation -- Offering hundreds of dictionaries and translation in more than 800 language pairs '' . Babylon . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology ( JCGM / WG 2 ) . ( 2008 ) , International vocabulary of metrology -- Basic and general concepts and associated terms ( VIM ) ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) , International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) on behalf of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology , p. 9 , retrieved 5 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` Weights and Measures Act 1985 ( c. 72 ) '' . The UK Statute Law Database . Office of Public Sector Information . Archived from the original on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . § 92 . ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 111 -- 120 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Horsepower '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2013 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ MacLean , RW ( 20 December 1957 ) . `` A Central Program for Weights and Measures in Canada '' . Report of the 42nd National Conference on Weights and Measures 1957 . National Bureau of Standards . p. 47 . Miscellaneous publication 222 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ JC Maxwell ( 1873 ) . A treatise on electricity and magnetism. 2 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. 242 -- 245 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 la mesure ( républicaine ) de superficie pour les terrains , égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté '' ( The law of 18 Germanial year 3 `` The republican measures of land area equal to a square with sides of ten metres '' ) ( in French ) . Le CIV ( Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis ) -- Forum des Anciens . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alder , Ken ( 2002 ) . The Measure of all Things -- The Seven - Year - Odyssey that Transformed the World . London : Abacus . ISBN 0 - 349 - 11507 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What is a mise en pratique ? '' . BIPM. 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OIML Mutual Acceptance Arrangement ( MAA ) '' . International Organisation of Legal Metrology . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , pp. 121 , 122 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ McGreevy , Thomas ( 1997 ) . Cunningham , Peter , ed . The Basis of Measurement : Volume 2 -- Metrication and Current Practice . Chippenham : Picton Publishing . pp. 222 -- 223 . ISBN 0 - 948251 - 84 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brewster , D ( 1830 ) . The Edinburgh Encyclopædia . p. 494 . Jump up ^ Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology ( JCGM / WG 2 ) . ( 2008 ) , International vocabulary of metrology -- Basic and general concepts and associated terms ( VIM ) ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) , International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) on behalf of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology , 1.12 , retrieved 12 April 2012 Jump up ^ Good , Michael . `` Some Derivations of E = mc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( 2006 ) , The International System of Units ( SI ) ( PDF ) ( 8th ed . ) , p. 109 , ISBN 92 - 822 - 2213 - 6 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 08 - 14 Jump up ^ Thomson , William ; Joule , James Prescott ; Maxwell , James Clerk ; Jenkin , Flemming ( 1873 ) . `` First Report -- Cambridge 3 October 1862 '' . In Jenkin , Flemming . Reports on the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance -- Appointed by the British Association for the Advancement of Science . London . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historical context of the SI -- Unit of electric current ( ampere ) '' . The NIST Reference on Constants , Units and Uncertainty . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In the beginning ... Giovanni Giorgi '' . International Electrotechnical Commission . 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` System of Measurement Units '' . IEEE Global History Network . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notions de physique -- Systèmes d'unités '' ( Symbols used in physics -- units of measure ) ( in French ) . Hydrelect.info . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Michon , Gérard P ( 9 September 2000 ) . `` Final Answers '' . Numericana.com . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of the 3rd meeting of the CGPM ( 1901 ) '' . General Conference on Weights and Measures . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NTSB Order No . EA - 4510 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : National Transportation Safety Board . 1996 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ISMP Quarterly Action Agenda : April -- June , 1999 '' . Institute for Safe Medication Practices. 14 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Merran ( July -- August 2003 ) . `` The 156 - tonne Gimli Glider '' ( PDF ) . Flight Safety Australia : 22 -- 27 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's metric confusion caused Mars orbiter loss '' . CNN . 30 September 1999 . Retrieved 21 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Climate Orbiter ; Mishap Investigation Board ; Phase I Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 10 November 1999 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Index to Units & Systems of Units '' . sizes.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically '' . NIST Guide to the SI. 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 1993 ) . Quantities , Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry , 2nd edition , Oxford : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 632 - 03583 - 8 . pp. 110 -- 116 . Electronic version ... Jump up ^ Fenna , Donald ( 2002 ) . Oxford Dictionary of Weights , Measures and Units . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860522 - 6 . Jump up ^ BS350 : Part 1 : 1974 Conversion factors and tables Part 1 . Basis of tables . Conversion factors . British Standards Institution . 1974 . p. 7 . 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Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution NARA : 10640919 NDL : 00567628 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metric_system&oldid=866279074 '' Categories : Metric system Systems of units International System of Units French inventions Hidden categories : CS1 French - 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6648891217401787307	Jeep Liberty (KJ)	Jeep Liberty ( KJ ) - wikipedia Jeep Liberty ( KJ ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jeep Liberty ( KJ ) Overview Manufacturer DaimlerChrysler ( 2002 - 2007 ) Chrysler LLC ( 2007 ) Also called Jeep Cherokee ( outside of North America ) Production April 2001 -- June 2007 Model years 2002 -- 2007 Designer Bob Boniface ( 1998 ) Powertrain Engine 2.4 L PowerTech I4 ( gasoline ) 2.5 L VM Motori R 425 I4 ( turbo diesel ) 2.8 L VM Motori R 428 I4 ( turbo diesel ) 3.7 L PowerTech V6 ( gasoline ) Transmission 4 - speed Ultradrive 42RLE automatic 4 - speed Chrysler 45RFE automatic 5 - speed Chrysler 545RFE automatic 5 - speed New Venture Gear NV1500 manual 5 - speed New Venture Gear NV3550 manual 6 - speed Chrysler NSG370 manual Wheelbase 104.2 in ( 2,650 mm ) Length 2001 - 04 : 174.2 in ( 4,420 mm ) 2005 - 07 : 174.7 in ( 4,440 mm ) Width 2001 - 04 : 71.1 in ( 1,810 mm ) 2005 - 07 : 71.8 in ( 1,820 mm ) Height 2001 - 04 : 73.2 in ( 1,860 mm ) 2005 - 07 : 69.8 in ( 1,770 mm ) Curb weight 3,508 - 4,312 lb ( 1,591 - 1,956 kg ) Chronology Predecessor Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) Successor Jeep Liberty ( KK ) The Jeep Liberty ( KJ ) , or Jeep Cherokee ( KJ ) outside North America , is a compact SUV that was produced by Jeep and designed by Bob Boniface through early 1998 . Introduced in May 2001 for the 2002 model year as a replacement for the Cherokee ( XJ ) , the Liberty was priced between the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee . It was the smallest of the 4 - door Jeep SUVs up until the car platform based 4 - door Compass and Patriot arrived for 2007 . The Liberty featured unibody - construction . It was assembled at the Toledo North Assembly Plant in the United States , as well as in other countries including Egypt and Venezuela . Contents 1 Description 1.1 Trim Levels and Equipment 1.2 CRD in North America 1.3 Four wheel drive systems 2 Government / Fleet use 2.1 International versions 3 Total U.S. sales 4 References 5 See also Description ( edit ) Inspired by styling from the Dakar and Jeepster concept vehicles , the Liberty was intended as a replacement for the discontinued Jeep Cherokee . The Liberty also marked a few firsts for Jeep . It was the first Jeep vehicle to use rack and pinion steering . It also the first Jeep to use the two then - new PowerTech engines ; the 150 horsepower ( 110 kW ) 2.4 L straight - 4 , which was discontinued in 2006 , and the 210 horsepower ( 160 kW ) 3.7 L V6 . However , the Liberty was not the first Jeep vehicle to use an independent front suspension , as the Jeep Wagoneer first used it in the 1963 model . But , that independent front suspension was limited to four wheel drive versions and , even then , was a short lived option . The Liberty was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award for 2002 . Three trim levels were initially offered ; the top end Limited , a more rugged looking Renegade and the base Sport . All were made available with either 2WD or 4WD . In July 2004 for the 2005 model year , the Liberty received a mid-cycle facelift . The 2005 , 2006 Renegade and 2005 Rocky Mountain Edition Liberties received an exclusive flat hood and taller grille . In 2007 , the Renegade trim level was replaced with the Latitude which appeared to focus more on an urban appearance and lost the Renegade trim 's unique hood and grille . 2005 -- 2007 Jeep Liberty 2004 Jeep Liberty ( USA ) Jeep Cherokee Sport wagon ( Australia ) Trim levels and equipment ( edit ) The 2002 - 2007 Jeep Liberty KJ was offered in three basic trim levels , each offering their own level of standard and optional equipment : Sport : The Sport served as the `` base '' model 2002 - 2007 Jeep Liberty . It offered the following standard equipment : a 2.4 L `` Power - Tech '' Inline Four - Cylinder ( I4 ) engine , a five - speed manual transmission , sixteen - inch ( 16 `` ) steel wheels , an A / M-F / M stereo with cassette player ( later , a single - disc CD player ) , a six - speaker audio system , cloth seating surfaces , dual manually - adjustable front bucket seats , a split - folding rear bench seat , full instrumentation , manual windows and door locks ( power windows and door locks became standard equipment starting in 2005 ) , gray front and rear bumpers and body side cladding panels , and a rear - mounted spare tire and wheel . Optional equipment included an A / M-F / M stereo with single - disc CD player ( this later became standard equipment ) , power windows and door locks with keyless entry ( also later became standard equipment ) , an Infinity premium amplified audio system , aluminum - alloy wheels , a full - size spare tire and wheel ( this later became standard equipment ) , air conditioning ( also later became standard equipment ) , a four - speed automatic transmission , a 3.7 L `` Power - Tech '' V6 engine , a 2.8 L Common - Rail Diesel ( CRD ) engine , a five - speed automatic transmission , and front - mounted fog lamps . `` Special - Edition '' models of the Liberty KJ , such as the 2003 Freedom Edition , the 2004 Columbia Edition , the 2005 and 2007 Rocky Mountain Edition , and the 2006 65th Anniversary Edition , were all based on the base Sport trim level . Renegade : The Renegade served as the `` off - road - ready '' model of the Jeep Liberty between midyear 2002 and 2007 . Based on the base Sport ' model , it added the following equipment : a 3.7 L `` Power - Tech '' V6 engine , power windows and door locks with keyless entry , cloth - and - vinyl - trimmed seating surfaces , air conditioning , sixteen - inch ( 16 `` ) color - keyed aluminum - alloy wheels ( in Cactus Green , Mineral Gray , or Light Khaki ) , gray front and rear decorative wheel flares , Anti-Lock Braking System ( ABS ) , front - mounted fog lamps , and an A / M-F / M stereo with single - disc CD player . Optional equipment included seventeen - inch ( 17 '' ) chrome - clad aluminum - alloy wheels , roof - mounted `` Off - Road '' lamps , an Infinity premium audio system , leather - trimmed seating surfaces , low - back front bucket seats , a power tilt - and - sliding sunroof , and a four - speed automatic transmission . Limited Edition : The Limited Edition was the top - of - the - line 2002 - 2007 Jeep Liberty model . It added the following equipment to the Renegade trim level : a 3.7 L `` Power - Tech '' V6 engine , a four - speed automatic transmission , sixteen - inch ( 16 `` ) aluminum - alloy wheels ( later seventeen - inch ( 17 '' ) ) , color - keyed front and rear bumpers , chrome body side cladding panels , an A / M-F / M stereo with single - disc CD player , security system , power - adjustable front driver 's bucket seat , air conditioning , front - mounted fog lamps , an overhead Electronic Vehicle Information Center ( EVIC ) , and premium cloth seating surfaces with low - back front bucket seats . Optional equipment included an A / M-F / M stereo with Radio Data System ( RDS ) and cassette and single - disc CD players ( later , a six - disc , in - dash CD changer ) , an Infinity premium amplified audio system , luxury leather - trimmed seating surfaces , dual heated front bucket seats , a power - adjustable front passenger 's bucket seat , seventeen - inch ( 17 `` ) chrome - clad aluminum - alloy wheels , Anti-Lock Braking System ( ABS ) , a 2.8 L Common - Rail Diesel ( CRD ) engine , a five - speed automatic transmission , and a power tilt - and - sliding sunroof . CRD in North America ( edit ) In 2005 , DaimlerChrysler began offering a diesel engine to the North American market to gauge the marketability of diesel engines in North America . The last North American market Jeep product that was offered with a diesel engine was the 1987 Jeep Cherokee and Comanche . Only available for 2005 and 2006 in Sport and Limited trims , the 2.8 L VM Motori R 428 I4 common rail turbo diesel or CRD exceeded expectations by selling 10,000 examples in its first calendar year of production . The diesel utilized a variable geometry turbocharger and generated 160 horsepower ( 120 kW ) and 295 lb ⋅ ft ( 400 N ⋅ m ) of torque . Offering 60 more foot lbs of torque than the comparable V6 gasoline engine and offered higher fuel efficiency ; but it added nearly 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) to the curb weight , a price increase , and offered less peak horsepower . The CRD was prohibited from being sold in Maine , Vermont , Massachusetts , New York , and California due to their higher emission standards and was discontinued for 2007 due to stricter federal emission standards in the United States . The next year Jeep offered the Jeep Grand Cherokee with a diesel engine option ; which was 50 - state emission legal . Four wheel drive Systems ( edit ) The Liberty is available with either a part - time Command - Trac or full - time Selec - Trac transfer case . The Command - Trac transfer case has four positions : 2 - HI , 4 - HI , Neutral , and 4 - LO . The lever is placed in 2WD HI for regular driving . This allows the two rear tires to receive power . The second position , 4WD HI , is used for driving on slippery or loose surfaces . This position locks both the front and rear drive shafts together allowing the vehicle to maintain drive as long as at least one axle has traction . The third position , Neutral , disengages both drive shafts from the transfer case allowing the car to roll freely ; this is used for towing behind another vehicle , for example . The last position , 4WD LO is used for situations requiring higher torque or slow speed when traversing rough terrain . A common misconception is that 4WD LO provides more traction . It only changes the gear ratio and does not add any more friction between the tires and the driving surface . This position , like 4WD HI locks both the front and rear drive shafts together , and by using a lower gear ratio , allows for 2.72 times more torque ( however , the speed is limited to around 25 MPH max ) . It should be noted that turning while in 4WD HI or LO on dry pavement is hazardous to vehicle components , through driveline binding and wheel - hop . The Selec - Trac transfer case has five positions : 2 - HI , 4 - HI Part - Time , 4 - HI Full - Time , Neutral , and 4 - LO . The transfer case is different from the Command - Trac transfer only in the extra 4WD HI Full - Time position . The 4WD HI Full - Time position adds the same traction benefits that the part - time 4WD setting offers , but features an open differential between the front and rear axles to allow the two axles to spin at independent speeds and eliminate drive line binding and wheel - hop . The down side of 4WD Hi Full - Time is that , due to the open differential between front and rear drive lines , at times the drive train will only deliver power to the front or the rear e.g. when the front of the vehicle has reached a high traction surface such as dry pavement and the rear is in sand , the rear tires will spin with 100 % of engine power , the front receiving no traction . Under equal traction conditions ( front - rear ) this position gives the rear wheels 52 % of the engine 's power and the front wheels 48 % of the engine 's power . The division of power and open center differential allows the Selec - Trac transfer case to be operated at all times in an `` All Wheel Drive '' mode with no adverse effects . Government / fleet use ( edit ) Even though no special Jeep Liberty was introduced in 2002 for police use , police and rental agencies continue to purchase it for fleet use . Most are equipped with the 3.7 L `` Power - Tech '' V6 Engine that produces 210 horsepower mated to a 4 - Speed Automatic Transmission , however , some fleet Liberties used a 2.4 L I4 Engine that produced about 150 horsepower with a 4 - Speed Automatic Transmission . In 2008 , when the Jeep Liberty was fully redesigned , the I4 engine was dropped , and the V6 engine was the only engine choice , as was the 4 - Speed Automatic Transmission . Most fleet and government Liberties also use either the Selec - Trac or Selec - Trac II 4WD Systems , but some Liberties used 2WD . Since it was introduced in April 2001 as a 2002 Model Year vehicle to the time it was discontinued in 2007 , the Liberty KJ also found its way into rental car fleets . Most rental Liberty KJ 's were the V6 - powered Sport models with automatic transmissions and 4WD . International versions ( edit ) European badged Cherokee Renegade Numerous versions were available in markets outside the U.S. and Canada . Early - 2002 through mid-2003 model year CRDs were equipped with a 2.5 lt VM Motori Diesel producing 105 kW ( 143 PS ; 141 hp ) and 343 N ⋅ m ( 253 lb ⋅ ft ) . An external wastegated turbo was standard and the engine was available only with a manual transmission . A commercial Cherokee version with 2.5 CRD engine and five - speed transmission rated at 34.4 miles per imperial gallon ( 8.2 L / 100 km ; 28.6 mpg ) has a completely flat cargo area ( the rear seat area has a carpeted full - length galvanized metal floor ) and the rear quarter glass and rear door glass is replaced with fixed body colored aluminum panels ( the front doors have power windows ) . For additional cargo security a removable floor to ceiling metal and mesh bulkhead is optional . In European markets , VAT registered buyers can claim back the tax paid as this qualifies as a Commercial Vehicle . Arab American Vehicles Company ( a joint venture ) assembles the Jeep Cherokee ( Liberty ) for the Egyptian market . Carabobo Assembly Plant ( DaimlerChrysler de Venezuela ) assembles the Jeep Cherokee ( Liberty ) in Valencia , Carabobo for the Venezuelan market . Total U.S. sales ( edit ) Calendar Year Sales 88,485 2002 171,212 2003 162,987 167,376 2005 166,883 2006 133,557 References ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Jeep Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeep Liberty . Jump up ^ http://www.toledoblade.com/Automotive/2001/01/08/Liberty-designers-aimed-to-establish-a-niche.html Jump up ^ `` Jeep Dakar Concept '' . Mojeepin.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Jeepster Concept '' . MoJeepin.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep Liberty Steering '' . Allpar.com. 2005 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Rice 's 1963 IFS Wagoneer 4x4 '' . wagoneers.com. 2007 - 12 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Compare Side - by - Side '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Jeep Liberty `` previous -- Jeep road vehicle timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Traditional CJ - 5 CJ - 7 Wrangler ( YJ ) Wrangler ( TJ ) Wrangler ( JK ) Wrangler ( JL ) Wrangler Unlimited ( LJ ) Wrangler Unlimited ( JKU ) Wrangler Unlimited ( JLU ) Subcompact crossover Renegade ( BU ) Compact crossover Compass ( MK49 ) Compass ( MP ) Patriot ( MK74 ) Cherokee ( KL ) Mid-size crossover Grand Commander Compact SUV Cherokee / Wagoneer ( XJ ) Liberty / Cherokee ( KJ ) Liberty / Cherokee ( KK ) Mid-size SUV Grand Cherokee / Grand Wagoneer ( ZJ ) Grand Cherokee ( WJ ) Grand Cherokee ( WK ) Grand Cherokee ( WK2 ) Commander ( XK ) Full - size SUV Cherokee ( SJ ) Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer ( SJ ) Compact pickup CJ - 8 ( Scrambler ) Comanche ( MJ ) Midsize pickup CJ - 10 Full - size pickup J - Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep_Liberty_(KJ)&oldid=854525114 '' Categories : Jeep vehicles Sport utility vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 2001 Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what transmission is in a 2003 jeep liberty	[ "Early-2002 through mid-2003 model year CRDs were equipped with a 2.5lt VM Motori Diesel producing 105 kW (143 PS; 141 hp) and 343 N⋅m (253 lb⋅ft). An external wastegated turbo was standard and the engine was available only with a manual transmission.\n" ]	[ "manual transmission" ]
1599972012891973044	Hawaii	Hawaii - Wikipedia Hawaii Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hawaiki . This article is about the U.S. state of Hawaii . For the island for which it is named , see Hawaii ( island ) . For other uses , see Hawaii ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 21 ° 18 ′ 41 '' N 157 ° 47 ′ 47 '' W / 21.31139 ° N 157.79639 ° W / 21.31139 ; - 157.79639 State of Hawaii Moku ʻāina o Hawai ʻi ( Hawaiian ) Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Aloha State ( official ) , Paradise of the Pacific , The Islands of Aloha Motto ( s ) : Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono ( `` The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness '' ) State song ( s ) : `` Hawai ʻi Pono ʻī ( Hawai ʻi 's Own True Sons ) '' Official language English , Hawaiian Demonym Hawaiian Capital ( and largest city ) Honolulu Largest metro Island of Oahu Area Ranked 43rd Total 10,931 sq mi ( 28,311 km ) Width n / a miles ( n / a km ) Length 1,522 miles ( 2,450 km ) % water 41.2 Latitude 18 ° 55 ′ N to 28 ° 27 ′ N Longitude 154 ° 48 ′ W to 178 ° 22 ′ W Population Ranked 40th Total 1,428,557 ( 2016 est . ) Density 214 / sq mi ( 82.6 / km ) Ranked 13th Median household income $64,514 ( 12th ) Elevation Highest point Mauna Kea 13,796 ft ( 4205.0 m ) Mean 3,030 ft ( 920 m ) Lowest point Pacific Ocean sea level Before statehood Territory of Hawaii Admission to Union August 21 , 1959 ( 50th ) Governor David Ige ( D ) Lieutenant Governor Shan Tsutsui ( D ) Legislature State Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Brian Schatz ( D ) Mazie Hirono ( D ) U.S. House delegation 1 : Colleen Hanabusa ( D ) 2 : Tulsi Gabbard ( D ) ( list ) Time zone Hawaii : UTC − 10 ( no DST ) ISO 3166 US - HI Abbreviations HI , H.I. Website www.hawaii.gov ( show ) Hawaii state symbols The Flag of Hawaii The Seal of Hawaii Living insignia Bird Nene Fish Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa Flower Pua aloalo Insect Pulelehua Tree Kukui tree Inanimate insignia Dance Hula Food Kalo ( taro ) Gemstone ʻĒkaha kū moana ( black coral ) Song `` Hawaiʻi Ponoʻi '' Other Heʻe nalu ( surfing ) ( state individual sport ) State route marker State quarter Released in 2008 Lists of United States state symbols Hawaii ( English : / həˈwaɪ. i , - ji , - ʔi / ( listen ) hə - WY - ( y ) ee ; Hawaiian : Hawai ʻi ( həˈvɐjʔi ) ) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located outside North America . The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago , which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are -- in order from northwest to southeast : Ni ʻihau , Kaua ʻi , Oʻahu , Moloka ʻi , Lāna ʻi , Kaho ʻolawe , Maui , and the Island of Hawai ʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the `` Big Island '' or `` Hawai ʻi Island '' to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . Hawaii 's diverse natural scenery , warm tropical climate , abundance of public beaches , oceanic surroundings , and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists , surfers , biologists , and volcanologists . Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th - century labor migration , Hawaii 's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures , in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture . Hawaii has over a million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . Hawaii is the 8th - smallest and the 11th - least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U.S. states . It is the only state with an Asian plurality . The state 's coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Spelling of state name 2 Geography and environment 2.1 Topography 2.2 Geology 2.3 Flora and fauna 2.4 Protected areas 2.5 Climate 3 History 3.1 First human settlement -- Ancient Hawai ʻi ( 800 -- 1778 ) 3.2 European arrival 3.3 Kingdom of Hawai ʻi 3.3. 1 House of Kamehameha 3.3. 2 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations 3.4 Overthrow of 1893 -- the Republic of Hawaii ( 1894 -- 1898 ) 3.5 Annexation -- the Territory of Hawaii ( 1898 -- 1959 ) 3.6 Political changes of 1954 -- the State of Hawaii ( 1959 -- present ) 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Ancestry 4.3 Languages 4.3. 1 Hawaiian 4.3. 2 Hawaiian Pidgin 4.4 Religion 4.5 Birth data 4.6 LGBT 5 Economy 5.1 Taxation 5.2 Cost of living 6 Culture 6.1 Cuisine 6.2 Customs and etiquette 6.3 Hawaiian mythology 6.4 Polynesian mythology 6.5 List of state parks 6.6 Literature 6.7 Music 7 Tourism 8 Health 9 Education 9.1 Public schools 9.2 Private schools 9.3 Colleges and universities 9.4 Pūnana Leo 10 Transportation 10.1 Rail 11 Governance 11.1 Political subdivisions and local government 11.2 State government 11.3 Federal government 11.4 Politics 12 Legal status of Hawaii 12.1 Hawaiian sovereignty movement 13 Gallery of satellite views and landmarks 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Notes 16 Bibliography 17 External links Etymology The state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island , Hawai ʻi . A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawai ʻi is that was named for Hawai ʻiloa , a legendary figure from Hawaiian myth . He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled . The Hawaiian language word Hawai ʻi is very similar to Proto - Polynesian * Sawaiki , with the reconstructed meaning `` homeland '' . Cognates of Hawai ʻi are found in other Polynesian languages , including Māori ( Hawaiki ) , Rarotongan ( ʻAvaiki ) and Samoan ( Savai ʻi ) . According to linguists Pukui and Elbert , `` ( e ) lsewhere in Polynesia , Hawai ʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home , but in Hawaii , the name has no meaning '' . Spelling of state name A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language . The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Article XV , Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii . Diacritics were not used because the document , drafted in 1949 , predates the use of the okina ( ʻ ) and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography . The exact spelling of the state 's name in the Hawaiian language is Hawai ʻi . In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood , the federal government recognized Hawaii as the official state name . Official government publications , department and office titles , and the Seal of Hawaii use the traditional spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length . In contrast , the National and State Parks Services , the University of Hawai ʻi and some private enterprises implement these symbols . No precedent for changes to U.S. state names exists since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789 . However , the Constitution of Massachusetts formally changed the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780 , and in 1819 the Territory of Arkansaw was created but was later admitted to statehood as the State of Arkansas . Geography and environment Main article : Hawaiian Islands There are eight main Hawaiian islands , seven of which are permanently inhabited . The island of Ni ʻihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and Keith Robinson ; access is restricted to those who have permission from the island 's owners . Access to uninhabited Kahoʻolawe island is also restricted . Hawaii from space , January 26 , 2014 Nā Pali Coast State Park , Kauaʻi The main islands and undersea terrain of Hawaii The main islands The Hawaiian archipelago : main islands , the Northwest Hawaiian Islands , and Midway Atoll Island Nickname Area Population ( as of 2010 ) Density Highest point Elevation Age ( Ma ) Location Hawai ʻi The Big Island 1 4,028.0 sq mi ( 10,432.5 km ) 185,079 4 45.948 / sq mi ( 17.7407 / km ) Mauna Kea 1 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) 0.4 19 ° 34 ′ N 155 ° 30 ′ W / 19.567 ° N 155.500 ° W / 19.567 ; - 155.500 ( Hawaii ) Maui The Valley Isle 2 727.2 sq mi ( 1,883.4 km ) 144,444 2 198.630 / sq mi ( 76.692 / km ) Haleakalā 2 10,023 ft ( 3,055 m ) 1.3 -- 0.8 20 ° 48 ′ N 156 ° 20 ′ W / 20.800 ° N 156.333 ° W / 20.800 ; - 156.333 ( Maui ) Oʻahu The Gathering Place 3 596.7 sq mi ( 1,545.4 km ) 953,207 1 1,597.46 / sq mi ( 616.78 / km ) Mount Ka ʻala 5 4,003 ft ( 1,220 m ) 3.7 -- 2.6 21 ° 28 ′ N 157 ° 59 ′ W / 21.467 ° N 157.983 ° W / 21.467 ; - 157.983 ( Oahu ) Kaua ʻi The Garden Isle 4 552.3 sq mi ( 1,430.5 km ) 66,921 3 121.168 / sq mi ( 46.783 / km ) Kawaikini 3 5,243 ft ( 1,598 m ) 5.1 22 ° 05 ′ N 159 ° 30 ′ W / 22.083 ° N 159.500 ° W / 22.083 ; - 159.500 ( Kauai ) Moloka ʻi The Friendly Isle 5 260.0 sq mi ( 673.4 km ) 7,345 5 28.250 / sq mi ( 10.9074 / km ) Kamakou 4 4,961 ft ( 1,512 m ) 1.9 -- 1.8 21 ° 08 ′ N 157 ° 02 ′ W / 21.133 ° N 157.033 ° W / 21.133 ; - 157.033 ( Molokai ) Lāna ʻi The Pineapple Isle 6 140.5 sq mi ( 363.9 km ) 3,135 6 22.313 / sq mi ( 8.615 / km ) Lāna ʻihale 6 3,366 ft ( 1,026 m ) 1.3 20 ° 50 ′ N 156 ° 56 ′ W / 20.833 ° N 156.933 ° W / 20.833 ; - 156.933 ( Lanai ) Ni ʻihau The Forbidden Isle 7 69.5 sq mi ( 180.0 km ) 170 7 2.45 / sq mi ( 0.944 / km ) Mount Pānī ʻau 8 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) 4.9 21 ° 54 ′ N 160 ° 10 ′ W / 21.900 ° N 160.167 ° W / 21.900 ; - 160.167 ( Niihau ) Kaho ʻolawe The Target Isle 8 44.6 sq mi ( 115.5 km ) 0 8 0 Pu ʻu Moaulanui 7 1,483 ft ( 452 m ) 1.0 20 ° 33 ′ N 156 ° 36 ′ W / 20.550 ° N 156.600 ° W / 20.550 ; - 156.600 ( Kahoolawe ) Topography The Hawaiian Islands are located in the North Pacific Ocean The Hawaiian archipelago is located 2,000 mi ( 3,200 km ) southwest of the contiguous United States . Hawaii is the southernmost U.S. state and the second westernmost after Alaska . Hawaii , along with Alaska , does not border any other U.S. state . It is the only U.S. state that is not geographically located in North America , the only state completely surrounded by water and that is entirely an archipelago , and the only state in which coffee is commercially cultivable . In addition to the eight main islands , the state has many smaller islands and islets . Ka ʻula is a small island near Ni ʻihau . The Northwest Hawaiian Islands is a group of nine small , older islands to the northwest of Kaua ʻi that extend from Nihoa to Kure Atoll ; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains . Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets , such as Molokini , which are either volcanic , marine sedimentary or erosional in origin . Hawaii 's tallest mountain Mauna Kea is 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) above mean sea level ; it is taller than Mount Everest if measured from the base of the mountain , which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about 33,500 feet ( 10,200 m ) . Geology Main article : Hawaii hotspot Pāhoehoe , or smooth lava , spills into the Pacific Ocean , forming new rock off the coast of the Island of Hawaii . The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea magma source called the Hawaii hotspot . The process is continuing to build islands ; the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hot spot remains stationary , slowly creating new volcanoes . Because of the hotspot 's location , all currently active land volcanoes are located on the southern half of Hawaii Island . The newest volcano , Lō ʻihi Seamount , is located south of the coast of Hawaii Island . The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaii Island occurred at Haleakalā on Maui before the late 18th century , possibly hundreds of years earlier . In 1790 , Kīlauea exploded ; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States . Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on Kīlauea were killed by the eruption . Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features . Hawaii Island has the third - highest point among the world 's islands . On the flanks of the volcanoes , slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related tsunamis , particularly in 1868 and 1975 . Steep cliffs have been created by catastrophic debris avalanches on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes . Flora and fauna See also : Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands Corvus hawaiiensis , the endemic Hawaiian crow ( ʻalalā ) , is extinct in the wild . Because the islands of Hawaii are distant from other land habitats , life is thought to have arrived there by wind , waves ( i.e. by ocean currents ) and wings ( i.e. birds , insects , and any seeds they may have carried on their feathers ) . This isolation , in combination with the diverse environment ( including extreme altitudes , tropical climates , and arid shorelines ) , produced an array of endemic flora and fauna . Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state . One endemic plant , Brighamia , now requires hand - pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct . The two species of Brighamia -- B. rockii and B. insignis -- are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants . To ensure these plants set seed , biologists rappel down 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas . The extant main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean for fewer than 10 million years ; a fraction of the time biological colonization and evolution have occurred there . The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field . On a single island , the climate around the coasts can range from dry tropical ( less than 20 inches or 510 millimeters annual rainfall ) to wet tropical ; on the slopes , environments range from tropical rainforest ( more than 200 inches or 5,100 millimeters per year ) , through a temperate climate , to alpine conditions with a cold , dry climate . The rainy climate impacts soil development , which largely determines ground permeability , affecting the distribution of streams and wetlands . Protected areas French Frigate Shoals , located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands , is protected as part of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument . Several areas in Hawaii are under the protection of the National Park Service . Hawaii has two national parks : Haleakalā National Park located near Kula on the island of Maui , which features the dormant volcano Haleakalā that formed east Maui , and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeast region of the Hawai ʻi Island , which includes the active volcano Kīlauea and its rift zones . There are three national historical parks ; Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa , Moloka ʻi , the site of a former leper colony ; Kaloko - Honokōhau National Historical Park in Kailua - Kona on Hawai ʻi Island ; and Pu ʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park , an ancient place of refuge on Hawai ʻi Island 's west coast . Other areas under the control of the National Park Service include Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail on Hawai ʻi Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on Oʻahu . The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15 , 2006 . The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles ( 360,000 km ) of reefs , atolls , and shallow and deep sea out to 50 miles ( 80 km ) offshore in the Pacific Ocean -- an area larger than all of the national parks in the U.S. combined . Climate See also : List of Hawaii tornadoes and Climate of Hawaii A true - color satellite view of Hawaii shows that most of the vegetation on the islands grows on the northeast sides which face the wind . The silver glow around the southwest of the islands is the result of calmer waters . Hawaii 's climate is typical for the tropics , although temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near - constant trade winds from the east . Summer highs usually reach around 88 ° F ( 31 ° C ) during the day , with the temperature reaching a low of 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) at night . Winter day temperatures are usually around 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) ; at low elevation they seldom dip below 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) at night . Snow , not usually associated with the tropics , falls at 13,800 feet ( 4,200 m ) on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii Island in some winter months . Snow rarely falls on Haleakalā . Mount Wai ʻaleʻale on Kaua ʻi has the second - highest average annual rainfall on Earth , about 460 inches ( 12,000 mm ) per year . Most of Hawaii experiences only two seasons ; the dry season runs from May to October and the wet season is from October to April . The warmest temperature recorded in the state , in Pahala on April 27 , 1931 , is 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) , making it tied with Alaska as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state . Hawaii 's record low temperature is 12 ° F ( − 11 ° C ) observed in May 1979 on the summit of Mauna Kea . Hawaii is the only state to have never recorded sub-zero Fahrenheit temperatures . Climates vary considerably on each island ; they can be divided into windward and leeward ( ko ʻolau and kona , respectively ) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains . Windward sides face cloud cover . Honolulu Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 2.3 80 66 80 66 81 68 0.6 83 69 0.6 85 71 0.3 87 73 0.5 88 75 0.6 89 75 0.7 89 74 1.8 87 73 2.4 84 71 3.2 81 68 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 59 27 19 51 27 19 51 27 20 16 28 21 16 29 22 6.6 31 23 13 31 24 14 32 24 18 31 24 47 30 23 61 29 22 82 27 20 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Hilo Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 9.3 79 64 9.6 79 64 13 79 65 12 79 66 8.1 81 67 7.4 82 68 11 83 69 9.9 83 70 9.9 83 69 9.8 83 69 16 81 67 12 79 65 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 235 26 18 243 26 18 341 26 18 293 26 19 206 27 19 187 28 20 275 28 21 250 28 21 252 29 21 248 28 20 394 27 20 294 26 18 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Kahului Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 2.9 81 63 1.9 81 63 2.5 81 64 1.6 82 66 0.7 84 67 0.2 86 70 0.5 87 71 0.5 88 71 0.4 88 70 87 70 2.2 84 68 3.4 82 65 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 73 27 17 48 27 17 62 27 18 39 28 19 19 29 20 5.1 30 21 13 31 22 13 31 22 9.7 31 21 30 30 21 56 29 20 85 28 18 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Lihue Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 3.8 78 66 3.2 78 66 4.6 78 67 2.3 79 69 2.1 81 70 1.6 83 73 1.9 84 74 2.1 85 75 2.1 85 74 3.8 83 73 4.5 81 71 5.2 79 68 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 95 26 19 80 25 19 117 26 19 57 26 20 53 27 21 41 29 23 47 29 23 54 29 24 54 29 23 97 29 23 113 27 22 132 26 20 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Lanai City Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 2.5 76 60 1.6 76 60 1.6 77 61 0.9 78 61 0.5 80 63 0.6 82 65 0.4 83 66 0.5 84 67 0.9 83 67 1.4 82 66 2.4 79 64 2.2 77 61 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 63 24 15 41 25 16 41 25 16 22 26 16 13 26 17 16 28 18 11 28 19 11 29 19 24 28 19 35 28 19 61 26 18 57 25 16 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm History Main article : History of Hawaii Part of a series on the History of Hawaii Timeline Ancient Kingdom of Hawaii Provisional Government Republic of Hawaii Modern - day Hawaii U.S. Territory State of Hawaii Hawaii portal Hawaii is one of four U.S. states -- apart from the original thirteen , along with the Vermont Republic ( 1791 ) , the Republic of Texas ( 1845 ) , and the California Republic ( 1846 ) -- that were independent nations prior to statehood . Along with Texas , Hawaii had formal , international diplomatic recognition as a nation . The Kingdom of Hawai ʻi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders . Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12 , 1898 , when it officially became a territory of the United States . Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21 , 1959 . First human settlement -- ancient Hawai ʻi ( 800 -- 1778 ) Main article : Ancient Hawaii Based on archaeological evidence , the earliest habitation of the Hawaiian Islands dates to around 300 CE , probably by Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands . A second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora took place in the 11th century . The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of academic debate . Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from Tahiti around 1000 CE who introduced a new line of high chiefs , the kapu system , the practice of human sacrifice , and the building of heiau . This later immigration is detailed in Hawaiian mythology ( mo ʻolelo ) about Pa ʻao . Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Pa ʻao must be regarded as a myth . The history of the islands is marked by a slow , steady growth in population and the size of the chiefdoms , which grew to encompass whole islands . Local chiefs , called ali ʻi , ruled their settlements , and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals . Ancient Hawaii was a caste - based society , much like that of Hindus in India . European arrival Kalaniʻōpuʻu , King of Hawai ʻi , brings presents to Captain Cook . It is possible that Spanish explorers arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century -- 200 years before Captain James Cook 's first documented visit in 1778 . Ruy López de Villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 bound for the Philippines with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot . Depending on the interpretation , Gaetano 's reports describe an encounter with either Hawai ʻi or the Marshall Islands . If de Villalobos ' crew spotted Hawai ʻi , Gaetano would be considered the first European to see the islands . Some scholars have dismissed these claims due to a lack of credibility . Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands at the same latitude as Hawai ʻi but with a longitude ten degrees east of the islands . In this manuscript , the island of Maui is named La Desgraciada ( The Unfortunate Island ) , and what appears to be Hawai ʻi Island is named La Mesa ( The Table ) . Islands resembling Kahoolawe , Lanai , and Molokai are named Los Monjes ( The Monks ) . For two - and - a-half centuries , Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific from Mexico along a route that passed south of Hawai ʻi on their way to Manila . The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers . The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaii . Cook named the archipelago as the Sandwich Islands in honor of his sponsor John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich . Cook published the islands ' location and rendered the native name as Owyhee . This spelling lives on in Owyhee County , Idaho . It was named after three native Hawaiian members of a trapping party who went missing in that area . The Owyhee Mountains were also named for them . King Kamehameha receiving Otto von Kotzebue 's Russian naval expedition . Drawing by Louis Choris in 1816 . Cook visited the Hawaiian Islands twice . As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779 , a quarrel ensued as Cook took temple idols and fencing as `` firewood '' , and a minor chief and his men took a ship 's boat . Cook abducted the King of Hawai ʻi Island , Kalani ʻōpuʻu , and held him for ransom aboard his ship in order to gain return of Cook 's boat . This tactic had worked in Tahiti and other islands . Instead , Kalani ʻōpuʻu 's supporters fought back , killing Cook and four marines as Cook 's party retreated along the beach to their ship . They departed without the ship 's boat . After Cook 's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages , the Hawaiian islands attracted many European visitors : explorers , traders , and eventually whalers , who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies . Early British influence can be seen in the design of the flag of Hawai ʻi , which bears the Union Jack in the top - left corner . These visitors introduced diseases to the once - isolated islands , causing the Hawaiian population to drop precipitously . Native Hawaiians had no resistance to Eurasian diseases , such as influenza , smallpox and measles . By 1820 , disease , famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population . During the 1850s , measles killed a fifth of Hawaii 's people . Historical records indicated the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawaii originated from Guangdong Province ; a few sailors arrived in 1778 with Captain Cook 's journey and more arrived in 1789 with an American trader , who settled in Hawaii in the late 18th century . It appears that leprosy was introduced by Chinese workers by 1830 ; as with the other new infectious diseases , it proved damaging to the Hawaiians . Kingdom of Hawai ʻi Main article : Kingdom of Hawaii House of Kamehameha Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago . During the 1780s and 1790s , chiefs often fought for power . After a series of battles that ended in 1795 , all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler , who became known as King Kamehameha the Great . He established the House of Kamehameha , a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872 . After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819 , American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians to Christianity . They used their influence to end many traditional practices of the people . During the reign of King Kamehameha III , Hawai'i turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the 1840 Constitution . Hiram Bingham I , a prominent Protestant missionary , was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period . Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs , leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects . Catholic and Mormon missionaries were also active in the kingdom , but they converted a minority of the Native Hawaiian population . Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Moloka ʻi , which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century . The best known were Father Damien and Mother Marianne Cope , both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman Catholic saints . The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V -- who did not name an heir -- resulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kalākaua . Lunalilo died the next year , also without naming an heir . In 1874 , the election was contested within the legislature between Kalākaua and Emma , Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV . After riots broke out , the United States and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order . King Kalākaua was chosen as monarch by the Legislative Assembly by a vote of 39 to 6 on February 12 , 1874 . 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations In 1887 , Kalākaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers , the document stripped the king of much of his authority . It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier , white elite . Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not . As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence , it is known as the Bayonet Constitution . King Kalākaua , reduced to a figurehead , reigned until his death in 1891 . His sister , Queen Lili ʻuokalani , succeeded him ; she was the last monarch of Hawai ʻi . In 1893 , Queen Lili ʻuokalani announced plans for a new constitution . On January 14 , 1893 , a group of mostly Euro - American business leaders and residents formed the Committee of Safety to stage a coup d'état against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States . United States Government Minister John L. Stevens , responding to a request from the Committee of Safety , summoned a company of U.S. Marines . According to historian William Russ , these troops effectively rendered the monarchy unable to protect itself . Overthrow of 1893 -- the Republic of Hawaii ( 1894 -- 1898 ) Main articles : Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and Republic of Hawaii See also : List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Historical -- Royalist Organizations ( from 1880s ) Queen Lili ʻuokalani , the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom . The ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu , formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch , was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii . In January 1893 , Queen Lili ʻuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the American Committee of Safety . American lawyer Sanford B. Dole became President of the Republic when the Provisional Government of Hawaii ended on July 4 , 1894 . Controversy ensued in the following years as the Queen tried to regain her throne . The administration of President Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report , which concluded that the removal of Lili ʻuokalani had been illegal . The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Lili ʻuokalani be reinstated , but the Provisional Government refused . Congress conducted an independent investigation , and on February 26 , 1894 , submitted the Morgan Report , which found all parties , including Minister Stevens -- with the exception of the Queen -- `` not guilty '' and not responsible for the coup . Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893 . In 1993 , the US Congress passed a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow ; it was signed by President Bill Clinton . The resolution apologized for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and acknowledged that the United States had annexed Hawaii unlawfully . Annexation -- the territory of Hawaii ( 1898 -- 1959 ) Main article : Territory of Hawaii In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions which are depicted as savage children . The figures are Puerto Rico , Hawaii , Cuba , Philippines and `` Lad robes '' ( the Mariana Islands ) . After William McKinley won the 1896 U.S. presidential election , advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaii . The previous president , Grover Cleveland , was a friend of Queen Lili ʻuokalani . McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawai ʻi . He met with three annexationists : Lorrin A. Thurston , Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney . After negotiations in June 1897 , Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii . The U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty . Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians , the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the Republic to the U.S. ; it became the Territory of Hawaii . The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15 , 1898 , by 209 votes in favor to 91 against , and by the Senate on July 6 , 1898 , by a vote of 42 to 21 . In 1900 , Hawaii was granted self - governance and retained ʻIolani Palace as the territorial capitol building . Despite several attempts to become a state , Hawaii remained a territory for sixty years . Plantation owners and capitalists , who maintained control through financial institutions such as the Big Five , found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap , foreign labor . Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states . The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 was the primary event that galvanized the United States into entering World War II . Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1899 when Puerto Rico 's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes , causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii . Hawaiian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit experienced , unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico . Two waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii occurred in the 20th century . The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924 ; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S. Oʻahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7 , 1941 . The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations , carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines , brought the United States into World War II . Political changes of 1954 -- the state of Hawaii ( 1959 -- present ) Main article : Democratic Revolution of 1954 ( Hawaii ) See also : List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Modern -- Sovereignty Organizations ( 1960s -- present ) Prior to the postwar labor movement , Hawaii was governed by plantation owners . Here , three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928 . In the 1950s , the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers , who were born in Hawaii and were U.S. citizens . They voted against the Hawaii Republican Party , strongly supported by plantation owners . The new majority voted for the Democratic Party of Hawaii , which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years . Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College , residents actively campaigned for statehood . In Washington there was talk that Hawaii would be a Republican Party stronghold so it was matched with the admission of Alaska , seen as a Democratic Party stronghold . These predictions turned out to be inaccurate ; today , Hawaii votes Democratic predominately , and Alaska votes Republican . In March 1959 , Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act , which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law . The act excluded Palmyra Atoll from statehood ; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii . On June 27 , 1959 , a referendum asked residents of Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill ; 94.3 % voted in favor of statehood and 5.7 % opposed it . The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory . The United Nations ' Special Committee on Decolonization later removed Hawaii from its list of non-self - governing territories . After attaining statehood , Hawaii quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy . Later , state programs promoted Hawaiian culture . The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 created institutions such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture . Demographics Population Population density map of the Hawaiian islands . See also : Hawaii statistical areas After Europeans and mainland Americans first arrived during the Kingdom of Hawaii period , the overall population of Hawaii , until that time composed solely of indigenous Hawaiians , fell dramatically . The indigenous Hawaiian population succumbed to foreign diseases , declining from 300,000 in the 1770s , to 60,000 in the 1850s , to 24,000 in 1920 . The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19th century . The unmixed indigenous Hawaiian population has still not restored itself to its 300,000 pre-contact level . As of 2010 , only 156,000 persons declared themselves to be of Native Hawaiian only ancestry , just over half of the pre-contact level Native Hawaiian population , although an additional 371,000 persons declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races ( including other Polynesian groups , but mostly Asian and / or Caucasian ) . The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Hawaii was 1,431,603 on July 1 , 2015 ; an increase of 5.2 % since the 2010 United States Census . As of 2014 , Hawaii had an estimated population of 1,431,603 ; an increase of 12,042 from the previous year and an increase of 71,302 ( 5.2 % ) since 2010 . This includes a natural increase of 48,111 ( 96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths ) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068 ; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people . The center of population of Hawaii is located between the two islands of O'ahu and Moloka'i . Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to Las Vegas , which has been called the `` ninth island '' of Hawaii . Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.4 million , due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents . O'ahu is the most populous island ; it has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in 597 square miles ( 1,546 km ) , approximately 1,650 people per square mile . Hawaii 's 1.4 million residents , spread across 6,000 square miles ( 15,500 km ) of land , result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile . The state has a lower population density than Ohio and Illinois . The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years ; 77.1 years if male , 82.5 if female -- longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state . As of 2011 the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands . Historical population Year Population Notes 1778 300,000 1805 264,160 1831 130,313 Census 1850 82,000 1853 73,134 2,119 foreigners 1872 56,897 1876 53,900 1884 80,000 The native population continues to decline . 1890 40,000 native Hawaiians 1900 154,001 About 25 % Hawaiian / part - Hawaiian ; 40 % Japanese ; 16 % Chinese ; 12 % Portuguese ; and about 5 % other Caucasian 1910 191,874 26,041 Hawaiians and 12,056 part - Hawaiians 1920 255,881 43 % of the population is of Japanese descent . 1930 368,336 1940 420,770 1950 499,794 1960 632,772 1970 769,913 1980 964,691 1990 1,108,228 2000 1,211,537 239,655 native Hawaiians ; Japanese : 21 % ; Filipino : 18 % ; Chinese : 8 % ; German : 6 % 1,360,301 10 % Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders ; Two or more races may include some of the remainder Ancestry Further information : Native Hawaiians , White Americans in Hawaii , Africans in Hawaii , and Japanese in Hawaii Mixed Hawaiian / European - American family in Honolulu , 1860s Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1900 154,001 -- 1910 191,874 24.6 % 1920 255,881 33.4 % 1930 368,300 43.9 % 1940 422,770 14.8 % 1950 499,794 18.2 % 1960 632,772 26.6 % 1970 769,913 21.7 % 1980 964,691 25.3 % 1990 1,108,229 14.9 % 2000 1,211,537 9.3 % 1,360,301 12.3 % Est. 2016 1,428,557 5.0 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate According to the 2010 United States Census , Hawaii had a population of 1,360,301 . The state 's population identified as 38.6 % Asian ; 24.7 % White ( 22.7 % Non-Hispanic White Alone ) ; 23.6 % from two or more races ; 10.0 % Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders ; 8.9 % Hispanics and Latinos of any race ; 1.6 % Black or African American ; 1.2 % from some other race ; and 0.3 % Native American and Alaska Native . Hawaii Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 est. 2015 White 38.8 % 33.4 % 24.3 % 24.7 % 26.7 % Asian 57.7 % 61.8 % 41.6 % 38.6 % 37.3 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 9.4 % 10.0 % 9.9 % Black 1.0 % 2.5 % 1.8 % 1.6 % 2.6 % Native American and Alaskan Native 0.1 % 0.5 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.5 % Other race 2.4 % 1.9 % 1.2 % 1.2 % -- Two or more races -- -- 21.4 % 23.6 % 23.0 % Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state . It is the only state where Asian Americans identify as the largest ethnic group . In 2011 , 14.5 % of births were to white , non-Hispanic parents . Hawaii 's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 ( 14.6 % ) Filipino Americans , 185,000 ( 13.6 % ) Japanese Americans , roughly 55,000 ( 4.0 % ) Chinese Americans , and 24,000 ( 1.8 % ) Korean Americans . There are over 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians -- 5.9 % of the population . Including those with partial ancestry , Samoan Americans constitute 2.8 % of Hawaii 's population , and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6 % . Over 120,000 ( 8.8 % ) of Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii . Mexican Americans number over 35,000 ( 2.6 % ) ; Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 ( 3.2 % ) . Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25 % of Hawaii 's population , exceeding 320,000 people . Eurasian Americans are a prominent mixed - race group , numbering about 66,000 ( 4.9 % ) . The Non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000 -- just over 20 % of the population . The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people . In 1970 , the Census Bureau reported Hawaii 's population was 38.8 % white and 57.7 % Asian and Pacific Islander . The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German ( 7.4 % ) , Irish ( 5.2 % ) , English ( 4.6 % ) , Portuguese ( 4.3 % ) and Italian ( 2.7 % ) . About 82.2 % of the state 's residents were born in the United States . Roughly 75 % of foreign - born residents originate in Asia . Hawaii is a majority - minority state . It was expected to be one of three states that will not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014 ; the other two are California and New Mexico . Japanese immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation . Many Portuguese immigrants were Azorean or Madeiran . They brought with them Roman Catholicism and Portuguese language and cuisine . Map of the largest racial / ethnic group by county . Red indicates Native Hawaiian , blue indicates non-Hispanic white , and green indicates Asian . Darker shades indicate a higher proportion of the population . Population of Hawaii Ancestry Percentage Main article : Filipino 13.6 % See Filipinos in Hawaii Japanese 12.6 % See Japanese in Hawaii Polynesian 9.0 % See Native Hawaiians Germans 7.4 % See German American Irish 5.2 % See Irish American English 4.6 % See English American Portuguese 4.3 % See Portuguese American Chinese 4.1 % See Chinese in Hawaii Korean 3.1 % See Korean American Mexican 2.9 % See Mexican American Puerto Rican 2.8 % See Puerto Rican Italian 2.7 % See Italian American African 2.4 % See African American French 1.7 % See French American Samoan 1.3 % See Samoan American Scottish 1.2 % See Scottish American The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China . Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789 . In 1820 , the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways . As of 2015 , a large proportion of Hawaii 's population have Asian ancestry -- especially Filipino , Japanese and Chinese . Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to - late 19th century . The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19 , 1868 . They were not approved by the then - current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate -- by then replaced by the Meiji Restoration . The first Japanese current - government - approved immigrants arrived on February 9 , 1885 , after Kalākaua 's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881 . Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899 ; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations . By 1901 , over 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii . Languages English ( General American ) and Hawaiian are listed as Hawaii 's `` official languages '' in the state 's 1978 constitution . Article XV , Section 4 specifies that `` Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law '' . Hawai ʻi Creole English , locally referred to as `` Pidgin '' , is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others . As of the 2000 Census , 73.4 % of Hawaii residents aged five and older exclusively speak English at home . According to the 2008 American Community Survey , 74.6 % of Hawaii 's residents over the age of five speak only English at home . In their homes , 21.0 % of state residents speak an additional Asian language , 2.6 % speak Spanish , 1.6 % speak other Indo - European languages and 0.2 % speak another language . After English , other languages popularly spoken in the state are Tagalog , Japanese and Ilocano . Significant numbers of European immigrants and their descendants also speak their native languages ; the most numerous are German , Portuguese , Italian and French . 5.4 % of residents speak Tagalog -- which includes non-native speakers of Filipino language , the national , co-official , Tagalog - based language ; 5.0 % speak Japanese and 4.0 % speak Ilocano ; 1.2 % speak Chinese , 1.7 % speak Hawaiian ; 1.7 % speak Spanish ; 1.6 % speak Korean ; and 1.0 % speak Samoan . The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is QWERTY . Hawaiian Main article : Hawaiian language The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers , about 0.15 % of the total population . According to the United States Census , there were over 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006 -- 2008 . Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family . It is closely related to other Polynesian languages , such as Marquesan , Tahitian , Māori , Rapa Nui ( the language of Easter Island ) , and less closely to Samoan and Tongan . According to Schütz , the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the Society Islands , Samoa and Tonga . These Polynesians remained in the islands ; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and their languages evolved into the Hawaiian language . Kimura and Wilson say , `` ( l ) inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian , with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas , and a secondary link in Tahiti , which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands '' . Before the arrival of Captain James Cook , the Hawaiian language had no written form . That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 . They assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet . Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century . With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs , specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established . The University of Hawaii developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program . Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments . Hawai'i Sign Language , a sign language for the deaf based on the Hawaiian language , has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s . It is dwindling in numbers due to American Sign Language supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains . Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowel sounds . In modern practice , vowel length is indicated with a macron ( kahakō ) . Hawaiian - language newspapers ( nūpepa ) published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing . The ʻokina and kahakō are intended to help non-native speakers . The Hawaiian language uses the glottal stop ( ʻokina ) as a consonant . It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left - hanging ( opening ) single quotation mark . Hawaiian pidgin Main article : Hawaiian Pidgin This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some residents of Hawaii speak Hawai ʻi Creole English ( HCE ) , endonymically called pidgin or pidgin English . The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also uses words that have derived from Hawaiian , Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese , Ilocano and Tagalog . During the 19th century , the increase in immigration -- mainly from China , Japan , Portugal -- especially from the Azores and Madeira , and Spain -- catalyzed the development of a hybrid variant of English known to its speakers as pidgin . By the early 20th century , pidgin speakers had children who acquired it as their first language . HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic . Most place names are retained from Hawaiian , as are some names for plants and animals . For example , tuna fish is often called by its Hawaiian name , ahi . HCE speakers have modified the meanings of some English words . For example , `` aunty '' and `` uncle '' may either refer to any adult who is a friend or be used to show respect to an elder . Syntax and grammar follow distinctive rules different from those of General American English . For example , instead of `` it is hot today , is n't it ? '' , an HCE speaker would say simply `` stay hot , eh ? '' The term da kine is used as a filler ; a substitute for virtually any word or phrase . During the surfing boom in Hawaii , HCE was influenced by surfer slang . Some HCE expressions , such as brah and da kine , have found their ways elsewhere through surfing communities . Religion The Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon Japanese architecture . Christianity is the most widespread religion in Hawaii . It is mainly represented by various Protestants , Catholics and Mormons . Buddhism is the second most popular religion , especially among the archipelago 's Japanese community . Unaffilliated account for one - quarter of the population . The largest denominations by number of adherents were the Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010 and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints with 68,128 adherents in 2009 . The third - largest religious group includes all non-denominational churches , with 128 congregations and 32,000 members . The third - largest denominational group is the United Church of Christ , with 115 congregations and 20,000 members . The Southern Baptist Convention has 108 congregations and 18,000 members in Hawaii . According to data provided by religious establishments , religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows : Christianity : 351,000 ( 29 % ) Buddhism : 110,000 ( 9 % ) Judaism : 10,000 ( 1 % ) Other : 100,000 ( 10 % ) Unaffiliated : 650,000 ( 51 % ) Jump up ^ `` Other '' refers to religions other than Christianity , Buddhism , or Judaism ; this group includes Bahá'í Faith , Confucianism , Daoism , the Hawaiian religion , Hinduism , Islam , Sikhism , Shintoism , Zoroastrianism , and other religions . Jump up ^ `` Unaffiliated '' refers to people who do not belong to a congregation ; this group includes agnostics , atheists , humanists , deists and the irreligious . A Pew poll found that the religious composition was as follows : Religious affiliation in Hawaii ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of Hawai'i's population Christian 63 63 Protestant 38 38 Evangelical Protestant 25 25 Mainline Protestant 11 11 Black church Catholic 20 20 Mormon Jehovah 's Witnesses Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian Unaffiliated 26 26 Nothing in particular 20 20 Agnostic 5 5 Atheist Non-Christian faiths 10 10 Jewish 0.5 0.5 Muslim 0.5 0.5 Buddhist 8 8 Hindu 0.5 0.5 Other Non-Christian faiths 0.5 0.5 Do n't know Total 100 100 Birth Data Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 Asian 12,203 ( 64.3 % ) 11,535 ( 62.2 % ) 11,443 ( 62.1 % ) White : 6,045 ( 31.8 % ) 6,368 ( 34.3 % ) 6,322 ( 34.3 % ) > Non-Hispanic White 4,940 ( 26.0 % ) 4,881 ( 26.3 % ) 4,803 ( 26.1 % ) Black 671 ( 3.5 % ) 617 ( 3.3 % ) 620 ( 3.3 % ) Native 68 ( 0.3 % ) 30 ( 0.2 % ) 35 ( 0.2 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 3,003 ( 15.8 % ) 2,764 ( 14.9 % ) 2,775 ( 15.1 % ) Total Hawai'i 18,987 ( 100 % ) 18,550 ( 100 % ) 18,420 ( 100 % ) LGBT Hawaii has had a long history of queer identities . Māhū people , who often traversed gender as defined by Western standards , were a respected group of pre-colonization people who were widely known in society as healers . Another Hawaiian word , aikāne , referred to same - sex relationships . According to journals written by Captain Cook 's crew , it is widely believed that many ali ʻi engaged in aikāne relationships . Hawaiian scholar Lilikalā Kame ʻeleihiwa said , `` If you did n't sleep with a man , how could you trust him when you went into battle ? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs , if he was n't your lover ? '' A 2012 poll by Gallup found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) adults in the U.S. , at 5.1 % , comprising an estimated adult LGBT population of 53,966 individuals . The number of same - sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239 ; a 35.5 % increase of figures from a decade earlier . In 2013 , Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same - sex marriage ; a University of Hawaii researcher said the law may boost tourism by $217 million . Economy See also : Hawaii locations by per capita income Post-annexation , Hawaii 's economy and demographic changes were shaped mostly by the agricultural sector 's growth . From the end of World War II onwards , depictions and photographs , such as this , of Hawaii as a tropical , leisure paradise encouraged the growth of tourism in Hawaii , which eventually became the largest industry of the islands . The U.S. federal government 's spending on Hawaii - stationed personnel , installations and materiel , either directly or through military personnel spending , amounts to Hawaii 's second largest source of income , after tourism . The history of Hawaii 's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries ; sandalwood , whaling , sugarcane , pineapple , the military , tourism and education . Since statehood in 1959 , tourism has been the largest industry , contributing 24.3 % of the gross state product ( GSP ) in 1997 , despite efforts to diversify . The state 's gross output for 2003 was US $47 billion ; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was US $54,516 . Hawaiian exports include food and clothing . These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy , due to the shipping distance to viable markets , such as the West Coast of the contiguous U.S. The state 's food exports include coffee , macadamia nuts , pineapple , livestock , sugarcane and honey . By weight , honey bees may be the state 's most valuable export . According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service , agricultural sales were US $370.9 million from diversified agriculture , US $100.6 million from pineapple , and US $64.3 million from sugarcane . Hawaii 's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry , which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands , compared with one or two on the mainland . Seeds yielded US $264 million in 2012 , supporting 1,400 workers . As of December 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate was 3.2 % . In 2009 , the United States military spent US $12.2 billion in Hawaii , accounting for 18 % of spending in the state for that year . 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii . According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International , Hawaii had the fourth - largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States , with a ratio of 7.2 % . Taxation Hawaii residents pay the most per person in state taxes in the United States . Millions of tourists pay general excise tax and hotel room tax . The Hawaii Tax Foundation considers the state 's tax burden too high , which it says contributes to higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate . State Senator Sam Slom says state taxes are comparatively higher than other states because the state government handles education , health care , and social services that are usually handled at a county or municipal level in most other states . Cost of living The cost of living in Hawaii , specifically Honolulu , is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities . However , the cost of living in Honolulu is 6.7 % lower than in New York City and 3.6 % lower than in San Francisco . These numbers may not take into account some costs , such as increased travel costs for flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories . Hawaiian Electric Industries , a privately owned company , provides 95 % of the state 's population with electricity , mostly from fossil - fuel power stations . Average electricity prices in October 2014 ( 36.41 cents per kilowatt - hour ) were nearly three times the national average ( 12.58 cents per kilowatt - hour ) and 80 % higher than the second - highest state , Connecticut . The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was US $272,700 , while the national median home value was US $119,600 . Hawaii home values were the highest of all states , including California with a median home value of US $211,500 . Research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu , Hawaii , at US $607,600 and the U.S. median sales price at US $173,200 . The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010 , just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California ( US $602,000 ) . Hawaii 's very high cost of living is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy . Like other regions with desirable weather throughout the year , such as areas of California , Arizona and Florida , Hawaii 's residents can be considered to be subject to a `` Sunshine tax '' . This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs , a problem which many island states and territories suffer from as well . The situation is compounded even further by what could possibly be the single largest contributor to the high costs of living in Hawaii , a U.S. trade law known as the Jones Act , or the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 . This trade regulation prohibits any foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports -- a practice known as cabotage . Most consumer goods in the United States are manufactured by outsourced labor in East Asia , then transported by container ships to ports on the U.S. mainland , and Hawaii also receives the same goods . Being located in the central Pacific Ocean , right between major Pacific shipping lanes , it would be very economical to unload Hawaiian - bound goods in Honolulu , before continuing on to the mainland . However , this would effectively make the second leg of the voyage between Hawaii and the mainland a domestic route between two American ports . Because most large cargo ships operate under foreign `` flags of convenience '' such as Liberia , Vanuatu or Papua New Guinea , allowing them to avoid the more stringent , and thus more costly , regulations of developed nations ' ports , the domestic leg of the voyage would be disallowed by the Jones Act . Instead , those cargo ships must proceed directly to the West Coast , where distributors break bulk and transport the Hawaiian - bound , Asian - manufactured goods back across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships and increasing the length of the voyage by more than 50 % . This highly inefficient system of shipping Hawaii 's consumer cargo comes at a very hefty price for the average Hawaiian citizen , and makes the cost of living in Hawaii much , much higher than it would otherwise be . Hawaiian consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act . This law makes Hawaii less competitive than West Coast ports as a shopping destination for tourists from countries with much higher taxes like Japan , even though prices for Asian - manufactured goods should be cheaper because Hawaii is much closer than mainland states to Asia . Culture Main article : Culture of the Native Hawaiians The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian . Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian Triangle of the south and central Pacific Ocean . While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society , there are re-enactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands . Some of these cultural influences , including the popularity ( in greatly modified form ) of lū ʻau and hula , are strong enough to affect the wider United States . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of Hawaii Taro , or in Hawaiian kalo , was one of the primary staples in Ancient Hawaii and remains a central ingredient in Hawaiian gastronomy today . The cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands , including the earliest Polynesians and Native Hawaiian cuisine , and American , Chinese , Filipino , Japanese , Korean , Polynesian and Portuguese origins . Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii . Poi , a starch made by pounding taro , is one of the traditional foods of the islands . Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch , which features two scoops of rice , a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties , a fried egg , and gravy of a loco moco , Japanese style tonkatsu or the traditional lū ʻau favorites , including kālua pork and laulau . Spam musubi is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel . In the 1990s , a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine . Customs and etiquette Main article : Customs and etiquette in Hawaii Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows : when visiting a home , it is considered good manners to bring a small gift for one 's host ( for example , a dessert ) . Thus , parties are usually in the form of potlucks . Most locals take their shoes off before entering a home . It is customary for Hawaiian families , regardless of ethnicity , to hold a luau to celebrate a child 's first birthday . It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings , especially at Filipino weddings , for the bride and groom to do a money dance ( also called the pandanggo ) . Print media and local residents recommend that one refer to non-Hawaiians as `` locals of Hawaii '' or `` people of Hawaii '' . Hawaiian mythology A stone carving of a Hawaiian deity , housed at a German museum . Main article : Hawaiian mythology Hawaiian mythology comprises the legends , historical tales , and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people . It is considered a variant of a more general Polynesian mythology that developed a unique character for several centuries before circa 1800 . It is associated with the Hawaiian religion , which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but was kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day . Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua , the spirit of an ancestor or family god and Kāne , the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities . Polynesian mythology Main article : Polynesian mythology A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god ' Oro , made of woven dried coconut fibre ( sennit ) , which would have protected a Polynesian god effigy ( to'o ) , made of wood . Polynesian mythology is the oral traditions of the people of Polynesia , a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island archipelagos in the Polynesian triangle together with the scattered cultures known as the Polynesian outliers . Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto - Polynesian that was probably spoken in the area around Tonga and Samoa in around 1000 BCE . Prior to the 15th century , Polynesian people migrated east to the Cook Islands , and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and the Marquesas . Their descendants later discovered the islands Tahiti , Rapa Nui and later the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand . The Polynesian languages are part of the Austronesian language family . Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be mutually intelligible . There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups , especially in terms of social organization , childrearing , horticulture , building and textile technologies . Their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales . The Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions ; legends or myths are traditionally considered to recount ancient history ( the time of `` pō '' ) and the adventures of gods ( `` atua '' ) and deified ancestors . List of state parks Main article : List of Hawaiian state parks There are many Hawaiian state parks . The Island of Hawai ʻi has state parks , recreation areas , and historical parks . Kaua ʻi has the Ahukini State Recreation Pier , six state parks , and the Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park . Maui has two state monuments , several state parks , and the Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area . Moloka'i has the Pala'au State Park . Oʻahu has several state parks , a number of state recreation areas , and a number of monuments , including the Ulu Pō Heiau State Monument . Literature Main article : Literature in Hawaii The literature of Hawaii is diverse and includes authors Kiana Davenport , Lois - Ann Yamanaka , and Kaui Hart Hemmings . Hawaiian magazines include Hana Hou ! , Hawaii Business Magazine and Honolulu , among others . Music Main article : Music of Hawaii Jack Johnson , folk rock musician , was born and raised on Oahu 's North Shore . A young Cape Verdean man plays the Portuguese cavaquinho , a four - stringed instrument from which the ʻukulele is descended . The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles , ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop . Hawaii 's musical contributions to the music of the United States are out of proportion to the state 's small size . Styles such as slack - key guitar are well - known worldwide , while Hawaiian - tinged music is a frequent part of Hollywood soundtracks . Hawaii also made a major contribution to country music with the introduction of the steel guitar . Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state 's musical heritage . The Hawaiian people have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge . Their music is largely religious in nature , and includes chanting and dance music . Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the music of other Polynesian islands ; according to Peter Manuel , the influence of Hawaiian music a `` unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics '' . Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist Israel Kamakawiwoʻole , famous for his medley of `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' , was named `` The Voice of Hawaii '' by NPR in 2010 in its 50 great voices series . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Hawaii Punalu'u Beach on the Big Island . Tourism is Hawaii 's leading employer . Tourism is an important part of the Hawaiian economy . In 2003 , according to state government data , there were over 6.4 million visitors , with expenditures of over $10 billion , to the Hawaiian Islands . Due to the mild year - round weather , tourist travel is popular throughout the year . The major holidays are the most popular times for outsiders to visit , especially in the winter months . Substantial numbers of Japanese tourists still visit the islands but have now been surpassed by Chinese and Koreans due to the collapse of the value of the Yen and the weak Japanese economy . The average Japanese stays only 5 days while other Asians spend over 9.5 days and spend 25 % more . Hawaii hosts numerous cultural events . The annual Merrie Monarch Festival is an international Hula competition . The Hawaii International Film Festival is the premier film festival for Pacific rim cinema . Honolulu hosts the state 's long - running LGBT film festival , the Rainbow Film Festival . Health Main article : Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act As of 2009 , Hawaii 's health care system insures 92 % of residents . Under the state 's plan , businesses are required to provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week . Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps reduce the cost to employers . Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care , Hawaiians require hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States , while total health care expenses measured as a percentage of state GDP are substantially lower . Proponents of universal health care elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans . Education Public schools Main article : Hawai'i Department of Education See also : List of elementary schools in Hawaii , List of middle schools in Hawaii , and List of high schools in Hawaii Waianae High School , located in Wai ʻanae , houses an educational community media center . Hawaii has the only school system within the U.S. that is unified statewide . Policy decisions are made by the fourteen - member state Board of Education , which sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools , who oversees the state Department of Education . The Department of Education is divided into seven districts ; four on Oʻahu and one for each of the other three counties . The main rationale for centralization is to combat inequalities between highly populated Oʻahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands , and between lower - income and more affluent areas . Public elementary , middle and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated under the No Child Left Behind Act . The Hawaii Board of Education requires all eligible students to take these tests and report all student test scores . This may have unbalanced the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state , 185 failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in mathematics and reading . The ACT college placement tests show that in 2005 , seniors scored slightly above the national average ( 21.9 compared with 20.9 ) , but in the widely accepted SAT examinations , Hawaii 's college - bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics . Private schools Hawaii has the highest rates of private school attendance in the nation . During the 2011 -- 2012 school year , Hawaii public and charter schools had an enrollment of 181,213 , while private schools had 37,695 . Private schools educated over 17 % of students in Hawaii that school year , nearly three times the approximate national average of 6 % . It has four of the largest independent schools ; ʻIolani School , Kamehameha Schools , Mid-Pacific Institute and Punahou School . Pacific Buddhist Academy , the second Buddhist high school in the U.S. and first such school in Hawaii , was founded in 2003 . The first native controlled public charter school was the Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School . Independent and charter schools can select their students , while the public schools are open to all students in their district . The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the U.S. that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry ; collectively , they are one of the wealthiest schools in the United States , if not the world , having over eleven billion US dollars in estate assets . In 2005 , Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students , 8.4 % of the Native Hawaiian children in the state . Colleges and universities See also : List of colleges and universities in Hawaii Main Entrance of the University of Hawaii at Hilo Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often enter directly into the workforce . Some attend colleges and universities on the mainland or other countries , and the rest attend an institution of higher learning in Hawaii . The largest is the University of Hawaii System , which consists of : the research university at Mānoa , two comprehensive campuses at Hilo and West Oʻahu , and seven community colleges . Private universities include Brigham Young University -- Hawaii , Chaminade University of Honolulu , Hawaii Pacific University , and Wayland Baptist University . Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu . Kona hosts the University of the Nations , which is not an accredited university . Pūnana Leo Main article : Pūnana Leo First opened in 1984 illegally in Kekaha , Kaua'i , the Pūnana Leo or `` Language Nest '' ( lit . `` Nest of Voices '' ) were the first indigenous language immersion schools in the United States . Modelled after the Māori language Kōhanga reo of New Zealand , they provide preschool aged children the opportunity to engage in early education through a Hawaiian language medium , generally taught by elders . Graduates from the Pūnana Leo schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life . As of 2006 , there were a total of eleven Pūnana Leo preschools , with locations on five of the islands . Transportation See also : Hawaii Department of Transportation , List of airports in Hawaii , and Aviation in Hawaii The main welcome sign for Honolulu Airport . A system of state highways encircles each main island . Only Oʻahu has federal highways , and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed Interstate highways . Narrow , winding roads and congestion in populated places can slow traffic . Each major island has a public bus system . Honolulu International Airport ( IATA : HNL ) , which shares runways with the adjacent Hickam Field ( IATA : HIK ) , is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawaii . The commercial aviation airport offers intercontinental service to North America , Asia , Australia and Oceania . Hawaiian Airlines , Mokulele Airlines and go ! use jets to provide services between the large airports in Honolulu , Līhu ʻe , Kahului , Kona and Hilo . Island Air and Pacific Wings serve smaller airports . These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands . On May 30 , 2017 , the airport was officially renamed as the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport ( HNL ) , after U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye . Until air passenger services began in the 1920s , private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands . Seaflite operated hydrofoils between the major islands in the mid-1970s . The Hawaii Superferry operated between Oʻahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009 , with additional routes planned for other islands . Protests and legal problems over environmental impact statements ended the service , though the company operating Superferry has expressed a wish to recommence ferry services in the future . Currently there are passenger ferry services in Maui County between Moloka ʻi and Maui , and between Lana ʻi and Maui , though neither of these take vehicles . Currently Norwegian Cruise Lines and Princess Cruises provide passenger cruise ship services between the larger islands . Rail At one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that transported farm commodities and passengers . Most were 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow gauge systems but there were some 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge on some of the smaller islands . The standard gauge in the U.S. is 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) . By far the largest railroad was the Oahu Railway and Land Company ( OR&L ) that ran lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oahu . The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II . Traffic on this line was busy enough for signals to be used to facilitate movement of trains and to require wigwag signals at some railroad crossings for the protection of motorists . The main line was officially abandoned in 1947 , although part of it was bought by the U.S. Navy and operated until 1970 . Thirteen miles ( 21 km ) of track remain ; preservationists occasionally run trains over a portion of this line . The Honolulu High - Capacity Transit Corridor Project aims to add elevated passenger rail on Oahu to relieve highway congestion . Governance The Hawaii State Legislature convenes at the Hawaii State Capitol . The Supreme Court of Hawaii is housed within Ali ʻiōlani Hale . The Governor of Hawaii officially resides at Washington Place . The ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu , formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch , was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii . Political subdivisions and local government See also : List of counties in Hawaii The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from Hawai ʻi Island to Maui , and subsequently to Oʻahu , explains the modern - day distribution of population centers . Kamehameha III chose the largest city , Honolulu , as his capital because of its natural harbor -- the present - day Honolulu Harbor . Now the state capital , Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of Oʻahu . The previous capital was Lahaina , Maui , and before that Kailua - Kona , Hawai ʻi . Some major towns are Hilo ; Kāne ʻohe ; Kailua ; Pearl City ; Waipahu ; Kahului ; Kailua - Kona . Kīhei ; and Līhu ʻe . Hawaii comprises five counties : the City and County of Honolulu , Hawaii County , Maui County , Kauai County , and Kalawao County . Hawaii has the fewest local governments among U.S. states . Unique to this state is the lack of municipal governments . All local governments are generally administered at the county level . The only incorporated area in the state is Honolulu County , a consolidated city -- county that governs the entire island of Oahu . County executives are referred to as mayors ; these are the Mayor of Hawaii County , Mayor of Honolulu , Mayor of Kaua ʻi , and the Mayor of Maui . The mayors are all elected in nonpartisan elections . Kalawao County has no elected government , and as mentioned above there are no local school districts and instead all local public education is administered at the state level by the Hawaii Department of Education . The remaining local governments are special districts . State government The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history . As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii , there are three branches of government : executive , legislative and judicial . The executive branch is led by the Governor of Hawaii , who is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii , both of whom are elected on the same ticket . The governor is the only state public official elected statewide ; all others are appointed by the governor . The lieutenant governor acts as the Secretary of State . The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the State Capitol . The official residence of the governor is Washington Place . Further information : Category : State agencies of Hawaii The legislative branch consists of the bicameral Hawaii State Legislature , which is composed of the 51 - member Hawaii House of Representatives led by the Speaker of the House , and the 25 - member Hawaii Senate led by the President of the Senate . The Legislature meets at the State Capitol . The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is the Hawaii State Judiciary . The state 's highest court is the Supreme Court of Hawaii , which uses Ali ʻiōlani Hale as its chambers . Federal government Hawaii 's congressional delegation Senator Brian Schatz Senator Mazie Hirono Representative Colleen Hanabusa ( HI - 1 ) Representative Tulsi Gabbard ( HI - 2 ) 115th United States Congress Hawaii is represented in the United States Congress by two senators and two representatives . As of 2016 , all four seats are held by Democrats . Colleen Hanabusa won a special election for the 1st congressional district representing southeastern Oahu , including central Honolulu , on November 8 , 2016 to finish the term of Rep. Mark Takai who died July 20 , 2016 . Tulsi Gabbard represents the 2nd congressional district , representing the rest of the state , which is largely rural and semi-rural . Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii . He was appointed to the office on December 26 , 2012 , by Governor Neil Abercrombie , following the death of former senator Daniel Inouye . The state 's junior senator is Mazie Hirono , the former representative from the second congressional district . Hirono is the first female Asian American senator and the first Buddhist senator . Hawaii incurred the biggest seniority shift between the 112th and 113th Congresses . The state went from a delegation consisting of senators who were first and twenty - first in seniority to their respective replacements , relative newcomers Schatz and Hirono . Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the Prince Kūhiō Federal Building near the Aloha Tower and Honolulu Harbor . The Federal Bureau of Investigation , Internal Revenue Service and the Secret Service maintain their offices there ; the building is also the site of the federal District Court for the District of Hawaii and the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii . Politics See also : Politics of Hawaii , Political party strength in Hawaii , and Hawaiian sovereignty movement Gubernatorial election results Year Democratic Republican 1959 48.7 % 82,074 51.1 % 86,213 1962 58.3 % 114,308 41.7 % 81,707 1966 51.1 % 108,840 48.9 % 104,324 1970 57.7 % 137,812 42.4 % 101,249 54.6 % 136,262 45.4 % 113,388 1978 54.5 % 153,394 44.3 % 124,610 1982 45.2 % 141,043 26.1 % 81,507 1986 52.0 % 173,655 48.0 % 160,460 1990 59.8 % 203,491 38.6 % 131,310 36.6 % 134,978 29.2 % 107,908 1998 50.1 % 204,206 48.8 % 198,952 2002 47.0 % 179,647 51.6 % 197,009 2006 35.4 % 121,717 62.5 % 215,313 57.8 % 222,724 40.8 % 157,311 2014 49.0 % 181,106 36.7 % 135,775 Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1960 50.0 % 92,410 50.0 % 92,295 1964 78.8 % 163,249 21.2 % 44,022 1968 59.8 % 141,324 38.7 % 91,425 1972 37.5 % 101,409 62.4 % 168,865 1976 50.6 % 147,375 48.1 % 140,003 1980 44.8 % 135,879 42.9 % 130,112 1984 43.8 % 147,154 55.1 % 185,050 54.3 % 192,364 44.8 % 158,625 48.1 % 179,310 36.7 % 136,822 56.9 % 205,012 31.6 % 113,943 2000 55.8 % 205,286 37.5 % 137,845 54.0 % 231,708 45.3 % 194,191 2008 71.9 % 325,871 26.6 % 120,566 2012 70.6 % 306,658 27.8 % 121,015 2016 61.0 % 266,891 29.4 % 128,847 Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election in 1960 , Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two presidential elections ; 1972 and 1984 , both of which were landslide victories for Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan respectively . In Hawaii 's statehood tenure , only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidential elections . Hawaii has n't elected a Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate since Hiram Fong in 1970 ; since 1977 , both of the state 's U.S. Senators have been Democrats . In 2004 , John Kerry won the state 's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54 % of the vote . Every county supported the Democratic candidate . In 1964 , favorite son candidate senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii sought the Republican presidential nomination , while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in 1972 . Honolulu - born Barack Obama , then serving as United States Senator from Illinois , was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4 , 2008 and was re-elected for a second term on November 6 , 2012 . Obama had won the Hawaii Democratic caucus on February 19 , 2008 , with 76 % of the vote . He was the third Hawaii - born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party and the first presidential nominee from Hawaii . Legal status of Hawaii Main article : Legal status of Hawaii While Hawaii is internationally recognized as a state of the United States while also being broadly accepted as such in mainstream understanding , the legality of this status has been raised in U.S. District Court , the U.N. , and other international forums . Domestically , the debate is a topic covered in the Kamehameha Schools curriculum . On September 29 , 2015 the Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government . Hawaiian sovereignty movement Main article : Hawaiian sovereignty movement Political organizations seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawaii have been active since the 1880s . Generally , their focus is on self - determination and self - governance , either for Hawaii as an independent nation ( in many proposals , for `` Hawaiian nationals '' descended from subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom or declaring themselves as such by choice ) , or for people of whole or part native Hawaiian ancestry in an indigenous `` nation to nation '' relationship akin to tribal sovereignty with US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians . A 2005 Grassroot Institute poll found the majority of Hawaiian residents opposed the Akaka Bill . The Hawaiian sovereignty movement , which generally views the overthrow of Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its subsequent annexation by the United States as illegal , seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii , such as free association or independence from the United States . Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of Queen Lili ʻuokalani , and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation . The movement generally views both the overthrow and annexation as illegal , with the Apology Resolution passed by US Congress in 1993 cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty . The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation . Gallery of satellite views and landmarks Islands of Hawai ʻi Hawai ʻi -- 4,028.2 square miles ( 10,433 km ) Maui -- 727.3 square miles ( 1,884 km ) Kaho ʻolawe -- 44.6 square miles ( 116 km ) Lāna ʻi -- 140.5 square miles ( 364 km ) Moloka ʻi -- 260 square miles ( 670 km ) Oʻahu -- 598 square miles ( 1,550 km ) Kaua ʻi -- 552.3 square miles ( 1,430 km ) Ni ʻihau -- 70 square miles ( 180 km ) Landmarks ʻIolani Palace . Honolulu , Oʻahu . The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum . Honolulu , Oʻahu . The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial . Pearl Harbor , Oʻahu . Hana Belt Road . Between Haikū and Kīpahulu , Maui . Mānoa Falls Trail . Mānoa , Oʻahu . Statue of Kamehameha I , Ali ʻiolani Hale . Honolulu , Oʻahu . See also Hawaii portal Index of Hawaii - related articles Outline of Hawaii -- organized list of topics about Hawaii References Jump up ^ Brodie , Carolyn S ; Goodrich , Debra ; Montgomery , Paula Kay ( 1996 ) . The Bookmark Book . Englewood , Colo. : Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 9781563083006 . 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Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania . Infobase Publishing . p. 270 . ISBN 1438119135 . Jump up ^ Kane , Herb Kawainui ( 1996 ) . `` The Manila Galleons '' . In Bob Dye . Hawaii Chronicles : Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine . I. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 25 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1829 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ruy López de Villalobos ( descubridor de Hawai ) '' . heroesdehispania.blogspot.se ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ By Oliver , Douglas L. ( 1989 ) . The Pacific Islands . University of Hawaii Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1233 - 6 Jump up ^ Coulter , John Wesley ( 1964 ) . `` Great Britain in Hawaii : The Captain Cook Monument '' . The Geographical Journal . 130 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 1794586 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiʻi Nature Notes '' . Hawaii National Park . June 1959 . Jump up ^ `` The Name Owyhee '' ( PDF ) . Idaho State Historical Society . August 1964 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley D. Porteus , Calabashes and Kings : An Introduction to Hawaii . Kessinger Publishing , 2005 ; p. 17 Jump up ^ Kuykendall . The Hawaiian Kingdom Volume I : Foundation and Transformation . p. 18 . Cook 's plan was to get the king on board the Resolution and keep him there until the stolen boat was returned -- a plan that had been effective under similar circumstances in the south Pacific . Jump up ^ Hawaii at Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ United States Congress Senate United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs ( 1993 -- ) U.S.G.P.O. , 2000 ( 2000 ) . To express the policy of the United States regarding the United States ' relationship with Native Hawaiians , and for other purposes : report ( to accompany S. 2899 ) . Washington , D.C. p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Migration and Disease '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fry , Kathie . `` Kamehameha Dynasty '' . Hawaii for Visitors . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Margaret Read ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) . Traditional Storytelling Today : An International Sourcebook . Routledge . p. 165 . ISBN 9781135917142 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Heather A. ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . American Aloha : Cultural Tourism and the Negotiation of Tradition . University of Hawaii Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9780824831714 . Jump up ^ `` Ho'oilina Legacy Collection '' . hooilina.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Goucher , Candice ; Walton , Linda ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) . World History : Journeys from Past to Present . Routledge . p. 572 . ISBN 9781135088293 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Robert C. `` Religious Statistics of Hawaii , 1825 -- 1972 '' ( PDF ) ( Typographical error in `` 1950 '' , meant to be `` 1850 '' ) . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Education , University of Michigan School of ( 1947 - 01 - 01 ) . Studies in the History of American Education . UM Libraries . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dr Kathleen J. ( 2013 - 06 - 28 ) . Indigenous Symbols and Practices in the Catholic Church : Visual Culture , Missionization and Appropriation . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 89 . ISBN 9781409480655 . Jump up ^ `` Ulukau : The Hawaiian kingdom , vol. 3 , 1874 -- 1893 , The Kalakaua dynasty '' . www.ulukau.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ulukau : The Hawaiian kingdom , vol. 3 , 1874 -- 1893 , The Kalakaua dynasty '' . www.ulukau.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Russ , William Adam ( 1992 ) . The Hawaiian Revolution ( 1893 -- 94 ) . Associated University Presses . p. 350 . ISBN 0 - 945636 - 43 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kuykendall , R.S. ( 1967 ) . The Hawaiian Kingdom , 1874 -- 1893 . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 648 . Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Overthrow : America 's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq . Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7861 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Rush Limbaugh Sounds Off on Akaka Bill '' . Hawaii Reporter . August 18 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Fein , Bruce ( June 6 , 2005 ) . `` Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand '' ( PDF ) . Honolulu : Grassroot Institute of Hawaii . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1897 Hawaii Annexation Treaty '' . The Morgan Report . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-annexation petitions -- Page 1 '' . Libweb.hawaii.edu . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dyke , Jon M. Van ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai_i ? . University of Hawaii Press . p. 209 . ISBN 9780824832117 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union 16 June 1898 -- California Digital Newspaper Collection '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ samuelson . `` Annexation Timeline -- of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii '' . hrmakahinui.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ USA , IBP ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . US : Hawaii Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic and Practical Information . Lulu.com . p. 16 . ISBN 9781438721880 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Statehood -- Honolulu Star - Bulletin by HAWAII : Honolulu , Hawaii No binding -- Seth Kaller Inc . '' . www.abebooks.co.uk ( in en_GB ) . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Jennifer Ludden. `` 1965 immigration law changed face of America '' . NPR . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Red States Outnumber Blue for First Time in Gallup Tracking '' . gallup.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2016 election result -- Politico ) Jump up ^ Boundless ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Red States vs. Blue States '' . boundless.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Presidential Race -- Election Results by State -- NBC News '' . nbcnews.com . December 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Video : Aloha Hawaii . islanders Celebrate Long - Sought Statehood , 1959 / 03 / 16 ( 1959 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1959 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commemorating 50 Years of Statehood '' . archive.lingle.hawaii.gov . State of Hawaii . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . On June 27 , 1959 , a plebiscite was held to allow Hawaii residents to ratify the congressional vote for statehood . The ' yes for statehood ' garnered 94.3 percent ( 132,773 votes ) while the ' no ' ballots totaled 5.7 percent ( 7,971 votes ) . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Encyclopedia : Population and Visitor Statistics '' . Hawaiianencyclopedia.com . July 1 , 2002 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : Bright Lights , Big City , Small Town '' . State of the Reunion . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii 's ninth island offers everything we need '' . Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Quickfacts '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010 Census . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Average life expectancy at birth by state '' . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country ( 309A ) '' ( PDF ) . Department of Defense . September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Menton ; Eileen Tamura ( 1999 ) . A History of Hawaii , Student Book . CRDG . p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . State and County QuickFacts . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Population Division , Laura K. Yax . `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Population of Hawaii : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Center for New Media and Promotions ( C2PO ) . `` 2010 Census Data '' . Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . census.gov . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Race Reporting for the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population by Selected Categories : 2010 '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1900 to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Hispanic population projected to outnumber white in 2014 '' . Reuters . January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` Hawaii -- ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : 2008 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charles ( 1832 ) ( 1828 ) . The missionary gazetteer : comprising a geographical and statistical account ... CIHM / ICMH microfiche series , no . 35042 ( also ATLA monograph preservation program ; ATLA fiche 1988 -- 3226 ) . BB Edwards ( America ed . ) . Boston , MA : W. Hyde & Co. p. 424 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 665 - 35042 - 9 . OCLC 657191416 , 718098082 , 719990067 , 680518873 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goto , Junichi ( April 2007 ) . `` Latin Americans of Japanese Origin ( Nikkeijin ) Working in Japan -- A Survey '' ( PDF ) . Documents & Reports -- All Documents The World Bank . Washington , DC : World Bank . pp. 5 , 48 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` + Hawaii Alive Realms : Wao Lani + '' . Hawaii Alive . Honolulu , HI : Bishop Museum . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Frederic L. ( September 1899 ) . `` The Portuguese Population in the United States '' . Publications of the American Statistical Association . Alexandria , VA : American Statistical Association . 6 ( 47 ) : 327 -- 336 . JSTOR 2276463 . OCLC 11137237 . doi : 10.2307 / 2276463 . ( subscription required ) See pp. 332 -- 33 . Jump up ^ López , Iris ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` Puerto Ricans in Hawaii '' . In Ruiz , Vicki L. ; Korrol , Virginia Sánchez . Latinas in the United States : A Historical Encyclopedia . Gale Virtual Reference Library . 2 . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . pp. 591 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34680 - 3 . OCLC 74671044 , 748855661 , 756540171 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Language Map Data Center '' . Mla.org . July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Layouts : Hawaiian ( haw ) '' . unicode.org . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lyovin , Anatole V. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the Languages of the World . New York : Oxford University Press , Inc . pp. 257 -- 58 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508116 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States : 2006 -- 2008 '' ( MS - Excel Spreadsheet ) . American Community Survey Data on Language Use . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . April 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schütz , Albert J. ( 1994 ) . The Voices of Eden : A History of Hawaiian Language Studies . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 334 -- 36 ; 338 20n . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1637 - 4 . Jump up ^ Elbert & Pukui ( 1979 : 35 -- 36 ) Jump up ^ Kimura , Larry ; Pila , Wilson ( 1983 ) . `` Native Hawaiian Culture '' . Native Hawaiian Study Commission Minority Report . Washington : United States Department of Interior . pp. 173 -- 203 ( 185 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LDS Newsroom Statistical Information '' . Newsroom.lds.org . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives -- Maps & Reports '' . Jump up ^ `` State of Hawaii Data Book 2000 , Section 1 Population , Table 1.47 '' . Hawaii.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Survey shows partial picture '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . September 21 , 2002 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Religious Landscape Study -- Religious composition of adults in Hawaii '' . Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf Jump up ^ Xian , Kathryn and Brent Anbe ( Directors ) ( 2001 ) . Ke Kūlana He Māhū : Remembering a Sense of Place ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Newport , Frank ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C. , Lowest in North Dakota '' . Gallup , Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Newport , Frank ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` An Estimated 780,000 Americans in Same - Sex Marriages '' . Gallup , Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Senate passes gay marriage bill '' . USA Today . November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii sandalwood trade '' . Hawaiihistory.org . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Whaling in Hawaii '' . Hawaiihistory.org . June 16 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Per capita GDF by year '' . State of Hawaii . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Honey Bees in the Hawaiian Islands '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii honeybees vie for most valuable export '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McAvoy , Audrey ( April 19 , 2014 ) . `` Hawaii is genetically engineered crop flash point '' . ap.org . Associated Press . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Unease in Hawaii 's Cornfields '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics '' . www.bls.gov . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Study : Military spent $12 B in Hawaii in 2009 '' . Military Times . Associated Press . June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert . `` Top states for millionaires per capita '' . CNBC . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honolulu Star - Bulletin Hawaii News '' . Starbulletin.com . November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cost of Living Wizard '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` FreeShipping.org '' . Jump up ^ Chesto , Jon ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` House bill aims to address state 's power shortfall '' ( February 8 , 2015 ) . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Historic Housing Values '' . www.census.gov . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Median Prices '' . Realtor.org . February 15 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping up with the Jones Act '' . Hawaii Business Magazine . Honolulu , HI : PacificBasin Communications . August 2012 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Philips , Matthew ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Law Restricting Foreign Ships Leads to Higher Gas Prices '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . New York , NY : Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Russ ( April 4 , 1997 ) . `` U.S. - only shipping rule praised , blasted ; Backers and foes of the Jones Act make their case before the Legislature '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Honolulu , HI : Black Press Group Ltd . ISSN 0439 - 5271 . OCLC 9188300 , 433678262 , 232117605 , 2268098 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slom , Sam ( 2012 ) . `` SR11. DOC '' . Hawaii State Legislature . Honolulu , HI : Hawaii State Legislature . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . 2012 resolution introduced requesting Congress to exempt Hawaii , Alaska , Guam , and Puerto Rico from the Jones Act . Jump up ^ Unterberger , pp. 465 -- 73 Jump up ^ Manuel , pp. 236 -- 41 Jump up ^ Kamakawiwo , Israel ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . NPR . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawaii State DBEDT ( 2003 ) . `` Overview of All Visitors '' ( PDF ) . Summary of 2003 Visitors to Hawaii : 2 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hawaii.gov . `` Tourism stats '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Merrie Monarch Festival 2005 '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Shane ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Hawaii International Film Festival : Kinship through cinema '' . Travel Weekly . Secaucus , NJ : Northstar Travel Media . OCLC 60626324 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival at Doris Duke Theatre : Honolulu Hawaii Nightlife Event Guide '' . Hnlnow.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honolulu Star - Bulletin Features '' . Archives.starbulletin.com . May 29 , 2001 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Two - Thirds Of Hawaii Schools Do Not Meet Requirements -- Education News Story -- KITV Honolulu '' . Thehawaiichannel.com . August 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Honolulu Advertiser , August 17 , 2005 , p . B1 Jump up ^ `` News -- Official 2011 -- 12 Public and Charter School Enrollment '' . Hawaii Public Schools . Honolulu , HI : Hawai'i Department of Education . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Cynthia ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Private School Enrollment Report 2011 -- 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Hawaii Association of Independent Schools . Honolulu , HI : Hawaii Association of Independent Schools . p. 3 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hussar , William J. ; Bailey , Tabitha M. ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Projections of Education Statistics to 2018 '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES ) Home Page , a part of the U.S. Department of Education . Washington , DC : National Center for Education Statistics . p. 6 ( 22 out of 68 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kamehameha Schools 2013 -- 2014 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ishibasha , Koren ( November 2005 ) . `` Official Enrollment '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Transportation - Hawaii 's biggest airport officially renamed Daniel K. Inouye International Airport '' . hidot.hawaii.gov . Jump up ^ Horvat , William J. `` Inter-Island Airways / Hawaiian Airlines -- Hawaii Aviation '' . Hawaii 's Aviation History . Honolulu , HI : State of Hawaii . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cataluna , Lee ( December 23 , 2005 ) . `` Nothing Smooth On Seaflite '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Jump up ^ `` Aloha , Superferry Alakai leaves Hawaii to find job '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Honolulu , HI : Black Press Group Ltd . March 29 , 2009 . ISSN 0439 - 5271 . OCLC 9188300 , 433678262 , 232117605 , 2268098 . Jump up ^ `` Maui Molokai Ferry on Molokai Princess and Maui Princess '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Expeditions : Maui -- Lanaʻi Ferry Service '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Cruises Cruise Overview Hawaii Cruises Cruise Destinations & Vacation Packages '' . Norwegian Cruise Line . Miami - Dade County , FL : Norwegian Cruise Line . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii , Tahiti , & South Pacific Cruises '' . Princess Cruises . Santa Clarita , CA : Princess Cruises . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Norton Jr. , Victor ; Treiber , Gale E. ( 2005 ) . Hawaiian Railway Album -- WW II Photographs Vol 2 . Hanover , PA : Railroad Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Number of Local Governments by Type '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii 's 4 ( or 5 ) Counties '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Tulsi '' . gabbard.house.gov . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Sarah ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` msnbc 's The Daily Rundown , 23 December 2009 , accessed 6 January 2012 '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Hawaii '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaste , Martin ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Can A Republican Win A Senate Seat In Blue Hawaii ? '' . NPR . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( August 19 , 2004 ) . `` Hiram Fong Dies ; One of First Hawaiian Senators '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rudin , Ken ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` NPR 's Political Junkie '' . Npr.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Writer Ponders First Asian President Too '' . Npr.org . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Kingdom -- David Keanu Sai v. Barack Obama , et al '' . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i and the United Nations '' . Cultural Survival . Jump up ^ Umi Perkins . `` Maori and Native Hawaiian Education '' . Jump up ^ Lauer , Nancy Cook ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Interior Department announces procedure for Native Hawaiian recognition '' . Oahu Publications . West Hawaii Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interior Proposes Path for Re-Establishing Government - to - Government Relationship with Native Hawaiian Community '' . Department of the Interior . Office of the Secretary of the Department of the interior . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recent Survey of Hawaii residents shows two out of three oppose Akaka bill '' . new.grassrootinstitute.org . Honolulu , HI : Grassroot Institute . 2015 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rape of Paradise : The Second Century Hawai'ians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes '' , Perceptions Magazine , March / April 1996 , p. 18 - 25 ^ Jump up to : Grass , Michael ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` As Feds Hold Hearings , Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims '' . Government Executive . Government Executive . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Social Forum . Book Committee ( 2010 ) . The United States Social Forum : Perspectives of a Movement . Lulu.com . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 32373 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aran Alton Ardaiz ( 2008 ) . Hawaii -- The Fake State . Trafford Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 7524 - 5 . Jump up ^ United States Social Forum . Book Committee ( 2010 ) . The United States Social Forum : Perspectives of a Movement . Lulu.com . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 32373 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aran Alton Ardaiz ( 2008 ) . Hawaii - The Fake State . Trafford Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 7524 - 5 . Notes Jump up ^ Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians . Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity . Hawaii may also be used adjectivally . The Associated Press Stylebook , 42nd ed. ( 2007 ) , also prescribes this usage ( p. 112 ) . Jump up ^ The ʻokina , which resembles an apostrophe and precedes the final i in Hawai ʻi , is a consonant in Hawaiian and phonetically represents the glottal stop / ʔ / . Jump up ^ For comparison , New Jersey -- which has 8,717,925 people in 7,417 square miles ( 19,210 km ) -- is the most - densely populated state in the Union with 1,134 people per square mile . Jump up ^ English `` to be '' is often omitted in Pidgin . In contexts where `` to be '' is used in General American , `` to stay '' is preferred . `` To stay '' may have arisen due to an English calque of the Portuguese ser , estar , or ficar . Eh ? ( IPA : ( æ̃ː ˧ ˦ ) ) is a tag question which may have roots in Japanese , which utilizes ね ( ne ? ) to emphasize a point that may be agreed upon by all parties , or may come from Portuguese né ? ( shortened from `` não é ? '' ) , cf. French n'est - ce pas ? . Eh ? may also have come from English yeah . Jump up ^ Senator Inouye , who ranked first in seniority , died in December 2012 . Senator Daniel Akaka , who ranked 21st of the Senate 's one hundred members , retired in January 2013 after serving twenty - three years in the Senate . Bibliography Bushnell , O.A. The Gifts of Civilization : Germs and Genocide in Hawai ʻi . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 1993 . Holmes , T. Michael . The Specter of Communism in Hawai ʻi . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 1994 . Russ Jr. , William Adam . The Hawaiian Republic ( 1894 -- 98 ) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation . Selinsgrove , PA : Susquehanna University Press , 1961 . Schamel , Wynell and Charles E. Schamel . `` The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawai ʻi . '' Social Education 63 , 7 ( November / December 1999 ) : 402 -- 08 . Stokes , John F.G. `` Spaniard and the Sweet Potato in Hawai ʻi and Hawaiian - American Contacts . '' American Anthropologist , New Series , vol. 34 , no . 4 ( 1932 ) pp. 594 -- 600 . 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-5154813042082736851	Territories of the United States	Territories of the United States - wikipedia Territories of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the individual political entities currently or formerly called `` United States territories '' . For the historical territories which became U.S. states , see Organized incorporated territories of the United States . For the various forms of U.S. jurisdiction , see United States territory . For maps of historical evolution , see Territorial evolution of the United States . Territories of the United States Flag The 50 states and the Federal District Commonwealth ( see footnote ) Incorporated unorganized territory Unincorporated organized territory Unincorporated unorganized territory Largest settlement San Juan , Puerto Rico , United States Languages English , Spanish , Hawaiian , Chamorro , Carolinian , Samoan Demonym American Territories 16 territories ( show ) American Samoa Bajo Nuevo Bank Baker Island Howland Island Guam Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Northern Mariana Islands Palmyra Atoll Puerto Rico Serranilla Bank U.S. Virgin Islands Wake Island Leaders Head of state Donald Trump Governors List of current territorial governors Area Total 22,294.19 km ( 8,607.83 sq mi ) Population Estimate 4,065,516 Currency United States Dollar Date format mm / dd / yyyy ( AD ) ^ `` The term ' Commonwealth ' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that is self - governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self - government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress . '' Example of one of the interim political divisions of the United States ( as they were from 1868 to 1876 , including nine organized territories and two unorganized territories ) . Administrative divisions of the United States First level State ( Commonwealth ) Federal district Territory ( Commonwealth ) Indian reservation ( list ) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off - reservation trust land Second level County / Parish / Borough Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District ( USVI ) / District ( AS ) Consolidated city - county Independent city Municipality Unorganized atoll State - recognized tribes Third level Township Cities , towns , and villages Coterminous municipality Barrio Chapter Fourth level Ward Other areas Protected areas ( Conservation district , National Monument , National Park ) Congressional district Homeowner association Associated state Military base Federal enclave Unincorporated area Ghost town Territories of the United States are sub-national administrative divisions directly overseen by the United States ( U.S. ) federal government . Unlike U.S. states and Native tribes that have sovereignty alongside the federal government , territories are without sovereignty ( according to a 2016 Supreme Court ruling called Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ) . The territories are classified by whether they are `` incorporated '' ( i.e. , part of the U.S. proper ) and whether they have an `` organized '' government through an Organic Act passed by the U.S. Congress . The U.S. has sixteen territories in the Caribbean Sea , the south Pacific Ocean , and the western portion of the north Pacific Ocean . Five of the territories are permanently inhabited and are classified as unincorporated territories . The other eleven are small islands , atolls , and reefs with no native or permanent population . Of those eleven , only one is classified as an incorporated territory . Two territories ( Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank ) are administered by Colombia . Historically , territories were created to govern newly acquired land . Most territories eventually attained statehood . Other territories at some point administered by the U.S. , such as the Philippines , Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau , eventually became independent countries . Many organized incorporated territories of the United States existed from 1789 to 1959 . The first were the Northwest and the Southwest territories , and the last were the Alaska Territory and the Hawaii Territory. 31 of these territories applied for and were granted statehood . In the process of organizing and promoting territories to statehood , some areas of a territory lacking sufficient development and population densities were temporarily orphaned from parts of a larger territory after residents voted on whether to petition Congress for statehood . For example , when a portion of the Missouri Territory became the state of Missouri , the remaining portion of the territory , consisting of all the states of Iowa , Nebraska , South Dakota , and North Dakota , most of Kansas , Wyoming , and Montana , and parts of Colorado and Minnesota , effectively became an unorganized territory . U.S. territories tend to have infrastructure and telecommunications inferior to the United States mainland ; for example , American Samoa 's Internet speed was found to be slower than several Eastern European countries . Poverty rates are also higher in the territories than in the states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Existing territories and their legal status 1.1 Permanently inhabited territories 1.1. 1 Notes 1.1. 2 Statistics 1.2 Uninhabited territories 2 Incorporated and unincorporated territories 2.1 Express or implied ? 2.2 U.S. Supreme Court decisions about particular territories 2.2. 1 Alaska Territory 2.2. 2 Florida Territory 2.2. 3 Southwest Territory 2.2. 4 Louisiana Territory 3 Organized territory 4 Current U.S. territories by group 4.1 Incorporated organized territories 4.2 Incorporated unorganized territories 4.3 Unincorporated organized territories 4.4 Unincorporated unorganized territories 4.5 Inhabited territories 4.6 Uninhabited territories 4.7 Extraterritorial jurisdiction 4.8 Associated states 5 Classification of former U.S. territories and administered areas 5.1 Former incorporated organized territories of the United States 5.2 Former unincorporated territories of the United States ( incomplete ) 5.3 Former unincorporated territories of the United States under military government 5.4 Areas formerly administered by the United States 5.5 Other zones 6 Galleries 6.1 Current territorial non-voting members of the House of Representatives 6.2 Current territorial governors 6.3 Satellite images 6.3. 1 Inhabited territories 6.3. 2 Uninhabited territories ( U.S. Minor Outlying Islands ) 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Existing territories and their legal status ( edit ) Territories have always been a part of the U.S. According to federal law , the term `` United States '' , when used in a geographical sense , means `` the continental United States , Alaska , Hawaii , Puerto Rico , Guam , and the United States Virgin Islands '' . Since political union with the Northern Mariana Islands in 1986 , they too are treated as a part of the U.S. An executive order adopted in 2007 includes American Samoa in the U.S. `` geographical extent '' as reflected in U.S. Department of State documents . Permanently inhabited territories ( edit ) The U.S. has five territories that are permanently inhabited : Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea ; Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Marianas archipelago in the western North Pacific Ocean ; and American Samoa in the South Pacific Ocean . Approximately 4 million people in these territories are U.S. citizens . U.S. citizenship at birth is granted in 4 of the 5 major territories . American Samoa has about 32,000 non-citizen U.S. nationals . Under U.S. law , among the territories , `` only persons born in American Samoa and Swains Island are non-citizen U.S. nationals . '' American Samoans are under the protection of the U.S. , with the ability to travel to the U.S. without a visa . However , to become U.S. citizens , American Samoans must naturalize ( as if they were foreigners ) . Each of these territories is an organized , self - governing territory with three branches of government , a locally elected governor , and a territorial legislature . Each territory also elects a non-voting member ( or a non-voting resident commissioner in the case of Puerto Rico ) to the U.S. House of Representatives . They `` possess the same powers as other members of the House , except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives . '' They participate in debate , are assigned offices and money for staff , and nominate constituents from their territories to the Army , Navy and Marine Corps , Air Force , and Merchant Marine service academies . They can vote in committee on all legislation presented to the House of Representatives . They are included in their party count for each committee , and they are equal to senators on conference committees . Depending on the congress , they may also vote on the floor in the House Committee of the Whole . As of January 2017 , the members of Congress from these territories were : Gregorio Sablan for the Northern Mariana Islands , Madeleine Bordallo for Guam , Amata Coleman Radewagen for American Samoa , Jenniffer González for Puerto Rico , and Stacey Plaskett for the U.S. Virgin Islands . The District of Columbia also has a non-voting delegate . Like the District of Columbia , territories of the United States do not have U.S. senators representing them in the senate . Every four years , U.S. political parties nominate their presidential candidates at conventions , which include delegates from these territories . However , the U.S. citizens living in territories such as Puerto Rico can not vote in the general election for president of the U.S. Non-citizen nationals in American Samoa also ca n't vote for the president . These territories pay some U.S. taxes and are under the protection of U.S. courts . The capitals of these territories are Pago Pago in American Samoa ; Hagåtña in Guam ; Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands ; San Juan in Puerto Rico ; and , Charlotte Amalie in the U.S. Virgin Islands . The current governors of these territories are the following : Lolo Matalasi Moliga ( American Samoa ) , Eddie Baza Calvo ( Guam ) , Ralph Torres ( Northern Mariana Islands ) , Ricardo Rosselló ( Puerto Rico ) , and Kenneth Mapp ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) . Name Abbr . Location Area Population Capital Largest Town Status Date Acquired American Samoa AS Polynesia & South Pacific 0000197.1 ! 197.1 km ( 76.1 sq mi ) 55,519 Pago Pago Tafuna Unincorporated & unorganized April 17 , 1900 Guam GU Micronesia & North Pacific 0000543 ! 543 km ( 210 sq mi ) 159,358 Hagåtña Dededo Unincorporated & organized April 11 , 1899 Northern Mariana Islands MP Micronesia & North Pacific 0000463 ! 463.63 km ( 179 sq mi ) 53,467 Capitol Hill , Saipan Garapan Unincorporated & organized November 3 , 1986 Puerto Rico PR Caribbean & North Atlantic 0009104 ! 9,104 km ( 3,515 sq mi ) 3,667,084 San Juan San Juan Unincorporated & organized April 11 , 1899 United States Virgin Islands VI Caribbean & North Atlantic 000346.36 ! 346.36 km ( 134 sq mi ) 106,405 Charlotte Amalie Charlotte Amalie Unincorporated & organized March 31 , 1917 Notes ( edit ) American Samoa - Territory since 1900 . Locally self - governing under a constitution last revised in 1967 . People born in American Samoa are non-citizen nationals . American Samoa is technically unorganized . The main island is Tutuila . Guam - Territory since 1899 , Guam is the home of Naval Base Guam and Andersen Air Force Base . Northern Mariana Islands - Commonwealth since 1986 ; formerly a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United States . Sometimes the abbreviation `` CNMI '' is used ( for `` Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands '' ) . The main island is Saipan . Puerto Rico - Unincorporated territory since 1899 , a commonwealth since 1952 . In November 2008 , a U.S. District Court judge ruled that a sequence of Congressional actions have had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico 's status from `` unincorporated '' to `` incorporated . '' However , the issue has not finished making its way through the court system ; and the U.S. government still refers to Puerto Rico as unincorporated . A Puerto Rico attorney has called Puerto Rico `` semi-sovereign '' . See the Puerto Rico section in the article , Organized incorporated territories of the United States , and also the article , Political status of Puerto Rico . United States Virgin Islands - Purchased by the U.S. from Denmark in 1917 . The main islands are Saint Thomas , Saint John and Saint Croix . Statistics ( edit ) The inhabited territories ( except Guam ) have had negative population growth in recent years , as well as high poverty rates , but also high Human Development Index ( HDI ) rankings . All poverty rates are higher than the mainland United States . Several territories have an official language other than English . Statistics Territory Population Growth ( 2010 to 2017 ) Poverty rate ( 2009 ) Life expectancy ( years ) HDI ranking GDP ( dollars ) Driving Side Time Zone Calling Code Official Language ( s ) American Samoa 03 ! − 2.39 % 05 ! 57.8 % 05 ! 73.4 05 ! 0.827 ( Very High HDI ) $ 05 ! 658,000,000 right Samoan Standard Time ( UTC - 11 ) + 1 - 684 English and Samoan Guam + 01 ! 2.12 % 02 ! 22.9 % 03 ! 76 01 ! 0.901 ( Very High HDI ) $ 02 ! 5,793,000,000 right Chamorro Standard Time ( UTC + 10 ) + 1 - 671 English and Chamorro Northern Mariana Islands 02 ! − 0.68 % 04 ! 52.3 % 04 ! 75.4 03 ! 0.875 ( Very High HDI ) $ 04 ! 1,242,000,000 right Chamorro Standard Time ( UTC + 10 ) + 1 - 670 English , Chamorro , and Carolinian Puerto Rico 05 ! − 10.43 % 03 ! 43.5 % 01 ! 80.9 04 ! 0.845 ( Very High HDI ) $ 01 ! 103,135,000,000 right Atlantic Standard Time ( UTC − 4 ) + 1 - 787 , + 1 - 939 English and Spanish United States Virgin Islands 04 ! − 3.25 % 01 ! 22.4 % 02 ! 79.4 02 ! 0.894 ( Very High HDI ) $ 03 ! 3,765,000,000 left Atlantic Standard Time ( UTC − 4 ) + 1 - 340 English Uninhabited territories ( edit ) The U.S. has eleven territories with no native or permanent population , called the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands . They are small islands , atolls , and reefs spread across the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean : Palmyra Atoll , Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , the Midway Islands , Bajo Nuevo Bank , Navassa Island , Serranilla Bank , and Wake Island . Palmyra Atoll ( formally , the United States Territory of Palmyra Island ) is the only incorporated U.S. territory , a status it has maintained since the Territory of Hawaii became a state in 1959 . The status of several territories is disputed : Navassa Island is disputed by Haiti , Wake Island is disputed by the Marshall Islands , Swains Island ( part of American Samoa ) is disputed by Tokelau , and Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo Bank ( both administered by Colombia ) are disputed by Colombia , Jamaica , Honduras , and Nicaragua . Name Location Area Population Status Note Bajo Nuevo Bank North Atlantic Ocean & Caribbean Sea 0000110 ! 110 km ( 42 sq mi ) 0 Unincorporated & unorganized Administered by Colombia . Claimed by the U.S. ( under the Guano Islands Act ) and Jamaica . A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice , although the U.S. was not a party to that case and does not recognize the jurisdiction of the ICJ . Baker Island North Pacific Ocean 00002.1 ! 2.1 km ( 0.81 sq mi ) 0 Unincorporated & unorganized Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on October 28 , 1856 . Formally annexed on May 13 , 1936 , and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior . Howland Island North Pacific Ocean 00004.5 ! 4.5 km ( 1.7 sq mi ) 0 Unincorporated & unorganized Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on December 3 , 1858 . Formally annexed on May 13 , 1936 , and placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Interior . Jarvis Island South Pacific Ocean & Polynesia 00004.75 ! 4.75 km ( 1.83 sq mi ) 0 Unincorporated & unorganized Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on October 28 , 1856 . Formally annexed on May 13 , 1936 , and placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Interior . Johnston Atoll North Pacific Ocean 00002.67 ! 2.67 km ( 1.03 sq mi ) 0 Unincorporated & unorganized Last used by the U.S. Department of Defense in 2004 Kingman Reef North Pacific Ocean & Polynesia 000018 ! 18 km ( 6.9 sq mi ) 0 Unincorporated & unorganized Claimed under the Guano Islands Act on February 8 , 1860 . Formally annexed on May 10 , 1922 , and placed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Navy on December 29 , 1934 . Midway Atoll North Pacific Ocean 00006.2 ! 6.2 km ( 2.4 sq mi ) 40 Unincorporated & unorganized Territory since 1859 ; primarily a wildlife refuge inhabited only by civilian contractors ; previously under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Navy . Navassa Island North Atlantic Ocean & Caribbean Sea 00005.4 ! 5.4 km ( 2.1 sq mi ) 0 Unincorporated & unorganized Territory since 1857 . Claimed by Haiti . Palmyra Atoll North Pacific Ocean & Polynesia 0000012 ! 12 km ( 5 sq mi ) 20 Incorporated & unorganized As of 2007 , partly privately owned by The Nature Conservancy with much of the rest owned by the federal government and managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . It is an archipelago of about 50 small islands with about 1.56 sq mi ( 4.0 km ) of land area , lying about 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) south of Oahu , Hawaii . The atoll was acquired by the U.S. through the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii in 1898 . When the Territory of Hawaii was incorporated on April 30 , 1900 , Palmyra Atoll was incorporated as part of that territory . When the State of Hawaii was admitted to the Union in 1959 , however , the Act of Congress explicitly separated Palmyra Atoll from the newly federated state . Palmyra remained an incorporated territory , but received no new organized government . Serranilla Bank North Atlantic Ocean & Caribbean Sea 0000350 ! 350 km ( 140 sq mi ) 0 Unincorporated & unorganized Administered by Colombia ; site of a naval garrison . Claimed by the U.S ( since 1879 under the Guano Islands Act ) , Honduras , and Jamaica . A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice , although the U.S. was not a party to that case and does not recognize the jurisdiction of the ICJ . Wake Island North Pacific Ocean & Micronesia 00007.4 ! 7.4 km ( 2.9 sq mi ) 150 Unincorporated & unorganized Territory since 1898 ; host to the Wake Island Airfield administered by the U.S. Air Force ; claimed by the Marshall Islands . ^ Jump up to : These six territories , together with Palmyra Atoll , comprise the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument . View of San Juan , Puerto Rico . Protestant Cay in Christiansted , U.S. Virgin Islands . Tumon Beach in Guam . Mount Tapochau in the Northern Mariana Islands . Afono village in American Samoa . The Wake Island Lagoon in Wake Island . A red - footed booby in the Palmyra Atoll . Navy memorial and albatross monument with Laysan albatross chicks at Midway Atoll Incorporated and unincorporated territories ( edit ) Main article : Insular Cases The U.S. Congress decides whether a territory is incorporated or unincorporated . The entire U.S. constitution applies to each incorporated territory , including its local government and all of its inhabitants , in the same manner as it applies to the local governments and residents of a state . Incorporated territories are considered an integral part of the U.S. , not mere possessions . From 1901 to 1905 , the U.S. Supreme Court in a series of cases known as the Insular Cases held that the constitution extended by its own force to U.S. territories . The Court in these cases , however , also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation , under which the constitution applies fully to incorporated territories , such as the territories of Alaska and Hawaii , and applies partially in the unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines . The U.S. had no unincorporated territories ( also called `` overseas possessions '' or `` insular areas '' ) until 1856 . In that year , the U.S. Congress enacted the Guano Islands Act , which authorised the president to take possession of unclaimed islands to mine guano . Under this law , the U.S. has taken control of and claimed rights in many islands , atolls , etc. , especially in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean , most of which have since been abandoned . The U.S. also has acquired territories since 1856 under other circumstances , such as under the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) that ended the Spanish -- American War . The U.S. Supreme Court considered the constitutional position of these unincorporated territories in Balzac v. People of Porto Rico , where the Court said the following about a U.S. court in Puerto Rico : The United States District Court is not a true United States court established under article 3 of the Constitution to administer the judicial power of the United States ... It is created ... by the sovereign congressional faculty , granted under article 4 , 3 , of that instrument , of making all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory belonging to the United States . The resemblance of its jurisdiction to that of true United States courts , in offering an opportunity to nonresidents of resorting to a tribunal not subject to local influence , does not change its character as a mere territorial court . In Glidden Company v. Zdanok , the U.S. Supreme Court cited the Balzac case and said with regard to courts in unincorporated territories , `` Upon like considerations , Article III has been viewed as inapplicable to courts created in unincorporated territories outside the mainland ... and to the consular courts established by concessions from foreign countries ... '' The courts determined that incorporation involves express declaration , or an implication so strong as to exclude any other view ( raising questions about Puerto Rico 's status ) . Express or implied ? ( edit ) In the Balzac case , the Court defined the meaning of `` implied '' : Had Congress intended to take the important step of changing the treaty status of Puerto Rico by incorporating it into the Union , it is reasonable to suppose that it would have done so by the plain declaration , and would not have left it to mere inference . Before the question became acute at the close of the Spanish War , the distinction between acquisition and incorporation was not regarded as important , or at least it was not fully understood and had not aroused great controversy . Before that , the purpose of Congress might well be a matter of mere inference from various legislative acts ; but in these latter days , incorporation is not to be assumed without express declaration , or an implication so strong as to exclude any other view . U.S. Supreme Court Decisions about particular territories ( edit ) The U.S. Supreme Court in Rassmussen v. U.S. first quoted from Article III of the 1867 treaty for the purchase of Alaska and then said , `` ' The inhabitants of the ceded territory ... shall be admitted to the enjoyment of all the rights , advantages , and immunities of citizens of the United States ... ' This declaration , although somewhat changed in phraseology , is the equivalent ... of the formula , employed from the beginning to express the purpose to incorporate acquired territory into the United States , especially in the absence of other provisions showing an intention to the contrary . '' Part of the act of incorporation is on the people of the territory , not on the territory per se , by extending the privileges and immunities clause of the constitution to them , such as when it was extended to Puerto Rico in 1947 ( despite this , Puerto Rico remains officially unincorporated ) . The 2016 Supreme Court case Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ruled that territories do n't have their own sovereignty . In 2016 , the Supreme court declined to rule on a lower court ruling that American Samoans do not get citizenship at birth ( Tuana v. United States ) . Alaska territory ( edit ) The Rassmussen case arose out of a criminal conviction by a six - person jury in Alaska under a federal law allowing this procedure there . The Court held that Alaska had been incorporated into the U.S. because of the treaty of cession with Russia . In addition , the Congressional implication was so strong as to exclude any other view : That Congress , shortly following the adoption of the treaty with Russia , clearly contemplated the incorporation of Alaska into the United States as a part thereof , we think plainly results from the act of July 20 , 1868 , concerning internal revenue taxation ... and the act of July 27 , 1868 ... extending the laws of the United States relating to customs , commerce , and navigation over Alaska , and establishing a collection district therein ... And this is fortified by subsequent action of Congress , which it is unnecessary to refer to . In his concurring opinion , Justice Brown expressed the same thought : Apparently , acceptance of the territory is insufficient in the opinion of the court in this case , since the result that Alaska is incorporated into the United States is reached , not through the treaty with Russia , or through the establishment of a civil government there , but from the act ... extending the laws of the United States relating to the customs , commerce , and navigation over Alaska , and establishing a collection district there . Certain other acts are cited , notably the judiciary act ... making it the duty of this court to assign ... the several territories of the United States to particular Circuits . Florida territory ( edit ) In Dorr v. U.S. , the U.S. Supreme Court quoted Chief Justice Marshall from an earlier case as follows : `` The 6th article of the treaty of cession contains the following provision : ' The inhabitants of the territories which His Catholic Majesty cedes the United States by this treaty shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution , and admitted to the enjoyment of the privileges , rights , and immunities of the citizens of the United States . ' ... This treaty is the law of the land , and admits the inhabitants of Florida to the enjoyment of the privileges , rights , and immunities of the citizens of the United States . It is unnecessary to inquire whether this is not their condition , independent of stipulation . They do not , however , participate in political power ; they do not share in the government till Florida shall become a state . In the meantime Florida continues to be a territory of the United States , governed by virtue of that clause in the Constitution which empowers Congress `` to make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States . ' '' In Downes v. Bidwell , the Court said , `` The same construction was adhered to in the treaty with Spain for the purchase of Florida ... the 6th article of which provided that the inhabitants should ' be incorporated into the Union of the United States , as soon as may be consistent with the principles of the Federal Constitution . ' '' Southwest territory ( edit ) In the Downes case , the first mention of incorporation is made in the following paragraph by Justice Brown : In view of this it can not , it seems to me , be doubted that the United States continued to be composed of states and territories , all forming an integral part thereof and incorporated therein , as was the case prior to the adoption of the Constitution . Subsequently , the territory now embraced in the state of Tennessee was ceded to the United States by the state of North Carolina . In order to insure the rights of the native inhabitants , it was expressly stipulated that the inhabitants of the ceded territory should enjoy all the rights , privileges , benefits , and advantages set forth in the ordinance ' of the late Congress for the government of the western territory of the United States . Louisiana territory ( edit ) First U.S. stamp to commemorate a territory and depict a map ( 1904 ) In the Downes case , the Court said : Owing to a new war between England and France being upon the point of breaking out , there was need for haste in the negotiations , and Mr. Livingston took the responsibility of disobeying his ( Mr. Jefferson 's ) instructions , and , probably owing to the insistence of Bonaparte , consented to the 3d article of the treaty ( with France to acquire the territory of Louisiana ) , which provided that ' the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States , and admitted as soon as possible , according to the principles of the Federal Constitution , to the enjoyment of all the rights , advantages , and immunities of citizens of the United States ; and in the meantime they shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty , property , and the religion which they profess . ' ( 8 Stat . at L. 202 . ) This evidently committed the government to the ultimate , but not to the immediate , admission of Louisiana as a state ... The U.S. Supreme Court is unanimous in its interpretation that the extension of the privileges and immunities clause of the U.S. Constitution to the inhabitants of a territory in effect produces the incorporation of that territory . The net effect of incorporation is that the territory becomes an integral part of the geographical boundaries of the U.S. and can not , from then on , be separated . The whole body of the U.S. Constitution is extended to the inhabitants of that territory , except for those provisions that relate to its federal character . Moreso , the needful rules and regulations of the territorial clause must yield to the Constitution and the inherent constraints imposed on it in dealing with the privileges and immunities of the inhabitants of the incorporated territory . Notice must be taken that incorporation of a territory takes place through the incorporation of its inhabitants , not of the territory per se . As such , those inhabitants receive the full impact of the U.S. Constitution , except for those provisions that deal specifically with the federal character of the Union . Organized territory ( edit ) Lands under the sovereignty of the federal government ( but not part of any state ) that were given a measure of self - rule by the Congress through an Organic Act subject to the Congress ' plenary powers under the territorial clause of Article IV , sec. 3 , of the U.S. Constitution . Current U.S. territories by group ( edit ) See also : Insular area All current U.S. territories are in the Northern Hemisphere ( except American Samoa and Jarvis Island ) . Incorporated organized territories ( edit ) Main article : Organized incorporated territories of the United States No incorporated organized territory has existed since 1959 , with the last two being the territories of Alaska and Hawaii , both of which achieved statehood in that year . Incorporated unorganized territories ( edit ) Many incorporated unorganized territories became incorporated organized territories or states . For example , when the eastern part of the incorporated organized territory called Minnesota became the state of Minnesota in 1858 , the western part became part of an unorganized territory . Later , that became a part of the Dakota Territory , out of which two states and some parts of other states were created . California was part of an unorganized territory when it became a state . Currently , only Palmyra Atoll is incorporated and unorganized . Palmyra Atoll There are also territories that have the status of being incorporated but that are not organized : U.S. coastal waters out to 12 nautical miles ( 14 mi ; 22 km ) offshore ( except state waters extend a minimum of 3 nautical miles ( 3.5 mi ; 5.6 km ) offshore ) . Unincorporated organized territories ( edit ) Main article : Unincorporated territories of the United States Currently , there are four unincorporated and organized territories : Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and U.S. Virgin Islands . Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Unincorporated unorganized territories ( edit ) Currently , American Samoa and all of the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands are unincorporated and unorganized ( except Palmyra Atoll , which is incorporated and unorganized ) . American Samoa Bajo Nuevo Bank ( administered by Colombia ) Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island ( claimed by Haiti ) Serranilla Bank ( administered by Colombia ) Wake Island ( claimed by Marshall Islands ) Inhabited territories ( edit ) Currently , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are inhabited . American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Uninhabited territories ( edit ) See also : Unincorporated territories of the United States and United States Minor Outlying Islands The U.S. Minor Outlying Islands have no permanent human population . All are unincorporated and unorganized , except for Palmyra Atoll , which is incorporated and unorganized . There are non-permanent human populations at Palmyra Atoll , Wake Island and Midway Atoll . Bajo Nuevo Bank ( administered by Colombia ) Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island ( claimed by Haiti ) Palmyra Atoll Serranilla Bank ( administered by Colombia ) Wake Island ( claimed by Marshall Islands ) Extraterritorial jurisdiction ( edit ) The U.S. exercises some degree of extraterritorial jurisdiction in overseas areas , such as : Guantanamo Bay Naval Base ( since 1903 ) : A 45 square miles ( 120 km ) land area along Guantánamo Bay , Cuba , to which the U.S. claims to hold a perpetual lease . The Cuban government does not recognize this claim and has refused to accept any payment since 1959 . The lease amount is US $2,000 in gold per year . American research stations in Antarctica : Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station , McMurdo Station , and Palmer Station are under U.S. jurisdiction but are held without sovereignty per the Antarctic Treaty . Certain other parcels in foreign countries held by lease , such as military bases , depending on the terms of a lease , treaty , or status of forces agreement with the host country . Associated States ( edit ) Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau gained independence under the Compact of Free Association ( COFA ) , which gives the U.S. full authority over aid and defense in exchange for continuing access to U.S. health care , government services such as the Federal Communications Commission and the U.S. Postal Service , and the right for COFA citizens to work freely in the U.S. and vice versa . The United States exercises a high degree of control in defense , funding , and government services in : Federated States of Micronesia ( since 1986 ) Marshall Islands ( since 1986 ) Palau ( since 1994 ) Classification of former U.S. territories and administered Areas ( edit ) See also : List of United States colonial possessions Former incorporated organized territories of the United States ( edit ) Further information : Organized incorporated territories of the United States § List of organized incorporated territories Former unincorporated territories of the United States ( incomplete ) ( edit ) The Corn Islands ( 1914 -- 1971 ) : leased for 99 years under the Bryan - Chamorro Treaty . However , returned to Nicaragua upon the abrogation of the treaty in 1970 . The Line Islands ( ? -- 1979 ) : disputed claim with the United Kingdom . U.S. claim to most of the islands was ceded to Kiribati upon its independence in 1979 . The U.S. retained Kingman Reef , Palmyra Atoll , and Jarvis Island . Panama Canal Zone ( 1903 -- 1979 ) : sovereignty returned to Panama under the Torrijos - Carter Treaties of 1978 . U.S. retained a military base there and control of the canal until December 31 , 1999 . Liberia ( 1821 - 1847 ) : sovereignty recognized as the Republic of Liberia The Philippine Islands ( 1898 -- 1935 ) , the Commonwealth of the Philippines ( 1935 -- 46 ) : granted full independence on July 4 , 1946 . Phoenix Islands ( ? -- 1979 ) : disputed claim with the United Kingdom . U.S. claim ceded to Kiribati upon its independence in 1979 . Baker Island and Howland Island , which could be considered part of this group , are retained by the U.S. Quita Sueño Bank ( 1869 -- 1981 ) : claimed under Guano Islands Act . Claim abandoned on September 7 , 1981 , by treaty . Roncador Bank ( 1856 -- 1981 ) : claimed under Guano Islands Act . Ceded to Colombia on September 7 , 1981 , by treaty . Serrana Bank ( 1874 ? -- 1981 ) : claimed under Guano Islands Act . Ceded to Colombia on September 7 , 1981 , by treaty . Swan Islands ( 1863 -- 1972 ) : claimed under Guano Islands Act . Ceded to Honduras in 1972 , by treaty . Former unincorporated territories of the United States under military government ( edit ) Puerto Rico ( April 11 , 1899 -- May 1 , 1900 ) : civil government operations began Philippines ( August 14 , 1898 -- July 4 , 1901 ) : civil government operations began Guam ( April 11 , 1899 -- July 1 , 1950 ) : civil government operations began Areas formerly administered by the United States ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Cuba ( April 11 , 1899 -- May 20 , 1902 ) : sovereignty recognized as the independent Republic of Cuba . Philippines ( August 14 , 1898 -- July 4 , 1946 ) : sovereignty recognized as the Republic of the Philippines . Veracruz : occupied by the United States from April 21 , 1914 to November 23 , 1914 , consequential to the Tampico Affair following the Mexican Revolution of 1910 -- 1929 . Haiti : occupied by the United States from 1915 to 1934 and later under the authority of the United Nations from 1999 to the 2000s . Dominican Republic occupied by the United States from 1916 to 1924 and again from 1965 to 1966 . Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ( 1947 -- 1986 ) : liberated in World War II , included the `` Compact of Free Association '' nations ( the Republic of the Marshall Islands , the Federated States of Micronesia , and the Republic of Palau ) and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Ryukyu Islands including Okinawa ( U.S. occupation : 1952 -- 1972 , after World War II ) : returned to Japan under the Agreement Between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands . Nanpo Islands ( 1945 -- 1968 ) : Occupied after World War II , Returned to Japanese control by mutual agreement . Marcus Island ( or Minamitorishima ) ( 1945 -- 1968 ) : Occupied during World War II , returned to Japan by mutual agreement . Falkland Islands ( 1831 -- 1832 ) : Brief landing party and raid by the U.S. Navy warship USS Lexington . Now administered as a British Overseas Territory by the United Kingdom and claimed by Argentina . Other zones ( edit ) United States occupation of Greenland ( 1941 -- 1945 ) United States occupation of Iceland during World War II ( 1941 -- 1946 ) , retained a military base until 2006 . American Occupation Zones in Allied - occupied Austria and Vienna ( 1945 -- 1955 ) American Occupation Zone in West Berlin ( 1945 -- 1990 ) American Occupation Zones of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany ( 1945 -- 1949 ) Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories in full force in Allied - controlled sections of Italy from Invasion of Sicily in July 1943 until the armistice with Italy in September 1943 . AMGOT continued in newly liberated areas of Italy until the end of World War II . Also existed in combat zones of Allied nations such as France . Free Territory of Trieste ( 1947 -- 1954 ) The U.S. co-administered a portion of the Free Territory between the Kingdom of Italy and the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia after World War II along with the United Kingdom . Occupation of Japan ( 1945 -- 1952 ) after World War II . U.S. participation in the Occupation of the Rhineland ( Germany ) ( 1918 -- 1921 ) South Korea ( U.S. occupation of the south of the 38th parallel north in Korea in 1945 -- 1948 ) . The region is slightly different from the current practical boundary of the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) since the ceasefire of the Korean War . See also Division of Korea . Coalition Provisional Authority Iraq ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Green zone Iraq ( March 20 , 2003 -- December 31 , 2008 ) Clipperton Island ( 1944 -- 1945 ) , occupied territory ; returned to France on October 23 , 1945 . Grenada invasion and occupation ( 1983 ) Galleries ( edit ) Current territorial non-voting members of the House of Representatives ( edit ) Congresswoman Amata Coleman Radewagen ( American Samoa ) Congresswoman Madeleine Bordallo ( Guam ) Congressman Gregorio Sablan ( Northern Mariana Islands ) Congresswoman Jenniffer González ( Puerto Rico ) Congresswoman Stacey Plaskett ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) Current territorial governors ( edit ) Lolo Matalasi Moliga ( Governor of American Samoa ) Eddie Baza Calvo ( Governor of Guam ) Ralph Torres ( Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands ) Ricardo Rosselló ( Governor of Puerto Rico ) Kenneth Mapp ( Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands ) Satellite images ( edit ) Inhabited territories ( edit ) Tutuila and Aunu'u ( American Samoa ) Guam Saipan ( Northern Mariana Islands ) Puerto Rico Saint John ( U.S. Virgin Islands ) Uninhabited territories ( U.S. Minor Outlying Islands ) ( edit ) Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island See also ( edit ) Enabling act ( United States ) Extreme points of the United States Hawaiian Organic Act Historic regions of the United States Legal status of Hawaii Hawaiian sovereignty movement Organic Acts of 1845 -- 46 Political divisions of the United States Political status of Puerto Rico Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Territories of the United States on stamps United States Minor Outlying Islands United States territory Unorganized territories Notes ( edit ) A. Puerto Rico 's poverty rate is from 2017 . The governor of American Samoa said in 2017 that the poverty rate in American Samoa is now 65 % . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition of Terms - 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 - Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . ^ Jump up to : https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/06/09/supreme-court-puerto-rico-independent-sovereign/85155382/ Puerto Rico Not Sovereign , Supreme Court Says . Richard Wolf , USA Today . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations '' . U.S. Department of the Interior . Jump up ^ Two of those territories are administered by Colombia . Jump up ^ http://losi.tamucc.edu/Panels/Panelist%20Presentations/Presentation%20-%20Prof.%20Jon%20Van%20Dyke%20(Third%20Panel).pdf Unresolved Maritime Boundary Problems In The Caribbean . Jon M. Van Dyke . William S. Richardson School of Law , and the University of Hawaii at Manoa. 2007 Law of the Sea Institute Conference , Texas A&M University -- Corpus Christi ; Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies , March 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.wondermondo.com/BajoNuevo.htm Bajo Nuevo Bank ( Petrel Islands ) and Serranilla Bank . Wondermondo.com . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ United States Summary , 2010 : Population and housing unit counts . U.S. Department of Commerce , Economics and Statistics Administration , U.S. Census Bureau . 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gary Alden ( February 28 , 2011 ) . State and National Boundaries of the United States . McFarland . p. 170 . ISBN 9781476604343 . Jump up ^ Gold , Susan Dudley ( September 2010 ) . Missouri Compromise . Marshall Cavendish . p. 33 . ISBN 9781608700417 . Jump up ^ https://www.engadget.com/2012/07/04/most-expensive-internet-in-america-samoa-broadband-interview/ The most expensive internet in America : fighting to bring affordable broadband to American Samoa . Darren Murph . Engadget.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.pireport.org/articles/2017/03/02/american-samoa-governor-says-small-economies-cannot-afford-any-reduction Pireport.org . American Samoa Governor Says Small Economies ' Cannot Afford Any Reduction In Medicaid . Fili Sagapolutele. 03 / 02 / 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10240r.pdf Gao.gov . Poverty Determination In U.S. Insular Areas . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew H. Sparrow ( 2005 ) . Sanford Levinson ; Bartholomew H. Sparrow , eds . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 4 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 7 FAM 1112 . State Department Foreign Affairs Manual ( FAM ) 7 - Consular Affairs . Viewed January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13423 Sec. 9. ( l ) . `` The `` United States '' when used in a geographical sense , means the fifty states , the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Guam , American Samoa , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands , and associated territorial waters and airspace . '' ^ Jump up to : https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/04/american-samoa-and-the-citizenship-clause/ American Samoa and the Citizenship Clause : A Study in Insular Cases Revisionism . Chapter 3 . Harvard Law Review . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Nativity by Place of Birth and Citizenship Status , United States Census , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 7 FAM 1111 ( b ) . State Department Foreign Affairs Manual ( FAM ) 7 - Consular Affairs . However , as reported in Samoa lawsuit , Newsweek , July 13 , 2012 . viewed December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshua Keating . ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` How Come American Samoans Still Do n't Have U.S. Citizenship at Birth ? '' . Slate.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ U.S. General Accounting Office , U.S. Insular Areas : Application of the U.S. Constitution , November 1997 , pp. 8 , 14 , 27 , viewed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of State , Common Core Document of the United States of America , report to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , sec. 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , viewed September 3 , 2015 . American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands appear on the United Nations ' list of non-self - governing territories , viewed September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : House Learn webpage . Viewed January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Application of the U.S. Constitution , GAO Report , U.S. Insular Areas , November 1997 , ( p. 26 -- 28 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) viewed August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://time.com/3736845/john-oliver-last-week-tonight-voting-rights/ Watch John Oliver Cast His Ballot for Voting Rights for U.S. Territories . Time.com . Melissa Locker . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2018 Jump up ^ The Green Papers , 2016 Presidential primaries , caucuses and conventions , viewed September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty . The chart , under `` Sovereignty '' , lists five places under U.S. sovereignty that are administered by a local `` Administrative Center '' with `` Short form names '' : American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the Virgin Islands , U.S. Jump up ^ The Not - Quite States of America ( book ) . Doug Mack . 2017 . Jump up ^ IBP USA ( 2009 ) , SAMOA American Country Study Guide : Strategic Information and Developments , Int'l Business Publications , pp. 49 -- 64 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4387 - 4187 - 1 , retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ The revised constitution was approved on June 2 , 1967 by Stewart L. Udall , then U.S. Secretary of the Interior , under authority granted on June 29 , 1951 . It became effective on July 1 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan , p. 28 : `` The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island ... '' Jump up ^ Hon . Gustavo A. Gelpi , `` The Insular Cases : A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico , Hawai'i , and the Philippines '' , The Federal Lawyer , March / April 2011 . http://www.aspira.org/files/legal_opinion_on_pr_insular_cases.pdf p. 25 : `` In light of the ( Supreme Court ) ruling in Boumediene , in the future the Supreme Court will be called upon to reexamine the Insular Cases doctrine as applied to Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories . '' Jump up ^ accessed 26 January 2013 : `` Puerto Rico is a self - governing , unincorporated territory of the United States located in the Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/supreme_court_dispatches/2016/01/the_supreme_court_considers_puerto_rico_s_sovereignty_in_sanchez_valle.html Second - Class Sovereignty . Mark Joseph Stern . Slate.com . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : http://aboutworldlanguages.com/us-languages U.S. Languages . Aboutworldlanguages.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/culture/virgin-islands-language/ Virgin Islands Language . vinow.com . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2016/demo/popest/state-total.html Census.gov ( 2016 ) . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_VISF_PBG76&prodType=table https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_GUSF_PBG82&prodType=table https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_MPSF_PBG82&prodType=table https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_ASSF_PBG82&prodType=table Census.gov American Factfinder . Poverty status in 2009 by age . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/PR Census.gov . Quick Facts . Puerto Rico . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/wp-09-02.pdf Filling Gaps In The Human Development Index : Findings For Asia And The Pacific . David A. Hastings . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/ Fuentes - Ramírez , Ricardo R. ( 2017 ) . Ceteris Paribus : Journal of Socio - Economic Research . 7 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://data.worldbank.org/country/American-Samoa https://data.worldbank.org/country/Virgin-Islands-US https://data.worldbank.org/country/Northern-Mariana-Islands https://data.worldbank.org/country/Guam https://data.worldbank.org/country/Puerto-Rico Worldbank.org . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Act of Admission , § 2 , Pub . L. No. 86 - 3 , 73 Stat. 4 ( March 18 , 1959 ) . 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Retrieved 29 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John Bassett ( 1906 ) . `` A Digest of International Law as Embodied in Diplomatic Discussions , Treaties and Other International Agreements , International Awards , the Decisions of Municipal Courts , and the Writings of Jurists and Especially in Documents , Published and Unpublished , Issued by Presidents and Secretaries of State of the United States , the Opinions of the Attorneys - General , and the Decisions of Courts , Federal and State '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 566 -- 580 . ^ Jump up to : `` Acquisition Process of Insular Areas '' . United States Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Exec . Order No. 7368 ( May 13 , 1936 ; in English ) President of the United States Jump up ^ `` Kingman Reef '' . Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTRALIA - OCEANIA : : UNITED STATES PACIFIC ISLAND WILDLIFE REFUGES ( TERRITORIES OF THE US ) '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` DOI Office of Insular Affairs ( OIA ) - Palmyra Atoll '' . 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Palmyra Atoll '' . U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Island '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` Definitions of insular area political organizations '' . Office of Insular Affairs , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Consejo de Salud Playa de Ponce v. Johnny Rullan , Secretary of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , pages 6 -- 7 '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Insular Cases : The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid ( 2007 ) Juan R. Torruella '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Balzac v. People of Porto Rico '' . U.S. Supreme Court . April 10 , 1922 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . Jump up ^ `` Glidden Company v. Zdanok '' . U.S. Supreme Court . June 25 , 1962 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . ^ Jump up to : http://www.caribbeanbusiness.com/is-puerto-rico-on-a-path-to-incorporation Is Puerto Rico On A Path To Incorporation ? Eva Lloréns Vélez . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rassmussen v. U.S. '' U.S. Supreme Court . April 10 , 1905 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-court-samoans-20160613-snap-story.html Supreme Court rejects citizenship for American Samoans . David G. Savage . June 13 , 2016 . Latimes.com . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.equalrightsnow.org/case_overview About Tuana v. United States . Equalrightsnow.org . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Juan R. Torruella ( 2007 ) . `` The Insular Cases : The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid '' ( PDF ) . pp. 318 -- 319 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dorr v. U.S. '' U.S. Supreme Court . May 31 , 1904 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . ^ Jump up to : `` Downes v. Bidwell '' . U.S. Supreme Court . May 27 , 1901 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via FindLaw . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . IV , § 3 , cl. 2 ( `` The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States ... '' ) . Jump up ^ `` Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval stations '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . February 23 , 1903 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Ratner ; Ellen Ray ( 2004 ) . Guantanamo : What the World Should Know . Chelsea Green Publishing . p. xiv ; . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931498 - 64 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` USCompact.org U.S. Compact of Free Association with the FSM and the RMI '' . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ American Colonization Society Jump up ^ Zaide , Sonia M. ( 1994 ) . The Philippines : A Unique Nation . All - Nations Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 279 . ISBN 9716420714 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Okinawa Reversion Agreement -- 1971 , The Contemporary Okinawa Website . Accessed 5 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Committee , America First ( 1 January 1990 ) . `` In Danger Undaunted : The Anti-interventionist Movement of 1940 - 1941 as Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee '' . Hoover Institution Press . p. 331 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Campbell Robertson ; Stephen Farrell ( December 31 , 2008 ) , Green Zone , Heart of U.S. Occupation , Reverts to Iraqi Control , The New York Times External links ( edit ) FindLaw : Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 ( 1901 ) regarding the distinction between incorporated and unincorporated territories FindLaw : People of Puerto Rico v. Shell Co. , 302 U.S. 253 ( 1937 ) regarding application of U.S. law to organized but unincorporated territories FindLaw : United States v. 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3446040720663361535	Rosaline	Rosaline - wikipedia Rosaline For other uses , see Rosaline ( disambiguation ) . Rosaline Rosaline in Zeffirelli 's Romeo and Juliet , one of the few films to give her a visible role . Created by William Shakespeare Rosaline ( / ˈrɒzəlɪn , - iː n / ) is an unseen character and niece of Lord Capulet in William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet ( 1597 ) . Although silent , her role is important . Romeo is at first deeply in love with Rosaline and expresses his dismay at her not loving him back . Romeo first spots Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a gathering hosted by the Capulet family . Scholars generally compare Romeo 's short - lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet . The poetry Shakespeare writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet . Scholars believe Romeo 's early experience with Rosaline prepares him for his relationship with Juliet . Later performances of Romeo and Juliet have painted different pictures of Romeo and Rosaline 's relationship , as filmmakers have experimented with making Rosaline a more visible character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in the play 2 Analysis 2.1 Name 2.2 Rosaline as plot device 2.3 Rosaline and Juliet 3 Performances 4 References Role in the play ( edit ) Before Romeo meets Juliet , he loves Rosaline , Capulet 's niece and Juliet 's cousin . He describes her as wonderfully beautiful : `` The all - seeing sun / ne'er saw her match since first the world begun . '' Rosaline , however , chooses to remain chaste ; Romeo says : `` She hath forsworn to love , and in that vow / Do I live dead that live to tell it now . '' This is the source of his depression , and he makes his friends unhappy ; Mercutio comments : `` That same pale , hard - hearted wench , that Rosaline , torments him so that he will sure run mad . '' Benvolio urges Romeo to sneak into a Capulet gathering where , he claims , Rosaline will look like `` a crow '' alongside the other beautiful women . Romeo agrees , but doubts Benvolio 's assessment . After Romeo sees Juliet his feelings suddenly change : `` Did my heart love till now ? Forswear it , sight / For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night . '' Because their relationship is sudden and secret , Romeo 's friends and Friar Laurence continue to speak of his affection for Rosaline throughout much of the play . Analysis ( edit ) Name ( edit ) `` ... Juliet on the balcony ponders Romeo 's name and likens it to that rose that remains itself whatever it is called . Is Juliet that rose , and , thereby , Rosaline renamed ? '' '' -- Jonathan Goldberg Rosaline is a variant of Rosalind , a name of Old French origin : ( hros = `` horse '' , lind = `` soft , tender '' ) . When it was imported into English it was thought to be from the Latin rosa linda ( `` lovely rose '' ) . Romeo sees Rosaline as the embodiment of the rose because of her name and her apparent perfections . The name Rosaline commonly appears in Petrarchan sonnets , a form of poetry Romeo uses to woo Juliet and to describe both Rosaline and Juliet . Since Rosaline is unattainable , she is a perfect subject for this style ; but Romeo 's attempt at it is forced and weak . By the time he meets Juliet his poetic ability has improved considerably . Gender studies critics have argued that Rosaline 's name suggests that Romeo never really forgets her but rather replaces her with Juliet . Thus , when Juliet cries `` What 's in a name ? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet , '' she is ironically expressing Romeo 's own view of her as a substitute for Rosaline . That is to say , Rosaline , replaced in name only by Juliet , is just as sweet to Romeo . Gender critics also note that the arguments used to dissuade Romeo from pursuing Rosaline are similar to the themes of Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets . In these sonnets Shakespeare urges the man ( who can be equated with Romeo ) to find a woman with whom to procreate -- a duty he owes to society . Rosaline , it seems , is distant and unavailable except in the mind , similarly bringing no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Rosaline reveals similarities to the subject of the sonnets when she refuses to break her vow of chastity . Her name may be referred to in the first sonnet when the young man is described as `` beauties Rose . '' This line ties the young man to both Rosaline and Romeo in Juliet 's `` What 's in a name ? '' soliloquy . When Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . Rosaline is used as a name for only one other Shakespearean character -- the one of the main female figures in Love 's Labours Lost ( 1598 ) , although Rosalind is the name of the main female character in As You Like It . Scholars have found similarities between them : both are described as beautiful , and both have a way of avoiding men 's romantic advances . Rosaline in Love 's Labours Lost constantly rebuffs her suitor 's advances and Romeo 's Rosaline remains distant and chaste in his brief descriptions of her . These similarities have led some to wonder whether they are based on a woman Shakespeare actually knew , possibly the Dark Lady described in his sonnets , but there is no strong evidence of this connection . Rosaline as plot device ( edit ) Analysts note that Rosaline acts as a plot device , by motivating Romeo to sneak into the Capulet party where he will meet Juliet . Without her , their meeting would be unlikely . Rosaline thus acts as the impetus to bring the `` star - cross 'd lovers '' to their deaths -- she is crucial in shaping their fate ( a common theme of the play ) . Ironically , she remains oblivious of her role . Rosaline and Juliet ( edit ) `` Rosaline and Paris ... are the subtlest reflectors of all ... they are cast like a snake 's skin by the more robust reality of Romeo and Juliet . '' -- Ruth Nevo , on the Rosaline - Juliet , Paris - Romeo comparison Literary critics often compare Romeo 's love for Rosaline with his feelings for Juliet . Some see Romeo 's supposed love for Rosaline as childish as compared with his true love for Juliet . Others argue that the apparent difference in Romeo 's feelings shows Shakespeare 's improving skill . Since Shakespeare is thought to have written early drafts of the play in 1591 , and then picked them up again in 1597 to create the final copy , the change in Romeo 's language for Rosaline and Juliet may mirror Shakespeare 's increased skill as a playwright : the younger Shakespeare describing Rosaline , and the more experienced describing Juliet . In this view , a careful look at the play reveals that Romeo 's love for Rosaline is not as petty as usually imagined . Critics also note the ways in which Romeo 's relationship with Rosaline prepares him for meeting Juliet . Before meeting Rosaline , Romeo despises all Capulets , but afterwards looks upon them more favourably . He experiences the dual feelings of hate and love in the one relationship . This prepares him for the more mature relationship with Juliet -- one fraught by the feud between Montagues and Capulets . Romeo expresses the conflict of love and hate in Act 1 , Scene 1 , comparing his love for Rosaline with the feud between the two houses : Here 's much to do with hate , but more with love . Why , then , O brawling love ! O loving hate ! O any thing , of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness ! serious vanity ! Mis - shapen chaos of well - seeming forms ! Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health ! Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! This love feel I , that feel no love in this . Dost thou not laugh ? Psychoanalytic critics see signs of repressed childhood trauma in Romeo 's love for Rosaline . She is of a rival house and is sworn to chastity . Thus he is in an impossible situation , one which will continue his trauma if he remains in it . Although he acknowledges its ridiculous nature , he refuses to stop loving her . Psychoanalysts view this as a re-enactment of his failed relationship with his mother . Rosaline 's absence is symbolic of his mother 's absence and lack of affection for him . Romeo 's love for Juliet is similarly hopeless , for she is a Capulet and Romeo pursues his relationship with her ; the difference being that Juliet reciprocates . This does not seem likely seeing as his mother died of grief after his banishment , indicating that she probably loved him deeply . Performances ( edit ) Rosaline has been portrayed in various ways over the centuries . Theophilus Cibber 's 1748 version of Romeo and Juliet replaced references to Rosaline with references to Juliet . This , according to critics , took out the `` love at first sight '' moment at the Capulet feast . In the 1750s , actor and theatre director David Garrick also eliminated references to Rosaline from his performances , as many saw Romeo 's quick replacement of her as immoral . However , in Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 film version of Romeo and Juliet , Romeo sees Rosaline ( played by Paola Tedesco ) first at the Capulet feast and then Juliet , of whom he becomes immediately enamoured . This scene suggests that love is short and superficial . Rosaline also appears in Renato Castellani 's 1954 film version . In a brief non-Shakespearean scene , Rosaline ( Dagmar Josipovitch ) gives Romeo a mask at Capulet 's celebration , and urges him to leave disguised before harm comes to him . Other filmmakers keep Rosaline off - camera in stricter accordance with Shakespeare 's script . Rosaline also appears in the 2013 film adaptation of Romeo & Juliet . Robert Nathan 's 1966 romantic comedy , Juliet in Mantua , presents Rosaline as a fully developed character . In this sequel , in which Romeo and Juliet did not die , the pair live ten years later in exile in Mantua . After they are forgiven and return to Verona , they learn that Rosaline is now married to County Paris , and both couples must confront their disillusionment with their marriages . Another play , After Juliet , written by Scottish playwright Sharman Macdonald , tells the story of Rosaline after Romeo dies . A main character in this play , she struggles with her loss and turns away the advances of Benvolio , who has fallen in love with her . Macdonald 's daughter , Keira Knightley , played Rosaline in the play 's 1999 premiere . The 2012 young adult novel `` When You Were Mine '' by Rebecca Serle sets Rosaline 's story in a contemporary high school . Rosaline and Romeo ( renamed Rob ) have been best friends since childhood and are just beginning to fall in love when Rosaline 's cousin , Juliet , moves back into town and sets her sights on Rob . Important character in sequel named `` Plague on both your houses ! '' ( 1994 ) by Grigori Gorin . Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) -- period drama television series created by Heather Mitchell and based on the book with same name by Melinda Taub . It follows Rosaline ( played by Lashana Lynch ) . She and Benvolio of Montague are betrothed against their will by Prince Escalus , to end the feud between the two families . Both resolve to find a way to end the violence without having the union . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 2.99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 1.231 -- 232 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. 4.4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 2.365 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 5.59 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Jonathan . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press ( 1994 ) , 221 -- 227 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Rosaline '' . A Dictionary of First Names . Eds . Patrick Hanks , Kate Hardcastle , and Flavia Hodges . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 2006 ) . Oxford Reference Online . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Oxford Reference ( Registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Rosalind '' . A Dictionary of First Names . Eds . Patrick Hanks , Kate Hardcastle , and Flavia Hodges . Oxford : Oxford University Press ( 2006 ) . Oxford Reference Online . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Oxford Reference ( Registration required ) ^ Jump up to : Whittier , Gayle . `` The Sonnet 's Body and the Body Sonnetized in ' Romeo and Juliet ' . '' Shakespeare Quarterly 40.1 ( Apr 1989 ) : 27 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Alan . `` Reading Shakespeare 's Cupid . '' Criticism 47.2 ( Apr 2005 ) : 177 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Act 2 Scene 2 Jump up ^ Clarke , Charles and Mary Clarke . The Shakespeare Key . City : Kessinger Publishing , LLC ( 2007 ) , 651 -- 652 . ISBN 1 - 4304 - 6745 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Gray , Henry David . `` Romeo Rosaline , and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes 29.7 ( Nov 1914 ) : 209 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bertrand . `` The Brevity of Friar Lawrence . '' PMLA 65.5 ( September 1950 ) : 841 -- 865 . Jump up ^ Nevo , Ruth . `` Tragic Form in Romeo and Juliet '' . Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 9.2 ( April 1969 ) : 241 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Lawrence Edward . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet . '' PMLA 64.1 ( Mar 1949 ) : 208 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Krims , Marvin , `` Romeo 's Childhood Trauma ? -- ' What Fray Was Here ? ' . '' PSYART : A Hyperlink Journal for Psychological Study of the Arts . ( November 1999 ) 3 article no . 991022 . Reprinted in Shakespearean Criticism , Vol. 76 . Jump up ^ Marsden , Jean . The Re-Imagined Text . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , ( 1995 ) , 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1901 - 4 Jump up ^ Branam , George C. `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet . '' Shakespeare Quarterly 35.2 ( July 1984 ) : 170 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Stone , George Winchester , Jr . `` Romeo and Juliet : The Source of its Modern Stage Career . '' Shakespeare Quarterly 15.2 ( April 1964 ) : 191 -- 206 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet ( 1968 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jennifer L. `` Tights vs. Tattoos : Filmic Interpretations of ' Romeo and Juliet ' . '' The English Journal 92.1 ( Sep 2002 ) : 41 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Tom ( 20 July 2007 ) . `` Keira 's helpful prompt '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` After Juliet by Sharman McDonald '' . Plays . Acquis . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Serle , Rebecca . When You Were Mine . New York : Simon Pulse , 2012 . ISBN 1442433132 William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosaline&oldid=845255512 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1597 Fictional Italian people in literature Unseen characters Female Shakespearean characters Characters in Romeo and Juliet Fictional nobility Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 14 : 56 . About Wikipedia	what family is rosaline from in romeo and juliet	[ "Before Romeo meets Juliet, he loves Rosaline, Capulet's niece and Juliet's cousin. He describes her as wonderfully beautiful: \"The all-seeing sun / ne'er saw her match since first the world begun.\"[1] Rosaline, however, chooses to remain chaste; Romeo says: \"She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow / Do I live dead that live to tell it now.\"[2] This is the source of his depression, and he makes his friends unhappy; Mercutio comments: \"That same pale, hard-hearted wench, that Rosaline, torments him so that he will sure run mad.\"[3] Benvolio urges Romeo to sneak into a Capulet gathering where, he claims, Rosaline will look like \"a crow\" alongside the other beautiful women.[4] Romeo agrees, but doubts Benvolio's assessment. After Romeo sees Juliet his feelings suddenly change: \"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight / For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night.\"[5] Because their relationship is sudden and secret, Romeo's friends and Friar Laurence continue to speak of his affection for Rosaline throughout much of the play." ]	[ "Capulet" ]
4445443935689841117	Just Can't Get Enough: New Wave Hits of the '80s	Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s - wikipedia Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s Jump to : navigation , search Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s is a series of compilations issued by Rhino Records , on both CD and audio cassette , featuring various artists from the new wave era 1977 -- 1985 . The series contained 15 volumes . The first five were released on 21 June 1994 , volumes 6 -- 10 on 18 October 1994 , and the last five volumes on 20 June 1995 . Additional themed volumes -- New Wave Dance Hits , New Wave Women , New Wave Halloween , and New Wave Christmas -- came out in subsequent years . Rhino Records discontinued the series , due to rights issues and with no plans to re-release them . Many of the songs in the series are mastered from the 7 '' single masters . The series includes some songs making their first CD appearance ( in some rare cases , their only CD appearance ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Volume 1 2 Volume 2 3 Volume 3 4 Volume 4 5 Volume 5 6 Volume 6 7 Volume 7 8 Volume 8 9 Volume 9 10 Volume 10 11 Volume 11 12 Volume 12 13 Volume 13 14 Volume 14 15 Volume 15 16 Compilation credits 17 References Volume 1 ( edit ) The first volume was released on both CD ( R2 71694 ) and audio cassette on 21 June 1994 . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Ça plane pour moi '' Plastic Bertrand 3 : 01 2 . `` Warm Leatherette '' The Normal 3 : 23 3 . `` One Way or Another '' Blondie 3 : 29 4 . `` Hey St. Peter '' Flash and the Pan 3 : 54 5 . `` Cruel to Be Kind '' Nick Lowe 3 : 29 6 . `` Too Young to Date '' D - Day 2 : 37 7 . `` Local Girls '' Graham Parker 3 : 42 8 . `` Rock ' n ' Roll High School '' The Ramones 2 : 22 9 . `` My Sharona '' The Knack 4 : 03 10 . `` Girls Talk '' Dave Edmunds 3 : 27 11 . `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' The Buggles 3 : 29 12 . `` I Do the Rock '' Tim Curry 4 : 47 13 . `` Dirty Water '' The Inmates 3 : 04 14 . `` I 'm a Believer '' Tin Huey 3 : 15 15 . `` Gidget Goes to Hell '' Suburban Lawns 2 : 03 16 . `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' The Flying Lizards 2 : 32 Volume 2 ( edit ) The second volume was released on CD ( R2 71695 ) and audio cassette on 21 June 1994 . Includes liner notes by Roy Trakin . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Pop Muzik '' 3 : 24 2 . `` Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick '' Ian Dury & the Blockheads 3 : 43 3 . `` Love Will Tear Us Apart '' Joy Division 3 : 27 4 . `` What Does Sex Mean to Me ? '' Human Sexual Response 4 : 54 5 . `` My Mistake '' The Kingbees 2 : 55 6 . `` The Funky Western Civilization '' Tonio K 4 : 12 7 . `` You Wo n't Be Happy '' The Beat 2 : 22 8 . `` I Do n't Like Mondays '' The Boomtown Rats 3 : 49 9 . `` I Got You '' Split Enz 3 : 31 10 . `` Danger '' The Motels 3 : 27 11 . `` Echo Beach '' Martha and the Muffins 3 : 38 12 . `` Whip It '' Devo 2 : 41 13 . `` Vienna '' Ultravox 4 : 40 14 . `` So Long '' Fischer - Z 5 : 01 15 . `` Away from Home '' Klark Kent 2 : 57 16 . `` Turning Japanese '' The Vapors 3 : 44 Volume 3 ( edit ) The third volume was released on CD ( R2 71696 ) and audio cassette on 21 June 1994 . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Cars '' Gary Numan 3 : 58 2 . `` Private Idaho '' The B - 52 's 3 : 38 3 . `` Making Plans for Nigel '' XTC 4 : 14 4 . `` Teacher Teacher '' Rockpile 2 : 36 5 . `` Looking for Clues '' Robert Palmer 4 : 58 6 . `` I Live in the City '' The Humans 3 : 10 7 . `` Drivin ' '' Pearl Harbor and the Explosions 3 : 44 8 . `` What I Like About You '' The Romantics 2 : 58 9 . `` 88 Lines About 44 Women '' The Nails 4 : 40 10 . `` New Toy '' Lene Lovich 3 : 19 11 . `` Fade to Grey '' Visage 4 : 04 12 . `` Stool Pigeon '' Kid Creole and the Coconuts 3 : 47 13 . `` Tempted '' Squeeze 4 : 02 14 . `` Too Much Pressure '' The Selecter 3 : 51 15 . `` It 's a Night for Beautiful Girls '' The Fools 3 : 55 16 . `` Are You Ready for the Sex Girls ? '' Gleaming Spires 4 : 04 Volume 4 ( edit ) The fourth volume was released on both CD ( R2 71697 ) and audio cassette on 21 June 1994 . Includes liner notes by Andrew Sandoval . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Freedom of Choice '' Devo 3 : 24 2 . `` Generals and Majors '' XTC 4 : 07 3 . `` Switchin ' to Glide '' The Kings 2 : 36 4 . `` Up All Night '' The Boomtown Rats 3 : 38 5 . `` The Breakup Song ( They Do n't Write ' Em ) '' The Greg Kihn Band 2 : 51 6 . `` Love and Loneliness '' The Motors 4 : 40 7 . `` About the Weather '' Magazine 3 : 27 8 . `` Precious to Me '' Phil Seymour 2 : 52 9 . `` Girls on Film '' Duran Duran 3 : 31 10 . `` Everywhere That I 'm Not '' Translator 3 : 51 11 . `` I Could Be Happy '' Altered Images 3 : 33 12 . `` Working Girl '' The Members 4 : 10 13 . `` What Do All the People Know '' The Monroes 3 : 30 14 . `` It 's Going to Happen ! '' The Undertones 3 : 39 15 . `` Ziggy Stardust '' Bauhaus 3 : 15 16 . `` Tainted Love '' Soft Cell 2 : 41 Volume 5 ( edit ) The fifth volume was released on both CD ( R2 71698 ) and audio cassette on 21 June 1994 . The booklet included liner notes by Andy Zax . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` I Want Candy '' Bow Wow Wow 2 : 47 2 . `` I Know What Boys Like '' The Waitresses 3 : 15 3 . `` Kids in America '' Kim Wilde 3 : 29 4 . `` Love Plus One '' Haircut One Hundred 3 : 40 5 . `` Someday , Someway '' Marshall Crenshaw 2 : 52 6 . `` Hold on to Something '' Great Buildings 3 : 49 7 . `` Town Called Malice '' The Jam 2 : 57 8 . `` 867 - 5309 / Jenny '' Tommy Tutone 3 : 48 9 . `` Vacation '' The Go - Gos 3 : 01 10 . `` Valley Girl '' Frank & Moon Zappa 3 : 50 11 . `` I Ran ( So Far Away ) '' A Flock of Seagulls 3 : 46 12 . `` Sex Dwarf '' Soft Cell 5 : 16 13 . `` I Love a Man in Uniform '' Gang of Four 3 : 35 14 . `` The Art of Parties '' Japan 4 : 12 15 . `` Homosapien '' Pete Shelley 3 : 24 16 . `` Mickey '' Toni Basil 3 : 26 Volume 6 ( edit ) The sixth volume was released on 18 October 1994 on CD ( R2 71699 ) and audio cassette . The booklet included liner notes by Andy Zax . The CD includes Code Blue 's `` Face to Face '' and Any Trouble 's `` Second Choice '' as bonus tracks . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Who Can It Be Now ? '' Men at Work 3 : 24 2 . `` Twilight Zone '' Golden Earring 4 : 53 3 . `` Talk Talk '' Talk Talk 3 : 24 4 . `` Johnny , Are You Queer ? '' Josie Cotton 2 : 49 5 . `` White Girl '' X 3 : 34 6 . `` People Who Died '' Jim Carroll Band 5 : 02 7 . `` Face to Face '' Code Blue 3 : 05 8 . `` Wot ? '' Captain Sensible 3 : 20 9 . `` Numbers with Wings '' The Bongos 4 : 28 10 . `` The Look of Love , Pt. 1 '' ABC 3 : 33 11 . `` Do You Really Want to Hurt Me '' Culture Club 4 : 23 12 . `` Never Say Never '' Romeo Void 3 : 29 13 . `` The Unguarded Moment '' The Church 3 : 11 14 . `` Second Choice '' Any Trouble 3 : 02 15 . `` A Woman 's Got the Power '' The A 's 3 : 37 16 . `` I Predict '' Sparks 2 : 53 Volume 7 ( edit ) The seventh volume was released on both CD ( R2 71700 ) and audio cassette on 18 October 1994 . The booklet includes liner notes by Jim Green . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Favorite Shirts ( Boy Meets Girl ) '' Haircut One Hundred 3 : 05 2 . `` He Could Be the One '' Josie Cotton 2 : 49 3 . `` I 'm Shakin ' '' The Blasters 2 : 26 4 . `` Six Months in a Leaky Boat '' Split Enz 3 : 10 5 . `` I Need You '' Paul Carrack 2 : 49 6 . `` Love Is Just the Great Pretender '' Animal Nightlife 4 : 02 7 . `` Ride Your Pony '' The Fleshtones 3 : 20 8 . `` Blue Spark '' X 2 : 11 9 . `` Pass the Dutchie '' Musical Youth 3 : 27 10 . `` Samson and Delilah '' Bad Manners 2 : 57 11 . `` Chicken Outlaw '' Wide Boy Awake 5 : 19 12 . `` Da Da Da I Do n't Love You You Do n't Love Me Aha Aha Aha '' Trio 3 : 27 13 . `` Party Weekend '' Joe `` King '' Carrasco & The Crowns 3 : 10 14 . `` Love Shadow '' Fashion 3 : 43 15 . `` Flaming Desire '' Bill Nelson 4 : 50 16 . `` O Superman ( For Massenet ) '' Laurie Anderson 8 : 24 Volume 8 ( edit ) The eighth volume in the series , was released on both CD ( R2 71701 ) and audio cassette on 18 October 1994 . Booklet includes liner notes by Jim Fouratt . The CD included `` Cath '' by The Bluebells , Rachel Sweet 's `` Voo Doo '' and Heaven 17 's `` ( We Do n't Need This ) Fascist Groove Thang '' as bonus tracks . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Come On Eileen '' Dexy 's Midnight Runners 4 : 16 2 . `` Red Skies '' The Fixx 3 : 33 3 . `` Walking in L.A. '' Missing Persons 3 : 40 4 . `` Jeopardy '' The Greg Kihn Band 3 : 50 5 . `` She 's a Beauty '' The Tubes 3 : 32 6 . `` Cath '' The Bluebells 3 : 16 7 . `` Voo Doo '' Rachel Sweet 3 : 42 8 . `` If You Leave Me , Can I Come Too ? '' Mental As Anything 3 : 15 9 . `` She Blinded Me with Science '' Thomas Dolby 3 : 43 10 . `` Mexican Radio '' Wall of Voodoo 4 : 00 11 . `` Lies '' Thompson Twins 3 : 14 12 . `` Whirly Girl '' OXO 3 : 00 13 . `` Kiss Me '' Tin Tin 7 : 32 14 . `` ( We Do n't Need This ) Fascist Groove Thang '' Heaven 17 4 : 22 15 . `` Escalator of Life '' Robert Hazard 3 : 38 16 . `` Goodbye to You '' Scandal 3 : 48 Volume 9 ( edit ) The ninth volume in the series was released on both CD ( R2 71702 ) and audio cassette on 18 October 1994 . Booklet includes liner notes by Jean Rosenbluth . The CD includes Marshall Crenshaw 's `` Whenever You 're on My Mind '' and Killer Pussy 's `` Teenage Enema Nurses in Bondage '' as bonus tracks . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Rio '' Duran Duran 4 : 02 2 . `` I Melt with You '' Modern English 3 : 51 3 . `` Cool Places '' Sparks & Jane Wiedlin 3 : 26 4 . `` Love My Way '' The Psychedelic Furs 3 : 41 5 . `` Save It for Later '' English Beat 3 : 38 6 . `` Whenever You 're on My Mind '' Marshall Crenshaw 3 : 19 7 . `` Keep It Tight '' Single Bullet Theory 2 : 42 8 . `` Blister in the Sun '' Violent Femmes 2 : 26 9 . `` The Cutter '' Echo & the Bunnymen 3 : 57 10 . `` Sign of the Times '' The Belle Stars 2 : 55 11 . `` Poison Arrow '' ABC 3 : 28 12 . `` Too Shy '' Kajagoogoo 3 : 39 13 . `` Let Me Go '' Heaven 17 4 : 16 14 . `` Dancing in Heaven ( Orbital Be-Bop ) '' Q - Feel 3 : 08 15 . `` Teenage Enema Nurses in Bondage '' Killer Pussy 4 : 13 16 . `` I Eat Cannibals '' Total Coelo 3 : 33 Volume 10 ( edit ) The tenth volume was released on both CD ( R2 71703 ) and audio cassette on October 18 , 1994 . It contains the rarely heard The Little Girls ' `` Earthquake Song . '' The CD included Rank and File 's `` Amanda Ruth '' as a bonus track . Booklet includes liner notes by Roy Trakin ( liner notes for each song are in order by the track listing , unlike the previous volumes ) . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Desperate But Not Serious '' Adam Ant 3 : 56 2 . `` Do You Wanna Hold Me ? '' Bow Wow Wow 3 : 14 3 . `` China '' Red Rockers 4 : 02 4 . `` ( Keep Feeling ) Fascination '' The Human League 3 : 46 5 . `` Beat Surrender '' The Jam 3 : 31 6 . `` The Walls Came Down '' The Call 3 : 47 7 . `` Amanda Ruth '' Rank and File 3 : 12 8 . `` A Million Miles Away '' The Plimsouls 3 : 34 9 . `` Our House '' Madness 3 : 26 10 . `` Shy Boy ( Do n't It Make You Feel Good ) '' Bananarama 3 : 17 11 . `` Wishing ( If I Had a Photograph of You ) '' A Flock of Seagulls 4 : 14 12 . `` Promises , Promises '' Naked Eyes 3 : 48 13 . `` Stand By '' Roman Holliday 2 : 49 14 . `` Whistle Down the Wind '' Nick Heyward 3 : 44 15 . `` Earthquake Song '' The Little Girls 2 : 40 16 . `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' Taco 3 : 25 Volume 11 ( edit ) The eleventh volume was released on both CD ( R2 71974 ) and audio cassette on June 20 , 1995 . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` In a Big Country '' Big Country 3 : 55 2 . `` 99 Luftballons '' Nena 3 : 55 3 . `` Just Got Lucky '' JoBoxers 3 : 44 4 . `` Jukebox ( Do n't Put Another Dime ) '' The Flirts 3 : 45 5 . `` Change '' Tears for Fears 4 : 00 6 . `` Talking in Your Sleep '' The Romantics 3 : 57 7 . `` Emotion '' DFX2 4 : 57 8 . `` President Am I '' Slow Children 2 : 50 9 . `` One Thing Leads to Another '' The Fixx 3 : 25 10 . `` The Fanatic '' Felony 3 : 36 11 . `` Shiny Shiny '' Haysi Fantayzee 3 : 46 12 . `` Mirror Mirror ( Mon Amour ) '' Dollar 3 : 22 13 . `` The Lunatics ( Have Taken Over the Asylum ) '' Fun Boy Three 3 : 14 14 . `` Black Coffee in Bed '' Squeeze 4 : 18 15 . `` Send Me an Angel '' Real Life 3 : 56 16 . `` True '' Spandau Ballet 5 : 35 Volume 12 ( edit ) The twelfth volume was released on both CD ( # R2 71975 ) and audio cassette on June 20 , 1995 . The CD contains bonus tracks including Tracey Ullman 's `` They Do n't Know , '' The Rave - Up 's `` Positively Lost Me , '' Marlyn 's `` Calling Your Name , '' and Cabaret Voltaire 's `` Sensoria . '' No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Karma Chameleon '' Culture Club 4 : 08 2 . `` It Must Be Love '' Madness 3 : 26 3 . `` Gold '' Spandau Ballet 3 : 55 4 . `` Come Back and Stay '' Paul Young 3 : 35 5 . `` Oblivious '' Aztec Camera 3 : 13 6 . `` They Do n't Know '' Tracey Ullman 3 : 02 7 . `` Positively Lost Me '' The Rave - Ups 5 : 09 8 . `` Fields of Fire '' Big Country 3 : 32 9 . `` ( She 's ) Sexy & 17 '' The Stray Cats 3 : 15 10 . `` Sixty Eight Guns '' The Alarm 3 : 19 11 . `` Our Lips Are Sealed '' Fun Boy Three 2 : 53 12 . `` Only You '' Yaz 3 : 13 13 . `` The Politics of Dancing '' Re-Flex 3 : 58 14 . `` Calling Your Name '' Marilyn 4 : 06 15 . `` Sensoria '' Cabaret Voltaire 3 : 58 16 . `` Images of Heaven '' Peter Godwin 5 : 01 Volume 13 ( edit ) The thirteenth volume was released on both CD ( # R2 71976 ) and audio cassette on June 20 , 1995 . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Relax '' Frankie Goes to Hollywood 4 : 01 2 . `` Dance Hall Days '' Wang Chung 4 : 01 3 . `` Hero Takes a Fall '' The Bangles 2 : 55 4 . `` Would n't It Be Good '' Nik Kershaw 4 : 14 5 . `` Hold Me Now '' Thompson Twins 4 : 48 6 . `` Cruel Summer '' Bananarama 3 : 36 7 . `` Working with Fire and Steel '' China Crisis 3 : 40 8 . `` Cleanin ' Up the Town '' The BusBoys 3 : 00 9 . `` Girls '' Dwight Twilley 3 : 30 10 . `` The Stand ( Prophecy ) '' The Alarm 3 : 17 11 . `` Free Nelson Mandela '' The Special AKA 4 : 08 12 . `` General Public '' General Public 4 : 27 13 . `` ( Feels Like ) Heaven '' Fiction Factory 3 : 32 14 . `` Dancing with Tears in My Eyes '' Ultravox 4 : 10 15 . `` Whisper to a Scream ( Birds Fly ) '' The Icicle Works 3 : 48 16 . `` The Killing Moon '' Echo & the Bunnymen 5 : 46 Volume 14 ( edit ) The fourteenth volume was released on both CD ( R2 71977 ) and audio cassette on June 20 , 1995 . The booklet includes liner notes by Brett Milano . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Close ( to the Edit ) '' Art of Noise 3 : 54 2 . `` Tenderness '' General Public 3 : 38 3 . `` Der Kommissar '' After The Fire 4 : 07 4 . `` Smalltown Boy '' Bronski Beat 4 : 06 5 . `` Voices Carry '' ' Til Tuesday 4 : 24 6 . `` One Night in Bangkok '' Murray Head 4 : 08 7 . `` Imagination '' Belouis Some 3 : 36 8 . `` Never , Never '' The Assembly 3 : 47 9 . `` Sunglasses at Night '' Corey Hart 3 : 55 10 . `` Free Yourself '' The Untouchables 3 : 39 11 . `` Every Word Means No '' Let 's Active 2 : 53 12 . `` Exception of Love '' The Truth 3 : 01 13 . `` Ca n't Get Enough of You Baby '' The Colourfield 2 : 19 14 . `` The Backyard '' Miracle Legion 4 : 03 15 . `` Anywhere with You '' Rubber Rodeo 4 : 02 16 . `` True Men Do n't Kill Coyotes '' Red Hot Chili Peppers 3 : 39 Volume 15 ( edit ) The fifteenth volume was released on both CD ( R2 71977 ) and audio cassette on June 20 , 1995 . Includes liner notes by Jean Rosenbluth . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Walking on Sunshine '' Katrina & the Waves 4 : 00 2 . `` Head over Heels '' Tears for Fears 4 : 19 3 . `` It 's a Mistake '' Men at Work 4 : 34 4 . `` Life in a Northern Town '' The Dream Academy 4 : 18 5 . `` Beat 's So Lonely '' Charlie Sexton 5 : 18 6 . `` Guitar , Talk , Love & Drums '' Gary Myrick 4 : 18 7 . `` Since Yesterday '' Strawberry Switchblade 2 : 56 8 . `` Obsession '' Animotion 4 : 04 9 . `` Endicott '' Kid Creole and the Coconuts 4 : 29 10 . `` Perfect Way '' Scritti Politti 4 : 06 11 . `` So in Love '' Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark 3 : 31 12 . `` Election Day '' Arcadia 4 : 34 13 . `` 19 '' Paul Hardcastle 3 : 40 14 . `` Why ? '' Bronski Beat 3 : 58 15 . `` Some People '' Belouis Some 4 : 01 16 . `` Like a Virgin '' The Lords of the New Church 3 : 49 Compilation credits ( edit ) Compiled & Produced for release by : David McLees & Andrew Sandoval Sound Produced by : Bill Inglot Compilation Assistance : David Kapp , Emily Cagan , Jim Neill , Brady Benton , Ken Lesnik , Joe Phiefer , Ted Myers , Gary Peterson , Gary Stewart , Chris Farman The licensing King : Mark Pinkus Discographical Annotations : Patrick Milligan Project Assistance : Garson Foos , Keith Altomare , Jim Neill , Steve Poltorak , Craig Kamins , Bill Inglot , Jock Elliot , Antone DeSantis , Arny Schorr , Darcy Sullvan , Stephen K. Peeles , Norma Edwards , Nancy Hopkins , Michaeal Mazzarella , Nat Brewster , Janet Grey , David Miller . Research : Patrick Milligan , Gary Peterson Remastering : Bill Inglot , Andrew Sandoval & Ken Perry Front Cover Photo : Blind Gary & Dirty Pierre Silva ( Volumes 6 -- 15 only ) Design : Julie Vlasak ( Volumes 6 -- 15 only ) & Steve Bates Art Direction ( Volumes 6 -- 15 only ) : Monster X Rhino New Wave Hits of the ' 80s Team : Keith Altomare , Steve Bates , Emily Cagan , Chris Clarke , Julie D'Angelo , David Born , Garson Foos , Teresa McGurrin , David McLees , Jim Neill , David Newberg , Mark Pinkus , Faithe Raphael Special Thanks : Michael Ackerman , James Austin , Hugo Bernham , Jay Boberg , Chris Castle , Cliff Chenfeld , Paul Cope / Record Rover , Jesse & Rachel Donahue , Richard Foos , Maria Garza , Jeff Gold , Paul Grein , Tanya Harman , Bruce Harris , Keith Johnson , Lisa Kellerhouse , Howie Klein , Scott Lasker , Bill Levenson , Tom Lopinski , Donna Malyszko , Toby Mamis , Paul C. Mawhinney / Record Rama , Maria Mandez , Brad Morrison , Mark Mulcahy , Frankie Pine , Ken Reed / Main Street Records , Fred Schneider , Suzanne Steers , Lisa Sutton , Gerrard Talbot , David Tedds , Vincent Vero , Paul Williams References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Series Overview at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , New Wave Dance Hits at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , New Wave Women at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , New Wave Halloween at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , New Wave Christmas at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 1 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vols. 1 -- 5 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 2 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 3 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 4 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 5 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 6 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 7 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 10 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 11 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 12 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 13 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 14 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Just Ca n't Get Enough : New Wave Hits of the ' 80s , Vol. 15 at AllMusic . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Can%27t_Get_Enough:_New_Wave_Hits_of_the_%2780s&oldid=781934233 '' Categories : 1994 compilation albums 1995 compilation albums Compilation album series New wave compilation albums Rhino Records compilation albums Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2017 , at 02 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	new wave hits of the 80s vol 6	[]	[]
-586726042901282149	Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters	Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters - wikipedia Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters Theatrical release poster Directed by Kōbun Shizuno Hiroyuki Seshita Produced by Takashi Yoshizawa Screenplay by Gen Urobuchi Starring Mamoru Miyano Takahiro Sakurai Kana Hanazawa Yūki Kaji Music by Takayuki Hattori Production company Polygon Pictures Toho Animation Distributed by Toho ( Japan ) Netflix ( Worldwide ) Release date November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( Japan ) Running time 88 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office US $3.1 million Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( GODZILLA - 怪獣惑星 - , Gojira : Kaijū Wakusei , also known as Godzilla Part 1 : Planet of the Monsters and Godzilla : Monster Planet for short ) is a 2017 Japanese computer - animated science fiction kaiju film featuring Godzilla , produced by Toho Animation and animated by Polygon Pictures , in association with Netflix . It is the 32nd film in the Godzilla franchise , the 30th Godzilla film produced by Toho , and the first animated film in the franchise . It is the first film in the anime trilogy and is co-directed by Kōbun Shizuno and Hiroyuki Seshita . The film was released theatrically in Japan on November 17 , 2017 and released worldwide on Netflix on January 17 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Marketing 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Home media 5 Sequels 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In the last summer of the 20th century , giant monsters began appearing all over the world and wreaking havoc . A powerful creature called Godzilla appeared which destroyed humans and monsters alike . Two species of aliens , the Exif and the Bilusaludo , arrived with the former attempting to convert humanity to their religion and the latter seeking to emigrate to Earth with promises to defeat Godzilla with Mechagodzilla , should humanity accept them . However , the Bilusaludo were unable to activate Mechagodzilla , which forced the aliens and humanity to abandon Earth and emigrate to Tau Ceti e . 20 years later and 11.9 light years away , Captain Haruo Sakaki locks himself in a shuttle , threatening to bomb the area unless the ship leaves Planet Tau - e and abandons the emigration project . Haruo believes the planet is uninhabitable and the emigration crew only consists of the elderly , including his grandfather , because he believes the ship 's committee are trying to reduce the population due to limited resources . Haruo fails , is arrested and thrown in a cell where he witnesses the emigration shuttle exploding upon leaving the planet . Metphies , an Exif priest , visits Haruo , where he hands him classified data regarding Godzilla . Haruo anonymously publishes an essay detailing Godzilla 's weak points , which convinces the central committee to return to Earth after concluding that finding another habitable planet seems unlikely . Upon returning to Earth , the ship sends recon drones to scout the Earth but reveal that Godzilla is still alive after all these years . Metphies explains to the committee that they can not co-exist with Godzilla and suggests killing it . He also explains that the anonymous essay was the result of a thorough investigation and is sound , promising to reveal the author under the condition that Haruo is released . Haruo is released on bail and explains to the committee that a certain unknown organ in Godzilla 's body can emit a high frequency electromagnetic pulse that generates an asymmetrical permeable shield . Haruo proposes shoving an EMP probe within the cracked organ before it regenerates so Godzilla can implode . However , Haruo stresses that close quarters combat would be needed for accurately coordinated attacks in order to find its weak organ , as well as 600 people . The committee reluctantly accepts and upon landing two battalions on Earth , discovering that 20,000 years have passed and that Godzilla 's presence has radically altered Earth 's biosphere . They are attacked by a group of flying creatures called Servums and Leland , the company 's commander , orders a retreat but Metphies stresses that they would need to rendezvous with Companies D and E through a pass where Godzilla frequents . However , once the group mobilizes , they encounter Godzilla . Haruo proceeds with the original plan on his own and attacks Godzilla . Leland manages to provoke Godzilla to use its atomic breath , but at the cost of his life . Leland 's actions reveal that Godzilla 's weak point is its dorsal fins . Command falls to Metphies , who promotes Haruo to commander . In a speech , Haruo convinces the remaining survivors to continue with the plan and defeat Godzilla . The group attacks Godzilla and manage to trap it within a collapsed mountain pass . EMP probes are drilled into Godzilla 's dorsal fins which causes it to implode . Martin Lazzari , the group 's environmental biologist , theorizes that this Godzilla may be different from the one that drove humanity away , believing it to be an offspring . Subsequently , the original Godzilla , which has grown several times larger , surfaces from beneath a nearby mountain and destroys the remaining crew . Trapped beneath rubble , Haruo watches Godzilla leave , vowing to kill it . In a post-credits scene , Haruo wakes up in a secluded area , finding an indigenous girl next to him . Voice cast ( edit ) Characters Japanese English Haruo Sakaki Mamoru Miyano ( adult ) , Aya Suzaki ( young ) Chris Niosi ( adult ) , Rachelle Heger ( young ) Metphies Takahiro Sakurai Lucien Dodge Martin Lazzari Tomokazu Sugita Edward Bosco Mulu Elu Galu Gu Junichi Suwabe Jamieson Price Rilu - Elu Belu - be Kenta Miyake Rich Brown Yuko Tani Kana Hanazawa Cristina Vee Adam Bindewald Yūki Kaji Robbie Daymond Eliott Leland Daisuke Ono Ray Chase Unberto Mori Kenyu Horiuchi Keith Silverstein Halu - Elu Dolu - do Kazuya Nakai Doug Stone Endurphe Kazuhiro Yamaji Joe Ochman Production ( edit ) In August 2016 , Toho announced that an animated Godzilla film was being developed , targeted for a 2017 release . Gen Urobuchi was announced as the writer , Kobun Shizuno and Hiroyuki Seshita as the directors , and Polygon Pictures was announced as the studio that would animate the film . In January 2017 , Urobuchi announced the main cast on his Twitter account . On March 26 , 2017 , Toho announced that the film would be the first film in a new trilogy . About the production , co-director Shizuno stated , `` From the start , we had the blessing of Toho to not be constrained by previous entries in the franchise , and with the freedom of imagination offered by animation I feel we have come up with a cool new form for Godzilla . '' On Godzilla 's new design , co-director Seshita stated , `` With his masses of muscle fibers and unique body tissue to support his enormous bulk , this is an extraordinarily rugged - looking physique . It was an overwhelming presence that reverberated through the whole project , like a fearsome deity that even we who created it must prostrate ourselves before . That is our Godzilla . '' The English dub was produced by Post Haste Digital . Marketing ( edit ) A stage event for the film was held at AnimeJapan 2017 on March 26 , 2017 . The film 's directors are scheduled to attend the Annecy International Animation Film Festival to reveal more details regarding the film . In June 2017 , a new poster detailing Godzilla 's design was revealed with the tagline `` Despair Evolves '' . On August 16 , 2017 , a new trailer and poster were released with the tagline `` Who will go extinct -- humans , or Godzilla ? '' Release ( edit ) In March 2017 , it was announced that the film will be streamed in 190 countries via Netflix following the film 's Japanese theatrical release . Greg Peters , President of Netflix Japan stated , `` Working with the best creators such as Toho in bringing Godzilla to Netflix users in over 190 countries marks a major milestone for us '' . That same month , a teaser poster revealed that the film will be released theatrically in Japan on November 17 , 2017 . On January 7 , 2018 , Netflix announced that the film will be released worldwide on their platform on January 17 , 2018 . Box Office ( edit ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters reached # 3 at the box office on its opening weekend , earning ¥ 103 million from 71,200 admissions within two days and is projected to earn an additional ¥ 500 million . Critical reception ( edit ) Brian Ashcraft of the Kotaku website felt that the characters `` are n't all that interesting '' but did state that the `` anime version of Godzilla is surprisingly effective and frightening '' and that despite his complaints , the `` overall experience was good '' and `` It 's not a perfect picture , but it was a powerful proof of concept : Godzilla works as an anime . '' Matt Schley from The Japan Times praised the film 's CG animation , stating , `` even skeptics will admit the 3 - D version of the king of the monsters looks pretty darn cool '' but felt the film was n't `` nearly as thematically ambitious as its predecessor '' and concluded by stating , `` But still , with its impressive 3 - D animation and action sequences , ' Planet of the Monsters ' has the makings of something interesting . '' Home media ( edit ) In Japan , the film was released on DVD and Blu - ray by Toho Video on May 16 , 2018 . Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters is the first film in the anime trilogy . The second film in the trilogy , titled Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle was released on May 18 , 2018 . The third and final film in the trilogy , titled Gojira : Hoshi wo Kū Mono ( GODZILLA - 星を喰う者 ) , translation vary from Godzilla : Planet Eater to Godzilla : Eater of Stars , is scheduled to be released in November 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knight , Rosie ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Godzilla Anime Reveals Radical Sequel Concept Art '' . Nerdist . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla : Monster Planet '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters Press Notes from Toho '' . SciFi Japan . July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters Now Streaming Worldwide on Netflix '' . SciFi Japan . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Muncy , Julie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Get Ready For the Ultimate Kaiju Battle With This Godzilla : Monster Planet Release Trailer '' . io9 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grebey , James ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Godzilla : Monster Planet ' Is an Anime First , Godzilla Movie ... Maybe Third '' . Inverse . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gen Urobuchi 's Godzilla Anime Film Reveals 6 Main Cast Members , Concept Art Image '' . Anime News Network . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla Anime Films Cast Daisuke Ono , Kenta Miyake , Kenyuu Horiuchi , Kazuya Nakai , Kazuhiro Yamaji '' . Anime News Network . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ suzaki_aya . `` Aya Suzaki Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ragone , August ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Toho Gears Up First Godzilla Anime Movie From the Makers of Gargantia & Sidonia '' . The Good , the Bad , and Godzilla . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Godzilla Anime Film Penned by Gen Urobuchi , Animated by Polygon Pictures '' . Anime News Network . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla Anime Is Film Trilogy Starring Mamoru Miyano '' . Anime News Network . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julian , Mark ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` More Details About Netflix 's Godzilla Anime Trilogy To Be Unveiled At Upcoming Animation Film Festival '' . Anime Mojo . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Godzilla : Monster Planet '' 3rd Teaser Visual Shows The Biggest Godzilla in History `` . Crunchyroll . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Godzilla Anime Film 's Trailer Unveils New Head Design '' . Anime News Network . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix to Air Original Anime Movie , Godzilla '' . IGN . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla Anime Film to Stream on Netflix Globally This Year '' . Anime News Network . March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Komatsu , Mikikazu ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` 2nd Teaser Visual , Story Setting for `` Godzilla : Monster Planet '' Anime Film Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muncy , Julie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Get Ready For the Ultimate Kaiju Battle With This Godzilla : Monster Planet Release Trailer '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Godzilla Anime Film Debuts at # 3 at Japanese Box Office '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The New Anime Godzilla Movie Is Pretty Good '' . Kotaku . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schley , Matt ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ' : Japan 's main mutant gets animated and goes global '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Toho Video Releasing ' Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ' On DVD & Blu - ray '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Toho to Make Second and Third ' Godzilla ' Animation Movies '' . Variety . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Godzilla Anime Film Teases Mechagodzilla Before May Debut '' . Anime News Network . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Posters Suggests Ghidorah Coming to Godzilla Anime '' . Dread Central . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters on IMDb Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Godzilla Toho films Shōwa series Godzilla ( 1954 ) Godzilla Raids Again ( 1955 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1962 ) Mothra vs. Godzilla ( 1964 ) Ghidorah , the Three - Headed Monster ( 1964 ) Invasion of Astro - Monster ( 1965 ) Ebirah , Horror of the Deep ( 1966 ) Son of Godzilla ( 1967 ) Destroy All Monsters ( 1968 ) All Monsters Attack ( 1969 ) Godzilla vs. Hedorah ( 1971 ) Godzilla vs. Gigan ( 1972 ) Godzilla vs. Megalon ( 1973 ) Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla ( 1974 ) Terror of Mechagodzilla ( 1975 ) Heisei series The Return of Godzilla ( 1984 ) Godzilla vs. Biollante ( 1989 ) Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah ( 1991 ) Godzilla vs. Mothra ( 1992 ) Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II ( 1993 ) Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla ( 1994 ) Godzilla vs. Destoroyah ( 1995 ) Millennium series Godzilla 2000 ( 1999 ) Godzilla vs. Megaguirus ( 2000 ) Godzilla , Mothra and King Ghidorah : Giant Monsters All - Out Attack ( 2001 ) Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla ( 2002 ) Godzilla : Tokyo S.O.S. ( 2003 ) Godzilla : Final Wars ( 2004 ) Current series Shin Godzilla ( 2016 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2017 ) Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) Gojira : Hoshi wo Kū Mono ( 2018 ) American films Adaptations Godzilla , King of the Monsters ! ( 1956 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1963 ) Godzilla 1985 ( 1985 ) TriStar Pictures Godzilla ( 1998 ) Legendary Pictures Godzilla ( 2014 ) Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) Television Ike ! Godman ( 1972 - 1973 ) Ike ! Greenman ( 1973 - 1974 ) Zone Fighter ( 1973 ) Godzilla ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Godzilla Island ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Godzilla : The Series ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Video games List of Godzilla games ( 1983 -- present ) Miscellaneous Godzilla in popular culture Comics Locations The Movie Monster Game Battle Soccer : Champions of the Field Godzilla Game Aliens Godzilla ( Scott Ciencin series ) Godzilla ( Marc Cerasini series ) Bambi Meets Godzilla Godzilla vs. Charles Barkley Gotengo Miki Saegusa Monsterland and Monster Island Monster Planet of Godzilla Super X Toho Oxygen Destroyer King Kong Godzilla ( song ) Main Theme Godzilla : The Album Godzilla March SciFi Japan TV MonsterVerse Kaiju Godzilla Anguirus Rodan Moguera Varan Mothra King Kong Manda Dogora King Ghidorah Baragon Frankenstein Gaira Sanda Ebirah Mechani - Kong Gorosaurus Kamacuras Kumonga Minilla Gezora Kamoebas Hedorah Gigan Megalon Jet Jaguar King Caesar Mechagodzilla Titanosaurus Biollante Mecha - King Ghidorah Battra Godzilla Junior Bagan SpaceGodzilla Destoroyah Dagahra Orga Megaguirus Kiryu Zilla Monster X Krystalak Obsidius MUTO Trilopod Magita Related films Rodan ( 1956 ) The Mysterians ( 1957 ) Varan the Unbelievable ( 1958 ) Battle in Outer Space ( 1959 ) Mothra ( 1961 ) Gorath ( 1962 ) Atragon ( 1963 ) Dogora ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) King Kong Escapes ( 1967 ) Latitude Zero ( 1969 ) Space Amoeba ( 1970 ) The War in Space ( 1977 ) Gunhed ( 1989 ) Yamato Takeru ( 1994 ) Rebirth of Mothra ( 1996 ) Rebirth of Mothra II ( 1997 ) Rebirth of Mothra III ( 1998 ) Chousei Kantai Sazer - X the Movie : Fight ! Star Warriors ( 2005 ) Always : Sunset on Third Street 2 ( 2007 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) See also Gamera Ultraman Ultra Series The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms Gojirasaurus Gorgo The Giant Behemoth Reptilicus Yongary : Monster from the Deep Jana of the Jungle Book Category Works by Gen Urobuchi Animated series Blassreiter ( 2008 ) Phantom ~ Requiem for the Phantom ~ ( 2009 ) Puella Magi Madoka Magica ( 2011 ) Psycho - Pass ( 2012 ) Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet ( 2013 ) Aldnoah. Zero ( 2014 ) Concrete Revolutio Season 2 ( 2016 ) Feature films Puella Magi Madoka Magica : Beginnings ( 2012 ) Puella Magi Madoka Magica : Eternal ( 2012 ) Puella Magi Madoka Magica : Rebellion ( 2013 ) Expelled from Paradise ( 2014 ) Garm Wars : The Last Druid ( 2014 ) Psycho - Pass : The Movie ( 2015 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2017 ) Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) Godzilla : Eater of Stars ( 2018 ) Visual novels Phantom of Inferno ( 2000 ) Kikokugai : The Cyber Slayer ( 2002 ) Saya no Uta ( 2003 ) Psycho - Pass : Mandatory Happiness ( 2015 ) Light novels Fate / Zero ( 2006 ) Black Lagoon ( 2008 ) Television series Kamen Rider Gaim ( 2013 ) Thunderbolt Fantasy ( 2016 ) Polygon Pictures Films Ultraman Cosmos 2 : The Blue Planet ( 2002 ) Ultraman Cosmos vs. Ultraman Justice : The Final Battle ( 2003 ) Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence ( 2004 ) The Sky Crawlers ( 2008 ) Oblivion Island : Haruka and the Magic Mirror ( 2009 ) Higanjima ( 2010 ) Kiiroi Zou ( 2013 ) Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising ( 2013 ) Ajin Part 1 : Shōdō ( 2015 ) Ajin Part 2 : Shōtotsu ( 2016 ) Ajin Part 3 : Shōgeki ( 2016 ) Blame ! ( 2017 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2017 ) Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) Godzilla : Planet Eater ( 2018 ) TV Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Transformers : Prime ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Genki Genki Nontan ( ? ? ) Knights of Sidonia ( 2014 -- present ) Ronja , the Robber 's Daughter ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Transformers : Robots in Disguise ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Ajin : Demi - Human ( 2016 ) Pingu in the City ( 2017 ) Fist of the Blue Sky Re : Genesis ( 2018 ) OVA Ajin : Demi - Human ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godzilla:_Planet_of_the_Monsters&oldid=849921197 '' Categories : 2017 films Japanese - language films Films about extraterrestrial life Post-apocalyptic films Post-apocalyptic anime and manga Japanese films Godzilla films Polygon Pictures Films set in the 2040s Films set in the future Toho animated films 2010s Japanese films Mecha anime and manga Kaiju films Films directed by Kobun Shizuno 2017 anime films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 09 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the next godzilla anime come out	[ "Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters is the first film in the anime trilogy.[12] The second film in the trilogy, titled Godzilla: City on the Edge of Battle was released on May 18, 2018.[24][25] The third and final film in the trilogy, titled Gojira: Hoshi wo Kū Mono (GODZILLA -星を喰う者), translation vary from Godzilla: Planet Eater to Godzilla: Eater of Stars, is scheduled to be released in November 2018.[26]\n" ]	[ "November 2018" ]
7173351887763538548	Xylem	Xylem - wikipedia Xylem Jump to : navigation , search For the company , see Xylem Inc . Schematic cross section of part of a leaf , xylem shown as red circles at figure 8 Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants , phloem being the other . The basic function of xylem is to transport water from roots to shoots and leaves , but it also transports nutrients . The word `` xylem '' is derived from the Greek word ξύλον ( xylon ) , meaning `` wood '' ; the best - known xylem tissue is wood , though it is found throughout the plant . The term was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Primary and secondary xylem 3 Main function -- upwards water transport 3.1 Cohesion - tension theory 3.2 Measurement of pressure 4 Evolution 5 Development 5.1 Protoxylem and metaxylem 5.2 Patterns of protoxylem and metaxylem 6 See also 7 References 7.1 General references Structure ( edit ) Cross section of some xylem cells The most distinctive xylem cells are the long tracheary elements that transport water . Tracheids and vessel elements are distinguished by their shape ; vessel elements are shorter , and are connected together into long tubes that are called vessels . Xylem also contains two other cell types : parenchyma and fibers . Xylem can be found : in vascular bundles , present in non-woody plants and non-woody parts of woody plants in secondary xylem , laid down by a meristem called the vascular cambium in woody plants as part of a stelar arrangement not divided into bundles , as in many ferns . In transitional stages of plants with secondary growth , the first two categories are not mutually exclusive , although usually a vascular bundle will contain primary xylem only . The branching pattern exhibited by xylem follows Murray 's law . Primary and secondary xylem ( edit ) Primary xylem is formed during primary growth from procambium . It includes protoxylem and metaxylem . Metaxylem develops after the protoxylem but before secondary xylem . Metaxylem has wider vessels and tracheids than protoxylem . Secondary xylem is formed during secondary growth from vascular cambium . Although secondary xylem is also found in members of the gymnosperm groups Gnetophyta and Ginkgophyta and to a lesser extent in members of the Cycadophyta , the two main groups in which secondary xylem can be found are : conifers ( Coniferae ) : there are some six hundred species of conifers . All species have secondary xylem , which is relatively uniform in structure throughout this group . Many conifers become tall trees : the secondary xylem of such trees is used and marketed as softwood . angiosperms ( Angiospermae ) : there are some quarter of a million to four hundred thousand species of angiosperms . Within this group secondary xylem is rare in the monocots . Many non-monocot angiosperms become trees , and the secondary xylem of these is used and marketed as hardwood . Main function -- upwards water transport ( edit ) The xylem transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots throughout the plant . It is also used to replace water lost during transpiration and photosynthesis . Xylem sap consists mainly of water and inorganic ions , although it can contain a number of organic chemicals as well . The transport is passive , not powered by energy spent by the tracheary elements themselves , which are dead by maturity and no longer have living contents . Transporting sap upwards becomes more difficult as the height of a plant increases and upwards transport of water by xylem is considered to limit the maximum height of trees . Three phenomena cause xylem sap to flow : Pressure flow hypothesis : Sugars produced in the leaves and other green tissues are kept in the phloem system , creating a solute pressure differential versus the xylem system carrying a far lower load of solutes - water and minerals . The phloem pressure can rise to several MPa , far higher than atmospheric pressure . Selective inter-connection between these systems allows this high solute concentration in the phloem to draw xylem fluid upwards by negative pressure . Transpirational pull : Similarly , the evaporation of water from the surfaces of mesophyll cells to the atmosphere also creates a negative pressure at the top of a plant . This causes millions of minute menisci to form in the mesophyll cell wall . The resulting surface tension causes a negative pressure or tension in the xylem that pulls the water from the roots and soil . Root pressure : If the water potential of the root cells is more negative than that of the soil , usually due to high concentrations of solute , water can move by osmosis into the root from the soil . This causes a positive pressure that forces sap up the xylem towards the leaves . In some circumstances , the sap will be forced from the leaf through a hydathode in a phenomenon known as guttation . Root pressure is highest in the morning before the stomata open and allow transpiration to begin . Different plant species can have different root pressures even in a similar environment ; examples include up to 145 kPa in Vitis riparia but around zero in Celastrus orbiculatus . The primary force that creates the capillary action movement of water upwards in plants is the adhesion between the water and the surface of the xylem conduits . Capillary action provides the force that establishes an equilibrium configuration , balancing gravity . When transpiration removes water at the top , the flow is needed to return to the equilibrium . Transpirational pull results from the evaporation of water from the surfaces of cells in the leaves . This evaporation causes the surface of the water to recess into the pores of the cell wall . By capillary action , the water forms concave menisci inside the pores . The high surface tension of water pulls the concavity outwards , generating enough force to lift water as high as a hundred meters from ground level to a tree 's highest branches . Transpirational pull requires that the vessels transporting the water be very small in diameter ; otherwise , cavitation would break the water column . And as water evaporates from leaves , more is drawn up through the plant to replace it . When the water pressure within the xylem reaches extreme levels due to low water input from the roots ( if , for example , the soil is dry ) , then the gases come out of solution and form a bubble -- an embolism forms , which will spread quickly to other adjacent cells , unless bordered pits are present ( these have a plug - like structure called a torus , that seals off the opening between adjacent cells and stops the embolism from spreading ) . Cohesion - tension theory ( edit ) The cohesion - tension theory is a theory of intermolecular attraction that explains the process of water flow upwards ( against the force of gravity ) through the xylem of plants . It was proposed in 1894 by John Joly and Henry Horatio Dixon . Despite numerous objections , this is the most widely accepted theory for the transport of water through a plant 's vascular system based on the classical research of Dixon - Joly ( 1894 ) , Askenasy ( 1895 ) , and Dixon ( 1914 , 1924 ) . Water is a polar molecule . When two water molecules approach one another , the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of one forms a hydrogen bond with a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom in the other . This attractive force , along with other intermolecular forces , is one of the principal factors responsible for the occurrence of surface tension in liquid water . It also allows plants to draw water from the root through the xylem to the leaf . Water is constantly lost through transpiration from the leaf . When one water molecule is lost another is pulled along by the processes of cohesion and tension . Transpiration pull , utilizing capillary action and the inherent surface tension of water , is the primary mechanism of water movement in plants . However , it is not the only mechanism involved . Any use of water in leaves forces water to move into them . Transpiration in leaves creates tension ( differential pressure ) in the cell walls of mesophyll cells . Because of this tension , water is being pulled up from the roots into the leaves , helped by cohesion ( the pull between individual water molecules , due to hydrogen bonds ) and adhesion ( the stickiness between water molecules and the hydrophilic cell walls of plants ) . This mechanism of water flow works because of water potential ( water flows from high to low potential ) , and the rules of simple diffusion . Over the past century , there has been a great deal of research regarding the mechanism of xylem sap transport ; today , most plant scientists continue to agree that the cohesion - tension theory best explains this process , but multiforce theories that hypothesize several alternative mechanisms have been suggested , including longitudinal cellular and xylem osmotic pressure gradients , axial potential gradients in the vessels , and gel - and gas - bubble - supported interfacial gradients . Measurement of pressure ( edit ) A diagram showing the setup of a pressure bomb Until recently , the differential pressure ( suction ) of transpirational pull could only be measured indirectly , by applying external pressure with a pressure bomb to counteract it . When the technology to perform direct measurements with a pressure probe was developed , there was initially some doubt about whether the classic theory was correct , because some workers were unable to demonstrate negative pressures . More recent measurements do tend to validate the classic theory , for the most part . Xylem transport is driven by a combination of transpirational pull from above and root pressure from below , which makes the interpretation of measurements more complicated . Evolution ( edit ) Xylem appeared early in the history of terrestrial plant life . Fossil plants with anatomically preserved xylem are known from the Silurian ( more than 400 million years ago ) , and trace fossils resembling individual xylem cells may be found in earlier Ordovician rocks . The earliest true and recognizable xylem consists of tracheids with a helical - annular reinforcing layer added to the cell wall . This is the only type of xylem found in the earliest vascular plants , and this type of cell continues to be found in the protoxylem ( first - formed xylem ) of all living groups of plants . Several groups of plants later developed pitted tracheid cells , it seems , through convergent evolution . In living plants , pitted tracheids do not appear in development until the maturation of the metaxylem ( following the protoxylem ) . In most plants , pitted tracheids function as the primary transport cells . The other type of tracheary element , besides the tracheid , is the vessel element . Vessel elements are joined by perforations into vessels . In vessels , water travels by bulk flow , as in a pipe , rather than by diffusion through cell membranes . The presence of vessels in xylem has been considered to be one of the key innovations that led to the success of the angiosperms . However , the occurrence of vessel elements is not restricted to angiosperms , and they are absent in some archaic or `` basal '' lineages of the angiosperms : ( e.g. , Amborellaceae , Tetracentraceae , Trochodendraceae , and Winteraceae ) , and their secondary xylem is described by Arthur Cronquist as `` primitively vesselless '' . Cronquist considered the vessels of Gnetum to be convergent with those of angiosperms . Whether the absence of vessels in basal angiosperms is a primitive condition is contested , the alternative hypothesis states that vessel elements originated in a precursor to the angiosperms and were subsequently lost . Photos showing xylem elements in the shoot of a fig tree ( Ficus alba ) : crushed in hydrochloric acid , between slides and cover slips To photosynthesize , plants must absorb CO from the atmosphere . However , this comes at a price : while stomata are open to allow CO to enter , water can evaporate . Water is lost much faster than CO is absorbed , so plants need to replace it , and have developed systems to transport water from the moist soil to the site of photosynthesis . Early plants sucked water between the walls of their cells , then evolved the ability to control water loss ( and CO acquisition ) through the use of stomata . Specialized water transport tissues soon evolved in the form of hydroids , tracheids , then secondary xylem , followed by an endodermis and ultimately vessels . The high CO levels of Silurian - Devonian times , when plants were first colonizing land , meant that the need for water was relatively low . As CO was withdrawn from the atmosphere by plants , more water was lost in its capture , and more elegant transport mechanisms evolved . As water transport mechanisms , and waterproof cuticles , evolved , plants could survive without being continually covered by a film of water . This transition from poikilohydry to homoiohydry opened up new potential for colonization . Plants then needed a robust internal structure that held long narrow channels for transporting water from the soil to all the different parts of the above - soil plant , especially to the parts where photosynthesis occurred . During the Silurian , CO was readily available , so little water needed expending to acquire it . By the end of the Carboniferous , when CO levels had lowered to something approaching today 's , around 17 times more water was lost per unit of CO uptake . However , even in these `` easy '' early days , water was at a premium , and had to be transported to parts of the plant from the wet soil to avoid desiccation . This early water transport took advantage of the cohesion - tension mechanism inherent in water . Water has a tendency to diffuse to areas that are drier , and this process is accelerated when water can be wicked along a fabric with small spaces . In small passages , such as that between the plant cell walls ( or in tracheids ) , a column of water behaves like rubber -- when molecules evaporate from one end , they pull the molecules behind them along the channels . Therefore , transpiration alone provided the driving force for water transport in early plants . However , without dedicated transport vessels , the cohesion - tension mechanism can not transport water more than about 2 cm , severely limiting the size of the earliest plants . This process demands a steady supply of water from one end , to maintain the chains ; to avoid exhausting it , plants developed a waterproof cuticle . Early cuticle may not have had pores but did not cover the entire plant surface , so that gas exchange could continue . However , dehydration at times was inevitable ; early plants cope with this by having a lot of water stored between their cell walls , and when it comes to it sticking out the tough times by putting life `` on hold '' until more water is supplied . A banded tube from the late Silurian / early Devonian . The bands are difficult to see on this specimen , as an opaque carbonaceous coating conceals much of the tube . Bands are just visible in places on the left half of the image -- click on the image for a larger view . Scale bar : 20 μm To be free from the constraints of small size and constant moisture that the parenchymatic transport system inflicted , plants needed a more efficient water transport system . During the early Silurian , they developed specialized cells , which were lignified ( or bore similar chemical compounds ) to avoid implosion ; this process coincided with cell death , allowing their innards to be emptied and water to be passed through them . These wider , dead , empty cells were a million times more conductive than the inter-cell method , giving the potential for transport over longer distances , and higher CO diffusion rates . The earliest macrofossils to bear water - transport tubes are Silurian plants placed in the genus Cooksonia . The early Devonian pretracheophytes Aglaophyton and Horneophyton have structures very similar to the hydroids of modern mosses . Plants continued to innovate new ways of reducing the resistance to flow within their cells , thereby increasing the efficiency of their water transport . Bands on the walls of tubes , in fact apparent from the early Silurian onwards , are an early improvisation to aid the easy flow of water . Banded tubes , as well as tubes with pitted ornamentation on their walls , were lignified and , when they form single celled conduits , are considered to be tracheids . These , the `` next generation '' of transport cell design , have a more rigid structure than hydroids , allowing them to cope with higher levels of water pressure . Tracheids may have a single evolutionary origin , possibly within the hornworts , uniting all tracheophytes ( but they may have evolved more than once ) . Water transport requires regulation , and dynamic control is provided by stomata . By adjusting the amount of gas exchange , they can restrict the amount of water lost through transpiration . This is an important role where water supply is not constant , and indeed stomata appear to have evolved before tracheids , being present in the non-vascular hornworts . An endodermis probably evolved during the Silu - Devonian , but the first fossil evidence for such a structure is Carboniferous . This structure in the roots covers the water transport tissue and regulates ion exchange ( and prevents unwanted pathogens etc. from entering the water transport system ) . The endodermis can also provide an upwards pressure , forcing water out of the roots when transpiration is not enough of a driver . Once plants had evolved this level of controlled water transport , they were truly homoiohydric , able to extract water from their environment through root - like organs rather than relying on a film of surface moisture , enabling them to grow to much greater size . As a result of their independence from their surroundings , they lost their ability to survive desiccation -- a costly trait to retain . During the Devonian , maximum xylem diameter increased with time , with the minimum diameter remaining pretty constant . By the middle Devonian , the tracheid diameter of some plant lineages ( Zosterophyllophytes ) had plateaued . Wider tracheids allow water to be transported faster , but the overall transport rate depends also on the overall cross-sectional area of the xylem bundle itself . The increase in vascular bundle thickness further seems to correlate with the width of plant axes , and plant height ; it is also closely related to the appearance of leaves and increased stomatal density , both of which would increase the demand for water . While wider tracheids with robust walls make it possible to achieve higher water transport pressures , this increases the problem of cavitation . Cavitation occurs when a bubble of air forms within a vessel , breaking the bonds between chains of water molecules and preventing them from pulling more water up with their cohesive tension . A tracheid , once cavitated , can not have its embolism removed and return to service ( except in a few advanced angiosperms which have developed a mechanism of doing so ) . Therefore , it is well worth plants ' while to avoid cavitation occurring . For this reason , pits in tracheid walls have very small diameters , to prevent air entering and allowing bubbles to nucleate . Freeze - thaw cycles are a major cause of cavitation . Damage to a tracheid 's wall almost inevitably leads to air leaking in and cavitation , hence the importance of many tracheids working in parallel . Cavitation is hard to avoid , but once it has occurred plants have a range of mechanisms to contain the damage . Small pits link adjacent conduits to allow fluid to flow between them , but not air -- although ironically these pits , which prevent the spread of embolisms , are also a major cause of them . These pitted surfaces further reduce the flow of water through the xylem by as much as 30 % . Conifers , by the Jurassic , developed an ingenious improvement , using valve - like structures to isolate cavitated elements . These torus - margo structures have a blob floating in the middle of a donut ; when one side depressurizes the blob is sucked into the torus and blocks further flow . Other plants simply accept cavitation ; for instance , oaks grow a ring of wide vessels at the start of each spring , none of which survive the winter frosts . Maples use root pressure each spring to force sap upwards from the roots , squeezing out any air bubbles . Growing to height also employed another trait of tracheids -- the support offered by their lignified walls . Defunct tracheids were retained to form a strong , woody stem , produced in most instances by a secondary xylem . However , in early plants , tracheids were too mechanically vulnerable , and retained a central position , with a layer of tough sclerenchyma on the outer rim of the stems . Even when tracheids do take a structural role , they are supported by sclerenchymatic tissue . Tracheids end with walls , which impose a great deal of resistance on flow ; vessel members have perforated end walls , and are arranged in series to operate as if they were one continuous vessel . The function of end walls , which were the default state in the Devonian , was probably to avoid embolisms . An embolism is where an air bubble is created in a tracheid . This may happen as a result of freezing , or by gases dissolving out of solution . Once an embolism is formed , it usually can not be removed ( but see later ) ; the affected cell can not pull water up , and is rendered useless . End walls excluded , the tracheids of prevascular plants were able to operate under the same hydraulic conductivity as those of the first vascular plant , Cooksonia . The size of tracheids is limited as they comprise a single cell ; this limits their length , which in turn limits their maximum useful diameter to 80 μm . Conductivity grows with the fourth power of diameter , so increased diameter has huge rewards ; vessel elements , consisting of a number of cells , joined at their ends , overcame this limit and allowed larger tubes to form , reaching diameters of up to 500 μm , and lengths of up to 10 m . Vessels first evolved during the dry , low CO periods of the late Permian , in the horsetails , ferns and Selaginellales independently , and later appeared in the mid Cretaceous in angiosperms and gnetophytes . Vessels allow the same cross-sectional area of wood to transport around a hundred times more water than tracheids ! This allowed plants to fill more of their stems with structural fibers , and also opened a new niche to vines , which could transport water without being as thick as the tree they grew on . Despite these advantages , tracheid - based wood is a lot lighter , thus cheaper to make , as vessels need to be much more reinforced to avoid cavitation . Development ( edit ) Patterns of xylem development : xylem in brown ; arrows show direction of development from protoxylem to metaxylem . Xylem development can be described by four terms : centrarch , exarch , endarch and mesarch . As it develops in young plants , its nature changes from protoxylem to metaxylem ( i.e. from first xylem to after xylem ) . The patterns in which protoxylem and metaxylem are arranged is important in the study of plant morphology . Protoxylem and metaxylem ( edit ) As a young vascular plant grows , one or more strands of primary xylem form in its stems and roots . The first xylem to develop is called ' protoxylem ' . In appearance protoxylem is usually distinguished by narrower vessels formed of smaller cells . Some of these cells have walls which contain thickenings in the form of rings or helices . Functionally , protoxylem can extend : the cells are able to grow in size and develop while a stem or root is elongating . Later , ' metaxylem ' develops in the strands of xylem . Metaxylem vessels and cells are usually larger ; the cells have thickenings which are typically either in the form of ladderlike transverse bars ( scalariform ) or continuous sheets except for holes or pits ( pitted ) . Functionally , metaxylem completes its development after elongation ceases when the cells no longer need to grow in size . Patterns of protoxylem and metaxylem ( edit ) There are four main patterns to the arrangement of protoxylem and metaxylem in stems and roots . Centrarch refers to the case in which the primary xylem forms a single cylinder in the center of the stem and develops from the center outwards . The protoxylem is thus found in the central core and the metaxylem in a cylinder around it . This pattern was common in early land plants , such as `` rhyniophytes '' , but is not present in any living plants . The other three terms are used where there is more than one strand of primary xylem . Exarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root , and the xylem develops from the outside inwards towards the center , i.e. centripetally . The metaxylem is thus closest to the center of the stem or root and the protoxylem closest to the periphery . The roots of vascular plants are normally considered to have exarch development . Endarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root , and the xylem develops from the inside outwards towards the periphery , i.e. centrifugally . The protoxylem is thus closest to the center of the stem or root and the metaxylem closest to the periphery . The stems of seed plants typically have endarch development . Mesarch is used when there is more than one strand of primary xylem in a stem or root , and the xylem develops from the middle of a strand in both directions . The metaxylem is thus on both the peripheral and central sides of the strand with the protoxylem between the metaxylem ( possibly surrounded by it ) . The leaves and stems of many ferns have mesarch development . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xylem . Phloem Soil plant atmosphere continuum Stele Suction Tylosis Vascular bundle Vascular tissue Xylem sap References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Purcell , Adam . `` Xylem and phloem '' . Basic Biology . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Keith Roberts , ed. ( 2007 ) . Handbook of Plant Science . 1 ( illustrated ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . p. 185 . ISBN 9780470057230 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Mancke ( 1977 ) . Providing for Energy : Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on United States Energy Policy ( illustrated ed . ) . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 42 . ISBN 9780070656178 . Jump up ^ Nägeli , C.W. ( 1858 ) . Das Wachstum des Stammes und der Wurzel bei den Gefäßpflanzen und die Anordnung der Gefäßstränge im Stengel . Beitr Z Wiss Bot , Heft 1 : 1 -- 156 . link . Jump up ^ Buvat , R. ( 1989 ) . Phloem . In : Ontogeny , Cell Differentiation , and Structure of Vascular Plants . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg . pp. 287 - 368 . link . Jump up ^ Raven , Peter A. ; Evert , Ray F. & Eichhorn , Susan E. ( 1999 ) . Biology of Plants . W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 576 -- 577 . ISBN 1 - 57259 - 611 - 2 . Jump up ^ Xylem Archived 2011 - 09 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ McCulloh , Katherine A. ; John S. Sperry ; Frederick R. Adler ( 2003 ) . `` Water transport in plants obeys Murray 's law '' . Nature . 421 ( 6926 ) : 939 -- 942 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 939M . doi : 10.1038 / nature01444 . PMID 12607000 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dickison , W.C. ( 2000 ) . Integrative Plant Anatomy ( page 196 ) . Elsevier Science . ISBN 9780080508917 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Koch , George W. ; Sillett , Stephen C. ; Jennings , Gregory M. ; Davis , Stephen D. ( 2004 ) . `` The limits to tree height '' . Nature . 428 ( 6985 ) : 851 -- 854 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 428 ... 851K . doi : 10.1038 / nature02417 . PMID 15103376 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Michael ; Knoblauch , Jan ; Mullendore , Daniel L. ; Savage , Jessica A. ; Babst , Benjamin A. ; Beecher , Sierra D. ; Dodgen , Adam C. ; Jensen , Kaare H. ; Holbrook , N. Michele ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Testing the Münch hypothesis of long distance phloem transport in plants '' . ELife. 5 : e15341 . doi : 10.7554 / eLife. 15341 . ISSN 2050 - 084X . PMC 4946904 . PMID 27253062 . Jump up ^ Tim J. Tibbetts ; Frank W. Ewers ( 2000 ) . `` Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas : exotic Celastrus orbiculatus ( Celastraceae ) vs. Native Vitis riparia ( Vitaceae ) '' . American Journal of Botany . Botanical Society of America . 87 ( 9 ) : 1272 -- 78 . doi : 10.2307 / 2656720 . JSTOR 2656720 . PMID 10991898 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cruiziat , Pierre and Richter , Hanno . Plant Physiology Archived 2008 - 12 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Editors : Anthony Yeo , Tim Flowers ( 2007 ) . Plant solute transport . Oxford UK : Blackwell Publishing . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 3995 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dixon , H ; Joly ( 1894 ) . `` On the ascent of sap '' . Ann . Bot. 8 : 468 -- 470 . Jump up ^ Tyree , M.T. ( 1997 ) . `` The Cohesion - Tension theory of sap ascent : current controversies '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 48 ( 10 ) : 1753 -- 1765 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / 48.10. 1753 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wang , Z. ; Chang , C. - C. ; Hong , S. - J. ; Sheng , Y. - J. ; Tsao , H. - K. ( 2012 ) . `` Capillary Rise in a Microchannel of Arbitrary Shape and Wettability : Hysteresis Loop '' . Langmuir. 28 ( 49 ) : 16917 -- 16926 . doi : 10.1021 / la3036242 . PMID 23171321 . Jump up ^ Askenasy , E ( 1895 ) . `` Ueber das Saftsteigen '' . Bot . Cent. 62 : 237 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Dixon , H ( 1914 ) . Transpiration and the ascent of sap in plants . New York : Macmillan . p. 216 . Jump up ^ Dixon , H ( 1924 ) . The transpiration stream . London : University of London Press , Ltd. p. 80 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil ( 2002 ) . Biology . San Francisco , CA : Pearson Education , Inc. p. 759 . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 6624 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Ulrich ( 2002 ) . `` What are the driving forces for water lifting in the xylem conduit ? '' . Physiologia. 114 ( 3 ) : 327 -- 335 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1399 - 3054.2002. 1140301. x . PMID 12060254 . Jump up ^ Tyree , Melvin T. ( 1997 ) . `` The cohesion - tension theory of sap ascent : current controversies '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 48 ( 10 ) : 1753 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / 48.10. 1753 . Jump up ^ The pressure of the water potential of the xylem in your plant 's stem can be determined with the Scholander bomb . bio.usyd.edu.au Jump up ^ Carlquist , S. ; E.L. Schneider ( 2002 ) . `` The tracheid -- vessel element transition in angiosperms involves multiple independent features : cladistic consequences '' . American Journal of Botany. 89 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 195 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 89.2. 185 . PMID 21669726 . Jump up ^ Cronquist , A. ( August 1988 ) . The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants . New York , New York : New York Botanical Garden Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89327 - 332 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Sperry , J.S. ( 2003 ) . `` Evolution of Water Transport and Xylem Structure '' . International Journal of Plant Sciences . 164 ( 3 ) : S115 -- S127 . doi : 10.1086 / 368398 . JSTOR 3691719 . Jump up ^ Edwards , D. ; Davies , K.L. ; Axe , L. ( 1992 ) . `` A vascular conducting strand in the early land plant Cooksonia '' . Nature . 357 ( 6380 ) : 683 -- 685 . Bibcode : 1992Natur. 357 ... 683E . doi : 10.1038 / 357683a0 . Jump up ^ Niklas , K.J. ; Smocovitis , V. ( 1983 ) . `` Evidence for a Conducting Strand in Early Silurian ( Llandoverian ) Plants : Implications for the Evolution of the Land Plants '' . Paleobiology. 9 ( 2 ) : 126 -- 137 . JSTOR 2400461 . ^ Jump up to : Niklas , K.J. ( 1985 ) . `` The Evolution of Tracheid Diameter in Early Vascular Plants and Its Implications on the Hydraulic Conductance of the Primary Xylem Strand '' . Evolution. 39 ( 5 ) : 1110 -- 1122 . doi : 10.2307 / 2408738 . JSTOR 2408738 . PMID 28561493 . Jump up ^ Niklas , K. ; Pratt , L. ( 1980 ) . `` Evidence for lignin - like constituents in Early Silurian ( Llandoverian ) plant fossils '' . Science . 209 ( 4454 ) : 396 -- 397 . Bibcode : 1980Sci ... 209 ... 396N . doi : 10.1126 / science. 209.4454. 396 . PMID 17747811 . Jump up ^ Qiu , Y.L. ; Li , L. ; Wang , B. ; Chen , Z. ; Knoop , V. ; Groth - malonek , M. ; Dombrovska , O. ; Lee , J. ; Kent , L. ; Rest , J. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 103 ( 42 ) : 15511 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2006PNAS ... 10315511Q . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0603335103 . PMC 1622854 . PMID 17030812 . Jump up ^ Stewart , W.N. ; Rothwell , G.W. ( 1993 ) . Paleobiology and the evolution of plants . Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Foster , A.S. ; Gifford , E.M. ( 1974 ) . Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants ( 2nd ed . ) . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 0712 - 7 . Jump up ^ Taylor , T.N. ; Taylor , E.L. ; Krings , M. ( 2009 ) . Paleobotany , the Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants ( 2nd ed . ) . Amsterdam ; Boston : Academic Press . pp. 207ff. , 212ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 373972 - 8 . Jump up ^ White , A. Toby ; Kazlev , M. Alan . `` Glossary '' . palaeos.com . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . General references ( edit ) C. Wei ; E. Steudle ; M.T. Tyree ; P.M. Lintilhac ( May 2001 ) . `` The essentials of direct xylem pressure measurement '' . Plant , Cell and Environment. 24 ( 5 ) : 549 -- 555 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3040.2001. 00697. x. is the main source used for the paragraph on recent research . N. Michele Holbrook ; Michael J. Burns ; Christopher B. Field ( November 1995 ) . `` Negative Xylem Pressures in Plants : A Test of the Balancing Pressure Technique '' . Science . 270 ( 5239 ) : 1193 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 270.1193 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 270.5239. 1193 . is the first published independent test showing the Scholander bomb actually does measure the tension in the xylem . Pockman , W.T. ; J.S. Sperry ; J.W. O'Leary ( December 1995 ) . `` Sustained and significant negative water pressure in xylem '' . Nature . 378 ( 6558 ) : 715 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1995Natur. 378 ... 715P . doi : 10.1038 / 378715a0 . is the second published independent test showing the Scholander bomb actually does measure the tension in the xylem . Campbell , Neil A. ; Jane B. Reece ( 2002 ) . Biology ( 6th ed . ) . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 6624 - 2 . Kenrick , Paul ; Crane , Peter R. ( 1997 ) . The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants : A Cladistic Study . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 730 - 8 . Muhammad , A.F. ; R. Sattler ( 1982 ) . `` Vessel Structure of Gnetum and the Origin of Angiosperms '' . American Journal of Botany . Botanical Society of America . 69 ( 6 ) : 1004 -- 21 . doi : 10.2307 / 2442898 . JSTOR 2442898 . Melvin T. Tyree ; Martin H. Zimmermann ( 2003 ) . Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 43354 - 6 . recent update of the classic book on xylem transport by the late Martin Zimmermann ( hide ) Biological tissues Animals Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Plants Dermal tissue : Epidermis Cuticle Pavement cell Guard cell Subsidiary cell Periderm Phellem Phelloderm Vascular tissue : Phloem Sieve tube Companion cell Phloem fiber Phloem parenchyma Xylem Tracheid Vessel element Xylem fiber Xylem parenchyma Ground tissue : Parenchyma Aerenchyma Chlorenchyma Mesophyll Pith Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Sclereid Fiber Meristematic tissue : Primary Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem Secondary Cork cambium Vascular cambium Mixed : Cortex Exodermis Endodermis Stele Histology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xylem&oldid=842918619 '' Categories : Plant anatomy Plant physiology Plant cells Tissues ( biology ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where would xylem cells that no longer conduct water be found in a plant	[]	[]
260896532679075986	Princely state	Princely state - Wikipedia Princely state Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 Princely state Salute state British paramountcy Chamber of Princes Jagir Agencies of British India Residencies of British India ‎ Doctrine of lapse Political pensioner Privy Purse Standstill agreement Instrument of Accession Individual residencies Hyderabad Indore ( Holkar ) Jammu and Kashmir Mysore ( Maisur ) Quilon Sikkim Agencies Bagelkhand Baluchistan Baroda and Gujarat States Baroda , Western India and Gujarat States Bhopawar Bundelkhand Central India Deccan States Eastern States Gilgit Gwalior Residency Jaipur Residency Madras States Mahi Kantha Malwa Mewar ( Udaipur ) Residency and Western Rajputana Agency North - West Frontier Palanpur Punjab States Rajputana Rewa Kantha Western India States Lists States by region States by name Rajput States Maratha States A princely state , also called native state ( legally , under the British ) or Indian state ( for those states on the subcontinent ) , was a vassal state under a local or regional ruler in a subsidiary alliance with the British Raj . Though the history of the princely states of the subcontinent dates from at least the classical period of Indian history , the predominant usage of the term princely state specifically refers to a semi-sovereign principality on the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj that was not directly governed by the British , but rather by a local ruler , subject to a form of indirect rule on some matters ; similar political entities also existed on or in the region of the Arabian Peninsula , in Africa and in Malaya , and which were similarly recognised under British rule , subject to a subsidiary alliance and the suzerainty or paramountcy of the British Crown . Oman , Zanzibar and the Trucial States were also under the Viceroy of India , and were administered by their rulers in the same manner as the Indian princely states , as part of the Persian Gulf Residency ; they were officially categorised as British protectorates , with differing degrees of autonomy . At the time of the British withdrawal , 565 princely states were officially recognised in the Indian subcontinent , apart from thousands of thakurs , taluqdars , zamindaris and jagirs . In 1947 , princely states numbering 555 covered 48 % of area of pre-Independent India and constituted 28 % of its population . The most important states had their own British Political Residencies : Hyderabad , Mysore and Travancore in the South followed by Jammu and Kashmir and Sikkim in the Himalayas , and Indore in Central India . Gun - salutes were often given for personal distinctions of the ruler rather than the importance of the state and varied from time to time . The most prominent among those -- roughly a quarter of the total -- had the status of a salute state , one whose ruler was honoured by receiving a set number of gun salutes on ceremonial occasions , ranging from nine to 21 . Rulers of salute states entitled to a gun salute of eleven guns and above received from the British the style of His / Her Highness ; while the Nizam of Hyderabad had the unique style of His Exalted Highness . The princely states varied greatly in status , size , and wealth ; the premier 21 - gun salute states of Hyderabad and Jammu and Kashmir were each over 200,000 km in size , or slightly larger than the whole of Great Britain . In 1941 , Hyderabad had a population of over 16 million , comparable to the population of Romania at the time , while Jammu and Kashmir had a population of slightly over 4 million , comparable to that of Switzerland . At the other end of the scale , the non-salute principality of Lawa covered an area of 49 km , or smaller than Bermuda , with a population of just below 3,000 . Some two hundred of the lesser states had an area of less than 25 km ( 10 mi ) . At the time of Indian independence in 1947 , Hyderabad had annual revenues of over Rs. 9 crore ( roughly £ 6.75 million / $27.2 million in 1947 values , approximately £ 240 million / $290 million in 2014 values ) , and its own army , airline , telecommunication system , railway , postal system , currency , radio service and a major public university ; the tiny state of Lawa had annual revenues of just Rs. 28,000 ( £ 2100 / $8463 in 1947 values , £ 73,360 / $89,040 in 2014 values ) . The era of the princely states effectively ended with Indian independence in 1947 . By 1950 , almost all of the principalities had acceded to either India or Pakistan . The accession process was largely peaceful , except in the cases of Jammu and Kashmir ( whose ruler opted for independence but decided to accede to India following an invasion by Pakistan - based forces ) , Hyderabad ( whose ruler opted for total independence in 1947 , followed a year later by the police action and annexation of the state by India ) , Junagadh ( whose ruler acceded to Pakistan , but was annexed by India ) . and Kalat ( whose ruler opted for independence in 1947 , followed in 1948 by the state 's annexation ) . As per the terms of accession , the erstwhile Indian princes received privy purses ( government allowances ) , and initially retained their statuses , privileges , and autonomy in internal matters during a transitional period which lasted until 1956 . During this time , the former princely states were merged into unions , each of which was headed by a former ruling prince with the title of Rajpramukh ( ruling chief ) , equivalent to a state governor . In 1956 , the position of Rajpramukh was abolished and the federations dissolved , the former principalities becoming part of Indian states . The states which acceded to Pakistan retained their status until the promulgation of a new constitution in 1956 , when most became part of the province of West Pakistan ; a few of the former states retained their autonomy until 1969 when they were fully integrated into Pakistan . The Indian Government formally derecognised the princely families in 1971 , followed by the Government of Pakistan in 1972 . Contents 1 History 2 British relationship with the princely states 3 Princely status and titles 4 Precedence and prestige 4.1 Salute states 4.2 Non-salute states 5 Doctrine of lapse 6 Imperial governance 7 Principal princely states in 1947 7.1 In direct relations with the Central Government 8 Burma 9 State military forces 10 Political integration of princely states in 1947 and after 10.1 India 10.2 Pakistan 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 14.1 Gazetteers 15 External links History ( edit ) Though principalities and chiefdoms existed on the Indian subcontinent from at least the Iron Age , the history of princely states on the Indian subcontinent dates to at least the 5th -- 6th centuries C.E. , during the rise of the middle kingdoms of India following the collapse of the Gupta Empire . Many of the future ruling clan groups -- notably the Rajputs -- began to emerge during this period ; by the 13th -- 14th centuries , many of the Rajput clans had firmly established semi-independent principalities in the north - west , along with several in the north - east . The widespread expansion of Islam during this time brought many principalities into tributary relations with Islamic sultanates , notably the Delhi Sultanate and Bahmani Sultanate . In the south , however , the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire remained dominant until the mid-17th century ; among its tributaries was the future Mysore Kingdom . The Turco - Mongol Mughal Empire brought a majority of the existing Indian kingdoms and principalities under its suzerainty by the 17th century , beginning with its foundation in the early 16th century . The advent of Sikhism resulted in the creation of the Sikh Empire in the north by the early 18th century , by which time the Mughal Empire was in full decline . At the same time , the Marathas carved out their own states to form the Maratha Empire . Through the 18th century , former Mughal governors formed their own independent states . In the north - west , some of those -- such as Tonk -- allied themselves with various groups , including the Marathas and the Durrani Empire , itself formed in 1747 from a loose agglomeration of tribal chiefdoms that composed former Mughal territories . In 1768 , Prithvi Narayan Shah , ruler of a small principality in Gorkha likewise established the Kingdom of Nepal from a federation of small states , expanding its influence over much of north - eastern India ; in the south , the principalities of Hyderabad and Arcot were fully established by the 1760s , though they nominally remained vassals of the Mughal Emperor . British relationship with the princely states ( edit ) India under the British Raj ( the `` Indian Empire '' ) consisted of two types of territory : British India and the Native states or Princely states . In its Interpretation Act 1889 , the British Parliament adopted the following definitions : ( 4 . ) The expression `` British India '' shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty 's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor - General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor - General of India . ( 5 . ) The expression `` India '' shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor - General of India , or through any governor or other officer subordinate to the Governor - General of India . In general the term `` British India '' had been used ( and is still used ) also to refer to the regions under the rule of the East India Company in India from 1774 to 1858 . The term has also been used to refer to the `` British in India '' . The British Crown 's suzerainty over 175 princely states , generally the largest and most important , was exercised in the name of the British Crown by the central government of British India under the Viceroy ; the remaining approximately 400 states were influenced by Agents answerable to the provincial governments of British India under a Governor , Lieutenant - Governor , or Chief Commissioner . A clear distinction between `` dominion '' and `` suzerainty '' was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law : the law of British India rested upon the legislation enacted by the British Parliament , and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India , both central and local ; in contrast , the courts of the princely states existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states . Princely status and titles ( edit ) His Highness Sayajirao Gaekwad III Sena Khas Khel Shamsher Bahadur GCSI , GCIE , KIH ( 21 - gun salute ) -- the Maratha Maharaja of Baroda The Indian rulers bore various titles -- including Chhatrapati ( exclusively used by the 3 Bhonsle dynasty of the Marathas ) ( `` emperor '' ) , Maharaja or Raja ( `` king '' ) , Sultan , Nawab , Emir , Raje , Nizam , Wadiyar ( by the Maharajas of Mysore ) , Agniraj Maharaj for the rulers of Bhaddaiyan Raj , Chogyal , Nawab ( `` governor '' ) , Nayak , Wāli , Inamdar , Saranjamdar and many others . Whatever the literal meaning and traditional prestige of the ruler 's actual title , the British government translated them all as `` prince , '' to avoid the implication that the native rulers could be `` kings '' with status equal to that of the British monarch . An old image of the British Residency in the city of Quilon , Kerala More prestigious Hindu rulers ( mostly existing before the Mughal Empire , or having split from such old states ) often used the title `` Raja , '' Raje '' or a variant such as Rai , `` Rana , '' `` Rao , '' `` Rawat '' or Rawal . Also in this ' class ' were several Thakurs or Thai ores and a few particular titles , such as Sardar , Mankari ( or Mānkari / Maankari ) , Deshmukh , Sar Desai , Raja Inamdar , Saranjamdar . The most prestigious Hindu rulers usually had the prefix `` maha '' ( `` great '' , compare for example Grand Duke ) in their titles , as in Maharaja , Maharana , Maharao , etc . The states of Travancore and Cochin had queens regnant styled Maharani , generally the female forms applied only to sisters , spouses and widows , who could however act as regents . There were also compound titles , such as ( Maha ) rajadhiraj , Raj - i - rajgan , often relics from an elaborate system of hierarchical titles under the Mughal emperors . For example , the addition of the adjective Bahadur raised the status of the titleholder one level . Furthermore , most dynasties used a variety of additional titles , such as Varma in South India . This should not be confused with various titles and suffixes not specific to princes but used by entire ( sub ) castes . The Sikh princes concentrated at Punjab usually adopted Hindu type titles when attaining princely rank ; at a lower level Sardar was used . Muslim rulers almost all used the title `` Nawab '' ( the Arabic honorific of naib , `` deputy , '' used of the Mughal governors , who became de facto autonomous with the decline of the Mughal Empire ) , with the prominent exceptions of the Nizam of Hyderabad & Berar , the Wāli / Khan of Kalat and the Wāli of Swat . Other less usual titles included Darbar Sahib , Dewan , Jam , Mehtar ( unique to Chitral ) and Mir ( from Emir ) . Precedence and prestige ( edit ) However , the actual importance of a princely state can not be read from the title of its ruler , which was usually granted ( or at least recognised ) as a favour , often in recognition for loyalty and services rendered to the Mughal Empire . Although some titles were raised once or even repeatedly , there was no automatic updating when a state gained or lost real power . In fact , princely titles were even awarded to holders of domains ( mainly jagirs ) and even taluqars and zamindars ( tax collectors ) , which were not states at all . Various sources give significantly different numbers of states and domains of the various types . Even in general , the definition of titles and domains are clearly not well - established . An 1895 group photograph of the eleven - year - old Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV , ruler of the princely state of Mysore in South India , with his brothers and sisters . In 1799 , his grandfather , then aged five , had been granted dominion of Mysore by the British and forced into a subsidiary alliance . The British later directly governed the state between 1831 and 1881 . The Govindgarh Palace of the Maharaja of Rewa . The palace which was built as a hunting lodge later became famous for the first white tigers that were found in the adjacent jungle and raised in the palace zoo . The Nawab of Junagadh Bahadur Khan III ( seated centre in an ornate chair ) shown in an 1885 photograph with state officials and family . Photograph ( 1900 ) of the Maharani of Sikkim . Sikkim was under the suzerainty of the Provincial government of Bengal ; its ruler received a 15 - gun salute . In addition to their titles all princely rulers were eligible to be appointed to certain British orders of chivalry associated with India , the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India and the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire . Women could be appointed as `` Knights '' ( instead of Dames ) of these orders . Rulers entitled to 21 - gun and 19 - gun salutes were normally appointed to the highest rank , Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India . Many Indian princes served in the British Army , the Indian Army , or in local guard or police forces , often rising to high ranks ; some even served while on the throne . Many of these were appointed as an Aide de camp , either to the ruling prince of their own house ( in the case of relatives of such rulers ) or indeed to the British King - Emperor . Many saw active service , both on the subcontinent and on other fronts , during both World Wars . Apart from those members of the princely houses who entered military service and who distinguished themselves , a good number of princes received honorary ranks as officers in the British and Indian Armed Forces . Those ranks were conferred based on several factors , including their heritage , lineage , gun - salute ( or lack of one ) as well as personal character or martial traditions . After the First and Second World Wars , the princely rulers of several of the major states , including Gwalior , Patiala , Bikaner , Jaipur , Jodhpur , Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad , were given honorary general officer ranks as a result of their states ' contributions to the war effort . Lieutenant / Captain / Flight Lieutenant or Lieutenant - Commander / Major / Squadron Leader ( for junior members of princely houses or for minor princes ) Commander / Lieutenant - Colonel / Wing Commander or Captain / Colonel / Group Captain ( granted to princes of salute states , often to those entitled to 15 - guns or more ) Commodore / Brigadier / Air Commodore ( conferred upon princes of salute states entitled to gun salutes of 15 - guns or more ) Major - General / Air Vice-Marshal ( conferred upon princes of salute states entitled to 15 - guns or more ; conferred upon rulers of the major princely states , including Baroda , Kapurthala , Travancore , Bhopal and Mysore ) Lieutenant - General ( conferred upon the rulers of the largest and most prominent princely houses after the First and Second World Wars for their states ' contributions to the war effort . ) General ( very rarely awarded ; the Maharajas of Gwalior and Jammu & Kashmir were created honorary Generals in the British Army in 1877 , the Maharaja of Bikaner was made one in 1937 , and the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1941 ) It was also not unusual for members of princely houses to be appointed to various colonial offices , often far from their native state , or to enter the diplomatic corps . Salute states ( edit ) Main article : Salute state The gun salute system was used to set unambiguously the precedence of the major rulers in the area in which the British East India Company was active , or generally of the states and their dynasties . As heads of a state , certain princely rulers were entitled to be saluted by the firing of an odd number of guns between three and 21 , with a greater number of guns indicating greater prestige . Generally , the number of guns remained the same for all successive rulers of a particular state , but individual princes were sometimes granted additional guns on a personal basis . Furthermore , rulers were sometimes granted additional gun salutes within their own territories only , constituting a semi-promotion . The states of all these rulers ( about 120 ) were known as salute states . After Indian Independence , the Maharana of Udaipur displaced the Nizam of Hyderabad as the most senior prince in India , because Hyderabad State had not acceded to the new Dominion of India , and the style Highness was extended to all rulers entitled to 9 - gun salutes . When the princely states had been integrated into the Indian Union their rulers were promised continued privileges and an income ( known as the Privy Purse ) for their upkeep . Subsequently , when the Indian government abolished the Privy Purse in 1971 , the whole princely order ceased to be recognised under Indian law , although many families continue to retain their social prestige informally ; some descendants of the rulers are still prominent in regional or national politics , diplomacy , business and high society . At the time of Indian independence , only five rulers -- the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maharaja of Mysore , the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir state , the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda and the Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior -- were entitled to a 21 - gun salute . Five more -- the Nawab of Bhopal , the Maharaja Holkar of Indore , the Maharana of Udaipur , the Maharaja of Kolhapur and the Maharaja of Travancore -- were entitled to 19 - gun salutes . The most senior princely ruler was the Nizam of Hyderabad , who was entitled to the unique style Exalted Highness . Other princely rulers entitled to salutes of 11 guns ( soon 9 guns too ) or more were entitled to the style Highness . No special style was used by rulers entitled to lesser gun salutes . As paramount ruler , and successor to the Mughals , the British King - Emperor of India , for whom the style of Majesty was reserved , was entitled to an ' imperial ' 101 - gun salute -- in the European tradition also the number of guns fired to announce the birth of an heir ( male ) to the throne . Non-salute states ( edit ) There was no strict correlation between the levels of the titles and the classes of gun salutes , the real measure of precedence , but merely a growing percentage of higher titles in classes with more guns . As a rule the majority of gun - salute princes had at least nine , with numbers below that usually the prerogative of Arab Sheikhs of the Aden protectorate , also under British protection . There were many so - called non-salute states of lower prestige . Since the total of salute states was 117 and there were more than 500 princely states , most rulers were not entitled to any gun salute . Not all of these were minor rulers -- Surguja State , for example , was both larger and more populous than Karauli State , but the Maharaja of Karauli was entitled to a 17 - gun salute and the Maharaja of Surguja was not entitled to any gun salute at all . A number of princes , in the broadest sense of the term , were not even acknowledged as such . On the other hand , the dynasties of certain defunct states were allowed to keep their princely status -- they were known as political pensioners , such as the Nawab of Oudh . There were also certain estates of British India which were rendered as political saranjams , having equal princely status . Though none of these princes were awarded gun salutes , princely titles in this category were recognised as a form of vassals of salute states , and were not even in direct relation with the paramount power . Doctrine of lapse ( edit ) Main article : Doctrine of lapse A controversial aspect of East India Company rule was the doctrine of lapse , a policy under which lands whose feudal ruler died ( or otherwise became unfit to rule ) without a male biological heir ( as opposed to an adopted son ) would become directly controlled by the Company and an adopted son would not become the ruler of the princely state . This policy went counter to Indian tradition where , unlike Europe , it was far more the accepted norm for a ruler to appoint his own heir . The doctrine of lapse was pursued most vigorously by the Governor - General Sir James Ramsay , 10th Earl ( later 1st Marquess ) of Dalhousie . Dalhousie annexed seven states , including Awadh ( Oudh ) , whose Nawabs he had accused of misrule , and the Maratha states of Nagpur , Jhansi and Satara and Sambalpur and Thanjavur . Resentment over the annexation of these states turned to indignation when the heirlooms of the Maharajas of Nagpur were auctioned off in Calcutta . Dalhousie 's actions contributed to the rising discontent amongst the upper castes which played a large part in the outbreak of the Indian mutiny of 1857 . The last Mughal Badshah ( emperor ) , whom many of the mutineers saw as a figurehead to rally around , was deposed following its suppression . In response to the unpopularity of the doctrine , it was discontinued with the end of Company rule and the British Parliament 's assumption of direct power over India . Imperial governance ( edit ) Main articles : Agencies of British India and Residencies of British India Photograph ( 1894 ) of the 19 - year - old Shahaji II Bhonsle Maharajah of Kolhapur visiting the British resident and his staff at the Residency By treaty , the British controlled the external affairs of the princely states absolutely . As the states were not British possessions , they retained control over their own internal affairs , subject to a degree of British influence which in many states was substantial . By the beginning of the 20th century , relations between the British and the four largest states -- Hyderabad , Mysore , Jammu and Kashmir , and Baroda -- were directly under the control of the Governor - General of India , in the person of a British Resident . Two agencies , for Rajputana and Central India , oversaw twenty and 148 princely states respectively . The remaining princely states had their own British political officers , or Agents , who answered to the administrators of India 's provinces . The Agents of five princely states were then under the authority of Madras , 354 under Bombay , 26 of Bengal , two under Assam , 34 under Punjab , fifteen under Central Provinces and Berar and two under United Provinces . Chamber of Princes meeting in March 1941 The Chamber of Princes ( Narender Mandal or Narendra Mandal ) was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of the King - Emperor to provide a forum in which the rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government . It survived until the end of the British Raj in 1947 . By the early 1930s , most of the princely states whose Agencies were under the authority of India 's provinces were organised into new Agencies , answerable directly to the Governor - general , on the model of the Central India and Rajputana agencies : the Eastern States Agency , Punjab States Agency , Baluchistan Agency , Deccan States Agency , Madras States Agency and the Northwest Frontier States Agency . The Baroda Residency was combined with the princely states of northern Bombay Presidency into the Baroda , Western India and Gujarat States Agency . Gwalior was separated from the Central India Agency and given its own Resident , and the states of Rampur and Benares , formerly with Agents under the authority of the United Provinces , were placed under the Gwalior Residency in 1936 . The princely states of Sandur and Banganapalle in Mysore Presidency were transferred to the agency of the Mysore Resident in 1939 . Principal princely states in 1947 ( edit ) The native states in 1947 included five large states that were in `` direct political relations '' with the Government of India . For the complete list of princely states in 1947 , see List of princely states of India . In direct relations with the Central government ( edit ) Five large Princely states in direct political relations with the Central Government in India Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1941 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Baroda State 13,866 3,343,477 ( chiefly Hindu ) 323.26 Maharaja , Maratha , Hindu 21 Resident at Baroda Hyderabad State 82,698 16,338,534 ( mostly Hindu with a sizeable Muslim minority ) 1582.43 Nizam , Turkic , Sunni Muslim 21 Resident in Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir 84,471 4,021,616 including Gilgit , Baltistan ( Skardu ) , Ladakh , and Punch ( mostly Muslim , with sizeable Hindu and Buddhist populations ) 463.95 Maharaja , Dogra , Hindu 21 Resident in Jammu & Kashmir Kingdom of Mysore 29,458 7,328,896 ( chiefly Hindu ) 1001.38 Maharaja , Kannadiga , Hindu 21 Resident in Mysore Gwalior State 26,397 4,006,159 ( chiefly Hindu ) 356.75 Maharaja , Maratha , Hindu 21 Resident at Gwalior Total 236,890 35,038,682 3727.77 Central India Agency , Gwalior Residency , Baluchistan Agency , Rajputana Agency , Eastern States Agency show Please expand to view the tables for the Agencies under the Central government 88 Princely states forming the Central India Agency Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1941 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Indore State 9,341 1,513,966 ( mainly Hindu ) 304.9 Maharaja , Maratha , Hindu 19 ( plus 2 local ) Resident at Indore Bhopal 6,924 785,322 ( mostly Hindu ) 119.82 Nawab ( m ) / Begum ( f ) , Afghan , Muslim 19 ( plus 2 local ) Political Agent in Bhopal Rewah 13,000 1,820,445 ( chiefly Hindu ) 65 Maharaja , Baghel Rajput , Hindu 17 Political agent in Baghelkhand 85 smaller and minor states ( 1941 ) 22,995 ( 1901 ) 2.74 million ( Chiefly Hindu , 1901 ) 129 ( 1901 ) Total 77,395 ( 1901 ) 8.51 million ( 1901 ) 421 ( 1901 ) 42 Princely states forming the Eastern States Agency Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1941 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Cooch Behar 1,318 639,898 ( chiefly Hindu and Muslim ) 91 Maharaja , Kshattriya , Brahmo 13 Resident for the Eastern States Tripura State 4,116 513,010 ( chiefly Hindu ) 54 Maharaja , Kshattriya , Hindu 13 Resident for the Eastern States Mayurbhanj State 4,243 990,977 ( chiefly Hindu ) 49 Maharaja , Kshattriya , Hindu 9 Resident for the Eastern States 39 smaller and minor states ( 1941 ) 56,253 6,641,991 241.31 Total 65,930 8,785,876 435.31 Gwalior Residency ( 2 states ) Two states under the suzerainty of the Resident at Gwalior , Gwalior having direct relations with the central government . Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1941 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Rampur 893 464,919 ( chiefly Hindu and Muslim , in 1931 ) 51 Nawab , Pathan , Muslim 15 Political Agent at Rampur Benares State 875 391,165 ( chiefly Hindu , 1931 ) 19 Maharaja , Bhumihar , Hindu 13 ( plus 2 local ) Political Agent at Benares Total 1,768 856,084 ( 1941 , approx . ) 70 23 Princely states forming the Rajputana Agency , with the Resident for Rajputana at Abu Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1941 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Udaipur ( Mewar ) 13,170 1,926,698 ( chiefly Hindu and Bhil ) 107 Maharana , Sisodia Rajput , Hindu 19 ( plus 2 personal ) Political Agent for the Mewar and Southern Rajputana States Jaipur 15,610 3,040,876 ( chiefly Hindu ) 188.6 Maharaja , Kachwaha Rajput , Hindu 17 ( plus 2 personal ) Political Agent at Jaipur Jodhpur ( Marwar ) 36,120 2,555,904 ( chiefly Hindu ) 208.65 Maharaja , Rathor Rajput , Hindu 17 Political Agent for the Western States of Rajputana Bikaner 23,181 1,292,938 ( chiefly Hindu ) 185.5 Maharaja , Rathor Rajput , Hindu 17 Political agent for the Western States of Rajputana 17 salute states , 1 chiefship , 1 zamindari 42,374 3.64 million ( chiefly Hindu , 1901 ) 155 ( 1901 ) Total 128,918 ( 1901 ) 9.84 million ( 1901 ) 320 ( 1901 ) 3 Princely states forming the Baluchistan Agency Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1941 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Kalat 73,278 250,211 ( chiefly Sunni Muslim ) 21.3 Khan or Wali , Brahui , Sunni Muslim 19 Political Agent in Kalat Las Bela 7,132 68,972 ( chiefly Sunni Muslim ) 6.1 Jam , Kureshi Arab , Sunni Muslim Political Agent in Kalat Kharan 14,210 33,763 ( chiefly Sunni Muslim ) Nawab , Sunni Muslim Political Agent in Kalat Total 94,620 352,946 29.4 Sikkim , as a Protectorate of the British Government Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1941 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Sikkim 2,818 121,520 ( chiefly Buddhist and Hindu ) 5 Maharaja , Tibetan , Buddhist 15 Political Officer , Sikkim Other states under provincial governments show Please expand to view the tables for other states under Provincial Governments Madras ( 5 States ) 5 States under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of Madras Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1901 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand ) Rupees Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Travancore 7,091 2,952,157 ( chiefly Hindu and Christian ) 100 Maharaja , Kshatriya - Samanthan , Hindu 21 ( including two guns personal to the then ruler ) Resident in Travancore and Cochin Cochin 1,362 812,025 ( chiefly Hindu and Christian ) 27 Raja , Samanta - Kshatriya , Hindu 17 Resident in Travancore and Cochin Padukkottai 1,100 380,440 ( chiefly Hindu ) 11 Raja , Kallar , Hindu 11 Collector of Trichinopoly ( ex officio Political Agent ) 2 minor states ( Banganapalle and Sandur ) 416 43,464 Total 9,969 4,188,086 141 Bombay ( 354 States ) 354 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of Bombay Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1901 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Kolhapur 2,855 910,011 ( chiefly Hindus ) 48 Maharaja , Kshatriya , Hindu 19 Political Agent for Kolhapur Cutch 7,616 488,022 ( chiefly Hindu ) 20 Maharao , Jadeja Rajput , Hindu 17 Political Agent in Cutch Junagarh 3,284 395,428 ( chiefly Hindu ) 27 Nawab , Pathan , Muslim 11 Agent to the Governor in Kathiawar Navanagar 3,791 336,779 ( chiefly Hindu ) 31 Jam Sahib , Jadeja Rajput , Hindu 11 Agent to the Governor in Kathiawar 349 other states 42,165 4,579,095 281 Total 65,761 6,908,648 420 Central Provinces ( 15 States ) 15 States under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the Central Provinces Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1901 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Kalahandi 3,745 284,465 ( chiefly Hindu ) Raja , Rajput , Hindu 9 Political Agent for the Chhattisgarh Feudatories Bastar 13,062 306,501 ( chiefly Animist ) Raja , Kshatriya , Hindu Political Agent for the Chhattisgarh Feudatories 13 other states 12,628 1,339,353 ( chiefly Hindu ) 16 11 Total 29,435 1,996,383 21 Punjab ( 45 States ) 45 states under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of the Punjab Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1941 Approximate revenue of the State ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Bahawalpur 16,434 1,341,209 ( chiefly Muslim ) 335 Nawab , Daudputra , Muslim 17 Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur Patiala 5,942 1,936,259 ( chiefly Hindu and Sikh ) 302.6 Maharaja , Sidhu Jat , Sikh 17 ( and 2 personal ) Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur Nabha 947 340,044 ( chiefly Hindu and Sikh ) 38.7 Maharaja , Sidhu Jat , Sikh 13 ( and 2 local ) Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur Jind 1,299 361,812 ( chiefly Hindu and Sikh ) 37.4 Maharaja , Sidhu Jat , Sikh 13 ( and 2 personal ) Political Agent for Phulkian States and Bahawalpur Kapurthala 645 378,380 ( chiefly Muslim and Hindu ) 40.5 Maharaja , Ahluwalia Kolal , Sikh 13 ( and 2 personal ) Commissioner of the Jullundur Division ( ex officio Political Agent ) Faridkot 638 199,283 ( Sikh , Hindu , and Muslim ) 22.7 Raja , Barar Jat , Sikh 11 Commissioner of the Jullundur Division ( ex officio Political Agent ) Tehri ( Garhwal ) 4,500 397,369 ( chiefly Hindu ) 26.9 Maharaja , Rajput Hindu 11 Commissioner of Kumaun ( ex officio Political Agent ) Khairpur 6,050 305,387 ( chiefly Muslim ) 15 ( plus 2 local ) Mir , Talpur Baloch , Muslim 37.8 Political Agent for Khairpur 25 other states 12,661 ( in 1901 ) 1,087,614 ( in 1901 ) 30 ( in 1901 ) Total 36,532 ( in 1901 ) 4,424,398 ( in 1901 ) 155 ( in 1901 ) Assam ( 26 states ) 26 States under the suzerainty of the Provincial Government of Assam Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1941 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Manipur 8,638 512,069 ( chiefly Hindu and Animist ) 19 Raja , Kshatriya , Hindu 11 Political Agent in Manipur 25 Khasi States 3,778 213,586 ( Khasi and Christian ) ~ 1 ( 1941 , approx . ) Deputy Commissioner , Khasi and Jaintia Hills Total 12,416 725,655 20 ( 1941 ; approx . ) Burma ( edit ) See also : Shan States and Wa States Burma ( 52 states ) 52 States in Burma : all except Kantarawadi , one of the Karenni States , were included in British India until 1937 Name of Princely state Area in square miles Population in 1901 Approximate revenue of the state ( in hundred thousand Rupees ) Title , ethnicity , and religion of ruler Gun - Salute for ruler Designation of local political officer Hsipaw ( Thibaw ) 5,086 105,000 ( Buddhist ) Sawbwa , Shan , Buddhist 9 Superintendent , Northern Shan States Kengtung 12,000 190,000 ( Buddhist ) Sawbwa , Shan , Buddhist 9 Superintendent Southern Shan States Yawnghwe 865 95,339 ( Buddhist ) 2.13 Sawbwa , Shan , Buddhist 9 Superintendent Southern Shan States Mongnai 2,717 44,000 ( Buddhist ) 0.5 Sawbwa , Shan , Buddhist Superintendent Southern Shan States 5 Karenni States 3,130 45,795 ( Buddhist and Animist ) 0,035 Sawbwa , Red Karen , Buddhist Superintendent Southern Shan States 44 Other States 42,198 792,152 ( Buddhist and Animist ) 8.5 Total 67,011 1,177,987 13.5 State military forces ( edit ) See article : Indian State Forces The armies of the Native States were bound by many restrictions that were imposed by subsidiary alliances . They existed mainly for ceremonial use and for internal policing , although certain units designated as Imperial Service Troops , were available for service alongside the regular Indian Army upon request by the British government . According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 85 , Since a chief can neither attack his neighbour nor fall out with a foreign nation , it follows that he needs no military establishment which is not required either for police purposes or personal display , or for cooperation with the Imperial Government . The treaty made with Gwalior in 1844 , and the instrument of transfer given to Mysore in 1881 , alike base the restriction of the forces of the State upon the broad ground of protection . The former explained in detail that unnecessary armies were embarrassing to the State itself and the cause of disquietude to others : a few months later a striking proof of this was afforded by the army of the Sikh kingdom of Lahore . The British Government has undertaken to protect the dominions of the Native princes from invasion and even from rebellion within : its army is organised for the defence not merely of British India , but of all the possessions under the suzerainty of the King - Emperor . In addition , other restrictions were imposed : The treaties with most of the larger States are clear on this point . Posts in the interior must not be fortified , factories for the production of guns and ammunition must not be constructed , nor may the subject of other States be enlisted in the local forces ... They must allow the forces that defend them to obtain local supplies , to occupy cantonments or positions , and to arrest deserters ; and in addition to these services they must recognise the Imperial control of the railways , telegraphs , and postal communications as essential not only to the common welfare but to the common defence . The Imperial Service Troops were routinely inspected by British army officers and generally had the same equipment as soldiers in the Indian Army . Although their numbers were relatively small , the Imperial Service Troops were employed in China and British Somaliland in the first decade of the 20th century , and later saw action in the First World War and Second World War . Political integration of princely states in 1947 and after ( edit ) Main articles : Political integration of India and Princely states of Pakistan The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with India and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Pakistan and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India ( edit ) At the time of Indian independence in August 1947 , India was divided into two sets of territories , the first being the territories of `` British India , '' which were under the direct control of the India Office in London and the Governor - General of India , and the second being the `` Princely states , '' the territories over which the Crown had suzerainty , but which were under the control of their hereditary rulers . In addition , there were several colonial enclaves controlled by France and Portugal . The integration of these territories into Dominion of India , that had been created by the Indian Independence Act 1947 by the British parliament , was a declared objective of the Indian National Congress , which the Government of India pursued over the years 1947 to 1949 . Through a combination of tactics , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V.P. Menon in the months immediately preceding and following the independence convinced the rulers of almost all of the hundreds of princely states to accede to India . In a speech in January 1948 , Vallabhbhai Patel said : As you are all aware , on the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity and our first task of consolidating about 550 States was on the basis of accession to the Indian Dominion on three subjects . Barring Hyderabad and Junagadh all the states which are contiguous to India acceded to Indian Dominion . Subsequently , Kashmir also came in ... Some Rulers who were quick to read the writing on the wall , gave responsible government to their people ; Cochin being the most illustrious example . In Travancore , there was a short struggle , but there , too , the Ruler soon recognised the aspiration of his people and agreed to introduce a constitution in which all powers would be transferred to the people and he would function as a constitutional Ruler . Although this process successfully integrated the vast majority of princely states into India , it was not as successful in relation to a few states , notably the former princely state of Kashmir , whose Maharaja delayed signing the instrument of accession into India until his territories were under the threat of invasion by Pakistan , the state of Hyderabad , whose ruler decided to remain independent and was subsequently defeated by the Operation Polo invasion . Having secured their accession , Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon then proceeded , in a step - by - step process , to secure and extend the central government 's authority over these states and to transform their administrations until , by 1956 , there was little difference between the territories that had formerly been part of British India and those that had been princely states . Simultaneously , the Government of India , through a combination of diplomatic and military means , acquired control over the remaining European colonial enclaves , such as Goa , which were also integrated into India . As the final step , in 1971 , the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India withdrew official recognition of all official symbols of princely India , including titles and privileges , and abolished the remuneration of the princes by privy purses . As a result , even titular heads of the former princely states ceased to exist . Pakistan ( edit ) During the period of the British Raj , there were four princely states in Balochistan : Makran , Kharan , Las Bela and Kalat . The first three acceded to Pakistan . However , the ruler of the fourth princely state , the Khan of Kalat Ahmad Yar Khan , declared Kalat 's independence as this was one of the options given to all princely states . The state remained independent until it was acceded on 27 March 1948 . The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan , led his brother , Prince Abdul Karim , to revolt against his brother 's decision in July 1948 , causing an ongoing and still unresolved insurgency . Bahawalpur from the Punjab Agency joined Pakistan on 5 October 1947 . The Princely states of the North - West Frontier States Agencies . included the Dir Swat and Chitral Agency and the Deputy Commissioner of Hazara acting as the Political Agent for Amb and Phulra . These states joined Pakistan on independence from the British . See also ( edit ) Jagirdar Salute state List of Indian Princely states List of Maratha dynasties and states List of Rajput dynasties and states List of Indian monarchs List of Zaildars by Zail Principality worldwide Maratha Empire Indian feudalism Indian honorifics Maratha titles Oudh Bequest Rajputana Vorstenlanden , princely states in the Netherlands Indies Praja Mandal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Values are from the last imperial Indian census in 1941 . Until 1966 , when India left the British sterling area , the Indian rupee was pegged to the British pound sterling and had a value of 1s . 6d ( 1 shilling and 6d. , equal to 18 old pence ) . The pre-decimal pound was subdivided into 20s . ( shillings ) and valued at $4.03 in 1947 . One shilling was therefore worth $0.20 U.S. , so a rupee was worth $0.30 U.S. In 1947 , 1s . 6d had an estimated purchasing power of £ 2.62 in 2014 , while $0.30 in 1947 had an estimated purchasing power of $3.18 ( in 2014 values ). ( Schedule of Par Values , Currencies of Metropolitan Areas , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg xxiii , Macmillan & Co. ; measuringworth.com ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ramusack 2004 , pp. 85 Quote : `` The British did not create the Indian princes . Before and during the European penetration of India , indigenous rulers achieved dominance through the military protection they provided to dependents and their skill in acquiring revenues to maintain their military and administrative organisations . Major Indian rulers exercised varying degrees and types of sovereign powers before they entered treaty relations with the British . What changed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is that the British increasingly restricted the sovereignty of Indian rulers . The Company set boundaries ; it extracted resources in the form of military personnel , subsidies or tribute payments , and the purchase of commercial goods at favourable prices , and limited opportunities for other alliances . From the 1810s onwards as the British expanded and consolidated their power , their centralised military despotism dramatically reduced the political options of Indian rulers . '' ( p. 85 ) Jump up ^ Ramusack 2004 , p. 87 Quote : `` The British system of indirect rule over Indian states ... provided a model for the efficient use of scarce monetary and personnel resources that could be adopted to imperial acquisitions in Malaya and Africa . ( p. 87 ) '' Jump up ^ http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Jump up ^ `` Who betrayed Sardar Patel ? '' . Jump up ^ Coen , Sir Terence Bernard Creagh , KBE , CIE . The Indian Political Service : A Study in Indirect Rule . London : Chatto & Windus , 1971 Jump up ^ Markovits , Claude ( 2004 ) . A history of modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . Anthem Press . pp. 386 -- 409 . ^ Jump up to : The India Office and Burma Office List : 1945 . Harrison & Sons , Ltd. 1945 . pp. 33 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Ravi Kumar Pillai of Kandamath in the Journal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs , pages 316 -- 319 https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2016.1171621 Jump up ^ Bajwa , Kuldip Singh ( 2003 ) . Jammu and Kashmir War , 1947 -- 1948 : Political and Military Perspectiv . New Delhi : Hari - Anand Publications Limited . Jump up ^ Aparna Pande ( 16 March 2011 ) . Explaining Pakistan 's Foreign Policy : Escaping India . Taylor & Francis . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 81893 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jalal , Ayesha ( 2014 ) , The Struggle for Pakistan : A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics , Harvard University Press , p. 72 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 74499 - 8 : `` Equally notorious was his high - handed treatment of the state of Kalat , whose ruler was made to accede to Pakistan on threat of punitive military action . '' Jump up ^ Samad , Yunas ( 2014 ) . `` Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan '' . Commonwealth & Comparative Politics . 52 ( 2 ) : 293 -- 320 . doi : 10.1080 / 14662043.2014. 894280 . : `` When Mir Ahmed Yar Khan dithered over acceding the Baloch - Brauhi confederacy to Pakistan in 1947 the centre 's response was to initiate processes that would coerce the state joining Pakistan . By recognising the feudatory states of Las Bela , Kharan and the district of Mekran as independent states , which promptly merged with Pakistan , the State of Kalat became land locked and reduced to a fraction of its size . Thus Ahmed Yar Khan was forced to sign the instrument of accession on 27 March 1948 , which immediately led to the brother of the Khan , Prince Abdul Karim raising the banner of revolt in July 1948 , starting the first of the Baloch insurgencies . '' Jump up ^ Harrison , Selig S. ( 1981 ) , In Afghanistan 's Shadow : Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations , Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , p. 24 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 029 - 1 : `` Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration , touching off a nine - month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat ... it is clear that Baluch leaders , including the Khan , were bitterly opposed to what happened . '' Jump up ^ Wilhelm von Pochhammer , India 's road to nationhood : a political history of the subcontinent ( 1981 ) ch 57 Jump up ^ Agarwal , Ashvini ( 1989 ) . Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5 , pp. 264 -- 9 Jump up ^ Grousset , Rene ( 1970 ) . The Empire of the Steppes . Rutgers University Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1304 - 9 . Jump up ^ Interpretation Act 1889 ( 52 & 53 Vict . c. 63 ) , s . 18 Jump up ^ 1 . Imperial Gazetteer of India , volume IV , published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India - in - Council , 1909 , Oxford University Press. page 5 . Quote : `` The history of British India falls , as observed by Sir C.P. Ilbert in his Government of India , into three periods . From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation , existing on the sufferance of the native powers and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France . During the next century the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion , shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown , and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions . After the mutiny of 1857 the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown , and then follows an era of peace in which India awakens to new life and progress . '' 2 . The Statutes : From the Twentieth Year of King Henry the Third to the ... by Robert Harry Drayton , Statutes of the Realm -- Law -- 1770 Page 211 ( 3 ) `` Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act , the law of British India and of the several parts thereof existing immediately before the appointed ... '' 3 . Edney , M.E. ( 1997 ) Mapping an Empire : The Geographical Construction of British India , 1765 -- 1843 , University of Chicago Press . 480 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 18488 - 3 4 . Hawes , C.J. ( 1996 ) Poor Relations : The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India , 1773 -- 1833 . Routledge , 217 pages . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 0425 - 6 . Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , pp. 463 , 470 Quote1 : `` Before passing on to the political history of British India , which properly begins with the Anglo - French Wars in the Carnatic , ... ( p. 463 ) '' Quote2 : `` The political history of the British in India begins in the eighteenth century with the French Wars in the Carnatic . ( p. 471 ) '' ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Great Britain . Indian Statutory Commission ; Viscount John Allsebrook Simon Simon ( 1930 ) . Report of the Indian Statutory Commission ... H.M. Stationery Office . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ All India reporter . D.V. Chitaley. 1938 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Royalark.net : `` Salute States '' Jump up ^ Govindlal Dalsukhbhai Patel ( 1957 ) . The land problem of reorganized Bombay state . N.M. Tripathi . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Vapal Pangunni Menon ( 1956 ) The Story of the Integration of the Indian States , Macmillan Co. , pp. 17 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Mysore , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 173 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ `` Jammu and Kashmir , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 171 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 170 , Macmillan & Co . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 93 Jump up ^ `` Central India Agency , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 168 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ `` Eastern States , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 168 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ `` Gwalior Residency , '' , Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 170 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ `` Rajputana , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 175 , Macmillan & Co . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 96 Jump up ^ `` Baluchistan States , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 160 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ `` Sikkim , '' Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 175 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 100 Jump up ^ `` Punjab States , '' , Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 174 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` Assam States , '' , Indian States and Agencies , The Statesman 's Year Book 1947 , pg 160 , Macmillan & Co . Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Lt. Gen. Sir George MacMunn , page 198 `` The Armies of India '' , ISBN 0 - 947554 - 02 - 5 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , pp. 85 -- 86 ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907 , p. 87 Jump up ^ R.P. Bhargava ( 1992 ) The Chamber of Princes , p. 313 Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( 26 Amendment ) Act , 1971 '' , indiacode.nic.in , Government of India , 1971 , archived from the original on 6 December 2011 , retrieved 9 November 2011 Jump up ^ 1 . Ramusack , Barbara N. ( 2004 ) . The Indian princes and their states . Cambridge University Press . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26727 - 4 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . , `` Through a constitutional amendment passed in 1971 , Indira Gandhi stripped the princes of the titles , privy purses and regal privileges which her father 's government had granted . '' ( p 278 ) . 2 . Naipaul , V.S. ( 8 April 2003 ) , India : A Wounded Civilisation , Random House Digital , Inc. , pp. 37 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3075 - 0 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` The princes of India -- their number and variety reflecting to a large extent the chaos that had come to the country with the break up of the Mughal empire -- had lost real power in the British time . Through generations of idle servitude they had grown to specialise only in style . A bogus , extinguishable glamour : in 1947 , with Independence , they had lost their state , and Mrs. Gandhi in 1971 had , without much public outcry , abolished their privy purses and titles . '' ( pp 37 -- 38 ) . 3 . Schmidt , Karl J. ( 1995 ) , An atlas and survey of South Asian history , M.E. Sharpe , p. 78 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 334 - 9 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` Although the Indian states were alternately requested or forced into union with either India or Pakistan , the real death of princely India came when the Twenty - sixth Amendment Act ( 1971 ) abolished the princes ' titles , privileges , and privy purses . '' ( page 78 ) . 4 . Breckenridge , Carol Appadurai ( 1995 ) , Consuming modernity : public culture in a South Asian world , U of Minnesota Press , pp. 84 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 2306 - 8 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` The third stage in the political evolution of the princes from rulers to citizens occurred in 1971 , when the constitution ceased to recognise them as princes and their privy purses , titles , and special privileges were abolished . '' ( page 84 ) . 5 . Guha , Ramachandra ( 5 August 2008 ) , India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy , HarperCollins , pp. 441 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095858 - 9 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` Her success at the polls emboldened Mrs. Gandhi to act decisively against the princes . Through 1971 , the two sides tried and failed to find a settlement . The princes were willing to forgo their privy purses , but hoped at least to save their titles . But with her overwhelming majority in Parliament , the prime minister had no need to compromise . On 2 December she introduced a bill to amend the constitution and abolish all princely privileges . It was passed in the Lok Sabha by 381 votes to six , and in the Rajya Sabha by 167 votes to seven . In her own speech , the prime minister invited ' the princes to join the elite of the modern age , the elite which earns respect by its talent , energy and contribution to human progress , all of which can only be done when we work together as equals without regarding anybody as of special status . ' '' ( page 441 ) . 6 . Cheesman , David ( 1997 ) . Landlord power and rural indebtedness in colonial Sind , 1865 -- 1901 . London : Routledge . pp. 10 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0470 - 5 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Quote : `` The Indian princes survived the British Raj by only a few years . The Indian republic stripped them of their powers and then their titles . '' ( page 10 ) . 7 . Merriam - Webster , Inc ( 1997 ) , Merriam - Webster 's geographical dictionary , Merriam - Webster , pp. 520 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 546 - 9 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` Various ( formerly ) semi-independent areas in India ruled by native princes ... Under British rule ... administered by residents assisted by political agents . Titles and remaining privileges of princes abolished by Indian government 1971 . '' ( page 520 ) . 8 . Ward , Philip ( September 1989 ) , Northern India , Rajasthan , Agra , Delhi : a travel guide , Pelican Publishing , pp. 91 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88289 - 753 - 0 , retrieved 6 November 2011 Quote : `` A monarchy is only as good as the reigning monarch : thus it is with the princely states . Once they seemed immutable , invincible . In 1971 they were `` derecognised , '' their privileges , privy purses and titles all abolished at a stroke '' ( page 91 ) Jump up ^ Pervaiz I Cheema ; Manuel Riemer ( 22 August 1990 ) . Pakistan 's Defence Policy 1947 -- 58 . Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 60 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 20942 - 2 . Jump up ^ Farhan Hanif Siddiqi ( 2012 ) . The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan : The Baloch , Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements . Routledge . pp. 71 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 68614 - 3 . Jump up ^ T.V. Paul ( February 2014 ) . The Warrior State : Pakistan in the Contemporary World . OUP USA . pp. 133 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 932223 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bangash , Y.K. ( 2015 ) , `` Constructing the state : Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan '' , in Roger D. Long ; Gurharpal Singh ; Yunas Samad ; Ian Talbot , State and Nation - Building in Pakistan : Beyond Islam and Security , Routledge , pp. 82 -- , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 44820 - 4 Jump up ^ Nicholas Schmidle ( 2 March 2010 ) . To Live or to Perish Forever : Two Tumultuous Years in Pakistan . Henry Holt and Company . pp. 86 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4299 - 8590 - 1 . Jump up ^ Syed Farooq Hasnat ( 26 May 2011 ) . Global Security Watch -- Pakistan . ABC - CLIO . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34698 - 9 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bhagavan , Manu . `` Princely States and the Hindu Imaginary : Exploring the Cartography of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial India '' Journal of Asian Studies , ( Aug 2008 ) 67 # 3 pp 881 -- 915 in JSTOR Bhagavan , Manu . Sovereign Spheres : Princes , Education and Empire in Colonial India ( 2003 ) Copland , Ian ( 2002 ) , Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire , 1917 -- 1947 , ( Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society ) . Cambridge and London : Cambridge University Press . Pp. 316 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 89436 - 0 . Ernst , W. and B. Pati , eds . India 's Princely States : People , Princes , and Colonialism ( 2007 ) Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , Chs. 4 & 5. , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Jeffrey , Robin . People , Princes and Paramount Power : Society and Politics in the Indian Princely States ( 1979 ) 396pp Kooiman , Dick . Communalism and Indian Princely States : Travancore , Baroda & Hyderabad in the 1930s ( 2002 ) , 249pp Markovits , Claude ( 2004 ) . `` ch 21 : `` Princely India ( 1858 -- 1950 ) '' . A history of modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . Anthem Press . pp. 386 -- 409 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 152 - 2 . Ramusack , Barbara ( 2004 ) , The Indian Princes and their States , The New Cambridge History of India , Cambridge and London : Cambridge University Press . Pp. 324 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 03989 - 4 Pochhammer , Wilhelm von India 's Road to Nationhood : A Political History of the Subcontinent ( 1973 ) ch 57 excerpt Zutshi , Chitralekha . `` Re-visioning princely states in South Asian historiography : A review '' Indian Economic & Social History Review ( 2009 ) 46 # 3 pp 301 -- 313 . doi : 10.1177 / 001946460904600302 Gazetteers ( edit ) Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire , Historical , Published under the authority of His Majesty 's Secretary of State for India in Council , Oxford at the Clarendon Press . Pp . xxxv , 1 map , 573 . online Imperial Gazetteer of India vol . III ( 1907 ) , The Indian Empire , Economic ( Chapter X : Famine , pp. 475 -- 502 , Published under the authority of His Majesty 's Secretary of State for India in Council , Oxford at the Clarendon Press . Pp . xxxvi , 1 map , 520 . online Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV ( 1907 ) , The Indian Empire , Administrative , Published under the authority of His Majesty 's Secretary of State for India in Council , Oxford at the Clarendon Press . Pp . xxx , 1 map , 552 . online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Princely states of India . Indian Princely states and their History and detailed Genealogy -- Royalark Sir Roper Lethbridge ( 1893 ) . The Golden Book of India : A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes , Chiefs , Nobles , and Other Personages , Titled or Decorated , of the Indian Empire ( Full text ) . Macmillan And Co. , New York . Exhaustive lists of rulers and heads of government , and some biographies . Gun salute Princely states during the British Raj 21 - gun salute Baroda Gwalior Hyderabad Jammu & Kashmir Mysore 19 - gun salute Bhopal Indore Kalat Kolhapur Travancore Udaipur 17 - gun salute Bahawalpur Bharatpur Bikaner Bundi Cochin Cutch Jaipur Jodhpur Karauli Kota Patiala Pudukkottai Rewa Tonk 15 - gun salute Alwar Banswara Datia Dewas Dhar Dholpur Dungarpur Idar Jaisalmer Khairpur Kishangarh Orchha Pratapgarh Rampur Sikkim Sirohi 13 - gun salute Benares Bhavnagar Cooch Behar Dhrangadhra Jaora Jhalawar Jind Junagadh Kapurthala Nabha Nawanagar Palanpur Porbandar Rajpipla Ratlam Tripura 11 - gun salute Ajaigarh Alirajpur Baoni Barwani Bijawar Bilaspur Cambay Chamba Charkhari Chhatarpur Chitral Faridkot Tehri Garhwal Gondal Janjira / Jafrabad Jhabua Malerkotla Mandi Manipur Morvi Narsinghgarh Panna Radhanpur Rajgarh Sailana Samthar Sirmur Sitamau Suket Wankaner 9 - gun salute Balasinor Banganapalle Bansda Baraundha Baria Bhor Chhota Udaipur Danta Dharampur Dhrol Jawhar Kalahandi Khilchipur Limbdi Loharu Lunavada Maihar Mayurbhanj Mudhol Nagod Palitana Patna Rajkot Sachin Sangli Sant Sawantwadi Shahpura Sonepur Wadhwan Yawnghwe List of princely states of British India ( alphabetical ) Salute state Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princely_state&oldid=855256609 '' Categories : Princely states of India Types of country subdivisions States by power status Hindu dynasties Former British protectorates Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2014 India - centric Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2017 Pakistan - centric Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ไทย اردو 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 00 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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-6385127659980069166	The Wizarding World of Harry Potter (Universal Orlando Resort)	The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Orlando Resort ) - wikipedia The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Orlando Resort ) Jump to : navigation , search The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle , which houses Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Universal 's Islands of Adventure Status Operating Cost GBP £ 134 million USD $200 million Soft opening date June 1 , 2010 Opening date June 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 18 ) Replaced Merlinwood ( The Lost Continent ) Universal Studios Florida Status Operating Cost USD $256 million Soft opening date July 3 , 2014 Opening date July 8 , 2014 Replaced Jaws General statistics Attraction type Themed zone Designer Universal Creative Theme Harry Potter Size Phase 1 : 20 acres ( 8.1 ha ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is a themed area spanning two theme parks -- Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Florida -- at the Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando , Florida . The area is themed to the Harry Potter media franchise , adapting elements from the film series and novels by J.K. Rowling . The attraction was designed by Universal Creative from an exclusive license with Warner Bros. Entertainment . The first phase was officially announced for Islands of Adventure on May 31 , 2007 , and after a two - and - a-half - year construction period , the area officially opened to the public on June 18 , 2010 . The area 's flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . It takes riders on a journey through Harry Potter 's wizarding world . Other attractions include Dragon Challenge , a now - closed pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . The area also features a re-creation of Hogsmeade containing many gift shops and restaurants from the novels including Dervish and Banges , Honeydukes , Ollivanders , Zonko 's Joke Shop ( though it houses Honeydukes ) , the Three Broomsticks , and the Hog 's Head . The second phase was initially announced on December 6 , 2011 , as a significant expansion of the existing Wizarding World of Harry Potter . On May 8 , 2013 , it was officially announced that a substantial portion of phase two would be constructed in the adjacent Universal Studios Florida theme park with a full scale working replica of the Hogwarts Express taking guests between the two lands . This phase 's flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts , a 3D dark ride / simulator based on Gringotts Bank , the wizarding bank that appears in the book and film series . The attraction 's design is similar to Transformers : The Ride and the Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man rides but built on a roller coaster track . The remaining attractions are themed around London and Diagon Alley . Diagon Alley officially opened on July 8 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Previous attraction attempts 1.2 Rumors and official announcement 1.3 Phase 1 : Islands of Adventure 1.4 Phase 2 : Universal Studios Florida 2 Rides 3 Dining , shopping , and other attractions 3.1 Hogsmeade 3.2 Diagon Alley 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Previous attraction attempts ( edit ) A Harry Potter themed attraction at a Universal Studios park or a Disney park was rumored in 2003 . However , the rights to the Harry Potter franchise had been acquired by Warner Bros. , who denied all the rumors . In 2001 , Time Warner used this license to construct and operate the Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast , Australia . The attraction was a small indoor walkthrough featuring many re-creations of locations in the first two movies . After two years of operation this attraction was removed . The Walt Disney Company and Universal entered bidding negotiations with Warner Bros. and Rowling for the theme park rights to Harry Potter in the United States . In 2004 , Rowling signed a letter - of - intent with Disney , with the company intending to develop a Harry Potter section within the Magic Kingdom park at Walt Disney World . Ultimately , Disney pulled out of negotiations , citing that Rowling 's creative influence and the terms established by Warner Bros. was too stringent . Rumors and official announcement ( edit ) In January 2007 , About.com reported a rumor from a `` highly credible source '' that the Lost Continent area within Universal 's Islands of Adventure park was to be re-themed `` to the stories and characters of one of the most popular children 's franchises '' . Other sources followed up in the next few days with unofficial confirmation the new area would involve Harry Potter , and was being developed under the name `` Project Strong Arm '' in reference to the KUKA robotic arm technology it would utilise . Nikki Finke reported her own confirmation of the Potter park plans in April , followed shortly by a story in The Scotsman ; both reports were widely relayed by other media sources . On May 31 , 2007 , Universal ( in partnership with Warner Bros . ) officially announced the 20 - acre ( 8.1 ha ) addition recreating Hogwarts , the Forbidden Forest and Hogsmeade , with a planned opening in 2009 . Phase 1 : Islands of Adventure ( edit ) Themed billboards were located around the Wizarding World during the two - year construction period . Construction of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter began seven months after the official announcement , in January 2008 . By July , the Flying Unicorn and Enchanted Oak Tavern were closed . The Flying Unicorn then began an almost two - year refurbishment which transformed it into the Flight of the Hippogriff . The Enchanted Oak Tavern was later demolished . A bridge was built to connect The Lost Continent with Jurassic Park allowing guests to avoid the construction zone that was to become the Wizarding World . Construction progressed with the Hogwarts Castle slowly taking shape . By September 2008 , the Dueling Dragons entrance was moved to Jurassic Park to make room for construction of Hogsmeade . One month later , the old entrance was demolished . By September 2009 , the top shell of Hogwarts Castle was completed . On September 15 , an announcement was made detailing what was going to be included in the Wizarding World . In early 2010 , Universal increased its marketing of the area , which included newspaper advertisements , billboards and television commercials . The Dueling Dragons were closed for some maintenance before being transformed into the Dragon Challenge . Construction was completed by June 1 , 2010 , when the area began soft openings . A soft opening weekend was held for the media and reserved guests , starting on May 28 , 2010 . The park had two opening ceremonies that took place on June 16 and on June 18 , 2010 . The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 's grand opening ceremony took place on June 16 with book series author J.K. Rowling , and film series actors Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson , Michael Gambon , Robbie Coltrane , Tom Felton , Matthew Lewis , James and Oliver Phelps and Bonnie Wright , as well as Universal Orlando Resort officials , and representatives from the media . The ceremony , which was produced by Universal Orlando Events Production in conjunction with Thinkwell Group , concluded with a fireworks display and a performance by the Orlando Philharmonic Orchestra , conducted by original series ' composer John Williams . On June 18 , the second ceremony took place , which officially opened the Wizarding World of Harry Potter to the public . NBC 's Today Show and The Weather Channel broadcast segments live from the park . Phase 2 : Universal Studios Florida ( edit ) The opening of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter saw attendance at Islands of Adventure rise by as much as 36 % in 2010 . According to Jason Garcia of the Orlando Sentinel , this had resort executives pondering `` when to expand Wizarding World and how to keep business balanced between Islands and Universal Studios Florida '' . In April 2011 , Brady MacDonald of the Los Angeles Times speculated that an expansion of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter would see attractions such as Diagon Alley and a Gringotts - themed dark ride replace Islands of Adventure 's Lost Continent themed area . Demolition of the Jaws ride and the surrounding Amity in March 2012 On December 6 , 2011 , Universal Parks & Resorts announced that they would be expanding The Wizarding World of Harry Potter . The expansion was described as `` significant '' by officials ; however , no further details were released at the time . The announcement came just four days after Universal Studios Florida announced the closure of the park 's Jaws attraction and surrounding Amity area on January 2 , 2012 . On January 25 , 2012 , the Los Angeles Times stated that the site of the former Jaws attraction would be used for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter expansion . These attractions would be complemented by a replica of the Hogwarts Express to move guests between the two parks . Demolition of the Jaws attraction and the Amity area began almost immediately after their closure . After the site was leveled , work began on land reclamation in the area 's former lagoon , as well as construction of a series of buildings including a large show building . Further details about the expansion of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter were announced on May 8 , 2013 . Officials confirmed that the expansion would be set predominantly in the adjacent Universal Studios Florida theme park , and would feature attractions themed after Diagon Alley and London . The rumored Hogwarts Express connection between the two parks was also confirmed . Officials stated the expansion should open in 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , officials announced the name of the flagship attraction would be Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts . They also indicated that a two - park pass would be necessary to ride the Hogwarts Express , which was set to connect Universal Studios Florida with the existing Harry Potter attraction at Universal 's Islands of Adventure . The official opening date of the Diagon Alley phase was announced at an exclusive and private press conference on June 17 , 2014 , for July 8 , 2014 . On June 18 , 2014 , the Diagon Alley red carpet premiere took place with Domhnall Gleeson , Bonnie Wright , Evanna Lynch , Matthew Lewis , James and Oliver Phelps , Tom Felton , Robbie Coltrane , Warwick Davis and Helena Bonham Carter attending . New photos of Diagon Alley were later released the same night and the official opening date was announced publicly by Universal Orlando 's president , Bill Davis . King 's Cross station opened on July 1 , 2014 , as well as the Hogwarts Express Hogsmeade Station at Islands of Adventure and soft openings of Diagon Alley began on July 3 , 2014 . Diagon Alley officially opened on July 8 , 2014 . Rides ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter has four rides . Three rides opened in 2010 as part of phase one . An additional two rides opened with phase two in 2014 . Entrance of Dragon Challenge , which has since been closed . Dragon Challenge was a roller coaster featuring two distinct tracks built to overlap and intertwine with each other . The ride was formerly in operation since the park 's 1999 opening under the name Dueling Dragons . The physical coaster is exactly the same , with some new decor . The attraction was renamed in homage to the first task of the Triwizard Tournament where Harry and the other contestants are each to duel with a dragon , depicted in chapter 20 of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The two sides of the coaster have been renamed `` Hungarian Horntail '' and `` Chinese Fireball '' , after two of the dragon breeds which appear in the book . It was the only chasing inverted roller coaster in the world . The queue for this ride features many Harry Potter relics , including the Goblet of Fire and the Triwizard Cup . In addition , the hike to the ride features the flying car featured in the second film , as well as Hagrid 's hut . On July 24 , 2017 , Universal Orlando officials announced that Dragon Challenge would close after September 4 , 2017 to make way for a new attraction based on the Harry Potter franchise that is scheduled to open in 2019 . Hogwarts Castle exterior of Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey as seen from the Herbology greenhouse queue Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a new attraction inside the replica of Hogwarts Castle , simulating a tour of the castle and its surrounding grounds . Visitors initially walk through the castle , interacting with various characters and props from the Potter series , including a speech from Dumbledore , and directions from Harry , Hermione and Ron , before boarding a `` magical bench '' ( controlled with a KUKA robotic arm system ) . Throughout the ride , guests are taken around the outside of the castle , using a combination of simulated flight as well as encountering realistic animatronic versions of the Whomping Willow , a horde of dementors , giant spiders , the Hungarian Horntail Dragon , and a Quidditch match . Flight of the Hippogriff is a steel roller coaster designed for families , located adjacent to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey . The ride opened in 2000 as the Flying Unicorn . Similar to the Dragon Challenge , this ride was re-themed prior to the opening of the Wizarding World . The roller coaster 's back - story is that Hogwarts 's Care of Magical Creatures professor , Hagrid , is teaching young wizards to fly on a hippogriff ( as Harry does in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ) by using a wicker replica of the creature . A recreation of Hagrid 's Hut is passed on the way for a lesson from Hagrid himself on how to properly approach a hippogriff . Gringotts Bank , which houses Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Diagon Alley 's flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts , 3 - D motion - based steel roller coaster dark ride based around Gringotts Bank , the wizarding bank in Diagon Alley . Riders enter the bank into the queue area where Bogrod greets visitors and instructs them to continue past him to travel deep into the vaults of the bank to open an account . Unlike Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , this ride is hosted by Bill Weasley , played by Domhnall Gleeson , reprising his role from Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . A completely functioning full - scale replica of the Hogwarts Express was created for the Diagon Alley expansion , connecting King 's Cross Station at Universal Studios to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure , manufactured by Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in the form of a funicular railway people mover . The Hogwarts Express King 's Cross Station features a wall between Platforms 9 and 10 , where guests can `` walk through '' to get to Platform 93⁄4 , like in the first film . Dining , shopping , and other attractions ( edit ) Inside Ollivanders wand shop Other than the main rides , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is also home to gift shops , restaurants and other tourist attractions . Several of these are recreations of locations in the Harry Potter books while others have been created specifically for the park . A recreation of Hogsmeade is housed at Islands of Adventure while a recreation of Diagon Alley is housed at Universal Studios Florida . In the book series , Ollivanders wand shop is located in Diagon Alley , not Hogsmeade ; however , installations of the shop are present in both areas of The Wizarding World of Harry Potter . The Hogsmeade attraction recreated the shop as `` Ollivanders '' , portraying it as a branch of the original where Harry purchases his wand in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( known in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) . Unlike other shops in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , visitors are admitted in groups of 20 to experience the premise from the Potter series , that `` the wand chooses the wizard '' . Similar to the first film , the wand keeper and a selected guest test a variety of wands until the right one is found . Effects include flowers drying out or a thunderstorm erupting inside the shop . After experiencing the attraction , souvenir wands can be purchased . Hogsmeade ( edit ) A recreation of the Hogwarts Express locomotive greets guests when entering Hogsmeade A recreation of the Hogwarts Express lies at the entry to Hogsmeade . The recreation features `` billowing steam and an iconic whistle '' and is accompanied by the conductor of the train . In the Harry Potter series the Hogwarts Express is the train used to transport students from London to Hogwarts . The `` Owl Post '' is a working post office ( where postcards and letters will be delivered with an authentic Hogsmeade postmark ) that also sells stationery , writing implements , stamps , and owl - related gifts . Hogsmeade village as seen from Flight of the Hippogriff `` The Three Broomsticks '' , based on the inn and pub from the Harry Potter series , offers a variety of food and beverage items from the Harry Potter universe , including Butterbeer , pumpkin juice , strawberry - peanut butter ice cream ( as seen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ) , and chocolate Cauldron Cakes , in addition to a menu composed of traditional British fare ( Shepherd 's pie , fish and chips , etc . ) . The pub features many hidden references to the book , namely house elves and ghosts that roam the rafters . Butterbeer , which can be purchased with a souvenir mug , is offered as a non-alcoholic beverage and comes in both regular and frozen forms , found at the beginning of Hogsmeade fresh off the tap from the butterbeer cart . Similarly , The Hog 's Head is based on the pub from the Harry Potter series owned by Aberforth Dumbledore . Honeydukes is a sweet shop , based on Honeydukes Sweetshop in the Harry Potter series . The shop sells many items from the Harry Potter universe including Chocolate Frogs , Acid Pops , exploding bonbons , Cauldron Cakes , treacle fudge , Fizzing Whizzbees , Pepper Imps , and Bertie Bott 's Every Flavour Beans . Various Harry Potter merchandise items can be purchased from two different gift shops in Hogsmeade . Dervish and Banges is a store selling magical items , as well as Quidditch supplies , Hogwarts clothing , and other merchandise . The store is based on Dervish and Banges in the Harry Potter series . The second shop is Filch 's Emporium of Confiscated Goods . It is a general gift shop ( named for Hogwarts caretaker Argus Filch ) offering Hogwarts souvenirs ( such as clothing and stationery ) , replicas of props from the Harry Potter films , and other toys and souvenirs . The shop is at the exit to Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , and is where guests can obtain photos of their ride experience . Diagon Alley ( edit ) Stairway located between the Magical Menagerie and Gringotts Bank Live attractions at Diagon Alley include the Knight Bus interactive show at the London waterfront ; `` The Fountain of Fair Fortune '' and `` The Tale of The Three Brothers , '' which are puppet shows enacting stories from The Tales of Beedle the Bard ; and live performances from musical group Celestina Warbeck and the Banshees ( mentioned briefly by Molly Weasley in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ) . Gringotts Money Exchange is able to exchange American currency for Wizarding bank notes . Diagon Alley features The Leaky Cauldron restaurant , The Hopping Pot , and Florean Fortescue 's Ice Cream Parlour , which specializes in Butterbeer - flavored ice cream . The Fountain of Fair Fortune is also a bar . Ollivander 's Wand Shop sells interactive wands that activate features all around Diagon Alley , Quality Quidditch Supplies , Weasleys ' Wizard Wheezes joke shop , Magical Menagerie , Madam Malkin 's Robes for All Occasions , Wiseacre 's Wizarding Equipment . Borgin and Burkes is the only shop located in Knockturn Alley . Reception ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter was well received by Harry Potter fans . Matt Blum of Wired stated `` every detail is finely crafted to enhance the experience '' . An Orlando Sentinel article stated `` muggles will love their Harry Potter adventure '' but identifies the need for the park to offer Universal Express Passes due to large crowds . It also stated Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey is a truly one - of - a-kind experience that can not easily be described . Lisa Minot , from The Sun , stated `` after a sneak peek , I can say it is the most faithful recreation of JK Rowling 's books and movies ever seen . Fans will be in heaven . '' Leigh Caldwell from Traveling Mamas noted that although The Wizarding World of Harry Potter is ideal for the whole family , it 's not designed for anyone under 3 years old . '' She went on to consolidate others ' comments about the area : `` there is no doubt that fans of the Harry Potter books and movies are going to enjoy the heck out of a visit to the Wizarding World '' . Boris Johnson , Mayor of London , criticized the fact that the park was chosen to be in Orlando , rather than in London , stating that it was `` utterly mad '' to leave it to the Americans `` to make money from a great British invention . '' See also ( edit ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Studios Japan ) The Wizarding World of Harry Potter ( Universal Studios Hollywood ) Warner Bros. Studio Tour London , studio tour exhibiting original costumes , props and sets used in all eight films , including the Great Hall , and Diagon Alley , as well as the creation process employed in the filming . 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Studio Tour London See also Harry Potter in amusement parks Former attractions Dragon Challenge The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. 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-3134153035538211926	Compromise of 1850	Compromise of 1850 - wikipedia Compromise of 1850 Before the compromise : ( Gold Rush ) California applies to become a free state Texas claims territory as far as the Rio Grande New Mexico resists Texas , applies to become a free state Territorial results of the Compromise : California is admitted as a free state Texas trades some territorial claims for debt relief New Mexico becomes New Mexico Territory with slavery undecided The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850 , which defused a four - year political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired during the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) . The compromise , drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered by Clay and Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois , reduced sectional conflict . Controversy arose over the Fugitive Slave provision . The Compromise was greeted with relief , but each side disapproved of some of its specific provisions : Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico as well as its claims north of 36 ° 30 ' . It retained the Texas Panhandle , and the federal government took over the state 's public debt . California was admitted as a free state , with its current boundaries . The South prevented adoption of the Wilmot Proviso that would have outlawed slavery in the new territories , and the new Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory were allowed , under popular sovereignty , to decide whether to allow slavery in their borders . In practice , these lands were generally unsuited to plantation agriculture , and their settlers were uninterested in slavery . The slave trade , but not slavery altogether , was banned in the District of Columbia . A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law was enacted . The Compromise became possible after the sudden death of President Zachary Taylor , who , although a slave owner , wanted to exclude slavery from the Southwest . Whig leader Henry Clay designed a compromise , which failed to pass in early 1850 because of opposition by both pro-slavery southern Democrats , led by John C. Calhoun , and anti-slavery northern Whigs . Upon Clay 's instruction , Douglas then divided Clay 's bill into several smaller pieces and narrowly won their passage , over the opposition of radicals on both sides . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Various proposals 2.1 Final proposed compromise 3 Division of Whigs 4 Debate and results 5 Implications 6 Issues 6.1 Texas 6.2 New Mexico and Utah Territories 6.3 California 6.4 Fugitive Slave Law 6.5 End of slave trade in District of Columbia 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Free states in early 1850 Slave states ( without Texas ' claims to New Mexico ) Territories ( later state borders , Gadsden Purchase ) Missouri Compromise Line 36 ° 30 ' Soon after the start of the Mexican War , when the extent of the contested territories was still unclear , the question of whether to allow slavery in those territories polarized the Northern and the Southern United States in the most bitter sectional conflict until then . A state the size of Texas attracted interest from both state residents and pro-slavery and anti-slavery camps on a national scale . Texas claimed land north of the 36 ° 30 ' demarcation line for slavery , set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise . The Texas Annexation resolution had required that if any new states were formed out of Texas ' lands , those north of the Missouri Compromise line would become free states . According to historian Mark Stegmaier , `` The Fugitive Slave Act , the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia , the admission of California as a free state , and even the application of the formula of popular sovereignty to the territories were all less important than the least remembered component of the Compromise of 1850 -- the statute by which Texas relinquished its claims to much of New Mexico in return for federal assumption of the debts . '' Stegmaier also refers to `` the principal Southern demand for a division of California at the line of 35 ° north latitude '' and says that `` Southern extremists made clear that a congressionally mandated division of California figured uppermost on their agenda . '' During the deadlock of four years , the Second Party System broke up , Mormon pioneers settled Utah , the California Gold Rush settled northern California , and New Mexico under a federal military government turned back Texas 's attempt to assert control over territory Texas claimed as far west as the Rio Grande . The eventual compromise preserved the Union but only for another decade . Various proposals ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Battle of Negro Fort Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter Proposals in 1846 to 1850 on the division of the Southwest included the following : The Wilmot Proviso banning slavery in any new territory to be acquired from Mexico , not including Texas , which had been annexed the previous year . It passed the House in August 1846 and February 1847 but not the Senate . Later , an effort failed to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . The Extension of the Missouri Compromise line was proposed by failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas to extend the Missouri Compromise line ( 36 ° 30 ' parallel north ) west to the Pacific ( south of Carmel - by - the - Sea , California ) to allow the possibility of slavery in most of present - day New Mexico and Arizona , and Southern California . That line was again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850 . Popular sovereignty , developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the position of the Democratic Party , was to let each territory decide itself whether to allow slavery . William L. Yancey 's `` Alabama Platform '' , endorsed by the Alabama and the Georgia legislatures and by Democratic state conventions in Florida and Virginia , called for no restrictions on slavery in the territories by the federal government or territorial governments before statehood , opposition to any candidates supporting either the Wilmot Proviso or popular sovereignty , and federal legislation to overrule Mexican anti-slavery laws . Two free states were proposed by Zachary Taylor , who served as President from March 1849 to July 1850 . As President , he proposed that the entire area become two free states , called California and New Mexico but much larger than the ones today . None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory , which would avoid the question of slavery in the territories . Changing Texas 's borders was proposed by Senator Thomas Hart Benton in December 1849 or January 1850 . Texas 's western and northern boundaries would be the 102nd meridian west and the 34th parallel north . Two southern states were proposed by Senator John Bell , with the assent of Texas , in February 1850 . New Mexico would get all Texas land north of the 34th parallel north , including today 's Texas Panhandle , while the area to the south , including the southeastern part of today 's New Mexico , would be divided at the Colorado River of Texas into two Southern states , balancing the admission of California and New Mexico as free states . The first draft of the compromise of 1850 had Texas 's northwestern boundary be a straight , diagonal line from the Rio Grande 20 miles north of El Paso to the Red River ( Mississippi watershed ) at the 100th meridian west , the southwestern corner of today 's Oklahoma . Final proposed Compromise ( edit ) `` The United States Senate , A.D. 1850 '' ( engraving by Peter F. Rothermel ) : Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber ; Vice President Millard Fillmore presides as John C. Calhoun ( to the right of the Speaker 's chair ) and Daniel Webster ( seated to the left of Clay ) look on . On January 29 , 1850 , Whig Senator Henry Clay gave a speech for compromise on the issues dividing the Union . However , Clay 's specific proposals for achieving a compromise , including his idea for Texas 's boundary , were not adopted in a single bill . Upon Clay 's urging , Senator Stephen A. Douglas , Democrat of Illinois , divided Clay 's bill into several smaller bills and passed each separately . When he instructed Douglas , Clay was nearly dead and unable to guide the congressional debate any further . The Compromise came to coalesce around a plan dividing Texas at its present - day boundaries , creating territorial governments with `` popular sovereignty '' , without the Wilmot Proviso , for New Mexico and Utah , admitting California as a free state , abolishing the slave trade in the District of Columbia , and enacting a new fugitive slave law . The Compromise of 1850 was formally proposed by Clay and guided to passage by Douglas over Northern Whig and Southern Democrat opposition . It was enacted September 1850 with the following terms : California admitted as a free state . Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory organized with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty . Texas dropped its claim to land north of the 32nd parallel north and west of the 103rd meridian west in favor of New Mexico Territory , and north of the 36 ° 30 ' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west which became unorganized territory . Texas 's boundaries were set at their present form . Senator James Pearce of Maryland drafted the final proposal in which Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present - day New Mexico , a third of Colorado , and small portions of Kansas , Oklahoma , and Wyoming to the federal government , in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic 's debt . El Paso , where Texas had established county government , was left in Texas . Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia but not slavery itself . The Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened . Division of Whigs ( edit ) Most Northern Whigs , led by William Henry Seward , who delivered his famous `` Higher Law '' speech during the controversy , opposed the Compromise as well because it would apply the Wilmot Proviso to the western territories and because of the pressing of ordinary citizens into duty on slave - hunting patrols . That provision was inserted by Democratic Virginia Senator James M. Mason to entice border - state Whigs , who faced the greatest danger of losing slaves as fugitives but were lukewarm on general sectional issues related to the South on Texas 's land claims . Zachary Taylor avoided the issue as the Whig candidate during the 1848 US presidential election but then as President , he attempted to sidestep the entire controversy by pushing to admit California and New Mexico as free states immediately to avoid the entire territorial process and the Wilmot Proviso question . Taylor was one of the few Southerners to support that idea . Northern Democrats and Southern Whigs supported the Compromise . Southern Whigs , many of whom were from the border states , supported the stronger fugitive slave law . Debate and results ( edit ) An animation showing slave and free states and territories , 1789 -- 1861 On April 17 , a `` Committee of Thirteen '' agreed on the border of Texas as part of Clay 's plan . The dimensions were later changed . That same day , during debates on the measures in the Senate , Vice President Fillmore and Senator Benton verbally sparred , with Fillmore charging that the Missourian was `` out of order , '' During the heated debates , Compromise floor leader Henry S. Foote of Mississippi drew a pistol on Benton . In early June , nine slaveholding Southern states sent delegates to the Nashville Convention to determine their course of action if the compromise passed . While some delegates preached secession , the moderates ruled and proposed a series of compromises , including extending the dividing line designated by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to the Pacific Coast . The various bills were initially combined into one `` omnibus '' bill . Despite Clay 's efforts , it failed in a crucial vote on July 31 , opposed by southern Democrats and by northern Whigs . He announced on the Senate floor the next day that he intended to pass each individual part of the bill . The 73 - year - old Clay , however , was physically exhausted as the effects of tuberculosis , which would eventually kill him , began to take their toll . Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport , Rhode Island , and Stephen A. Douglas wrote the separate bills and guided them through the Senate . The situation had been changed by the sudden death of Taylor and the accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to the presidency , on July 9 , 1850 . Fillmore , anxious to find a quick solution to the conflict in Texas over the border with New Mexico , which threatened to become armed conflict between Texas militia and the federal soldiers , reversed the administration 's position late in July and threw its support to the compromise measures . The Northern Democrats held together and supported each of the bills and gained enough Whigs or Southern Democrats to pass all of them . They were signed by Fillmore between September 9 and September 20 , 1850 . California was admitted as a free state . It passed the House 150 -- 56 . It passed the Senate 34 -- 18 . The slave trade was abolished ( the sale of slaves , not the institution of slavery ) in the District of Columbia . The Territory of Utah was organized under the rule of popular sovereignty . It passed the House 97 -- 85 . The Territory of New Mexico was organized under the rule of popular sovereignty . It passed the House 108 -- 97 . It passed the Senate 30 -- 20 . A harsher Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the Senate 27 -- 12 , and by the House 109 -- 76 . Texas gave up much of the western land it claimed and received compensation of $10,000,000 to pay off its national debt . Clay was still given much of the credit for success . It quieted the controversy between Northerners and Southerners over the expansion of slavery and delayed secession and civil war for another decade . Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi , who had suggested the creation of the Committee of Thirteen , later said , `` Had there been one such man in the Congress of the United States as Henry Clay in 1860 -- ' 61 there would , I feel sure , have been no civil war . '' Implications ( edit ) Map of free and slave states c. 1856 The Compromise proved widely popular politically , and both parties committed themselves in their platforms to the finality of the Compromise on sectional issues . The strongest opposition in the South occurred in the states of South Carolina , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi , but Unionists soon prevailed , spearheaded by Georgians Alexander Stephens , Robert Toombs , and Howell Cobb and the creation of the Georgia Platform . The peace was broken only by the divisive Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 introduced by Stephen Douglas , which had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise and led directly to the formation of the Republican Party , whose capture of the national government in 1860 led directly to the secession crisis of 1860 -- 1861 . Many historians argue that the Compromise played a major role in postponing the American Civil War for a decade , while the Northwest was growing more wealthy and more populous and was being brought into closer relations with the Northeast . During that decade , the Whig Party had completely broken down , to be replaced with the new Republican Party dominant in the North and the Democrats in the South . Others argue that the Compromise only made more obvious the pre-existing sectional divisions and laid the groundwork for future conflict . They view the Fugitive Slave Law as helping to polarize the US , as shown in the enormous reaction to Harriet Beecher Stowe 's novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin . The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law aroused feelings of bitterness in the North . Furthermore , the Compromise of 1850 led to a breakdown in the spirit of compromise in the United States in the antebellum period , directly before the Civil War . The Compromise exemplifies that spirit , but the deaths of influential senators who worked on the compromise , primarily Henry Clay and Daniel Webster , contributed to the feeling of increasing disparity between the North and South . The delay of hostilities for ten years allowed the free economy of the northern states to continue to industrialize . The southern states , largely based on slave labor and cash crop production , lacked the ability to industrialize heavily . By 1860 , the northern states had added many more miles of railroad , steel production , modern factories , and population to the advantages already possessed in 1850 . The North was better able to supply , equip , and man its armed forces , which would prove decisive in the later stages of the war . Issues ( edit ) Three major types of issues were addressed by the Compromise of 1850 : a variety of boundary issues , the status of territory issues , and the issue of slavery . While capable of analytical distinction , the boundary and territory issues were actually included in the overarching issue of slavery . Pro-slavery and anti-slavery interests were each concerned with both the amount of land on which slavery was permitted and with the number of States in the slave or free camps . Since Texas was a slave state , not only the residents of that state but also both camps on a national scale had an interest in the size of Texas . The general solution that was adopted by the Compromise of 1850 was to transfer a considerable part of the territory claimed by the state to the federal government ; to organize two new territories formally , the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah , which expressly would be allowed to locally determine whether they would become slave or free territories , to add another free state to the Union ( California ) , to adopt a severe measure to recover slaves who had escaped to a free state or free territory ( the Fugitive Slave Law ) ; and to abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia . Texas ( edit ) Proposals for Texas northwestern boundary The independent Republic of Texas won the decisive Battle of San Jacinto ( April 21 , 1836 ) against Mexico and captured Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna . He signed the Treaties of Velasco , which recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary of the Republic of Texas . The treaties were then repudiated by the government of Mexico , which insisted that it was sovereign over Texas and promised to reclaim the lost territories . To the extent that there was a de facto recognition , Mexico treated the Nueces River as its northern boundary control . A vast , largely - unsettled area was between the two rivers . Neither Mexico nor the Republic of Texas had the military strength to assert its territorial claim . On December 29 , 1845 , the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States and became the 28th state . Texas was staunchly committed to slavery , with its constitution making it illegal for the legislature to free slaves . With the annexation , the United States inherited the territorial claims of the former Republic of Texas against Mexico . The territorial claim to the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande and Mexican resistance to it both led to the Mexican -- American War . On February 2 , 1848 , the war was concluded by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Among its provisos was the recognition by Mexico of the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande as part of the United States . The Republic of Texas had claimed ownership of the eastern half of present - day New Mexico , along with sections of Colorado , Kansas , and Wyoming , but Texas had never effectively controlled the area , which was dominated by hostile Indian tribes ( see Comancheria ) . However , the federal government now controlled the area after 1846 . The Compromise of 1850 solved the problem by setting the present boundaries of Texas , in return for $10 million in federal bonds paid to the State of Texas . The state was heavily burdened with debt , which had been contracted during its struggles as the Republic of Texas . The federal government agreed to pay $10 million of bonds in return for the transfer of a large portion of the claimed area of the state to the territory of the federal government and the relinquishment of various claims of Texas had on the federal government . ( The bonds bore interest at the rate of 5 % , which was collectible by Texas every six months , and the principal was redeemable at the end of fourteen years . ) The Constitution ( Article IV , Section 3 ) does not permit Congress unilaterally to reduce the territory of any state , so the first part of the Compromise of 1850 had to take the form of an offer to the Texas State Legislature , rather than a unilateral enactment . This ratified the bargain and , in due course , the transfer of a broad swath of land from the state of Texas to the federal government was accomplished . Texas was allowed to keep the following portions of the disputed land : south of the 32nd parallel and south of the 36 ° 30 ' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west . The rest of the disputed land was transferred to the Federal Government . New Mexico and Utah territories ( edit ) New Mexico proposed boundary before Compromise of 1850 The Utah Territory is shown in blue and outlined in black . The boundaries of the provisional State of Deseret are shown with a dotted line . The first law of the Compromise of 1850 also organized the Territory of New Mexico . The second law , also enacted September 9 , 1850 , organized the Territory of Utah . Some of the land had been claimed by the Republic of Texas . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made no mention of the claims of the Republic of Texas ; Mexico simply agreed to a Mexico - U.S. border south of both the `` Mexican Cession '' and the Republic of Texas claims . Before the Compromise of 1850 , the disputed land had been claimed but never controlled by the state of Texas . Of importance in 1850 was land included in present - day eastern New Mexico . From the Mexican Cession , the New Mexico Territory received most of the present - day state of Arizona , most of the western part of the present - day state of New Mexico , and the southern tip of present - day Nevada ( south of the 37th parallel ) . From Texas , the territory received most of present - day eastern New Mexico , a portion of present - day Colorado ( east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains , west of the 103rd meridian , and south of the 38th parallel ) . From the Mexican Cession , the Utah Territory received present - day Utah , most of present - day Nevada ( everything north of the 37th parallel ) , a major part of present - day Colorado ( everything west of the crest of the Rocky Mountains ) , and a small part of present - day Wyoming . That included the newly founded colony at Salt Lake , of Brigham Young . From Texas , the Utah Territory received most of present - day eastern New Mexico and some of present - day Colorado that is east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains . A key provision of each of the laws respectively organizing the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah was that slavery would be decided by local option , called popular sovereignty . That was an important repudiation of the idea behind the failure to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico . California ( edit ) Map of Mexico . S. Augustus Mitchell , Philadelphia , 1847 . New California is depicted with a northeastern border at the meridian leading north of the Rio Grande headwaters . California was part the Mexican Cession . After the Mexican War , California was essentially run by military governors . President James K. Polk tried to get Congress to establish a territorial government in California officially , but the increasingly - sectional debates prevented that . The South wanted to extend slave territory to Southern California and to the Pacific Coast , but the North did not . From late 1848 , Americans and foreigners of many different countries rushed into California for the California Gold Rush , exponentially increasing the population . In response to growing demand for a better more representative government , a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849 . The delegates unanimously outlawed slavery . They had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California and splitting the state ; the lightly - populated southern half never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic . The third statute of the Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be admitted to the Union , undivided , as a free state on September 9 , 1850 . Fugitive slave law ( edit ) The fourth statute of the Compromise of 1850 , enacted September 18 , 1850 , is informally known as the Fugitive Slave Law , or the Fugitive Slave Act . It bolstered the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 . The new version of the Fugitive Slave Law required federal judicial officials in all states and federal territories , including in those states and territories in which slavery was prohibited , to assist with the return of escaped slaves to their masters actively in the states and territories permitting slavery . Any federal marshal or other official who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave was liable to a fine of $1000 . Law enforcement everywhere in the US had a duty to arrest anyone suspected of being a fugitive slave on no more evidence than a claimant 's sworn testimony of ownership . Suspected slaves could neither ask for a jury trial nor testify on their own behalf . In addition , any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was to be subject to six months ' imprisonment and a $1000 fine . Officers capturing a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee for their work . In addition to federal officials , the ordinary citizens of free states could be summoned to join a posse and be required to assist in the capture , custody , and / or transportation of the alleged escaped slave . The law was so rigorously pro-slavery as to prohibit the admission of the testimony of a person accused of being an escaped slave into evidence at the judicial hearing to determine the status of the accused escaped slave . Thus , if a freedman were claimed to be an escaped slave , they could not resist their return to slavery by truthfully telling their own actual history . The Fugitive Slave Act was essential to meet Southern demands . In terms of public opinion in the North , the critical provision was that ordinary citizens were required to aid slave catchers . Many northerners deeply resented that requirement to help slavery personally . Resentment towards the Act continued to heighten tensions between the North and South , which were inflamed further by abolitionists such as Harriet Beecher Stowe . Her book , Uncle Tom 's Cabin , stressed the horrors of recapturing escaped slaves and outraged Southerners . End of slave trade in District of Columbia ( edit ) The fifth law , enacted on September 20 , 1850 , prohibited the slave trade but allowed slavery itself in the District of Columbia . Southerners in Congress were unanimous in opposing that provision , which was seen as a concession to the abolitionists , but they were outvoted . See also ( edit ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin -- a reaction against the Fugitive Slave Law Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , which reopened the slavery issue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Holt , The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party ( 2003 ) p. 252 Jump up ^ Joint Resolution of Congress , Mar. 1 , 1845 Jump up ^ Mark J. Stegmaier ( 1996 ) . Texas , New Mexico , and the compromise of 1850 : boundary dispute & sectional conflict . Kent State University Press . Jump up ^ Stegmaier , p. 172 and p. 177 Jump up ^ W.J. Spillman ( January 1904 ) . `` ADJUSTMENT OF THE TEXAS BOUNDARY IN 1850 '' . Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association . 7 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1993 ) pp 730 -- 61 Jump up ^ Texas State Historical Association . `` COMPROMISE OF 1850 '' . The Handbook of Texas . Jump up ^ Compromise of 1850 from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ Cotton Culture from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ John M. Taylor , William Henry Seward : Lincoln 's right hand ( 1996 ) p. 85 Jump up ^ Elbert B. Smith , President Zachary Taylor : the hero president ( 2007 ) p. 238 Jump up ^ Eaton ( 1957 ) pp. 192 -- 193 . Remini ( 1991 ) pp. 756 -- 759 Jump up ^ Michael Holt , The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party ( 1999 ) , pp. 529 -- 530 : `` only rapid passage of the omnibus bill appeared to offer a timely escape from the crisis . '' Jump up ^ `` TO PASS S. 169 . ( P. 1772 - 1 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Holman Hamilton , Prologue to Conflict ( University of Kentucky Press , 1965 ) , p. 160 Jump up ^ `` ON PASSAGE S. 169 '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TO PASS S. 225 ( 9 STAT. 453 , APP. 9 / 9 / 1850 ) , AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT FOR UTAH . ( P. 1776 - 1 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TO PASS S. 307 . ( P. 1764 - 3 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ON PASSAGE OF THE BILL S. 307 . ( P. 1555 - 3 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ON ORDERING ENGROSSMENT AND 3RD READING OF THE BILL S. 23 . ( P. 1630 - 2 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TO PASS S. 23 . ( P. 1817 - 1 ) '' . GovTrack.us. 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Remini ( 1991 ) pp. 761 -- 62 Jump up ^ Robert Remini , The House : A History of the House of Representatives ( 2006 ) p. 147 Jump up ^ Holt , Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fox - Genovese , Fruits of Merchant Capital ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ Mark J. Stegmaier , Texas , New Mexico , and the Compromise of 1850 : Boundary Dispute and Sectional Crisis ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Hamilton , Holman ( 1957 ) . `` Texas Bonds and Northern Profits : A Study in Compromise , Investment , and Lobby Influence '' . The Mississippi Valley Historical Review . Organization of American Historians. 43 ( 4 ) : 579 -- 94 . doi : 10.2307 / 1902274 . ISSN 0161 - 391X . JSTOR 1902274 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Handbook of Texas Online : Compromise of 1850 '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ California and New Mexico : Message from the President of the United States . By United States . President ( 1849 -- 1850 : Taylor ) , United States . War Dept ( Ex . Doc 17 page 1 ) Google eBook Jump up ^ William Henry Ellison . A self - governing dominion , California , 1849 -- 1860 ( 1950 ) online Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Larry Gara , `` The Fugitive Slave Law : A Double Paradox , '' Civil War History , September 1964 , vol. 10 # 3 , pp. 229 -- 240 Jump up ^ David L. Lewis , District of Columbia : A Bicentennial History , ( W.W. Norton , 1976 ) , 54 - 56 . Jump up ^ Damani Davis , `` Slavery and Emancipation in the Nation 'S Capital , '' Prologue , Spring 2010 , vol. 42 # 1 , pp. 52 -- 59 Sources ( edit ) Bell , John Frederick . `` Poetry 's Place in the Crisis and Compromise of 1850 . '' Journal of the Civil War Era 5 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 399 -- 421 . Bordewich , Fergus M. America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Foster , Herbert D. ( 1922 ) . `` Webster 's Seventh of March Speech and the Secession Movement , 1850 '' . American Historical Review . 27 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 270 . doi : 10.2307 / 1836156 . Heidler , David S. , and Jeanne T. Heidler . Henry Clay : The Essential American ( 2010 ) , major scholarly biography ; 624 pp . Hamilton , Holman . Prologue to Conflict : The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 ( 1964 ) , the standard historical study Hamilton , Holman ( 1954 ) . `` Democratic Senate Leadership and the Compromise of 1850 '' . The Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 41 ( 3 ) : 403 -- 18 . doi : 10.2307 / 1897490 . ISSN 0161 - 391X . JSTOR 1897490 . Holman Hamilton . Zachary Taylor , Soldier in the White House ( 1951 ) . Holt , Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s ( 1978 ) . Holt , Michael F. The Fate of Their Country : Politicians , Slavery Extension , and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2005 ) . Johannsen , Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas ( 1973 ) ( ISBN 0195016203 ) William Aloysius Keleher ( 1951 ) . Turmoil in New Mexico . Santa Fe : Rydal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 0632 - 6 . Knupfer , Peter B. `` Compromise and Statesmanship : Henry Clay 's Union . '' in Knupfer , The Union As It Is : Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise , 1787 -- 1861 ( 1991 ) , pp. 119 -- 57 . Morrison , Michael A. Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War ( 1997 ) ( ISBN 0807823198 ) Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union ( 1947 ) v 2 , highly detailed narrative Potter , David M. The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1977 ) , pp 90 -- 120 ; Pulitzer Prize Remini , Robert . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ( 1991 ) Remini , Robert . At the Edge of the Precipice : Henry Clay and the Compromise That Saved the Union ( 2010 ) 184 pages ; the Compromise of 1850 Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 , vol . i . ( 1896 ) . complegte text online Rozwenc , Edwin C. ed . The Compromise of 1850 . ( 1957 ) convenient collection of primary and secondary documents ; 102 pp . Russel , Robert R. ( 1956 ) . `` What Was the Compromise of 1850 ? '' . The Journal of Southern History . Southern Historical Association . 22 ( 3 ) : 292 -- 309 . doi : 10.2307 / 2954547 . ISSN 0022 - 4642 . JSTOR 2954547 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Sewell , Richard H. Ballots for Freedom : Antislavery Politics in the United States 1837 -- 1860 New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 . Stegmaier , Mark J. ( 1996 ) . Texas , New Mexico , and the Compromise of 1850 : Boundary Dispute & Sectional Crisis . Kent State University Press . Wiltse , Charles M. John C. Calhoun , Sectionalist , 1840 -- 1850 ( 1951 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Compromise Measures of 1850 . Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 and related resources from the Library of Congress Texas Library and Archive Commission Page on 1850 Boundary Act Smith , William Roy ( 1911 ) . `` Compromise Measures of 1850 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Map of North America at the time of the Compromise of 1850 at omniatlas.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compromise_of_1850&oldid=846382816 '' Categories : 31st United States Congress 1850 in American politics 1850 in California 1850 in New Mexico Territory 1850 in Texas 1850 in Utah Territory 1850 in the United States 1850 in law History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) History of United States expansionism Presidency of Millard Fillmore Pre-statehood history of California New Mexico Territory Slavery in the United States United States federal territory and statehood legislation Utah Territory September 1850 events Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 12 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was largely responsible for getting a series of constitutional amendment proposals passed	[]	[]
6739843858276267172	Mark E. Brown	Mark E. Brown - wikipedia Mark E. Brown Jump to : navigation , search Mark Brown 58 Rogers , Arkansas , U.S. Occupation Chief Executive Officer Years active 1983 -- present Website http://markbrownstrategies.com Notes Best known for `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' campaign Mark E. Brown is an American businessman and former CEO of Zen Entertainment and a former vice president of The Howard Hughes Corporation . His company currently has partnership deals with ESPN Radio , Fox Sports Radio , NBCSports.com , Ultimate Fighting Championship , World Wrestling Entertainment , and casinos such as the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , Hard Rock Hotel . He is also the former Partner and President of R&R Partners , the ad agency which created the `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' advertising campaign for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . In addition , Brown is founder and director of Service 1st Bank of Nevada , valued in 2010 around $210 million , and previously served as the President of MBC Communications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 R&R Partners 2.2 Other Corporate Involvements 2.3 Zen Gaming 3 External links 4 References Early life and education ( edit ) He attended the University of Nevada , Reno and completed the Executive Program in Management for the John Anderson Graduate School of Management . He is currently a member of the Board of Trustees of the UNLV Foundation . Career ( edit ) Brown started out working as a senior legislative assistant on the staff of former Nevada Senator Chic Hecht . He spent five years in Washington , D.C. overseeing all of Hecht 's U.S. Senate Banking and Energy Committee assignments in the 1980s . After 1989 , he started and operated his own company called The Carrara Group , a government affairs and public relations company which was later acquired by Burson - Marsteller , the world 's largest public relations firm . Following the acquisition he got a job as the Executive Vice President of corporate and government relations and marketing for The Howard Hughes Corporation and from 1994 to 1999 , worked for the company , that is also an affiliate of The Rouse Company . Yet , by 1999 Brown began to transition into the world of Las Vegas casinos . He served as an Executive Vice President of government relations and corporate communications for Station Casinos , Inc. from 1999 to 2000 . R&R Partners ( edit ) Brown was the founder and owner of Brown & Partners in 2000 , which merged with R&R Partners in 2004 . The merger helped bring a $226 million in combined capital in 2005 , when the merger became effective . R&R Partners is considered Nevada 's largest public affairs , public relations and full - service advertising agency . After the merger Brown served as its President and Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2007 . The company R&R Partners , is best known for creating the advertising campaign slogan `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' for the City of Las Vegas . Its `` What happens here '' slogan is not new , see What happens on tour , stays on tour , yet the campaign brought Las Vegas a record - breaking 37.4 million visitors in 2004 . Since then the phrase has been used by many celebrities . Gambling fan Ben Affleck used it on Saturday Night Live . Billy Crystal used it to close the 2004 Oscars . It has been a clue on Wheel of Fortune . In 2004 on The Tonight Show when Jay Leno asked Laura Bush whether she had gambled or had seen a Chippendales show while visiting the Las Vegas Strip , the then First Lady got a big hand by replying , `` Jay , what happened in Vegas , stays in Vegas . '' In later years the phrase was used as the title for a 2008 movie ' What Happens in Vegas ' starring Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher . It has also been used in the 2009 blockbuster hit The Hangover . Other corporate involvements ( edit ) Medicor Ltd : Brown was also involved in Medicor Ltd. as its director in 2003 . The company was founded in 1999 and was based in Las Vegas , Nevada . Medicor , Ltd. , through its subsidiaries , engages in the development , manufacture , and marketing of breast implants and other implants primarily for the aesthetic , plastic , and reconstructive surgery markets worldwide . On June 29 , 2007 , MediCor Ltd , along with its affiliates , filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 in the US Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware . Service1 st Bank of Nevada : He was a founder of Service1 st Bank of Nevada . He has been a director of Service1st Bank of Nevada since January 2007 . Brown serves as a Director of Service1st . The bank 's capital was valued at the end of the first quarter of 2010 around $21 million and later bought by Western Liberty Bancorp and Forbes Lister Jason N. Ader the same year . YourBuyer Worldwide , Inc. : Brown served as the President of YourBuyer Worldwide , Inc. , a global purchasing company . Zen Gaming ( edit ) Brown heard about a social networking Web site proposal that would feature poker and be able to target ads to specific partners , he thought it sounded like a good idea . Thus , he started a holding company called Zen Gaming and acquired nlop.com , a successful online poker site Brown became the Chief Executive Officer of Zen Gaming in 2007 . The website purchased initially had problems in the US with the passing of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act , yet Brown 's combination of membership poker and paid advertising space online offered new potential . Zen Gaming is based out of Las Vegas with wholly owned subsidiary divisions that include NewPoker LLC and Advergaming LLC under which the acquired National League of Poker operates . The company developed and patented two new poker games , Royal hold ' em and No River Hold'em that have been approved by the Nevada Gaming Commission and already are being played in the poker rooms at Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , Hard Rock Hotel and O'Sheas on the Las Vegas Strip . Also , Stephens Media Group , owner of the Review - Journal , is one of Zen Gaming 's first partners . Using the company 's software , the Review - Journal launched a poker site , becoming the first newspaper in the country to offer online poker . Some of Zen Gaming 's other partners include Golden Gaming and Lotus Broadcasting , a radio company that owns the local affiliates for ESPN Radio and Fox Sports Radio , and pair of local rock and Spanish - language stations . It also has partnership deals with NBCSports.com since 2009 . The Zen Gaming 's software platform was selected by Poker Productions , Inc. under a continuing agreement with NBCsports.com to provide poker programming . Poker Productions provides executive production services for the National Heads - Up Poker Championship and the Poker After Dark programs seen on NBC . Brown later made partnerships with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to set up poker rooms at their events . The UFC Poker Rooms leveraged UFC 's massive fan base and tremendous brand equity with Zen 's advergaming platform that the UFC considers `` among the most robust , deeply analytical online Advergaming platforms in the world . '' External links ( edit ) Beneath The Brand - Articles by Mark E. Brown References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.lvrj.com/business/42869122.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-09-27-las-vegas-what-happens-here_N.htm ^ Jump up to : https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124217791927013441 ^ Jump up to : http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=326858&privcapId=11668769&previousCapId=3126261&previousTitle=PIRINATE%20Consulting%20Group%20LLC Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200409/ai_n8557992/ Jump up ^ USA Today , Advertising & Marketing . Michael McCarthy , `` Vegas goes back to its naughty roots , '' April 11 , 2005 . Retrieved on August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=MDCRQ:US Jump up ^ http://www.lvrj.com/business/lower-purchase-price-negotiated-for-service1st-bank-of-nevada-96815429.html Jump up ^ https://people.forbes.com/profile/jason-n-ader/37206 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/03/13/idUS191928+13-Mar-2008+BW20080313 Jump up ^ http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071204006035/en/Global-Purchasing-Company-YourBuyer-Worldwide-Opens-Pakistan Jump up ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-172064444.html Jump up ^ http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=48929940 Jump up ^ http://www.pocketfives.com/f7/news-national-league-poker-holds-winning-hand-legal-online-poker-play-19973/ Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/09/15/idUS193640+15-Sep-2008+PRN20080915 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/29/idUS257711+29-Apr-2009+GNW20090429 Jump up ^ http://www.ufc.com/news/UFC-Zen-Gaming-Inc-Announce-FreetoPlay-Online-UFC-Poker-Room Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_E._Brown&oldid=818609865 '' Categories : 1962 births University of Nevada alumni Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did what happens in vegas stays in vegas start	[ "The company R&R Partners, is best known for creating the advertising campaign slogan \"What Happens in Vegas, Stays in Vegas\" for the City of Las Vegas.[2][3] Its \"What happens here\" slogan is not new, see What happens on tour, stays on tour, yet the campaign brought Las Vegas a record-breaking 37.4 million visitors in 2004. Since then the phrase has been used by many celebrities. Gambling fan Ben Affleck used it on Saturday Night Live. Billy Crystal used it to close the 2004 Oscars. It has been a clue on Wheel of Fortune. In 2004 on The Tonight Show when Jay Leno asked Laura Bush whether she had gambled or had seen a Chippendales show while visiting the Las Vegas Strip, the then First Lady got a big hand by replying, \"Jay, what happened in Vegas, stays in Vegas.\"[6] In later years the phrase was used as the title for a 2008 movie 'What Happens in Vegas' starring Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher. It has also been used in the 2009 blockbuster hit The Hangover." ]	[ "2004" ]
-2256537482060746878	Panchayati raj	Panchayati Raj - Wikipedia Panchayati Raj Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Panchayat ( disambiguation ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with India and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Panchayath Office , Muhamma , Kerala The Panchayat raj is a South Asian political system found mainly in India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Trinidad and Tobago , and Nepal . It is the oldest system of local government in South Asia , and historical mentions date to the c. 250 AD period . The word raj means `` rule '' and panchayat means `` assembly '' ( ayat ) of five ( panch ) . Traditionally panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community . However , there were varying forms of such assemblies . Traditionally , these assemblies settled disputes between individuals and between villages . The leader of the panchayat was often called the mukhiya or sarpanch , an elected or generally acknowledged position . The modern panchayati raj of India and its gram panchayats are not to be confused with either the traditional system nor with the extra-constitutional khap panchayats ( or caste panchayats ) found in northern India . Open Panchayat near Narsingarh , Madhya Pradesh Mahatma Gandhi advocated panchayat raj as the foundation of India 's political system . It would have been a decentralised form of government where each village would be responsible for its own affairs . The term for such a vision was Gram Swaraj ( `` village self - governance '' ) . Instead India developed a highly centralised form of government . However , this has been moderated by the decentralisation of several administrative functions to the local level , empowering elected gram panchayats . There are significant differences between the traditional panchayati raj system , that envisioned by Gandhi , and the system formalised in India in 1992 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Panchayati Raj in India 1.1 Early history 1.2 During British rule 1.3 Post-Independence period 2 See also 3 Notes and references Panchayati Raj in India ( edit ) Main article : Panchayati raj ( India ) Early history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the time of the RigVeda ( 1700 BC ) , evidences suggest that self - governing village bodies called ' sabhas ' existed . With the passage of time , these bodies became panchayats ( council of five persons ) . Panchayat were functional institutions of grassroots governance in almost every village . The Village Panchayat or elected council had large powers , both executive and judicial . Land was distributed by this panchayat which also collected taxes out of the produce and paid the government 's share on behalf of the village . Above a number of these village councils there was a larger panchayat or council to supervise and interfere if necessary . Casteism and feudalistic system of governance under Mughal rule in the medieval period slowly eroded the self - government in villages . A new class of feudal chiefs and revenue collectors ( zamindars ) emerged between the ruler and the people . And , so began the stagnation and decline of self - government in villages . During the British rule , the autonomy of panchayats gradually declined with the establishment of local civil and criminal courts , revenue and police organizations , the increase in communications , the growth of individualism and the operation of the individual Ryotwari ' ( landholder-wise ) system as against the Mahalwari or village tenure system . During British rule ( edit ) Main article : British Raj The British were not generally concerned with local administration , but left that to the local rulers , and thus did n't interfere with existing panchayati systems , nor induce the rulers to consider more democratic institutions at the local level . The rulers were interested in the creation of ' controlled ' local bodies , which could help them in their trading interests by collecting taxes for them . When the colonial administration came under severe financial pressure after the 1857 uprising , the sought was decentralization in terms of transferring responsibility for road and public works to local bodies . However , the thrust of this ' compelled ' decentralization was with respect to municipal administration ... `` The panchayat was destroyed by the East India Company when it was granted the office of Diwan in 1765 in Bengal by the Mughal Emperor as part of reparation after his defeat at Buxar . As Diwan the Company took two decisions . The first was that it abolished the village land record office and created a company official called Patwari . The Patwari became the official record keeper for a number of villages . The second was the creation of the office of magistrate and the abolition of village police . The magistrate carried out policing functions through the Darogha who had always been a state functionary under the Faujdar . The primary purpose of these measures was the collection of land revenue by fiat . The depredations of the Patwari and the Darogha are part of our folklore and it led to the worst famine in Bengal . The effects of the famine lingered right to the end of the 18th century . These two measures completely disempowered the village community and destroyed the panchayat . After 1857 the British tried to restore the panchayat by giving it powers to try minor offences and to resolve village disputes . But these measures never restored the lost powers of the village community . '' From 1870 that Viceroy Lord Mayo 's Resolution ( for decentralization of power to bring about administrative efficiency in meeting people 's demand and to add to the finances of colonial regime ) gave the needed impetus to the development of local institutions . It was a landmark in the evolution of colonial policy towards local government . The real bench marking of the government policy on decentralization can , however , be attributed to Lord Ripon who , in his famous resolution on local self - government on May 18 , 1882 , recognized the twin considerations of local government : ( i ) administrative efficiency and ( ii ) political education . The Ripon Resolution , which focused on towns , provided for local bodies consisting of a large majority of elected non-official members and presided over by a non-official chairperson . This resolution met with resistance from colonial administrators . The progress of local self - government was tardy with only half - hearted steps taken in setting up municipal bodies . Rural decentralization remained a neglected area of administrative reform . The Royal Commission on Decentralization ( 1907 ) under the chairmanship of C.E.H. Hobhouse recognized the importance of panchayats at the village level . The commission recommended that `` it is most desirable , alike in the interests of decentralization and in order to associate the people with the local tasks of administration , that an attempt should be made to constitute and develop village panchayats for the administration of local village affairs '' . But , the Montague - Chemsford reforms ( 1919 ) brought local self - government as a provincial transferred subject , under the domain of Indian ministers in the provinces . Due to organisational and fiscal constraints , the reform was unable to make panchayat institutions truly democratic and vibrant . However , the most significant development of this period was the ' establishment of village panchayats in a number of provinces , that were no longer mere ad hoc judicial tribunal , but representative institutions symbolising the corporate character of the village and having a wide jurisdiction in respect of civic matters '. l By 1925 , eight provinces had passed panchayat acts and by 1926 , six native states had also passed panchayat laws . The provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act , 1935 , marked the evolution of panchayats in India . Popularly elected governments in provinces enacted legislations to further democratize institutions of local self - government . But the system of responsible government at the grassroots level was least responsible . D.P. Mishra , the then minister for local self - government under the Government of India Act of 1935 in Central Provinces was of the view that ' the working of our local bodies ... in our province and perhaps in the whole country presents a tragic picture ... ' Inefficiency ' and ' local body ' have become synonymous terms ... ' . In spite of various committees such as the Royal Commission on Decentralization ( 1907 ) , the report of Montague and Chemsford on constitutional reform ( 1919 ) , the Government of India Resolution ( 1919 ) , etc. , a hierarchical administrative structure based on supervision and control evolved . The administrator became the focal point of rural governance . The British were not concerned with decentralized democracy but were aiming for colonial objectives . The Indian National Congress from the 1920s to 1947 , emphasized the issue of all - India Swaraj , and organized movements for Independence under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi . The task of preparing any sort of blueprint for the local level was neglected as a result . There was no consensus among the top leaders regarding the status and role to be assigned to the institution of rural local self - government ; rather there were divergent views on the subject . On the one end Gandhi favoured Village Swaraj and strengthening the village panchayat to the fullest extent and on the other end , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar opposed this idea . He believed that the village represented regressive India , a source of oppression . The model state hence had to build safeguards against such social oppression and the only way it could be done was through the adoption of the parliamentary model of politics During the drafting of the Constitution of India , Panchayati Raj Institutions were placed in the non-justiciable part of the Constitution , the Directive Principles of State Policy , as Article 40 . The Article read ' the State shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self - government ' . However , no worthwhile legislation was enacted either at the national or state level to implement it . In the four decades since the adoption of the Constitution , panchayat raj institutions have travelled from the non-justiciable part of the Constitution to one where , through a separate amendment , a whole new status has been added to their history Post-independence period ( edit ) Panchayat raj had to go through various stages . The First Five Year Plan failed to bring about active participation and involvement of the people in the Plan processes , which included Plan formulation implementation and monitoring . The Second Five Year Plan attempted to cover the entire countryside with National Extensive Service Blocks through the institutions of Block Development Officers , Assistant Development Officers , Village Level Workers , in addition to nominated representatives of village panchayats of that area and some other popular organisations like co-operative societies . But the plan failed to satisfactorily accomplish decentralisation . Hence , committees were constituted by various authorities to advise the Centre on different aspects of decentralisation . At least in part to provide the Gandhian goal of direct political participation of people at the grass root level , in 1956 , the National Development Council appointed a committee under Balwant Rai Mehta , which submitted its report in 1957 in which it recommended : - 》 A 3 - tier structure consisting of Zila Parishad at the District level , Panchayat Samiti at the Block level and GramPanchayat at the village level . The next major change in the panchayat system of India came in the form of the passage of the Panchayati Raj Act ( 73rd Amendment ) in 1992 . A key motivation of this act was the belief that local governments may be better placed than centrally appointed bureaucrats to identify and respond to the needs of the village . Hence , this act was an important part of India 's move towards decentralization . The main features of this act are : ( a ) a 3 - tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having population of over 20 lakh ; ( b ) Panchayat elections regularly every 5 years ; ( c ) reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes , Scheduled Tribes and women ( not less than one - third of seats ) ; ( d ) appointment of State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers of the Panchayats . Hence , in theory , panchayats have been given sufficient authority to function as institutions of self - governance and aid social justice . There were several positive effects of this amendment , some of which have been listed above . However , there is also evidence of deeply ingrained clientelist vote - trading structures maintained through extra-political means . This can potentially be blamed on the fact that Gram Sabhas have not been sufficiently empowered and strengthened to ensure greater people 's participation and transparency in functioning of Panchayats as envisaged in the Panchayat Act . See also ( edit ) Panchayat ( Nepal ) Meenakshi Kumari Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.trinidadtribune.com/indian-panchayat-system-promotes-family-values-trinidad-pm/ Jump up ^ http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/history/the-panchayat-system-as-an-early-form-of-conflict-resolution-in-trinidad.html Jump up ^ http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,228484.html Jump up ^ http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,27598.html Jump up ^ P.B. Udgaonkar , Political Institutions & Administration , Motilal Banarasidass Publishers , 1986 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 20 - 82087 - 6 , ... these popular courts are first mentioned by Yajnavalkya and then by Narada , Brishaspati , Somadeva and Sukra . These writers covered a period of about a thousand years , c. 250 to 1250 A.D. , and they could not have mechanically referred to the popular courts if they were not actually functioning ... Jump up ^ Mullick , Rohit & Raaj , Neelam ( 9 September 2007 ) . `` Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Sisodia , R.S. ( 1971 ) . `` Gandhiji 's Vision of Panchayati Raj '' . Panchayat Aur Insan. 3 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Manohar Lal ( 1987 ) . Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India . New Delhi : Deep and Deep Publications . OCLC 17678104 . Hathi Trust copy , search only Jump up ^ Hardgrave , Robert L. & Kochanek , Stanley A. ( 2008 ) . India : Government and Politics in a Developing Nation ( seventh ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Thomson / Wadsworth . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pellissery , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Do Multi-level Governance Meet Local Aspirations ? '' . Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration . 28 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vijandra ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Panchayate Raj and Gandhi '' . Panchayati Raj and Village Development : Volume 3 , Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration . Studies in public administration . New Delhi : Sarup & Sons . pp. 84 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 392 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jawaharlal Nehru , ( 1964 ) , The Discovery of India , Signet Press , Calcutta , p. 288 Jump up ^ George Mathew , Ed : Status of Panchayati Raj in the States and Union Territories of India 2000 / edited by George Mathew . Delhi , Concept for Institute of Social Sciences , 2000 , Jump up ^ Report of the Royal - € OInmission on Decentralisation , 1907 Jump up ^ Venkatarangaiah , M. and M. Pattabhiram ( 1969 ) , ' Local Government in India : Select Readings ' , Allied Publishers , New Delhi Jump up ^ Venkatarangaiah , M. and M. Pattabhiram ( 1969 ) , ' Local Government in India : Select Readings ' , Allied Publishers , New Delhi Jump up ^ World Bank , ( 2000 ) , Overview of Rural Decentralisation in India , Volume III , p. 18 Jump up ^ Bajpai and Verma , ( 1995 ) , Panchayati Raj in India . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_raj&oldid=840651531 '' Categories : Forms of local government Local government in Pakistan Panchayati raj ( India ) Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2018 India - centric Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 07 : 32 . About Wikipedia	short note on panchayati raj system in india	[]	[]
6206955185862929649	Shot Heard 'Round the World (baseball)	Shot Heard ' Round the World ( baseball ) - wikipedia Shot Heard ' Round the World ( baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search The Shot Heard ' Round the World : Dotted line represents the approximate track of Thomson 's game - winning line drive home run In baseball , the `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' was a game - winning home run by New York Giants outfielder and third baseman Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds in New York City on October 3 , 1951 , to win the National League ( NL ) pennant . Thomson 's dramatic three - run homer came in the ninth inning of the decisive third game of a three - game playoff for the pennant in which the Giants trailed , 4 -- 2 . The game -- the first ever televised nationally -- was seen by millions of viewers across America and heard on radio by millions more , including thousands of American servicemen stationed in Korea , listening on Armed Forces Radio . The classic drama of snatching victory from defeat to secure a pennant was intensified by the epic cross-town rivalry between the Giants and Dodgers , and by a remarkable string of victories in the last weeks of the regular season by the Giants , who won 37 of their last 44 games to catch the first - place Dodgers and force a playoff series to decide the NL champion . The Giants ' late - season rally and 2 - to - 1 - game playoff victory , capped by Thomson 's moment of triumph , are collectively known in baseball lore as `` The Miracle of Coogan 's Bluff '' , a descriptor coined by the legendary sports columnist Red Smith . The phrase `` shot heard ' round the world '' is from the poem `` Concord Hymn '' ( 1837 ) by Ralph Waldo Emerson about the first clash of the American Revolutionary War . It later became popularly associated with Thomson 's homer and several other dramatic historical moments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The game 3 The broadcasts 3.1 Russ Hodges 3.2 Ernie Harwell 3.3 Red Barber 3.4 Gordon McLendon 3.5 Other 4 Aftermath 4.1 Controversy 5 Artifacts 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) The principal National League ( NL ) contenders in 1951 were the New York Giants , Brooklyn Dodgers , and Philadelphia Phillies . The Dodgers quickly pulled into first place , and widened their lead as the season progressed . On August 11 , with a 13 ⁄ - game lead over the second - place Giants , they appeared certain to face the New York Yankees in the World Series . `` Unless ( the Dodgers ) completely fold in their last 50 games '' , wrote an Associated Press writer , `` they 're in . '' The Phillies , 14 ⁄ games back , faded from contention ; but the Giants won 16 straight games from August 12 to August 27 , cutting the Dodgers ' lead to six games . By September 20 , they had pulled to within 4 ⁄ games , still a prohibitive margin with only ten days remaining in the season ; but the Giants won all of their final seven games , while the Dodgers lost six of their last ten . The two teams concluded the regular season deadlocked with 96 -- 58 records . The NL used a three - game playoff at that time to break ties for the pennant . The Dodgers won the coin toss to determine the playoff schedule ; they elected to play the first game at home and the second ( and third if needed ) at the Polo Grounds , reasoning that after a likely win in Brooklyn , they would need to win only one of two at the Giants ' park . Nevertheless , in game one at Ebbets Field , the Giants , with Jim Hearn on the mound , defeated the Dodgers ' Ralph Branca 3 -- 1 , thanks to home runs by Bobby Thomson and Monte Irvin . In game two at the Polo Grounds , with the Yankees team in attendance as spectators , the Dodgers tied the series , winning 10 -- 0 on home runs by Jackie Robinson , Gil Hodges , Andy Pafko , and Rube Walker , who was catching in place of an injured Roy Campanella . Clem Labine pitched a six - hit shutout against Sheldon Jones . The 1 -- 1 deadlock set up the deciding third game at the Polo Grounds on October 3 . The game ( edit ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 Brooklyn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 0 WP : Larry Jansen ( 23 -- 11 ) LP : Ralph Branca ( 13 -- 12 ) Home runs : BKN : None NYG : Bobby Thomson ( 32 ) For game three , Sal Maglie was on the mound for New York , while Brooklyn called on Don Newcombe . In the first inning , Robinson singled in Pee Wee Reese for the game 's first run . A Giants rally in the second inning , initiated by Whitey Lockman 's single , fizzled when Thomson , trying to stretch a single into a double , failed to notice that Lockman had not advanced to third base , and was tagged out by Robinson . The score remained 1 -- 0 through the sixth inning . In the seventh inning , Irvin led off with a double for the Giants . He was bunted over to third , and scored on a sacrifice fly by Thomson , tying the score at one run each . In the top of the eighth , the Dodgers came back with three runs . With Reese and Duke Snider on third and first after back - to - back singles , a Maglie wild pitch allowed Reese to score and Snider to advance to second . Robinson was walked intentionally to set up a double play , but Pafko 's ground ball to third bounced off the heel of Thomson 's glove ; Snider scored and Robinson took third . Billy Cox added another single to score Robinson , making the score 4 -- 1 in favor of the Dodgers . Newcombe set down the Giants in order in the bottom of the eighth , while Larry Jansen did the same in relief of Maglie in the top of the ninth . Newcombe had pitched a complete game on September 29 , four days earlier , in Philadelphia , followed by 52⁄3 innings in relief the following day during the last game of the regular season . According to some accounts , after eight innings on only two days ' rest he attempted to take himself out of the game , but Robinson demanded that he continue : `` You go out there and pitch until your arm falls off ! '' Newcombe himself insisted that he never asked to be relieved -- a version corroborated by Snider and Pafko . Giants shortstop Alvin Dark singled off Newcombe to start the bottom - ninth rally . At that point , the Dodgers made a crucial defensive mistake : With no outs , a runner on first , and a 3 - run lead , the normal strategy would be to position the infield for a possible double play ; but first baseman Gil Hodges played behind Dark -- apparently guarding against a highly unlikely steal attempt -- leaving a large gap on the right side of the infield . Don Mueller , batting left - handed , hit a single through that gap , advancing Dark from first to third . Instead of a rally - killing double play , the Dodgers found themselves facing the potential tying run at the plate with two runners on base , nobody out , and Irvin -- with 121 regular - season RBIs -- at bat ; but Newcombe got Irvin to chase an outside pitch and foul out to Hodges . ( Sportswriter Bud Greenspan and others have argued that , had the Dodger infield played Mueller at double - play depth , Irvin 's pop - up would in all likelihood have been the season - ending third out . ) Lockman followed with a double down the left field line , driving in Dark and advancing Mueller to third . Mueller slid awkwardly into the base , injuring his ankle , and was replaced by pinch runner Clint Hartung . With Thomson coming up , Dodgers manager Chuck Dressen finally pulled the exhausted Newcombe . In the bullpen , where Branca and Carl Erskine were warming up , coach Clyde Sukeforth noticed that Erskine -- who had been troubled by arm problems all season -- was bouncing his curve balls short of the plate , and advised Dressen to use Branca in relief . That decision has been continually second - guessed by fans , sportswriters , and baseball historians : Branca had lost six of his last seven decisions , and gave up a game - winning home run to Thomson in the first playoff game . Dressen 's options , however , were severely limited : the only other available pitchers with crucial - situation experience were Clyde King , who was sidelined with biceps tendonitis ; Preacher Roe , who was left - handed ; and Labine , who had pitched a complete game the day before . This was the second questionable decision that inning by Dressen . Thomson was now at bat , with first base open and Willie Mays ( soon to be named the NL Rookie of the Year ) on deck . Mays had gone 0 - for - 3 with two strikeouts against Branca in the first playoff game , but Dressen was unwilling to put the winning run on base , and worried that a veteran pinch hitter might be brought in to bat for Mays if he did so . In the third controversial decision , he elected to pitch to Thomson rather than walk him intentionally . Thomson later recalled that as he left the on - deck circle , Giants manager Leo Durocher turned to him and said , `` If you ever hit one , hit it now . '' Branca 's first pitch was a called strike on the inside corner . His second was a fastball high and inside , intended as a setup for his next , a breaking ball down and away ; but Thomson pulled the fastball down the left field line . The ball disappeared into the lower - deck stands near the left field foul line for a game - ending , three - run home run . Thomson ran the bases , then disappeared into a mob of jubilant teammates gathered at home plate . The stunned Dodger players began the long walk toward the visitors ' clubhouse under the center field bleachers ; Robinson turned to watch Thomson , making certain that he touched every base , before following his teammates off the field . Later , after the celebrations had calmed down , a delegation of Dodgers -- Reese , Snider , Roe , and Robinson -- visited the Giants ' locker room to offer their congratulations . `` I just want you to know that we did n't lose the pennant , '' Robinson told them . `` You guys won it . '' The broadcasts ( edit ) Several television and radio broadcasters captured the moment for baseball fans in the New York City area and nationwide . Russ Hodges ( edit ) The best known live description -- `` arguably the most famous call in sports '' -- was delivered by Russ Hodges , who was broadcasting the game on WMCA - AM radio for Giants fans . His call captured the suddenness and exultation of the home run : `` There 's a long drive ... it 's gon na be , I believe ... The Giants win the pennant ! The Giants win the pennant ! The Giants win the pennant ! The Giants win the pennant ! Bobby Thomson hits into the lower deck of the left - field stands ! The Giants win the pennant and they 're going crazy ! They 're going crazy ! I do n't believe it ! I do n't believe it ! I do not believe it ! Bobby Thomson hit a line drive into the lower deck of the left - field stands and this blame place is going crazy ! The Giants ! Horace Stoneham has got a winner ! The Giants won it by a score of 5 to 4 , and they 're picking Bobby Thomson up , and carrying him off the field ! '' Broadcasts were not routinely taped in 1951 , and no one at any of the local radio or television stations was recording the game . The WMCA call survives only because a Brooklyn - based fan named Lawrence Goldberg asked his mother to tape - record the last half - inning of the radio broadcast while he was at work . In later years , Hodges told interviewers that Goldberg was a Dodgers fan who made the tape `` so he could hear the voice of the Giants weep when Brooklyn won '' . In fact , Goldberg had been a Giants fan since childhood . Ernie Harwell ( edit ) Hodges ' broadcast partner , Ernie Harwell , called the game for the Giants ' television flagship WPIX ; the independent station 's broadcast was carried nationally on the NBC network , the first coast - to - coast live telecast of a Major League Baseball game . His description was not recorded ; he later recalled saying simply , `` It 's gone ! '' almost at the moment Thomson 's bat struck the ball -- and then watching in dismay as the ball began to sink . `` I said to myself , ' If that ball drops into Pafko 's glove , I 'm in deep trouble . ' '' As the ball disappeared into the lower deck , he recalled , no further commentary was necessary . `` The pictures took over . '' Red Barber ( edit ) Dodgers announcer Red Barber , calling the game for WMGM - AM radio , straightforwardly said , `` Branca pumps , delivers -- a curve , swung on and belted , deep shot to left field -- it is -- a home run ! And the New York Giants win the National League pennant and the Polo Grounds goes wild ! '' Barber was openly critical of Hodges ' famous call , labeling it `` unprofessional '' . Gordon McLendon ( edit ) Only local Giants fans heard the famous Hodges call live . Most listeners heard Gordon McLendon 's call on the Liberty Broadcasting System , which carried the game nationally . McLendon 's account ( complete with a similarly enthusiastic yell of `` The Giants win the pennant ! '' ) -- preserved on Harwell 's `` Audio Scrapbook '' -- remains the only professionally recorded broadcast account of the entire third game . Other ( edit ) The game was also called on radio by Al Helfer for the Mutual network , by Buck Canel and Felo Ramírez for a Spanish language network , and by Nat Allbright in a studio re-creation for the Dodgers ' secondary network in the South . Harry Caray , who had called St. Louis Cardinals games during the season , was in the WMCA booth with Hodges and may have also participated in broadcasting the game . Aftermath ( edit ) On October 4 , the New York Daily News ran a front - page game recap under the headline , `` The Shot Heard ' Round the Baseball World '' . The phrase quickly spread to other media , and `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' soon became the most popular epithet for Thomson 's homer . New York Herald Tribune sportswriter Red Smith titled his October 4 column `` The Miracle of Coogan 's Bluff '' , and began it with what has been called `` the greatest lede ever written '' : Now it is done . Now the story ends . And there is no way to tell it . The art of fiction is dead . Reality has strangled invention . Only the utterly impossible , the inexpressibly fantastic , can ever be plausible again . The Giants lost the ensuing World Series to the Yankees in six games . Sukeforth resigned his position as bullpen coach in January 1952 , after 19 years with the Dodgers . He denied that his role in the final inning of the Shot game had any bearing on his decision to leave . Some historians have since speculated otherwise , based on Dressen 's post-game reply to why he brought in Branca : `` Sukeforth said he was ready . '' Sukeforth told a journalist in 2000 -- the last year of his life -- that `` everybody knows the manager is responsible for decisions . '' He added , `` It did n't matter what anybody said ... Branca was the only one who could come in when that big guy ( Newcombe ) could n't go any further . '' Individual recollections of Thomson 's home run continued to emerge decades after the event . In the 1990s , Thomson received a letter from a Marine who had been stationed in Korea in 1951 : `` I was in a bunker in the front line with my buddy listening to the radio . It was contrary to orders , but he was a Giants fanatic . He never made it home and I promised him if I ever got back I 'd write and tell you about the happiest moment of his life . It 's taken me this long to put my feelings into words . On behalf of my buddy , thanks , Bobby . '' In the fall of 2001 , surviving members of the 1951 Giants and Dodgers , including Thomson and Branca , met at Coogan 's Bluff , overlooking the site of the long since demolished ballpark , to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the game . Thomson 's baseball legacy rests almost completely on the Shot , despite his other notable accomplishments , such as eight 20 - home run seasons and three All Star selections . `` It was the best thing that ever happened to me '' , he told a reporter toward the end of his life . `` It may have been the best thing that ever happened to anybody . '' Controversy ( edit ) In ensuing years , rumors began to circulate that during the second half of the 1951 season , the Giants engaged in the systematic stealing of signs -- the finger signals transmitted from catcher to pitcher that determine the pitch to be thrown . The Associated Press reported the rumor in 1962 , but with no specifics , and based on an anonymous source . In 2001 , many of the 21 Giants players still alive at the time , and one surviving coach , told the Wall Street Journal that beginning on July 20 , the team used a telescope in the Giants clubhouse behind center field , manned by infielder Hank Schenz and later by coach Herman Franks , to steal the finger signals of opposing catchers . Stolen signs were relayed via a buzzer wire connected from the clubhouse to telephones in the Giants dugout and bullpen -- one buzz for a fastball , two for an off - speed pitch . `` Every hitter knew what was coming , '' said pitcher Al Gettel . `` Made a big difference . '' Joshua Prager , the author of the Journal article , outlined the evidence in greater detail in a 2006 book . Although backup catcher Sal Yvars told Prager that he relayed Rube Walker 's fastball sign to Thomson from the bullpen , Thomson repeatedly insisted that he was concentrating on the situation , and did not take the sign . Branca made no public comment at the time . `` I made a decision not to speak about it , '' he said . `` I did n't want to look like I was crying over spilled milk . '' Later he told The New York Times , `` I did n't want to diminish a legendary moment in baseball . And even if Bobby knew what was coming , he had to hit it ... Knowing the pitch does n't always help . '' In another interview , Branca pointed out that luck and circumstance were involved as well ; had the coin toss gone the other way , Thomson 's Shot would not have been a home run at Ebbets Field -- nor would the game - winner he hit in the first playoff game have been a homer at the Polo Grounds . Whether the telescope - and - buzzer system contributed significantly to the Giants ' late - season 37 -- 7 win streak remains a subject of debate . Prager notes in his book that sign stealing was not specifically forbidden by MLB rules at the time and , moral issues aside , `` ... has been a part of baseball since its inception '' . Sign stealing using optical or other mechanical aids was outlawed by MLB in 1961 . Artifacts ( edit ) Some of the artifacts from the historic moment have been preserved . Thomson 's game bat and shoes are the centerpieces of an exhibit dedicated to the Shot at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . The exhibit is one of the Hall 's most popular attractions , according to curators . Thomson 's game jersey is most likely in the collection of Dan Scheinman , a collector who owns a small minority stake in the Giants . In 2005 , he bought two 1951 jerseys -- one home and one road -- from Thomson , who told him that he had worn them in the World Series , but could not remember whether he had worn the home jersey for the Shot game . Scheinman has said that he is `` about 90 percent '' confident that the home jersey is indeed the one Thomson was wearing when he hit the Shot : The Giants almost certainly wore the same uniforms for the Series -- which began the day after the Shot game -- that they used during the second half of the season ( as did the Yankees ) , and Scheinman 's jersey displays distinct puckering around the numbers , probably as a result of steam pressing , that is visible in photos of Thomson taken during and immediately after the Shot game . According to a professional textile conservator , such puckering can not be mimicked or reproduced , and would not repeat itself in exactly the same pattern on a different jersey . The location of the ball is unknown . Documentary filmmaker and author Brian Biegel attempted unsuccessfully to authenticate a vintage baseball , autographed by several 1951 Giants , that his father had purchased at a thrift store for four dollars , and believed to be Thomson 's home run ball . He chronicled the project in his 2011 book Miracle Ball , followed by a documentary film of the same name . Legacy ( edit ) The Shot game placed second on ESPN 's SportsCentury ranking of the Ten Greatest Games of the 20th Century , behind the 1958 NFL Championship Game . Sports Illustrated ranked Thomson 's home run fifteenth on its list of the 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Regan , Becky ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` No. 756 takes Giants back to 1951 '' . MLB.com . ^ Jump up to : Smith , R. `` Miracle of Coogan 's Bluff '' . New York Herald Tribune , October 4 , 1951 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Concord Hymn by Ralph Waldo Emerson . poetryfoundation.org archive . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 The Shot Heard ' Round the World '' . thisgreatgame.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Seeking Info On Opponent '' . Lawrence Journal - World . August 10 , 1951 . p. 10 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Hits Homer , Keeps Team In Race '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . October 1 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reds Defeat Polo Grounders , 3 -- 1 , Routing Hearn in 3 - Run Eighth '' . The New York Times . September 21 , 1951 . p. 38 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Reichler , Joe ( October 1 , 1951 ) . `` Larry Jansen Fires 3 -- 2 Win For Amazing Giants '' . Lewiston Daily Sun . p. 12 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fimrite , R. Side By Side . Sports Illustrated , September 16 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Giants Meet Brooklyn in 1st Playoff '' . Youngstown Vindicator . October 1 , 1951 . p. 1 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 1 , 1951 : New York Giants at Brooklyn Dodgers Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Idle Yankees Watch Rivals Clash Today '' . The Altus Times - Democrat . Associated Press . October 2 , 1951 . p. 4 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sheldon Jones To Go Against Clem Labine '' . The Portsmouth Times . October 2 , 1951 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` October 2 , 1951 : Brooklyn Dodgers at New York Giants Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reichler , Joe ( October 4 , 1951 ) . `` Maglie And Newcombe In Last Of Playoffs Today '' . Times Daily . p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retrosheet Boxscore : New York Giants 5 , Brooklyn Dodgers 4 '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 3 , 1951 : Brooklyn Dodgers at New York Giants Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , A . The Giants and the Dodgers : Four Cities , Two Teams , One Rivalry . McFarland ( 2003 ) , pp. 110 -- 12 . ISBN 0786416408 Jump up ^ Greenspan , B. Play It Again , Bud ! New York , Ballantine Books ( 1974 ) , pp. 78 -- 83 . ISBN 0345241967 Jump up ^ Goldblatt ( 2003 ) , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt ( 2003 ) , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Regan , B. ( August 9 , 2007 ) . No. 756 takes Giants back to 1951 . MLB.com archive . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bobby Thomson launches `` The Shot Heard ' Round The World '' & `` The Giants Win The Pennant ! '' ^ Jump up to : Halberstam , D. ( October 3 , 2001 ) . Called Shot May Have Set Tone for the Future . Los Angeles Times archive . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The shot heard round the world '' . The History Channel . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( October 1 , 2001 ) . `` THE SHOT HEARD ' ROUND THE WORLD ; A Call Is Born , And Saved By a Mom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Steve ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` The man who taped baseball 's `` shot heard ' round the world '' `` . CNN.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longtime Tigers broadcaster Harwell dies at 92 . ( May 4 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Ernie Harwell 's Audio Scrapbook Jump up ^ Prager , Joshua ( 2006 ) . The Echoing Green . Pantheon Books . pp. 195 -- 196 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42154 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heller , Dick ( March 10 , 2003 ) . `` Nat Allbright was the Dodgers to many fans in the ' 50s '' . Washington Times . Jump up ^ Prager ( 2006 ) , p. 251 Jump up ^ Petchesky , Barry ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Stories That Do n't Suck : The Shot Heard ' Round The World And The Greatest Lede Ever Written '' . Deadspin.com . Jump up ^ 1951 World Series . Baseball Almanac , retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sukeforth Quits as Dodger Coach in Surprise Move . '' Nashua Telegraph , January 10 , 1952 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenspan , B. Play It Again , Bud ! New York , Ballantine Books ( 1974 ) , p. 83 . ISBN 0345241967 Jump up ^ `` Late Shot : Brooklyn Bullpen Coach Sukeforth May Not Have Deserved the Heat '' October 3 , 2001 . Los Angeles Times archive Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bobby Thomson obituary ( August 19 , 2010 ) . telegraph.co.uk archive . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prager , Joshua Harris ( January 31 , 2001 ) . `` Inside Baseball : Giants ' 1951 Comeback , The Sport 's Greatest , Was n't All It Seemed '' . Wall Street Journal . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated , Volume 133 , No. 24 ( December 27 , 2010 ) . Page 70 . ^ Jump up to : Was the ' 51 Giants Comeback a Miracle , Or Did They Simply Steal the Pennant ? Wall Street Journal , January 31 , 2001 ( behind subscription wall ) , retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prager , Joshua : The Echoing Green : The Untold Story of Bobby Thomson , Ralph Branca and The Shot Heard Round the World . New York : Pantheon Books , 2006 . ISBN 0375421548 . ^ Jump up to : Sal Yvars Dies at 84 ; Revealed Baseball Scheme . New York Times ( December 11 , 2008 ) , retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://poststar.com/sports/f9840904-aa7a-11df-93d9-001cc4c03286.html Jump up ^ `` Bobby Thomson '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prager ( 2006 ) , p. 162 ^ Jump up to : Wilkie , Jim ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Passionate quest for ' Miracle Ball ' '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lukas , Paul ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Did collector unearth Thomson history ? '' . Page 2 . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacCambridge , Michael ( ed . ) . ESPN SportsCentury ( 1951 National League Playoff ) . New York : Hyperion ESPN Books . p. 171 . Jump up ^ The Shot Heard ' Round the World . si.com archive , retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Biegel , Brian , with Peter Thomas Fornatale. ( 2009 ) . Miracle Ball : My Hunt for the Shot Heard ' Round the World . New York : Crown Publishing . ISBN 0 - 307 - 45268 - 9 . Branca , Ralph , with David Ritz. ( 2011 ) . A Moment in Time : An American Story of Baseball , Heartbreak , and Grace . New York : Scribner . ISBN 1 - 451 - 63687 - 3 . Kahn , Roger . ( 1972 ) . The Boys of Summer . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 060 - 12239 - 0 . Prager , Joshua . ( 2006 ) . The Echoing Green : The Untold Story of Bobby Thomson , Ralph Branca and the Shot Heard Round the World . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42154 - 8 . Robinson , Ray . ( 2011 ) . The Home Run Heard ' Round the World : The Dramatic Story of the 1951 Giants - Dodgers Pennant Race . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 48058 - 5 . Thomson , Bobby , with Lee Heiman and Bill Gutman. ( 1991 ) . `` The Giants Win the Pennant ! The Giants Win the Pennant ! '' : The Amazing 1951 National League Season and the Home Run that Won It All . New York : Zebra Books . ISBN 0 - 821 - 73437 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Bobby Thomson 's pennant - winning home run 1951 . According to the description at Cleveland Public Library 's site : `` 45 ? min. , recorded on tape with Luke Sewell interview / Between 1973 and 1987 historian Eugene Converse Murdock interviewed 76 former baseball players in 22 states . Most had been active in the 1930 's . Murdock was chairman of the history department at Marietta College from 1972 until his retirement in 1986 . The interviews were not professionally recorded , and the audio quality is variable . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the shot heard around the world happen	[ "In baseball, the \"Shot Heard 'Round the World\" was a game-winning home run by New York Giants outfielder and third baseman Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds in New York City on October 3, 1951, to win the National League (NL) pennant. Thomson's dramatic three-run homer came in the ninth inning of the decisive third game of a three-game playoff for the pennant in which the Giants trailed, 4–2.[1]" ]	[ "at the Polo Grounds in New York City" ]
4175430141646571824	Cougar	Cougar - wikipedia Cougar This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 October 2018 . `` Mountain lion '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cougar ( disambiguation ) and Mountain lion ( disambiguation ) . Large cat of the family Felidae native to the Americas Cougar Temporal range : 0.3 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Middle Pleistocene -- Holocene A North American cougar in Glacier National Park Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Clade : Tetrapodomorpha Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Suborder : Feliformia Family : Felidae Subfamily : Felinae Genus : Puma Species : P. concolor Binomial name Puma concolor ( Linnaeus , 1771 ) Subspecies P. c. concolor P. c. couguar Also see text Cougar range Synonyms Felis concolor The cougar ( Puma concolor ) , also commonly known as the puma , mountain lion , panther or catamount , is a large felid of the subfamily Felinae native to the Americas . Its range , from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes of South America , is the widest of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere . An adaptable , generalist species , the cougar is found in most American habitat types . It is the biggest cat in North America , and the second - heaviest cat in the New World after the jaguar . Secretive and largely solitary by nature , the cougar is properly considered both nocturnal and crepuscular , although daytime sightings do occur . The cougar is more closely related to smaller felines , including the domestic cat ( subfamily Felinae ) , than to any species of subfamily Pantherinae , of which only the jaguar is native to the Americas . The cougar is an ambush predator that pursues a wide variety of prey . Primary food sources are ungulates , particularly deer . It also hunts species as small as insects and rodents . This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking , but can also live in open areas . The cougar is territorial and survives at low population densities . Individual territory sizes depend on terrain , vegetation , and abundance of prey . While large , it is not always the apex predator in its range , yielding to the jaguar , gray wolf , American black bear , and grizzly bear . It is reclusive and mostly avoids people . Fatal attacks on humans are rare , but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter cougar territories . Intensive hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the ongoing human development of cougar habitat has caused populations to drop in most parts of its historical range . In particular , the North American cougar was extirpated in eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century , except for an isolated Florida panther subpopulation . Transient males have been verified in Minnesota , Missouri , Iowa , Michigan , Indiana , and Illinois ( where a cougar was shot in the city limits of Chicago ) , and in at least one instance , observed as far east as coastal Connecticut . Reports of eastern cougars ( P. c. cougar ) still surface , although it was declared extirpated in 2011 . Contents 1 Naming and etymology 2 Taxonomy and evolution 2.1 Subspecies 3 Characteristics 4 Biology and behavior 4.1 Hunting and diet 4.2 Reproduction and life cycle 4.3 Social structure and home range 5 Ecology 5.1 Distribution and habitat 5.2 Habitat fragmentation 5.3 Ecological role 6 Hybrids 7 Conservation status 8 Relationships with humans 8.1 In mythology 8.2 In sports 8.3 Livestock predation 8.4 Attacks on humans 8.4. 1 North American subspecies 8.4. 2 Other subspecies 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Naming and Etymology With its vast range across the length of the Americas , P. concolor has dozens of names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous Americans and in contemporary culture . Currently , it is referred to as `` puma '' by most scientists and by the populations in 21 of the 23 countries in the Americas . `` Puma '' is the common name in Spanish or Portuguese - speaking countries but the cat has many local or regional names in the United States and Canada , of which cougar , puma , and mountain lion are popular . `` Mountain lion '' was a term first used in writing in 1858 from the diary of George Andrew Jackson of Colorado . Other names include catamount ( probably a contraction from `` cat of the mountain '' ) , mountain screamer , and painter . Lexicographers regard painter as a primarily upper - Southern US regional variant on panther . P. concolor holds the Guinness record for the animal with the greatest number of names , with over 40 in English alone . `` Cougar '' is borrowed from the Portuguese çuçuarana , via French ; the term was originally derived from the Tupi language . A current form in Brazil is suçuarana . In the 17th century , German naturalist Georg Marcgrave named the cat the cuguacu ara . Marcgrave 's rendering was reproduced in 1648 by his associate , Dutch naturalist Willem Piso . Cuguacu ara was then adopted by English naturalist John Ray in 1693 . The French naturalist Georges - Louis Leclerc , Comte de Buffon in 1774 ( probably influenced by the word `` jaguar '' ) converted the cuguacu ara to cuguar , which was later modified to `` cougar '' in English . The first English record of `` puma '' was in 1777 , where it had come from the Spanish , who in turn borrowed it from the Peruvian Quechua language in the 16th century , where it means `` powerful '' . Taxonomy and Evolution Although large , the cougar is more closely related to smaller felines than to other big cats Cougars are the largest of the small cats . They are placed in the subfamily Felinae , although their physical characteristics are similar to those of the big cats in the subfamily Pantherinae . The family Felidae is believed to have originated in Asia about 11 million years ago . Taxonomic research on felids remains partial , and much of what is known about their evolutionary history is based on mitochondrial DNA analysis , as cats are poorly represented in the fossil record , and significant confidence intervals exist with suggested dates . In the latest genomic study of the Felidae , the common ancestor of today 's Leopardus , Lynx , Puma , Prionailurus , and Felis lineages migrated across the Bering land bridge into the Americas 8.0 to 8.5 million years ago ( Mya ) . The lineages subsequently diverged in that order . North American felids then invaded South America 2 -- 4 Mya as part of the Great American Interchange , following formation of the Isthmus of Panama . Linnaeus placed the cougar in Felis ( Felis concolor ) , the genus which includes the domestic cat . The cougar is now placed in Puma , and is most closely related to the jaguarundi , as well as the modern cheetah of Africa and western Asia , but the relationship is unresolved . The cheetah lineage is suggested by some studies to have diverged from the Puma lineage in the Americas ( see American cheetah ) and migrated back to Asia and Africa , while other research suggests the cheetah diverged in the Old World itself . A high level of genetic similarity has been found among North American cougar populations , suggesting they are all fairly recent descendants of a small ancestral group . Culver et al. propose the original North American population of P. concolor was extirpated during the Pleistocene extinctions some 10,000 years ago , when other large mammals , such as Smilodon , also disappeared . North America was then repopulated by a group of South American cougars . The jaguarundi , which is known as the cougar 's closest relative , was formerly placed within the same genus , Puma . It is now most often placed in the genus Herpailurus . Subspecies Until the late 1980s , as many as 32 subspecies were recorded ; genetic study of mitochondrial DNA found many of these are too similar to be recognized as distinct at a molecular level . Following the research , the canonical Mammal Species of the World ( 3rd ed . ) recognized six subspecies , five of which were solely found in Latin America : Argentine cougar ( Puma concolor cabrerae ) Pocock , 1940 : includes the previous subspecies and synonyms hudsonii and puma ( Marcelli , 1922 ) Costa Rican cougar ( P. c. costaricensis ) Merriam , 1901 Eastern South American cougar ( P. c. anthonyi ) Nelson and Goldman , 1931 : includes the previous subspecies and synonyms acrocodia , borbensis , capricornensis , concolor , greeni , and nigra North American cougar ( P. c. couguar ) Kerr , 1792 : includes the previous subspecies and synonyms arundivaga , aztecus , browni , californica , floridana , hippolestes , improcera , kaibabensis , mayensis , missoulensis , olympus , oregonensis , schorgeri , stanleyana , vancouverensis , and youngi Northern South American cougar ( P. c. concolor ) Linnaeus , 1771 : includes the previous subspecies and synonyms bangsi , incarum , osgoodi , soasoaranna , sussuarana , soderstromii , suçuaçuara , and wavula Southern South American cougar ( P. c. puma ) Molina , 1782 : includes the previous subspecies and synonyms araucanus , concolor , patagonica , pearsoni , and puma ( Trouessart , 1904 ) As of 2017 , the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group recognizes only two subspecies : P. c. concolor for South America , possibly excluding the region northwest of the Andes , and P. c. couguar for Central and North America , and possibly northwest South America . Incerta sedis Florida panther ( P. c. coryi ) The status of the Florida panther remains uncertain . It is still regularly listed as subspecies P. c. coryi in research works , including those directly concerned with its conservation . Culver et al. noted low microsatellite variation in the Florida panther , possibly due to inbreeding ; responding to the research , one conservation team suggests , `` the degree to which the scientific community has accepted the use of genetics in puma taxonomy is not resolved at this time . '' Characteristics Close - up of face Cougar skull and jawbone Rear paw of a cougar Front paw print of a cougar . An adult paw print is approximately 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) long . Although cougars somewhat resemble the domestic cat , they are about the same size as an adult human The head of the cat is round and the ears are erect . Its powerful forequarters , neck , and jaw serve to grasp and hold large prey . It has five retractable claws on its forepaws ( one a dewclaw ) and four on its hind paws . The larger front feet and claws are adaptations to clutching prey . Cougars are slender and agile members of the Cat Family . They are the fourth - largest cat species worldwide ; adults stand about 60 to 90 cm ( 24 to 35 in ) tall at the shoulders . Adult males are around 2.4 m ( 7.9 ft ) long from nose to tail tip , and females average 2.05 m ( 6.7 ft ) , with overall ranges between 1.50 to 2.75 m ( 4.9 to 9.0 ft ) nose to tail suggested for the species in general . Of this length , the tail typically accounts for 63 to 95 cm ( 25 to 37 in ) . Males generally weigh 53 to 100 kg ( 117 to 220 lb ) , averaging 62 kg ( 137 lb ) . Females typically weigh between 29 and 64 kg ( 64 and 141 lb ) , averaging 42 kg ( 93 lb ) . Cougar size is smallest close to the equator and larger towards the poles . The largest recorded cougar , shot in 1901 , weighed 105.2 kg ( 232 lb ) ; claims of 125.2 kg ( 276 lb ) and 118 kg ( 260 lb ) have been reported , though they were most likely exaggerated . On average , adult male cougars in British Columbia weigh 56.7 kg ( 125 lb ) and adult females 45.4 kg ( 100 lb ) , though several male cougars in British Columbia weighed between 86.4 and 95.5 kg ( 190 and 211 lb ) . Depending on the locality , cougars can be smaller or bigger than jaguars , but are less muscular and not as powerfully built . Whereas cougars tend to be larger as distance increases from the equator , which crosses South America , jaguars north of the Amazon River in South America tend to be smaller . For example , while South American jaguars are comparatively large and may exceed 90 kg ( 200 lb ) , those in Mexico 's Chamela - Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve weigh about the same as female cougars ( approximately 50 kg ( 110 lb ) ) . The cougar is on average larger than all felid species apart from the lion , tiger , and jaguar . Despite its size , it is not typically classified among the `` big cats '' because it can not roar , lacking the specialized larynx and hyoid apparatus of Panthera . Compared to `` big cats '' , cougars are often silent with minimal communication through vocalizations outside of the mother - offspring relationship . Cougars sometimes voice low - pitched hisses , growls , and purrs , as well as chirps and whistles , many of which are comparable to those of domestic cats . They are well known for their screams , as referenced in some of their common names , although these screams are often misinterpreted to be the calls of other animals or humans . Cougar coloring is plain ( hence the Latin concolor ) but can vary greatly across individuals and even siblings . The coat is typically tawny like that of the lion , which is why it was initially called the `` mountain lion '' , but it otherwise ranges from silvery - grey or reddish with lighter patches on the underbody , including the jaws , chin , and throat . Infants are spotted and born with blue eyes and rings on their tails ; juveniles are pale and dark spots remain on their flanks . Despite anecdotes to the contrary , all - black coloring ( melanism ) has never been documented in cougars . The term `` black panther '' is used colloquially to refer to melanistic individuals of other species , particularly jaguars and leopards . Cougars have large paws and proportionally the largest hind legs in Felidae , allowing for their great leaping and short - sprint ability . The cougar 's top running speed ranges between 64 and 80 km / h ( 40 and 50 mph ) , but is best adapted for sprints rather than long chases . It is adept at climbing , which allows it to evade canine competitors . Although it is not strongly associated with water , it can swim . Biology and behavior Hunting and diet A successful generalist predator , the cougar will eat any animal it can catch , from insects to large ungulates ( over 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) ) . Like other cats , it is an obligate carnivore , meaning it must feed on meat to survive . The mean weight of vertebrate prey ( MWVP ) that pumas attack increases with the puma 's body weight ; in general , MWVP is lower in areas closer to the equator . Its most important prey species are various deer species , particularly in North America ; mule deer , white - tailed deer , elk , and even bull moose are taken . Other species such as the bighorn and Dall 's sheep , horse , fallow deer , caribou , mountain goat , coyote and pronghorn . A survey of North America research found 68 % of prey items were ungulates , especially deer . Only the Florida panther showed variation , often preferring feral hogs and armadillos . A captive cougar feeding . Cougars are ambush predators , feeding mostly on deer and other mammals . Investigations at Yellowstone National Park showed that elk , followed by mule deer , were the cougar 's primary targets ; the prey base is shared with the park 's gray wolves , with which the cougar competes for resources . Another study on winter kills ( November -- April ) in Alberta showed that ungulates accounted for greater than 99 % of the cougar diet . Learned , individual prey recognition was observed , as some cougars rarely killed bighorn sheep , while others relied heavily on the species . In Pacific Rim National Park Reserve , scat samples showed raccoons to make up 28 % of the cougar 's diet , harbor seals and blacktail deer 24 % each , North American river otters 10 % , California sea lion 7 % , and American mink 4 % ; the remaining 3 % were unidentified . In the Central and South American cougar range , the ratio of deer in the diet declines . Small to mid-sized mammals are preferred , including large rodents such as the capybara . Ungulates accounted for only 35 % of prey items in one survey , about half that of North America . Competition with the larger jaguar in South America has been suggested for the decline in the size of prey items . However , a study by Gutiérrez - González and López - González showed that the cougar and jaguar in Central or North America may share the same prey , depending on its abundance . Other listed prey species of the cougar include mice , porcupines , beavers , raccoons , hares , guanaco , peccary , vicuna , rhea , and wild turkey . Birds and small reptiles are sometimes preyed upon in the south , but this is rarely recorded in North America . Although capable of sprinting , the cougar is typically an ambush predator . It stalks through brush and trees , across ledges , or other covered spots , before delivering a powerful leap onto the back of its prey and a suffocating neck bite . The cougar is capable of breaking the neck of some of its smaller prey with a strong bite and momentum bearing the animal to the ground . Kills are generally estimated around one large ungulate every two weeks . The period shrinks for females raising young , and may be as short as one kill every three days when cubs are nearly mature around 15 months . The cat drags a kill to a preferred spot , covers it with brush , and returns to feed over a period of days . The cougar is generally reported to not be a scavenger , but deer carcasses left exposed for study were scavenged by cougars in California , suggesting more opportunistic behavior . Reproduction and Life cycle North American cougar cub at Malibu Springs Cubs Females reach sexual maturity between one - and - a-half to three years of age . They typically average one litter every two to three years throughout their reproductive lives , though the period can be as short as one year . Females are in estrus for about 8 days of a 23 - day cycle ; the gestation period is approximately 91 days . Females are sometimes reported as monogamous , but this is uncertain and polygyny may be more common . Copulation is brief but frequent . Chronic stress can result in low reproductive rates when in captivity as well as in the field . Only females are involved in parenting . Litter size is between one and six cubs ; typically two . Caves and other alcoves that offer protection are used as litter dens . Born blind , cubs are completely dependent on their mother at first , and begin to be weaned at around three months of age . As they grow , they begin to go out on forays with their mother , first visiting kill sites , and after six months beginning to hunt small prey on their own . Kitten survival rates are just over one per litter . Newborn cougars have spots that fade and eventually disappear by the age of 2 1 / 2 years . Juveniles remain with their mothers at least for two years . Young adults leave their mother to attempt to establish their own territories at around two years of age and sometimes earlier ; males tend to leave sooner . One study has shown high mortality amongst cougars that travel farthest from the maternal range , often due to conflicts with other cougars ( intraspecific competition ) . Research in New Mexico has shown that `` males dispersed significantly farther than females , were more likely to traverse large expanses of non-cougar habitat , and were probably most responsible for nuclear gene flow between habitat patches . '' Life expectancy in the wild is reported at eight to 13 years , and probably averages eight to 10 ; a female of at least 18 years was reported killed by hunters on Vancouver Island . Cougars may live as long as 20 years in captivity . A male North American cougar ( P. c. couguar ) named `` Scratch '' was two months short of his 30th birthday when he died in 2007 . Causes of death in the wild include disability and disease , competition with other cougars , starvation , accidents , and , where allowed , human hunting . Feline immunodeficiency virus , an endemic HIV - like virus in cats , is well - adapted to the cougar . Social structure and home range Like almost all cats , the cougar is a mostly solitary animal . Only mothers and kittens live in groups , with adults meeting rarely . While generally loners , cougars will reciprocally share kills with one another and seem to organize themselves into small communities defined by the territories of dominant males . Cats within these areas socialize more frequently with each other than with outsiders . Estimates of territory sizes for cougars vary greatly . Canadian Geographic reports large male territories of 150 to 1000 km ( 58 to 386 sq mi ) with female ranges half that size . Other research suggests a much smaller lower limit of 25 km ( 10 sq mi ) , but an even greater upper limit of 1300 km ( 500 sq mi ) for males . In the United States , very large ranges have been reported in Texas and the Black Hills of the northern Great Plains , in excess of 775 km ( 300 sq mi ) . Male ranges may include or overlap with those of females but , at least where studied , not with those of other males , which reduces conflict between cougars . Ranges of females may overlap slightly with each other . Scrape marks , urine , and feces are used to mark territory and attract mates . Males may scrape together a small pile of leaves and grasses and then urinate on it as a way of marking territory . Home range sizes and overall cougar abundance depend on terrain , vegetation , and prey abundance . One female adjacent to the San Andres Mountains was found with a large range of 215 km ( 83 sq mi ) , necessitated by poor prey abundance . Research has shown cougar abundances from 0.5 animals to as much as 7 ( in one study in South America ) per 100 km ( 38 sq mi ) . Because males disperse farther than females and compete more directly for mates and territory , they are more likely to be involved in conflict . Where a juvenile fails to leave his maternal range , for example , he may be killed by his father . When males encounter each other , they hiss , spit , and may engage in violent conflict if neither backs down . Hunting or relocation of the cougar may increase aggressive encounters by disrupting territories and bringing young , transient animals into conflict with established individuals . Ecology Distribution and habitat A camera trap image of a cougar in Saguaro National Park , Arizona The cougar has the largest range of any wild land animal in the Americas . Its range spans 110 degrees of latitude , from northern Yukon in Canada to the southern Andes . Its wide distribution stems from its adaptability to virtually every habitat type ; it is found in all forest types , as well as in lowland and mountainous deserts . The cougar prefers habitats include precipitous canyons , escarpments , rim rocks , and dense brush , but can also live in open areas with little vegetation . The cougar was extirpated across nearly all of its eastern North American range ( with the exception of Florida ) in the two centuries after European colonization , and faced grave threats elsewhere . It currently ranges across most western American states , the Canadian provinces of Alberta , Saskatchewan and British Columbia , and the Canadian territory of Yukon . There have been widely debated reports of possible recolonization of eastern North America . DNA evidence has suggested its presence in eastern North America , while a consolidated map of cougar sightings shows numerous reports from the mid-western Great Plains through to eastern Canada . The Quebec wildlife services also considers cougar to be present in the province as a threatened species after multiple DNA tests confirmed cougar hair in lynx mating sites . The only unequivocally known eastern population is the critically endangered Florida panther . There have been unconfirmed sightings in Elliotsville Plantation , Maine ( north of Monson ) and as early as 1997 in New Hampshire . In 2009 , the Michigan Department of Natural Resources confirmed a cougar sighting in Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Typically , extreme - range sightings of cougars involve young males , which can travel great distances to establish ranges away from established males . All four confirmed cougar kills in Iowa since 2000 involved males . On April 14 , 2008 , police fatally shot a cougar on the north side of Chicago , Illinois . DNA tests were consistent with cougars from the Black Hills of South Dakota . Less than a year later , on March 5 , 2009 , a cougar was photographed and unsuccessfully tranquilized by state wildlife biologists in a tree near Spooner , Wisconsin , in the northwestern part of the state . Other eastern sightings since 2010 have occurred in locations such as Greene County , Indiana , Greenwich and Milford , Connecticut , Morgan County Pike County , and Whiteside County , Illinois , and Bourbon County , Kentucky . In Tennessee , no confirmed sightings had been made since the early 1900s . The first confirmed sighting in a century was made on September 20 , 2015 , in Obion county in the north - western corner of West Tennessee . Six days later , and about 35 miles to the southeast , a hair sample was found in Carroll County . DNA analysis revealed that it was from a female genetically similar to South Dakota cougars . Since then there have been at least eight additional confirmed sightings in the state ; all were immediately east of the Tennessee River in Middle Tennessee : initially in Humphreys county and on September 4 , 2016 , further south in Wayne county . South of the Rio Grande , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) lists the cat in every Central and South American country . While specific state and provincial statistics are often available in North America , much less is known about the cat in its southern range . The cougar 's total breeding population is estimated at less than 50,000 by the IUCN , with a declining trend . US state - level statistics are often more optimistic , suggesting cougar populations have rebounded . In Oregon , a healthy population of 5,000 was reported in 2006 , exceeding a target of 3,000 . California has actively sought to protect the cat and has an estimated population of 4,000 to 6,000 . A 2012 study using 18 motion - sensitive cameras in Río Los Cipreses National Reserve counted a population of two males and two females , one of them with at least two cubs , in an area of 600 km ( 0.63 cougars per 100 km ) . Habitat fragmentation With the increase of human development and infrastructure growth in California , the North American Cougar populations are becoming more isolated from one another . Ecological role Juvenile cougars in conflict with coyotes at National Elk Refuge Aside from humans , no species preys upon mature cougars in the wild , although conflicts with other predators or scavengers occur . Of the three large predators in Yellowstone National Park -- the grizzly bear , gray wolf , and cougar -- the massive grizzly bear appears dominant , often ( but not always ) able to drive both the gray wolf pack and the cougar off their kills . One study found that grizzlies and American black bears visited 24 % of cougar kills in Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks , usurping 10 % of carcasses . Bears gained up to 113 % and cougars lost up to 26 % of their respective daily energy requirements from these encounters . In Colorado and California , black bears were found to visit 48 % and 77 % of kills , respectively . In general , cougars are subordinate to black bears when it comes to kills and when bears are most active , the cats take prey more frequently and spend less time feeding on each kill . Unlike several subordinate predators from other ecosystems , cougars do not appear to take advantage of spatial or temporal refuges to avoid their competitors . The gray wolf and the cougar compete more directly for prey , mostly in winter . Packs of wolves can steal cougars ' kills and occasionally kill the cat . One report describes a large pack of 7 to 11 wolves killing a female cougar and her kittens . Conversely , lone female wolves have in various documented accounts been ambushed and killed by cougars , including in one involving a six - year - old female wolf . Wolves more broadly affect cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominating territory and prey opportunities , and disrupting the feline 's behavior . Preliminary research in Yellowstone , for instance , has shown displacement of the cougar by wolves . In nearby Sun Valley , Idaho , a cougar / wolf encounter that resulted in the death of the cougar was documented . One researcher in Oregon noted : `` When there is a pack around , cougars are not comfortable around their kills or raising kittens ... A lot of times a big cougar will kill a wolf , but the pack phenomenon changes the table . '' Both species are capable of killing mid-sized predators , such as bobcats and coyotes , and tend to suppress their numbers . Although cougars can kill coyotes , the latter have been documented attempting to prey on cougar cubs . In the southern portion of its range , the cougar and jaguar share overlapping territory . The jaguar tends to take the larger prey where ranges overlap , reducing both the cougar 's potential size and the likelihood of direct competition between the two cats . Cougars appear better than jaguars at exploiting a broader prey niche and smaller prey . As with any predator at or near the top of its food chain , the cougar impacts the population of prey species . Predation by cougars has been linked to changes in the species mix of deer in a region . For example , a study in British Columbia observed that the population of mule deer , a favored cougar prey , was declining while the population of the less frequently preyed - upon white - tailed deer was increasing . The Vancouver Island marmot , an endangered species endemic to one region of dense cougar population , has seen decreased numbers due to cougar and gray wolf predation . Nevertheless , there is a measurable effect on the quality of deer populations by puma predation . In the southern part of South America , the puma is a top level predator that has controlled the population of guanaco and other species since prehistoric times . Cougars also prey on bear cubs . Hybrids Pumapard , photographed in 1904 Main article : Pumapard A pumapard is a hybrid animal resulting from a union between a puma and a leopard . Whether born to a female puma mated to a male leopard or to a male puma mated to a female leopard , pumapards inherit a form of dwarfism . Those reported grew to only half the size of the parents . They have a puma - like long body ( proportional to the limbs , but nevertheless shorter than either parent ) , but short legs . The coat is variously described as sandy , tawny or greyish with brown , chestnut or `` faded '' rosettes . Conservation Status At a zoological park The World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) currently lists the cougar as a `` least concern '' species . The cougar is regulated under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) , rendering illegal international trade in specimens or parts . In the United States east of the Mississippi River , the only unequivocally known cougar population is the Florida panther . Until 2011 , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS ) recognized both an Eastern cougar ( claimed to be a subspecies by some , denied by others ) and the Florida panther , affording protection under the Endangered Species Act . Certain taxonomic authorities have collapsed both designations into the North American cougar , with Eastern or Florida subspecies not recognized , while a subspecies designation remains recognized by some conservation scientists . In 2003 the documented count for the Florida sub-population was 87 individuals . In March 2011 , the USFWS declared the Eastern cougar extinct . With the taxonomic uncertainty about its existence as a subspecies as well as the possibility of eastward migration of cougars from the western range , the subject remains open . This uncertainty has been recognized by Canadian authorities . The Canadian federal agency called Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada rates its current data as `` insufficient '' to draw conclusions regarding the eastern cougar 's survival and its website says that `` despite many sightings in the past two decades from eastern Canada , there are insufficient data to evaluate the taxonomy or assign a status to this cougar . '' Notwithstanding numerous reported sightings in Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick and Nova Scotia , it has been said that the evidence is inconclusive as `` there may not be a distinct ' eastern ' subspecies , and some sightings may be of escaped pets . '' The cougar is also protected across much of the rest of its range . As of 1996 , cougar hunting was prohibited in Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , French Guiana , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay , Suriname , Venezuela , and Uruguay . The cat had no reported legal protection in Ecuador , El Salvador , and Guyana . Regulated cougar hunting is still common in the United States and Canada . Although cougars are protected from all hunting in the Yukon ; hunting is permitted in every U.S. state except California from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean . Texas is the only U.S. state with a viable population of cougars that does not protect that population in some way . In Texas , cougars are listed as nuisance wildlife and any person holding a hunting or a trapping permit can kill a cougar regardless of the season , number killed , sex or age of the animal . Killed animals are not required to be reported to Texas Parks and Wildlife Department . Conservation work in Texas is the effort of a non-profit organization , Balanced Ecology Inc . ( BEI ) as part of their Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project . Cougars are generally hunted with packs of dogs until the animal is `` treed , '' after which the hunter shoots the cat from the tree at close range . The cougar can not be legally killed without a permit in California except under very specific circumstances , such as when a cougar is in act of pursuing livestock or domestic animals , or is declared a threat to public safety . The Bay Area Puma Project aims to obtain information on cougar populations in the San Francisco Bay area and the animals ' interactions with habitat , prey , humans , and residential communities . Conservation threats to the species include persecution as a pest animal , environmental degradation and habitat fragmentation , and depletion of their prey base . Wildlife corridors and sufficient range areas are critical to the sustainability of cougar populations . Research simulations have shown that the animal faces a low extinction risk in areas of 2200 km ( 850 sq mi ) or more . As few as one to four new animals entering a population per decade markedly increases persistence , highlighting the importance of habitat corridors . On March 2 , 2011 , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service declared the Eastern cougar ( Puma concolor couguar ) officially extinct . Relationships with humans A Boeing 727 from the now - defunct Cougar Airlines In mythology The grace and power of the cougar have been widely admired in the cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Americas . The Inca city of Cusco is reported to have been designed in the shape of a cougar , and the animal also gave its name to both Inca regions and people . The Moche people represented the puma often in their ceramics . The sky and thunder god of the Inca , Viracocha , has been associated with the animal . In North America , mythological descriptions of the cougar have appeared in the stories of the Hocąk language ( `` Ho - Chunk '' or `` Winnebago '' ) of Wisconsin and Illinois and the Cheyenne , amongst others . To the Apache and Walapai of Arizona , the wail of the cougar was a harbinger of death . The Algonquins and Ojibwe believe that the cougar lived in the underworld and was wicked , whereas it was a sacred animal among the Cherokee . In sports Several college sports teams , such as Brigham Young University and the University of Houston , as well as some high schools , have chosen the cougar as their mascot . The University of Vermont also uses the mascot , but uses the term `` catamount '' instead of cougar , as is common in the region where the school is located . Livestock predation During the early years of ranching , cougars were considered on par with wolves in destructiveness . According to figures in Texas in 1990 , 86 calves ( 0.0006 % of Texas 's 13.4 million cattle and calves ) , 253 mohair goats , 302 mohair kids , 445 sheep ( 0.02 % of Texas 's 2 million sheep and lambs ) and 562 lambs ( 0.04 % of Texas 's 1.2 million lambs ) were confirmed to have been killed by cougars that year . In Nevada in 1992 , cougars were confirmed to have killed nine calves , one horse , four foals , five goats , 318 sheep , and 400 lambs . In both reports , sheep were the most frequently attacked . Some instances of surplus killing have resulted in the deaths of 20 sheep in one attack . A cougar 's killing bite is applied to the back of the neck , head , or throat and the cat inflicts puncture marks with its claws usually seen on the sides and underside of the prey , sometimes also shredding the prey as it holds on . Coyotes also typically bite the throat but the work of a cougar is generally clean , while bites inflicted by coyotes and dogs leave ragged edges . The size of the tooth puncture marks also helps distinguish kills made by cougars from those made by smaller predators . Remedial hunting appears to have the paradoxical effect of increased livestock predation and complaints of human - puma conflicts . In a 2013 study the most important predictor of puma problems were remedial hunting of puma the previous year . Each additional puma on the landscape increased predation and human - puma complaints by 5 % , but each additional animal killed on the landscape during the previous year increased complaints by 50 % . The effect had a dose - response relationship with very heavy ( 100 % removal of adult puma ) remedial hunting leading to a 150 % -- 340 % increase in livestock and human conflicts . This effect is attributed to the removal of older pumas that have learned to avoid people and their replacement by younger males that react differently to humans . Remedial hunting enables younger males to enter the former territories of the older animals . Attacks on humans North American subspecies See also : List of fatal cougar attacks in North America Mountain Lion warning sign in California , US . The pertinent North American subspecies is P. concolor couguar . Due to the expanding human population , cougar ranges increasingly overlap with areas inhabited by humans . Attacks on humans are very rare , as cougar prey recognition is a learned behavior and they do not generally recognize humans as prey . In a 10 - year study in New Mexico of wild cougars who were not habituated to humans , the animals did not exhibit threatening behavior to researchers who approached closely ( median distance = 18.5 m ; 61 feet ) except in 6 % of cases ; 14 / 16 of those were females with cubs . Attacks on people , livestock , and pets may occur when a puma habituates to humans or is in a condition of severe starvation . Attacks are most frequent during late spring and summer , when juvenile cougars leave their mothers and search for new territory . Between 1890 and 1990 , in North America there were 53 reported , confirmed attacks on humans , resulting in 48 nonfatal injuries and 10 deaths of humans ( the total is greater than 53 because some attacks had more than one victim ) . By 2004 , the count had climbed to 88 attacks and 20 deaths . Within North America , the distribution of attacks is not uniform . The heavily populated state of California has seen a dozen attacks since 1986 ( after just three from 1890 to 1985 ) , including three fatalities . Washington state was the site of a fatal attack in 2018 , its first since 1924 . Lightly populated New Mexico reported an attack in 2008 , the first there since 1974 . As with many predators , a cougar may attack if cornered , if a fleeing human stimulates their instinct to chase , or if a person `` plays dead '' . Standing still may cause the cougar to consider a person easy prey . Exaggerating the threat to the animal through intense eye contact , loud shouting , and any other action to appear larger and more menacing , may make the animal retreat . Fighting back with sticks and rocks , or even bare hands , is often effective in persuading an attacking cougar to disengage . When cougars do attack , they usually employ their characteristic neck bite , attempting to position their teeth between the vertebrae and into the spinal cord . Neck , head , and spinal injuries are common and sometimes fatal . Children are at greatest risk of attack , and least likely to survive an encounter . Detailed research into attacks prior to 1991 showed that 64 % of all victims -- and almost all fatalities -- were children . The same study showed the highest proportion of attacks to have occurred in British Columbia , particularly on Vancouver Island where cougar populations are especially dense . Preceding attacks on humans , cougars display aberrant behavior , such as activity during daylight hours , a lack of fear of humans , and stalking humans . There have sometimes been incidents of pet cougars mauling people . Research on new wildlife collars may be able to reduce human - animal conflicts by predicting when and where predatory animals hunt . This may save the lives of humans , pets , and livestock as well as the lives of these large predatory mammals that are important to the balance of ecosystems . Other subspecies Pumas in the Southern cone of America -- often called Argentine cougars by North Americans -- are reputed to be extremely reluctant to attack man ; in legend , they defended people against jaguars . The nineteenth century naturalists Félix de Azara and William Henry Hudson thought that attacks on people , even children or sleeping adults , did not happen . Hudson , citing anecdotal evidence from hunters , claimed that pumas were positively inhibited from attacking people , even in self - defense . In fact , attacks on humans , although exceedingly rare , have occurred . An early , authenticated , non-fatal case occurred near Lake Viedma , Patagonia in 1877 when a female mauled the Argentine scientist Francisco P. Moreno ; Moreno afterwards showed the scars to Theodore Roosevelt . In this instance , however , Moreno had been wearing a guanaco - hide poncho round his neck and head as protection against the cold ; in Patagonia the guanaco is the puma 's chief prey animal . Another authenticated case occurred In 1997 in Iguazú National Park , northeast Argentina when the 20 - month son of a ranger was killed by a female puma . Forensic analysis found specimens of the child 's hair and clothing fibers in the animal 's stomach . In this area the coatí is the puma 's chief prey . Despite prohibitory signs , coatis are hand - fed by tourists in the park , causing unnatural approximation between cougars and humans . This particular puma had been raised in captivity and released into the wild . In 2012 a 23 - year - old woman was found dead in a mountainous area in Salta Province in northwest Argentina . Claw incisions , which severed a jugular vein , indicated that the attacker was a felid ; differential diagnosis ruled out other possible perpetrators . There were no bite marks on the victim , who had been herding goats . Fatal attacks by other carnivores such as feral dogs can be misattributed to pumas without appropriate forensic knowledge . See also Cats portal Mammals portal Acinonychini Notes Jump up ^ There are no jaguars in the area ; other felids were too small to kill humans . References ^ Jump up to : Wozencraft , W.C. ( 2005 ) . `` Order Carnivora '' . In Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. 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Jump up ^ `` First cougar seen in Kentucky since Civil War is killed '' . December 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cougars in Tennessee > '' . Tennessee State Government ( Wildlife Resources Agency ) . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cougar facts '' ( PDF ) . National Wildlife Federation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cougar Management Plan '' . Wildlife Division : Wildlife Management Plans . Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife . 2006 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mountain Lions in California '' . California Department of Fish and Game . 2004 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Research of Nicolás Guarda , supported by Conaf , Pontifical Catholic University of Chile , and a private enterprise . See article in Chilean newspaper La Tercera , Investigación midió por primera vez población de pumas en zona central Archived January 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved on January 28 , 2013 , in Spanish Language . Jump up ^ Ernest , Holly B. ; Vickers , T. Winston ; Morrison , Scott A. ; Buchalski , Michael R. ; Boyce , Walter M. ( 2014 ) . `` Fractured Genetic Connectivity Threatens a Southern California Puma ( Puma concolor ) Population '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 10 ) : e107985 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 9j7985E . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0107985 . PMC 4189954 . PMID 25295530 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ COSEWIC . Canadian Wildlife Service ( 2002 ) . `` Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear ( Ursus arctos ) '' ( PDF ) . Environment Canada . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` Mountain lions kill collared wolves in Bitteroot '' . missoulian.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wolf B4 Killed by Mountain Lion ? '' . forwolves.org . March 25 , 1996 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overview : Gray Wolves '' . Greater Yellowstone Learning Center . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kauffman , Jason ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Predators clash above Elkhorn '' . Idaho Mountain Express . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cockle , Richard ( October 29 , 2006 ) . `` Turf wars in Idaho 's wilderness '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cougars vs. coyotes photos draw Internet crowd '' . missoulian.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamdig , Paul . `` Sympatric Jaguar and Puma '' . Ecology Online Sweden . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2006 . Retrieved August 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nuanaez , Rodrigo ; Miller , Brian ; Lindzey , Fred ( 2000 ) . `` Food habits of jaguars and pumas in Jalisco , Mexico '' . Journal of Zoology. 252 ( 3 ) : 373 -- 379 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2000. tb00632. x . Jump up ^ Robinson , Hugh S. ; Wielgus , Robert B. ; Gwilliam , John C. ( 2002 ) . `` Cougar predation and population growth of sympatric mule deer and white - tailed deer '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 80 ( 3 ) : 556 -- 68 . doi : 10.1139 / z02 - 025 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Andrew A. ; Page , Rick E. ( May 2005 ) . `` Timing and causes of mortality in the endangered Vancouver Island marmot ( Marmota vancouverensis ) '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 83 ( 5 ) : 674 -- 82 . doi : 10.1139 / z05 - 055 . Jump up ^ Fountain , Henry ( November 16 , 2009 ) `` Observatory : When Mountain Lions Hunt , They Prey on the Weak '' Archived June 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . Jump up ^ Weaver , John L. ; Paquet , Paul C. ; Ruggiero , Leonard F. ( 1996 ) . `` Resilience and Conservation of Large Carnivores in the Rocky Mountains '' . Conservation Biology . 10 ( 4 ) : 964 -- 976 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1996. 10040964. x . Jump up ^ Busch , Robert H. The Cougar Almanac . New York , 2000 , pg 94 . ISBN 1592282954 . Jump up ^ Servheen , C. ; Herrero , S. ; Peyton , B. ( 1999 ) . Bears : Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan ( PDF ) . Missoula , Montana : IUCN / SSC Bear Specialist Group . ISBN 978 - 2 - 8317 - 0462 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Geocites -- Liger & Tigon Info '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Appendices I , II and III '' . Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bolgiano , Chris ( August 1995 ) . Mountain Lion : An Unnatural History of Pumas and People ( Hardcover ed . ) . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1044 - 2 . Jump up ^ Eberhart , George M. ( 2002 ) . Mysterious Creatures : A Guide to Cryptozoology . Volume 2 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . pp. 153 -- 161 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 283 - 5 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Cougar '' . Endangered and Threatened Species of the Southeastern United States ( The Red Book ) . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . 1991 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Panther '' . Endangered and Threatened Species of the Southeastern United States ( The Red Book ) . United States Fish and Wildlife Service . 1993 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission . 2002 -- 2003 Panther Genetfic Restoration Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barringer , Felicity ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. Declares Eastern Cougar Extinct , With an Asterisk '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Committee on Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Archived September 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Cosewic.gc.ca . Retrieved on September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eastern Cougar , Nature Canada Archived September 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Naturecanada.ca . Retrieved on September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cougar carcass found frozen in snow northwest of Thunder Bay may answer mountain lion mystery Archived March 27 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , CBC.CA Jump up ^ TPWD : Mountain Lions Archived January 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Tpwd.state.tx.us ( July 16 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Texas Mountain Lion Conservation Project Archived August 31 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Balanced Ecology Inc. balancedecology.org Jump up ^ `` Bay Area Puma Project ( BAPP ) '' . Felidae Conservation Fund . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beier , Paul ( March 1993 ) . `` Determining Minimum Habitat Areas and Habitat Corridors for Cougars '' . Conservation Biology . 7 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 108 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1993. 07010094. x . JSTOR 2386646 . Jump up ^ Northeast Region , U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Archived March 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Fws.gov . Retrieved on September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berrin , Katherine & Larco Museum . The Spirit of Ancient Peru : Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera . New York : Thames and Hudson , 1997 . Jump up ^ Tarmo , Kulmar . `` On the role of Creation and Origin Myths in the Development of Inca State and Religion '' . Electronic Journal of Folklore . Kait Realo ( translator ) . Estonian Folklore Institute . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cougars , Archived April 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . The Encyclopedia of Hočąk ( Winnebago ) Mythology . Retrieved : 2009 / 12 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` Living with Wildlife : Cougars '' ( PDF ) . USDA Wildlife Services . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matthews , John ; Matthews , Caitlín ( 2005 ) . The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures . HarperElement . p. 364 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4351 - 1086 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Cattle report 1990 '' ( PDF ) . National Agricultural Statistics Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sheep and Goats report 1990 '' ( PDF ) . National Agricultural Statistics Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Lion Fact Sheet '' . Abundant Wildlife Society of North America . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cougar Predation -- Description '' . Procedures for Evaluating Predation on Livestock and Wildlife . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peebles , Kaylie A. ; Wielgus , Robert B. ; Maletzke , Benjamin T. ; Swanson , Mark E. ( November 2013 ) . `` Effects of Remedial Sport Hunting on Cougar Complaints and Livestock Depredations '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 11 ) : e79713 . Bibcode : 2013PLoSO ... 879713P . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0079713 . PMC 3834330 . PMID 24260291 . Jump up ^ Beier , Paul ( 1991 ) . `` Cougar attacks on humans in the United States and Canada '' . Wildlife Society Bulletin . 19 : 403 -- 412 . JSTOR 3782149 . Jump up ^ Torres SG ; Mansfield TM ; Foley JE ; Lupo T ; Brinkhaus A ( 1996 ) . `` Mountain lion and human activity in California : testing speculations '' . Wildlife Society Bulletin . 24 ( 3 ) : 451 -- 460 . JSTOR 3783326 . Jump up ^ Sweanor , Linda L. ; Logan , Kenneth A. ; Hornocker , Maurice G. ( 2005 ) . `` Puma responses to close approaches by researchers '' . Wildlife Society Bulletin . The Wildlife Society . 33 ( 3 ) : 905 -- 913 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beier , Paul ( 1991 ) . `` Cougar attacks on humans in United States and Canada '' . Wildlife Society Bulletin . Northern Arizon University . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed mountain lion attacks in the United States and Canada 1890 -- present '' . Arizona Game and Fish Department . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Michelle ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` Victim In Deadly Washington State Cougar Attack Had Boston Ties '' . CBS BOston . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ New Mexico Department of Game and Fish : Search continues for mountain lion that killed Pinos Altos man , June 23 , 2008 ; Wounded mountain lion captured , killed near Pinos Altos , June 25 , 2008 ; Second mountain lion captured near Pinos Altos , July 1 , 2008 Jump up ^ Subramanian , Sushma ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion ? '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Neighbor saves Miami teen from cougar '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2 - Year - Old Boy Hurt In Pet Cougar Attack '' . The New York Times . June 4 , 1995 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Terrie M. ( November 6 , 2014 ) `` As species decline , so does research funding '' Archived November 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Chébez , Juan Carlos ; Nigro , Roberto Ángel . `` APORTES PRELIMINARES PARA UN PLAN DE CONSERVACIÓN Y MANEJO DEL PUMA ( Puma concolor ) EN LA REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Azara , Félix de ( 1838 ) . The Natural History of the Quadrupeds of Paraguay and the River la Plata . Edinburgh : Adam and Charles Black . pp. 207 -- 8 . I have not heard that they have assaulted or attempted to assault man , nor dogs and boys , even when it encounters them asleep Jump up ^ Hudson , W.H. ( 1892 ) . The Naturalist in La Plata . London : Chapman and Hall Ltd . pp. 31 -- 49 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . This , however , is not a full statement of the facts ; the puma will not even defend itself against man Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1914 ) . Through the Brazilian Wilderness . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 27 -- 8 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Stanley P. ; Goldman , Edward A. ( 1964 ) . The Puma : Mysterious American Cat . New York : Dover Publications Inc . pp. 99 , 103 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1914 ) . Through the Brazilian Wilderness . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 26 -- 31 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Gelin , Maria L. ; Branch , Lyn C. ; Thornton , Daniel H. ; Novaro , Andrés J. ; Gould , Matthew J. ; Caragiulo , Anthony . `` Response of pumas ( Puma concolor ) to migration of their primary prey in Patagonia '' . PLOS ONE . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Faletti , Dra . Alicia ( 2013 ) . `` Caso Ignacio Terán Luna '' . Revista QuímicaViva ( in Spanish ) . 12 ( 2 ) . ISSN 1666 - 7948 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Portelli , C.M. ; Eveling , . C.R ; Lamas , J. ; Mamaní , P.J. ( 2012 ) . `` Ataque fatal en humano , por puma ( Puma concolor ) '' . Cuadernos de Medicina Forense ( in Spanish ) . 18 ( 3 -- 4 ) . ISSN 1988 - 611X . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Gabriel M. ; Palacios , Rocío ( 2013 ) . `` An Unusual Case of Predation : Dog Pack or Cougar Attack ? '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 58 ( 1 ) : 224 -- 227 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . ( victim in Córdoba Province , Argentina killed by dog pack ; local police attributed death to puma ; forensic team established perpetrators by bite marks ) . Further reading Baron , David ( 2004 ) . The Beast in the Garden : A Modern Parable of Man and Nature . New York : W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05807 - 7 . Bolgiano , Chris ( 2001 ) . Mountain Lion : An Unnatural History of Pumas and People ( Paperback ed . ) . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2867 - 6 . Eberhart , George M. ( 2002 ) . Mysterious Creatures : A Guide to Cryptozoology . Volume 2 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . pp. 153 -- 161 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 283 - 5 . Hornocker , Maurice ; Negri , Sharon ; Lindzey , Fred , eds. ( 2010 ) . Cougar : Ecology and Conservation ( Hardcover ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 35344 - 9 . Kobalenko , Jerry ( 2005 ) . Forest Cats of North America . Hove : Firefly Books Ltd . ISBN 1 - 55209 - 172 - 4 . Lester , Todd ( October 2001 ) . `` Search for Cougars in the East North America '' ( PDF ) . North American BioFortean Review . Zoological Miscellania website . 3 ( 7 ) : 15 -- 17 . Logan , Ken ; Linda Sweanor ( 2001 ) . Desert Puma : Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation of an Enduring Carnivore . Island Press . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 866 - 4 . `` Publications '' . Mountain Lion Foundation . Parker , Gerry ( 1994 ) . The Eastern Panther -- Mystery Cat of the Appalachians ( Softcover ed . ) . Nimbus Publishing ( CN ) . ISBN 1 - 55109 - 268 - 9 . Wright , Bruce S ( 1972 ) . The Eastern Panther : A Question of Survival . Toronto : Clark , Irwin , and Company . ISBN 0772005281 . Van Nuys , Frank ( 2015 ) . Varmints and Victims : Predator Control in the American West . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas . `` Annotated Bibliography '' . easterncougar.org -- Cougar Rewilding Foundation . External links Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Puma . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Cougar '' dated November 6 , 2008 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Species portrait Puma concolor ; IUCN / SSC Cat Specialist Group Cougar Tracks : How to identify cougar tracks in the wild Puma sounds ( they growl , hiss and scream but can not roar like true lions of the genus Panthera ) at National Geographic Society Santa Cruz Puma Project Eastern Puma Research Network Felidae Conservation Fund Cougar Rewilding Foundation , formerly `` Eastern Cougar Foundation '' The Cougar Network -- Using Science to Understand Cougar Ecology Mountain Lion Foundation -- Saving America 's Lion SaveTheCougar.org : Sightings of cougars in Michigan The Cougar Fund -- Protecting America 's Greatest Cat . A Definitive Resource About Cougars ) Comprehensive , non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) site with extensive information about cougars , from how to live safely in cougar country , to science abstracts , hunting regulations , state - by - state cougar management / policy info , and rare photos and videos of wild cougars . Living with California Mountain Lions Oregon 's first fatal cougar attack in the wild claims hiker near Mount Hood Extant Carnivora species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Feliformia Nandiniidae Nandinia African palm civet ( N. binotata ) Herpestidae ( Mongooses ) Atilax Marsh mongoose ( A. paludinosus ) Bdeogale Bushy - tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson 's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black - footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Crossarchus Alexander 's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat - headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Cynictis Yellow mongoose ( C. penicillata ) Dologale Pousargues 's mongoose ( D. dybowskii ) Galerella Angolan slender mongoose ( G. flavescens ) Black mongoose ( G. nigrata ) Somalian slender mongoose ( G. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( G. pulverulenta ) Slender mongoose ( G. sanguinea ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Herpestes Short - tailed mongoose ( H. brachyurus ) Indian gray mongoose ( H. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( H. fuscus ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Small Asian mongoose ( H. javanicus ) Long - nosed mongoose ( H. naso ) Collared mongoose ( H. semitorquatus ) Ruddy mongoose ( H. smithii ) Crab - eating mongoose ( H. urva ) Stripe - necked mongoose ( H. vitticollis ) Ichneumia White - tailed mongoose ( I. albicauda ) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose ( L. kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Paracynictis Selous ' mongoose ( P. selousi ) Rhynchogale Meller 's mongoose ( R. melleri ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Hyaenidae ( Hyenas ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaena Brown hyena ( H. brunnea ) Striped hyena ( H. hyaena ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristatus ) Felidae Large family listed below Viverridae Large family listed below Eupleridae Small family listed below Family Felidae Felinae Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Caracal Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Felis European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) Black - footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Leopardus Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy 's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Southern tigrina ( L. guttulus ) Leptailurus Serval ( L. serval ) Lynx Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Otocolobus Pallas 's cat ( O. manul ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Prionailurus Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sundaland leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat - headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty - spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Herpailurus Jaguarundi ( H. yagouaroundi ) Pantherinae Panthera Lion ( P. leo ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Neofelis Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Family Viverridae Paradoxurinae Arctictis Binturong ( A. binturong ) Arctogalidia Small - toothed palm civet ( A. trivirgata ) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet ( M. musschenbroekii ) Paguma Masked palm civet ( P. larvata ) Paradoxurus Golden wet - zone palm civet ( P. aureus ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Jerdon 's palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Chrotogale Owston 's palm civet ( C. owstoni ) Cynogale Otter civet ( C. bennettii ) Diplogale Hose 's palm civet ( D. hosei ) Hemigalus Banded palm civet ( H. derbyanus ) Prionodontinae ( Asiatic linsangs ) Prionodon Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Viverrinae Civettictis African civet ( C. civetta ) Genetta ( Genets ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon 's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston 's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Rusty - spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Haussa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana African linsang ( P. richardsonii ) Leighton 's linsang ( P. leightoni ) Viverra Malabar large - spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large - spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverricula Small Indian civet ( V. indica ) Family Eupleridae Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Fossa ( C. ferox ) Eupleres Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa Malagasy civet ( F. fossana ) Galidiinae Galidia Ring - tailed mongoose ( G. elegans ) Galidictis Broad - striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier 's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Mungotictis Narrow - striped mongoose ( M. decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown - tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell 's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . below ) Ursidae ( Bears ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Helarctos Sun bear ( H. malayanus ) Melursus Sloth bear ( M. ursinus ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Mephitidae Conepatus ( Hog - nosed skunks ) Molina 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog - nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog - nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale ( Spotted skunks ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Bassaricyon ( Olingos ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Bassariscus Ring - tailed cat ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Nasua ( Coatis inclusive ) White - nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella ( Coatis inclusive ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Potos Kinkajou ( P. flavus ) Procyon Crab - eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Ailuridae Ailurus Red panda ( A. fulgens ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . above ) Otariidae ( Eared seals ) ( includes fur seals and sea lions ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Arctocephalus South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Eumetopias Steller sea lion ( E. jubatus ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Otaria South American sea lion ( O. flavescens ) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion ( P. hookeri ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Odobenidae ( Pinniped inclusive ) Odobenus Walrus ( O. rosmarus ) Phocidae ( Earless seals ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Cystophora Hooded seal ( C. cristata ) Erignathus Bearded seal ( E. barbatus ) Halichoerus Gray seal ( H. grypus ) Histriophoca Ribbon seal ( H. fasciata ) Hydrurga Leopard seal ( H. leptonyx ) Leptonychotes Weddell seal ( L. weddellii ) Lobodon Crabeater seal ( L. carcinophagus ) Mirounga ( Elephant seals ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal ( M. monachus ) Hawaiian monk seal ( M. schauinslandi ) Ommatophoca Ross seal ( O. rossi ) Pagophilus Harp seal ( P. groenlandicus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Canidae Large family listed below Mustelidae Large family listed below Family Canidae ( includes dogs ) Atelocynus Short - eared dog ( A. microtis ) Canis Side - striped jackal ( C. adustus ) African golden wolf ( C. anthus ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) Gray wolf ( C. lupus ) Black - backed jackal ( C. mesomelas ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyon Crab - eating fox ( C. thous ) Chrysocyon Maned wolf ( C. brachyurus ) Cuon Dhole ( C. alpinus ) Lycalopex Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin 's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Nyctereutes Raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Otocyon Bat - eared fox ( O. megalotis ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpes ( Foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford 's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan sand fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell 's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Family Mustelidae Lutrinae ( Otters ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Oriental small - clawed otter ( A. cinerea ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Hydrictis Spotted - necked otter ( H. maculicollis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy - nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth - coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Pteronura Giant otter ( P. brasiliensis ) Mustelinae ( including badgers ) Arctonyx Hog badger ( A. collaris ) Eira Tayra ( E. barbara ) Galictis Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libyca ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel ( L. patagonicus ) Martes ( Martens ) American marten ( M. americana ) Yellow - throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Meles Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melogale ( Ferret - badgers ) Bornean ferret - badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret - badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret - badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret - badger ( M. personata ) Mustela ( Weasels and Ferrets ) Amazon weasel ( M. africana ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat ( M. erminea ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Colombian weasel ( M. felipei ) Long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) Yellow - bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Black - footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back - striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Egyptian weasel ( M. subpalmata ) Neovison ( Minks ) American mink ( N. vison ) Poecilogale African striped weasel ( P. albinucha ) Taxidea American badger ( T. taxus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) Game animals and shooting in North America Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q35255 Wikispecies : Puma concolor ADW : Puma_concolor ARKive : puma - concolor BioLib : 1995 EoL : 311910 Fossilworks : 51265 GBIF : 2435099 iNaturalist : 42007 IRMNG : 10212875 ITIS : 552479 IUCN : 18868 MSW : 14000204 NCBI : 9696 Species+ : 6330 TSA : 15179 GND : 4176359 - 2 NARA : 10645545 NDL : 00569240 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cougar&oldid=866249688 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Puma ( genus ) Felids of Central America Felids of North America Felids of South America Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands Fauna of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Apex predators Man - eating species Mammals of North America Mammals of South America Mammals of Argentina Mammals of Bolivia Mammals of Brazil Mammals of Canada Mammals of Chile Mammals of Colombia Mammals of Guatemala Mammals of Guyana Mammals of Peru Mammals described in 1771 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Pleistocene carnivorans Quaternary carnivorans Pleistocene mammals of North America Pleistocene mammals of South America Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with short description Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Удмурт Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 95 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 06 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the difference between panther and mountain lion	[]	[]
-7433457213824344231	Area code 708	Area code 708 - Wikipedia Area code 708 This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Area code 708 , in lavender . Telephone area code 708 covers western and southern Cook County and eastern and southern Will County in the state of Illinois , USA . Area code 708 was split off from area code 312 on November 11 , 1989 , and once covered almost all of the suburbs of Chicago . In 1996 , area code 847 and area code 630 were broken off from 708 . Area code 464 is being reserved as an overlay area code for 708 to provide additional numbering options for this area . Area code 708 was Illinois ' first new area code since 309 was created in 1957 and the second new code for the state since the NANP went online in 1947 . See also ( edit ) List of NANP area codes List of Illinois area codes External links ( edit ) Map of Illinois area codes at North American Numbering Plan Administration 's website List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com , 708 Area Code Illinois area codes : 217 , 224 / 847 , 309 , 312 , 331 / 630 , 618 , 708 , 773 , 779 / 815 , 872 North : 847 / 224 , 773 West : 815 / 779 , 630 / 331 area codes 708 East : 219 , 773 / 872 South : 815 / 779 Indiana area codes : 219 , 260 , 317 , 574 , 765 , 812 / 930 Coordinates : 41 ° 30 ′ 24 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 30 '' W / 41.5066667 ° N 87.6416667 ° W / 41.5066667 ; - 87.6416667 This Illinois state location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_code_708&oldid=849735530 '' Categories : Area codes in the United States Area codes in Illinois Telecommunications - related introductions in 1989 Illinois geography stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2011 All articles lacking sources Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 00 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is area code 708 located in the usa	[ "Telephone area code 708 covers western and southern Cook County and eastern and southern Will County in the state of Illinois, USA. Area code 708 was split off from area code 312 on November 11, 1989, and once covered almost all of the suburbs of Chicago. In 1996, area code 847 and area code 630 were broken off from 708. Area code 464 is being reserved as an overlay area code for 708 to provide additional numbering options for this area.\n" ]	[ "western and southern Cook County and eastern and southern Will County in the state of Illinois" ]
-3218828877588902758	Sean Rowe	Sean Rowe - wikipedia Sean Rowe For the bishop , see Sean W. Rowe . Sean Rowe Birth name Sean Rowe ( 1975 - 02 - 16 ) February 16 , 1975 ( age 43 ) Origin Troy , New York , United States Genres Folk , alternative Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter , guitarist Instruments Vocals , guitar Years active 2009 -- present Labels Collar City Records ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ANTI - ( 2010 -- ) Website www.seanrowe.net Sean Rowe ( born in Troy , New York ) is an alternative folk singer - songwriter and musician . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Nature 3 Career 4 Discography 4.1 Albums 4.1. 1 Mudfunk 4.1. 2 Solo 4.1. 3 Live 4.1. 4 EPs 4.2 Singles 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Born and raised in Troy , New York , Rowe started playing music at an early age . He received a bass guitar from his father on his 12th birthday and performed in a local band . After receiving an acoustic guitar as a gift from his uncle , Rowe began playing solo . He wrote his first song at the age of seven on a Fisher - Price typewriter after listening to Survivor 's `` Eye of the Tiger . '' Rowe started seriously writing songs when he was 18 . The first complete song that he wrote was called `` Turtle , '' which was inspired by his friend and singer - songwriter Jeanne French . At the age of 17 , Rowe discovered Otis Redding and his song `` Open The Door '' , which inspired him to begin singing . Nature ( edit ) An avid naturalist , Rowe often speaks of his fascination with the woods and his connection to the land . After reading The Tracker by Tom Brown at the age of 18 , Rowe started a blog about his experiences in the wilderness . He later took courses at Tom Brown 's Wilderness Survival School in Asbury , NJ . In 2006 , Rowe studied for a year at Hawk Circle Wilderness Education in Cherry Valley , NY , and completed a 24 - day solo survival quest after his training . Rowe also studied under wild food author and expert , Samuel Thayer , and has partnered with Kawing Crow Awareness Center as a guest instructor for wilderness survival workshops and wild edible plant foraging . Since 2009 , Rowe has contributed as a blogger to the Albany Times Union on topics concerning nature , wildlife and his music career . Career ( edit ) Since 2003 , Rowe played locally in his hometown at open mics , bars and cafes . He began playing with percussionist Marco Haber , who played on a few tracks on his first album `` 27 '' . Shortly thereafter they began playing under the name Mudfunk and recorded a live album , Live at the Grind , as well as a single of `` Wrong Side of the Bed . '' The latter would be re-recorded for Sean 's solo album , Magic , without Haber and with different instrumentation . He recorded his album , Magic , at Collar City Sound and released it through Collar City Records on April 21 , 2009 . In 2009 , Rowe was asked to open for Noah and the Whale in the United Kingdom . Soon after , Sean signed with ANTI - Records , which re-released Magic on February 22 , 2011 , and released The Salesman and the Shark on August 28 , 2012 . On March 4 , Sean played his new release , `` Downwind '' , on Jimmy Kimmel Live . The movie The Accountant with actor Ben Affleck ( 2016 ) features Sean Rowe 's song `` To Leave Something Behind '' Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Mudfunk ( edit ) 2006 : Live at the Grind Solo ( edit ) 2004 : 27 2009 : Magic 2011 : Magic re-release 2012 : The Salesman and the Shark 2014 : Madman 2017 : New Lore Live ( edit ) 2011 : Live Morning Becomes Eclectic -- KCRW 2012 : Live Mercury Lounge , NYC , NY USA EPs ( edit ) 2015 : Her Songs 2016 : All We Can Do Singles ( edit ) 2006 : Mudfunk -- `` Wrong Side of the Bed '' 2012 : `` Downwind '' 2013 : `` To Leave Something Behind '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Times Union Jump up ^ No Depression ^ Jump up to : The Rumpus ^ Jump up to : WNYC Jump up ^ Huffington Post ^ Jump up to : Times Union Bio Jump up ^ Village Voice Jump up ^ NPR Jump up ^ ANTI - Records Archived September 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Collar City Records External links ( edit ) Sean Rowe Website Sean Rowe Facebook Sean Rowe Blog Sean Rowe Twitter ANTI - Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sean_Rowe&oldid=840361461 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people American folk singers Singers from New York ( state ) American folk guitarists American male guitarists American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters Musicians from Troy , New York Songwriters from New York ( state ) Guitarists from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Euskara Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 11 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who sings i'm trying to leave something behind	[ "Since 2003, Rowe played locally in his hometown at open mics, bars and cafes.[10] He began playing with percussionist Marco Haber, who played on a few tracks on his first album \"27\". Shortly thereafter they began playing under the name Mudfunk and recorded a live album, Live at the Grind, as well as a single of \"Wrong Side of the Bed.\" The latter would be re-recorded for Sean's solo album, Magic, without Haber and with different instrumentation. He recorded his album, Magic, at Collar City Sound and released it through Collar City Records on April 21, 2009.[1][6] In 2009, Rowe was asked to open for Noah and the Whale in the United Kingdom.[1] Soon after, Sean signed with ANTI- Records, which re-released Magic on February 22, 2011,[11] and released The Salesman and the Shark on August 28, 2012. On March 4, Sean played his new release, \"Downwind\", on Jimmy Kimmel Live. The movie The Accountant with actor Ben Affleck (2016) features Sean Rowe's song \"To Leave Something Behind\"\n" ]	[ "Sean Rowe" ]
-5365867861143825804	Tropical Storm Washi	Tropical Storm Washi - wikipedia Tropical Storm Washi This article is about the 2011 tropical storm . For the 2005 tropical storm , see Tropical Storm Washi ( 2005 ) . Severe Tropical Storm Washi ( Sendong ) Severe tropical storm ( JMA scale ) Tropical storm ( SSHWS ) Severe Tropical Storm Washi approaching Mindanao on December 16 Formed December 13 , 2011 Dissipated December 19 , 2011 Highest winds 10 - minute sustained : 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) 1 - minute sustained : 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) Lowest pressure 992 hPa ( mbar ) ; 29.29 inHg Fatalities 2,546 total Damage $97.8 million ( 2011 USD ) Areas affected Micronesia , Palau , Philippines Part of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season Severe Tropical Storm Washi , known in the Philippines as Tropical Storm Sendong , was a late - season tropical cyclone that caused catastrophic damage in the Philippines in late 2011 . Washi , which means Aquila in Japanese , made landfall over Mindanao , a major island in the Philippines , on December 16 . Washi weakened slightly after passing Mindanao , but regained strength in the Sulu Sea , and made landfall again over Palawan on December 17 . Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Impact 3 Aftermath 4 International aid and assistance 5 Retirement 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Meteorological history ( edit ) Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale On December 12 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) noted that a developing area of low pressure had persisted about 945 km ( 585 mi ) south - southeast of Guam . Situated along the southern edge of a subtropical ridge , the system tracked steadily westward towards the Philippines . Located within a region of good diffluence and moderate wind shear , deep convection was able to maintain itself over the circulation . Development of banding features and improvement of outflow indicated strengthening was likely . Further development over the following day prompted the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert early on December 13 . Less than six hours later , both the JTWC and the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the system as a tropical depression , with the former assigning the identifier 27W . Maintaining a westward track , the depression was forecast to intensify slowly over the following three days . For much of December 13 , a slight increase in shear displaced thunderstorm activity from the center of the depression , delaying intensification . By December 14 , convection redeveloped over the low and the JTWC subsequently assessed the system to have attained tropical storm status . Early on December 15 , the system crossed west of 135 ° E and entered the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration 's ( PAGASA ) area of responsibility . Upon doing so , PAGASA began issuing advisories and assigned the cyclone with the local name Sendong . Shortly thereafter , the storm passed close to or over Palau . By 0600 UTC , the JMA upgraded the system to tropical storm status , at which time they assigned it with the name Washi . Maintaining a rapid westward track , Washi slowly became more organized , with low - level inflow improving during the latter part of December 15 . On December 16 , Washi reached its peak strength as a severe tropical storm and made its first landfall along the east coast of Mindanao . After passing Mindanao , Washi weakened due to land interaction , but the storm quickly regained its strength , in the Sulu Sea . Late on December 17 , Washi crossed Palawan and arrived in the South China Sea , and the system moved out of the PAR on December 18 . Washi weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated on December 19 , because of cool , dry air , in association with the Northeast Monsoon . Impact ( edit ) Tropical Storm Washi in the Sulu Sea on December 17 Across the Cagayan de Oro river basin , a localized heavy rain event occurred during Tropical Storm Washi 's passage . Onshore flow from the Macajalar Bay , which the Cagayan de Oro river drains into , ran into the steep terrain of Mount Makaturing , Mount Kalatungan , and Mount Kitanglad , resulting in orographic enhancement of precipitation . A weather station in Capehan located along the Bubunawan river , a tributary of the Cagayan de Oro river , recorded 475 mm ( 18.7 in ) over a 24 ‐ hour span . The rainfall event itself amounted to a 1 - in - 20 year event for much of Misamis Oriental . In the span of 24 hours , 180.9 mm ( 7.12 in ) of rain fell at Lumbia which equates to more than 60 percent of their average December precipitation . Estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission jointly run by NASA and JAXA indicated that accumulations around the Cagayan de Oro river exceeded 400 mm ( 16 in ) . Observations from Talakag captured the sheer intensity of rainfall associated with Washi , with hourly accumulations peaking at 60.6 mm ( 2.39 in ) . Similar amounts , though less anomalous in magnitude , fell farther east on Mindanao . Satellite estimates indicated accumulations of 200 to 250 mm ( 7.9 to 9.8 in ) along coastal areas near where Washi made landfall . A total of 180.4 mm ( 7.10 in ) was observed in Hinatuan . Satellite estimated rainfall from Severe Tropical Storm Washi over the Philippines . The areas in red indicate where more than 400 mm ( 16 in ) of rain may have fallen . Starting in tributaries and later reaching the main Cagayan de Oro , Iponan , and Mandulog rivers , flash flooding manifested at a dramatic pace . In some locations , flood waters rose by 3.3 m ( 11 ft ) in less than an hour . Alongside the effects from rainfall , high tide at Macajalar Bay further enhanced the flood event and allowed water to inundate areas that would have otherwise safe at low tide . The rivers crested at 7 to 9 m ( 23 to 30 ft ) , amounting to a 75 - year flood event in some areas , with catastrophic results . This was also far higher than the previous flood event following Tropical Depression Auring in January 2009 . Located outside the main `` typhoon belt , '' residents in the affected areas suffered from a false sense of security with tropical cyclone related disasters . Flooding from the rivers struck at approximately 2 : 30 a.m. local time , when most people were asleep and unable to hear warnings from PAGASA . Hardest hit were the cities of Cagayan de Oro and Iligan where tremendous loss of life occurred . Within Cagayan de Oro , the barangay of Macasandig was virtually wiped out . Between the two cities , 1,147 people lost their lives while a further 1,993 sustained injury . Residents affected by these flood waters were forced to seek refuge on their roofs amidst 90 km / h ( 55 mph ) winds . The mayor of Iligan regarded the floods as the worst in the city 's history . Throughout the affected areas , nearly 40,000 homes were damaged of which 11,463 were destroyed . Nearly 700,000 people were affected by the storm . Total casualties attributed to the event are uncertain , with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council 's final report in February 2012 stating 1,268 fatalities , 181 people missing , and 6,071 injuries . A later report by the World Meteorological Organization in December of that year indicated 1,292 deaths , 1,049 missing , and 2,002 injured . The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies stated a total of 2,546 deaths in their final report on August 21 , 2013 . Damage directly related to the storm amounted to ₱ 2.068 billion ( 2012 PhP , $48.4 million USD ) . Over half of the damage was due to damaged roads and bridges . Total socio - economic losses amounted to US $97.8 million . Aftermath ( edit ) Mindanao following the aftermath of Tropical Storm Washi Flooding from Tropical Storm Washi A massive relief operation involving the evacuation of 100,000 people occurred on the morning of December 17 , 2011 . Approximately 20,000 soldiers were mobilized to assist in recovery efforts and evacuations . The Philippine Coast Guard was dispatched to search for missing people after villages were reported to have been swept out to sea . Sixty people were rescued off the coast of El Salvador , Misamis Oriental and another 120 in the waters near Opol township . President Benigno Aquino III visited Cagayan de Oro and Iligan on December 20 , 2011 , and declared a state of national calamity in the affected provinces . The President also appealed to its citizens to help the victims in their way of celebrating Christmas in his Christmas Message . A leptospirosis outbreak in the immediate aftermath infected more than 400 people and killed 22 . Additional fatalities from suicide took place in evacuation centers , though exact numbers are unknown . In the three years following Washi , ₱ 2.57 billion ( US $58 million ) was allocated to build 30,438 shelters , designed to withstand winds of 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) , in eight regions . Less than half of this total had been built by December 2014 , though construction in Cagayan De Oro and Iligan was largely complete . International aid and assistance ( edit ) Overseas humanitarian aid is pouring in for victims of Severe Tropical Storm Sendong ( Washi ) in Northern Mindanao , in the Philippines . Australia The Australian government provided A $1 million ( $1.01 million USD ) in financial aid . Denmark The Danish government provided 300,000 DKK ( $53,000 USD ) in emergency funds for relief items such as food , water , sanitation materials , mattresses and blankets . European Union The European Commission allocated € 3 million ( $3.9 million ) to provide emergency relief to tens of thousands of people affected by the storm . France The French Government provided € 50,000 ( $65,000 USD ) in emergency funds . Indonesia The Government of Indonesia provided $50,000 in financial aid and offered to send search and rescue teams and medical teams . Japan The Japanese government provided 25 million yen ( $320,000 USD ) worth of relief goods , such as water tanks and generators , for victims of the storm . Malaysia The Government of Malaysia provided $100,000 in financial assistance for relief and rehabilitation . People 's Republic of China The Chinese government provided $1.1 million in financial aid . Singapore The Government of Singapore provided S $50,000 ( $39,000 USD ) in funds and S $27,800 ( $22,000 USD ) worth of relief goods . South Korea The Government of South Korea provided $500,000 in financial aid . Switzerland Six members of the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit were sent to Mindanao to ensure access to clean drinking water . United Kingdom The British Red Cross provided £ 140,000 ( $220,000 USD ) in funds to support relief efforts . United Nations On December 21 , the United Nations Emergency Relief Agency released $3 million in funds to improve water and sanitation . On December 22 , the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs announced a plan to raise $26.8 million in aid for victims of Severe Tropical Storm Washi . United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon sympathized with the Philippine Government and stated `` the ( United Nations ) would extend whatever help is needed by those who were affected by the disaster . '' The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees also pledged to send 42 metric tons of aid to the country . The United Nations Children 's Fund also appealed for $4.2 million to be sent to the Philippines . United States The United States provided $100,000 in funds to support relief efforts . The country 's ambassador , Harry K. Thomas Jr. , expressed his `` heartfelt condolences and sympathies '' to those affected by the storm . Immediate assistance was to be provided by the United States Agency for International Development 's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance . Non-food items such as hygiene kits , water purification tablets , and containers were to be sent to the Philippines . Retirement ( edit ) Due to its high death toll , PAGASA announced that the name , Sendong , would be stricken off their tropical cyclone naming lists . In February 2012 , the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee announced that Washi will also be retired on its naming lists and was replaced with the name Hato . In June 2012 , PAGASA selected the name Sarah to replace Sendong for the 2015 season . However , due to fewer tropical cyclones entering the area that season , it is now next scheduled to be used in the 2019 season . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal Typhoon Tembin ( 2017 ) 2011 Southeast Asian floods Other Philippine tropical cyclones that have claimed more than 1,000 lives Typhoon Bopha ( Pablo , 2012 ) Typhoon Fengshen ( Frank , 2008 ) Typhoon Durian ( Reming , 2006 ) Tropical Depression Winnie , 2004 Tropical Storm Thelma ( Uring , 1991 ) Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda , 2013 ) , deadliest tropical cyclone to strike the Philippines in recent recorded history Other significant Philippine tropical cyclones Typhoon Angela ( Rosing , 1995 ) Typhoon Ketsana ( Ondoy , 2009 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Oceans '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` High Seas Forecast '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Depression 27W Advisory Number 001 '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm 27W Advisory Number 005 '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Depression Sendong Advisory One '' . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . December 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Depression 27W Advisory Number 008 '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm Washi Tropical Cyclone Advisory '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . December 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tropical Storm 27W ( Washi ) Advisory Number 011 '' . Joint Typhoon Warning Center . United States Navy . December 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Final Report on the Effects and Emergency Management re Tropical Storm `` Sendong '' ( Washi ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Olavo Rasquinho ; Jae Hyun Shim ; Yun Tae Kim ; Jae Chan Ahn ; Chi Hun Lee ; In Sung Jung ; Gmma Dalena ; Preminda Joseph Fernando ; Susan R. Espinueva ; Socrates F. Paat Jr. ; Nivagine Nievares & Tess Pajarillo ( December 2012 ) . Assessment Report of the Damages Caused by Tropical Storm Washi ( PDF ) ( Report ) . ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee . ISBN 978 - 99965 - 817 - 6 - 2 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Initial Assessment of the Development of Tropical Storm Sendong ( Washi ) over the Philippines ( PDF ) ( Report ) . DHI Water & Environment . December 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Gutro ; Steve Lang ; Zhong Liu & Hal Pierce ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Hurricane Season 2011 : Tropical Storm Washi ( Western North Pacific Ocean ) '' . NASA . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Storm - triggered floods ravage southern Philippines , kill at least 436 '' . Associated Press . The Washington Post . December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hundreds die as tropical storm Washi sweeps across Philippines '' . Associated Press . The Telegraph . December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Emergency appeal final report - Philippines : Tropical Storm Washi ( PDF ) ( Report ) . International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Padua , David M ( 2011 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Logs : Sendong ( Washi ) 2011 '' . Typhoon 2000 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Benito T. Final Report on the Effects and Emergency Management re Tropical Storm `` Sendong '' ( Washi ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Storms pound Philippines in the thick of night , kill at least 436 '' . MSNBC . December 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sun. Star : Aquino declares state of national calamity Jump up ^ `` PNoy airs Christmas aid call for Sendong victims '' . Foreign aid pours in for disaster victims . abs-cbnNEWS.com . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More than 12,700 shelter units built for survivors of ' Sendong ' despite challenges '' . Government of the Philippines . ReliefWeb . December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Noemi M. Gonzales & Johanna Paola D. Poblete ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` UN issues $28.6 - million international appeal for victims '' . Business World Online . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark sends emergency aid to disaster areas in the Philippines '' . ScandAsia . December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EC mobilizes funds to help ' Sendong ' victims '' . Inquirer . December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Roy C. Mabasa ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` UN launches revised aid program '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland sends experts to the Philippine disaster area '' . Government of Switzerland . ReliefWeb . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British Red Cross sends funds to support typhoon stricken Philippines '' . British Red Cross . ReliefWeb . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` $4.2 million UNICEF appeal for Philippine flood victims '' . Agence France - Presse . Inquirer . December 20 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. provides aid to support Tropical Storm Sendong relief efforts '' . United States Department of State . ReliefWeb . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Government will no longer use Sendong to name typhoons '' . Sun Star Manilla. 2011 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Fourth Session of Typhoon Committee '' ( PDF ) . Typhoon Committee . February 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tropical Storm Washi . JMA General Information of Severe Tropical Storm Washi ( 1121 ) from Digital Typhoon RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center Best Track Data of Severe Tropical Storm Washi ( 1121 ) ( in Japanese ) Best Track Data ( Graphics ) of Severe Tropical Storm Washi ( 1121 ) Best Track Data ( Text ) JTWC Best Track Data of Tropical Storm 27W ( Washi ) 27W. WASHI from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Retired Pacific typhoon names Pre 2000 's Lucille ( 1960 ) , Ophelia ( 1960 ) , Karen ( 1962 ) , Bess ( 1974 ) , Bess ( 1982 ) , Ike ( 1984 ) , Roy ( 1988 ) , Mike ( 1990 ) , Mireille ( 1991 ) , Thelma ( 1991 ) , Omar ( 1992 ) 2000s 2001 : Vamei 2002 : Chataan , Rusa , Pongsona 2003 : Yanyan , Imbudo , Maemi 2004 : Sudal , Tingting , Rananim 2005 : Matsa , Nabi , Longwang 2006 : Chanchu , Bilis , Saomai , Xangsane , Durian 2009 : Morakot , Ketsana , Parma 2010s 2010 : Fanapi 2011 : Washi 2012 : Vicente , Bopha 2013 : Sonamu , Utor , Fitow , Haiyan 2014 : Rammasun 2015 : Soudelor , Mujigae , Koppu , Melor 2016 : Meranti , Sarika , Haima , Nock - ten 2017 : Hato , Kai - tak , Tembin Typhoon names retired by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration 1960s Dading Welming 1970s Pitang Sening Titang Yoling Wening Didang Atang Kading 1980s Nitang Undang Sisang Herming Unsang Yoning 1990s Ruping Uring Rosing Iliang Loleng 2000s Gloria Harurot Unding Violeta Winnie Milenyo Reming Cosme Frank Ondoy Pepeng 2010s Juan Katring Bebeng Juaning Mina Pedring Sendong Pablo Labuyo Santi Yolanda Glenda Jose Mario Ruby Seniang Lando Nona ( Nonoy ) Karen Lawin Nina Urduja Vinta Tropical cyclones of the 2011 Pacific typhoon season TD 01W TD Amang TS Aere TY Songda TD TD TS Sarika TD TD TS Haima STS Meari TD Goring TY Ma - on TS Tokage TD TD TD TD STS Nock - ten TY Muifa TD Lando STS Merbok TD TD TD 13W TD TD TD TD TY Nanmadol STS Talas TS Noru TS Kulap TY Roke TY Sonca TD TD TY Nesat TS Haitang TY Nalgae TS Banyan TD TD TD 24W TD 25W TD 26W STS Washi TD TD TD TD Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_Storm_Washi&oldid=862560557 '' Categories : 2011 Pacific typhoon season Western Pacific severe tropical storms 2011 disasters in the Philippines 2011 in the Philippines Typhoons in the Philippines Mindanao Retired Pacific typhoons December 2011 events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Română Русский Suomi ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did sendong enter the philippine area of responsibility	[ "Early on December 15, the system crossed west of 135°E and entered the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration's (PAGASA) area of responsibility. Upon doing so, PAGASA began issuing advisories and assigned the cyclone with the local name Sendong.[6] Shortly thereafter, the storm passed close to or over Palau.[7] By 0600 UTC, the JMA upgraded the system to tropical storm status, at which time they assigned it with the name Washi.[8] Maintaining a rapid westward track, Washi slowly became more organized, with low-level inflow improving during the latter part of December 15.[9] On December 16, Washi reached its peak strength as a severe tropical storm and made its first landfall along the east coast of Mindanao.\n" ]	[ "Early on December 15" ]
-1428590595109818039	List of most-listened-to radio programs	List of most - listened - to radio programs - wikipedia List of most - listened - to radio programs Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United States , radio listenership is gauged by Nielsen and others for both commercial radio and public radio . Nielsen and similar services provide estimates by regional market and by standard daypart , but does not compile nationwide information by host . Because there are significant gaps in Nielsen 's coverage in rural areas , and because there are only a few markets where the company 's proprietary data can be compared against competing ratings measurers , there is a great deal of estimation and interpolation when attempting to compile a list of the most - listened - to radio programs in the United States . Nielsen itself admits the task of measuring individual shows would be too complicated and difficult for them to manage . In contrast , because most UK radio broadcasts are distributed consistently and nationwide , the complications of measuring audiences that are present in American radio are not present on British radio . Talkers Magazine , an American trade publication focusing on talk radio , formerly compiled a list of the most - listened - to commercial long - form talk shows in the United States , based primarily on Nielsen data and estimated to the nearest 250,000 listeners . In addition to Talkers ' independent analyses , radio companies of all formats include estimates of audience in news releases . The nature of news releases allows radio companies to inflate their listener totals by obscuring the difference between listeners at any given time , cumulative listenership over a time frame , and potential audience . Contents ( hide ) 1 Popular radio shows in the United States 2 Past top programs in the United States 3 Current top stations in the United Kingdom 4 Worldwide broadcasts 5 See also 6 References Popular radio shows in the United States ( edit ) The total listenership for terrestrial radio as of January 2017 was 256 million , up from 230 million in 2005 . Sirius XM Radio has a base of 30.6 million subscribers as of 2016 . American Top 40 attracts over 20 million listeners per week . Rush Limbaugh 's show has been the number one commercial talk show since at least 1987 when record keeping began . NPR 's Morning Edition and All Things Considered are the two most popular news programs . Tom Kent self - estimates his listenership at over 23 million weekly listeners over all of his network 's programs , which span the classic hits , adult hits and hot adult contemporary formats . Until the development of portable people meters , Arbitron ( Nielsen 's predecessor in the radio measurement business ) did not have the capability to measure individual airings of a program the way Nielsen Ratings can for television , and as such , it only measures in three - month moving averages each month . Portable people meters are currently only available in the largest markets Arbitron serves . Thus , it is impossible under current survey techniques to determine the listenership of an individual event such as the Super Bowl . For most of its existence , Talkers Magazine compiled Arbitron 's data , along with other sources , to estimate the minimum weekly audiences of various commercial long - form talk radio shows ; its list was updated monthly until the magazine unceremoniously dropped the feature in 2016 , then resumed publication in 2017 . The 2017 reintroduction also incorporates off - air distribution methods ( particularly those that are Internet - based ) but not satellite radio , as Talkers could not access data for that medium ; as a result , the estimates for most shows increased dramatically when compared to the 2015 methodology . NPR and APM compile Arbitron 's data for its public radio shows and releases analysis through press releases . Included is a list of the most - listened - to radio shows in the United States according to weekly cumulative listenership , followed by a selection of shows of various formats that are most - listened - to within their category . ( Unless otherwise noted , the Talkers `` non-scientific '' estimate is the source . ) Program Format Network Broadcast Time Weekly listeners ( in millions ) The Rush Limbaugh Show Conservative talk Premiere Midday 27 Morning Edition Newsmagazine NPR AM Drive 14.6 All Things Considered Newsmagazine NPR PM Drive 14.4 The Sean Hannity Show Conservative talk Premiere PM Drive 13.5 The Dave Ramsey Show Financial talk Self - syndicated Midday 13 + The Savage Nation Conservative talk Westwood One East Coast PM Drive 11 The Glenn Beck Program Conservative talk Premiere East Coast AM Drive 10.5 The Mark Levin Show Conservative talk Westwood One West Coast PM Drive 10 Coast to Coast AM Alternative reality talk Premiere Overnights 9 Marketplace Financial news APM PM Drive 8.7 Delilah Adult contemporary music Premiere Evenings 7.9 ! < 8 The Thom Hartmann Program Progressive talk Westwood One Midday 6.25 The Alex Jones Show Alt - right / conspiracy Self - syndicated Midday 5.9 Fresh Air Newsmagazine / talk NPR Midday 4.5 A Prairie Home Companion Variety show APM Weekends 3.5 Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! Panel game show NPR Weekends 3.2 Country Music Greats Radio Show Classic country music Syndication Networks , Inc . Twice weekly 3.2 The Hugh Hewitt Show Conservative talk Salem East Coast AM Drive 2.25 + The Lia Show Country music Westwood One Evenings 2 + The Kim Komando Show Digital lifestyle issues Self - syndicated ! WestStar ( self - syndicated ) Weekends 2.5 + Note on broadcast time : because of the effects of time on North American broadcasting , nationally syndicated shows that air live will end up on different dayparts in different time zones . The above list makes note of this . Note that although shows such as Beck 's and Levin 's are listed under `` West Coast '' drive times , that their shows are based on the East Coast ( and thus air in early midday and early evening time slots there ) . Their dayparts are indicated as such for the purposes of clarity and consistency . The pay service Sirius XM Radio was monitored directly by Arbitron from 2007 to early 2008 . The final numbers available , from early 2008 ( prior to when XM and Sirius merged ) had The Howard Stern Show being the most listened - to show on either platform , with Stern 's Howard 100 channel netting a `` cume '' of 1.2 million listeners and Howard 101 ( the secondary and replay channel ) netting an additional 500,000 listeners . Among formats common to both platforms ( all of which have since merged into singular channels ) , the contemporary hit radio channels , with a combined 1.6 million listeners , ranked highest , with classic rock , hot country music , 1970s and 1980s music channels each netting approximately 1 million listeners combined . Sirius had 8.3 million total subscribers in early 2008 ( the Arbitron ratings were measured against a 7 - million subscriber base compared to 10 million for XM ) , and now has more than 30 million . Eastlan Ratings , a service that competes with Arbitron in several markets , includes satellite radio channels in its local ratings ; Howard 100 has registered above several lower - end local stations in the markets Eastlan serves , the only satellite station to do so . Virtually all of the most - listened - to radio programs in the United States are in English . Other than English , only Spanish has an audience large enough to establish national networks ; data for shows in Spanish are much more limited . Other languages ( Chinese , Polish , Korean , various languages of India , and French ) are broadcast only on a local level . Past Top programs in the United States ( edit ) Beginning with the 1930 - 31 radio season , three ratings services measured radio listenership totals . The Cooperative Analysis of Broadcasting did so through 1934 - 35 . From 1935 - 36 through 1948 - 49 , the bulk of radio 's `` golden age , '' C.E. Hooper monitored the numbers , which were popularly called `` Hooperatings . '' The A.C. Nielsen company , which continues to measure television ratings today , took over American radio 's ratings beginning with the 1949 - 50 radio season and ending in 1955 - 56 . During this era , nearly all of radio 's most popular programs were broadcast on one of three networks : NBC Red , NBC Blue , or CBS ' Columbia network . The top - rated radio programs on American radio from each season : 1930 - 31 , 1931 - 32 : Amos ' n ' Andy 1932 - 33 , 1933 - 34 : The Eddie Cantor Show 1934 - 35 : Fleischmann 's Yeast Hour ( Rudy Vallee ) 1935 - 36 : Major Bowes Amateur Hour 1936 - 37 : Texaco Town ( Eddie Cantor ) 1937 - 38 , 1938 -- 39 , 1939 - 40 : The Chase and Sanborn Hour ( Edgar Bergen ) 1940 - 41 : The Jell - O Program ( Jack Benny ) 1941 - 42 : The Chase and Sanborn Hour ( Edgar Bergen ) 1942 - 43 : The Pepsodent Show ( Bob Hope ) 1943 - 44 : Fibber McGee and Molly 1944 - 45 : The Pepsodent Show ( Bob Hope ) 1946 - 47 : Fibber McGee and Molly 1947 - 48 : The Fred Allen Show 1948 - 49 : Fibber McGee and Molly 1949 - 50 : The Lucky Strike Program ( Jack Benny ) 1950 - 51 : Lux Radio Theatre ( dramas with a rotating cast ) 1951 - 52 , 1952 - 53 : Amos ' n ' Andy 1953 - 54 : People Are Funny 1954 - 55 : The Lucky Strike Program ( Jack Benny ) 1955 - 56 : Our Miss Brooks At his peak in the late 1930s , commentator Charles Coughlin was renowned for his large and passionate listener base . Because his show was not a network broadcast , but was instead syndicated on 36 stations , determining how many listeners he had has proven difficult . Some modern estimates peg his listenership at approximately 30 million listeners . President Franklin Roosevelt 's irregularly scheduled fireside chats , simulcast on all of the major networks , consistently reached over 50 percent of the listening audience during his last five years in office . Though radio listenership totals collapsed dramatically in the 1950s with the advent of television , some radio programs attracted large audiences decades later , notably Howard Stern . Before moving to satellite radio in 2006 , The Howard Stern Show peaked at 20 million listeners on syndicated terrestrial radio . Unlike the above programs , Stern 's radio show was broadcast daily , for 4 -- 5 hours per day . Paul Harvey , at his peak , drew an estimated 25 million listeners to his 15 - minute daily program . At his peak in the 1990s , The Rush Limbaugh Show was drawing as many as 20 million listeners a week ; as of 1998 , Stern , Limbaugh and then - first - place Dr. Laura Schlessinger were drawing between 17 and 18 million listeners according to Talkers estimates . At the time of both shows ' departure from Talk Radio Network in fall 2012 , The Savage Nation was estimated to have an audience of 9 million listeners and The Laura Ingraham Show was estimated at 6 million listeners . The later revivals of both of those shows were much smaller , each only registering an estimated 3 million listeners as of April 2013 ; Savage 's estimate has since rebounded . Prior to his retirement , Neal Boortz registered approximately 5.75 million listeners . The public radio series Car Talk with Click and Clack had approximately 4 million listeners immediately prior to ending its original run , ranking it among the most - listened - to weekend radio programs in the United States ; individual affiliates noted that the hour of highest listenership on their stations were during Car Talk , hence why it was kept in reruns for five years afterward ( Car Talk had the benefit of not usually being simulcast on multiple stations in a market at the same time as higher - ranking shows such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered often were ) . Talk of the Nation registered at 3.2 million listeners prior to its cancellation in 2013 . Immediately prior to Blair Garner 's departure from the show in July 2013 , After Midnite was quoted as drawing 2.7 million listeners , the most of any country music show for which listenership estimates are made available . Current Top stations in the United Kingdom ( edit ) Total listenership in the United Kingdom in March 2015 was 47.799 million , all BBC programming had 34.872 million listeners , and all commercial programming had 33.916 million listeners . The figures counted listeners over the age of 15 who tuned in for at least five minutes . As of March 2015 Station Format Listeners in millions BBC Radio 2 Adult contemporary 15.087 BBC Radio 4 Spoken word ( news , drama , factual , comedy ) 10.886 BBC Radio 1 Contemporary hit radio 9.699 BBC Radio 5 Live All - news radio 5.757 Classic FM Classical music 5.525 talkSPORT Talk / sports 3.246 BBC Radio 4 Extra Reruns of Radio drama , comedy , documentaries 2.172 BBC Radio 3 Classical music 2.084 BBC Radio 6 Music Adult album alternative 2.064 Magic ( London ) Adult Contemporary 1.911 Of specific programmes , the early morning Today on BBC Radio 4 has around 6.8 million listeners per week . The Radio 1 Breakfast Show ' and BBC Radio 2 's The Chris Evans Breakfast Show get around 6 million and 9 million per week respectively . Worldwide broadcasts ( edit ) BBC World Service - 188 million weekly listeners and broadcast in 32 languages as of 2009 A State of Trance with Armin van Buuren has more than 35 million listeners . American Top 40 with Ryan Seacrest has an estimated 20 million listeners worldwide . Intelligence for Your Life with John Tesh has an estimated 8.2 million listeners across the United States , Canada and United Kingdom . See also ( edit ) Audience measurement Best - selling albums in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan tracking began List of most - watched television broadcasts List of highest - grossing films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Top Talk Radio Audiences '' . Talkers magazine . September 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Farhi , Paul ( 7 March 2009 ) . `` Limbaugh 's Audience Size ? It 's Largely Up in the Air '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ The state of radio today : a focus on African - American & Hispanic audiences . Nielsen Audio ( April 2014 ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Manly , Lorne ( 5 April 2005 ) . `` Satellite Radio Takes Off , Altering the Airwaves '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Still , satellite radio is also unlikely to inflict fatal damage on commercial radio , which has about 230 million listeners , according to Arbitron , the radio ratings provider . Jump up ^ `` SiriusXM Grows Subs , Earnings in Second Quarter , Raises Full - Year Targets '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Top 40 Celebrates 40th Anniversary This Weekend '' . Clear Channel . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . `` American Top 40 is the soundtrack to life ; it sparks emotion and memories , and has a huge impact on pop culture , '' stated Seacrest , music 's number one radio host in the U.S. with a weekly worldwide audience estimated at more than 20 million . Jump up ^ Chafets , Zev ( July 6 , 2008 ) . `` Late - Period Limbaugh '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Talkers magazine , a trade publication , puts Limbaugh 's weekly audience at 14 million . ^ Jump up to : `` NPR REACHES NEW AUDIENCE HIGH '' . National Public Radio . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . All Things Considered increased its audience by 15 % over the previous year to rise from 11.5 million to 13 million listeners weekly becoming the second NPR news magazine to top 13 million . Morning Edition reached nearly 14 million listeners weekly , 9 % above Fall 2007 numbers . Jump up ^ HISTORY - Tom Kent Radio Network . `` 2014 : ( ... ) TKRN reaches 400 station affiliate mark with over 23 million weekly listeners ! '' Jump up ^ `` The Top Talk Radio Audiences ( Updated 1 / 15 ) '' . Talkers Magazine . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NPR 's Car Talk Listeners Pick Ugliest New Car '' . National Public Radio . 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Car Talk is public radio 's most popular entertainment program , airing on nearly 600 stations with more than 4.4 million listeners a week tuning in for an hour - long tune - up on car advice and humor . Jump up ^ `` NPR Programs Attract Record - Breaking Audiences Public Radio Listenership at All - Time High '' . National Public Radio . 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Growth in the NPR news / talk audience outpaced similar gains realized by commercial news / talk radio . Jump up ^ Freedman , Samuel G. ( 2005 - 07 - 17 ) . `` ' Listener Supported ' and ' NPR ' : All Things Considered '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . National Public Radio alone reaches more than 20 million listeners , and its daily newsmagazine shows , All Things Considered and Morning Edition , attract a larger audience than any program except Rush Limbaugh 's . Jump up ^ `` The Top Talk Radio Audiences '' . Talkers magazine . May 2016 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talkers.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Morning Edition '' . National Public Media . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Things Considered '' . National Public Media . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Ramsey Show '' . Dave Ramsey Show . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Public Media , Nation 's Second Largest Public Radio Company , Announces it Now Serves 14.6 Million Listeners Each Week , a 14 Percent Audience Increase '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Note that the network conflates the Marketplace Morning Report ( which airs during Morning Edition in most markets ) with the stand - alone program Marketplace and does not make individual ratings for each show available ) . Jump up ^ Ravitz , Jessica ( February 14 , 2012 ) . Talking off - air with Delilah , the ' Queen of Sappy Love Songs ' . CNN . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . At the time , the estimate was at 8.8 million , a number that has fallen precipitously since portable people meters have become widespread . See : Boudway , Ira ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Queen of FM Fights for Her Throne '' . Bloomberg Business Week . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 15 . It 's destroying radio in general , and especially shows that do n't play for the meter . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Shearer and NPR : The Big Uneasy '' . Jump up ^ Baenen , Jeff ( April 12 , 2016 ) . Goodbye , Lake Wobegon : ' Prairie Home ' is getting a new host . AP . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NPR News Quiz ' Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! ' Brings Laughs To The Big Screen , Starring Peter Sagal And Carl Kasell '' ( 5 February 2013 ) . NPR . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Self - estimated ; may include listenership from daily vignettes inserted into local shows . About the Country Music Greats Radio Show . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . `` Cumulative listenership exceeds 3.2 million ( audience based upon station reporting ) . '' Jump up ^ Originally aired in West Coast PM drive until 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump Insults Hugh Hewitt When Asked About Tax Returns : ' Very Few People Listen to Your Radio Show ' '' . Jump up ^ The Lia Show at DialGlobal.com ^ Jump up to : Hinckley , David . Howard Stern rules satellite radio . New York Daily News . 7 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sirius XM Holdings Inc . - SIRIUS Exceeds 8.3 Million Subscribers '' . Jump up ^ `` Sirius XM Holdings Inc . - SiriusXM Surpasses 30 Million Subscribers '' . Jump up ^ `` Eastlan Ratings : Syracuse '' . CNYRadio.com / CNYTVNews.com . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top OTR Shows '' . Jump up ^ Dunning , John , The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio , Oxford University Press , 1998 Jump up ^ Douglas B. Craig ( 2005 ) . Fireside Politics : Radio and Political Culture in the United States , 1920 - 1940 . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , James ( 14 December 2005 ) . `` Love him or hate him , Stern is a true pioneer '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Carlson , `` Obituary : Paul Harvey '' , The Guardian , March 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michaelson , Judith ( March 26 , 1998 ) . A Rush to Dr. Laura ? ; Survey puts Schlessinger , Stern ahead of Limbaugh as leading talk hosts . But not everyone agrees . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://wrvo.org/post/end-road-car-talk-wrvo Jump up ^ `` Quarterly Listening '' . Rajar . Jump up ^ `` Rajar radio figures round - up : Radio 4 's Today loses 300,000 listeners following departure of Jim Naughtie '' . Press Gazette ( Press release ) . Progressive Media International . 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service records its best listening figures ever despite cuts '' . BBC . June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . It uses multiple platforms to reach 188 million users globally , including shortwave , AM , FM , digital satellite and cable channels . Jump up ^ `` Latest news -- Page 98 -- Armin van Buuren '' . Jump up ^ About John . Tesh.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Media in the United Kingdom UK national newspapers , magazines , and other periodicals newspapers ( history ) Berliner The Guardian The Observer Broadsheet Financial Times The Daily Telegraph The Sunday Telegraph The Sunday Times Compact i The Times middle - market Daily Express Daily Mail The Mail on Sunday tabloid Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror Morning Star The Sunday People Daily Star Daily Star Sunday The Sun Sunday Sport magazines & other periodicals list of magazines by circulation ( hide ) radio in the UK national stations BBC analogue / digital Radio 1 Radio 2 Radio 3 Radio 4 5 live digital only Radio 1Xtra Radio 4 extra 5 live sports extra 6 music Asian Network World Service BBC National DAB ( multiplex ) independent / commercial analogue / digital Absolute Radio Classic FM Heart Kiss Talksport digital only Absolute 80s Absolute Radio Extra BFBS Radio Capital Digital One ( multiplex ) Heart Extra heat The Hits Jazz FM Kerrang ! 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8360385665083167640	Socialism	Socialism - wikipedia Socialism For other uses , see Socialism ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Socialism Development ( show ) History of socialism Socialist calculation debate Socialist economics Ideas ( show ) Calculation in kind Collective ownership Cooperative Common ownership Commune ( model of government ) Economic democracy Economic planning Equal opportunity Free association Industrial democracy Input -- output model Internationalism Labor - time calculation Labour voucher Material balance planning Peer ‐ to ‐ peer economics ( Sharing economy ) Production for use Social dividend Social ownership Socialism in one country Socialist mode of production State ownership To each according to his contribution / needs Workplace democracy Workers ' self - management Models ( show ) Decentralized planning Participatory economics Market socialism Lange model Mutualism Planned economy Soviet - type OGAS Project Cybersyn Socialist market economy Socialist - oriented market Variants ( show ) 21st - century African Arab Agrarian Anarchist Authoritarian Blanquism Communism Conservative Democratic Ethical Ecological Feminist Gandhian Guild Liberal Libertarian Market Marhaenism Marxism Municipal Owenism Reformism Religious Revolutionary Ricardian Scientific Social democracy Socialist nationalism State Syndicalism Technocracy Third World Utopian Zionist History by country ( show ) Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China Estonia France Hong Kong India Iran Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan South Korea Tunisia United Kingdom United States People ( show ) Thomas More Henri de Saint - Simon François - Noël Babeuf Charles Hall Robert Owen Charles Fourier William Thompson Thomas Hodgskin Étienne Cabet Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Louis Blanc Mikhail Bakunin Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Ferdinand Lassalle William Morris Mary Harris Jones Peter Kropotkin Eduard Bernstein Errico Malatesta Fred M. Taylor Georgi Plekhanov John Dewey Enrico Barone W.E.B. Du Bois Emma Goldman Rosa Luxemburg Léon Blum Bertrand Russell Antonie Pannekoek Luis Emilio Recabarren Albert Einstein Clement Attlee Karl Polanyi Nestor Makhno G.D.H. Cole Imre Nagy Einar Gerhardsen George Orwell Léopold Sédar Senghor Tage Erlander Salvador Allende Michael Manley François Mitterrand Gamal Abdel Nasser Nelson Mandela Murray Bookchin Alexander Dubček Howard Zinn E.P. Thompson Noam Chomsky Martin Luther King Jr . Mikhail Gorbachev Jack Layton Bernie Sanders Tariq Ali Abdullah Öcalan Slavoj Žižek Jeremy Corbyn Cornel West Hugo Chávez Chris Hedges Yanis Varoufakis Organizations ( show ) First International ( International Workingmen 's Association ) Second International Third International ( Comintern ) Fourth International Fifth International Labour and Socialist International Socialist International World Federation of Democratic Youth International Union of Socialist Youth World Socialist Movement International Committee of the Fourth International Progressive Alliance Related topics ( show ) Anarchism Capitalism Communist society Criticism of capitalism Economic system French Left List of socialist economists Nanosocialism Progressivism Right - wing socialism Socialism and LGBT rights Socialist Party Socialist state Socialism portal Economics portal Politics portal Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them . Social ownership may refer to forms of public , collective or cooperative ownership , or to citizen ownership of equity . There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them , though social ownership is the common element shared by its various forms . Socialist economic systems can be divided into non-market and market forms . Non-market socialism involves the substitution of factor markets and money , with engineering and technical criteria , based on calculation performed in - kind , thereby producing an economic mechanism that functions according to different economic laws from those of capitalism . Non-market socialism aims to circumvent the inefficiencies and crises traditionally associated with capital accumulation and the profit system . By contrast , market socialism retains the use of monetary prices , factor markets and in some cases the profit motive , with respect to the operation of socially owned enterprises and the allocation of capital goods between them . Profits generated by these firms would be controlled directly by the workforce of each firm , or accrue to society at large in the form of a social dividend . The socialist calculation debate discusses the feasibility and methods of resource allocation for a socialist system . The socialist political movement includes a set of political philosophies that originated in the revolutionary movements of the mid-to - late 18th century and of concern for the social problems that were associated with capitalism . In addition to the debate over markets and planning , the varieties of socialism differ in their form of social ownership , how management is to be organised within productive institutions and the role of the state in constructing socialism . Core dichotomies include reformism versus revolutionary socialism and state socialism versus libertarian socialism . Socialist politics has been both centralist and decentralised ; internationalist and nationalist in orientation ; organised through political parties and opposed to party politics ; at times overlapping with trade unions and at other times independent of -- and critical of -- unions ; and present in both industrialised and developing countries . While all tendencies of socialism consider themselves democratic , the term `` democratic socialism '' is often used to highlight its advocates ' high value for democratic processes in the economy and democratic political systems , usually to draw contrast to tendencies they may be perceived to be undemocratic in their approach . Democratic socialism is frequently used to draw contrast to the political system of the Soviet Union , which critics argue operated in an authoritarian fashion . By the late 19th century , after the work of Karl Marx and his collaborator Friedrich Engels , socialism had come to signify opposition to capitalism and advocacy for a post-capitalist system based on some form of social ownership of the means of production . By the 1920s , social democracy and communism had become the two dominant political tendencies within the international socialist movement . By this time , socialism emerged as `` the most influential secular movement of the twentieth century , worldwide . It is a political ideology ( or world view ) , a wide and divided political movement '' and while the emergence of the Soviet Union as the world 's first nominally socialist state led to socialism 's widespread association with the Soviet economic model , many economists and intellectuals argued that in practice the model functioned as a form of state capitalism or a non-planned administrative or command economy . Socialist parties and ideas remain a political force with varying degrees of power and influence on all continents , heading national governments in many countries around the world . Today , some socialists have also adopted the causes of other social movements , such as environmentalism , feminism and liberalism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early socialism 2.1. 1 Paris Commune 2.2 First International 2.3 Second International 2.4 Early 20th century 2.4. 1 Russian Revolution 2.4. 2 International Working Union of Socialist Parties 2.4. 3 Third International 2.4. 4 Fourth congress 2.4. 5 Spanish Civil War 2.5 Mid-20th century 2.5. 1 Post-World War II 2.5. 2 Nordic model 2.5. 3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 2.5. 4 Third World 2.5. 5 New Left 2.5. 6 Protests of 1968 2.6 Late 20th century 3 Contemporary socialist politics 3.1 Africa 3.2 Asia 3.3 Europe 3.4 North America 3.5 Latin America and Caribbean 3.6 International socialism 4 Social and political theory 4.1 Criticism of capitalism 4.2 Marxism 4.3 Role of the state 4.4 Utopian versus scientific 4.5 Reform versus revolution 5 Economics 5.1 Planned economy 5.2 Self - managed economy 5.3 State - directed economy 5.4 Market socialism 6 Politics 6.1 Anarchism 6.2 Democratic socialism 6.3 Leninism and precedents 6.4 Libertarian socialism 6.5 Religious socialism 6.6 Social democracy and liberal socialism 6.7 Socialism and modern progressive social movements 6.8 Syndicalism 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) Utopian socialist pamphlet of Rudolf Sutermeister For Andrew Vincent , `` ( t ) he word ' socialism ' finds its root in the Latin sociare , which means to combine or to share . The related , more technical term in Roman and then medieval law was societas . This latter word could mean companionship and fellowship as well as the more legalistic idea of a consensual contract between freemen '' . The term `` socialism '' was created by Henri de Saint - Simon , one of the founders of what would later be labelled `` utopian socialism '' . Simon coined `` socialism '' as a contrast to the liberal doctrine of `` individualism '' , which stressed that people act or should act as if they are in isolation from one another . The original `` utopian '' socialists condemned liberal individualism for failing to address social concerns during the industrial revolution , including poverty , social oppression and gross inequalities in wealth , thus viewing liberal individualism as degenerating society into supporting selfish egoism that harmed community life through promoting a society based on competition . They presented socialism as an alternative to liberal individualism based on the shared ownership of resources , although their proposals for socialism differed significantly . Saint - Simon proposed economic planning , scientific administration and the application of modern scientific advancements to the organization of society . By contrast , Robert Owen proposed the organization of production and ownership in cooperatives . The term `` socialism '' is also attributed to Pierre Leroux and to Marie Roch Louis Reybaud in France ; and in Britain to Robert Owen in 1827 , father of the cooperative movement . The modern definition and usage of `` socialism '' settled by the 1860s , becoming the predominant term among the group of words `` co-operative '' , `` mutualist '' and `` associationist '' , which had previously been used as synonyms . The term `` communism '' also fell out of use during this period , despite earlier distinctions between socialism and communism from the 1840s . An early distinction between socialism and communism was that the former aimed to only socialise production while the latter aimed to socialise both production and consumption ( in the form of free access to final goods ) . However , Marxists employed the term `` socialism '' in place of `` communism '' by 1888 , which had come to be considered an old - fashion synonym for socialism . It was not until 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution that `` socialism '' came to refer to a distinct stage between capitalism and communism , introduced by Vladimir Lenin as a means to defend the Bolshevik seizure of power against traditional Marxist criticisms that Russia 's productive forces were not sufficiently developed for socialist revolution . A distinction between `` communist '' and `` socialist '' as descriptors of political ideologies arose in 1918 after the Russian Social - Democratic Labour Party renamed itself to the All - Russian Communist Party , where communist came to specifically mean socialists who supported the politics and theories of Leninism , Bolshevism and later Marxism -- Leninism , although communist parties continued to describe themselves as socialists dedicated to socialism . The words `` socialism '' and `` communism '' eventually accorded with the adherents ' and opponents ' cultural attitude towards religion . In Christian Europe , communism was believed to be the atheist way of life . In Protestant England , the word `` communism '' was too culturally and aurally close to the Roman Catholic communion rite , hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists . Friedrich Engels argued that in 1848 , at the time when The Communist Manifesto was published , that `` socialism was respectable on the continent , while communism was not '' . The Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered `` respectable '' socialists , while working - class movements that `` proclaimed the necessity of total social change '' denoted themselves communists . This latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany . The British moral philosopher John Stuart Mill also came to advocate a form of economic socialism within a liberal context . In later editions of his Principles of Political Economy ( 1848 ) , Mill would argue that `` as far as economic theory was concerned , there is nothing in principle in economic theory that precludes an economic order based on socialist policies '' . While democrats looked to the Revolutions of 1848 as a democratic revolution , which in the long run ensured liberty , equality and fraternity , Marxists denounced 1848 as a betrayal of working - class ideals by a bourgeoisie indifferent to the legitimate demands of the proletariat . History ( edit ) Main article : History of socialism Early socialism ( edit ) Main articles : Utopian socialism , Revolutions of 1848 , Paris Commune , and History of anarchism § Early history Charles Fourier , influential early French socialist thinker Socialist models and ideas espousing common or public ownership have existed since antiquity . It has been claimed -- though controversially -- that there were elements of socialist thought in the politics of classical Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle . Mazdak the Younger ( died c. 524 or 528 CE ) , a Persian communal proto - socialist , instituted communal possessions and advocated the public good . Abū Dharr al - Ghifārī , a Companion of Prophet Muhammad , is credited by many as a principal antecedent of Islamic socialism . In the period right after the French Revolution , activists and theorists like François - Noël Babeuf , Étienne - Gabriel Morelly , Philippe Buonarroti and Auguste Blanqui influenced the early French labour and socialist movements . In Britain , Thomas Paine proposed a detailed plan to tax property owners to pay for the needs of the poor in Agrarian Justice while Charles Hall wrote The Effects of Civilization on the People in European States , denouncing capitalism 's effects on the poor of his time which influenced the utopian schemes of Thomas Spence . The first `` self - conscious socialist movements developed in the 1820s and 1830s . The Owenites , Saint - Simonians and Fourierists provided a series of coherent analyses and interpretations of society . They also , especially in the case of the Owenites , overlapped with a number of other working - class movements like the Chartists in the United Kingdom '' . The Chartists gathered significant numbers around the People 's Charter of 1838 , which demanded the extension of suffrage to all male adults . Leaders in the movement also called for a more equitable distribution of income and better living conditions for the working classes . The very first trade unions and consumers ' cooperative societies also emerged in the hinterland of the Chartist movement as a way of bolstering the fight for these demands . A later important socialist thinker in France was Pierre - Joseph Proudhon , who proposed his philosophy of mutualism in which `` everyone had an equal claim , either alone or as part of a small cooperative , to possess and use land and other resources as needed to make a living '' . There were also currents inspired by dissident Christianity of Christian socialism `` often in Britain and then usually coming out of left liberal politics and a romantic anti-industrialism '' which produced theorists such as Edward Bellamy , Frederick Denison Maurice and Charles Kingsley . The first advocates of socialism favoured social levelling in order to create a meritocratic or technocratic society based on individual talent . Count Henri de Saint - Simon is regarded as the first individual to coin the term `` socialism '' . Saint - Simon was fascinated by the enormous potential of science and technology and advocated a socialist society that would eliminate the disorderly aspects of capitalism and would be based on equal opportunities . He advocated the creation of a society in which each person was ranked according to his or her capacities and rewarded according to his or her work . The key focus of Saint - Simon 's socialism was on administrative efficiency and industrialism and a belief that science was the key to progress . This was accompanied by a desire to implement a rationally organised economy based on planning and geared towards large - scale scientific and material progress , thus embodied a desire for a more directed or planned economy . Other early socialist thinkers , such as Thomas Hodgkin and Charles Hall , based their ideas on David Ricardo 's economic theories . They reasoned that the equilibrium value of commodities approximated prices charged by the producer when those commodities were in elastic supply and that these producer prices corresponded to the embodied labour -- the cost of the labour ( essentially the wages paid ) that was required to produce the commodities . The Ricardian socialists viewed profit , interest and rent as deductions from this exchange - value . West European social critics , including Robert Owen , Charles Fourier , Pierre - Joseph Proudhon , Louis Blanc , Charles Hall , and Saint - Simon were the first modern socialists who criticised the excessive poverty and inequality of the Industrial Revolution . They advocated reform , with some such as Robert Owen advocating the transformation of society to small communities without private property . Robert Owen 's contribution to modern socialism was his understanding that actions and characteristics of individuals were largely determined by the social environment they were raised in and exposed to . On the other hand , Charles Fourier advocated phalansteres which were communities that respected individual desires ( including sexual preferences ) , affinities and creativity and saw that work has to be made enjoyable for people . The ideas of Owen and Fourier were tried in practice in numerous intentional communities around Europe and the American continent in the mid-19th century . Paris Commune ( edit ) The celebration of the election of the Commune on 28 March 1871 -- the Paris Commune was a major early implementation of socialist ideas The Paris Commune was a government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March ( more formally , from 28 March ) to 28 May 1871 . The Commune was the result of an uprising in Paris after France was defeated in the Franco - Prussian War . The Commune elections held on 26 March elected a Commune council of 92 members , one member for each 20,000 residents . Despite internal differences , the council began to organise the public services essential for a city of two million residents . It also reached a consensus on certain policies that tended towards a progressive , secular and highly - democratic social democracy . Because the Commune was only able to meet on fewer than 60 days in all , only a few decrees were actually implemented . These included the separation of church and state ; the remission of rents owed for the entire period of the siege ( during which payment had been suspended ) ; the abolition of night work in the hundreds of Paris bakeries ; the granting of pensions to the unmarried companions and children of National Guards killed on active service ; and the free return , by the city pawnshops , of all workmen 's tools and household items valued up to 20 francs , pledged during the siege . The Commune was concerned that skilled workers had been forced to pawn their tools during the war ; the postponement of commercial debt obligations and the abolition of interest on the debts ; and the right of employees to take over and run an enterprise if it were deserted by its owner . The Commune nonetheless recognised the previous owner 's right to compensation . First International ( edit ) Mikhail Bakunin speaking to members of the International Workingmen 's Association at the Basel Congress in 1869 The International Workingmen 's Association ( IWA ) , often called the First International , was founded in London in 1864 . The International Workingmen 's Association united diverse revolutionary currents including French followers of Proudhon , Blanquists , Philadelphes , English trade unionists , socialists and social democrats . The IWA held a preliminary conference in 1865 and had its first congress at Geneva in 1866 . Due to the wide variety of philosophies present in the First International , there was conflict from the start . The first objections to Marx came from the mutualists who opposed communism and statism . However , shortly after Mikhail Bakunin and his followers ( called collectivists while in the International ) joined in 1868 , the First International became polarised into two camps headed by Marx and Bakunin respectively . The clearest differences between the groups emerged over their proposed strategies for achieving their visions of socialism . The First International became the first major international forum for the promulgation of socialist ideas . The followers of Bakunin were called collectivist anarchists and sought to collectivise ownership of the means of production while retaining payment proportional to the amount and kind of labor of each individual . Like Proudhonists , they asserted the right of each individual to the product of his labor and to be remunerated for their particular contribution to production . By contrast , anarcho - communists sought collective ownership of both the means and the products of labor . Errico Malatesta put it : `` ( I ) nstead of running the risk of making a confusion in trying to distinguish what you and I each do , let us all work and put everything in common . In this way each will give to society all that his strength permits until enough is produced for every one ; and each will take all that he needs , limiting his needs only in those things of which there is not yet plenty for every one '' . Anarcho - communism as a coherent , modern economic - political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero , Emilio Covelli , Errico Malatesta , Andrea Costa and other ex Mazzinian republicans . Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin , they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunin 's death . Syndicalism emerged in France inspired in part by the ideas of Pierre - Joseph Proudhon and later by Fernand Pelloutier and Georges Sorel . It developed at the end of the 19th century out of the French trade - union movement ( syndicat is the French word for trade union ) . It was a significant force in Italy and Spain in the early 20th century until it was crushed by the fascist regimes in those countries . In the United States , syndicalism appeared in the guise of the Industrial Workers of the World , or `` Wobblies '' , founded in 1905 . Syndicalism is an economic system where industries are organised into confederations ( syndicates ) and the economy is managed by negotiation between specialists and worker representatives of each field , comprising multiple non-competitive categorised units . Syndicalism is thus a form of communism and economic corporatism , but also refers to the political movement and tactics used to bring about this type of system . An influential anarchist movement based on syndicalist ideas is anarcho - syndicalism . The International Workers Association is an international anarcho - syndicalist federation of various labor unions from different countries . The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation which was established with the purpose of advancing the principles of socialism via gradualist and reformist means . The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonisation of the British Empire , most notably India and Singapore . Originally , the Fabian Society was committed to the establishment of a socialist economy , alongside a commitment to British imperialism as a progressive and modernising force . Today , the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of fifteen socialist societies affiliated with the Labour Party . Similar societies exist in Australia ( the Australian Fabian Society ) , in Canada ( the Douglas - Coldwell Foundation and the now disbanded League for Social Reconstruction ) and in New Zealand . Guild socialism is a political movement advocating workers ' control of industry through the medium of trade - related guilds `` in an implied contractual relationship with the public '' . It originated in the United Kingdom and was at its most influential in the first quarter of the 20th century . Inspired by medieval guilds , theorists such as Samuel G. Hobson and G.D.H. Cole advocated the public ownership of industries and their organisation into guilds , each of which would be under the democratic control of its trade union . Guild socialists were less inclined than Fabians to invest power in a state . At some point , like the American Knights of Labor , guild socialism wanted to abolish the wage system . Second International ( edit ) As the ideas of Marx and Engels took on flesh , particularly in central Europe , socialists sought to unite in an international organisation . In 1889 ( the centennial of the French Revolution of 1789 ) , the Second International was founded , with 384 delegates from twenty countries representing about 300 labour and socialist organisations . It was termed the Socialist International and Engels was elected honorary president at the third congress in 1893 . Anarchists were ejected and not allowed in , mainly due to pressure from Marxists . It has been argued that at some point the Second International turned `` into a battleground over the issue of libertarian versus authoritarian socialism . Not only did they effectively present themselves as champions of minority rights ; they also provoked the German Marxists into demonstrating a dictatorial intolerance which was a factor in preventing the British labor movement from following the Marxist direction indicated by such leaders as H.M. Hyndman '' . Reformism arose as an alternative to revolution . Eduard Bernstein was a leading social democrat in Germany who proposed the concept of evolutionary socialism . Revolutionary socialists quickly targeted reformism : Rosa Luxemburg condemned Bernstein 's Evolutionary Socialism in her 1900 essay Social Reform or Revolution ? . Revolutionary socialism encompasses multiple social and political movements that may define `` revolution '' differently from one another . The Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in Germany became the largest and most powerful socialist party in Europe , despite working illegally until the anti-socialist laws were dropped in 1890 . In the 1893 elections , it gained 1,787,000 votes , a quarter of the total votes cast , according to Engels . In 1895 , the year of his death , Engels emphasised the Communist Manifesto 's emphasis on winning , as a first step , the `` battle of democracy '' . Early 20th century ( edit ) Main articles : History of anarchism § 20th century , Russian Revolution , German Revolution , Biennio Rosso , and Spanish Revolution of 1936 Antonio Gramsci , member of the Italian Socialist Party and later leader and theorist of the Communist Party of Italy In 1904 , Australians elected Chris Watson as the first Australian Labor Party Prime Minister , becoming the first democratically elected social democrat . In 1909 , the first Kibbutz was established in Palestine by Russian Jewish Immigrants . The Kibbutz Movement would then expand through the 20th century following a doctrine of Zionist socialism . The British Labour Party first won seats in the House of Commons in 1902 . The International Socialist Commission ( ISC , also known as Berne International ) was formed in February 1919 at a meeting in Bern by parties that wanted to resurrect the Second International . By 1917 , the patriotism of World War I changed into political radicalism in most of Europe , the United States and Australia . Other socialist parties from around the world who were beginning to gain importance in their national politics in the early 20th century included the Italian Socialist Party , the French Section of the Workers ' International , the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party , the Swedish Social Democratic Party , the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , the Socialist Party of America in the United States , the Argentinian Socialist Party and the Chilean Partido Obrero Socialista . Russian Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Russian Revolution In February 1917 , revolution exploded in Russia . Workers , soldiers and peasants established soviets ( councils ) , the monarchy fell and a provisional government convoked pending the election of a constituent assembly . In April of that year , Vladimir Lenin , leader of the Bolshevik faction of socialists in Russia and known for his profound and controversial expansions of Marxism , was allowed to cross Germany to return to his country from exile in Switzerland . Lenin had published essays on his analysis of imperialism , the monopoly and globalisation phase of capitalism as predicted by Marx , as well as analyses on the social conditions of his contemporary time . He observed that as capitalism had further developed in Europe and America , the workers remained unable to gain class consciousness so long as they were too busy working and concerning with how to make ends meet . He therefore proposed that the social revolution would require the leadership of a vanguard party of class - conscious revolutionaries from the educated and politically active part of the population . Upon arriving in Petrograd , Lenin declared that the revolution in Russia was not over , but had only begun and that the next step was for the workers ' soviets to take full state authority . He issued a thesis outlining the Bolshevik 's party programme , including rejection of any legitimacy in the provisional government and advocacy for state power to be given to the peasant and working class through the soviets . The Bolsheviks became the most influential force in the soviets and on 7 November the capitol of the provisional government was stormed by Bolshevik Red Guards in what afterwards known as the `` Great October Socialist Revolution '' . The rule of the provisional government was ended and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic -- the world 's first constitutionally socialist state -- was established . On 25 January 1918 at the Petrograd Soviet , Lenin declared `` Long live the world socialist revolution ! '' and proposed an immediate armistice on all fronts and transferred the land of the landed proprietors , the crown and the monasteries to the peasant committees without compensation . The day after assuming executive power on 25 January , Lenin wrote Draft Regulations on Workers ' Control , which granted workers control of businesses with more than five workers and office employees and access to all books , documents and stocks and whose decisions were to be `` binding upon the owners of the enterprises '' . Governing through the elected soviets and in alliance with the peasant - based Left Socialist - Revolutionaries , the Bolshevik government began nationalising banks and industry ; and disavowed the national debts of the deposed Romanov royal régime . It sued for peace , withdrawing from World War I and convoked a Constituent Assembly in which the peasant Socialist - Revolutionary Party ( SR ) won a majority . The Constituent Assembly elected Socialist - Revolutionary leader Victor Chernov President of a Russian republic , but rejected the Bolshevik proposal that it endorse the Soviet decrees on land , peace and workers ' control and acknowledge the power of the Soviets of Workers ' , Soldiers ' and Peasants ' Deputies . The next day , the Bolsheviks declared that the assembly was elected on outdated party lists and the All - Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets dissolved it . In March 1919 , world communist parties formed Comintern ( also known as the Third International ) at a meeting in Moscow . International working Union of socialist parties ( edit ) Main article : International Working Union of Socialist Parties Parties which did not want to be a part of the resurrected Second International ( ISC ) or Comintern formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties ( IWUSP , also known as Vienna International / Vienna Union / Two - and - a-Half International ) on 27 February 1921 at a conference in Vienna . The ISC and the IWUSP joined to form the Labour and Socialist International ( LSI ) in May 1923 at a meeting in Hamburg Left - wing groups which did not agree to the centralisation and abandonment of the soviets by the Bolshevik Party led left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks -- such groups included Socialist Revolutionaries , Left Socialist Revolutionaries , Mensheviks and anarchists . Within this left - wing discontent , the most large - scale events were the worker 's Kronstadt rebellion and the anarchist led Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine uprising which controlled an area known as the Free Territory . Third International ( edit ) Main article : Communist International The Bolshevik Russian Revolution of January 1918 engendered communist parties worldwide and their concomitant revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 . Few communists doubted that the Russian success of socialism depended on successful , working - class socialist revolutions in developed capitalist countries . In 1919 , Lenin and Trotsky organised the world 's communist parties into a new international association of workers -- the Communist International ( Comintern ) , also called the Third International . The Russian Revolution also influenced uprisings in other countries around this time . The German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 resulted in the replacing Germany 's imperial government with a republic . The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the formal establishment of the Weimar Republic in August 1919 and included an episode known as the Bavarian Soviet Republic and the Spartacist uprising . In Italy , the events known as the Biennio Rosso were characterised by mass strikes , worker manifestations and self - management experiments through land and factory occupations . In Turin and Milan , workers ' councils were formed and many factory occupations took place led by anarcho - syndicalists organised around the Unione Sindacale Italiana . By 1920 , the Red Army under its commander Trotsky had largely defeated the royalist White Armies . In 1921 , War Communism was ended and under the New Economic Policy ( NEP ) private ownership was allowed for small and medium peasant enterprises . While industry remained largely state - controlled , Lenin acknowledged that the NEP was a necessary capitalist measure for a country unripe for socialism . Profiteering returned in the form of `` NEP men '' and rich peasants ( kulaks ) gained power in the countryside . Nevertheless , the role of Trotsky in this episode has been questioned by other socialists , including ex Trotskyists . In the United States , Dwight Macdonald broke with Trotsky and left the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party by raising the question of the Kronstadt rebellion , which Trotsky as leader of the Soviet Red Army and the other Bolsheviks had brutally repressed . He then moved towards democratic socialism . and anarchism . A similar critique of Trotsky 's role on the events around the Kronstadt rebellion was raised by the American anarchist Emma Goldman . In her essay `` Trotsky Protests Too Much '' , she says : `` I admit , the dictatorship under Stalin 's rule has become monstrous . That does not , however , lessen the guilt of Leon Trotsky as one of the actors in the revolutionary drama of which Kronstadt was one of the bloodiest scenes '' . Rosa Luxemburg , prominent Marxist revolutionary , leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and martyr and leader of the German Spartacist uprising in 1919 Fourth Congress ( edit ) In 1922 , the fourth congress of the Communist International took up the policy of the United Front , urging communists to work with rank and file Social Democrats while remaining critical of their leaders , whom they criticised for betraying the working class by supporting the war efforts of their respective capitalist classes . For their part , the social democrats pointed to the dislocation caused by revolution and later the growing authoritarianism of the communist parties . When the Communist Party of Great Britain applied to affiliate to the Labour Party in 1920 , it was turned down . On seeing the Soviet State 's growing coercive power in 1923 , a dying Lenin said Russia had reverted to `` a bourgeois tsarist machine ... barely varnished with socialism '' . After Lenin 's death in January 1924 , the Communist Party of the Soviet Union -- then increasingly under the control of Joseph Stalin -- rejected the theory that socialism could not be built solely in the Soviet Union in favour of the concept of `` socialism in one country '' . Despite the marginalised Left Opposition 's demand for the restoration of Soviet democracy , Stalin developed a bureaucratic , authoritarian government that was condemned by democratic socialists , anarchists and Trotskyists for undermining the initial socialist ideals of the Bolshevik Russian Revolution . In 1924 , the Mongolian People 's Republic was established and was ruled by the Mongolian People 's Party . The Russian Revolution and the appearance of the Soviet State motivated a worldwide current of national communist parties which ended having varying levels of political and social influence . Among these there appeared the Communist Party of France , the Communist Party USA , the Italian Communist Party , the Chinese Communist Party , the Mexican Communist Party , the Brazilian Communist Party , the Chilean Communist Party and the Communist Party of Indonesia . Spanish Civil War ( edit ) Main article : Spanish Civil War Anarcha - feminist militia during the Spanish Revolution in 1936 In Spain in 1936 , the national anarcho - syndicalist trade union Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT ) initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance and abstention by CNT supporters led to a right - wing election victory . In 1936 , the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power . Months later , the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup , sparking the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) . In response to the army rebellion , an anarchist - inspired movement of peasants and workers , supported by armed militias , took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain where they collectivised the land . The events known as the Spanish Revolution was a workers ' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organisational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years , primarily Catalonia , Aragon , Andalusia and parts of Levante . Much of Spain 's economy was put under worker control and in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia the figure was as high as 75 % , but lower in areas with heavy Communist Party of Spain influence , as the Soviet - allied party actively resisted attempts at collectivisation enactment . Factories were run through worker committees , agrarian areas became collectivised and run as libertarian communes . Anarchist historian Sam Dolgoff estimated that about eight million people participated directly or indirectly in the Spanish Revolution . Mid-20th century ( edit ) Further information : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1949 -- 76 ) , Decolonization § Decolonization after 1945 , Eastern Bloc , and History of anarchism § Post-war years Post-world War II ( edit ) Leon Trotsky 's Fourth International was established in France in 1938 when Trotskyists argued that the Comintern or Third International had become irretrievably `` lost to Stalinism '' and thus incapable of leading the international working class to political power . The rise of Nazism and the start of World War II led to the dissolution of the LSI in 1940 . After the War , the Socialist International was formed in Frankfurt in July 1951 as a successor to the LSI . After World War II , social democratic governments introduced social reform and wealth redistribution via state welfare and taxation . Social democratic parties dominated post-war politics in countries such as France , Italy , Czechoslovakia , Belgium and Norway . At one point , France claimed to be the world 's most state - controlled capitalist country . The nationalised public utilities included Charbonnages de France ( CDF ) , Electricité de France ( EDF ) , Gaz de France ( GDF ) , Air France , Banque de France and Régie Nationale des Usines Renault . In 1945 , the British Labour Party led by Clement Attlee was elected to office based on a radical socialist programme . The Labour government nationalised major public utilities such as mines , gas , coal , electricity , rail , iron , steel and the Bank of England . British Petroleum was officially nationalised in 1951 . Anthony Crosland said that in 1956 25 % of British industry was nationalised and that public employees , including those in nationalised industries , constituted a similar proportion of the country 's total employed population . The Labour Governments of 1964 -- 1970 and 1974 -- 1979 intervened further . It re-nationalised steel ( 1967 , British Steel ) after the Conservatives had denationalised it and nationalised car production ( 1976 , British Leyland ) . The National Health Service provided taxpayer - funded health care to everyone , free at the point of service . Working - class housing was provided in council housing estates and university education became available via a school grant system . Nordic model ( edit ) Main article : Nordic model Olof Palme , Prime Minister of Sweden for the Swedish Social Democratic Party The Nordic model is the economic and social models of the Nordic countries ( Denmark , Iceland , Norway , Sweden and Finland ) . During most of the post-war era , Sweden was governed by the Swedish Social Democratic Party largely in cooperation with trade unions and industry . In Sweden , the Social Democratic Party held power from 1936 to 1976 , 1982 to 1991 , 1994 to 2006 and 2014 to present . Tage Erlander was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and led the government from 1946 to 1969 , an uninterrupted tenure of twenty - three years , one of the longest in any democracy . From 1945 to 1962 , the Norwegian Labour Party held an absolute majority in the parliament led by Einar Gerhardsen who was Prime Minister with seventeen years in office . This particular adaptation of the mixed market economy is characterised by more generous welfare states ( relative to other developed countries ) , which are aimed specifically at enhancing individual autonomy , ensuring the universal provision of basic human rights and stabilising the economy . It is distinguished from other welfare states with similar goals by its emphasis on maximising labour force participation , promoting gender equality , egalitarian and extensive benefit levels , large magnitude of redistribution and expansionary fiscal policy . Soviet Union and Eastern Europe ( edit ) Main article : History of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II . After the war , the Soviet Union became a recognised superpower . The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century , including the world 's first spacecraft and the first astronaut . The Soviet economy was the modern world 's first centrally planned economy . It was based on a system of state ownership of industry managed through Gosplan ( the State Planning Commission ) , Gosbank ( the State Bank ) and the Gossnab ( State Commission for Materials and Equipment Supply ) . Economic planning was conducted through a series of Five - Year Plans . The emphasis was on fast development of heavy industry and the nation became one of the world 's top manufacturers of a large number of basic and heavy industrial products , but it lagged in light industrial production and consumer durables . The Eastern Bloc was the group of former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe , generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact which included the People 's Republic of Poland , the German Democratic Republic , the People 's Republic of Hungary , the People 's Republic of Bulgaria , the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , the Socialist Republic of Romania , the People 's Socialist Republic of Albania and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the People 's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet - imposed policies , lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956 . Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev 's denunciation of the excesses of Stalin 's regime during the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 1956 as well as the revolt in Hungary , produced ideological fractures and disagreements within the communist and socialist parties of Western Europe . Third World ( edit ) In the post-war years , socialism became increasingly influential throughout the so - called Third World . Embracing a new Third World socialism , countries in Africa , Asia and Latin America often nationalised industries held by foreign owners . The Chinese Kuomintang Party , the previous ruling party in Taiwan , was referred to as having a socialist ideology since Kuomintang 's revolutionary ideology in the 1920s incorporated unique Chinese socialism as part of its ideology . The Soviet Union trained Kuomintang revolutionaries in the Moscow Sun Yat - sen University . Movie theatres in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang at Moscow Sun Yat - sen University portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls and in the Soviet May Day parades that year Chiang 's portrait was to be carried along with the portraits of Marx , Lenin , Stalin and other socialist leaders . The Chinese Revolution was the second stage in the Chinese Civil War which ended in the establishment of the People 's Republic of China led by the Chinese Communist Party . The term `` Third World '' was coined by French demographer Alfred Sauvy in 1952 on the model of the Third Estate , which according to the Abbé Sieyès represented everything , but was nothing `` because at the end this ignored , exploited , scorned Third World like the Third Estate , wants to become something too '' . The emergence of this new political entity in the frame of the Cold War was complex and painful . Several tentatives were made to organise newly independent states in order to oppose a common front towards both the United States ' and the Soviet Union 's influence on them , with the consequences of the Sino - Soviet split already at works . The Non-Aligned Movement constituted itself around the main figures of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India , President Sukarno of Indonesia , leader Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt who successfully opposed the French and British imperial powers during the 1956 Suez crisis . After the 1954 Geneva Conference which ended the French war against Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam , the 1955 Bandung Conference gathered Nasser , Nehru , Tito , Sukarno and Zhou Enlai , Premier of the People 's Republic of China . As many African countries gained independence during the 1960s , some of them rejected capitalism in favour of a more afrocentric economic model . The main architects of African socialism were Julius Nyerere of Tanzania , Léopold Senghor of Senegal , Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Sékou Touré of Guinea . The Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro 's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista . The revolution began in July 1953 and finally ousted Batista on 1 January 1959 , replacing his government with Castro 's revolutionary state . Castro 's government later reformed along communist lines , becoming the Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965 . New Left ( edit ) Main article : New Left The New Left was a term used mainly in the United Kingdom and United States in reference to activists , educators , agitators and others in the 1960s and 1970s who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights , abortion , gender roles and drugs in contrast to earlier leftist or Marxist movements that had taken a more vanguardist approach to social justice and focused mostly on labour unionisation and questions of social class . The New Left rejected involvement with the labour movement and Marxism 's historical theory of class struggle . In the United States , the New Left was associated with the Hippie movement and anti-war college campus protest movements as well as the black liberation movements such as the Black Panther Party . While initially formed in opposition to the `` Old Left '' Democratic Party , groups composing the New Left gradually became central players in the Democratic coalition . Protests of 1968 ( edit ) Main article : Protests of 1968 The protests of 1968 represented a worldwide escalation of social conflicts , predominantly characterised by popular rebellions against military , capitalist and bureaucratic elites who responded with an escalation of political repression . These protests marked a turning point for the civil rights movement in the United States , which produced revolutionary movements like the Black Panther Party ; the prominent civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. organised the `` Poor People 's Campaign '' to address issues of economic justice , while personally showing sympathy with democratic socialism . In reaction to the Tet Offensive , protests also sparked a broad movement in opposition to the Vietnam War all over the United States and even into London , Paris , Berlin and Rome . In 1968 in Carrara , Italy , the International of Anarchist Federations was founded during an international anarchist conference held there by the three existing European federations of France , the Italian and the Iberian Anarchist Federation as well as the Bulgarian federation in French exile . Mass socialist or communist movements grew not only in the United States , but also in most European countries . The most spectacular manifestation of this were the May 1968 protests in France in which students linked up with strikes of up to ten million workers and for a few days the movement seemed capable of overthrowing the government . In many other capitalist countries , struggles against dictatorships , state repression and colonisation were also marked by protests in 1968 , such as the beginning of the Troubles in Northern Ireland , the Tlatelolco massacre in Mexico City and the escalation of guerrilla warfare against the military dictatorship in Brazil . Countries governed by communist parties had protests against bureaucratic and military elites . In Eastern Europe there were widespread protests that escalated particularly in the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia . In response , Soviet Union occupied Czechoslovakia , but the occupation was denounced by the Italian and French communist parties and the Communist Party of Finland . Few western European political leaders defended the occupation , among them the Portuguese communist secretary - general Álvaro Cunhal . along with the Luxembourg party and conservative factions of the Communist Party of Greece . In the Chinese Cultural Revolution , a social - political youth movement mobilised against `` bourgeois '' elements which were seen to be infiltrating the government and society at large , aiming to restore capitalism . This movement motivated Maoism - inspired movements around the world in the context of the Sino - Soviet split . In Indonesia , a right - wing military regime led by Suharto killed between 500,000 and one million people , mainly to crush the growing influence of the Communist Party of Indonesia and other leftist sectors , with support from the United States government , which provided kill lists containing thousands of names of suspected high - ranking Communists . Late 20th century ( edit ) Main articles : Eurocommunism , Nicaraguan Revolution , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1976 -- 89 ) , Third Way , and History of anarchism § Late 20th century Salvador Allende , President of Chile and member of the Socialist Party of Chile , whose presidency and life was ended by a CIA - backed military coup In Latin America in the 1960s , a socialist tendency within the catholic church appeared which was called liberation theology which motivated even the Colombian priest Camilo Torres to enter the ELN guerrilla . In Chile , Salvador Allende , a physician and candidate for the Socialist Party of Chile , was elected president through democratic elections in 1970 . In 1973 , his government was ousted by the United States - backed military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet , which lasted until the late 1980s . In Jamaica , the democratic socialist Michael Manley served as the fourth Prime Minister of Jamaica from 1972 to 1980 and from 1989 to 1992 . According to opinion polls , he remains one of Jamaica 's most popular Prime Ministers since independence . The Nicaraguan Revolution encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s , the campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front ( FSLN ) to violently oust the dictatorship in 1978 -- 1979 , the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 until 1990 and the socialist measures which included widescale agrarian reform and educational programs . The People 's Revolutionary Government was proclaimed on 13 March 1979 in Grenada which was overthrown by armed forces of the United States in 1983 . The Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) was a conflict between the military - led government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN ) , a coalition or umbrella organisation of five socialist guerrilla groups . A coup on 15 October 1979 led to the killings of anti-coup protesters by the government as well as anti-disorder protesters by the guerillas , and is widely seen as the tipping point towards the civil war . In Italy , Autonomia Operaia was a leftist movement particularly active from 1976 to 1978 . It took an important role in the autonomist movement in the 1970s , aside earlier organisations such as Potere Operaio ( created after May 1968 ) and Lotta Continua . This experience prompted the contemporary socialist radical movement autonomism . In 1982 , the newly elected French socialist government of François Mitterrand made nationalisations in a few key industries , including banks and insurance companies . Eurocommunism was a trend in the 1970s and 1980s in various Western European communist parties to develop a theory and practice of social transformation that was more relevant for a Western European country and less aligned to the influence or control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Outside Western Europe , it is sometimes called neocommunism . Some communist parties with strong popular support , notably the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) and the Communist Party of Spain ( PCE ) adopted Eurocommunism most enthusiastically and the Communist Party of Finland was dominated by Eurocommunists . The French Communist Party ( PCF ) and many smaller parties strongly opposed Eurocommunism and stayed aligned with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until the end of the Soviet Union . In the late 1970s and in the 1980s , the Socialist International ( SI ) had extensive contacts and discussion with the two powers of the Cold War , the United States and the Soviet Union , about East - West relations and arms control . Since then , the SI has admitted as member parties the Nicaraguan FSLN , the left - wing Puerto Rican Independence Party , as well as former communist parties such as the Democratic Party of the Left of Italy and the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique ( FRELIMO ) . The SI aided social democratic parties in re-establishing themselves when dictatorship gave way to democracy in Portugal ( 1974 ) and Spain ( 1975 ) . Until its 1976 Geneva Congress , the SI had few members outside Europe and no formal involvement with Latin America . Mikhail Gorbachev , General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991 After Mao 's death in 1976 and the arrest of the faction known as the Gang of Four , who were blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution , Deng Xiaoping took power and led the People 's Republic of China to significant economic reforms . The Communist Party of China loosened governmental control over citizens ' personal lives and the communes were disbanded in favour of private land leases , thus China 's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy named as `` socialism with Chinese characteristics '' which maintained state ownership rights over land , state or cooperative ownership of much of the heavy industrial and manufacturing sectors and state influence in the banking and financial sectors . China adopted its current constitution on 4 December 1982 . President Jiang Zemin and Premier Zhu Rongji led the nation in the 1990s . Under their administration , China 's economic performance pulled an estimated 150 million peasants out of poverty and sustained an average annual gross domestic product growth rate of 11.2 % . At the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam in December 1986 , reformist politicians replaced the `` old guard '' government with new leadership . The reformers were led by 71 - year - old Nguyen Van Linh , who became the party 's new general secretary . Linh and the reformers implemented a series of free market reforms -- known as Đổi Mới ( `` Renovation '' ) -- which carefully managed the transition from a planned economy to a `` socialist - oriented market economy '' . Mikhail Gorbachev wished to move the Soviet Union towards of Nordic - style social democracy , calling it `` a socialist beacon for all mankind '' . Prior to its dissolution in 1991 , the Soviet Union had the second largest economy in the world after the United States . With the collapse of the Soviet Union , the economic integration of the Soviet republics was dissolved and overall industrial activity declined substantially . A lasting legacy remains in the physical infrastructure created during decades of combined industrial production practices , and widespread environmental destruction . Many social democratic parties , particularly after the Cold War , adopted neoliberal market policies including privatisation , deregulation and financialisation . They abandoned their pursuit of moderate socialism in favour of market liberalism . By the 1980s , with the rise of conservative neoliberal politicians such as Ronald Reagan in the United States , Margaret Thatcher in Britain , Brian Mulroney in Canada and Augusto Pinochet in Chile , the Western welfare state was attacked from within , but state support for the corporate sector was maintained . Monetarists and neoliberals attacked social welfare systems as impediments to private entrepreneurship . In the United Kingdom , Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock made a public attack against the entryist group Militant at the 1985 Labour Party conference . The Labour Party ruled that Militant was ineligible for affiliation with the Labour Party , and the party gradually expelled Militant supporters . The Kinnock leadership had refused to support the 1984 -- 1985 miner 's strike over pit closures , a decision that the party 's left wing and the National Union of Mineworkers blamed for the strike 's eventual defeat . In 1989 at Stockholm , the 18th Congress of the Socialist International adopted a new Declaration of Principles , saying : Democratic socialism is an international movement for freedom , social justice , and solidarity . Its goal is to achieve a peaceful world where these basic values can be enhanced and where each individual can live a meaningful life with the full development of his or her personality and talents , and with the guarantee of human and civil rights in a democratic framework of society . In the 1990s , the British Labour Party under Tony Blair enacted policies based on the free market economy to deliver public services via the private finance initiative . Influential in these policies was the idea of a `` Third Way '' which called for a re-evalutation of welfare state policies . In 1995 , the Labour Party re-defined its stance on socialism by re-wording Clause IV of its constitution , effectively rejecting socialism by removing all references to public , direct worker or municipal ownership of the means of production . The Labour Party stated : `` The Labour Party is a democratic socialist party . It believes that , by the strength of our common endeavour we achieve more than we achieve alone , so as to create , for each of us , the means to realise our true potential , and , for all of us , a community in which power , wealth , and opportunity are in the hands of the many , not the few '' . Contemporary socialist politics ( edit ) Kwame Nkrumah , the first President of Ghana and theorist of African socialism , on a Soviet Union commemorative postage stamp Africa ( edit ) African socialism has been and continues to be a major ideology around the continent . Julius Nyerere was inspired by Fabian socialist ideals . He was a firm believer in rural Africans and their traditions and ujamaa , a system of collectivisation that according to Nyerere was present before European imperialism . Essentially he believed Africans were already socialists . Other African socialists include Jomo Kenyatta , Kenneth Kaunda , Nelson Mandela and Kwame Nkrumah . Fela Kuti was inspired by socialism and called for a democratic African republic . In South Africa the African National Congress ( ANC ) abandoned its partial socialist allegiances after taking power and followed a standard neoliberal route . From 2005 through to 2007 , the country was wracked by many thousands of protests from poor communities . One of these gave rise to a mass movement of shack dwellers , Abahlali baseMjondolo that despite major police suppression continues to work for popular people 's planning and against the creation of a market economy in land and housing . Asia ( edit ) In Asia , states with socialist economies -- such as the People 's Republic of China , North Korea , Laos and Vietnam -- have largely moved away from centralised economic planning in the 21st century , placing a greater emphasis on markets . Forms include the Chinese socialist market economy and the Vietnamese socialist - oriented market economy . They utilise state - owned corporate management models as opposed to modelling socialist enterprise on traditional management styles employed by government agencies . In China living standards continued to improve rapidly despite the late - 2000s recession , but centralised political control remained tight . Brian Reynolds Myers in his book The Cleanest Race , later supported by other academics , dismisses the idea that Juche is North Korea 's leading ideology , regarding its public exaltation as designed to deceive foreigners and that it exists to be praised and not actually read , pointing out that North Korea 's constitution of 2009 omits all mention of communism . Though the authority of the state remained unchallenged under Đổi Mới , the government of Vietnam encourages private ownership of farms and factories , economic deregulation and foreign investment , while maintaining control over strategic industries . The Vietnamese economy subsequently achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production , construction , exports and foreign investment . However , these reforms have also caused a rise in income inequality and gender disparities . Elsewhere in Asia , some elected socialist parties and communist parties remain prominent , particularly in India and Nepal . The Communist Party of Nepal in particular calls for multi-party democracy , social equality and economic prosperity . In Singapore , a majority of the GDP is still generated from the state sector comprising government - linked companies . In Japan , there has been a resurgent interest in the Japanese Communist Party among workers and youth . In Malaysia , the Socialist Party of Malaysia got its first Member of Parliament , Dr. Jeyakumar Devaraj , after the 2008 general election . In 2010 , there were 270 kibbutzim in Israel . Their factories and farms account for 9 % of Israel 's industrial output , worth US $8 billion and 40 % of its agricultural output , worth over $1.7 billion . Some Kibbutzim had also developed substantial high - tech and military industries . Also in 2010 , Kibbutz Sasa , containing some 200 members , generated $850 million in annual revenue from its military - plastics industry . Europe ( edit ) The United Nations World Happiness Report 2013 shows that the happiest nations are concentrated in Northern Europe , where the Nordic model of social democracy is employed , with Denmark topping the list . This is at times attributed to the success of the Nordic model in the region . The Nordic countries ranked highest on the metrics of real GDP per capita , healthy life expectancy , having someone to count on , perceived freedom to make life choices , generosity and freedom from corruption . Indeed , the indicators of Freedom in the World have listed Scandinavian countries as ranking high on indicators such as press and economic freedom . The objectives of the Party of European Socialists , the European Parliament 's socialist and social democratic bloc , are now `` to pursue international aims in respect of the principles on which the European Union is based , namely principles of freedom , equality , solidarity , democracy , respect of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms , and respect for the Rule of Law '' . As a result , today the rallying cry of the French Revolution -- Liberté , égalité , fraternité -- is promoted as essential socialist values . To the left of the PES at the European level is the Party of the European Left ( PEL ) , also commonly abbreviated `` European Left '' ) , which is a political party at the European level and an association of democratic socialist , socialist and communist political parties in the European Union and other European countries . It was formed in January 2004 for the purposes of running in the 2004 European Parliament elections . PEL was founded on 8 -- 9 May 2004 in Rome . Elected MEPs from member parties of the European Left sit in the European United Left -- Nordic Green Left ( GUE / NGL ) group in the European parliament . Alexis Tsipras , socialist Prime Minister of Greece who led the Coalition of the Radical Left ( SYRIZA ) through a victory in the Greek legislative election , January 2015 The socialist Left Party in Germany grew in popularity due to dissatisfaction with the increasingly neoliberal policies of the SPD , becoming the fourth biggest party in parliament in the general election on 27 September 2009 . Communist candidate Dimitris Christofias won a crucial presidential runoff in Cyprus , defeating his conservative rival with a majority of 53 % . In Ireland , in the 2009 European election Joe Higgins of the Socialist Party took one of three seats in the capital Dublin European constituency . In Denmark , the Socialist People 's Party ( SF ) more than doubled its parliamentary representation to 23 seats from 11 , making it the fourth largest party . In 2011 , the Social Democrats , Socialist People 's Party and the Danish Social Liberal Party formed government , after a slight victory over the main rival political coalition . They were led by Helle Thorning - Schmidt , and had the Red - Green Alliance as a supporting party . In Norway , the Red - Green Coalition consists of the Labour Party ( Ap ) , the Socialist Left Party ( SV ) and the Centre Party ( Sp ) and governed the country as a majority government from the 2005 general election until 2013 . In the Greek legislative election of January 2015 , the Coalition of the Radical Left ( SYRIZA ) led by Alexis Tsipras won a legislative election for the first time while the Communist Party of Greece won 15 seats in parliament . SYRIZA has been characterised as an anti-establishment party , whose success has sent `` shock - waves across the EU '' . In the United Kingdom , the National Union of Rail , Maritime and Transport Workers put forward a slate of candidates in the 2009 European Parliament elections under the banner of No to EU -- Yes to Democracy , a broad left - wing alter - globalisation coalition involving socialist groups such as the Socialist Party , aiming to offer an alternative to the `` anti-foreigner '' and pro-business policies of the UK Independence Party . In the following May 2010 United Kingdom general election , the Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition , launched in January 2010 and backed by Bob Crow , the leader of the National Union of Rail , Maritime and Transport Workers union ( RMT ) , other union leaders and the Socialist Party among other socialist groups , stood against Labour in 40 constituencies . The Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition contested the 2011 local elections , having gained the endorsement of the RMT June 2010 conference , but gained no seats . Left Unity was also founded in 2013 after the film director Ken Loach appealed for a new party of the left to replace the Labour Party , which he claimed had failed to oppose austerity and had shifted towards neoliberalism . In 2015 , following a defeat at the 2015 United Kingdom general election , self - described socialist Jeremy Corbyn took over from Ed Miliband as leader of the Labour Party . In France , Olivier Besancenot , the Revolutionary Communist League ( LCR ) candidate in the 2007 presidential election , received 1,498,581 votes , 4.08 % , double that of the communist candidate . The LCR abolished itself in 2009 to initiate a broad anti-capitalist party , the New Anticapitalist Party , whose stated aim is to `` build a new socialist , democratic perspective for the twenty - first century '' . On 25 May 2014 , the Spanish left - wing party Podemos entered candidates for the 2014 European parliamentary elections , some of which were unemployed . In a surprise result , it polled 7.98 % of the vote and thus was awarded five seats out of 54 while the older United Left was the third largest overall force obtaining 10.03 % and 5 seats , 4 more than the previous elections . The current government of Portugal was established on 26 November 2015 as a Socialist Party ( PS ) minority government led by prime minister António Costa . Costa succeeded in securing support for a Socialist minority government by the Left Bloc ( B.E. ) , the Portuguese Communist Party ( PCP ) and the Ecologist Party `` The Greens '' ( PEV ) . All around Europe and in some places of Latin America there exists a social center and squatting movement mainly inspired by autonomist and anarchist ideas . North America ( edit ) See also : History of the socialist movement in the United States and Socialism in Canada Bernie Sanders , junior Senator of Vermont and self - described democratic socialist , at his 2016 presidential campaign kickoff in May 2015 According to a 2013 article in The Guardian , `` ( c ) ontrary to popular belief , Americans do n't have an innate allergy to socialism . Milwaukee has had several socialist mayors ( Frank Zeidler , Emil Seidel and Daniel Hoan ) , and there is currently an independent socialist in the US Senate , Bernie Sanders of Vermont '' . Sanders , once mayor of Vermont 's largest city , Burlington , has described himself as a democratic socialist and has praised Scandinavian - style social democracy . In 2016 , Sanders made a bid for the Democratic Party presidential candidate , thereby gaining considerable popular support , particularly among the younger generation , but lost the nomination to Hillary Clinton . Anti-capitalism , anarchism and the anti-globalisation movement rose to prominence through events such as protests against the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 in Seattle . Socialist - inspired groups played an important role in these movements , which nevertheless embraced much broader layers of the population and were championed by figures such as Noam Chomsky . In Canada , the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) , the precursor to the social democratic New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , had significant success in provincial politics . In 1944 , the Saskatchewan CCF formed the first socialist government in North America . At the federal level , the NDP was the Official Opposition , from 2011 through 2015 . Latin America and Caribbean ( edit ) For the Encyclopedia Britannica , `` the attempt by Salvador Allende to unite Marxists and other reformers in a socialist reconstruction of Chile is most representative of the direction that Latin American socialists have taken since the late 20th century . ( ... ) Several socialist ( or socialist - leaning ) leaders have followed Allende 's example in winning election to office in Latin American countries '' . Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez , Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega , Bolivian President Evo Morales and Ecuadorian president Rafael Correa refer to their political programmes as socialist and Chávez adopted the term `` socialism of the 21st century '' . After winning re-election in December 2006 , Chávez said : `` Now more than ever , I am obliged to move Venezuela 's path towards socialism '' . Chávez was also reelected in October 2012 for his third six - year term as President , but he died in March 2013 from cancer . After Chávez 's death on 5 March 2013 , Vice President from Chavez 's party Nicolás Maduro assumed the powers and responsibilities of the President . A special election was held on 14 April of the same year to elect a new President , which Maduro won by a tight margin as the candidate of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela and he was formally inaugurated on 19 April . `` Pink tide '' is a term being used in contemporary 21st - century political analysis in the media and elsewhere to describe the perception that leftist ideology in general and left - wing politics in particular are increasingly influential in Latin America . Presidents Fernando Lugo of Paraguay , Evo Morales of Bolivia , Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil , Rafael Correa of Ecuador and Hugo Chávez of Venezuela in World Social Forum for Latin America Foro de São Paulo is a conference of leftist political parties and other organisations from Latin America and the Caribbean . It was launched by the Workers ' Party ( Portuguese : Partido dos Trabalhadores -- PT ) of Brazil in 1990 in the city of São Paulo . The Forum of São Paulo was constituted in 1990 when the Brazilian Workers ' Party approached other parties and social movements of Latin America and the Caribbean with the objective of debating the new international scenario after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the consequences of the implementation of what were taken as neoliberal policies adopted at the time by contemporary right - leaning governments in the region , the stated main objective of the conference being to argue for alternatives to neoliberalism . Among its member include current socialist and social - democratic parties currently in government in the region such as Bolivia 's Movement for Socialism , Brazil 's Workers Party , the Communist Party of Cuba , the Ecuadorian PAIS Alliance , the Venezuelan United Socialist Party of Venezuela , the Socialist Party of Chile , the Uruguayan Broad Front , the Nicaraguan Sandinista National Liberation Front and the salvadorean Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front . International socialism ( edit ) The Progressive Alliance is a political international founded on 22 May 2013 by political parties , the majority of whom are current or former members of the Socialist International . The organisation states the aim of becoming the global network of `` the progressive '' , democratic , social - democratic , socialist and labour movement `` . Social and political theory ( edit ) Early socialist thought took influences from a diverse range of philosophies such as civic republicanism , Enlightenment rationalism , romanticism , forms of materialism , Christianity ( both Catholic and Protestant ) , natural law and natural rights theory , utilitarianism and liberal political economy . Another philosophical basis for a lot of early socialism was the emergence of positivism during the European Enlightenment . Positivism held that both the natural and social worlds could be understood through scientific knowledge and be analyzed using scientific methods . This core outlook influenced early social scientists and different types of socialists ranging from anarchists like Peter Kropotkin to technocrats like Saint Simon . Claude Henri de Rouvroy , comte de Saint - Simon , early French socialist The fundamental objective of socialism is to attain an advanced level of material production and therefore greater productivity , efficiency and rationality as compared to capitalism and all previous systems , under the view that an expansion of human productive capability is the basis for the extension of freedom and equality in society . Many forms of socialist theory hold that human behaviour is largely shaped by the social environment . In particular , socialism holds that social mores , values , cultural traits and economic practices are social creations and not the result of an immutable natural law . The object of their critique is thus not human avarice or human consciousness , but the material conditions and man - made social systems ( i.e. the economic structure of society ) that gives rise to observed social problems and inefficiencies . Bertrand Russell , often considered to be the father of analytic philosophy , identified as a socialist . Russell opposed the class struggle aspects of Marxism , viewing socialism solely as an adjustment of economic relations to accommodate modern machine production to benefit all of humanity through the progressive reduction of necessary work time . Socialists view creativity as an essential aspect of human nature and define freedom as a state of being where individuals are able to express their creativity unhindered by constraints of both material scarcity and coercive social institutions . The socialist concept of individuality is thus intertwined with the concept of individual creative expression . Karl Marx believed that expansion of the productive forces and technology was the basis for the expansion of human freedom and that socialism , being a system that is consistent with modern developments in technology , would enable the flourishing of `` free individualities '' through the progressive reduction of necessary labour time . The reduction of necessary labour time to a minimum would grant individuals the opportunity to pursue the development of their true individuality and creativity . Criticism of capitalism ( edit ) Socialists argue that the accumulation of capital generates waste through externalities that require costly corrective regulatory measures . They also point out that this process generates wasteful industries and practices that exist only to generate sufficient demand for products to be sold at a profit ( such as high - pressure advertisement ) , thereby creating rather than satisfying economic demand . Socialists argue that capitalism consists of irrational activity , such as the purchasing of commodities only to sell at a later time when their price appreciates , rather than for consumption , even if the commodity can not be sold at a profit to individuals in need and therefore a crucial criticism often made by socialists is that `` making money '' , or accumulation of capital , does not correspond to the satisfaction of demand ( the production of use - values ) . The fundamental criterion for economic activity in capitalism is the accumulation of capital for reinvestment in production , but this spurs the development of new , non-productive industries that do not produce use - value and only exist to keep the accumulation process afloat ( otherwise the system goes into crisis ) , such as the spread of the financial industry , contributing to the formation of economic bubbles . Socialists view private property relations as limiting the potential of productive forces in the economy . According to socialists , private property becomes obsolete when it concentrates into centralised , socialised institutions based on private appropriation of revenue -- but based on cooperative work and internal planning in allocation of inputs -- until the role of the capitalist becomes redundant . With no need for capital accumulation and a class of owners , private property in the means of production is perceived as being an outdated form of economic organization that should be replaced by a free association of individuals based on public or common ownership of these socialised assets . Private ownership imposes constraints on planning , leading to uncoordinated economic decisions that result in business fluctuations , unemployment and a tremendous waste of material resources during crisis of overproduction . Excessive disparities in income distribution lead to social instability and require costly corrective measures in the form of redistributive taxation , which incurs heavy administrative costs while weakening the incentive to work , inviting dishonesty and increasing the likelihood of tax evasion while ( the corrective measures ) reduce the overall efficiency of the market economy . These corrective policies limit the incentive system of the market by providing things such as minimum wages , unemployment insurance , taxing profits and reducing the reserve army of labor , resulting in reduced incentives for capitalists to invest in more production . In essence , social welfare policies cripple capitalism and its incentive system and are thus unsustainable in the long - run . Marxists argue that the establishment of a socialist mode of production is the only way to overcome these deficiencies . Socialists and specifically Marxian socialists argue that the inherent conflict of interests between the working class and capital prevent optimal use of available human resources and leads to contradictory interest groups ( labor and business ) striving to influence the state to intervene in the economy in their favor at the expense of overall economic efficiency . Early socialists ( utopian socialists and Ricardian socialists ) criticised capitalism for concentrating power and wealth within a small segment of society . In addition , they complained that capitalism does not utilise available technology and resources to their maximum potential in the interests of the public . Marxism ( edit ) Main article : Marxism At a certain stage of development , the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or -- this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms -- with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto . Then begins an era of social revolution . The changes in the economic foundation lead sooner or later to the transformation of the whole immense superstructure . -- Karl Marx , Critique of the Gotha Program The writings of Karl Marx provided the basis for the development of Marxist political theory and Marxian economics Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels argued that socialism would emerge from historical necessity as capitalism rendered itself obsolete and unsustainable from increasing internal contradictions emerging from the development of the productive forces and technology . It was these advances in the productive forces combined with the old social relations of production of capitalism that would generate contradictions , leading to working - class consciousness . Marx and Engels held the view that the consciousness of those who earn a wage or salary ( the working class in the broadest Marxist sense ) would be moulded by their conditions of wage slavery , leading to a tendency to seek their freedom or emancipation by overthrowing ownership of the means of production by capitalists and consequently , overthrowing the state that upheld this economic order . For Marx and Engels , conditions determine consciousness and ending the role of the capitalist class leads eventually to a classless society in which the state would wither away . The Marxist conception of socialism is that of a specific historical phase that would displace capitalism and precede communism . The major characteristics of socialism ( particularly as conceived by Marx and Engels after the Paris Commune of 1871 ) are that the proletariat would control the means of production through a workers ' state erected by the workers in their interests . Economic activity would still be organised through the use of incentive systems and social classes would still exist , but to a lesser and diminishing extent than under capitalism . For orthodox Marxists , socialism is the lower stage of communism based on the principle of `` from each according to his ability , to each according to his contribution '' while upper stage communism is based on the principle of `` from each according to his ability , to each according to his need '' , the upper stage becoming possible only after the socialist stage further develops economic efficiency and the automation of production has led to a superabundance of goods and services . Marx argued that the material productive forces ( in industry and commerce ) brought into existence by capitalism predicated a cooperative society since production had become a mass social , collective activity of the working class to create commodities but with private ownership ( the relations of production or property relations ) . This conflict between collective effort in large factories and private ownership would bring about a conscious desire in the working class to establish collective ownership commensurate with the collective efforts their daily experience . Role of the state ( edit ) Socialists have taken different perspectives on the state and the role it should play in revolutionary struggles , in constructing socialism and within an established socialist economy . In the 19th century the philosophy of state socialism was first explicitly expounded by the German political philosopher Ferdinand Lassalle . In contrast to Karl Marx 's perspective of the state , Lassalle rejected the concept of the state as a class - based power structure whose main function was to preserve existing class structures . Thus Lassalle also rejected the Marxist view that the state was destined to `` wither away '' . Lassalle considered the state to be an entity independent of class allegiances and an instrument of justice that would therefore be essential for achieving socialism . Preceding the Bolshevik - led revolution in Russia , many socialists including reformists , orthodox Marxist currents such as council communism , anarchists and libertarian socialists criticised the idea of using the state to conduct central planning and own the means of production as a way to establish socialism . Following the victory of Leninism in Russia , the idea of `` state socialism '' spread rapidly throughout the socialist movement and eventually state socialism came to be identified with the Soviet economic model . Joseph Schumpeter rejected the association of socialism ( and social ownership ) with state ownership over the means of production because the state as it exists in its current form is a product of capitalist society and can not be transplanted to a different institutional framework . Schumpeter argued that there would be different institutions within socialism than those that exist within modern capitalism , just as feudalism had its own distinct and unique institutional forms . The state , along with concepts like property and taxation , were concepts exclusive to commercial society ( capitalism ) and attempting to place them within the context of a future socialist society would amount to a distortion of these concepts by using them out of context . Utopian versus scientific ( edit ) Main articles : Utopian socialism and Scientific socialism Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint - Simon , Charles Fourier and Robert Owen , which inspired Karl Marx and other early socialists . However , visions of imaginary ideal societies , which competed with revolutionary social democratic movements , were viewed as not being grounded in the material conditions of society and as reactionary . Although it is technically possible for any set of ideas or any person living at any time in history to be a utopian socialist , the term is most often applied to those socialists who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century who were ascribed the label `` utopian '' by later socialists as a negative term in order to imply naivete and dismiss their ideas as fanciful or unrealistic . Religious sects whose members live communally such as the Hutterites , for example , are not usually called `` utopian socialists '' , although their way of living is a prime example . They have been categorised as religious socialists by some . Likewise , modern intentional communities based on socialist ideas could also be categorised as `` utopian socialist '' . For Marxists , the development of capitalism in Western Europe provided a material basis for the possibility of bringing about socialism because according to The Communist Manifesto `` ( w ) hat the bourgeoisie produces above all is its own grave diggers '' , namely the working class , which must become conscious of the historical objectives set it by society . Reform versus Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : Revolutionary socialism and Reformism Revolutionary socialists believe that a social revolution is necessary to effect structural changes to the socioeconomic structure of society . Among revolutionary socialists there are differences in strategy , theory and the definition of `` revolution '' . Orthodox Marxists and left communists take an impossibilist stance , believing that revolution should be spontaneous as a result of contradictions in society due to technological changes in the productive forces . Lenin theorised that under capitalism the workers can not achieve class consciousness beyond organising into unions and making demands of the capitalists . Therefore , Leninists advocate that it is historically necessary for a vanguard of class conscious revolutionaries to take a central role in coordinating the social revolution to overthrow the capitalist state and eventually the institution of the state altogether . `` Revolution '' is not necessarily defined by revolutionary socialists as violent insurrection , but as a complete dismantling and rapid transformation of all areas of class society led by the majority of the masses : the working class . Reformism is generally associated with social democracy and gradualist democratic socialism . Reformism is the belief that socialists should stand in parliamentary elections within capitalist society and if elected utilise the machinery of government to pass political and social reforms for the purposes of ameliorating the instabilities and inequities of capitalism . Economics ( edit ) Main article : Socialist economics See also : Production for use Socialist economics starts from the premise that `` individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another . Furthermore , everything that people produce is in some sense a social product , and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it . Society as a whole , therefore , should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members '' . The original conception of socialism was an economic system whereby production was organised in a way to directly produce goods and services for their utility ( or use - value in classical and Marxian economics ) : the direct allocation of resources in terms of physical units as opposed to financial calculation and the economic laws of capitalism ( see law of value ) , often entailing the end of capitalistic economic categories such as rent , interest , profit and money . In a fully developed socialist economy , production and balancing factor inputs with outputs becomes a technical process to be undertaken by engineers . Market socialism refers to an array of different economic theories and systems that utilise the market mechanism to organise production and to allocate factor inputs among socially owned enterprises , with the economic surplus ( profits ) accruing to society in a social dividend as opposed to private capital owners . Variations of market socialism include libertarian proposals such as mutualism , based on classical economics , and neoclassical economic models such as the Lange Model . However , some economists such as Joseph Stiglitz , Mancur Olson and others not specifically advancing anti-socialists positions have shown that prevailing economic models upon which such democratic or market socialism models might be based have logical flaws or unworkable presuppositions . The ownership of the means of production can be based on direct ownership by the users of the productive property through worker cooperative ; or commonly owned by all of society with management and control delegated to those who operate / use the means of production ; or public ownership by a state apparatus . Public ownership may refer to the creation of state - owned enterprises , nationalisation , municipalisation or autonomous collective institutions . Some socialists feel that in a socialist economy , at least the `` commanding heights '' of the economy must be publicly owned . However , economic liberals and right libertarians view private ownership of the means of production and the market exchange as natural entities or moral rights which are central to their conceptions of freedom and liberty and view the economic dynamics of capitalism as immutable and absolute , therefore they perceive public ownership of the means of production , cooperatives and economic planning as infringements upon liberty . Management and control over the activities of enterprises are based on self - management and self - governance , with equal power - relations in the workplace to maximise occupational autonomy . A socialist form of organisation would eliminate controlling hierarchies so that only a hierarchy based on technical knowledge in the workplace remains . Every member would have decision - making power in the firm and would be able to participate in establishing its overall policy objectives . The policies / goals would be carried out by the technical specialists that form the coordinating hierarchy of the firm , who would establish plans or directives for the work community to accomplish these goals . The role and use of money in a hypothetical socialist economy is a contested issue . According to the Austrian school economist Ludwig von Mises , an economic system that does not use money , financial calculation and market pricing would be unable to effectively value capital goods and coordinate production and therefore these types of socialism are impossible because they lack the necessary information to perform economic calculation in the first place . Socialists including Karl Marx , Robert Owen , Pierre - Joseph Proudhon and John Stuart Mill advocated various forms of labour vouchers or labour credits , which like money would be used to acquire articles of consumption , but unlike money they are unable to become capital and would not be used to allocate resources within the production process . Bolshevik revolutionary Leon Trotsky argued that money could not be arbitrarily abolished following a socialist revolution . Money had to exhaust its `` historic mission '' , meaning it would have to be used until its function became redundant , eventually being transformed into bookkeeping receipts for statisticians and only in the more distant future would money not be required for even that role . The economic anarchy of capitalist society as it exists today is , in my opinion , the real source of the evil ... I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate these grave evils , namely through the establishment of a socialist economy , accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals . In such an economy , the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilised in a planned fashion . A planned economy , which adjusts production to the needs of the community , would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man , woman , and child . The education of the individual , in addition to promoting his own innate abilities , would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society . -- Albert Einstein , Why Socialism ? , 1949 Planned economy ( edit ) Main article : Planned economy A planned economy is a type of economy consisting of a mixture of public ownership of the means of production and the coordination of production and distribution through economic planning . There are two major types of planning : decentralised - planning and centralised - planning . Enrico Barone provided a comprehensive theoretical framework for a planned socialist economy . In his model , assuming perfect computation techniques , simultaneous equations relating inputs and outputs to ratios of equivalence would provide appropriate valuations in order to balance supply and demand . The most prominent example of a planned economy was the economic system of the Soviet Union and as such the centralised - planned economic model is usually associated with the communist states of the 20th century , where it was combined with a single - party political system . In a centrally planned economy , decisions regarding the quantity of goods and services to be produced are planned in advance by a planning agency ( see also the analysis of Soviet - type economic planning ) . The economic systems of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc are further classified as `` command economies '' , which are defined as systems where economic coordination is undertaken by commands , directives and production targets . Studies by economists of various political persuasions on the actual functioning of the Soviet economy indicate that it was not actually a planned economy . Instead of conscious planning , the Soviet economy was based on a process whereby the plan was modified by localised agents and the original plans went largely unfulfilled . Planning agencies , ministries and enterprises all adapted and bargained with each other during the formulation of the plan as opposed to following a plan passed down from a higher authority , leading some economists to suggest that planning did not actually take place within the Soviet economy and that a better description would be an `` administered '' or `` managed '' economy . Although central planning was largely supported by Marxist -- Leninists , some factions within the Soviet Union before the rise of Stalinism held positions contrary to central planning . Leon Trotsky rejected central planning in favour of decentralised planning . He argued that central planners , regardless of their intellectual capacity , would be unable to coordinate effectively all economic activity within an economy because they operated without the input and tacit knowledge embodied by the participation of the millions of people in the economy . As a result , central planners would be unable to respond to local economic conditions . State socialism is unfeasible in this view because information can not be aggregated by a central body and effectively used to formulate a plan for an entire economy , because doing so would result in distorted or absent price signals . Self - managed economy ( edit ) See also : Decentralised planning , Economic democracy , and Workers ' self - management A self - managed , decentralised economy is based on autonomous self - regulating economic units and a decentralised mechanism of resource allocation and decision - making . This model has found support in notable classical and neoclassical economists including Alfred Marshall , John Stuart Mill and Jaroslav Vanek . There are numerous variations of self - management , including labour - managed firms and worker - managed firms . The goals of self - management are to eliminate exploitation and reduce alienation . Guild socialism is a political movement advocating workers ' control of industry through the medium of trade - related guilds `` in an implied contractual relationship with the public '' . It originated in the United Kingdom and was at its most influential in the first quarter of the 20th century . It was strongly associated with G.D.H. Cole and influenced by the ideas of William Morris . One such system is the cooperative economy , a largely free market economy in which workers manage the firms and democratically determine remuneration levels and labour divisions . Productive resources would be legally owned by the cooperative and rented to the workers , who would enjoy usufruct rights . Another form of decentralised planning is the use of cybernetics , or the use of computers to manage the allocation of economic inputs . The socialist - run government of Salvador Allende in Chile experimented with Project Cybersyn , a real - time information bridge between the government , state enterprises and consumers . Another , more recent variant is participatory economics , wherein the economy is planned by decentralised councils of workers and consumers . Workers would be remunerated solely according to effort and sacrifice , so that those engaged in dangerous , uncomfortable and strenuous work would receive the highest incomes and could thereby work less . A contemporary model for a self - managed , non-market socialism is Pat Devine 's model of negotiated coordination . Negotiated coordination is based upon social ownership by those affected by the use of the assets involved , with decisions made by those at the most localised level of production . Michel Bauwens identifies the emergence of the open software movement and peer - to - peer production as a new alternative mode of production to the capitalist economy and centrally planned economy that is based on collaborative self - management , common ownership of resources and the production of use - values through the free cooperation of producers who have access to distributed capital . Anarcho - communism is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state , private property and capitalism in favour of common ownership of the means of production . Anarcho - syndicalism was practiced in Catalonia and other places in the Spanish Revolution during the Spanish Civil War . Sam Dolgoff estimated that about eight million people participated directly or at least indirectly in the Spanish Revolution . The economy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia established a system based on market - based allocation , social ownership of the means of production and self - management within firms . This system substituted Yugoslavia 's Soviet - type central planning with a decentralised , self - managed system after reforms in 1953 . The Marxian economist Richard D. Wolff argues that `` re-organising production so that workers become collectively self - directed at their work - sites '' not only moves society beyond both capitalism and state socialism of the last century , but would also mark another milestone in human history , similar to earlier transitions out of slavery and feudalism . As an example , Wolff claims that Mondragon is `` a stunningly successful alternative to the capitalist organisation of production '' . State - directed economy ( edit ) See also : State socialism State socialism can be used to classify any variety of socialist philosophies that advocates the ownership of the means of production by the state apparatus , either as a transitional stage between capitalism and socialism , or as an end - goal in itself . Typically it refers to a form of technocratic management , whereby technical specialists administer or manage economic enterprises on behalf of society ( and the public interest ) instead of workers ' councils or workplace democracy . A state - directed economy may refer to a type of mixed economy consisting of public ownership over large industries , as promoted by various Social democratic political parties during the 20th century . This ideology influenced the policies of the British Labour Party during Clement Attlee 's administration . In the biography of the 1945 United Kingdom Labour Party Prime Minister Clement Attlee , Francis Beckett states : `` ( T ) he government ... wanted what would become known as a mixed economy '' . Nationalisation in the United Kingdom was achieved through compulsory purchase of the industry ( i.e. with compensation ) . British Aerospace was a combination of major aircraft companies British Aircraft Corporation , Hawker Siddeley and others . British Shipbuilders was a combination of the major shipbuilding companies including Cammell Laird , Govan Shipbuilders , Swan Hunter and Yarrow Shipbuilders , whereas the nationalisation of the coal mines in 1947 created a coal board charged with running the coal industry commercially so as to be able to meet the interest payable on the bonds which the former mine owners ' shares had been converted into . Market socialism ( edit ) Main article : Market socialism Market socialism consists of publicly owned or cooperatively owned enterprises operating in a market economy . It is a system that utilises the market and monetary prices for the allocation and accounting of the means of production , thereby retaining the process of capital accumulation . The profit generated would be used to directly remunerate employees , collectively sustain the enterprise or finance public institutions . In state - oriented forms of market socialism , in which state enterprises attempt to maximise profit , the profits can be used to fund government programs and services through a social dividend , eliminating or greatly diminishing the need for various forms of taxation that exist in capitalist systems . Neoclassical economist Léon Walras believed that a socialist economy based on state ownership of land and natural resources would provide a means of public finance to make income taxes unnecessary . Yugoslavia implemented a market socialist economy based on cooperatives and worker self - management . Pierre - Joseph Proudhon , main theorist of mutualism and influential French socialist thinker Mutualism is an economic theory and anarchist school of thought that advocates a society where each person might possess a means of production , either individually or collectively , with trade representing equivalent amounts of labour in the free market . Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual - credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate , just high enough to cover administration . Mutualism is based on a labour theory of value that holds that when labour or its product is sold , in exchange it ought to receive goods or services embodying `` the amount of labour necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility '' . The current economic system in China is formally referred to as a socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics . It combines a large state sector that comprises the commanding heights of the economy , which are guaranteed their public ownership status by law , with a private sector mainly engaged in commodity production and light industry responsible from anywhere between 33 % to over 70 % of GDP generated in 2005 . Although there has been a rapid expansion of private - sector activity since the 1980s , privatisation of state assets was virtually halted and were partially reversed in 2005 . The current Chinese economy consists of 150 corporatised state - owned enterprises that report directly to China 's central government . By 2008 , these state - owned corporations had become increasingly dynamic and generated large increases in revenue for the state , resulting in a state - sector led recovery during the 2009 financial crises while accounting for most of China 's economic growth . However , the Chinese economic model is widely cited as a contemporary form of state capitalism , the major difference between Western capitalism and the Chinese model being the degree of state - ownership of shares in publicly listed corporations . The Socialist Republic of Vietnam has adopted a similar model after the Doi Moi economic renovation , but slightly differs from the Chinese model in that the Vietnamese government retains firm control over the state sector and strategic industries , but allows for private - sector activity in commodity production . Politics ( edit ) Socialists in Union Square , New York City on May Day 1912 The major socialist political movements are described below . Independent socialist theorists , utopian socialist authors and academic supporters of socialism may not be represented in these movements . Some political groups have called themselves socialist while holding views that some consider antithetical to socialism . The term `` socialist '' has also been used by some politicians on the political right as an epithet against certain individuals who do not consider themselves to be socialists and against policies that are not considered socialist by their proponents . There are many variations of socialism and as such there is no single definition encapsulating all of socialism . However , there have been common elements identified by scholars . In his Dictionary of Socialism ( 1924 ) , Angelo S. Rappoport analysed forty definitions of socialism to conclude that common elements of socialism include : general criticisms of the social effects of private ownership and control of capital -- as being the cause of poverty , low wages , unemployment , economic and social inequality and a lack of economic security ; a general view that the solution to these problems is a form of collective control over the means of production , distribution and exchange ( the degree and means of control vary amongst socialist movements ) ; an agreement that the outcome of this collective control should be a society based upon social justice , including social equality , economic protection of people and should provide a more satisfying life for most people . In The Concepts of Socialism ( 1975 ) , Bhikhu Parekh identifies four core principles of socialism and particularly socialist society : sociality , social responsibility , cooperation and planning . In his study Ideologies and Political Theory ( 1996 ) , Michael Freeden states that all socialists share five themes : the first is that socialism posits that society is more than a mere collection of individuals ; second , that it considers human welfare a desirable objective ; third , that it considers humans by nature to be active and productive ; fourth , it holds the belief of human equality ; and fifth , that history is progressive and will create positive change on the condition that humans work to achieve such change . Anarchism ( edit ) Main article : Anarchism Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates stateless societies often defined as self - governed voluntary institutions , but that several authors have defined as more specific institutions based on non-hierarchical free associations . Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable , unnecessary or harmful . While anti-statism is central , some argue that anarchism entails opposing authority or hierarchical organisation in the conduct of human relations including , but not limited to , the state system . Mutualists advocate market socialism , collectivist anarchists workers cooperatives and salaries based on the amount of time contributed to production , anarcho - communists advocate a direct transition from capitalism to libertarian communism and a gift economy and anarcho - syndicalists worker 's direct action and the general strike . Democratic socialism ( edit ) Main article : Democratic socialism Modern democratic socialism is a broad political movement that seeks to promote the ideals of socialism within the context of a democratic system . Some democratic socialists support social democracy as a temporary measure to reform the current system while others reject reformism in favour of more revolutionary methods . Modern social democracy emphasises a program of gradual legislative modification of capitalism in order to make it more equitable and humane , while the theoretical end goal of building a socialist society is either completely forgotten or redefined in a pro-capitalist way . The two movements are widely similar both in terminology and in ideology , although there are a few key differences . The major difference between social democracy and democratic socialism is the object of their politics : contemporary social democrats support a welfare state and unemployment insurance as a means to `` humanise '' capitalism , whereas democratic socialists seek to replace capitalism with a socialist economic system , arguing that any attempt to `` humanise '' capitalism through regulations and welfare policies would distort the market and create economic contradictions . Democratic socialism generally refers to any political movement that seeks to establish an economy based on economic democracy by and for the working class . Democratic socialism is difficult to define and groups of scholars have radically different definitions for the term . Some definitions simply refer to all forms of socialism that follow an electoral , reformist or evolutionary path to socialism rather than a revolutionary one . You ca n't talk about ending the slums without first saying profit must be taken out of slums . You 're really tampering and getting on dangerous ground because you are messing with folk then . You are messing with captains of industry . Now this means that we are treading in difficult water , because it really means that we are saying that something is wrong with capitalism . There must be a better distribution of wealth , and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism . -- Martin Luther King , Jr. , 1966 Leninism and precedents ( edit ) Main articles : Blanquism and Marxism -- Leninism Blanquism refers to a conception of revolution generally attributed to Louis Auguste Blanqui which holds that socialist revolution should be carried out by a relatively small group of highly organised and secretive conspirators . Having seized power , the revolutionaries would then use the power of the state to introduce socialism . It is considered a particular sort of `` putschism '' -- that is , the view that political revolution should take the form of a putsch or coup d'état . Rosa Luxemburg and Eduard Bernstein have criticised Vladimir Lenin that his conception of revolution was elitist and essentially Blanquist . Marxism -- Leninism is a political ideology combining Marxism ( the scientific socialist concepts theorised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels ) and Leninism ( Lenin 's theoretical expansions of Marxism which include anti-imperialism , democratic centralism and party - building principles ) . Marxism -- Leninism was the official ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and of the Communist International ( 1919 -- 1943 ) and later it became the main guiding ideology for Trotskyists , Maoists and Stalinists . Libertarian socialism ( edit ) Main article : Libertarian socialism The first anarchist journal to use the term `` libertarian '' was Le Libertaire , Journal du Mouvement Social and it was published in New York City between 1858 and 1861 by French anarcho - communist Joseph Déjacque , the first recorded person to describe himself as `` libertarian '' Libertarian socialism ( sometimes called social anarchism , left - libertarianism and socialist libertarianism ) is a group of anti-authoritarian political philosophies inside the socialist movement that rejects socialism as centralised state ownership and control of the economy including criticism of wage labour relationships within the workplace , as well as the state itself . It emphasises workers ' self - management of the workplace and decentralised structures of political organization , asserting that a society based on freedom and equality can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite . Libertarian socialists generally place their hopes in decentralised means of direct democracy and federal or confederal associations such as libertarian municipalism , citizens ' assemblies , trade unions , and workers ' councils . Relatedly , anarcho - syndicalist Gaston Leval explained : `` We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated , a structure that has , at the same time , sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life , or for the life of each enterprise , and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder ... In a well - organized society , all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations , vertically united at the highest levels , constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion '' . All of this is generally done within a general call for libertarian and voluntary human relationships through the identification , criticism and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life . As such , libertarian socialism within the larger socialist movement seeks to distinguish itself both from Leninism / Bolshevism and from social democracy . Past and present political philosophies and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include anarchism ( especially anarchist communism , anarchist collectivism , anarcho - syndicalism and mutualism ) as well as autonomism , Communalism , participism , revolutionary syndicalism and libertarian Marxist philosophies such as council communism and Luxemburgism ; as well as some versions of utopian socialism and individualist anarchism . Religious socialism ( edit ) Main article : Religious socialism Christian socialism is a broad concept involving an intertwining of the Christian religion with the politics and economic theories of socialism . Islamic socialism is a term coined by various Muslim leaders to describe a more spiritual form of socialism . Muslim socialists believe that the teachings of the Qur'an and Muhammad are compatible with principles of equality and public ownership drawing inspiration from the early Medina welfare state established by Muhammad . Muslim socialists are more conservative than their western contemporaries and find their roots in anti-imperialism , anti-colonialism and Arab nationalism . Islamic socialist leaders believe in democracy and deriving legitimacy from public mandate as opposed to religious texts . Social democracy and liberal socialism ( edit ) Main articles : Social democracy and Liberal socialism Social democracy is a political ideology which `` is derived from a socialist tradition of political thought . Many social democrats refer to themselves as socialists or democratic socialists , and some use these terms interchangeably . Others have opined that there are clear differences between the three terms , and preferred to describe their own political beliefs by using the term ' social democracy ' only '' . There are two main directions , either to establish democratic socialism , or to build a welfare state within the framework of the capitalist system . The first variant has officially its goal by establishing democratic socialism through reformist and gradualist methods . In the second variant , social democracy becomes a policy regime involving a welfare state , collective bargaining schemes , support for publicly financed public services and a capitalist - based economy like a mixed economy . It is often used in this manner to refer to the social models and economic policies prominent in Western and Northern Europe during the later half of the 20th century . It has been described by Jerry Mander as `` hybrid '' economics , an active collaboration of capitalist and socialist visions and while such systems are not perfect they tend to provide high standards of living . Numerous studies and surveys indicate that people tend to live happier lives in social democratic societies rather than neoliberal ones . Eduard Bernstein Social democrats supporting the first variant advocate for a peaceful , evolutionary transition of the economy to socialism through progressive social reform of capitalism . It asserts that the only acceptable constitutional form of government is representative democracy under the rule of law . It promotes extending democratic decision - making beyond political democracy to include economic democracy to guarantee employees and other economic stakeholders sufficient rights of co-determination . It supports a mixed economy that opposes the excesses of capitalism such as inequality , poverty and oppression of various groups , while rejecting both a totally free market or a fully planned economy . Common social democratic policies include advocacy of universal social rights to attain universally accessible public services such as education , health care , workers ' compensation and other services , including child care and care for the elderly . Social democracy is connected with the trade union labour movement and supports collective bargaining rights for workers . Most social democratic parties are affiliated with the Socialist International . Liberal socialism is a socialist political philosophy that includes liberal principles within it . Liberal socialism does not have the goal of abolishing capitalism with a socialist economy , instead it supports a mixed economy that includes both public and private property in capital goods . Although liberal socialism unequivocally favors a mixed market economy , it identifies legalistic and artificial monopolies to be the fault of capitalism and opposes an entirely unregulated economy . It considers both liberty and equality to be compatible and mutually dependent on each other . Principles that can be described as `` liberal socialist '' have been based upon or developed by the following philosophers : John Stuart Mill , Eduard Bernstein , John Dewey , Carlo Rosselli , Norberto Bobbio and Chantal Mouffe . Other important liberal socialist figures include Guido Calogero , Piero Gobetti , Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse , John Maynard Keynes and R.H. Tawney . Liberal socialism has been particularly prominent in British and Italian politics . Socialism and modern progressive social movements ( edit ) Further information : Socialist feminism , Socialism and LGBT rights , Eco-socialism , Anarcha - feminism , Green anarchism , and Queer anarchism Socialist feminist Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg in 1910 Socialist feminism is a branch of feminism that focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a woman 's life and argues that liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women 's oppression . Marxist feminism 's foundation is laid by Friedrich Engels in his analysis of gender oppression in The Origin of the Family , Private Property , and the State ( 1884 ) . August Bebel 's Woman under Socialism ( 1879 ) , the `` single work dealing with sexuality most widely read by rank - and - file members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) '' . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , both Clara Zetkin and Eleanor Marx were against the demonisation of men and supported a proletariat revolution that would overcome as many male - female inequalities as possible . As their movement already had the most radical demands in women 's equality , most Marxist leaders , including Clara Zetkin and Alexandra Kollontai , counterposed Marxism against liberal feminism rather than trying to combine them . Anarcha - feminism began with late 19th and early 20th century authors and theorists such as anarchist feminists Emma Goldman and Voltairine de Cleyre In the Spanish Civil War , an anarcha - feminist group , Mujeres Libres ( `` Free Women '' ) linked to the Federación Anarquista Ibérica , organised to defend both anarchist and feminist ideas . In 1972 , the Chicago Women 's Liberation Union published `` Socialist Feminism : A Strategy for the Women 's Movement '' , which is believed to be the first to use the term `` socialist feminism '' in publication . Edward Carpenter , philosopher and activist who was instrumental in the foundation of the Fabian Society and the Labour Party as well as in the early LGBTI western movements Many socialists were early advocates for LGBT rights . For early socialist Charles Fourier , true freedom could only occur without suppressing passions , as the suppression of passions is not only destructive to the individual , but to society as a whole . Writing before the advent of the term `` homosexuality '' , Fourier recognised that both men and women have a wide range of sexual needs and preferences which may change throughout their lives , including same - sex sexuality and androgénité . He argued that all sexual expressions should be enjoyed as long as people are not abused and that `` affirming one 's difference '' can actually enhance social integration . In Oscar Wilde 's The Soul of Man Under Socialism , he passionately advocates for an egalitarian society where wealth is shared by all , while warning of the dangers of social systems that crush individuality . Wilde 's libertarian socialist politics were shared by other figures who actively campaigned for homosexual emancipation in the late 19th century such as Edward Carpenter . The Intermediate Sex : A Study of Some Transitional Types of Men and Women was a book from 1908 and an early work arguing for gay liberation written by Edward Carpenter who was also an influential personality in the foundation of the Fabian Society and the Labour Party . After the Russian Revolution under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky , the Soviet Union abolished previous laws against homosexuality . Harry Hay was an early leader in the American LGBT rights movement as well as a member of the Communist Party USA . He is known for his roles in helping to found several gay organisations , including the Mattachine Society , the first sustained gay rights group in the United States which in its early days had a strong marxist influence . The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality reports that `` ( a ) s Marxists the founders of the group believed that the injustice and oppression which they suffered stemmed from relationships deeply embedded in the structure of American society '' . Also emerging from a number of events , such as the May 1968 insurrection in France , the anti-Vietnam war movement in the United States and the Stonewall riots of 1969 , militant gay liberation organisations began to spring up around the world . Many saw their roots in left radicalism more than in the established homophile groups of the time , though the Gay Liberation Front took an anti-capitalist stance and attacked the nuclear family and traditional gender roles . Eco-socialism , green socialism or socialist ecology is a political position merging aspects of Marxism , socialism and / or libertarian socialism with that of green politics , ecology and alter - globalisation . Eco-socialists generally believe that the expansion of the capitalist system is the cause of social exclusion , poverty , war and environmental degradation through globalisation and imperialism , under the supervision of repressive states and transnational structures . Contrary to the depiction of Karl Marx by some environmentalists , social ecologists and fellow socialists as a productivist who favoured the domination of nature , eco-socialists have revisited Marx 's writings and believe that he `` was a main originator of the ecological world - view '' . Eco-socialist authors , like John Bellamy Foster and Paul Burkett , point to Marx 's discussion of a `` metabolic rift '' between man and nature , his statement that `` private ownership of the globe by single individuals will appear quite absurd as private ownership of one man by another '' and his observation that a society must `` hand it ( the planet ) down to succeeding generations in an improved condition '' . The English socialist William Morris is largely credited with developing key principles of what was later called eco-socialism . During the 1880s and 1890s , Morris promoted his eco-socialist ideas within the Social Democratic Federation and Socialist League . Green anarchism , or ecoanarchism , is a school of thought within anarchism which puts a particular emphasis on environmental issues . An important early influence was the thought of the American anarchist Henry David Thoreau and his book Walden and Élisée Reclus . In the late 19th century , there emerged anarcho - naturism as the fusion of anarchism and naturist philosophies within individualist anarchist circles in France , Spain , Cuba and Portugal . Social ecology is closely related to the work and ideas of Murray Bookchin and influenced by anarchist Peter Kropotkin . Bookchin 's first book , Our Synthetic Environment , was published under the pseudonym Lewis Herber in 1962 , a few months before Rachel Carson 's Silent Spring . His groundbreaking essay `` Ecology and Revolutionary Thought '' introduced ecology as a concept in radical politics . In the 1970s , Barry Commoner , suggesting a left - wing response to the Limits to Growth model that predicted catastrophic resource depletion and spurred environmentalism , postulated that capitalist technologies were chiefly responsible for environmental degradation as opposed to population pressures . The 1990s saw the socialist feminists Mary Mellor and Ariel Salleh address environmental issues within an eco-socialist paradigm . With the rising profile of the anti-globalisation movement in the Global South , an `` environmentalism of the poor '' combining ecological awareness and social justice has also become prominent . In 1994 , David Pepper also released his important work , Ecosocialism : From Deep Ecology to Social Justice , which critiques the current approach of many within green politics , particularly deep ecologists . Currently , many green parties around the world , such as the Dutch Green Left Party ( GroenLinks ) , contain strong eco-socialist elements . Radical red - green alliances have been formed in many countries by eco-socialists , radical greens and other radical left groups . In Denmark , the Red - Green Alliance was formed as a coalition of numerous radical parties . Within the European Parliament , a number of far - left parties from Northern Europe have organised themselves into the Nordic Green Left Alliance . Syndicalism ( edit ) Main article : Syndicalism Syndicalism is a social movement that operates through industrial trade unions and rejects state socialism and the use of establishment politics to establish or promote socialism . They reject using state power to construct a socialist society , favouring strategies such as the general strike . Syndicalists advocate a socialist economy based on federated unions or syndicates of workers who own and manage the means of production . Some Marxist currents advocate syndicalism , such as DeLeonism . Anarcho - syndicalism is a theory of anarchism which views syndicalism as a method for workers in capitalist society to gain control of an economy and with that control influence broader society . The Spanish Revolution largely orchestrated by the anarcho - syndicalist trade union CNT during the Spanish Civil War offers an historical example . The International Workers ' Association is an international federation of anarcho - syndicalist labor unions and initiatives . Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of socialism See also ( edit ) Book : Socialism List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation List of communist ideologies List of socialist countries List of socialist economists List of socialist songs Socialism by country Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sinclair , Upton ( 1 January 1918 ) . Upton Sinclair 's : A Monthly Magazine : for Social Justice , by Peaceful Means If Possible . Socialism , you see , is a bird with two wings . The definition is ' social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production . ' ^ Jump up to : Nove , Alec . `` Socialism '' . New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , Second Edition ( 2008 ) . A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated , by state , socialised or cooperative enterprises . The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise , the interrelationships between production units ( plan versus markets ) , and , if the state owns and operates any part of the economy , who controls it and how . Jump up ^ Rosser , Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. ( 23 July 2003 ) . Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy . MIT Press . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0262182348 . Socialism is an economic system characterised by state or collective ownership of the means of production , land , and capital . Jump up ^ `` What else does a socialist economic system involve ? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership , social control , or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system '' N. Scott Arnold . The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism : A Critical Study . Oxford University Press . 1998 . p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Busky , Donald F. ( 20 July 2000 ) . Democratic Socialism : A Global Survey . Praeger . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0275968861 . Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy . It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism . Jump up ^ Bertrand Badie ; Dirk Berg - Schlosser ; Leonardo Morlino ( 2011 ) . International Encyclopedia of Political Science . SAGE Publications , Inc. p. 2456 . ISBN 978 - 1412959636 . Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism , which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources . Jump up ^ Zimbalist , Sherman and Brown , Andrew , Howard J. and Stuart ( October 1988 ) . Comparing Economic Systems : A Political - Economic Approach . Harcourt College Pub . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0155124035 . Pure socialism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production are owned and run by the government and / or cooperative , nonprofit groups . Jump up ^ Brus , Wlodzimierz ( 5 November 2015 ) . The Economics and Politics of Socialism . Routledge . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0415866477 . This alteration in the relationship between economy and politics is evident in the very definition of a socialist economic system . The basic characteristic of such a system is generally reckoned to be the predominance of the social ownership of the means of production . Jump up ^ Michie , Jonathan ( 1 January 2001 ) . Readers Guide to the Social Sciences . Routledge . p. 1516 . ISBN 978 - 1579580919 . Just as private ownership defines capitalism , social ownership defines socialism . The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies , and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society . Two closely related consequences follow . First , every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividend ... Second , in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace , enterprises are run by those employed , and not by the representatives of private or state capital . Thus , the well - known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end . The society -- i.e. every individual equally -- owns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` 2 . ( Government , Politics & Diplomacy ) any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system '' `` Socialism '' at The Free dictionary Jump up ^ O'Hara , Phillip ( September 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Political Economy , Volume 2 . Routledge . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24187 - 1 . In order of increasing decentralisation ( at least ) three forms of socialised ownership can be distinguished : state - owned firms , employee - owned ( or socially ) owned firms , and citizen ownership of equity . ^ Jump up to : Lamb & Docherty 2006 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Arnold , Scott ( 1994 ) . The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism : A Critical Study . Oxford University Press . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0195088274 . This term is harder to define , since socialists disagree among themselves about what socialism ' really is . ' It would seem that everyone ( socialists and nonsocialists alike ) could at least agree that it is not a system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production ... To be a socialist is not just to believe in certain ends , goals , values , or ideals . It also requires a belief in a certain institutional means to achieve those ends ; whatever that may mean in positive terms , it certainly presupposes , at a minimum , the belief that these ends and values can not be achieved in an economic system in which there is widespread private ownership of the means of production ... Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership , social control , or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system . Jump up ^ Hastings , Mason and Pyper , Adrian , Alistair and Hugh ( 21 December 2000 ) . The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought . Oxford University Press . p. 677 . ISBN 978 - 0198600244 . Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one ... Nevertheless , socialism has throughout its history been inseparable from some form of common ownership . By its very nature it involves the abolition of private ownership of capital ; bringing the means of production , distribution , and exchange into public ownership and control is central to its philosophy . It is difficult to see how it can survive , in theory or practice , without this central idea . Jump up ^ Kolb , Robert ( 19 October 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society , First Edition . SAGE Publications , Inc. p. 1345 . ISBN 978 - 1412916523 . There are many forms of socialism , all of which eliminate private ownership of capital and replace it with collective ownership . These many forms , all focused on advancing distributive justice for long - term social welfare , can be divided into two broad types of socialism : nonmarket and market . Jump up ^ Bockman , Johanna ( 2011 ) . Markets in the name of Socialism : The Left - Wing origins of Neoliberalism . Stanford University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7566 - 3 . socialism would function without capitalist economic categories -- such as money , prices , interest , profits and rent -- and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science . While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism , socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money . Jump up ^ Steele , David Ramsay ( September 1999 ) . From Marx to Mises : Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation . Open Court . pp. 175 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0875484495 . Especially before the 1930s , many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state - owned industry and factor markets . A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors . Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity , whether the state or some other organization ... the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership , where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration . Jump up ^ Is Socialism Dead ? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism , by Arneson , Richard J. 1992 . Ethics , vol. 102 , no . 3 , pp. 485 -- 511 . April 1992 : `` Marxian socialism is often identified with the call to organize economic activity on a nonmarket basis . '' Jump up ^ Market Socialism : The Debate Among Socialists , by Schweickart , David ; Lawler , James ; Ticktin , Hillel ; Ollman , Bertell. 1998 . From `` The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism '' ( pp. 61 -- 63 ) : `` More fundamentally , a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs ... Exchange - value , prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market . There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare . Under conditions of backwardness , the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use - value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist . It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use - values in a rational way , which because there is no duplication , would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality . '' Jump up ^ The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited , by Nove , Alexander . 1991 . p. 13 : `` Under socialism , by definition , it ( private property and factor markets ) would be eliminated . There would then be something like ' scientific management ' , ' the science of socially organized production ' , but it would not be economics . '' Jump up ^ Kotz , David M. `` Socialism and Capitalism : Are They Qualitatively Different Socioeconomic Systems ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Massachusetts . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . `` This understanding of socialism was held not just by revolutionary Marxist socialists but also by evolutionary socialists , Christian socialists , and even anarchists . At that time , there was also wide agreement about the basic institutions of the future socialist system : public ownership instead of private ownership of the means of production , economic planning instead of market forces , production for use instead of for profit . '' Jump up ^ Toward a Socialism for the Future , in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past , by Weisskopf , Thomas E. 1992 . Review of Radical Political Economics , Vol. 24 , No. 3 - 4 , p. 2 : `` Socialism has historically been committed to the improvement of people 's material standards of living . Indeed , in earlier days many socialists saw the promotion of improving material living standards as the primary basis for socialism 's claim to superiority over capitalism , for socialism was to overcome the irrationality and inefficiency seen as endemic to a capitalist system of economic organization . '' Jump up ^ Prychito , David L. ( 31 July 2002 ) . Markets , Planning , and Democracy : Essays After the Collapse of Communism . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1840645194 . Socialism is a system based upon de facto public or social ownership of the means of production , the abolition of a hierarchical division of labor in the enterprise , a consciously organized social division of labor . Under socialism , money , competitive pricing , and profit - loss accounting would be destroyed . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism , by Marangos , John . 2004 . International Journal of Political Economy , vol. 34 , no . 3 , Fall 2004 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Phillip ( September 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of Political Economy , Volume 2 . Routledge . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0415241878 . Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems . On the one hand , the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output , to organize production and to allocate factor inputs . On the other hand , the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private ( capitalist ) owners , through some form of collective , public or social ownership of capital . Jump up ^ Pierson , Christopher ( August 1995 ) . Socialism After Communism : The New Market Socialism . Pennsylvania State Univ Press . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0271014784 . At the heart of the market socialist model is the abolition of the large - scale private ownership of capital and its replacement by some form of ' social ownership ' . Even the most conservative accounts of market socialism insist that this abolition of large - scale holdings of private capital is essential . This requirement is fully consistent with the market socialists ' general claim that the vices of market capitalism lie not with the institutions of the market but with ( the consequences of ) the private ownership of capital ... Jump up ^ `` In fact , socialism has been both centralist and local ; organized from above and built from below ; visionary and pragmatic ; revolutionary and reformist ; anti-state and statist ; internationalist and nationalist ; harnessed to political parties and shunning them ; an outgrowth of trade unionism and independent of it ; a feature of rich industrialized countries and poor peasant - based communities '' Michael Newman . Socialism : A very Short introduction . Oxford University Press . 2005 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Often , this definition is invoked to distinguish democratic socialism from authoritarian socialism as in Malcolm Hamilton Democratic Socialism in Britain and Sweden ( St Martin 's Press 1989 ) , in Donald F. Busky , Democratic Socialism : A Global Survey Greenwood Publishing , 2000 , See pp. 7 -- 8. , Jim Tomlinson 's Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy : The Attlee Years , 1945 -- 1951 , Norman Thomas Democratic Socialism : a new appraisal or Roy Hattersley 's Choose Freedom : The Future of Democratic Socialism Jump up ^ Nicholas Guilhot , The democracy makers : human rights and international order , 2005 , p. 33 `` The opposition between the West and Soviet totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood . The democratic , social , and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as `` lies '' and as the product of a deliberate and multiform propaganda ... In this context , the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset . As it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism Jump up ^ David Caute , Politics and the novel during the Cold War , 2009 , pp. 95 -- 99 Jump up ^ George A Reisch , How the Cold War transformed philosophy of science : to the icy slopes of logic , 2005 , pp. 153 -- 54 Jump up ^ Gasper , Phillip ( October 2005 ) . The Communist Manifesto : a road map to history 's most important political document . Haymarket Books . p. 24 . ISBN 1 - 931859 - 25 - 6 . As the nineteenth century progressed , `` socialist '' came to signify not only concern with the social question , but opposition to capitalism and support for some form of social ownership . Jump up ^ Anthony Giddens . Beyond Left and Right : The Future of Radical Politics . 1998 edition . Cambridge , England , UK : Polity Press , 1994 , 1998 . p. 71 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War . The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism . '' Michael Newman . Socialism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . 2005 . p. 5 Jump up ^ George Thomas Kurian ( ed ) . The Encyclopedia of Political Science CQ Press . Washington D.c. 2011 . p ... 1554 Jump up ^ ' State Capitalism ' in the Soviet Union , M.C. Howard and J.E. King Jump up ^ Richard D. Wolff ( 27 June 2015 ) . Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees . Truthout . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Noam Chomsky ( 1986 ) . The Soviet Union Versus Socialism . chomsky.info . Jump up ^ Wilhelm , John Howard ( 1985 ) . `` The Soviet Union Has an Administered , Not a Planned , Economy '' . Soviet Studies . 37 ( 1 ) : 118 -- 30 . doi : 10.1080 / 09668138508411571 . Jump up ^ Ellman , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning '' . In Estrin , Saul ; Kołodko , Grzegorz W. ; Uvalić , Milica . Transition and Beyond : Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 230 - 54697 - 8 . In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the ' administrative - command ' economy . What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making ; the absence of control over decision making by the population ... Jump up ^ Garrett Ward Sheldon . Encyclopedia of Political Thought . Fact on File. Inc. 2001 . p. 280 . Jump up ^ Andrew Vincent . Modern political ideologies . Wiley - Blackwell publishing . 2010 . p. 83 ^ Jump up to : Marvin Perry , Myrna Chase , Margaret Jacob , James R. Jacob . Western Civilization : Ideas , Politics , and Society -- From 1600 , Volume 2 . Ninth Edition . Boston , Massachusetts , USA : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company , 2009 . p. 540 . Jump up ^ Gregory and Stuart , Paul and Robert ( 28 February 2013 ) . The Global Economy and its Economic Systems . South - Western College Pub . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 1285055350 . Socialist writers of the nineteenth century proposed socialist arrangements for sharing as a response to the inequality and poverty of the industrial revolution . English socialist Robert Owen proposed that ownership and production take place in cooperatives , where all members shared equally . French socialist Henri Saint - Simon proposed to the contrary : socialism meant solving economic problems by means of state administration and planning , and taking advantage of new advances in science . Jump up ^ Leroux : socialism is `` the doctrine which would not give up any of the principles of Liberty , Equality , Fraternity '' of the French Revolution of 1789 . `` Individualism and socialism '' ( 1834 ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , etymology of socialism Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1972 ) . A History of Western Philosophy . Touchstone . p. 781 Jump up ^ Williams , Raymond ( 1983 ) . `` Socialism '' . Keywords : A vocabulary of culture and society , revised edition . Oxford University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520469 - 7 . Modern usage began to settle from the 1860s , and in spite of the earlier variations and distinctions it was socialist and socialism which came through as the predominant words ... Communist , in spite of the distinction that had been made in the 1840s , was very much less used , and parties in the Marxist tradition took some variant of social and socialist as titles . Jump up ^ Steele , David ( 1992 ) . From Marx to Mises : Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation . Open Court Publishing Company . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0875484495 . One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption . Jump up ^ Steele , David ( 1992 ) . From Marx to Mises : Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation . Open Court Publishing Company . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0875484495 . By 1888 , the term ' socialism ' was in general use among Marxists , who had dropped ' communism ' , now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as ' socialism ' ... At the turn of the century , Marxists called themselves socialists ... The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages was introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 ... the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution . Jump up ^ Busky , Donald F. ( 20 July 2000 ) . Democratic Socialism : A Global Survey . Praeger . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0275968861 . In a modern sense of the word , communism refers to the ideology of Marxism - Leninism . Jump up ^ Williams , Raymond ( 1983 ) . `` Socialism '' . Keywords : A vocabulary of culture and society , revised edition . Oxford University Press . p. 289 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520469 - 7 . The decisive distinction between socialist and communist , as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used , came with the renaming , in 1918 , of the Russian Social - Democratic Labour Party ( Bolsheviks ) as the All - Russian Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) . From that time on , a distinction of socialist from communist , often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist , became widely current , although it is significant that all communist parties , in line with earlier usage , continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism . Jump up ^ Williams , Raymond ( 1976 ) . Keywords : a vocabulary of culture and society . Fontana . ISBN 0 - 00 - 633479 - 2 . Jump up ^ Engels , Frederick , Preface to the 1888 English Edition of the Communist Manifesto , p. 202 . Penguin ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Fred . `` John Stuart Mill '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mill , in contrast , advances a form of liberal democratic socialism for the enlargement of freedom as well as to realise social and distributive justice . He offers a powerful account of economic injustice and justice that is centered on his understanding of freedom and its conditions . '' Bruce Baum , `` ( J.S. Mill and Liberal Socialism ) '' , Nadia Urbanati and Alex Zacharas , eds. , J.S. Mill 's Political Thought : A Bicentennial Reassessment ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Gildea , `` 1848 in European Collective Memory '' , in Evans and Strandmann , eds . The Revolutions in Europe , 1848 -- 1849 pp. 207 -- 235 Jump up ^ pp. 276 -- 77 , A.E. Taylor , Plato : The Man and His Work , Dover 2001 . Jump up ^ p. 257 , W.D. Ross , Aristotle , 6th ed . Jump up ^ A Short History of the World . Progress Publishers . Moscow , 1974 Jump up ^ Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World . New York : Oxford University Press . 1995 . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506613 - 8 . OCLC 94030758 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dharr al - Ghifari '' . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ And Once Again Abu Dharr . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Sami A. ; George H. Gardner ( 1969 ) . Arab Socialism : A Documentary Survey . Leiden : E.J. Brill . pp. 273 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Sami A. ( 1969 ) . `` al - Takaful al - Ijtimai and Islamic Socialism '' . The Muslim World . 59 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 275 -- 86 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 1913.1969. tb02639. x . Archived from the original on 13 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : George Thomas Kurian ( ed ) . The Encyclopedia of Political Science CQ Press . Washington D.c. 2011 . p. 1555 Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( 2004 ) . Common sense ( with ) Agrarian justice . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101890 - 9 . pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Blaug , Mark ( 1986 ) . Who 's Who in Economics : A Biographical Dictionary of Major Economists 1700 -- 1986 . The MIT Press . p. 358 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 02256 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bonnett , Alastair ( 2007 ) . `` The Other Rights of Man : The Revolutionary Plan of Thomas Spence '' . History Today . 57 ( 9 ) : 42 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Andrew Vincent . Modern political ideologies . Wiley - Blackwell publishing . 2010 . p. 88 Jump up ^ Nik Brandal , Øivind Bratberg and Dag Einar Thorsen . The Nordic Model of Social Democracy . Pallgrave - Macmillan . 2013 . p. 20 ^ Jump up to : `` socialism '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` The origins of socialism as a political movement lie in the Industrial Revolution . '' `` Socialism '' in Encyclopedia Britannica Online ^ Jump up to : `` Adam Smith '' . Fsmitha.com . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2 : BIRTH OF THE SOCIALIST IDEA '' . Anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Michael . ( 2005 ) Socialism : A Very Short Introduction , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280431 - 6 Jump up ^ `` In Fourier 's system of Harmony all creative activity including industry , craft , agriculture , etc. will arise from liberated passion -- this is the famous theory of `` attractive labour . '' Fourier sexualises work itself -- the life of the Phalanstery is a continual orgy of intense feeling , intellection , & activity , a society of lovers & wild enthusiasts ... The Harmonian does not live with some 1600 people under one roof because of compulsion or altruism , but because of the sheer pleasure of all the social , sexual , economic , `` gastrosophic , '' cultural , & creative relations this association allows & encourages `` . '' The Lemonade Ocean & Modern Times A Position Paper by Hakim Bey Jump up ^ Rougerie , Jacques , La Commune de Paris . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France . ISBN 978 - 2 - 13 - 062078 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Milza , Pierre , La Commune . Jump up ^ Blin , Arnaud ( 2007 ) . The History of Terrorism . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24709 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` It is unnecessary to repeat the accounts of the Geneva and Hague Congresses of the International in which the issues between Marx and Bakunin were fought out and the organisation itself split apart into the dying Marxist rump centered around the New York General Council and the anti-authoritarian majority centred around the Bakuninist Jura Federation . But it is desirable to consider some of the factors underlying the final emergence of a predominantly anarchist International in 1872 . '' George Woodcock . Anarchism : A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements ( 1962 ) . p. 243 . Jump up ^ Errico Malatesta . `` A Talk About Anarchist Communism Between Two Workers '' . Anarchy Archives . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunzio Pernicone , `` Italian Anarchism 1864 -- 1892 '' , pp. 111 -- 13 , AK Press 2009 . Jump up ^ James Guillaume , `` Michael Bakunin -- A Biographical Sketch '' ^ Jump up to : `` Socialism '' at Encyclopedia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Syndicalism -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . merriam-webster.com . Jump up ^ Wiarda , Howard J. Corporatism and comparative politics . M.E. Sharpe , 1996 . pp. 65 -- 66 , 156 . Jump up ^ Rocker , Rudolf . Anarcho - Syndicalism : Theory and Practice . AK Press ( 2004 ) p. 73 Jump up ^ Cole , Margaret ( 1961 ) . The Story of Fabian Socialism . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804700917 . Jump up ^ Discovering Imperialism : Social Democracy to World War I , 25 November 2011 . ( p. 249 ) : `` the pro-imperialist majority , led by Sidney Webb and George Bernard Shaw , advanced an intellectual justification for central control by the British Empire , arguing that existing institutions should simply work more ' efficiently ' . '' Jump up ^ `` Guild Socialism '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Jump up ^ The Second ( Socialist ) International 1889 -- 1923 . Retrieved 12 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : George Woodcock . Anarchism : A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements ( 1962 ) . pp. 263 -- 64 Jump up ^ Marx , Engels , Communist Manifesto , Selected Works , p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Adult Children of the Dream '' . The Jerusalem Post -- JPost.com . Jump up ^ James C. Docherty . Historical dictionary of socialism . The Scarecrow Press Inc . London 1997 . p. 144 Jump up ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006 , p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Commanding Heights : Lenin 's Critique of Global Capitalism '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Lenin , Vladimir . Meeting of the Petrograd Soviet of workers and soldiers ' deputies 25 January 1918 , Collected works , Vol 26 , p. 239 . Lawrence and Wishart , ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Lenin , Vladimir . To workers Soldiers and Peasants , Collected works , Vol 26 , p. 247 . Lawrence and Wishart , ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Lenin , Vladimir . Collected Works , Vol 26 , pp. 264 -- 65 . Lawrence and Wishart ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Caplan , Brian . `` Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions , IV '' . George Mason University . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Strictly , the Right Socialist Revolutionaries won whereas the Left Socialist Revolutionares were in alliance with the Bolsheviks . Jump up ^ Declaration of the RSDLP ( Bolsheviks ) group at the Constituent Assembly meeting 5 January 1918 Lenin , Collected Works , Vol 26 , p. 429 . Lawrence and Wishart ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Draft Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly Lenin , Collected Works , Vol 26 , p. 434 . Lawrence and Wishart ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Payne , Robert ; `` The Life and Death of Lenin '' , Grafton : paperback , pp. 425 -- 40 Jump up ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Carr , E.H. -- The Bolshevik Revolution 1917 -- 1923 . W.W. Norton & Company 1985 . Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul . `` Russian Anarchists and the Civil War '' , Russian Review , Vol. 27 , No. 3 ( Jul. 1968 ) , pp. 296 -- 306 . Blackwell Publishing Jump up ^ Guttridge , Leonard F. ( 1 August 2006 ) . Mutiny : A History of Naval Insurrection . Naval Institute Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 348 - 2 . Jump up ^ Smele , Jonathan ( 15 June 2006 ) . The Russian Revolution and Civil War 1917 -- 1921 : An Annotated Bibliography . Continuum . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 348 - 2 . Jump up ^ Avrich , Paul . Kronstadt 1921 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08721 - 0 . Jump up ^ Noel - Schwartz , Heather . The Makhnovists & The Russian Revolution -- Organization , Peasantry and Anarchism . Archived on Internet Archive . Accessed October 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Marshall , Demanding the Impossible , PM Press ( 2010 ) , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Skirda , Alexandre , Nestor Makhno : Anarchy 's Cossack . AK Press , 2004 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Bertil , Hessel , Introduction , Theses , Resolutions and Manifestos of the first four congresses of the Third International , pxiii , Ink Links ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ `` We have always proclaimed , and repeated , this elementary truth of Marxism , that the victory of socialism requires the joint efforts of workers in a number of advanced countries . '' Lenin , Sochineniya ( Works ) , 5th ed . Vol . XLIV , p. 418 , February 1922 . ( Quoted by Mosche Lewin in Lenin 's Last Struggle , p. 4 . Pluto ( 1975 ) ) Jump up ^ `` The Munich Soviet ( or `` Council Republic '' ) of 1919 exhibited certain features of the TAZ , even though -- like most revolutions -- its stated goals were not exactly `` temporary '' . Gustav Landauer 's participation as Minister of Culture , along with Silvio Gesell as Minister of Economics and other anti-authoritarian and extreme libertarian socialists such as the poet / playwrights Erich Mühsam and Ernst Toller , and Ret Marut ( the novelist B. Traven ) , gave the Soviet a distinct anarchist flavor . '' Hakim Bey . `` T.A.Z. : The Temporary Autonomous Zone , Ontological Anarchy , Poetic Terrorism '' Jump up ^ Gaab , Jeffrey S. ( 1 January 2006 ) . Munich : Hofbräuhaus & History : Beer , Culture , & Politics . Peter Lang . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 8606 - 2 . Jump up ^ p. 365 Taylor , Edumund The Fall of the Dynasties : The Collapse of Old Order 1963 Weidenfeld & Nicolson Jump up ^ Paul Werner ( Paul Frölich ) , Die Bayerische Räterepublik . Tatsachen und Kritik , p. 144 Jump up ^ Brunella Dalla Casa , Composizione di classe , rivendicazioni e professionalità nelle lotte del `` biennio rosso '' a Bologna , in : AA . VV , Bologna 1920 ; le origini del fascismo , a cura di Luciano Casali , Cappelli , Bologna 1982 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ `` 1918 -- 1921 : The Italian factory occupations and Biennio Rosso '' . libcom.org . Archived from the original on 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The Unione Sindacale Italiana `` grew to 800,000 members and the influence of the Italian Anarchist Union ( 20,000 members plus Umanita Nova , its daily paper ) grew accordingly ... Anarchists were the first to suggest occupying workplaces . '' `` 1918 -- 1921 : The Italian factory occupations -- Biennio Rosso '' Archived 5 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine . on libcom.org Jump up ^ `` Soviet history : NEPmen '' . Soviethistory.org . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Mattson , Kevin . 2002 . Intellectuals in Action : The Origins of the New Left and Radical Liberalism , 1945 -- 1970 . University Park , PA : The Pennsylvania State University Press , 2002 . p. 34 Jump up ^ Memoirs of a Revolutionist : Essays in Political Criticism ( 1960 ) . This was later republished with the title Politics Past . Jump up ^ `` Trotsky Protests Too Much '' . theanarchistlibrary.org . Jump up ^ Serge , Victor , From Lenin to Stalin , p. 55 Jump up ^ Serge , Victor , From Lenin to Stalin , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Brinton , Maurice ( 1975 ) . `` The Bolsheviks and Workers ' Control 1917 -- 1921 : The State and Counter-revolution '' . Solidarity . Archived from the original on 20 December 2006 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bolloten , Burnett ( 15 November 1984 ) . The Spanish Civil War : Revolution and Counterrevolution . University of North Carolina Press . p. 1107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1906 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bolloten , Burnett ( 15 November 1984 ) . The Spanish Civil War : Revolution and Counterrevolution . University of North Carolina Press . p. 1107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1906 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sam Dolgoff . The Anarchist Collectives Workers ' Self - management in the Spanish Revolution 1936 -- 1939 . Free Life Editions ; 1st edition ( 1974 ) , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ The Transitional Program . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006 , p. 320 Jump up ^ `` Les trente glorieuses : 1945 -- 1975 '' . Sund.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nationalisation of Anglo - Iranian Oil Company , 1951 '' . Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 11 June 2007 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Crosland , Anthony , The Future of Socialism , pp. 9 , 89 . ( Constable , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` The New Commanding Height : Labour Party Policy on North Sea Oil and Gas , 1964 -- 74 '' in Contemporary British History , vol. , Issue 1 , Spring 2002 , pp. 89 -- 118 . Jump up ^ `` home : UK steel : EEF '' . UK steel . 12 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2008 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Aneurin , In Place of Fear , 2nd ed . ( MacGibbon and Kee , 1961 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ Beckett , Francis , Clem Attlee ( Politico 's , 2007 ) p. 247 . Jump up ^ Globalization and Taxation : Challenges to the Swedish Welfare State . By Sven Steinmo . Jump up ^ Esping - Andersen , G. ( 1991 ) . The three worlds of welfare capitalism . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Weinberg , G.L. ( 1995 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge University Press . p. 264 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55879 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rozhnov , Konstantin , `` Who won World War II ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Adelman ; Cristann Lea Gibson ( 1 July 1989 ) . Contemporary Soviet Military Affairs : The Legacy of World War II . Unwin Hyman . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 445031 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Donald ; Kett , Joseph F. ; Trefil , James S. ( 2002 ) , The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , p. 316 , ISBN 0 - 618 - 22647 - 8 , Eastern Bloc . The name applied to the former communist states of eastern Europe , including Yugoslavia and Albania , as well as the countries of the Warsaw Pact Jump up ^ Satyendra , Kush ( 2003 ) , Encyclopaedic dictionary of political science , Sarup & Sons , p. 65 , ISBN 81 - 7890 - 071 - 8 , the countries of Eastern Europe under communism Jump up ^ Compare : Janzen , Jörg ; Taraschewski , Thomas ( 2009 ) . Shahshahānī , Suhaylā , ed . Cities of Pilgrimage . Iuaes - series . 4 . Münster : LIT Verlag . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 1618 - 6 . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Until 1990 , despite being a formally independent state , Mongolia had de facto been an integral part of the Soviet dominated Eastern Bloc . Jump up ^ John Rettie , `` The day Khrushchev denounced Stalin '' , BBC , 18 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Within the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) a split ensued : most ordinary members and the Party leadership , including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano , regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries , as reported in l'Unità , the official PCI newspaper . The following are references in English on the conflicting positions of l'Unità , Antonio Giolitti and party boss Palmiro Togliatti , Giuseppe Di Vittorio and Pietro Nenni . Jump up ^ However , Giuseppe Di Vittorio ( chief of the Communist trade union CGIL ) repudiated the leadership position as did the prominent party members Antonio Giolitti , Loris Fortuna and many other influential communist intellectuals , who later were expelled or left the party . Pietro Nenni , the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party , a close ally of the PCI , opposed the Soviet intervention as well . Napolitano , elected in 2006 as President of the Italian Republic , wrote in his 2005 political autobiography that he regretted his justification of Soviet action in Hungary and that at the time he believed in party unity and the international leadership of Soviet communism . Napolitano , Giorgio ( 2005 ) . Dal Pci al socialismo europeo . Un'autobiografia politica ( From the Communist Party to European Socialism . A political autobiography ) ( in Italian ) . Laterza . ISBN 88 - 420 - 7715 - 1 . Jump up ^ Within the Communist Party of Great Britain ( CPGB ) , dissent that began with the repudiation of Stalin by John Saville and E.P. Thompson , influential historians and members of the Communist Party Historians Group , culminated in a loss of thousands of party members as events unfolded in Hungary . Peter Fryer , correspondent for the CPGB newspaper The Daily Worker , reported accurately on the violent suppression of the uprising , but his dispatches were heavily censored ; Fryer resigned from the paper upon his return , and was later expelled from the Communist Party . Fryer , Peter ( 1957 ) . Hungarian Tragedy . London : D. Dobson . Chapter 9 ( The Second Soviet Intervention ) . ASIN B0007J7674 . Jump up ^ In France , moderate Communists , such as historian Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie , resigned , questioning the policy of supporting Soviet actions by the French Communist Party . The French anarchist philosopher and writer Albert Camus wrote an open letter , The Blood of the Hungarians , criticising the West 's lack of action . Even Jean - Paul Sartre , still a determined Communist Party member , criticised the Soviets in his article Le Fantôme de Staline , in Situations VII . Sartre , Jean - Paul ( 1956 ) , L'intellectuel et les communistes français ( in French ) Le Web de l'Humanite , 21 June 2005 . Retrieved 24 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Dirlik , Arif ( 2005 ) . The Marxism in the Chinese revolution . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Von KleinSmid Institute of International Affairs , University of Southern California . School of Politics and International Relations ( 1988 ) . Studies in comparative communism , Volume 21 . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jay ( 2000 ) . The Generalissimo 's son : Chiang Ching - kuo and the revolutions in China and Taiwan . Harvard University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00287 - 3 . Jump up ^ Friedland and Rosberg Jr. , William and Carl ( 1964 ) . African Socialism . California : Stanford University Press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba Marks 50 Years Since ' Triumphant Revolution ' '' . Jason Beaubien . NPR. 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carmines , Edward G. , and Geoffrey C. Layman. 1997 . `` Issue Evolution in Postwar American Politics . '' In Byron Shafer , ed. , Present Discontents . NJ : Chatham House Publishers . Jump up ^ Cynthia Kaufman ( 2003 ) . Ideas for Action : Relevant Theory for Radical Change . South End Press . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89608 - 693 - 7 . Jump up ^ Todd Gitlin , `` The Left 's Lost Universalism '' . In Arthur M. Melzer , Jerry Weinberger and M. Richard Zinman , eds. , Politics at the Turn of the Century , pp. 3 -- 26 ( Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Farred , Grant ( 2000 ) . `` Endgame Identity ? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics '' . New Literary History . 31 ( 4 ) : 627 -- 48 . doi : 10.1353 / nlh. 2000.0045 . JSTOR 20057628 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey W. Coker . Confronting American Labor : The New Left Dilemma . Univ of Missouri Press , 2002 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Hugh ( 1994 ) . In the Shadow of the Panther : Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America . Perseus Books . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 48341 - 3 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ( 2001 ) . The Other American : The Life of Michael Harrington . Public Affairs . p. 281 . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 036 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` There must be a better distribution of wealth , and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism . '' Franklin , Robert Michael ( 1990 ) . Liberating Visions : Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African - American Thought . Fortress Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2392 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Devlin , Kevin . `` Western CPs Condemn Invasion , Hail Prague Spring '' . Open Society Archives . Retrieved 20 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Mitrokhin ( 2005 ) , p. 444 Jump up ^ Robert Cribb , ed. , The Indonesian killings of 1965 -- 1966 : studies from Java and Bali ( Clayton , Vic. : Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies , Monash Papers on Southeast Asia no 21 , 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Mehr , Nathaniel ( 2009 ) . Constructive Bloodbath in Indonesia : The United States , Great Britain and the Mass Killings of 1965 -- 1966 . Spokesman Books . ISBN 0851247679 Jump up ^ Roosa , John ( 2006 ) . Pretext for Mass Murder : 30 September Movement and Suharto 's Coup d'État in Indonesia . Madison , Wisconsin : The University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 22034 - 1 Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 -- 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 9004156917 pp. 80 -- 81 Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 2005 ) . A Brief History of Neoliberalism . Oxford University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0199283273 . Jump up ^ Richard P. McBrien , Catholicism ( Harper Collins , 1994 ) , chapter IV . Jump up ^ `` One manifestation of this connection was liberation theology -- sometimes characterised as an attempt to marry Marx and Jesus -- which emerged among Roman Catholic theologians in Latin America in the 1960s . '' `` socialism '' at Encyclopedia Britannica Online Jump up ^ `` Profile of Salvador Allende '' . BBC . 8 September 2003 . Jump up ^ Robert Buddan ( 8 March 2009 ) . `` Michael Manley : nation - builder '' . Jamaica Gleaner . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Where Would Jamaica Be Without Michael Manley ? '' . Jamaica Gleaner. 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Louis Proyect , Nicaragua , discusses , among other things , the reforms and the degree to which socialism was intended or achieved . Jump up ^ `` Agrarian Productive Structure in Nicaragua '' , SOLÁ MONSERRAT , Roser. 1989 . p. 69 and ss . Jump up ^ Louis Proyect , Nicaragua , about 4 / 5 of the way down . Jump up ^ B. Arrien , Juan . `` Literacy in Nicaragua '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Retrieved 1 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Wood , Elizabeth ( 2003 ) . Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Paolo Virno , Michael Hardt , Radical Thought in Italy : A Potential Politics , Minnesota Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4924 - 2 Jump up ^ Sylvere Lotringer & Christian Marazzi ed . Autonomia : Post-Political Politics , New York : Semiotext ( e ) , 1980 , 2007 Jump up ^ James C. Docherty . Historical dictionary of socialism . The Scarecrow Press Inc . London 1997 . pp. 181 -- 82 Jump up ^ Webster , Dictionary . `` Definition of Eurocommunism '' . Dictionary Entry . Webster 's Dictionary . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America , Routledge , 1989 Jump up ^ Hart - Landsberg , Martin ; and Burkett , Paul . `` China and Socialism : Market Reforms and Class Struggle '' . Monthly Review . Retrieved 30 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Nation bucks trend of global poverty Archived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... China Daily . 11 July 2003 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ China 's Average Economic Growth in 90s Ranked 1st in World . People 's Daily . 1 March 2000 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stowe , Judy ( 28 April 1998 ) . `` Obituary : Nguyen Van Linh '' . The Independent ( London ) . p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Ackland , Len ( 20 March 1988 ) . `` Long after U.S. war , Vietnam is still a mess '' . St. Petersburg Times ( Florida ) . p. 2 - D . Jump up ^ Murray , Geoffrey ( 1997 ) . Vietnam : Dawn of a New Market . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17392 - X . ^ Jump up to : Loan , Hoang Thi Bich ( 18 April 2007 ) . `` Consistently pursuing the socialist orientation in developing the market economy in Vietnam '' . Communist Review . TạpchíCộngsản.org.vn . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Klein , Naomi ( 2008 ) . The Shock Doctrine : The Rise of Disaster Capitalism . Picador . ISBN 0312427999 p. 276 Jump up ^ Philip Whyman , Mark Baimbridge and Andrew Mullen ( 2012 ) . The Political Economy of the European Social Model ( Routledge Studies in the European Economy ) . Routledge . ISBN 0415476291 p. 108 `` In short , Gorbachev aimed to lead the Soviet Union towards the Scandinavian social democratic model . '' Jump up ^ `` 1990 CIA World Factbook '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Oldfield , J.D. ( 2000 ) Structural economic change and the natural environment in the Russian Federation . Post-Communist Economies , 12 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 90 Jump up ^ D.J. Peterson ( 1993 ) . Troubled Lands : The Legacy of Soviet Environmental Destruction ( A Rand Research Study ) . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0813316741 . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gary Teeple ( 2000 ) . Globalization and the Decline of Social Reform : Into the Twenty - first Century . Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... University of Toronto Press . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55193 - 026 - 8 Jump up ^ Socialist International -- Progressive Politics For A Fairer World Archived 22 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jane Lewis , Rebecca Surender . Welfare State Change : Towards a Third Way ? . Oxford University Press , 2004 . pp. 3 -- 4 , 16 . Jump up ^ `` Labour Party Clause Four '' . Labour.org.uk. 30 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ruud van Dijk ; William Glenn Gray ; Svetlana Savranskaya ; Jeremi Suri ; Qiang Zhai ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War . Taylor & Francis . p. 880 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 88021 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Frontline : The Tank Man transcript '' . Frontline . PBS . 11 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Andrei Lankov . Review of The Cleanest Race . Far Eastern Economic Review . 4 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hitchens , Christopher ( 1 February 2010 ) . `` A Nation of Racist Dwarfs '' . Fighting Words . Slate . Retrieved 23 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Rank , Michael ( 10 April 2012 ) . `` Lifting the cloak on North Korean secrecy : The Cleanest Race , How North Koreans See Themselves by BR Myers '' . Asia Times . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Janowitz , Morris ( Jul 1975 ) . `` Sociological Theory and Social Control '' . American Journal of Sociology . The University of Chicago Press Article . 81 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 108 . doi : 10.1086 / 226035 . JSTOR 2777055 . Jump up ^ Gallup , John Luke ( 2002 ) . `` The wage labor market and inequality in Viet Nam in the 1990s '' . Ideas.repec.org . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Communist Party of Nepal '' . Cpnm.org. 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilkin , Sam ( 17 August 2004 ) . `` CountryRisk Maintaining Singapore 's Miracle '' . Countryrisk.com . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Demetriou , Danielle ( 17 October 2008 ) . `` Japan 's young turn to Communist Party as they decide capitalism has let them down '' . London : Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Communism on rise in recession - hit Japan '' , BBC , 4 May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Kibbutz reinvents itself after 100 years of history '' . taipeitimes.com . Jump up ^ Bulletproof Innovation : Kibbutz - Owned Plasan Sasa 's Ikea - Style , Flat - Pack Armor Kits , Nadav Shemer , Fast Company . Jump up ^ Carolyn Gregoire ( 10 September 2013 ) . The Happiest Countries In The World ( INFOGRAPHIC ) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ R Goodin and P Pettit ( eds ) , A Companion to Contemporary political philosophy ^ Jump up to : Nordsieck , Wolfram . `` Parties and Elections in Europe '' . parties-and-elections.eu . Jump up ^ Hudson , Kate ( 19 June 2012 ) . The New European Left : A Socialism for the Twenty - First Century ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 26511 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 's Left Party woos the SPD '' . Wsws.org. 15 February 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Germany : Left makes big gains in poll Green Left Weekly '' . Greenleft.org.au. 10 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nation and World News -- El Paso Times '' . 30 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Danish centre - right wins election '' . BBC News . 14 November 2007 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Daily -- Europe 's political risks '' . ABN AMRO Insights . Jump up ^ `` Anti-establishment parties defy EU '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brian ( 22 May 2009 ) . `` Crow launches NO2EU euro campaign '' . BBC News . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Tommy Sheridan to stand for Euro elections '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conference : Crisis in Working Class Representation '' . RMT . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Launch of Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition '' . Socialistparty.org.uk. 12 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Hélène ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` Hard left Tusc coalition to stand against Labour in 40 constituencies '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition '' . TUSC . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How do we vote to stop the cuts ? '' . Socialist Party . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Labour party has failed us . We need a new party of the left '' . The Guardian . 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Seymour , Richard . `` Left Unity : A Report From The Founding Conference '' . newleftproject.org . New Left Project . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Left Unity ' a New Radical Political Party of the Left '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RT News reports on Left Unity 's founding conference '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeremy Corbyn 's policies : how will he lead Labour ? '' . The Week . UK . 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Has France moved to the right ? '' . Socialism Today . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Le Nouveau parti anticapitaliste d'Olivier Besancenot est lancé '' . Agence France - Presse. 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Sky news : Spanish voters punish mainstream parties Archived 9 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Vote 2014 '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Estado , Boletín Oficial del ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` Acuerdo de la Junta Electoral Central , por el que se procede a la publicación de los resultados de las elecciones de Diputados al Parlamento Europeo '' . Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República indicou Secretário - Geral do PS para Primeiro - Ministro '' ( in Portuguese ) . Presidência da República. 24 November 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Autonomism as a global social movement '' by Patrick Cuninghame The Journal of Labor and Society 1089 -- 7011 Volume 13 December 2010 pp. 451 -- 64 Jump up ^ The Subversion of Politics : European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life Georgy Katsiaficas , AK Press 2006 Jump up ^ Paul , Ari ( 19 November 2013 ) . Seattle 's election of Kshama Sawant shows socialism can play in America . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lerer , Lisa ( 16 July 2009 ) . `` Where 's the outrage over AIG bonuses ? '' . The Politico . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( 6 November 2006 ) . `` Exceedingly Social But Does n't Like Parties '' . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Bernie ( 26 May 2013 ) . What Can We Learn From Denmark ? The Huffington Post . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Sasha Issenberg ( 9 January 2010 ) . `` Sanders a growing force on the far , far left '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . `` You go to Scandinavia , and you will find that people have a much higher standard of living , in terms of education , health care , and decent paying jobs . '' -- Bernie Sanders Jump up ^ `` PARTY STANDINGS 41st Parliament seats '' . Jump up ^ Many Venezuelans Uncertain About Chávez ' ' 21st century Socialism ' Archived 12 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Nicolas Maduro sworn in as new Venezuelan president '' . BBC News . 19 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Gross , Neil ( 14 January 2007 ) . `` The many stripes of anti-Americanism -- The Boston Globe '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South America 's leftward sweep '' . BBC News . 2 March 2005 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ McNickle , Colin ( 6 March 2005 ) . `` Latin America 's ' pragmatic ' pink tide -- Pittsburgh Tribune - Review '' . Pittsburghlive.com . Archived from the original on 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Cf . Carlos Baraibar & José Bayardi : `` Foro de San Pablo ¿ qué es y cuál es su historia ? '' , 23 August 2000 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Basic document Progressive Alliance '' . Progressive-alliance.info . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Vincent . Modern political ideologies . Wiley - Blackwell publishing . 2010 . pp. 87 -- 88 Jump up ^ `` Socialism during its `` mature phase '' `` . Science Encyclopedia . 2013 . Jump up ^ Socialism and the Market : The Socialist Calculation Debate Revisited . Routledge Library of 20th Century Economics , 8 February 2000 . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0415195867 . Jump up ^ Claessens , August ( April 2009 ) . The logic of socialism . Kessinger Publishing , LLC . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1104238407 . The individual is largely a product of his environment and much of his conduct and behavior is the reflex of getting a living in a particular stage of society . Jump up ^ Ferri , Enrico , `` Socialism and Modern Science '' , in Evolution and Socialism ( 1912 ) , p. 79 : Upon what point are orthodox political economy and socialism in absolute conflict ? Political economy has held and holds that the economic laws governing the production and distribution of wealth which it has established are natural laws ... not in the sense that they are laws naturally determined by the condition of the social organism ( which would be correct ) , but that they are absolute laws , that is to say that they apply to humanity at all times and in all places , and consequently , that they are immutable in their principal points , though they may be subject to modification in details . Scientific socialism holds , the contrary , that the laws established by classical political economy , since the time of Adam Smith , are laws peculiar to the present period in the history of civilized humanity , and that they are , consequently , laws essentially relative to the period of their analysis and discovery . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1932 ) . `` In Praise of Idleness '' . Jump up ^ Bhargava . Political Theory : An Introduction . Pearson Education India , 2008 . p. 249 . Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ( 1857 -- 1861 ) . `` The Grundrisse '' . The free development of individualities , and hence not the reduction of necessary labour time so as to posit surplus labour , but rather the general reduction of the necessary labour of society to a minimum , which then corresponds to the artistic , scientific etc. development of the individuals in the time set free , and with the means created , for all of them . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 16 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Magdoff , Fred ; Yates , Michael D. `` What Needs To Be Done : A Socialist View '' . Monthly Review . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Let 's produce for use , not profit . Retrieved 7 August 2010 , from worldsocialism.org : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Crisis from a Socialist Perspective Professor Richard D. Wolff '' . Rdwolff.com. 29 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Engels , Fredrich . Socialism : Utopian and Scientific . Retrieved 30 October 2010 , from Marxists.org : http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch03.htm , `` The bourgeoisie demonstrated to be a superfluous class . All its social functions are now performed by salaried employees . '' Jump up ^ The Political Economy of Socialism , by Horvat , Branko. 1982 . Chapter 1 : Capitalism , The General Pattern of Capitalist Development . pp. 15 -- 20 ^ Jump up to : Marx and Engels Selected Works , Lawrence and Wishart , 1968 , p. 40 . Capitalist property relations put a `` fetter '' on the productive forces . Jump up ^ The Political Economy of Socialism , by Horvat , Branko. 1982 . p. 197 Jump up ^ The Political Economy of Socialism , by Horvat , Branko. 1982 . ( pp. 197 -- 98 ) Jump up ^ Market Socialism : The Debate Among Socialists , 1998 . pp. 60 -- 61 '' Jump up ^ in Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2009 ) . Retrieved 14 October 2009 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online : http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialism , `` Main '' summary : `` Socialists complain that capitalism necessarily leads to unfair and exploitative concentrations of wealth and power in the hands of the relative few who emerge victorious from free - market competition -- people who then use their wealth and power to reinforce their dominance in society . '' ^ Jump up to : Karl Marx , Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy , 1859 Jump up ^ Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty - First Century , 2003 , by Gregory and Stuart . p. 62 , Marx 's Theory of Change . ISBN 0 - 618 - 26181 - 8 . Jump up ^ Schaff , Kory ( 2001 ) . Philosophy and the Problems of Work : A Reader . Lanham , Md : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 0795 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walicki , Andrzej ( 1995 ) . Marxism and the leap to the kingdom of freedom : the rise and fall of the Communist utopia . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2384 - 2 . Jump up ^ Berlau 1949 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Screpanti and Zamagni ( 2005 ) . An Outline on the History of Economic Thought ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford . It should not be forgotten , however , that in the period of the Second International , some of the reformist currents of Marxism , as well as some of the extreme left - wing ones , not to speak of the anarchist groups , had already criticised the view that State ownership and central planning is the best road to socialism . But with the victory of Leninism in Russia , all dissent was silenced , and socialism became identified with ' democratic centralism ' , ' central planning ' , and State ownership of the means of production . Jump up ^ Schumpeter , Joseph ( 2008 ) . Capitalism , Socialism and Democracy . Harper Perennial . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 156161 - 0 . But there are still others ( concepts and institutions ) which by virtue of their nature can not stand transplantation and always carry the flavor of a particular institutional framework . It is extremely dangerous , in fact it amounts to a distortion of historical description , to use them beyond the social world or culture whose denizens they are . Now ownership or property -- also , so I believe , taxation -- are such denizens of the world of commercial society , exactly as knights and fiefs are denizens of the feudal world . But so is the state ( a denizen of commercial society ) . Jump up ^ `` Heaven on Earth : The Rise and Fall of Socialism '' . Public Broadcasting System . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Draper , Hal ( 1990 ) . Karl Marx 's Theory of Revolution , Volume IV : Critique of Other Socialisms . New York : Monthly Review Press . pp. 1 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0853457985 . Jump up ^ Marx and Engels , Communist Manifesto Jump up ^ `` The Leninist Concept of the Revolutionary Vanguard Party '' . WRG . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Schaff , Adam , ' Marxist Theory on Revolution and Violence ' , p. 263 . in Journal of the history of ideas , Vol 34 , no. 2 ( April -- June 1973 ) Jump up ^ Bockman , Johanna ( 2011 ) . Markets in the name of Socialism : The Left - Wing origins of Neoliberalism . Stanford University Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7566 - 3 . According to nineteenth - century socialist views , socialism would function without capitalist economic categories -- such as money , prices , interest , profits and rent -- and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science . While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism , socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money . Jump up ^ Gregory and Stuart , Paul and Robert ( 2004 ) . Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty - First Century , Seventh Edition : `` Socialist Economy '' . George Hoffman . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 26181 - 8 . In such a setting , information problems are not serious , and engineers rather than economists can resolve the issue of factor proportions . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Phillip ( September 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Political Economy , Volume 2 . Routledge . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24187 - 1 . Market socialism is a general designation for a number of models of economic systems . On the one hand , the market mechanism is utilised to distribute economic output , to organise production and to allocate factor inputs . On the other hand , the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private ( capitalist ) owners , through some form of collective , public or social ownership of capital . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( January 1996 ) . Whither Socialism ? . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262691826 ... Jump up ^ Mancur Olson , Jr. , 1965 , 2nd ed. , 1971 . The Logic of Collective Action : Public Goods and the Theory of Groups , Harvard University Press , Description , Table of Contents , and preview . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Commanding Heights '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` On Milton Friedman , MGR & Annaism '' . Sangam.org . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Bellamy , Richard ( 2003 ) . The Cambridge History of Twentieth - Century Political Thought . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56354 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Political Economy of Socialism , by Horvat , Branko. 1982 . ( p. 197 ) : `` The sandglass ( socialist ) model is based on the observation that there are two fundamentally different spheres of activity or decision making . The first is concerned with value judgments , and consequently each individual counts as one in this sphere . In the second , technical decisions are made on the basis of technical competence and expertise . The decisions of the first sphere are policy directives ; those of the second , technical directives . The former are based on political authority as exercised by all members of the organisation ; the latter , on professional authority specific to each member and growing out of the division of labour . Such an organisation involves a clearly defined coordinating hierarchy but eliminates a power hierarchy . '' Jump up ^ Ludwig Von Mises , Socialism , p. 119 Jump up ^ Von Mises , Ludwig ( 1990 ) . Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth ( PDF ) . Ludwig von Mises Institute . Retrieved 8 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Leon Trotsky : The Revolution Betrayed ( 1936 ) . Full Text . Chapter 4 : `` Having lost its ability to bring happiness or trample men in the dust , money will turn into mere bookkeeping receipts for the convenience of statisticians and for planning purposes . In the still more distant future , probably these receipts will not be needed . '' Jump up ^ Why Socialism ? by Albert Einstein , Monthly Review , May 1949 Jump up ^ Gregory and Stuart , Paul and Robert ( 2004 ) . Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty - First Century , Seventh Edition . George Hoffman . pp. 120 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 26181 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ericson , Richard E. `` Command Economy '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Nove , Alec ( 1991 ) . The Economics of Feasible Socialism , Revisited . Routledge . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0043350492 . Several authors of the most diverse political views have stated that there is in fact no planning in the Soviet Union : Eugene Zaleski , J. Wilhelm , Hillel Ticktin . They all in their very different ways note the fact that plans are often ( usually ) unfulfilled , that information flows are distorted , that plan - instructions are the subject of bargaining , that there are many distortions and inconsistencies , indeed that ( as many sources attest ) plans are frequently altered within the period to which they are supposed to apply ... Jump up ^ Writings 1932 -- 33 , p. 96 , Leon Trotsky . Jump up ^ F.A. Hayek , ( 1935 ) , `` The Nature and History of the Problem '' and `` The Present State of the Debate , '' om in F.A. Hayek , ed . Collectivist Economic Planning , pp. 1 -- 40 , 201 -- 43 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Phillip ( September 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Political Economy , Volume 2 . Routledge . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24187 - 1 . One finds favorable opinions of cooperatives also among other great economists of the past , such as , for example , John Stuart Mill and Alfred Marshall ... In eliminating the domination of capital over labour , firms run by workers eliminate capitalist exploitation and reduce alienation . ^ Jump up to : `` Guild Socialism '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Vanek , Jaroslav , The Participatory Economy ( Ithaca , NY. : Cornell University Press , 1971 ) . Jump up ^ `` CYBERSYN / Cybernetic Synergy '' . Cybersyn.cl . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Albert and Robin Hahnel , The Political Economy of Participatory Economics ( Princeton , NJ. : Princeton University Press , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ `` Participatory Planning Through Negotiated Coordination '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Political Economy of Peer Production '' . CTheory. 12 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Alan James Mayne ( 1999 ) . From Politics Past to Politics Future : An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96151 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anarchism for Know - It - Alls . Filiquarian Publishing . 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59986 - 218 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dolgoff , S. ( 1974 ) , The Anarchist Collectives : Workers ' Self - Management in the Spanish Revolution , ISBN 978 - 0 - 914156 - 03 - 1 Jump up ^ Estrin , Saul . 1991 . `` Yugoslavia : The Case of Self - Managing Market Socialism . '' Journal of Economic Perspectives , 5 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Richard D. ( 2012 ) . Democracy at Work : A Cure for Capitalism . Haymarket Books . ISBN 1608462471 . pp. 13 -- 14 . `` The disappearances of slaves and masters and lords and serfs would now be replicated by the disappearance of capitalists and workers . Such oppositional categories would no longer apply to the relationships of production , Instead , workers would become their own collective bosses . The two categories -- employer and employee -- would be integrated in the same individuals . '' Jump up ^ Wolff , Richard ( 24 June 2012 ) . Yes , there is an alternative to capitalism : Mondragon shows the way . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Beckett , Francis , Clem Attlee , ( 2007 ) Politico 's . Jump up ^ Socialist Party of Great Britain ( 1985 ) . The Strike Weapon : Lessons of the Miners ' Strike ( PDF ) . London : Socialist Party of Great Britain . Retrieved 28 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hardcastle , Edgar ( 1947 ) . `` The Nationalisation of the Railways '' . Socialist Standard . Socialist Party of Great Britain . 43 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 28 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty - First Century , 2003 , by Gregory and Stuart . ISBN 0 - 618 - 26181 - 8 . p. 142 : `` It is an economic system that combines social ownership of capital with market allocation of capital ... The state owns the means of production , and returns accrue to society at large . '' Jump up ^ Bockman , Johanna ( 2011 ) . Markets in the name of Socialism : The Left - Wing origins of Neoliberalism . Stanford University Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7566 - 3 . For Walras , socialism would provide the necessary institutions for free competition and social justice . Socialism , in Walras 's view , entailed state ownership of land and natural resources and the abolition of income taxes . As owner of land and natural resources , the state could then lease these resources to many individuals and groups , which would eliminate monopolies and thus enable free competition . The leasing of land and natural resources would also provide enough state revenue to make income taxes unnecessary , allowing a worker to invest his savings and become ' an owner or capitalist at the same time that he remains a worker . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Mutualist.org . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , David . 1987 . `` Mutualism . '' The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Political Thought . Blackwell Publishing . p. 11 Jump up ^ Tandy , Francis D. , 1896 , Voluntary Socialism , chapter 6 , paragraph 15 . Jump up ^ `` China names key industries for absolute state control '' . China Daily . 19 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ English@peopledaily.com.cn ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` People 's Daily Online -- China has socialist market economy in place '' . English.people.com.cn . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CHINA AND THE OECD '' ( PDF ) . May 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Talent , Jim . `` 10 China Myths for the New Decade The Heritage Foundation '' . Heritage.org . Archived from the original on 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reassessing China 's State - Owned Enterprises '' . Forbes . 8 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` InfoViewer : China 's champions : Why state ownership is no longer proving a dead hand '' . Us.ft.com. 28 August 2003 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` China grows faster amid worries '' . BBC News . 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VN Embassy : Socialist - oriented market economy : concept and development soluti '' . Vietnamembassy-usa.org. 17 November 2003 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006 , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Lamb & Docherty 2006 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` ANARCHISM , a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man 's natural social tendencies . '' George Woodcock . `` Anarchism '' at The Encyclopedia of Philosophy Jump up ^ `` In a society developed on these lines , the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions . '' Peter Kropotkin . `` Anarchism '' from the Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Anarchism . '' The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005 . p. 14 `` Anarchism is the view that a society without the state , or government , is both possible and desirable . '' Jump up ^ Sheehan , Sean . Anarchism , London : Reaktion Books Ltd. , 2004 . p. 85 ^ Jump up to : `` IAF principles '' . International of Anarchist Federations . Archived from the original on 5 January 2012 . The IAF -- IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical , political , social , religious , cultural or sexual . Jump up ^ `` as many anarchists have stressed , it is not government as such that they find objectionable , but the hierarchical forms of government associated with the nation state . '' Judith Suissa . Anarchism and Education : a Philosophical Perspective . Routledge . New York . 2006 . p. 7 Jump up ^ `` That is why Anarchy , when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects , when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them , when it refuses all hierarchical organisation and preaches free agreement -- at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist . '' Peter Kropotkin . Anarchism : its philosophy and ideal Jump up ^ `` anarchists are opposed to irrational ( e.g. , illegitimate ) authority , in other words , hierarchy -- hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society . '' `` B. 1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy ? '' in An Anarchist FAQ Jump up ^ Malatesta , Errico . `` Towards Anarchism '' . MAN ! . Los Angeles : International Group of San Francisco . OCLC 3930443 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Agrell , Siri ( 14 May 2007 ) . `` Working for The Man '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 14 April 2008 . `` Anarchism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service . 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2006 . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . `` Anarchism '' . The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy : 14 . 2005 . Anarchism is the view that a society without the state , or government , is both possible and desirable . The following sources cite anarchism as a political philosophy : Mclaughlin , Paul ( 2007 ) . Anarchism and Authority . Aldershot : Ashgate . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 6196 - 2 . Johnston , R. ( 2000 ) . The Dictionary of Human Geography . Cambridge : Blackwell Publishers . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20561 - 6 . Jump up ^ Slevin , Carl . `` Anarchism . '' The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics . Ed . Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan . Oxford University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Anarchists do reject the state , as we will see . But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short . '' Anarchism and Authority : A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin . AshGate. 2007 . p. 28 ^ Jump up to : `` Anarchism , then , really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion ; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property ; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government . Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth ; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life , according to individual desires , tastes , and inclinations . '' Emma Goldman . `` What it Really Stands for Anarchy '' in Anarchism and Other Essays . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Colin ( 1966 ) . `` Anarchism as a Theory of Organization '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , L. Susan ( 2002 ) . `` Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism : Implications for Feminism '' . The Politics of Individualism : Liberalism , Liberal Feminism and Anarchism . Black Rose Books Ltd . Publishing . p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control ( as explored in the `` sociology of power '' ) and the correlative duty to obey ( as explored in the `` philosophy of practical reason '' ) . Anarchism is distinguished , philosophically , by its scepticism towards such moral relations -- by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power -- and , practically , by its challenge to those `` authoritative '' powers which can not justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation. `` Anarchism and Authority : A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin . AshGate. 2007 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows `` They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left , -- follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty . Marx went one way ; Warren and Proudhon the other . Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism ... Authority , takes many shapes , but , broadly speaking , her enemies divide themselves into three classes : first , those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress , opposing her openly , avowedly , sincerely , consistently , universally ; second , those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress , but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests , denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world ; third , those who distrust her as a means of progress , believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon , violating , and outraging her . These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity . Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy ; of the second , in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy ; of the third , in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx . '' Benjamin Tucker . Individual Liberty . Jump up ^ Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin 's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows : `` All anarchists deny authority ; many of them fight against it . '' ( p. 9 ) ... Bakunin did not convert the League 's central committee to his full program , but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Bern Congress of September 1868 , demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State . '' Jump up ^ Schweickart , David ( 2006 ) . `` Democratic Socialism '' . Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice . Archived from the original on 17 June 2012 . `` Social democrats supported and tried to strengthen the basic institutions of the welfare state -- pensions for all , public health care , public education , unemployment insurance . They supported and tried to strengthen the labour movement . The latter , as socialists , argued that capitalism could never be sufficiently humanised , and that trying to suppress the economic contradictions in one area would only see them emerge in a different guise elsewhere . ( E.g. , if you push unemployment too low , you 'll get inflation ; if job security is too strong , labour discipline breaks down ; etc . ) '' Jump up ^ This definition is captured in this statement by Anthony Crosland , who `` argued that the socialisms of the pre-war world ( not just that of the Marxists , but of the democratic socialists too ) were now increasingly irrelevant '' . Pierson , Chris ( June 2005 ) . `` Lost property : What the Third Way lacks '' . Journal of Political Ideologies. 10 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 63 . doi : 10.1080 / 13569310500097265 . Other texts which use the terms `` democratic socialism '' in this way include Malcolm Hamilton Democratic Socialism in Britain and Sweden ( St Martin 's Press 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Franklin , Robert Michael ( 1990 ) . Liberating Visions : Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African - American Thought . Fortress Press . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 8006 - 2392 - 4 . Jump up ^ Peter Dreier ( 20 January 2014 ) . Martin Luther King Was a Radical , Not a Saint . Truthout . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Osagyefo Uhuru Sekou ( 20 January 2014 ) . The radical gospel of Martin Luther King . Al Jazeera America . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ WisdomSupreme.com definition of Blanquism , last retrieved 25 April 2007 Jump up ^ NewYouth.com entry for Blanquism , last retrieved 25 April 2007 Jump up ^ Lenin ( 1917 ) . `` The State and Revolution '' . Jump up ^ Rosa Luxemburg as part of a longer section on Blanquism in her `` Organizational Questions of Russian Social Democracy '' ( later published as `` Leninism or Marxism ? '' ) , writes : `` For Lenin , the difference between the Social Democracy and Blanquism is reduced to the observation that in place of a handful of conspirators we have a class - conscious proletariat . He forgets that this difference implies a complete revision of our ideas on organisation and , therefore , an entirely different conception of centralism and the relations existing between the party and the struggle itself . Blanquism did not count on the direct action of the working class . It , therefore , did not need to organise the people for the revolution . The people were expected to play their part only at the moment of revolution . Preparation for the revolution concerned only the little group of revolutionists armed for the coup . Indeed , to assure the success of the revolutionary conspiracy , it was considered wiser to keep the mass at some distance from the conspirators. Rosa Luxemburg , Leninism or Marxism ? , Marx.org , last retrieved 25 April 2007 Jump up ^ Marxism -- Leninism . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin Company . Jump up ^ `` 150 years of Libertarian '' . theanarchistlibrary.org . Jump up ^ Joseph Déjacque , De l'être - humain mâle et femelle -- Lettre à P.J. Proudhon par Joseph Déjacque ( in French ) Jump up ^ Ostergaard , Geoffrey . `` Anarchism '' . A Dictionary of Marxist Thought . Blackwell Publishing , 1991 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 2004 ) . Language and Politics . In Otero , Carlos Peregrín . AK Press . p. 739 Jump up ^ Bookchin , Murray and Janet Biehl . The Murray Bookchin Reader . Cassell , 1997 . p. 170 ISBN 0 - 304 - 33873 - 7 Jump up ^ Hicks , Steven V. and Daniel E. Shannon . The American journal of economics and sociolology . Blackwell Pub , 2003 . p. 612 Jump up ^ Miller , Wilbur R. ( 2012 ) . The social history of crime and punishment in America . An encyclopedia. 5 vols . London : Sage Publications . p. 1007 . ISBN 1412988764 . `` There exist three major camps in libertarian thought : right - libertarianism , socialist libertarianism , and ... '' Jump up ^ `` It implies a classless and anti-authoritarian ( i.e. libertarian ) society in which people manage their own affairs '' I. 1 Is n't libertarian socialism an oxymoron ? at An Anarchist FAQ Jump up ^ `` unlike other socialists , they tend to see ( to various different degrees , depending on the thinker ) to be skeptical of centralised state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation ... '' Roderick T. Long . `` Toward a libertarian theory of class . '' Social Philosophy and Policy . Volume 15 . Issue 02 . Summer 1998 . Pg. 305 Jump up ^ `` Therefore , rather than being an oxymoron , `` libertarian socialism '' indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney . As true socialists oppose wage labour , they must also oppose the state for the same reasons . Similarly , libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state . '' ( http://www.infoshop.org/AnarchistFAQSectionI1 `` I1 . Isn _́ t libertarian socialism an oxymoron '' in An Anarchist FAQ ^ Jump up to : `` So , libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy , along with the state as such . Through workers ' self - management it proposes to bring an end to authority , exploitation , and hierarchy in production . '' `` I1 . Isn _́ t libertarian socialism an oxymoron '' in An Anarchist FAQ Jump up ^ `` ... preferringa system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized , local voluntary , participatory , cooperative associations . Roderick T. Long . `` Toward a libertarian theory of class . '' Social Philosophy and Policy . Volume 15 . Issue 02 . Summer 1998 . Pg. 305 Jump up ^ Mendes , Silva . Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo Vol. 1 ( 1896 ) : `` Society should be free through mankind 's spontaneous federative affiliation to life , based on the community of land and tools of the trade ; meaning : Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property ( while retaining respect for personal property ) and liberty by abolition of authority '' . Jump up ^ `` ... preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized , local , voluntary , participatory , cooperative associations - sometimes as a complement to and check on state power ... '' Jump up ^ Rocker , Rudolf ( 2004 ) . Anarcho - Syndicalism : Theory and Practice . AK Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902593 - 92 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought , expression or choicce of lifestyle . '' Roderick T. Long . `` Toward a libertarian theory of class . '' Social Philosophy and Policy . Volume 15 . Issue 02 . Summer 1998 . pp 305 Jump up ^ `` What is implied by the term ' libertarian socialism ' ? : The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination , repression , and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity , thought , and action ... An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution , women 's and children 's liberation , and the critique and transformation of daily life , as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics . A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality . We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being , nor do we equate liberation with changing our life - styles and our heads . Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life : socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety , or it is nothing . '' `` What is Libertarian Socialism ? '' by Ulli Diemer . Volume 2 , Number 1 ( Summer 1997 issue ) of The Red Menace . Jump up ^ `` The Soviet Union Versus Socialism '' . chomsky.info . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Libertarian socialism , furthermore , does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production , but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life , an unending struggle , since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness . Jump up ^ `` Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control ( as explored in the `` sociology of power '' ) and the correlative duty to obey ( as explred in the `` philosophy of practical reason '' ) . Anarchism is distinguished , philosophically , by its scepticism towards such moral relations -- by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power -- and , practically , by its challenge to those `` authoritative '' powers which can not justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation . `` Anarchism and Authority : A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin . AshGate. 2007 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows `` They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left , -- follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty . Marx went one way ; Warren and Proudhon the other . Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism ... Authority , takes many shapes , but , broadly speaking , her enemies divide themselves into three classes : first , those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress , opposing her openly , avowedly , sincerely , consistently , universally ; second , those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress , but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests , denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world ; third , those who distrust her as a means of progress , believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon , violating , and outraging her . These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity . Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy ; of the second , in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy ; of the third , in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx . '' Benjamin Tucker . Individual Liberty . Jump up ^ Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin 's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows : `` All anarchists deny authority ; many of them fight against it . '' ( p. 9 ) ... Bakunin did not convert the League 's central committee to his full program , but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Bern Congress of September 1868 , demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State . '' Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like ( Adam ) Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state . The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west . John O _́ Neil . '' The Market : Ethics , knowledge and politics . Routledge. 1998 . p. 3 Jump up ^ Sims , Franwa ( 2006 ) . The Anacostia Diaries As It Is . Lulu Press . p. 160 . Jump up ^ `` A. 4 . ARE MUTUALISTS SOCIALISTS ? '' . mutualist.org . Archived from the original on 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Murray Bookchin , Ghost of Anarcho - Syndicalism ; Robert Graham , The General Idea of Proudhon 's Revolution Jump up ^ Kent Bromley , in his preface to Peter Kropotkin 's book The Conquest of Bread , considered early French utopian socialist Charles Fourier to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought , as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of Babeuf and Buonarroti . '' Kropotkin , Peter . The Conquest of Bread , preface by Kent Bromley , New York and London , G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1906 . Jump up ^ `` ( Benjamin ) Tucker referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be `` Anarchistic socialism . '' An Anarchist FAQ by Various Authors Jump up ^ French individualist anarchist Émile Armand shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralised economies when he said that the individualist anarchist `` inwardly he remains refractory -- fatally refractory -- morally , intellectually , economically ( The capitalist economy and the directed economy , the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him . ) '' `` Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity '' by Emile Armand Jump up ^ Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that In the United States `` of early to mid-19th century , there appeared an array of communal and `` utopian '' counterculture groups ( including the so - called free love movement ) . William Godwin 's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this , but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier . After success of his British venture , Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony , Indiana during 1825 . One member of this commune was Josiah Warren ( 1798 -- 1874 ) , considered to be the first individualist anarchist `` Peter Sabatini . `` Libertarianism : Bogus Anarchy '' Jump up ^ Nik Brandal , Øivind Bratberg , Dag Einar Thorsen . The Nordic Model of Social Democracy ( 2013 ) . Pallgrave MacMillan . p. 7 . ISBN 1137013265 ^ Jump up to : Busky , Donald F. ( 2000 ) . `` Democratic Socialism : A Global Survey '' . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , : 8 . The Frankfurt Declaration of the Socialist International , which almost all social democratic parties are members of , declares the goal of the development of democratic socialism Jump up ^ Sejersted and Adams and Daly , Francis and Madeleine and Richard ( 2011 ) . The Age of Social Democracy : Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0691147741 . Jump up ^ Foundations of social democracy , 2004 . Friedrich - Ebert - Stiftung , p. 8 , November 2009 . Jump up ^ Jerry Mander ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` There Are Good Alternatives to US Capitalism , But No Way to Get There . '' Alternet . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Brown ( 12 September 2014 ) . Who are Europe 's happiest people -- progressives or conservatives ? The Guardian . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Eskow ( 15 October 2014 ) . New Study Finds Big Government Makes People Happy , `` Free Markets '' Do n't . ourfuture.org . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Radcliff ( 25 September 2013 ) . Western nations with social safety net happier . CNN . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Craig Brown ( 11 May 2009 ) . World 's Happiest Countries ? Social Democracies . Commondreams . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Social democracy '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Newman ( 2005 ) . Socialism : A Very Short Introduction . OUP Oxford . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 157789 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Meyer . The Theory of Social Democracy . Cambridge , England , UK : Polity Press , 2007 . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Front Cover Ira C. Colby , Catherine N. Dulmus , Karen M. Sowers . Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice . John Wiley & Sons , 2012 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Thomas Meyer , Lewis P. Hinchman . The theory of social democracy . Cambridge , England , UK ; Malden , Massachusetts , USA : Polity Press , 2007 . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Martin Upchurch , Graham John Taylor , Andy Mathers . The crisis of social democratic trade unionism in Western Europe : the search for alternatives . Surrey , England , UK ; Burlington , Vermont , USA : Ashgate Publishing , 2009 . p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Gerald F. Gaus , Chandran Kukathas . Handbook of political theory . London , England , UK ; Thousand Oaks , California , USA ; New Delhi , India : SAGE Publications , 2004 . p. 420 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ian ( 1998 ) . Ideology and Politics in Britain Today . Manchester University Press . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 5056 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stanislao G. Pugliese . Carlo Rosselli : socialist heretic and antifascist exile . Harvard University Press , 1999 . pp. 99 . Jump up ^ Noel W. Thompson . Political economy and the Labour Party : the economics of democratic socialism , 1884 -- 2005 . 2nd edition . Oxon , England , UK ; New York , New York , USA : Routledge , 2006 . pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Roland Willey Bartlett , Roland Willey Bartlett . The success of modern private enterprise . Interstate Printers & Publishers , 1970 . pp. 32 . `` Liberal socialism , for example , is unequivocally in favour of the free market economy and of freedom of action for the individual and recognizes in legalistic and artificial monopolies the real evils of capitalism . '' ^ Jump up to : Steve Bastow , James Martin . Third way discourse : European ideologies in the twentieth century . Edinburgh , Scotland , UK : Edinburgh University Press , Ltd , 2003 . pp. 72 . Jump up ^ Nadia Urbinati . J.S. Mill 's political thought : a bicentennial reassessment . Cambridge , England , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2007 Pp. 101 . Jump up ^ What is Socialist Feminism ? , retrieved on 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Journal of Homosexuality , 1995 , Volume 29 , Issue 2 / 3 . ISSN 0091 - 8369 -- Simultaneously published as : Gay men and the sexual history of the political left , Gert Hekma et al. Eds . Harrington Park Press 1995 , ISBN 1 - 56023 - 067 - 3 . p. 14 Jump up ^ Stokes , John ( 2000 ) . Eleanor Marx ( 1855 -- 1898 ) : Life , Work , Contacts . Aldershot : Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 0113 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zetkin , Clara , On a Bourgeois Feminist Petition ( 1895 ) . Jump up ^ Zetkin , Clara , Lenin On the Women 's Question . Jump up ^ Kollontai , Alexandra , The Social Basis of the Woman Question ( 1909 ) . Jump up ^ Kollontai , Alexandra , Women Workers Struggle For Their Rights ( 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Dunbar - Ortiz , Roxanne ( ed . ) . Quiet Rumours : An Anarcha - Feminist Reader , Dark Star : 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902593 - 40 - 1 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Ackelsberg , Martha A. Free Women of Spain : Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women , AK Press , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902593 - 96 - 8 . Jump up ^ Margeret `` Peg '' Strobel ; Sue Davenport ( 1999 ) . `` The Chicago Women 's Liberation Union : An Introduction '' . The CWLU Herstory Website . University of Illinois . Archived from the original on 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Fourier , Le Nouveau Monde amoureux ( written 1816 -- 18 , not published widely until 1967 : Paris : Éditions Anthropos ) . pp. 389 , 391 , 429 , 458 , 459 , 462 , and 463 . Jump up ^ According to his biographer Neil McKenna , Wilde was part of a secret organisation that aimed to legalise homosexuality , and was known among the group as a leader of `` the Cause '' . ( McKenna , Neil . 2003 . The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde . ) Jump up ^ Flood , M. ( 2007 ) International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities , Routledge : Abingdon , p. 315 Jump up ^ Paul Russell ( 2002 ) . The Gay 100 : A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians , Past and Present . Kensington Publishing Corporation . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7582 - 0100 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Mattachine Society at Dynes , Wayne R. ( ed . ) '' ( PDF ) . Encyclopedia of Homosexuality . Jump up ^ Gay movement boosted by ' 79 march on Washington , Lou Chabarro 2004 for the Washington Blade . Jump up ^ `` Gay Liberation Front : Manifesto . London '' . 1978 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Kovel , J. ; Löwy , M. ( 2001 ) . An ecosocialist manifesto . Jump up ^ Eckersley , R. , Environmentalism and Political Theory , 1992 ( Albany , NY : SUNY Press ) Jump up ^ Clark , J. , The Anarchist Moment , 1984 ( Montreal : Black Rose ) Jump up ^ Benton , T. ( ed . ) , The Greening of Marxism , 1996 ( New York : Guildford ) Jump up ^ Kovel , J. , The Enemy of Nature , 2002 Jump up ^ Foster , J.B. , Marx 's Ecology , 2000 ( New York : Monthly Review Press ) Jump up ^ Burkett , P. , Marx and Nature , 1999 ( New York : St. Martin 's Press ) Jump up ^ Marx , K. , Capital Vol. 3. , 1894 Jump up ^ Wall , D. , Babylon and Beyond : The Economics of Anti-Capitalist , Anti-Globalist and Radical Green Movements , 2005 Jump up ^ `` www.greenleft.org.uk '' . greenleft.org.uk . Archived from the original on 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Su obra más representativa es Walden , aparecida en 1854 , aunque redactada entre 1845 y 1847 , cuando Thoreau decide instalarse en el aislamiento de una cabaña en el bosque , y vivir en íntimo contacto con la naturaleza , en una vida de soledad y sobriedad . De esta experiencia , su filosofía trata de transmitirnos la idea que resulta necesario un retorno respetuoso a la naturaleza , y que la felicidad es sobre todo fruto de la riqueza interior y de la armonía de los individuos con el entorno natural . Muchos han visto en Thoreau a uno de los precursores del ecologismo y del anarquismo primitivista representado en la actualidad por John Zerzan . Para George Woodcock , esta actitud puede estar también motivada por una cierta idea de resistencia al progreso y de rechazo al materialismo creciente que caracteriza la sociedad norteamericana de mediados de siglo XIX . '' `` La Insumisión voluntaria . El Anarquismo individualista Español durante la Dictadura i la Segunda República ( 1923 -- 1938 ) '' by Xavier Diez Archived 26 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A. 3 What types of anarchism are there ? '' . Anarchist Writers . Jump up ^ RA forum . `` R.A. Forum > SHAFFER , Kirwin R. Anarchism and countercultural politics in early twentieth - century Cuba '' . raforum.info . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Insumisión voluntaria . El Anarquismo individualista Español durante la Dictadura i la Segunda República ( 1923 -- 1938 ) '' by Xavier Diez Archived 26 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Short Biography of Murray Bookchin by Janet Biehl '' . Dwardmac.pitzer.edu . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecology and Revolution '' . Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Commoner , B. , The Closing Circle , 1972 Jump up ^ Mellor , M. , Breaking the Boundaries : Towards a Feminist , Green Socialism , 1992 Jump up ^ Saller , A. , Ecofeminism as Politics : Nature , Marx and the Postmodern , 1997 Jump up ^ Guha , R. and Martinez - Alier , J. , Varieties of Environmentalism : Essays North and South , 1997 Jump up ^ Pepper , D. , Ecosocialism : From Deep Ecology to Social Justice , 1994 Jump up ^ Sam Dolgoff . The Anarchist Collectives Workers ' Self - management in the Spanish Revolution 1936 -- 1939 . Free Life Editions ; 1st edition ( 1974 ) References ( edit ) Berlau , A Joseph ( 1949 ) , The German Social Democratic Party , 1914 -- 1921 , New York : Columbia University Press . Lamb , Peter ; Docherty , J.C. ( 2006 ) . Historical Dictionary of Socialism ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham : The Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5560 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) This article 's further reading may not follow Wikipedia 's content policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view ; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sassoon , Donald . One Hundred Years of Socialism : The West European Left in the Twentieth Century . New Press . 1998 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 486 - 6 . Guy Ankerl , Beyond Monopoly Capitalism and Monopoly Socialism , Cambridge , MA : Schenkman , 1978 . Beckett , Francis , Clem Attlee , Politico 's ( 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 1842751923 . Nik Brandal , Øivind Bratberg , Dag Einar Thorsen . The Nordic Model of Social Democracy ( 2013 ) Pallgrave MacMillan . ISBN 1137013265 . Gerald Cohen . Why Not Socialism ? Princeton University Press , 2009 . ISBN 0691143617 . G.D.H. Cole , History of Socialist Thought , in 7 volumes , Macmillan and St. Martin 's Press , 1965 ; Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 reprint ; 7 volumes , hardcover , 3160 pages , ISBN 1 - 4039 - 0264 - X . Michael Ellman ( 2014 ) . Socialist Planning . Cambridge University Press ; 3 edition . ISBN 1107427320 . Friedrich Engels , Socialism : Utopian and Scientific , Pathfinder ; 2r. e. edition ( December 1989 ) ISBN 978 - 0873485791 . Friedrich Engels , The Origin of the Family , Private Property and the State , Zurich , 1884 . LCC HQ504. E6 . Albert Fried and Ronald Sanders , eds. , Socialist Thought : A Documentary History , Garden City , NY : Doubleday Anchor , 1964 . LCCN 64 - 11312 . Frances Goldin , Debby Smith , Michael Smith . Imagine : Living in a Socialist USA . Harper Perennial , 2014 . ISBN 0062305573 . Élie Halévy , Histoire du Socialisme Européen . Paris : Gallimard , 1948 . Michael Harrington , Socialism , New York : Bantam , 1972 . LCCN 76 - 154260 . Michael Harrington . Socialism : Past and Future . Arcade Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 1611453356 . Hayes , Carlton J.H. `` The History of German Socialism Reconsidered , '' American Historical Review ( 1917 ) 23 # 1 pp. 62 -- 101 online . Jesús Huerta de Soto , Socialismo , cálculo económico y función empresarial ( Socialism , Economic Calculation , and Entrepreneurship ) , Unión Editorial , 1992 . ISBN 84 - 7209 - 420 - 0 . Makoto Itoh , Political Economy of Socialism . London : Macmillan , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 55337 - 3 . Kitching , Gavin ( 1983 ) . Rethinking Socialism . Meuthen . ISBN 0 - 416 - 35840 - 3 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Oskar Lange , On the Economic Theory of Socialism , Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press , 1938 . LCCN 38 - 12882 . Michael Lebowitz , Build It Now : Socialism for the 21st century , Monthly Review Press , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 145 - 5 . George Lichtheim , A Short History of Socialism . Praeger Publishers , 1970 . Alan Maass . The Case for Socialism . Haymarket Books , 2010 ( Updated Edition ) . ISBN 1608460738 . Marx , Engels , The Communist Manifesto , Penguin Classics ( 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 0140447576 . Marx , Engels , Selected works in one volume , Lawrence and Wishart ( 1968 ) ISBN 978 - 0853151814 . Joshua Muravchik , Heaven on Earth : The Rise and Fall of Socialism , San Francisco : Encounter Books , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 893554 - 45 - 7 . Michael Newman , Socialism : A Very Short Introduction , Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280431 - 6 . Bertell Ollman , ed. , Market Socialism : The Debate among Socialists , Routledge , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91967 - 3 . Leo Panitch , Renewing Socialism : Democracy , Strategy , and Imagination . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 9821 - 5 . Emile Perreau - Saussine , What remains of socialism ? , in Patrick Riordan ( dir . ) , Values in Public life : aspects of common goods ( Berlin , LIT Verlag , 2007 ) , pp. 11 -- 34 . Richard Pipes , Property and Freedom , Vintage , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70447 - 7 . John Barkley Rosser and Marina V. Rosser , Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 18234 - 8 . Maximilien Rubel and John Crump , Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries . ISBN 0 - 312 - 00524 - 5 . Bhaskar Sunkara ( editor ) , The ABCs of Socialism . Verso , 2016 . ISBN 978 - 1784787264 . Katherine Verdery , What Was Socialism , What Comes Next , Princeton . 1996 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01132 - X . Webb , Sidney ( 1889 ) . `` The Basis of Socialism -- Historic '' . Library of Economics and Liberty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) James Weinstein , Long Detour : The History and Future of the American Left , Westview Press , 2003 , hardcover , 272 pages . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4104 - 3 . Peter Wilberg , Deep Socialism : A New Manifesto of Marxist Ethics and Economics , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 904519 - 02 - 4 . Edmund Wilson , To the Finland Station : A Study in the Writing and Acting of History , Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1940 . LCCN 40 - 34338 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Socialism . Socialism at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) . `` Socialism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Cuban Socialism from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives . Cole , G.D.H. ( 1922 ) . `` Socialism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed . ) . Ely , Richard T. ; Adams , Thomas Sewall ( 1905 ) . `` Socialism '' . New International Encyclopedia . 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5484376552364356695	The Godfather	The Godfather - wikipedia The Godfather Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1972 film . For the novel on which the film is based , see The Godfather ( novel ) . For male godparent in many Christian traditions , see Godfather . The Godfather Theatrical release poster Directed by Francis Ford Coppola Produced by Albert S. Ruddy Screenplay by Mario Puzo Francis Ford Coppola Based on The Godfather by Mario Puzo Starring Marlon Brando Al Pacino James Caan Richard S. Castellano Robert Duvall Sterling Hayden John Marley Richard Conte Diane Keaton Music by Nino Rota Cinematography Gordon Willis Edited by William Reynolds Peter Zinner Production company Alfran Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 15 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 15 ) ( Loew 's State Theatre ) March 24 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 177 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 -- 7 million Box office $245.1 million The Godfather is a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Albert S. Ruddy , based on Mario Puzo 's best - selling eponymous novel . It stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino as the leaders of a fictional New York crime family . The story , spanning 1945 to 1955 , chronicles the family under the patriarch Vito Corleone ( Brando ) , focusing on the transformation of Michael Corleone ( Pacino ) from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss . Paramount Pictures obtained the rights to the novel for the price of $80,000 , before it gained popularity . Studio executives had trouble finding a director ; their first few candidates turned down the position . They and Coppola disagreed over who would play several characters , in particular , Vito and Michael . Filming was done on location and completed earlier than scheduled . The musical score was composed primarily by Nino Rota with additional pieces by Carmine Coppola . The film was the highest - grossing film of 1972 and was for a time the highest - grossing film ever made . It won the Oscars for Best Picture , Best Actor ( Brando ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( for Puzo and Coppola ) . Its seven other Oscar nominations included Pacino , James Caan , and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor and Coppola for Best Director . The Godfather is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in world cinema and one of the most influential , especially in the gangster genre . It was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 1990 , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and is ranked the second - greatest film in American cinema ( behind Citizen Kane ) by the American Film Institute . It was followed by sequels The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) and The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Direction 3.2. 1 Coppola and Paramount 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 4.3. 1 American Film Institute recognition 5 Cinematic influence 5.1 Popular culture and legacy 5.2 Television 6 Home media 6.1 The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration 6.2 Video game 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1945 , at his daughter Connie 's wedding , Vito Corleone hears requests in his role as the Godfather , the Don of a New York crime family . Vito 's youngest son , Michael , who was a Marine during World War II , introduces his girlfriend , Kay Adams , to his family at the reception . Johnny Fontane , a famous singer and Vito 's godson , seeks Vito 's help in securing a movie role ; Vito dispatches his consigliere , Tom Hagen , to Los Angeles to persuade the obnoxious studio head , Jack Woltz , to give Johnny the part . Woltz refuses until he wakes up in bed with the severed head of his prized stallion . Shortly before Christmas , drug baron Virgil `` The Turk '' Sollozzo , backed by the Tattaglia crime family , asks Vito for investment in his narcotics business and protection through his political connections . Wary of involvement in a dangerous new trade that risks alienating political insiders , Vito declines . Suspicious , Vito sends his enforcer , Luca Brasi , to spy on them . However , a Tattaglia button man garrotes Brasi during Brasi 's first meeting with Bruno Tattaglia and Sollozzo . Later Sollozzo has Vito gunned down in the street , then kidnaps Hagen . With Corleone first - born Sonny in command , Sollozzo pressures Hagen to persuade Sonny to accept Sollozzo 's deal , then releases him . The family receives fish wrapped in Brasi 's bullet - proof vest , indicating that Luca `` sleeps with the fishes . '' Vito survives , and at the hospital Michael thwarts another attempt on his father ; Michael 's jaw is broken by NYPD Captain Marc McCluskey , Sollozzo 's bodyguard . Sonny retaliates with a hit on Bruno Tattaglia . Michael plots to murder Sollozzo and McCluskey : on the pretext of settling the dispute , Michael agrees to meet them in a Bronx restaurant . There , retrieving a planted handgun , he kills both men . Despite a clampdown by the authorities , the Five Families erupt in open warfare and Vito 's sons fear for their safety . Michael takes refuge in Sicily and Fredo is sheltered by Moe Greene in Las Vegas . Sonny attacks his brother - in - law Carlo on the street for abusing his sister and threatens to kill him if it happens again . When it does , Sonny speeds to their home , but is ambushed at a highway toll booth and riddled with submachine gun fire . While in Sicily , Michael meets and marries Apollonia Vitelli , but a car bomb intended for him takes her life . Devastated by Sonny 's death , Vito moves to end the feuds . Realizing that the Tattaglias are controlled by the now - dominant Don Emilio Barzini , Vito assures the Five Families that he will withdraw his opposition to their heroin business and forgo avenging his son 's murder . His safety guaranteed , Michael returns home to enter the family business and marry Kay , who gives birth to two children by the early 1950s . With his father at the end of his career and his brother too weak , Michael takes the family reins , promising his wife the business will be legitimate within five years . To that end , he insists Hagen relocate to Las Vegas and relinquish his role to Vito because Tom is not a `` wartime consigliere '' ; Vito agrees Tom should `` have no part in what will happen '' in the coming battles with rival families . When Michael travels to Las Vegas to buy out Greene 's stake in the family 's casinos , their partner derides the Corleones for being run out of New York ; Michael is dismayed to see that Fredo has fallen under Greene 's sway . Vito suffers a fatal heart attack . At the funeral , Tessio , a Corleone capo , asks Michael to meet with Don Barzini , signalling the betrayal that Vito had forewarned . The meeting is set for the same day as the christening of Connie 's baby . While Michael stands at the altar as the child 's godfather , Corleone assassins murder the other New York dons and Moe Greene . Tessio is executed for his treachery and Michael extracts Carlo 's confession to his complicity in setting up Sonny 's murder for Barzini . A Corleone capo , Clemenza , garrotes Carlo with a wire . Connie accuses Michael of the murder , telling Kay that Michael ordered all the killings . Kay is relieved when Michael finally denies it , but , when the capos arrive , they address her husband as Don Corleone , and she watches as they close the door on her . Cast ( edit ) Al Pacino as Michael Corleone Marlon Brando as Vito Corleone Marlon Brando , in the title role , is Vito Corleone ( born Vito Andolini ) , the Don of the Corleone crime family . A native Sicilian , he is married to Carmela Corleone and the father of Tom ( adoptive ) , Sonny , Fredo , Michael , and Connie . Al Pacino as Michael Corleone , the Don 's third son , recently returned from World War II . The only college - educated family member , he is initially steered from the family business . His progression from the family 's last - born son to its ruthless boss is the main subject matter of the film . James Caan as Santino `` Sonny '' Corleone , Don Corleone 's hot - headed eldest son . As underboss , he is the heir - apparent to succeed his father as head of the Corleone family . Robert Duvall as Tom Hagen , Don Corleone 's informally adopted son , he is the family lawyer and consigliere . Unlike the Corleones , he is of German - Irish descent , not Sicilian . Diane Keaton as Kay Adams - Corleone , Michael 's non-Italian girlfriend and his second wife and mother of his two children . John Cazale as Frederico `` Fredo '' Corleone , the middle son of the Corleone family . Deeply insecure and not very bright , he is considered the weakest Corleone brother . Talia Shire as Constanzia `` Connie '' Corleone , the youngest child and only daughter of the Corleone family . Her wedding reception begins the film . Gianni Russo as Carlo Rizzi , Connie 's abusive husband . Introduced to the Corleone family by Sonny , whom he ultimately betrays to the Barzini family . Richard S. Castellano as Peter Clemenza , a caporegime for the Corleone family . He is an old friend of Vito Corleone and Salvatore Tessio . Abe Vigoda as Salvatore Tessio , a caporegime for the Corleone family . He is an old friend of Vito Corleone and Peter Clemenza . Al Lettieri as Virgil `` The Turk '' Sollozzo , a heroin dealer associated with the Tattaglia family . He seeks both financial investment and the protection of the Tattaglia family 's narcotics business through Don Corleone 's political connections . Sterling Hayden as Captain Mark McCluskey , a corrupt NYPD police captain on Sollozzo 's payroll . Lenny Montana as Luca Brasi , Vito Corleone 's enforcer . Richard Conte as Emilio Barzini , Don of the Barzini family . Al Martino as Johnny Fontane , a world - famous singer and Vito 's godson . The character is loosely based on Frank Sinatra . John Marley as Jack Woltz , a powerful Hollywood producer . Alex Rocco as Moe Greene , a longtime associate of the Corleone family who owns a Las Vegas hotel . The character is based on Bugsy Siegel . Morgana King as Carmela Corleone , Vito 's wife and mother of Sonny , Fredo , Michael , and Connie , and adoptive mother to Tom Hagen . Salvatore Corsitto as Amerigo Bonasera , a mortician who , in the opening scene , asks Don Corleone for revenge against two boys who severely beat and attempted to rape his daughter . Corrado Gaipa as Don Tommasino , an old friend of Vito Corleone , who shelters Michael during his exile in Sicily . Franco Citti as Calò , Michael 's bodyguard in Sicily . Angelo Infanti as Fabrizio , Michael 's bodyguard in Sicily . He helped set up the assassination attempt on Michael that kills Apollonia . Johnny Martino as Paulie Gatto , a soldier under Peter Clemenza and Vito 's driver . He is executed for his part in the assassination attempt on Vito . Victor Rendina as Philip Tattaglia , Don of the Tattaglia family . Tony Giorgio as Bruno Tattaglia , Philip Tattaglia 's son and underboss of the Tattaglia family . Sonny Corleone has him assassinated in retaliation for the shooting of Vito Corleone . Simonetta Stefanelli as Apollonia Vitelli - Corleone , a young woman Michael meets and marries while in Sicily . She is killed a few months later in an assassination attempt on Michael . Rudy Bond as Don Cuneo , head of the New York - based Cuneo family . Louis Guss as Don Zaluchi , Don of the Zaluchi family of Detroit . Tom Rosqui as Rocco Lampone , a soldier under Clemenza who eventually becomes a caporegime in the Corleone family . Joe Spinell as Willi Cicci , a soldier in the Corleone family . Richard Bright as Al Neri , Michael Corleone 's personal bodyguard and hitman who eventually becomes a caporegime . Julie Gregg as Sandra Corleone , Sonny 's wife and later widow , and the mother of their four children . Jeannie Linero as Lucy Mancini , Sonny 's mistress . Sofia Coppola ( uncredited ) as infant Michael Francis Rizzi , the nephew and godson of Michael Corleone . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film is based on Mario Puzo 's The Godfather ; a novel that remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 67 weeks and sold over nine million copies in two years . Published in 1969 , it became the best selling published work in history for several years . Paramount Pictures originally found out about Puzo 's novel in 1967 when a literary scout for the company contacted then Paramount Vice President of Production Peter Bart about Puzo 's sixty - page unfinished manuscript . Bart believed the work was `` much beyond a Mafia story '' and offered Puzo a $12,500 option for the work , with an option for $80,000 if the finished work were made into a film . Despite Puzo 's agent telling him to turn down the offer , Puzo was desperate for money and accepted the deal . Paramount 's Robert Evans relates that , when they met in early 1968 , it was he who offered Puzo the $12,500 deal for the 60 - page manuscript titled Mafia after the author confided in him that he urgently needed $10,000 to pay off gambling debts . In March 1967 , Paramount announced that they backed Puzo 's upcoming work in the hopes of making a film . In 1969 , Paramount confirmed their intentions to make a film out of the novel for the price of $80,000 , with aims to have the film released on Christmas Day in 1971 . On March 23 , 1970 , Albert S. Ruddy was officially announced as the film 's producer , in part because studio executives were impressed with his interview and because he was known for bringing his films in under budget . Direction ( edit ) Francis Ford Coppola was selected as director , as Paramount wanted the picture to be directed by an Italian American to make the film `` ethnic to the core '' . Evans wanted the picture to be directed by an Italian American to make the film `` ethnic to the core '' . Paramount 's latest mafia based movie , The Brotherhood , had been a box office bomb ; Evans believed that the reason for its failure was its almost complete lack of cast members or creative personnel of Italian descent ( the director Martin Ritt and star Kirk Douglas were both Jewish ) . Sergio Leone was Paramount 's first choice to direct the film . Leone turned down the option to work on his own gangster film Once Upon a Time in America . Peter Bogdanovich was then approached but he also declined the offer because he was not interested in the mafia . In addition , Peter Yates , Richard Brooks , Arthur Penn , Costa - Gavras , and Otto Preminger were all offered the position and declined . Evans ' chief assistant Peter Bart suggested Francis Ford Coppola , as a director of Italian ancestry who would work for a low sum and budget after the poor reception of his latest film The Rain People . Coppola initially turned down the job because he found Puzo 's novel sleazy and sensationalist , describing it as `` pretty cheap stuff '' . At the time Coppola 's studio , American Zoetrope , owed over $400,000 to Warner Bros. for budget overruns with the film THX 1138 and when coupled with his poor financial standing , along with advice from friends and family , Coppola reversed his initial decision and took the job . Coppola was officially announced as director of the film on September 28 , 1970 . Paramount had offered twelve other directors the job with The Godfather before Coppola agreed . Coppola agreed to receive $125,000 and six percent of the gross rentals . Coppola and Paramount ( edit ) Before The Godfather was in production , Paramount had been going through an unsuccessful period . In addition to the failure of The Brotherhood , the studio had usurped their budget for their recent films : Darling Lili , Paint Your Wagon , and Waterloo . The budget for the film was originally $2.5 million but as the book grew in popularity Coppola argued for and ultimately received a larger budget . Paramount executives wanted the movie to be set in then modern - day Kansas City and shot in the studio backlot in order to cut down on costs . Coppola objected and wanted to set the movie in the same time period as its eponymous novel , the 1940s and 1950s ; Coppola 's reasons included : Michael Corleone 's Marine Corps stint , the emergence of corporate America , and America in the years after World War II . The executives eventually agreed to Coppola 's wish as the novel became increasingly successful . The studio heads subsequently let Coppola film on location in New York City and Sicily . Gulf & Western executive Charles Bluhdorn was frustrated with Coppola over the number of screen tests he had performed without finding a person to play the various roles . Production quickly fell behind because of Coppola 's indecisiveness and conflicts with Paramount , which led to costs being around $40,000 per day . With the rising costs , Paramount had then Vice President Jack Ballard keep a close eye on production costs . While filming , Coppola stated that he felt he could be fired at any point as he knew Paramount executives were not happy with many of the decisions he had made . Coppola was aware that Evans had asked Elia Kazan to take over directing the film , because he feared that Coppola was too inexperienced to cope with the increased size of the production . Coppola was also convinced that the film editor , Aram Avakian , and the assistant director , Steve Kestner , were conspiring to get him fired . Avakian complained to Evans that he could not edit the scenes correctly because Coppola was not shooting enough footage . Evans however was satisfied with the footage being sent to the west coast , and authorized Coppola to fire them both . Coppola later explained : `` Like the godfather , I fired people as a preemptory strike . The people who were angling the most to have me fired , I had fired . '' Brando threatened that he would quit if Coppola were fired . Paramount wanted The Godfather to appeal to a wide audience and threatened Coppola with a `` violence coach '' to make the film more exciting . Coppola added a few more violent scenes to keep the studio happy . The scene in which Connie smashes crockery after finding out Carlo has been cheating was added for this reason . Writing ( edit ) On April 14 , 1970 , it was revealed that Puzo was hired by Paramount for $100,000 , along with a percentage of the film 's profits , to work on the screenplay for the film . Working from the book , Coppola wanted to have the themes of culture , character , power , and family at the forefront of the film , whereas Puzo wanted to retain aspects from his novel and his initial draft of 150 pages was finished on August 10 , 1970 . After Coppola was hired as director , both Puzo and Coppola worked on the screenplay , but separately . Puzo worked on his draft in Los Angeles , while Coppola wrote his version in San Francisco . Coppola created a book where he tore pages out of Puzo 's book and pasted them into the book . There , he made notes about each of the book 's fifty scenes , which related to major themes prevalent in the scene , whether the scene should be included in the film , along with ideas and concepts that could be used when filming to make the film true to Italian culture . The two remained in contact while they wrote their respective screenplays and made decisions on what to include and what to remove for the final version . A second draft was completed on March 1 , 1971 , and was 173 pages long . The final screenplay was finished on March 29 , 1971 , wound up being 163 pages long , 40 pages over what Paramount had asked for . When filming , Coppola referred to the notebook he had created over the final draft of the screenplay . Screenwriter Robert Towne did uncredited work on the script , particularly on the Pacino - Brando garden scene . Despite finishing the third draft , some scenes in the film were still not written yet and were written during production . The Italian - American Civil Rights League wanted all uses of the words `` mafia '' and `` Cosa Nostra '' to be removed from the script , in addition to feeling that the film emphasized stereotypes about Italian - Americans . The league also requested that all the money earned from the premiere be donated to the league 's fund to build a new hospital . Coppola claimed that Puzo 's screenplay only contained two instances of the word `` mafia '' being used , while `` Cosa Nostra '' was not used at all . Those two uses were removed and replaced with other terms , which Coppola felt did not change the story at all . The league eventually gave its support for the script . Casting ( edit ) Al Pacino ( pictured above in The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel ) was chosen to portray Michael Corleone Puzo was first to show interest in having Marlon Brando portray Don Vito Corleone by sending a letter to Brando in which he stated Brando was the `` only actor who can play the Godfather . '' Despite Puzo 's wishes , the executives at Paramount were against having Brando play the part due to the poor success of his recent films and his short temper . Coppola favored Brando or Laurence Olivier for the role , but Olivier 's agent refused the role claiming Olivier was sick ; however , Olivier went on to star in Sleuth later that year . The studio mainly pushed for Ernest Borgnine to receive the part . Other considerations were George C. Scott , Richard Conte , Anthony Quinn , and Orson Welles . After months of debate between Coppola and Paramount over Brando , the two finalists for the role were Borgnine and Brando , the latter of which Paramount president Stanley Jaffe required to perform a screen test . Coppola did not want to offend Brando and stated that he needed to test equipment in order to set up the screen test at Brando 's California residence . For make - up , Brando stuck cotton balls in his cheeks , put shoe polish in his hair to darken it , and rolled his collar . Coppola placed Brando 's audition tape in the middle of the videos of the audition tapes as the Paramount executives watched them . The executives were impressed with Brando 's efforts and allowed Coppola to cast Brando for the role if Brando accepted a lower salary and put up a bond to ensure he would not cause any delays in production . From the start of production , Coppola wanted Robert Duvall to play the part of Tom Hagen . After screen testing several other actors , Coppola eventually got his wish and Duvall was awarded the part of Tom Hagen . Al Martino , a then famed singer in nightclubs , was notified of the character Johnny Fontane by a friend who read the eponymous novel and felt Martino represented the character of Johnny Fontane . Martino then contacted producer Al Ruddy , who gave him the part . However , Martino was stripped of the part after Coppola became director and then awarded the role to Italian singer Vic Damone . Damone eventually dropped the role because he did not want to play an anti-Italian American character , in addition to being paid too little . According to Martino , after being stripped of the role , he went to his godfather and crime boss Russ Bufalino who then orchestrated the publication of various news articles that talked of how Coppola was unaware of Ruddy giving Martino the part ; that , when coupled with pressure from the mafia who felt Martino deserved the role , led Damone to quit as Fontane . Either way , the part of Johnny Fontane ended up with Martino . James Caan ( pictured in 1976 ) was chosen to play Sonny Corleone Robert De Niro originally was given the part of Paulie Gatto . A spot in The Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight opened up after Al Pacino quit the project in favor of The Godfather , which led De Niro to audition for the role and leave The Godfather after receiving the part . After De Niro quit , Johnny Martino was given the role of Gatto . Coppola cast Diane Keaton for the role of Kay Adams due to her reputation for being eccentric . John Cazale was given the part of Fredo Corleone after Coppola saw him perform in an Off Broadway production . Gianni Russo was given the role of Carlo Rizzi after he was asked to perform a screen test in which he acted out the fight between Rizzi and Connie . Nearing the start of filming on March 29 , Michael Corleone had yet to be cast . Paramount executives wanted a popular actor , either Warren Beatty or Robert Redford . Producer Robert Evans wanted Ryan O'Neal to receive the role in part due to his recent success in Love Story . Pacino was Coppola 's favorite for the role as he could picture him roaming the Sicilian countryside , and wanted an unknown actor who looked like an Italian - American . However , Paramount executives found Pacino to be too short to play Michael . Dustin Hoffman , Martin Sheen , and James Caan also auditioned . Caan was well received by the Paramount executives and was given the part of Michael initially , while the role of Sonny Corleone was awarded to Carmine Caridi . Coppola still pushed for Pacino to play Michael after the fact and Evans eventually conceded , allowing Pacino to have the role of Michael as long as Caan played Sonny . Evans preferred Caan over Caridi because Caan was seven inches shorter than Caridi , which was much closer to Pacino 's height . Despite agreeing to play Michael Corleone , Pacino was contracted to star in MGM 's The Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight , but the two studios agreed on a settlement and Pacino was signed by Paramount three weeks before shooting began . Coppola gave several roles in the film to family members . He gave his sister , Talia Shire , the role of Connie Corleone . His daughter Sofia played Michael Francis Rizzi , Connie 's and Carlo 's newborn son . Carmine Coppola , his father , appeared in the film as an extra playing a piano during a scene . Coppola 's wife , mother , and two sons all appeared as extras in the picture . Several smaller roles , like Luca Brasi , were cast after the filming had started . Filming ( edit ) Before the filming began , the cast received a two - week period for rehearsal , which included a dinner where each actor and actress had to assume character for its duration . Filming was scheduled to begin on March 29 , 1971 , with the scene between Michael Corleone and Kay Adams as they leave Best & Co. in New York City after shopping for Christmas gifts . The weather on March 23 predicted snow flurries , which caused Ruddy to move the filming date forward ; however snow never materialized and a snow machine was used . Principal filming in New York continued until July 2 , 1971 . Coppola asked for a three - week break before heading overseas to film in Sicily . Following the crew 's departure for Sicily , Paramount announced that the release date would be moved from December to spring 1972 . The Don Barzini assassination scene was filmed on the steps of the New York Supreme Court building on Foley Square in Manhattan Cinematographer Gordon Willis initially turned down the opportunity to film The Godfather because the production seemed `` chaotic '' to him . After Willis later accepted the offer , he and Coppola agreed to not use any modern filming devices , helicopters , or zoom lenses . Willis and Coppola chose to use a `` tableau format '' of filming to make it seem if it was viewed like a painting . He made use of shadows and low light levels throughout the film to showcase psychological developments . Willis and Coppola agreed to interplay light and dark scenes throughout the film . Willis underexposed the film in order to create a `` yellow tone . '' The scenes in Sicily were shot to display the countryside and `` display a more romantic land , '' giving these scenes a `` softer , more romantic '' feel than the New York scenes . 1941 Packard Super Eight featured in The Godfather One of the film 's most shocking moments involved an actual , severed , horse 's head . Coppola received some criticism for the scene , although the head was obtained from a dog - food company from a horse that was to be killed regardless of the film . On June 22 , the scene where Sonny is killed was shot on a runway at Mitchel Field in Mineola , where three tollbooths were built , along with guard rails , and billboards to set the scene . Sonny 's car was a 1941 Lincoln Continental with holes drilled in it to resemble bullet holes . The scene took three days to film and cost over $100,000 . Coppola 's request to film on location was observed ; approximately 90 percent was shot in New York City and its surrounding suburbs , using over 120 unique locations . Several scenes were filmed at the Filmways Studio in East Harlem . The remaining portions were filmed in California , or on - site in Sicily , except for the scenes set in Las Vegas because there were insufficient funds to travel there . Savoca and Forza d'Agrò were the Sicilian towns featured in the film . The opening wedding scene was shot in a Staten Island neighborhood using almost 750 locals as extras . The house used as the Corleone household and the wedding location was at 110 Longfellow Road in the Todt Hill neighborhood of Staten Island . The wall around the Corleone compound was made from styrofoam . Scenes set in and around the Corleone olive oil business were filmed on Mott Street . After filming had ended on August 7 , post-production efforts were focused on trimming the film to a manageable length . In addition , producers and director were still including and removing different scenes from the end product , along with trimming certain sequences . In September , the first rough cut of the film was viewed . Of the scenes removed from the film , many were centered around Sonny because they did not advance the plot . By November , Coppola and Ruddy finished the semifinal cut . Debates over personnel involved with the final editing remained even 25 years after the release of the film . The film began to be shown to Paramount staff and exhibitors in late December and going into the new year . Music ( edit ) See also : The Godfather ( soundtrack ) Love theme from The Godfather The famous theme , composed by Larry Kusic and Nino Rota . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Coppola hired Italian composer Nino Rota to create the underscore for the film , including the main theme , `` Speak Softly Love '' . For the score , Rota was to relate to the situations and characters in the film . Rota synthesized new music for the film and took some parts from his Fortunella score , in order to create an Italian feel and evoke the tragic film 's themes . Paramount executive Evans found the score to be too `` highbrow '' and did not want to use it ; however , it was used after Coppola managed to get Evans to agree . Coppola believed that Rota 's musical piece gave the film even more of an Italian feel . Coppola 's father , Carmine , created some additional music for the film , particularly the music played by the band during the opening wedding scene . There are a total of nine instances within the film where incidental music can be heard . There was a soundtrack released for the film in 1972 in vinyl form by Paramount Records , on CD in 1991 by Geffen Records , and digitally by Geffen on August 18 , 2005 . The album contains over 31 minutes of music coming from the movie , with most being composed by Rota , along with a song from Coppola and one by Johnny Farrow and Marty Symes . Allmusic gave the album five out of five stars , with editor Zach Curd saying it is a `` dark , looming , and elegant soundtrack . '' An editor for Filmtracks believed that Rota did a great job of relating the music to the core aspects of the film , which the editor believed to be `` tradition , love , and fear . '' Release ( edit ) The world premiere for The Godfather took place in New York City on March 14 , 1972 , almost three months after the planned release date of Christmas Day in 1971 , with profits from the premiere donated to The Boys Club of New York . Before the film premiered , the film had already made $15 million from rentals from over 400 theaters . The following day , the film opened in New York at five theaters . Next was Los Angeles at two theaters on March 22 . The Godfather was commercially released on March 24 , 1972 , throughout the rest of the United States . The film reached 316 theaters around the country five days later . Box office ( edit ) The Godfather was a blockbuster , breaking many box office records to become the highest grossing film of 1972 . It earned $81.5 million in theatrical rentals in the USA & Canada during its initial release , increasing its earnings to $85.7 million through a reissue in 1973 , and including a limited re-release in 1997 it ultimately earned an equivalent exhibition gross of $135 million . It displaced Gone with the Wind to claim the record as the top rentals earner , a position it would retain until the release of Jaws in 1975 . News articles at the time proclaimed it was the first film to gross $100 million in North America , but such accounts are erroneous since this record in fact belongs to The Sound of Music , released in 1965 . The film repeated its native success overseas , earning in total an unprecedented $142 million in worldwide theatrical rentals , to become the highest net earner . Profits were so high for The Godfather that earnings for Gulf & Western Industries , Inc. , which owned Paramount , jumped from 77 cents per share to $3.30 a share for the year , according to a Los Angeles Times article , dated December 13 , 1972 . To date , it has grossed between $245 million and $286 million in worldwide box office receipts , and adjusted for ticket price inflation in North America , ranks among the top 25 highest - grossing films . Critical response ( edit ) The Godfather has received critical acclaim and is seen as one of the most influential films of all time , particularly in the gangster genre . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 99 % rating based on 85 reviews with an average rating of 9.2 / 10 and the site 's critical consensus reads , `` One of Hollywood 's greatest critical and commercial successes , The Godfather gets everything right ; not only did the movie transcend expectations , it established new benchmarks for American cinema '' . Metacritic assigned the film an average score of 100 % based on 14 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be `` universal acclaim '' . The film is ranked at the top of Metacritic 's top 100 list , and is ranked 7th on Rotten Tomatoes ' all - time best list ( 100 % `` Certified Fresh '' ) . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times praised Coppola 's efforts to follow the storyline of the eponymous novel , the choice to set the film in the same time as the novel , and the film 's ability to `` absorb '' the viewer over its three - hour run time . While Ebert was mainly positive , he criticized Brando 's performance , saying his movements lacked `` precision '' and his voice was `` wheezy . '' The Chicago Tribune 's Gene Siskel gave the film four out of four stars , commenting that it was `` very good . '' The Village Voice 's Andrew Sarris believed Brando portrayed Vito Corleone well and that his character dominated each scene it appeared in , but felt Puzo and Coppola had the character of Michael Corleone too focused on revenge . In addition , Sarris stated that Richard Castellano , Robert Duvall , and James Caan were good in their respective roles . Desson Howe of The Washington Post called the film a `` jewel '' and wrote that Coppola deserves most of the credit for the film . Writing for The New York Times , Vincent Canby felt that Coppola had created one of the `` most brutal and moving chronicles of American life '' and went on to say that it `` transcends its immediate milieu and genre . '' Director Stanley Kubrick thought the film had the best cast ever and could be the best movie ever made . Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote negatively of the film in a contemporary review , claiming that Pacino `` rattles around in a part too demanding for him , '' while also criticizing Brando 's make - up and Rota 's score . Previous mafia films had looked at the gangs from the perspective of an outraged outsider . In contrast , The Godfather presents the gangster 's perspective of the Mafia as a response to corrupt society . Although the Corleone family is presented as immensely rich and powerful , no scenes depict prostitution , gambling , loan sharking or other forms of racketeering . Some critics argue that the setting of a criminal counterculture allows for unapologetic gender stereotyping , and is an important part of the film 's appeal ( `` You can act like a man ! '' , Don Vito tells a weepy Johnny Fontane ) . Remarking on the fortieth anniversary of the film 's release , film critic John Podhoretz praised The Godfather as `` arguably the great American work of popular art '' and `` the summa of all great moviemaking before it '' . Two years before , Roger Ebert wrote in his journal that it `` comes closest to being a film everyone agrees ... is unquestionably great . '' Accolades ( edit ) The Godfather was nominated for seven awards at the 30th Golden Globe Awards : Best Picture -- Drama , James Caan for Best Supporting Actor , Al Pacino and Marlon Brando for Best Actor -- Drama , Best Score , Best Director , and Best Screenplay . When the winners were announced on January 28 , 1973 , the film had won the categories for : Best Screenplay , Best Director , Best Actor - Drama , Best Original Score , and Best Picture -- Drama . The Godfather won a record five Golden Globes , which was not surpassed until 2017 . Rota 's score was also nominated for Grammy Award for Best Original Score for a Motion Picture or TV Special at the 15th Grammy Awards . Rota was announced the winner of the category on March 3 at the Grammys ' ceremony in Nashville , Tennessee . When the nominations for the 45th Academy Awards were revealed on February 12 , 1973 , The Godfather was nominated for eleven awards . The nominations were for : Best Picture , Best Costume Design , Marlon Brando for Best Actor , Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola for Best Adapted Screenplay , Pacino , Caan , and Robert Duvall for Best Supporting Actor , Best Film Editing , Nino Rota for Best Original Score , Coppola for Best Director , and Best Sound . Upon further review of Rota 's love theme from The Godfather , the Academy found that Rota had used a similar score in Eduardo De Filippo 's 1958 comedy Fortunella . This led to re-balloting , where members of the music branch chose from six films : The Godfather and the five films that had been on the shortlist for best original dramatic score but did not get nominated . John Addison 's score for Sleuth won this new vote , and thus replaced Rota 's score on the official list of nominees . Going into the awards ceremony , The Godfather was seen as the favorite to take home the most awards . From the nominations that The Godfather had remaining , it only won three of the Academy Awards : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Picture . Brando , who had also not attended the Golden Globes ceremony two months earlier , boycotted the Academy Awards ceremony and refused to accept the Oscar , becoming the second actor to refuse a Best Actor award after George C. Scott in 1970 . Brando sent American Indian Rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather in his place , to announce at the awards podium Brando 's reasons for declining the award which were based on his objection to the depiction of American Indians by Hollywood and television . In addition , Pacino boycotted the ceremony . He was insulted at being nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor award , noting that he had more screen time than his co-star and Best Actor winner Brando and thus he should have received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . The Godfather had five nominations for awards at the 26th British Academy Film Awards . The nominees were : Pacino for Most Promising Newcomer , Rota for the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music , Duvall for Best Supporting Actor , and Brando for Best Actor , the film 's costume designer Anna Hill Johnstone for Best Costume Design . All of The Godfather 's nominations failed to win except for Rota . Awards and nominations received by The Godfather Award Category Nominee Result 45th Academy Awards Best Picture Albert S. Ruddy Won Best Director Francis Ford Coppola Nominated Best Actor ( refused ) Marlon Brando Won Best Supporting Actor James Caan Nominated Robert Duvall Nominated Al Pacino Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Mario Puzo , Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Costume Design Anna Hill Johnstone Nominated Best Film Editing William Reynolds , Peter Zinner Nominated Best Sound Bud Grenzbach , Richard Portman , Christopher Newman Nominated Best Original Dramatic Score Nino Rota Revoked 26th British Academy Film Awards Best Actor Marlon Brando ( Also for The Nightcomers ) Nominated Best Supporting Actor Robert Duvall Nominated Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Al Pacino Nominated Best Film Music Nino Rota Won Best Costume Design Anna Hill Johnstone Nominated 25th Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Francis Ford Coppola Won 30th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture - Drama Won Best Director - Motion Picture Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Motion Picture Actor - Drama Marlon Brando Won Al Pacino Nominated Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture James Caan Nominated Best Screenplay Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola Won Best Original Score Nino Rota Won 15th Grammy Awards Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or TV Special Nino Rota Won 25th Writers Guild of America Awards Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium Mario Puzo and Francis Ford Coppola Won 1990 Selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . 1998 Time Out conducted a poll and The Godfather was voted the best film of all time . 1999 Entertainment Weekly named it the greatest film ever made . 2002 Sight & Sound polled film directors voted the film and its sequel as the second best film ever ; the critics poll separately voted it fourth . 2002 The Godfather was ranked the second best film of all time by Film4 , after Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back . 2005 Named one of the 100 greatest films of the last 80 years by Time magazine ( the selected films were not ranked ) . 2006 The Writers Guild of America , West agreed , voting it the number two in its list of the 101 greatest screenplays , after Casablanca . 2008 Voted in at No. 1 on Empire magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . 2012 The Motion Picture Editors Guild listed The Godfather as the sixth best - edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership . American film Institute recognition ( edit ) 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 3 2001 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 11 2005 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` I 'm going to make him an offer he ca n't refuse . '' -- # 2 2006 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 5 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 2 2008 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 1 Gangster Film Cinematic influence ( edit ) Although many films about gangsters preceded The Godfather , Coppola 's heavy infusion of Italian culture and stereotypes , and his portrayal of mobsters as characters of considerable psychological depth and complexity was unprecedented . Coppola took it further with The Godfather Part II , and the success of those two films , critically , artistically and financially , opened the doors for numerous other depictions of Italian Americans as mobsters , including films such as Martin Scorsese 's Goodfellas and TV series such as David Chase 's The Sopranos . A comprehensive study of Italian American culture on film , conducted from 1996 to 2001 by the Italic Institute of America , showed that close to 300 movies featuring Italian Americans as mobsters ( mostly fictitious ) have been produced since The Godfather , an average of nine per year . Popular culture and Legacy ( edit ) The Godfather epic , encompassing the original trilogy and the additional footage Coppola incorporated later , is by now thoroughly integrated into American life and , together with a succession of mob - theme imitators , has led to a highly stereotyped concept of Italian American culture . The first film had the largest impact and , unlike any film before it , its depiction of Italians who immigrated to the United States in the early decades of the 20th century is perhaps attributable to the Italian American director , presenting his own understanding of their experience . The films explain through their action the integration of fictional Italian American criminals into American society . Though the story is set in the period of mass immigration to the U.S. , it is rooted in the specific circumstances of the Corleones , a family that lives outside of the law . Although some critics have refashioned the Corleone story into one of universality of immigration , other critics have posited that it leads the viewer to identify organized crime with Italian American culture . Released in a period of intense national cynicism and self - criticism , the American film struck a chord about the dual identities inherent in a nation of immigrants . The Godfather increased Hollywood 's negative portrayals of immigrant Italians in the aftermath of the film and was a recruiting tool for organized crime . The concept of a mafia `` Godfather '' was an invention of Mario Puzo 's and the film 's effect was to add the fictional nomenclature to the language . Similarly , Don Vito Corleone 's unforgettable `` I 'm gon na make him an offer he ca n't refuse '' -- voted the second-most memorable line in cinema history in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes by the American Film Institute -- was adopted by actual gangsters . In the French novel Le Père Goriot , Honoré de Balzac wrote of Vautrin telling Eugene : `` In that case I will make you an offer that no one would decline . '' Real - life gangsters responded enthusiastically to the film , with many of them feeling it was a portrayal of how they were supposed to act . Salvatore `` Sammy the Bull '' Gravano , the former underboss in the Gambino crime family , stated : `` I left the movie stunned ... I mean I floated out of the theater . Maybe it was fiction , but for me , then , that was our life . It was incredible . I remember talking to a multitude of guys , made guys , who felt exactly the same way . '' According to Anthony Fiato after seeing the film , Patriarca crime family members Paulie Intiso and Nicky Giso altered their speech patterns closer to that of Vito Corleone 's . Intiso would frequently swear and use poor grammar ; but after the movie came out , he started to articulate and philosophize more . Television ( edit ) John Belushi , appearing in a Saturday Night Live sketch as Vito Corleone in a therapy session expressing his inner feelings towards the Tattaglia Family , says , `` Also , they shot my son Santino 56 times '' . In the television show The Sopranos , Tony Soprano 's topless bar is named Bada Bing , echoing the line in The Godfather when Sonny Corleone says , `` You 've got ta get up close like this and bada - bing ! You blow their brains all over your nice Ivy League suit . '' The film has been parodied several times on the animated television series The Simpsons . In the season three episode `` Lisa 's Pony '' Lisa wakes up to find a horse in her bed and starts screaming . The music and the scene itself resemble the famous `` horse 's head '' scene in The Godfather . In the season four episode `` Mr. Plow '' , the scene in which Sonny Corleone is shot at the tollbooth is mimicked when Bart Simpson is pelted with snowballs . The scene is again parodied in the season sixteen episode `` All 's Fair in Oven War '' , which includes James Caan as himself in a guest voice role . In the season eighteen episode `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' , the film 's final scene is mimicked with a door being closed on Lisa Simpson . Home Media ( edit ) The theatrical version of The Godfather debuted on American network television on November 16 , 1974 , on NBC , and again two days later , with only minor edits . The television airings attracted a large audience and helped generate anticipation for the upcoming sequel . The next year , Coppola created The Godfather Saga expressly for American television in a release that combined The Godfather and The Godfather Part II with unused footage from those two films in a chronological telling that toned down the violent , sexual , and profane material for its NBC debut on November 18 , 1977 . In 1981 , Paramount released the Godfather Epic boxed set , which also told the story of the first two films in chronological order , again with additional scenes , but not redacted for broadcast sensibilities . The Godfather Trilogy was released in 1992 , in which the films are fundamentally in a chronological order . The Godfather Family : A Look Inside was a 73 - minute documentary released in 1991 . Directed by Jeff Warner , the film featured some behind the scenes content from all three films , interviews with the actors , and screen tests . The Godfather DVD Collection was released on October 9 , 2001 , in a package that contained all three films -- each with a commentary track by Coppola -- and a bonus disc containing The Godfather Family : A Look Inside . The DVD also held a Corleone family tree , a `` Godfather '' timeline , and footage of the Academy Award acceptance speeches . The Godfather : the Coppola restoration ( edit ) During the film 's original theatrical release , the original negatives were worn down due to the reel being printed so much to meet demand . In addition , the duplicate negative was lost in Paramount archives . In 2006 Coppola contacted Steven Spielberg -- whose studio DreamWorks had recently been bought out by Paramount -- about restoring The Godfather . Robert A. Harris was hired to oversee the restoration of The Godfather and its two sequels , with the film 's cinematographer Willis participating in the restoration . Work began in November 2006 by repairing the negatives so they could go through a digital scanner to produce high resolution 4K files . If a negative were damaged and discolored , work was done digitally to restore it to its original look . After a year and a half of working on the restoration , the project was complete . Paramount called the finished product The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration and released it to the public on September 23 , 2008 , on both DVD and Blu - ray Disc . Dave Kehr of The New York Times believed the restoration brought back the `` golden glow of their original theatrical screenings '' . As a whole , the restoration of the film was well received by critics and Coppola . The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration contains several new special features that play in high definition , along with additional scenes . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Godfather ( 2006 video game ) The game is based upon this film and tells the story of an original character , Aldo Trapani , whose rise through the ranks of the Corleone family intersects with the plot of the film on numerous occasions . Duvall , Caan , and Brando supplied voiceovers and their likenesses , but Pacino did not . Francis Ford Coppola openly voiced his disapproval of the game . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1972 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sources disagree on the date where Paramount confirmed their intentions to make Mario Puzo 's novel The Godfather into a feature - length film . Harlan Lebo 's work states that the announcement came in January 1969 , while Jenny Jones ' book puts the date of the announcement three months after the novel 's publication , in June 1969 . Jump up ^ Sources disagree on both the amount of the original budget and the final budget . The starting budget has been recorded as $1 million , $2 million , and $2.5 million , while the final budget has been named at $5 million , $6 million , and $6.5 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE GODFATHER ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 31 , 1996 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Godfather ( 1972 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Von Gunden 1991 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lebo 2005 , p. 5 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Godfather '' Turns 40 `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc . March 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lebo 2005 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips 2004 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Jack O'Brian ( January 25 , 1973 ) . `` Not First Lady on TV '' . The Spartanburg Herald . p . A4 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael L. Geczi and Martin Merzer ( April 10 , 1978 ) . `` Hollywood business is blockbuster story '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 11B . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hillel Italie ( December 24 , 1990 ) . `` ' Godfather ' films have their own saga '' . The Daily Gazette . Associated Press . p . A7 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones 2007 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips 2004 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Seal ( March 2009 ) . `` The Godfather Wars '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Phillips & Hill 2010 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Fristoe . `` Sergio Leone Profile '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Cowie 1997 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Nate Rawlings ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Anniversary You Ca n't Refuse : 40 Things You Did n't Know About The Godfather '' . Time . Time Inc . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cowie 1997 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Godfather '' Turns 40 `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc . March 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Phillips & Hill 2010 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` Sofia Coppola Mimics Hollywood Life in ' Somewhere ' '' . NPR . NPR . December 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowie 1997 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 87 - 88 . Jump up ^ Santopietro 2012 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 1997 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 184 . 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The Independent . Independent Digital News and Media Limited . April 26 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2007 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Fred Ferretti ( March 23 , 1971 ) . `` Corporate Rift in ' Godfather ' Filming '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 28 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lebo 2005 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Cowie 1997 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 1997 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 192 , 194 - 196 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 1997 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 197 - 198 . Jump up ^ Lebo 1997 , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips 2004 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Welsh , Phillips & Hill 2010 , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 1997 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2004 , p. 355 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2014 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 618 - 0 . Since The Godfather had earned over $85 million in U.S. - Canada rentals ( the worldwide box - office gross was $285 million ) , a sequel , according to the usual formula , could be expected to earn approximately two - thirds of the original 's box - office take ( ultimately Godfather II had rentals of $30 million ) . 1997 re-release : `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . North America : $1,267,490 Total : `` The Godfather '' . Boxoffice . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Worldwide Gross : $245,066,411 Jump up ^ `` All TIme Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ History.com Staff ( 2009 ) . `` The Mafia in Popular Culture '' . History . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Godfather '' . 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AMC Filmsite.org . American Movie Classics Company LLC . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's 100 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Harris County Public Library . The Harris County Public Library . May 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 -- The Directors ' Top Ten Films '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 -- The Critics ' Top Ten Films '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film Four 's 100 Greatest Films of All Time '' . AMC Filmsite.org . American Movie Classics Company LLC . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All - TIME 100 Movies '' . Time . Time Inc . March 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . 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American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Top 10 Gangster '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Offer Hollywood Ca n't Refuse '' . CBS News . March 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.italic.org Jump up ^ `` Italian Culture on Film , Image Research Project , Italic Institute of America '' . Italic.org . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather : A Cultural Phenomenon '' . University of Pennsylvania . 2005 . Jump up ^ Gambino , Megan ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` What is The Godfather Effect ? '' . Smithsonian . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' . AFI.com . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Father Goriot , page 104 in Chapter 1 ) ; `` Dans ces conjonctures , je vais vous faire une proposition que personne ne refuserait . Honoré de Balzac , Œuvres complètes de H. de Balzac ( 1834 ) , Calmann - Lévy , 1910 ( Le Père Goriot , II . L'entrée dans le monde , pp. 110 - 196 ) ; viewed 10 - 2 - 2014 . Jump up ^ Sifakis , Carl ( 1987 ) . The Mafia Encyclopedia . New York City : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 1856 - 1 . Jump up ^ De Stefano 2006 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , John L. ( July 7 , 2004 ) . `` In mob world , life often imitates art of Marlon Brando 's ' Godfather ' '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Top five John Belushi moments '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maria Newman , How Much for That ' Sopranos ' Stripper Pole ? NYTimes August 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ Reardon , Jim ( 2004 ) . The Simpsons Season 4 DVD commentary for the episode `` Mr. Plow '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Clarisse Loughrey ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` The Simpsons ' film parodies seen side - by - side with their references '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Iverson ( 7 September 2006 ) . `` The Simpsons : `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and His Homer '' Advance Review `` . IGN . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Lebo 2005 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Lebo 2005 , p . XIV . ^ Jump up to : Alice Duncan . `` The Godfather Family : A Look Inside ( 1991 ) '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alice Duncan ( October 9 , 2001 ) . `` The Godfather DVD Collection '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Snider ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` ' Godfather ' films finally restored to glory '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fred Kaplan ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Your DVD Player Sleeps With the Fishes '' . Slate . Graham Holdings Company . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Kehr ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` New DVDs : ' The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration ' '' . The New York Times . New York Times Company . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Phipps ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` The Godfather : The Coppola Restoration '' . The AV Club . Onion Inc . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Noller ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Godfather Collection : The Coppola Restoration '' . Slant . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Slagle ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` ' Godfather ' is the offer you ca n't refuse '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 13E . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Victor Godinez ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Game Reviews '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 13E . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Slagle ( May 20 , 2005 ) . `` Gameplay makes certain titles rock '' . Gadsden Times . p . C4 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Coppola Angry over Godfather Video Game `` , April 8 , 2005 '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . New York , New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . Cowie , Peter ( 1997 ) . The Godfather Book . London , England : Faber and Faber Limited . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19011 - 1 . De Stefano , George ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Don Corleone Was My Godfather '' . An Offer We Ca n't Refuse : The Mafia in the Mind of America . New York : Faber and Faber . pp. 94 -- 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 21157 - 9 . OCLC 60420173 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Gelmis , Joseph ( August 23 , 1971 ) . `` Merciful Heavens , Is This The End of Don Corleone ? '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC. 4 ( 34 ) . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jones , Jenny M. ( 2007 ) . The Annotated Godfather : The Complete Screenplay . New York , New York : Black Dog & Leventhal . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5791 - 2739 - 8 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Lebo , Harlan ( 1997 ) . The Godfather Legacy : The Untold Story of the Making of the Classic Godfather Trilogy . London , England : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 9780684836478 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Lebo , Harlan ( 2005 ) . The Godfather Legacy : The Untold Story of the Making of the Classic Godfather Trilogy Featuring Never - Before - Published Production Stills . London , England : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8777 - 7 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Phillips , Gene D. ( 2004 ) . Godfather : The Intimate Francis Ford Coppola . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 4671 - 3 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Santopietro , Tom ( 2012 ) . The Godfather Effect : Changing Hollywood , America , and Me . New York , New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 0513 - 7 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Stanley , Timothy ( 2014 ) . Citizen Hollywood : How the Collaboration Between LA and DC Revolutionized American Politics . New York , New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 3249 - 2 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Williams , Joe ( 2012 ) . Hollywood Myths : The Shocking Truths Behind Film 's Most Incredible Secrets and Scandals . Minneapolis , Minnesota : MBI Pub. Co. and Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 3249 - 2 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Welsh , James M. ; Phillips , Gene D. ; Hill , Rodney F. ( 2010 ) . The Francis Ford Coppola Encyclopedia . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7651 - 4 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Von Gunden , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern Auteurs : Coppola , Lucas , De Palma , Spielberg and Scorsese . McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8995 - 0618 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Godfather Official website The Godfather on IMDb The Godfather at the American Film Institute Catalog The Godfather at Box Office Mojo The Godfather at Rotten Tomatoes The Godfather at Metacritic The Godfather Novels The Godfather The Sicilian The Godfather Returns The Godfather 's Revenge The Family Corleone Films The Godfather The Godfather Part II The Godfather Part III Video games The Godfather ( 1991 ) The Godfather ( 2006 ) The Godfather II ( 2009 ) Corleone family Vito Corleone Michael Corleone Tom Hagen Sonny Corleone Fredo Corleone Carmela Corleone Kay Adams - Corleone Connie Corleone Anthony Corleone Mary Corleone Vincent Corleone Sandra Corleone Family allies Genco Abbandando Luca Brasi Peter Clemenza Al Neri Frank Pentangeli Salvatore Tessio Family enemies Don Altobello Emilio Barzini Don Fanucci Johnny Ola Hyman Roth Louie Russo Joey Zasa Others Amerigo Bonasera Cardinal Lamberto Lucy Mancini Danny Shea Mickey Shea Billy Van Arsdale Aldo Trapani Albert Volpe Music The Godfather ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part II ( soundtrack ) The Godfather Part III ( soundtrack ) `` Speak Softly , Love '' `` Promise Me You 'll Remember '' Miscellaneous List of minor characters in The Godfather series Mario Puzo Mark Winegardner Edward Falco Five Families Corleone The Godfather Effect The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions The Godfather Saga The Last Don Omertà Book Category Francis Ford Coppola Films directed The Bellboy and the Playgirls ( 1962 ) Tonight for Sure ( 1962 ) Battle Beyond the Sun ( 1962 ) Dementia 13 ( 1963 ) You 're a Big Boy Now ( 1966 ) Finian 's Rainbow ( 1968 ) The Rain People ( 1969 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Conversation ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ; Redux , 2001 ) One from the Heart ( 1982 ) The Outsiders ( 1983 ) Rumble Fish ( 1983 ) The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) Gardens of Stone ( 1987 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) New York Stories ( segment `` Life Without Zoë '' , 1989 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Jack ( 1996 ) The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) Youth Without Youth ( 2007 ) Tetro ( 2009 ) Twixt ( 2011 ) Written only Is Paris Burning ? ( 1966 ) This Property Is Condemned ( 1966 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The Great Gatsby ( 1974 ) Produced only American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Junky 's Christmas ( 1993 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Don Juan DeMarco ( 1995 ) Lani Loa -- The Passage ( 1998 ) The Florentine ( 1999 ) The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) Enterprises American Zoetrope Zoetrope : All - Story Rubicon Estate Winery Francis Ford Coppola Presents Works by Mario Puzo Novels The Dark Arena ( 1955 ) The Fortunate Pilgrim ( 1965 ) The Runaway Summer of Davie Shaw ( 1966 ) Six Graves to Munich ( 1967 , as Mario Cleri ) The Godfather ( 1969 ) Fools Die ( 1978 ) The Sicilian ( 1984 ) The Fourth K ( 1991 ) The Last Don ( 1996 ) Omertà ( 2000 ) The Family ( 2001 , with Carol Gino ) Screenplays The Godfather ( 1972 ) Earthquake ( 1974 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Superman II ( 1980 ) The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) Christopher Columbus : The Discovery ( 1992 ) Superman II : The Richard Donner Cut ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Godfather Papers and Other Confessions ( 1972 ) Inside Las Vegas ( 1977 ) Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) VIAF : 316753502 GND : 4133657 - 4 SUDOC : 098309358 BNF : cb13751570m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Godfather&oldid=812331978 '' Categories : 1972 films English - language films American films The Godfather The Godfather films 1970s crime films American crime films BAFTA winners ( films ) Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Fictional American people of Italian descent Films based on American novels Films based on organized crime novels Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in the Bronx Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New York City Films set in Sicily Films set in the 1940s Films set in the 1950s Films shot in New York City Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Films adapted into video games Mafia films United States National Film Registry films Paramount Pictures films Films scored by Nino Rota Films directed by Francis Ford Coppola Screenplays by Francis Ford Coppola Screenplays by Mario Puzo Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from July 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 07 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the godfather in the movie the godfather	[ "\nMarlon Brando, in the title role, is Vito Corleone (born Vito Andolini), the Don of the Corleone crime family. A native Sicilian, he is married to Carmela Corleone and the father of Tom (adoptive), Sonny, Fredo, Michael, and Connie.\nAl Pacino as Michael Corleone, the Don's third son, recently returned from World War II. The only college-educated family member, he is initially steered from the family business. His progression from the family's last-born son to its ruthless boss is the main subject matter of the film.\nJames Caan as Santino \"Sonny\" Corleone, Don Corleone's hot-headed eldest son. As underboss, he is the heir-apparent to succeed his father as head of the Corleone family.\nRobert Duvall as Tom Hagen, Don Corleone's informally adopted son, he is the family lawyer and consigliere. Unlike the Corleones, he is of German-Irish descent, not Sicilian.\nDiane Keaton as Kay Adams-Corleone, Michael's non-Italian girlfriend and his second wife and mother of his two children.\nJohn Cazale as Frederico \"Fredo\" Corleone, the middle son of the Corleone family. Deeply insecure and not very bright, he is considered the weakest Corleone brother.\nTalia Shire as Constanzia \"Connie\" Corleone, the youngest child and only daughter of the Corleone family. Her wedding reception begins the film.\nGianni Russo as Carlo Rizzi, Connie's abusive husband. Introduced to the Corleone family by Sonny, whom he ultimately betrays to the Barzini family.\nRichard S. Castellano as Peter Clemenza, a caporegime for the Corleone family. He is an old friend of Vito Corleone and Salvatore Tessio.\nAbe Vigoda as Salvatore Tessio, a caporegime for the Corleone family. He is an old friend of Vito Corleone and Peter Clemenza.\nAl Lettieri as Virgil \"The Turk\" Sollozzo, a heroin dealer associated with the Tattaglia family. He seeks both financial investment and the protection of the Tattaglia family's narcotics business through Don Corleone's political connections.\nSterling Hayden as Captain Mark McCluskey, a corrupt NYPD police captain on Sollozzo's payroll.\nLenny Montana as Luca Brasi, Vito Corleone's enforcer.\nRichard Conte as Emilio Barzini, Don of the Barzini family.\nAl Martino as Johnny Fontane, a world-famous singer and Vito's godson. The character is loosely based on Frank Sinatra.\nJohn Marley as Jack Woltz, a powerful Hollywood producer.\nAlex Rocco as Moe Greene, a longtime associate of the Corleone family who owns a Las Vegas hotel. The character is based on Bugsy Siegel.\nMorgana King as Carmela Corleone, Vito's wife and mother of Sonny, Fredo, Michael, and Connie, and adoptive mother to Tom Hagen.\nSalvatore Corsitto as Amerigo Bonasera, a mortician who, in the opening scene, asks Don Corleone for revenge against two boys who severely beat and attempted to rape his daughter.\nCorrado Gaipa as Don Tommasino, an old friend of Vito Corleone, who shelters Michael during his exile in Sicily.\nFranco Citti as Calò, Michael's bodyguard in Sicily.\nAngelo Infanti as Fabrizio, Michael's bodyguard in Sicily. He helped set up the assassination attempt on Michael that kills Apollonia.\nJohnny Martino as Paulie Gatto, a soldier under Peter Clemenza and Vito's driver. He is executed for his part in the assassination attempt on Vito.\nVictor Rendina as Philip Tattaglia, Don of the Tattaglia family.\nTony Giorgio as Bruno Tattaglia, Philip Tattaglia's son and underboss of the Tattaglia family. Sonny Corleone has him assassinated in retaliation for the shooting of Vito Corleone.\nSimonetta Stefanelli as Apollonia Vitelli-Corleone, a young woman Michael meets and marries while in Sicily. She is killed a few months later in an assassination attempt on Michael.\nRudy Bond as Don Cuneo, head of the New York-based Cuneo family.\nLouis Guss as Don Zaluchi, Don of the Zaluchi family of Detroit.\nTom Rosqui as Rocco Lampone, a soldier under Clemenza who eventually becomes a caporegime in the Corleone family.\nJoe Spinell as Willi Cicci, a soldier in the Corleone family.\nRichard Bright as Al Neri, Michael Corleone's personal bodyguard and hitman who eventually becomes a caporegime.\nJulie Gregg as Sandra Corleone, Sonny's wife and later widow, and the mother of their four children.\nJeannie Linero as Lucy Mancini, Sonny's mistress.\nSofia Coppola (uncredited) as infant Michael Francis Rizzi, the nephew and godson of Michael Corleone.\n" ]	[ "Marlon Brando" ]
-5893605158004513907	FedEx Express	FedEx Express - wikipedia FedEx Express Not to be confused with the Philippine Basketball Association team that played under the `` FedEx Express '' name , now known as the Barako Bull Energy Cola . FedEx Express IATA ICAO Callsign FX FDX FEDEX Founded June 18 , 1971 ; 47 years ago ( 1971 - 06 - 18 ) ( as Federal Express ) Commenced operations April 17 , 1973 Hubs SuperHub TM : Memphis International Airport Asia Pacific : Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Kansai International Airport Incheon International Airport Shanghai Pudong International Airport Singapore Changi Airport Canada : Toronto Pearson International Airport Central / Western Europe : Cologne Bonn Airport Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport Central / Southern Europe Malpensa Airport Middle East : Dubai International Airport United States : National Hub Indianapolis International Airport Regional Hubs Fort Worth Alliance Airport Miami International Airport Newark Liberty International Airport Oakland International Airport Piedmont Triad International Airport Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Fleet size 670 Destinations 375+ Company slogan The World On Time Parent company FedEx Corporation Headquarters Memphis , Tennessee , United States Key people David Cunningham , President and CEO of Express division Website www.fedex.com FedEx Express , formerly Federal Express , is a cargo airline based in Memphis , Tennessee , United States . It is the world 's largest airline in terms of freight tons flown and the world 's ninth largest in terms of fleet size . It is a subsidiary of FedEx Corporation , delivering packages and freight to more than 375 destinations in nearly every country each day . Its headquarters are in Memphis with its global `` SuperHub '' located at Memphis International Airport . In the United States , FedEx Express has a national hub at Indianapolis International Airport . Regional hubs are located at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport , Oakland International Airport , Newark Liberty International Airport , Fort Worth Alliance Airport , Piedmont Triad International Airport , and Miami International Airport . International regional hubs are located at Paris - Charles de Gaulle Airport , Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport , Kansai International Airport , Toronto Pearson International Airport , and Cologne Bonn Airport . There are a total of 12 air hubs in the company 's worldwide network . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Rapid growth 1.3 FedEx era 1.4 Economic downturn 2 Fleet 2.1 Historical fleet 3 Personnel 4 FedEx Feeder 5 Environmental initiatives 5.1 Delivery fleet 5.2 Aircraft modernization 6 Major incidents and accidents 7 Northrop Grumman Guardian 8 Sorting Facilities 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) A former Federal Express Boeing 747 - 200F . Federal Express inherited Boeing 747 - 200s from the Flying Tiger Line after its merger . The 747s were to be exited from the fleet by 1996 . The concept for what became Federal Express came to Fred Smith in the mid-1960s , while an undergraduate student at Yale . For an economics class , he submitted a paper which argued that in modern technological society time meant money more than ever before and with the advent of miniaturized electronic circuitry , very small components had become extremely valuable . He argued that the consumer society was becoming increasingly hungry for mass - produced electronic items , but the decentralizing effect induced by these very devices gave manufacturers tremendous logistic problems in delivering the items . Smith felt that the necessary delivery speed could only be achieved by using air transport . But he believed that the U.S. air cargo system was so inflexible and bound by regulations at that time that it was completely incapable of making sufficiently fast deliveries . Plus , the U.S. air cargo industry was highly unsuited to the role . Its system depended on cooperation between companies , as interlining was often necessary to get a consignment from point A to point B , and the industry relied heavily on cargo forwarders to fill hold space and perform doorstep deliveries . In his paper , Smith proposed a new concept -- have one carrier be responsible for a piece of cargo from local pick - up right through to ultimate delivery , operating its own aircraft , depots , posting stations , and delivery vans . To ensure accurate sorting and dispatching of every item of freight , the carrier would fly it from all of its pickup stations to a central clearinghouse , from where the entire operation would be controlled . For years it has been misreported that the professor teaching the course gave the paper the grade of `` C '' , but Fred clarified in a 2004 interview that the grade is not known and the reports of a `` C '' grade were due to his response to a reporter who asked him what grade he received and his reply was , `` I do n't know , probably made my usual C . '' Despite the professor 's opinion , Smith held on to the idea . Smith founded Federal Express Corporation in 1971 in Little Rock , Arkansas , where Smith was operating Little Rock Airmotive . After a lack of support from the Little Rock National Airport , Smith moved the company to Memphis , Tennessee and Memphis International Airport in 1973 . First FedEx Express aircraft , a Dassault Falcon 20 named Wendy , on display at Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center . The company started overnight operations on April 17 , 1973 , with fourteen Dassault Falcon 20s that connected twenty - five cities in the United States . Fred Smith 's childhood friend , John Fry of Ardent Studios , sent Ardent partner Terry Manning to the Federal Express home office on Democrat Road near the Memphis Airport with the first package to be put into the system . That night , 186 packages were carried . Services included both overnight and two - day package and envelope delivery services , as well as Courier Pak . Federal Express began to market itself as `` the freight service company with 550 - mile - per - hour delivery trucks '' . However , the company began to experience financial difficulties , losing up to a million USD a month . While waiting for a flight home to Memphis from Chicago after being turned down for capital by General Dynamics , Smith impulsively hopped a flight to Las Vegas , where he won $27,000 playing blackjack . The winnings enabled the cash - strapped company to meet payroll the following Monday . `` The $27,000 was n't decisive , but it was an omen that things would get better , '' Smith says . In the end , he raised somewhere between $50 and $70 million , from twenty of the USA 's leading risk venture speculators , including such companies as the First National City Bank of New York and the Bank of America in California . At the time , Federal Express was the most highly financed new company in U.S. history , in terms of venture capital . Federal Express installed its first drop box in 1975 which allowed customers to drop off packages without going to a company local branch . In 1976 , the company became profitable with an average volume of 19,000 parcels per day . Rapid growth ( edit ) A McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 pictured in 1995 , wearing the old Federal Express livery which was used until 1994 FedEx Tyvek envelope for express mail A 1977 legislative change ( Public Law 95 - 163 ) removed restrictions on the routes operated by all - cargo airlines , and enabled Federal Express to purchase its first large aircraft : seven Boeing 727 - 100s . In 1978 , the company went public and was listed on The New York Stock Exchange . The following year it became the first shipping company to use a computer to manage packages when it launched `` COSMOS '' ( Customers , Operations and Services Master Online System ) , a centralized computer system to manage people , packages , vehicles , and weather scenarios in real time . In 1980 the company implemented `` DADS '' ( Digitally Assisted Dispatch System ) to coordinate on - call pickups for customers ; this system allows customers to schedule pickups for the same day . In 1980 , Federal Express began service to a further 90 cities in the United States . The following year the company introduced its overnight letter to compete with the U.S. Postal Service 's Express Mail , and allowed document shipping for the first time . Later in 1981 it started international operations with service to Canada , and officially opened its `` SuperHub '' at the Memphis International Airport . First FedEx van on display at the world headquarters complex in Memphis , Tennessee Federal Express ' sales topped $1 billion for the first time in 1983 . In the same year the company introduced ZapMail , a fax service that guaranteed the delivery of up to five pages in less than two hours for $35 . ZapMail would later become a huge failure for the company , costing it hundreds of millions of dollars . In 1986 , the company introduced the `` SuperTracker '' , a hand - held bar code scanner which brought parcel tracking to the shipping industry for the first time . Federal Express continued its rapid expansion in the late 1980s , and opened its hub at Newark Liberty International Airport in 1986 and at Indianapolis International Airport and Oakland International Airport in 1988 . In 1989 , the company acquired Flying Tiger Line to expand its international service , and subsequently opened a hub at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to accommodate this new , expanded service . As the volume of international shipments increased , Federal Express created Clear Electronic Customs Clearance System to expedite regulatory clearance while cargo is en route . FedEx Era ( edit ) A FedEx Express delivery truck , showing the dual branding , both `` FedEx '' and `` Federal Express '' that the company used from 1994 to 2000 In 1994 , Federal Express adopted the `` FedEx '' name , formalizing the abbreviation that until then was unofficial . Also that year , FedEx launched Fedex.com as the first transportation web site to offer online package tracking , which allowed customers to conduct business via the internet . In 1995 , the company acquired air routes from Evergreen International to start services to China , and opened an Asia and Pacific hub in Subic Bay International Airport in the Philippines . In 1997 FedEx opened its hub at Fort Worth Alliance Airport and in 1999 opened a European hub at Charles de Gaulle Airport in France . In 2000 , the company officially dropped the `` Federal Express '' name and became `` FedEx Express '' to distinguish its express shipping service from others offered by its parent company FedEx Corporation . In 2001 , FedEx Express signed a 7 - year sole source contract to transport all Express Mail and Priority Mail for the United States Postal Service . Prior to 2001 the Postal Service contracted with multiple airlines on a regional basis for these services . This contract allowed FedEx to place drop boxes at every USPS post office . In 2007 , the contract was extended until September 2013 . In 2013 FedEx Express won a new 7 - year contract for the services ending in 2020 beating out UPS which launched a competitive bid . In 2017 the Postal Service extended the 2013 contract to 2024 . The USPS continues to be the largest customer of FedEx Express . In December 2006 , FedEx Express acquired the British courier company ANC Holdings Limited for £ 120 million . The acquisition added 35 sort facilities to the FedEx network and the company introduced Newark , Memphis , and Indianapolis routes directly to UK airports instead of stopping at FedEx 's European hub at Charles de Gaulle Airport . In September 2007 , ANC was rebranded as FedEx UK . FedEx Express also acquired Flying - Cargo Hungary Kft to expand service in Eastern Europe . Economic downturn ( edit ) A DC - 10 landing at San José An Airbus A310 - 200 on approach to San José The late - 2000s recession hit parent company FedEx Corporation and its express division hard . Many companies looking for ways to save money stopped shipping or moved to cheaper alternatives , such as surface shipping . FedEx Corporation announced large network capacity reductions at FedEx Express , including retiring some of its oldest and least efficient aircraft such as the McDonnell Douglas DC - 10 and the Airbus A310 . FedEx also announced layoffs and work hour reductions at some of its hubs . In December 2008 , FedEx postponed delivery of the new Boeing 777 Freighter ; four were delivered in 2010 as previously agreed , but in 2011 , FedEx only took delivery of four , rather than the ten originally planned . The remaining aircraft were delivered in 2012 and 2013 . FedEx Express closed a hub for the first time in its history , when operations at its Asian - Pacific hub at Subic Bay International Airport in the Philippines ceased on February 6 , 2009 . The operations were transferred to Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport in southern China . FedEx Express had planned to open the new Chinese hub in December 2008 but in November 2008 , the company delayed the opening until early 2009 citing the need to fully test the new hub . On June 2 , 2009 , FedEx opened the new hub building at Piedmont Triad International Airport in Greensboro , North Carolina . FedEx announced in December 2008 , that it still intended to open the building on time , despite the bad economy . The hub 's operations would be scaled back from 1,500 employees to only 160 , the size of the previous operations at the much smaller sorting facility . FedEx gave no time line as to when the hub would be operating at expected hub levels . The hub had been delayed many years since FedEx first picked the airport to be its Mid-Atlantic U.S. hub back in 1998 . FedEx had to fight many complaints from nearby homeowners about the anticipated noise generated by its aircraft , because most of its flights take place at night . A third runway was built to accommodate the hub operation and the extra aircraft . FedEx began full hub operations at the Greensboro facility September 2 , 2018 . On October 27 , 2010 , FedEx opened its Central and Eastern European hub at Cologne Bonn Airport . The hub features a fully automated sorting system that can process up to 18,000 packages per hour . The roof of the hub features FedEx 's largest solar power installation , producing 800,000 kilowatt hours per year . Fleet ( edit ) As of October 2018 , the FedEx Express fleet consists of the following aircraft : FedEx Express fleet Aircraft In service Orders Options Notes Airbus A300 - 600RF 68 -- -- Older aircraft to be retired and replaced by Boeing 767 - 300F Airbus A310 - 300F 5 -- -- To be phased out Boeing 757 - 200SF 119 -- -- Boeing 767 - 300ERF 64 58 38 Deliveries through 2023 . Replacing Airbus A300 - 600F , A310 - 300 , and MD - 10 Boeing 777F 36 25 -- Additional aircraft to be delivered between 2018 and 2023 McDonnell Douglas MD - 10 - 10F 23 -- -- To be phased out To be replaced by Boeing 767 - 300F and Boeing 777F . McDonnell Douglas MD - 10 - 30F 13 -- -- McDonnell Douglas MD - 11F 57 -- -- Older aircraft to be retired . Total 385 83 38 FedEx Contracted Feeder Fleet ATR 42 - 300F 25 -- -- ATR 72 - 200F 21 -- -- ATR 72 - 600F -- 30 20 Launch customer Deliveries begin in 2020 Cessna 408 SkyCourier -- 50 50 Deliveries begin in 2020 Cessna 208B Super Cargomaster 239 -- -- Total 285 80 70 FedEx Express MD - 11F landing at Frankfurt Airport Note : `` SF '' stands for Special Freighter aircraft , while `` ERF '' stands for Extended Range Freighter . FedEx Express operates the world 's largest cargo air fleet with over 650 aircraft , and is the largest operator of the Airbus A300 , ATR 42 , Cessna 208 , McDonnell Douglas DC - 10 / MD - 10 , and the McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 . The company took delivery of the last Boeing 727 built in September 1984 and the last A300 / A310 built in July 2007 . To be able to respond to changing freight demand quickly ( i.e. more cargo that can fit on an aircraft ) , or to prevent cargo from being stranded on aircraft grounded with mechanical problems , FedEx Express tends to keep a number of empty or underloaded aircraft ( usually five ) in the air during the overnight to `` sweep '' the US . In 2007 , FedEx revealed plans to acquire 90 Boeing 757 - 200s . Because production ended in 2005 , FedEx was left with no choice but to acquire secondhand aircraft from other airlines to replace its aging Boeing 727 fleet , at a cost of US $2.6 billion . The 757 's debut for revenue service was on May 28 , 2008 . The last Boeing 727 was retired on June 21 , 2013 , after 35 years of service with FedEx . FedEx Express was scheduled to be the launch airline for the Airbus A380 freighter , having ordered ten for delivery between 2008 and 2011 with options on ten more . The company had planned to introduce the first aircraft into service in August 2008 for use on routes between hubs in the United States and Asia . Faced with A380 delays of more than two years , FedEx canceled these orders and replaced them with an order for 15 Boeing 777 Fs with an option for 15 more , to be delivered from 2009 through 2011 . FedEx has said that Airbus will allow it to transfer its nonrefundable deposits to purchases of future aircraft , and has stated it may consider the A380F when the A380 program is less affected by construction delays . In December 2008 , FedEx postponed delivery of some of the 777s : four were to be delivered in 2010 as previously agreed , and four more in 2011 , rather than the 10 originally planned . Delivery of the remaining aircraft was postponed to 2012 and 2013 . In January 2009 , FedEx exercised its options to buy 15 more 777 freighters and acquired options for a further 15 . On December 15 , 2011 , FedEx announced an order for 27 Boeing 767 - 300Fs to replace its MD - 10 aircraft . The 767s will be delivered between 2014 and 2018 , with three aircraft being delivered in 2014 , and with six aircraft delivered each year between 2015 and 2018 . The airline also delayed deliveries of eleven Boeing 777 freighters currently on order , but converted two options to firm orders . On July 2 , 2012 , FedEx announced an order for an additional 15 Boeing 767 - 300 freighters to replace its MD - 10 and A310 - 200 aircraft . As part of this announcement , it converted four of its Boeing 777 freighter order to 767 - 300Fs , for a total of 19 new 767s . The first Boeing 767 - 300F was delivered to the airline on September 4 , 2013 . With one of the world 's largest aircraft fleets , FedEx Express is the largest contributor to the United States Civil Reserve Air Fleet in terms of aircraft pledged . The first Dassault Falcon 20C delivered to FedEx ( operated with the registration N8FE ) is on display at the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum at the Smithsonian Institution . Historical fleet ( edit ) Aircraft Entered Service Retired Replaced By Remarks Dassault Falcon 20 1973 Unknown Boeing 727 Boeing 727 1977 2013 Boeing 757 - 200SF Many donated to various flight schools and aviation academies . Boeing 747 - 200F 1989 None Acquired during Flying Tiger Line merger Douglas DC - 8 - 73 1989 1991 None Acquired during Flying Tiger Line merger Personnel ( edit ) As of 2015 , company pilots were organized under the Air Line Pilots Association . FedEx Feeder ( edit ) An ATR 42 -- 300 operated by ASL Airlines on arrival into Rome - Fiumicino Airport FedEx Feeder is the branding applied to all FedEx Express propeller - driven aircraft that feed packages to and from airports served by larger jet aircraft . In the United States ( along with Morningstar Air Express in Canada ) , FedEx Express operates FedEx Feeder ( and for Morningstar , mainline FedEx service ) on a dry lease program where the contractor will lease the aircraft from the FedEx fleet and provide a crew to operate the aircraft solely for FedEx . All of the feeder aircraft operated in the United States , plus the Morningstar feeder and mainline fleet , are owned by FedEx and because of this all of the aircraft are in the FedEx Feeder livery ( or in the case of Morningstar 's mainline fleet , standard FedEx Express livery ) . Just like regional airlines , the contractor operates the aircraft with its own flight number and call sign . Outside the United States ( except for Morningstar Air Express ) , the contractor will supply its own aircraft , which may or may not be in the FedEx Feeder livery . Depending on the arrangement with FedEx , the contractor may be able to carry cargo for other companies with the FedEx cargo . List of contract carriers : ASL Airlines Ireland ( Largest contractor , European partner ) Baron Aviation Services Cargojet Airways Carson Air ( regional routes in Western Canada ) Corporate Air CSA Air Empire Airlines Merlin Airways Morningstar Air Express -- Also operates mainline FedEx service within Canada Mountain Air Cargo Solinair Swiftair West Air Inc . Wiggins Airways Environmental initiatives ( edit ) Delivery fleet ( edit ) Navistar eStar all - electric van in Los Angeles in 2010 . The EV was manufactured in the U.S. under license from Modec . In 2003 , FedEx Express introduced hybrid electric / diesel trucks into its fleet . At the time the company had hoped to replace its entire 30,000 W700 delivery truck fleet with the hybrid , but in June 2009 only 170 were on the road . Ninety - three of these operated in the United States in New York , Tampa , Sacramento , and Washington , D.C. ; while the rest operated in Tokyo , Toronto , and Turin . FedEx blamed the low number on a lack of investment from other major companies in hybrid technology . It had hoped that other companies would order hybrid trucks , and that tax credits would be issued by the United States government to reduce the cost . FedEx claimed that the hybrid truck in the 2003 test decreased soot by 96 percent and emissions by 65 percent . It also claimed that the truck achieved more than 50 % better fuel consumption while still having the same cargo capacity as a conventional truck . In 2009 , FedEx Express partnered with Iveco and started a new test program of hybrid electric / diesel vans . The test program consisted of ten hybrid vans deployed in the Italian cities of Milan and Turin . FedEx claimed the new vans would have a 26.5 % reduction in fuel consumption and a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions of 7.5 tons when compared to FedEx 's standard vehicle . The trial was set to conclude in May 2010 and FedEx would then evaluate if the vans should be deployed on a larger scale . In July 2009 , FedEx Express partnered with Freightliner and Eaton Corporation to convert 92 delivery trucks into hybrids . The conversions boosted FedEx 's fleet of hybrid - electric vehicles by more than 50 percent to 264 . The trucks were placed into service in California , in Los Angeles , San Diego and San Francisco . In November 2009 , FedEx Express purchased 51 gasoline - electric hybrid vehicles from Azure Dynamics , to be put into service in The Bronx , New York City . The Bronx became FedEx 's first all hybrid station . The addition would bring FedEx Express ' fleet of hybrid electric and electric vehicles to 325 . Aircraft modernization ( edit ) A Boeing 727 -- 200 in Portland , Maine FedEx Express has set a goal of getting 30 percent of its jet fuel from petroleum alternatives by 2030 . FedEx phased out its last Boeing 727s in 2013 replacing them with Boeing 757s ; the airline says the 757s are 47 percent more fuel - efficient . FedEx will eventually switch from MD - 11s to Boeing 777s for its long - range , international routes , freeing up the MD - 11 fleet to fly shorter routes currently flown by the DC - 10 . Major incidents and accidents ( edit ) Over the history of Federal Express and FedEx Express , there have been eight incidents in its mainline fleet , plus an attempted hijacking , two deaths and eight aircraft hull losses . This table only lists mainline fleet crashes that happened under FedEx Express ' direct operations , and does not list either crashes related to the FedEx Feeder fleet , or incidents or accidents associated with the Flying Tiger Line after its acquisition by Federal Express until its operations were fully merged with Federal Express . Flight number Date Registration Aircraft type Occupants / Fatalities Details 705 1994 - 04 - 07 N306FE McDonnell Douglas DC - 10 - 30 4 / 0 Auburn Calloway , a Federal Express pilot ( and former military pilot ) facing possible termination for inconsistencies in his claimed prior experience , attempted to hijack the aircraft and crash it . He intended to make the crash appear as an accident in order for his family to receive his Federal Express insurance money . The crew of Flight 705 were able to subdue Calloway and land the aircraft safely . The crew 's injuries disabled them from flying professionally ever again . Calloway was eventually sentenced to two life sentences in prison . 1406 1996 - 09 - 05 N68055 McDonnell Douglas DC - 10 - 10 5 / 0 Bound for Logan International Airport , the aircraft experienced an in - flight fire in the cabin cargo compartment , and diverted to Stewart International Airport in Newburgh , New York to make an emergency landing . After landing , the fire consumed the aircraft . 14 1997 - 07 - 31 N611FE McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 5 / 0 Arriving at Newark Liberty International Airport from Anchorage International Airport at the end of a scheduled flight , the number 3 ( right - side ) engine contacted the runway during a rough landing which caused the aircraft to flip over . The crew escaped through a cockpit window before the aircraft was destroyed in the ensuing fire . 87 1999 - 10 - 17 N581FE McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 2 / 0 Upon landing at Subic Bay International Airport from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport , the aircraft overran the whole length of the runway and plunged into the bay where it was completely submerged . It was subsequently written off . 1478 2002 - 07 - 26 N497FE Boeing 727 - 232 3 / 0 On final approach to Tallahassee Regional Airport from Memphis International Airport , the aircraft 's landing gear hit a tree about 70 feet ( 21 m ) high and 3,650 feet ( 1,110 m ) short of the runway which caused it to crash into the trees and open field short of the runway into parked construction vehicles , with it rotated 260 degrees from the runway . The aircraft was destroyed in the ensuing fire . 647 2003 - 12 - 18 N364FE McDonnell Douglas MD - 10 - 10 7 / 0 After landing at Memphis International Airport from Metropolitan Oakland International Airport , the right main landing gear collapsed and caused the aircraft to veer off the runway . The aircraft was destroyed in the subsequent fire . 630 2006 - 07 - 28 N391FE McDonnell Douglas MD - 10 - 10 3 / 0 After landing at Memphis International Airport following a flight from Seattle - Tacoma International Airport , the left main landing gear collapsed . Following the landing gear failure , the number 1 ( left - side ) engine contacted the runway and caused a small fire and structural damage to the aircraft . The aircraft was written off . N / A 2008 - 05 - 08 N904FX N905FX ATR 42 - 320 ( both aircraft ) 0 / 0 These two aircraft were written off after they suffered substantial damage at Piedmont Triad International Airport when the airport was hit by a tornado . Both aircraft were parked when they were struck by the tornado ; one aircraft was blown into a ditch and the other was blown into a fence . 80 2009 - 03 - 23 N526FE McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 2 / 2 The first fatal accident in the mainline history of FedEx Express , this aircraft suffered multiple bounced landings on its nose before crashing at Narita International Airport while landing in windy conditions . The aircraft touched down and bounced on its nose gear back into the air , coming down again on its nose gear before bouncing back up . The nose gear impacted one final time before the aircraft banked to the left and the wing clipped the ground . The aircraft burst into flames and came to rest upside down , killing both the captain and first officer , the only occupants . 910 2016 - 10 - 28 N370FE McDonnell Douglas MD - 10 - 10 2 / 0 Upon landing on Runway 10L at Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport , the left engine caught fire on the landing roll . The port side gear then collapsed during the fire approximately 6600 feet down the runway . Northrop Grumman Guardian ( edit ) A McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 during a test flight of the Guardian , which can be seen mounted to the belly aft of the wings . In 2003 FedEx Express partnered with the Department of Homeland Security and Northrop Grumman to develop and flight test an anti-missile system , the Northrop Grumman Guardian . It is intended that this system could be deployed on commercial airliners to protect them from terrorist attacks such as the 2003 Baghdad DHL attempted shootdown incident . FedEx supplied an MD - 11 and a leased 747 for the flight test phase . FedEx Express became the first air carrier to deploy the Guardian on a commercial flight in September , 2006 , when it equipped an MD - 10 freighter with the pod . The company currently has nine aircraft equipped with the system for further testing and evaluation . Because of the program 's success , the U.S. Congress directed DHS to extend it to passenger - carrying aircraft . Sorting Facilities ( edit ) Memphis , TN - World Super Hub Indianapolis , IN - National Hub Anchorage , AK / Ted Stevens Oakland , CA - West Coast Hub Newark , NJ / Liberty Ft Worth , TX / Alliance Miami , FL - Latin America Hub Greensboro , NC / Piedmont Triad - MidAtlantic Hub - Paris , France / Charles de Gaulle - European Hub Toronto / Pearson International Airport - Canadian Hub Guangzhou , China / Baiyun Shanghai , China / Pudong Osaka , Japan - North Pacific Regional Hub Cologne , Germany / Cologne - Bonn London , UK / Stansted - UK Hub Dubai , UAE - Middle East Hub Singapore - South Pacific Hub Taipei , Taiwan See also ( edit ) Tennessee portal Companies portal Aviation portal Air transportation in the United States Aviation DHL Aviation FedEx Corporation List of airlines of the United States List of airports in the United States List of companies of the United States TNT Airways Transportation in the United States UPS Airlines USPS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FedEx Opens North Pacific Regional Hub at Kansai International Airport '' . newswit.com. 3 July 2014 . 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Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx to maintain standby operations in Subic until April '' . GMA Network . February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx closing hub in Philippines , moving to China '' . Xinhua . February 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ PTIA Greensboro Airport Construction Projects Archived March 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` FedEx Inaugurates New Solar - Powered Hub at Cologne Bonn Airport FedEx Global Newsroom '' . News.Van.FedEx.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://s1.q4cdn.com/714383399/files/doc_downloads/statistical/2018/FedEx-Q1-FY18-Stat-Book.pdf Jump up ^ `` FedEx Express Plans to Acquire 50 Additional Boeing 767 - 300F Aircraft '' . investors.fedex.com . Jump up ^ Ba ( Nyse ) . `` ( Customer Reports - FedEx ) '' . Boeing.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing : Commercial '' . www.boeing.com . 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'' The New Republic , Post date Friday August 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ Flexible as FedEx - Shipper 's agility in meeting challenges points the way for U.S. economy Archived 2015 - 04 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , New York Times News Service , Post date October 13 , 2005 Jump up ^ `` FedEx to spend $2.6 billion to replace its fleet of 727s '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ with Ben Mutzabaugh ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` FedEx Cancels Its Airbus A380 Order '' . Blogs.usatoday.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rigby , Bill ( January 12 , 2009 ) . `` UPDATE 1 - FedEx buys more Boeing freighters , defers deliveries '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Ranson , Lori ( 15 December 2011 ) . `` FedEx signs on for 27 767 - 300Fs '' . Flightglobal . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing , FedEx Announce Order for 767 and 777 Freighters '' . Boeing . 15 December 2011 . 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Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N611FE ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident description ( FedEx Express Flight 14 ) '' . Aviation-safety.net . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N581FE ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident description ( FedEx Express Flight 87 ) '' . Aviation-safety.net . October 17 , 1999 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N497FE ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident description ( FedEx Express Flight 1478 ) '' . Aviation-safety.net . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Accident Photo : FedEx Flight 1478 ( 2 ) '' . AirDisaster.Com . July 26 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N364FE ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ `` Hard Landing , Gear Collapse , Federal Express Flight 647 , Boeing MD - 10 - 10F , N364FE , Memphis , Tennessee , December 18 , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N391FE ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ `` ASN Aircraft accident description ( FedEx Express Flight 647 ) '' . Aviation-safety.net . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N904FX ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N905FX ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Operator index > United States of America > FedEx '' . Aviation-safety.net . November 28 , 2004 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N526FE ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ `` Cargo plane crash lands in Japan '' . BBC News . March 23 , 2009 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAA Registry ( N370FE ) '' . Federal Aviation Administration . Jump up ^ `` Accident : Fedex MD10 at Fort Lauderdale on Oct 28th 2016 , main gear collapse on landing , aircraft on fire '' . AVHerald . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doyle , John M. ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` FedEx To Fly Counter Manpads - Equipped MD - 10 '' . Aviation Week & Space Technology . Retrieved October 29 , 2007 . Note that only the first of two pages has been preserved in the archive.org record . Jump up ^ Doyle , John M. ( 18 September 2006 ) . `` FedEx To Fly Counter Manpads - Equipped MD - 10 '' . Aviation Week & Space Technology . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The Department of Homeland Security C - MANPADS Program '' , Northrop Grumman Archived December 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Northrop Grumman -- Article Four Archived December 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Terdiman , Daniel . `` Welcome to ' the Matrix ' : At FedEx 's sorting hub , 1 night , 1.5 M packages '' . Cnet . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mann Jr. , Joseph A. `` FedEx Express has Miami hub , Americas reach '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx Express opens mammoth Shanghai hub , touts improved Asia linkage '' . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx Express opens hub facilities in Japan and Mexico '' . Post & Parcel . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx Opens New Facility In Abu Dhabi 's Airport '' . Gulf Business . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FedEx Express . FedEx FedEx Express Facts FedEx Corporation Established 1971 Founder Frederick W. 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8786236179101403948	Battle of the Bulge	Battle of the Bulge - Wikipedia Battle of the Bulge This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Battle of the Bulge ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the 1940 German Army Group A Ardennes offensive in the Battle of France . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle of the Bulge Part of the Western Front of World War II American soldiers of the 117th Infantry Regiment , Tennessee National Guard , part of the 30th Infantry Division , move past a destroyed American M5A1 `` Stuart '' tank on their march to recapture the town of St. Vith during the Battle of the Bulge , January 1945 . Date 16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945 Location The Ardennes : Belgium , Luxembourg , Germany Result Allied victory Western Allied offensive plans delayed by five or six weeks German offensive exhausts their resources on Western Front . German collapse opens way for Allies to ultimately break Siegfried Line Soviet offensive in Poland launched on 12 January 1945 , eight days earlier than originally intended . Belligerents United Kingdom United States France Canada Belgium Luxembourg Germany Commanders and leaders Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Supreme Allied Commander ) Bernard Montgomery ( 21st Army Group , First U.S. Army , Ninth U.S. Army ) Omar Bradley ( 12th U.S. Army Group ) Courtney Hodges ( First U.S. Army ) George S. Patton ( Third U.S. Army ) Adolf Hitler ( Leader and Chancellor ) Walter Model ( Army Group B) Gerd von Rundstedt ( OB West ) Hasso von Manteuffel ( 5th Panzer Army ) Sepp Dietrich ( 6th Panzer Army ) Erich Brandenberger ( 7th Army ) Units involved 12th Army Group 1st Army 3rd Army 21st Army Group Army Group B 5th Panzer Army 6th Panzer Army 7th Army Strength December 16 228,741 men 483 tanks 499 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,921 other AFVs 971 anti-tank and artillery pieces 6 infantry divisions 2 armored divisions December 24 ~ 541,000 men 1,616 tanks 1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns 5,352 other AFVs 2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces 15 infantry divisions 6 armored divisions 1 armored brigade January 2 ~ 705,000 men 2,409 tanks 1,970 tank destroyers and assault guns 7,769 other AFVs 3,305 anti-tank and artillery pieces 22 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 2 armored brigades January 16 700,520 men 2,428 tanks 1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns 7,079 other AFVs 3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces 22 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 2 armored brigades December 16 406,342 men 557 tanks 667 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,261 other AFVs 4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces 13 infantry divisions 7 armored divisions 1 brigade : 1 brigade December 24 ~ 449,000 men 423 tanks 608 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,496 other AFVs 4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces 16 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 1 armored brigade 2 infantry brigades January 2 ~ 401,000 men 287 tanks 462 tank destroyers and assault guns 1,090 other AFVs 3,396 anti-tank and artillery pieces 15 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 1 armored brigade 2 infantry brigades January 16 383,016 men 216 tanks 414 tank destroyers and assault guns 907 other AFVs 3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces 16 infantry divisions 8 armored divisions 2 infantry brigades Casualties and losses American 89,500 -- 105,102 19,000 to 19,246 killed , 47,500 to 60,050 wounded , 23,000 to 25,806 captured or missing 1,500 tanks , tank destroyers and self - propelled guns destroyed 450 armored cars lost . Majority combat losses . ~ 1,000 aircraft lost , over 647 in December and 353 during Unternehmen Bodenplatte British 1,408 ( 200 killed , 969 wounded , and 239 missing ) German 65,685 63,222 -- 125,000 casualties ( includes killed , wounded , missing , captured ) 554 tanks , tank destroyers and assault guns lost , great majority operational losses ( abandoned or destroyed by own tank crews ) and just about 1 / 5 combat losses ( destroyed ) ~ 800 aircraft lost , at least 500 in December and 280 during Unternehmen Bodenplatte Approximately 3,000 civilians killed Battle of the Bulge Prelude Vianden Kesternich Wehlerscheid Initial German assault Losheim Gap Clervaux Lanzerath Ridge Malmedy Greif Allied defense and counteroffensive Elsenborn Ridge St. Vith Bastogne Bure German counterattack Bodenplatte Nordwind Background German forces Order of battle West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland German bombing of Rotterdam Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany Strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic Map showing the swelling of `` the Bulge '' as the German offensive progressed creating the nose - like salient during 16 -- 25 December 1944 . Front line , 16 December Front line , 20 December Front line , 25 December Allied movements German movements The Battle of the Bulge ( 16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945 ) was the last major German offensive campaign on the Western Front during World War II . It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in eastern Belgium , northeast France , and Luxembourg , towards the end of World War II . The surprise attack caught the Allied forces completely off guard . American forces bore the brunt of the attack and incurred their highest casualties of any operation during the war . The battle also severely depleted Germany 's armored forces , and they were largely unable to replace them . German personnel and , later , Luftwaffe aircraft ( in the concluding stages of the engagement ) also sustained heavy losses . The Germans officially referred to the offensive as Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ( `` Operation Watch on the Rhine '' ) , while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive . The phrase `` Battle of the Bulge '' was coined by contemporary press to describe the bulge in German front lines on wartime news maps , and it became the most widely used name for the battle . The German offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian port of Antwerp and to split the Allied lines , allowing the Germans to encircle and destroy four Allied armies and force the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis powers ' favor . Once that was accomplished , the German dictator Adolf Hitler believed he could fully concentrate on the Soviets on the Eastern Front . The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy , with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness . Intercepted German communications indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies . The Germans achieved total surprise on the morning of 16 December 1944 , due to a combination of Allied overconfidence , preoccupation with Allied offensive plans , and poor aerial reconnaissance . The Germans attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line , taking advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies ' overwhelmingly superior air forces . Fierce resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive , around Elsenborn Ridge , and in the south , around Bastogne , blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west that they counted on for success . Columns of armor and infantry that were supposed to advance along parallel routes found themselves on the same roads . This , and terrain that favored the defenders , threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops . Improved weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines , which sealed the failure of the offensive . In the wake of the defeat , many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment , as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line . The Germans ' initial attack involved 410,000 men ; just over 1,400 tanks , tank destroyers , and assault guns ; 2,600 artillery pieces ; 1,600 anti-tank guns ; and over 1,000 combat aircraft , as well as large numbers of other AFVs . These were reinforced a couple of weeks later , bringing the offensive 's total strength to around 450,000 troops , and 1,500 tanks and assault guns . Between 63,222 and 125,000 of their men were killed , missing , or wounded in action . For the Americans , out of 610,000 troops involved in the battle , 89,000 were casualties . While some sources report that up to 19,000 were killed , Eisenhower 's personnel chief put the number at about 8,600 . British historian Antony Beevor reports the number killed as 8,407 . It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Allied supply issues 1.2 German plans 1.3 Drafting the offensive 1.4 Operation names 1.5 Planning 2 Initial German assault 3 Attack on the northern shoulder 3.1 Best German divisions assigned 3.2 German forces held up 3.3 Malmedy massacre 3.4 Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast 3.5 Wereth 11 3.6 Germans advance west 3.7 German advance halted 3.8 Outcome 3.9 Operation Stösser 3.10 Chenogne massacre 4 Attack in the center 4.1 Battle for St. Vith 4.2 Meuse River bridges 4.3 Operation Greif and Operation Währung 5 Attack in the south 5.1 Siege of Bastogne 6 Allied counteroffensive 7 German counterattack 7.1 Allies prevail 8 Force comparisons by date 9 Strategy and leadership 9.1 Hitler 's chosen few 9.2 Allied high - command controversy 9.3 Montgomery 's actions 10 Casualties 11 Result 12 Media attention 13 Battle credit 14 In popular culture 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 Further reading 20 External links Background ( edit ) After the breakout from Normandy at the end of July 1944 and the Allied landings in southern France on 15 August 1944 , the Allies advanced toward Germany more quickly than anticipated . The Allies were faced with several military logistics issues : troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat supply lines were stretched extremely thin supplies were dangerously depleted . General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( the Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front ) and his staff chose to hold the Ardennes region which was occupied by the U.S. First Army . The Allies chose to defend the Ardennes with as few troops as possible due to the favorable terrain ( a densely wooded highland with deep river valleys and a rather thin road network ) and limited Allied operational objectives in the area . They also had intelligence that the Wehrmacht was using the area across the German border as a rest - and - refit area for its troops . Allied supply issues ( edit ) The speed of the Allied advance coupled with an initial lack of deep - water ports presented the Allies with enormous supply problems . Over-the - beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas and direct landing LSTs on the beaches were unable to meet operational needs . The only deep - water port the Allies had captured was Cherbourg on the northern shore of the Cotentin peninsula and west of the original invasion beaches , but the Germans had thoroughly wrecked and mined the harbor before it could be taken . It took many months to rebuild its cargo - handling capability . The Allies captured the port of Antwerp intact in the first days of September , but it was not operational until 28 November . The estuary of the Schelde river ( also called Scheldt ) that controlled access to the port had to be cleared of both German troops and naval mines . The limitations led to differences between General Eisenhower and Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery , commander of the Anglo - Canadian 21st Army Group , over whether Montgomery or Lieutenant General Omar Bradley , commanding the U.S. 12th Army Group , in the south would get priority access to supplies . German forces remained in control of several major ports on the English Channel coast until May 1945 . The Allies ' efforts to destroy the French railway system prior to D - Day , successful in hampering German response to the invasion , proved equally restrictive to the Allies . It took time to repair the rail network 's tracks and bridges . A trucking system nicknamed the Red Ball Express brought supplies to front - line troops , but used up five times as much fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border as was delivered . By early October , the Allies had suspended major offensives to improve their supply lines and availability . Montgomery and Bradley both pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their respective armies so they could continue their individual lines of advance and maintain pressure on the Germans while Eisenhower preferred a broad - front strategy . He gave some priority to Montgomery 's northern forces . This had the short - term goal of opening the urgently needed port of Antwerp and the long - term goal of capturing the Ruhr area , the biggest industrial area of Germany . With the Allies stalled , German Generalfeldmarschall ( Field Marshal ) Gerd von Rundstedt was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a coherent defence . Field Marshal Montgomery 's Operation Market Garden achieved only some of its objectives , while its territorial gains left the Allied supply situation stretched further than before . In October , the First Canadian Army fought the Battle of the Scheldt , opening the port of Antwerp to shipping . As a result , by the end of October the supply situation had eased somewhat . German plans ( edit ) Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles , the German situation remained dire . While operations continued in the autumn , notably the Lorraine Campaign , the Battle of Aachen and fighting in the Hürtgen Forest , the strategic situation in the west had changed little . The Allies were slowly pushing towards Germany , but no decisive breakthrough was achieved . The Western Allies already had 96 divisions at or near the front , with an estimated ten more divisions en route from the United Kingdom . Additional Allied airborne units remained in England . The Germans could field a total of 55 understrength divisions . Adolf Hitler first officially outlined his surprise counter-offensive to his astonished generals on September 16 , 1944 . The assault 's ambitious goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with Army Group B ( Model ) by the end of the first day , get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day , reach the Meuse between Liège and Dinant by the third day , and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Scheldt estuary by the fourth day . Hitler initially promised his generals a total of 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions `` for planning purposes . '' The plan was to pull 13 infantry divisions , two parachute divisions and six panzer - type divisions from the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht combined German military strategic reserve . On the Eastern Front , the Soviets ' Operation Bagration during the summer had destroyed much of Germany 's Army Group Center ( Heeresgruppe Mitte ) . The extremely swift operation ended only when the advancing Soviet Red Army forces outran their supplies . By November , it was clear that Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive . Meanwhile , the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the Luftwaffe , leaving the German Army with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies . The converse was equally damaging ; daytime movement of German forces was rapidly noticed , and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the Romanian oil fields starved Germany of oil and gasoline . This fuel shortage intensified after the Soviets overran those fields in the course of their August 1944 Jassy - Kishinev Offensive . One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe . Their front lines in the west had been considerably shortened by the Allied offensive and were much closer to the German heartland . This drastically reduced their supply problems despite Allied control of the air . Additionally , their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications , which lessened the effectiveness of Allied Ultra intercepts . Nevertheless , some 40 -- 50 messages per day were decrypted by Ultra . They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces and a term used in an intercepted Luftwaffe message -- Jägeraufmarsch ( literally `` Hunter Deployment '' ) -- implied preparation for an offensive operation . Ultra also picked up communiqués regarding extensive rail and road movements in the region , as well as orders that movements should be made on time . Drafting the offensive ( edit ) Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to mount one major offensive . Although he realized nothing significant could be accomplished in the Eastern Front , he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies , whom he considered militarily inferior to the Red Army , would have some chances of success . Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and compel the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace , independent of the Soviet Union . Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons ( such as jet aircraft , new U-boat designs and super-heavy tanks ) and permit the concentration of forces in the east . After the war ended , this assessment was generally viewed as unrealistic , given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and their ability to continually disrupt German offensive operations . Given the reduced manpower of their land forces at the time , the Germans believed the best way to seize the initiative would be to attack in the West against the smaller Allied forces rather than against the vast Soviet armies . Even the encirclement and destruction of multiple Soviet armies , as in 1941 , would still have left the Soviets with a numerical superiority . Hitler 's plan called for a classic Blitzkrieg attack through the weakly defended Ardennes , mirroring the successful German offensive there during the Battle of France in 1940 -- aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S. -- British lines and capturing Antwerp . The plan banked on unfavorable weather , including heavy fog and low - lying clouds , which would minimize the Allied air advantage . Hitler originally set the offensive for late November , before the anticipated start of the Russian winter offensive . The disputes between Montgomery and Bradley were well known , and Hitler hoped he could exploit this disunity . If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp , four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines . Several senior German military officers , including Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model and Gerd von Rundstedt , expressed concern as to whether the goals of the offensive could be realized . Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious , given Germany 's scarce resources in late 1944 . At the same time , they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture ( as had been the case since Normandy ) would only delay defeat , not avert it . They thus developed alternative , less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the Meuse River ( in German and Dutch : Maas ) ; Model 's being Unternehmen Herbstnebel ( Operation Autumn Mist ) and von Rundstedt 's Fall Martin ( `` Plan Martin '' ) . The two field marshals combined their plans to present a joint `` small solution '' to Hitler . When they offered their alternative plans , Hitler would not listen . Rundstedt later testified that while he recognized the merit of Hitler 's operational plan , he saw from the very first that `` all , absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking . '' Model , commander of German Army Group B ( Heeresgruppe B ) , and von Rundstedt , overall commander of the German Army Command in the West ( OB West ) , were put in charge of carrying out the operation . In the west supply problems began significantly to impede Allied operations , even though the opening of the port of Antwerp in late November improved the situation somewhat . The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands . German planning for the counteroffensive rested on the premise that a successful strike against thinly manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front . Operation names ( edit ) The Wehrmacht 's code name for the offensive was Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein ( `` Operation Watch on the Rhine '' ) , after the German patriotic hymn Die Wacht am Rhein , a name that deceptively implied the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture along the Western Front . The Germans also referred to it as `` Ardennenoffensive '' ( Ardennes Offensive ) and Rundstedt - Offensive , both names being generally used nowadays in modern Germany . The French ( and Belgian ) name for the operation is Bataille des Ardennes ( Battle of the Ardennes ) . The battle was militarily defined by the Allies as the Ardennes Counteroffensive , which included the German drive and the American effort to contain and later defeat it . The phrase Battle of the Bulge was coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps . While the Ardennes Counteroffensive is the correct term in Allied military language , the official Ardennes - Alsace campaign reached beyond the Ardennes battle region , and the most popular description in English speaking countries remains simply the Battle of the Bulge . Planning ( edit ) Main article : Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive See also : Battle of the Bulge order of battle Wikisource has original text related to this article : Planning the Counteroffensive Wikisource has original text related to this article : Troops and Terrain Wikisource has original text related to this article : Preparations The German plan . The OKW decided by mid-September , at Hitler 's insistence , that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes , as was done in 1940 . In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy , but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself . The main forces were to advance westward to the Meuse River , then turn northwest for Antwerp and Brussels . The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult , though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast . Four armies were selected for the operation . Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted . The lead role in the attack was given to 6th Panzer Army , commanded by SS - Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich . It included the most experienced formation of the Waffen - SS : the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler . It also contained the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend . They were given priority for supply and equipment and assigned the shortest route to the primary objective of the offensive , Antwerp , starting from the northernmost point on the intended battlefront , nearest the important road network hub of Monschau . The Fifth Panzer Army under General Hasso von Manteuffel was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels . The Seventh Army , under General Erich Brandenberger , was assigned to the southernmost sector , near the Luxembourgish city of Echternach , with the task of protecting the flank . This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions , with no large - scale armored formations to use as a spearhead unit . As a result , they made little progress throughout the battle . Also participating in a secondary role was the Fifteenth Army , under General Gustav - Adolf von Zangen . Recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden , it was located on the far north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place , with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions . For the offensive to be successful , four criteria were deemed critical : the attack had to be a complete surprise ; the weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied air superiority and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines ; the progress had to be rapid -- the Meuse River , halfway to Antwerp , had to be reached by day 4 ; and Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the combined Wehrmacht forces were short on fuel . The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one - third to one - half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions . The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions , including a dozen panzer and Panzergrenadier divisions forming the armored spearhead and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded . By this time the German Army suffered from an acute manpower shortage , and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions . Although it retained most of its armor , there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the East . These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army . Among them were Volksgrenadier ( `` People 's Grenadier '' ) units formed from a mix of battle - hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young , too old or too frail to fight . Training time , equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations . German fuel supplies were precarious -- those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse - drawn to conserve fuel , and the mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel . As a result , the start of the offensive was delayed from 27 November to 16 December . Before the offensive the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement . During the liberation of France , the extensive network of the French resistance had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions . Once they reached the German border , this source dried up . In France , orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the Enigma machine , and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied code - breakers headquartered at Bletchley Park , to give the intelligence known as Ultra . In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and teleprinter , and a special radio silence order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive . The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks . The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from correctly assessing the ground situation . German units assembling in the area were even issued charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers deducing a troop buildup was underway . For these reasons Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector , relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war . What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what the Germans wanted them to believe - -- that preparations were being carried out only for defensive , not offensive , operations . The Allies relied too much on Ultra , not human reconnaissance . In fact , because of the Germans ' efforts , the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around Düsseldorf in the northern Rhineland , possibly to defend against British attack . This was done by increasing the number of flak ( Flugabwehrkanonen , i.e. , anti-aircraft cannons ) in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area . The Allies at this point thought the information was of no importance . All of this meant that the attack , when it came , completely surprised the Allied forces . Remarkably , the U.S. Third Army intelligence chief , Colonel Oscar Koch , the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer Brigadier General Kenneth Strong all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U.S. VIII Corps area . These predictions were largely dismissed by the U.S. 12th Army Group . Strong had informed Bedell Smith in December of his suspicions . Bedell Smith sent Strong to warn Lieutenant General Omar Bradley , the commander of the 12th Army Group , of the danger . Bradley 's response was succinct : `` Let them come . '' Historian Patrick K. O'Donnell writes that on 8 December 1944 U.S. Rangers at great cost took Hill 400 during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest . The next day GIs who relieved the Rangers reported a considerable movement of German troops inside the Ardennes in the enemy 's rear , but that no one in the chain of command connected the dots . Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector , considerations of economy of force led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting . The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops ( such as the raw U.S. 99th and 106th `` Golden Lions '' Divisions ) , and battle - hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate ( the 28th Infantry Division ) . Two major special operations were planned for the offensive . By October it was decided that Otto Skorzeny , the German SS - commando who had rescued the former Italian dictator Benito Mussolini , was to lead a task force of English - speaking German soldiers in `` Operation Greif '' . These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear dog tags taken from corpses and prisoners of war . Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts , misdirect traffic , generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River . By late November another ambitious special operation was added : Col. Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a Fallschirmjäger - Kampfgruppe ( paratrooper combat group ) in Operation Stösser , a night - time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near Malmedy . German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the upcoming Soviet offensive , aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin . It was hoped that Soviet leader Stalin would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing . After the 20 July attempt on Hitler 's life , and the close advance of the Red Army which would seize the site on 27 January 1945 , Hitler and his staff had been forced to abandon the Wolfsschanze headquarters in East Prussia , in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front . After a brief visit to Berlin , Hitler travelled on his Führersonderzug ( `` Special Train of the Führer '' ( Leader ) ) to Giessen on 11 December , taking up residence in the Adlerhorst ( eyrie ) command complex , co-located with OB West 's base at Kransberg Castle . Believing in omens and the successes of his early war campaigns that had been planned at Kransberg , Hitler had chosen the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries . Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near Limburg , close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Adlerhorst on 11 December , travelling there in an SS - operated bus convoy . With the castle acting as overflow accommodation , the main party was settled into the Adlerhorst 's Haus 2 command bunker , including Gen. Alfred Jodl , Gen. Wilhelm Keitel , Gen. Blumentritt , von Manteuffel and SS Gen. Joseph ( `` Sepp '' ) Dietrich . In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walter Model and Friedrich von der Heydte , who was put in charge of Operation Stösser , von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10 % chance of succeeding . Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt : `` It must be done because this offensive is the last chance to conclude the war favorably . '' Initial German assault ( edit ) Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944 On 16 December 1944 at 05 : 30 , the Germans began the assault with a massive , 90 - minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces across a 130 - kilometre ( 80 mi ) front on the Allied troops facing the 6th Panzer Army . The Americans ' initial impression was that this was the anticipated , localized counterattack resulting from the Allies ' recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector to the north , where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent in the Siegfried Line . Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area . While having the effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded , the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their advance . Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units . In the center , von Manteuffel 's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards Bastogne and St. Vith , both road junctions of great strategic importance . In the south , Brandenberger 's Seventh Army pushed towards Luxembourg in its efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks . Only one month before , 250 members of the Waffen - SS had unsuccessfully tried to recapture the town of Vianden with its castle from the Luxembourgish resistance during the Battle of Vianden . Attack on the northern shoulder ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Sixth Panzer Army Attack Main article : Battle of Elsenborn Ridge While the Siege of Bastogne is often credited as the central point where the German offensive was stopped , the battle for Elsenborn Ridge was actually the decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge , stopping the advance of the best equipped armored units of the German army and forcing them to reroute their troops to unfavorable alternative routes that considerably slowed their advance . Best German divisions assigned ( edit ) The attack on Monschau , Höfen , Krinkelt - Rocherath , and then Elsenborn Ridge was led by the units personally selected by Adolf Hitler . The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and was assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive , Antwerp . The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen - SS , including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps . SS - Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper led Kampfgruppe Peiper , consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles , which was charged with leading the main effort . Its newest and most powerful tank , the Tiger II heavy tank , consumed 3.8 litres ( 1 gal ) of fuel to go 800 m (. 5 mi ) , and the Germans had less than half the fuel they needed to reach Antwerp . German forces held up ( edit ) Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route . The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army 's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions . Kampfgruppe Peiper , at the head of the Sepp Dietrich 's Sixth Panzer Army , had been designated to take the Losheim - Losheimergraben road , a key route through the Losheim Gap , but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses that German engineers failed to repair during the first day . Peiper 's forces were rerouted through Lanzerath . To preserve the quantity of armor available , the infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment , 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division , had been ordered to clear the village first . A single 18 - man Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon from the 99th Infantry Division along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset , about 16 : 00 , causing 92 casualties among the Germans . This created a bottleneck in the German advance . Kampfgruppe Peiper did not begin his advance until nearly 16 : 00 , more than 16 hours behind schedule and did n't reach Bucholz Station until the early morning of 17 December . Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath - Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge . Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper 's armored task force . German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment Malmedy massacre ( edit ) Main article : Malmedy massacre Scene of the Malmedy massacre At 12 : 30 on 17 December , Kampfgruppe Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez , on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville , when they encountered elements of the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion , U.S. 7th Armored Division . After a brief battle the lightly armed Americans surrendered . They were disarmed and , with some other Americans captured earlier ( approximately 150 men ) , sent to stand in a field near the crossroads under light guard . About fifteen minutes after Peiper 's advance guard passed through , the main body under the command of SS - Sturmbannführer Werner Pötschke arrived . Allegedly , the SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners . As soon as the firing began , the prisoners panicked . Most were shot where they stood , though some managed to flee . Accounts of the killing vary , but at least 84 of the POWs were murdered . A few survived , and news of the killings of prisoners of war spread through Allied lines . Following the end of the war , soldiers and officers of Kampfgruppe Peiper , including Joachim Peiper and SS general Sepp Dietrich , were tried for the incident at the Malmedy massacre trial . Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast ( edit ) Driving to the south - east of Elsenborn , Kampfgruppe Peiper entered Honsfeld , where they encountered one of the 99th Division 's rest centers , clogged with confused American troops . They quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the 394th Infantry Regiment . They destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles , and took several dozen prisoners who were subsequently murdered . Peiper also captured 50,000 US gallons ( 190,000 l ; 42,000 imp gal ) of fuel for his vehicles . Peiper advanced north - west towards Büllingen , keeping to the plan to move west , unaware that if he had turned north he had an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions . Instead , intent on driving west , Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen , choosing a route designated Rollbahn D as he had been given latitude to choose the best route west . To the north , the 277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the 2nd Infantry Divisions . The 12th SS Panzer Division , reinforced by additional infantry ( Panzergrenadier and Volksgrenadier ) divisions , took the key road junction at Losheimergraben just north of Lanzerath and attacked the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt . Wereth 11 ( edit ) Main article : 333rd Artillery Battalion ( United States ) Another , smaller massacre was committed in Wereth , Belgium , approximately 6.5 miles ( 10.5 km ) northeast of Saint - Vith on 17 December 1944 . Eleven black American soldiers were tortured after surrendering and then shot by men of the 1st SS Panzer Division belonging to Schnellgruppe Knittel . The perpetrators were never punished for this crime and recent research indicates that men from Third Company of the Reconnaissance Battalion were responsible . Germans advance west ( edit ) American soldiers of the 3rd Battalion 119th Infantry Regiment are taken prisoner by members of Kampfgruppe Peiper in Stoumont , Belgium on 19 December 1944 . By the evening the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and Kampfgruppe Peiper arrived in front of Stavelot . Peiper 's forces were already behind his timetable because of the stiff American resistance and because when the Americans fell back , their engineers blew up bridges and emptied fuel dumps . Peiper 's unit was delayed and his vehicles denied critically needed fuel . They took 36 hours to advance from the Eifel region to Stavelot , while the same advance required nine hours in 1940 . Kampfgruppe Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans evacuated a large fuel depot . Three tanks attempted to take the bridge , but the lead vehicle was disabled by a mine . Following this , 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by concentrated American defensive fire . After a fierce tank battle the next day , the Germans finally entered the town when U.S. engineers failed to blow the bridge . An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge Capitalizing on his success and not wanting to lose more time , Peiper rushed an advance group toward the vital bridge at Trois - Ponts , leaving the bulk of his strength in Stavelot . When they reached it at 11 : 30 on 18 December , retreating U.S. engineers blew it up . Peiper detoured north towards the villages of La Gleize and Cheneux . At Cheneux , the advance guard was attacked by American fighter - bombers , destroying two tanks and five halftracks , blocking the narrow road . The group began moving again at dusk at 16 : 00 and was able to return to its original route at around 18 : 00 . Of the two bridges remaining between Kampfgruppe Peiper and the Meuse , the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached . Peiper turned north and halted his forces in the woods between La Gleize and Stoumont . He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up strong reinforcements from Spa . To Peiper 's south , the advance of Kampfgruppe Hansen had stalled . SS - Oberführer Mohnke ordered Schnellgruppe Knittel , which had been designated to follow Hansen , to instead move forward to support Peiper . SS - Sturmbannführer Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19 : 00 against American forces trying to retake the town . Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize , and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot . Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off . German advance halted ( edit ) M3 90mm gun - armed American M36 tank destroyers of the 703rd TD , attached to the 82nd Airborne Division , move forward during heavy fog to stem German spearhead near Werbomont , Belgium , 20 December 1944 . At dawn on 19 December , Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger to infiltrate their lines . He followed this with a Panzer attack , gaining the eastern edge of the town . An American tank battalion arrived but , after a two - hour tank battle , Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 10 : 30 . Knittel joined up with Peiper and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east . Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot . Assessing his own situation , he determined that his Kampfgruppe did not have sufficient fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont and continue his advance . He maintained his lines west of Stoumont for a while , until the evening of 19 December when he withdrew them to the village edge . On the same evening the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division under Maj. Gen. James Gavin arrived and deployed at La Gleize and along Peiper 's planned route of advance . German efforts to reinforce Peiper were unsuccessful . Kampfgruppe Hansen was still struggling against bad road conditions and stiff American resistance on the southern route . Schnellgruppe Knittel was forced to disengage from the heights around Stavelot . Kampfgruppe Sandig , which had been ordered to take Stavelot , launched another attack without success . Sixth Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich ordered Hermann Prieß , commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps , to increase its efforts to back Peiper 's battle group , but Prieß was unable to break through . Froidcourt castle near Stoumont in 2011 Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion , 119th Infantry Regiment , 30th Infantry Division , attacked the dispersed units of Kampfgruppe Peiper on the morning of 21 December . They failed and were forced to withdraw , and a number were captured , including battalion commander Maj . Hal McCown . Peiper learned that his reinforcements had been directed to gather in La Gleize to his east , and he withdrew , leaving wounded Americans and Germans in the Froidcourt Castle ( fr ) . As he withdrew from Cheneux , American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in fierce house - to - house fighting . The Americans shelled Kampfgruppe Peiper on 22 December , and although the Germans had run out of food and had virtually no fuel , they continued to fight . A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly when SS - Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke insisted the grid coordinates supplied by Peiper were wrong , parachuting supplies into American hands in Stoumont . In La Gleize , Peiper set up defenses waiting for German relief . When the relief force was unable to penetrate the Allied lines , he decided to break through the Allied lines and return to the German lines on 23 December . The men of the Kampfgruppe were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment , although most of the 800 remaining troops were able to escape . Outcome ( edit ) The 99th Infantry Division as a whole , outnumbered five to one , inflicted casualties in the ratio of 18 to one . The division lost about 20 % of its effective strength , including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds , injuries , fatigue , or trench foot . German losses were much higher . In the northern sector opposite the 99th , this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of 60 tanks and big guns . Historian John S.D. Eisenhower wrote , `` ... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign . '' The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the Meuse River . After more than 10 days of intense battle , they pushed the Americans out of the villages , but were unable to dislodge them from the ridge , where elements of the V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west . Operation Stösser ( edit ) Main article : Operation Stösser Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the High Fens ( French : Hautes Fagnes ; German : Hohes Venn ; Dutch : Hoge Venen ) area . The objective was the `` Baraque Michel '' crossroads . It was led by Oberst Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte , considered by Germans to be a hero of the Battle of Crete . It was the German paratroopers ' only night time drop during World War II . Von der Heydte was given only eight days to prepare prior to the assault . He was not allowed to use his own regiment because their movement might alert the Allies to the impending counterattack . Instead , he was provided with a Kampfgruppe of 800 men . The II Parachute Corps was tasked with contributing 100 men from each of its regiments . In loyalty to their commander , 150 men from von der Heydte 's own unit , the 6th Parachute Regiment , went against orders and joined him . They had little time to establish any unit cohesion or train together . The parachute drop was a complete failure . Von der Heydte ended up with a total of around 300 troops . Too small and too weak to counter the Allies , they abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead converted the mission to reconnaissance . With only enough ammunition for a single fight , they withdrew towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines . Only about 100 of his weary men finally reached the German rear . Chenogne massacre ( edit ) Main article : Chenogne massacre Following the Malmedy massacre , on New Year 's Day 1945 , after having previously received orders to take no prisoners , American soldiers allegedly shot approximately sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of Chenogne ( 8 km from Bastogne ) . Attack in the center ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : St. Vith is lost Hasso von Manteuffel led Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route The Germans fared better in the center ( the 32 km ( 20 mi ) Schnee Eifel sector ) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions . The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength that had been deployed in the north , but still possessed a marked numerical and material superiority over the very thinly spread 28th and 106th divisions . They succeeded in surrounding two largely intact regiments ( 422nd and 423rd ) of the 106th Division in a pincer movement and forced their surrender , a tribute to the way Manteuffel 's new tactics had been applied . One of those wounded and captured was Lieutenant Donald Prell of the Anti-Tank Company of the 422nd Infantry , 106th Division . The official U.S. Army history states : `` At least seven thousand ( men ) were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand . The amount lost in arms and equipment , of course , was very substantial . The Schnee Eifel battle , therefore , represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944 -- 45 in the European theater . '' Battle for St. Vith ( edit ) Main article : Battle of St. Vith In the center , the town of St. Vith , a vital road junction , presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel 's and Dietrich 's forces . The defenders , led by the 7th Armored Division , included the remaining regiment of the 106th U.S. Infantry Division , with elements of the 9th Armored Division and 28th U.S. Infantry Division . These units , which operated under the command of Generals Robert W. Hasbrouck ( 7th Armored ) and Alan W. Jones ( 106th Infantry ) , successfully resisted the German attacks , significantly slowing the German advance . At Montgomery 's orders , St. Vith was evacuated on 21 December ; U.S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area , presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance . By 23 December , as the Germans shattered their flanks , the defenders ' position became untenable and U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the Salm River . Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18 : 00 on 17 December , the prolonged action in and around it dealt a major setback to their timetable . Meuse River bridges ( edit ) British Sherman `` Firefly '' tank in Namur on the Meuse River , December 1944 To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet , Dinant and Namur , Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges on 19 December . This led to a hastily assembled force including rear - echelon troops , military police and Army Air Force personnel . The British 29th Armoured Brigade of British 11th Armoured Division , which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping , was told to take back their tanks and head to the area . British XXX Corps was significantly reinforced for this effort . Units of the corps which fought in the Ardennes were the 51st ( Highland ) and 53rd ( Welsh ) Infantry Divisions , the British 6th Airborne Division , the 29th and 33rd Armoured Brigades , and the 34th Tank Brigade . Unlike the German forces on the northern and southern shoulders who were experiencing great difficulties , the German advance in the center gained considerable ground . The Fifth Panzer Army was spearheaded by the 2nd Panzer Division while the Panzer Lehr Division ( Armored Training Division ) came up from the south , leaving Bastogne to other units . The Ourthe River was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December . Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day , but on 23 December the offensive was resumed towards the two small towns of Hargimont and Marche - en - Famenne . Hargimont was captured the same day , but Marche - en - Famenne was strongly defended by the American 84th Division . Gen. von Lüttwitz , commander of the XXXXVII Panzer - Korps , ordered the Division to turn westwards towards Dinant and the Meuse , leaving only a blocking force at Marche - en - Famenne . Although advancing only in a narrow corridor , 2nd Panzer Division was still making rapid headway , leading to jubilation in Berlin . Headquarters now freed up the 9th Panzer Division for Fifth Panzer Army , which was deployed at Marche . On 22 / 23 December German forces reached the woods of Foy - Nôtre - Dame , only a few kilometers ahead of Dinant . The narrow corridor caused considerable difficulties , as constant flanking attacks threatened the division . On 24 December , German forces made their furthest penetration west . The Panzer Lehr Division took the town of Celles , while a bit farther north , parts of 2nd Panzer Division were in sight of the Meuse near Dinant at Foy - Nôtre - Dame . A hastily assembled Allied blocking force on the east side of the river prevented the German probing forces from approaching the Dinant bridge . By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped , as Allied forces threatened the narrow corridor held by the 2nd Panzer Division . Operation Greif and Operation Währung ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The 1st SS Panzer Division 's Dash Westward , and Operation Greif Main article : Operation Greif For Operation Greif ( `` Griffin '' ) , Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of English - speaking Germans disguised in American uniforms behind the Allied lines . Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse , their presence caused confusion out of all proportion to their military activities , and rumors spread quickly . Even General George Patton was alarmed and , on 17 December , described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower as `` Krauts ... speaking perfect English ... raising hell , cutting wires , turning road signs around , spooking whole divisions , and shoving a bulge into our defenses . '' Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear , greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment . American MPs at these checkpoints grilled troops on things that every American was expected to know , like the identity of Mickey Mouse 's girlfriend , baseball scores , or the capital of a particular U.S. state -- though many could not remember or did not know . General Omar Bradley was briefly detained when he correctly identified Springfield as the capital of Illinois because the American MP who questioned him mistakenly believed the capital was Chicago . The tightened security nonetheless made things very hard for the German infiltrators , and a number of them were captured . Even during interrogation , they continued their goal of spreading disinformation ; when asked about their mission , some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower . Security around the general was greatly increased , and Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters . Because Skorzeny 's men were captured in American uniforms , they were executed as spies . This was the standard practice of every army at the time , as many belligerents considered it necessary to protect their territory against the grave dangers of enemy spying . Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he did not order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms , such a tactic was a legitimate ruse of war . Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate , and most wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture . Skorzeny was tried by an American military tribunal in 1947 at the Dachau Trials for allegedly violating the laws of war stemming from his leadership of Operation Greif , but was acquitted . He later moved to Spain and South America . Operation Währung was carried out by a small number of German agents who infiltrated Allied lines in American uniforms . These agents were tasked with using an existing Nazi intelligence network to bribe rail and port workers to disrupt Allied supply operations . The operation was a failure . Attack in the south ( edit ) Erich Brandenberger led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route Further south on Manteuffel 's front , the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the River Our , then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. Vith and Bastogne . The more experienced 28th Infantry Division put up a much more dogged defense than the inexperienced soldiers of the 106th Infantry Division . The 112th Infantry Regiment ( the most northerly of the 28th Division 's regiments ) , holding a continuous front east of the Our , kept German troops from seizing and using the Our River bridges around Ouren for two days , before withdrawing progressively westwards . Belgian civilians killed by German units during the offensive The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division fared worse , as they were spread so thinly that their positions were easily bypassed . Both offered stubborn resistance in the face of superior forces and threw the German schedule off by several days . The 110th 's situation was by far the worst , as it was responsible for an 18 - kilometre ( 11 mi ) front while its 2nd Battalion was withheld as the divisional reserve . Panzer columns took the outlying villages and widely separated strong points in bitter fighting , and advanced to points near Bastogne within four days . The struggle for the villages and American strong points , plus transport confusion on the German side , slowed the attack sufficiently to allow the 101st Airborne Division ( reinforced by elements from the 9th and 10th Armored Divisions ) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December . The fierce defense of Bastogne , in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves , made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions . The panzer columns swung past on either side , cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads . In the extreme south , Brandenberger 's three infantry divisions were checked by divisions of the U.S. VIII Corps after an advance of 6.4 km ( 4 mi ) ; that front was then firmly held . Only the 5th Parachute Division of Brandenberger 's command was able to thrust forward 19 km ( 12 mi ) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role . Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counterattack , and they ordered vast reinforcements to the area . Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent . General Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived on the scene first and ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne while the 82nd would take the more difficult task of facing the SS Panzer Divisions ; it was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge , near Elsenborn Ridge . Siege of Bastogne ( edit ) U.S. POWs on 22 December 1944 Letter to 101st soldiers , containing Gen. McAuliffe 's `` Nuts ! '' response to the Germans Main article : Siege of Bastogne By the time the senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in Verdun on 19 December , the town of Bastogne and its network of 11 hard - topped roads leading through the widely forested mountainous terrain with deep river valleys and boggy mud of the Ardennes region were to have been in German hands for several days . By the time of that meeting , two separate westbound German columns that were to have bypassed the town to the south and north , the 2nd Panzer Division and Panzer - Lehr - Division of XLVII Panzer Corps , as well as the Corps ' infantry ( 26th Volksgrenadier Division ) , coming due west had been engaged and much slowed and frustrated in outlying battles at defensive positions up to sixteen kilometres ( 10 mi ) from the town proper -- and were gradually being forced back onto and into the hasty defenses built within the municipality . Moreover , the sole corridor that was open ( to the southeast ) was threatened and it had been sporadically closed as the front shifted , and there was expectation that it would be completely closed sooner than later , given the strong likelihood that the town would soon be surrounded . A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944 . Gen. Eisenhower , realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive , told his generals , `` The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster . There will be only cheerful faces at this table . '' Patton , realizing what Eisenhower implied , responded , `` Hell , let 's have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris . Then , we 'll really cut ' em off and chew ' em up . '' Eisenhower , after saying he was not that optimistic , asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army , located in northeastern France , north to counterattack . To the disbelief of the other generals present , Patton replied that he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours . Unknown to the other officers present , before he left Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength . By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take , the movement was already underway . On 20 December , Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley 's 12th Army Group and placed them under Montgomery 's 21st Army Group . By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne , which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division , the all African American 969th Artillery Battalion , and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division . Conditions inside the perimeter were tough -- most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured . Food was scarce , and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day . The weather cleared the next day and supplies ( primarily ammunition ) were dropped over four of the next five days . Despite determined German attacks the perimeter held . The German commander , Generalleutnant ( Lt. Gen . ) Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz , requested Bastogne 's surrender . When Brig. Gen. Anthony McAuliffe , acting commander of the 101st , was told of the Nazi demand to surrender , in frustration he responded , `` Nuts ! '' After turning to other pressing issues , his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand . One officer , Lt. Col. Harry Kinnard , noted that McAuliffe 's initial reply would be `` tough to beat . '' Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper , which was typed up and delivered to the Germans , the line he made famous and a morale booster to his troops : `` NUTS ! '' That reply had to be explained , both to the Germans and to non-American Allies . Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer - Lehr division moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December , leaving only Panzer - Lehr division 's 901st Regiment to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier - Division in attempting to capture the crossroads . The 26th VG received one Panzergrenadier Regiment from the 15th Panzergrenadier Division on Christmas Eve for its main assault the next day . Because it lacked sufficient troops and those of the 26th VG Division were near exhaustion , the XLVII Panzerkorps concentrated its assault on several individual locations on the west side of the perimeter in sequence rather than launching one simultaneous attack on all sides . The assault , despite initial success by its tanks in penetrating the American line , was defeated and all the tanks destroyed . On the following day of 26 December the spearhead of Gen. Patton 's 4th Armored Division , supplemented by the 26th ( Yankee ) Infantry Division , broke through and opened a corridor to Bastogne . Allied Counteroffensive ( edit ) The original objectives are outlined in red dashed lines . The orange line indicates their furthest advance . On 23 December the weather conditions started improving , allowing the Allied air forces to attack . They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear , and P - 47 Thunderbolts started attacking the German troops on the roads . Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne , dropping much - needed supplies -- medicine , food , blankets , and ammunition . A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by military glider and began operating in a tool room . By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse . Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant , Givet , and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over . The Germans had outrun their supply lines , and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming critical . Up to this point the German losses had been light , notably in armor , with the exception of Peiper 's losses . On the evening of 24 December , General Hasso von Manteuffel recommended to Hitler 's Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the Westwall ( literally Western Rampart ) . Hitler rejected this . Disagreement and confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response , throwing away the opportunity for a decisive action . In the center , on Christmas Eve , the 2nd Armored Division attempted to attack and cut off the spearheads of the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse , while the units from the 4th Cavalry Group kept the 9th Panzer Division at Marche busy . As result , parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off . The Panzer - Lehr division tried to relieve them , but was only partially successful , as the perimeter held . For the next two days the perimeter was strengthened . On 26 and 27 December the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break - out attempts , again only with partial success , as major quantities of equipment fell into Allied hands . Further Allied pressure out of Marche finally led the German command to the conclusion that no further offensive action towards the Meuse was possible . In the south , Patton 's Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne . At 16 : 50 on 26 December , the lead element , Company D , 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division , reached Bastogne , ending the siege . German counterattack ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Bodenplatte and Operation Nordwind Destroyed P - 47s at Y - 34 Metz - Frescaty airfield , destroyed during Operation Bodenplatte On 1 January , in an attempt to keep the offensive going , the Germans launched two new operations . At 09 : 15 , the Luftwaffe launched Unternehmen Bodenplatte ( Operation Baseplate ) , a major campaign against Allied airfields in the Low Countries , which are nowadays called the Benelux States . Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields , destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft . The Luftwaffe lost 277 planes , 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns , set up to protect against German V - 1 flying bomb / missile attacks and using proximity fused shells , but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large - scale German air operation . The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named Y - 29 , losing 40 of their own planes while damaging only four American planes . While the Allies recovered from their losses within days , the operation left the Luftwaffe ineffective for the remainder of the war . On the same day , German Army Group G ( Heeresgruppe G ) and Army Group Upper Rhine ( Heeresgruppe Oberrhein ) launched a major offensive against the thinly - stretched , 110 kilometres ( 70 mi ) line of the Seventh U.S. Army . This offensive , known as Unternehmen Nordwind ( Operation North Wind ) , was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front . The weakened Seventh Army had , at Eisenhower 's orders , sent troops , equipment , and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes , and the offensive left it in dire straits . By 15 January Seventh Army 's VI Corps was fighting on three sides in Alsace . With casualties mounting , and running short on replacements , tanks , ammunition , and supplies , Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January . The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January . In the bitter , desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind , VI Corps , which had borne the brunt of the fighting , suffered a total of 14,716 casualties . The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609 . Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded . First , Third , and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold . Allies prevail ( edit ) Infantrymen fire at German troops in the advance to relieve the surrounded paratroopers in Bastogne . Erasing the Bulge -- The Allied counterattack , 26 December -- 25 January Americans of the 101st Engineers near Wiltz , Luxembourg , January 1945 . U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin , Belgium , January 1945 . While the German offensive had ground to a halt , they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line . Patton 's Third Army in the south , centered around Bastogne , would attack north , Montgomery 's forces in the north would strike south , and the two forces planned to meet at Houffalize . The temperature during January 1945 was extremely low . Weapons had to be maintained and truck engines run every half - hour to prevent their oil from congealing . The offensive went forward regardless . Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January , with the aim of meeting up with Patton 's advancing Third Army and cutting off most of the attacking Germans , trapping them in a pocket . Montgomery , refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a strategically unimportant area , did not launch the attack until 3 January , by which time substantial numbers of German troops had already managed to fall back successfully , but at the cost of losing most of their heavy equipment . At the start of the offensive , the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 40 km ( 25 mi ) . American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer a day . On 2 January , the Tiger IIs of German Heavy Tank Battalion 506 supported an attack by the 12th SS Hitlerjugend division against U.S. positions near Wardin and knocked out 15 Sherman tanks . The majority of the German force executed a successful fighting withdrawal and escaped the battle area , although the fuel situation had become so dire that most of the German armor had to be abandoned . On 7 January 1945 Hitler agreed to withdraw all forces from the Ardennes , including the SS - Panzer divisions , thus ending all offensive operations . Considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks ; St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January , and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until 25 January . Winston Churchill , addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said , `` This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will , I believe , be regarded as an ever - famous American victory . '' Force comparisons by date ( edit ) Force Allied Axis Month December January December January Date 16th 24th 2nd 16th 16th 24th 2nd 16th Men 228,741 ~ 541,000 ~ 705,000 700,520 406,342 ~ 449,000 ~ 401,000 383,016 Tanks 483 1,616 2,409 2,428 557 423 287 216 Tank destroyers and assault guns 499 1,713 1,970 1,912 667 608 462 414 Other AFVs 1,921 5,352 7,769 7,079 1,261 1,496 1,090 907 Anti-tank and artillery pieces 971 2,408 3,305 3,181 4,224 4,131 3,396 3,256 Armored divisions 6 8 8 7 8 8 8 Armored brigades Infantry divisions 6 15 22 22 13 16 15 16 Infantry brigades Strategy and leadership ( edit ) Hitler 's chosen few ( edit ) The plan and timing for the Ardennes attack sprang from the mind of Adolf Hitler . He believed a critical fault line existed between the British and American military commands , and that a heavy blow on the Western Front would shatter this alliance . Planning for the `` Watch on the Rhine '' offensive emphasized secrecy and the commitment of overwhelming force . Due to the use of landline communications within Germany , motorized runners carrying orders , and draconian threats from Hitler , the timing and mass of the attack was not detected by ULTRA codebreakers and achieved complete surprise . Hitler when selecting leadership for the attack , felt that the implementation of this decisive blow should be entrusted to his own Nazi Party army , the Waffen - SS . Ever since German regular Army officers attempted to assassinate him , he had increasingly trusted only the SS and its armed branch , the Waffen - SS . After the invasion of Normandy , the SS armored units had suffered significant leadership casualties . These losses included SS - Gruppenführer ( Major General ) Kurt Meyer , commander of the 12th SS Panzer ( Armor ) Division , captured by Belgian partisans on 6 September 1944 . The tactical efficiency of these units were somewhat reduced . The strong right flank of the assault was therefore composed mostly of SS Divisions under the command of `` Sepp '' ( Joseph ) Dietrich , a fanatical political disciple of Hitler , and a loyal follower from the early days of the rise of National Socialism in Germany . The leadership composition of the Sixth Panzer Division had a distinctly political nature . German field commanders plan the advance . None of the German field commanders entrusted with planning and executing the offensive believed it was possible to capture Antwerp . Even Sepp Dietrich , commanding the strongest arm of the attack , felt that the Ardennes was a poor area for armored warfare , and that the inexperienced and badly equipped Volksgrenadier units would clog the roads that the tanks would need for their rapid advance . In this Dietrich was proved correct . The horse drawn artillery and rocket units were a significant obstacle to the tanks . Other than making futile objections to Hitler in private , he generally stayed out of the planning for the offensive . Model and Manteuffel , the technical experts from the eastern front , took the view that a limited offensive with the goal of surrounding and crushing the American 1st Army would be the best the offensive could hope for . These revisions shared the same fate as Dietrich 's objections . In the end , the headlong drive on Elsenborn Ridge would not benefit from support from German units that had already bypassed the ridge . The decision to stop the attacks on the twin villages and change the axis of the attacks southward to the hamlet of Domäne Bütgenbach , was also made by Dietrich . This decision played into American hands , as Robertson had already decided to abandon the villages . The staff planning and organization of the attack was well done ; most of the units committed to the offensive reached their jump off points undetected and were well organized and supplied for the attack . Allied high - command controversy ( edit ) Field Marshal Montgomery General Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander General Bradley , pictured after the war . One of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was General Dwight D. Eisenhower 's commitment to a broad front advance . This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff , Field Marshal Alan Brooke ( as well as Field Marshal Montgomery ) who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front , with the other allied armies in reserve . Montgomery 's actions ( edit ) British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery had differing views of how to approach the German attack with the U.S. command . His ensuing public pronouncements of opinion caused tension in the American high command . Major General Freddie de Guingand , Chief of Staff of Montgomery 's 21st Army Group , rose to the occasion , and personally smoothed over the disagreements on 30 December . As the Ardennes crisis developed , at 10 : 30 a.m. on 20 December , Eisenhower telephoned Montgomery and ordered him to assume command of the American First ( Hodges ) and Ninth Army ( Simpson ) -- which , until then , were under Bradley 's overall command . This change in command was ordered because the northern armies had not only lost all communications with Bradley , who was based in Luxembourg City , and the US command structure , but with adjacent units . Describing the situation as he found it on 20 December , Montgomery wrote ; The First Army was fighting desperately . Having given orders to Dempsey and Crerar , who arrived for a conference at 11 am , I left at noon for the H.Q. of the First Army , where I had instructed Simpson to meet me . I found the northern flank of the bulge was very disorganized . Ninth Army had two corps and three divisions ; First Army had three corps and fifteen divisions . Neither Army Commander had seen Bradley or any senior member of his staff since the battle began , and they had no directive on which to work . The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank as one whole , to ensure the vital areas were held securely , and to create reserves for counter-attack . I embarked on these measures : I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers , and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front . I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created . Slowly but surely the situation was held , and then finally restored . Similar action was taken on the southern flank of the bulge by Bradley , with the Third Army . Due to the news blackout imposed on the 16th , the change of leadership to Montgomery did not become known to the outside world until eventually SHAEF made a public announcement making clear that the change in command was `` absolutely nothing to do with failure on the part of the three American generals '' . This resulted in headlines in British newspapers . The story was also covered in Stars and Stripes and for the first time British contribution to the fighting was mentioned . Montgomery asked Churchill if he could give a conference to the press to explain the situation . Though some of his staff were concerned at the image it would give , the conference had been cleared by Alan Brooke , the CIGS , who was possibly the only person to whom Monty would listen . On the same day as Hitler 's withdrawal order of 7 January , Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven . Montgomery started with giving credit to the `` courage and good fighting quality '' of the American troops , characterizing a typical American as a `` very brave fighting man who has that tenacity in battle which makes a great soldier '' , and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork , and praised Eisenhower , stating , `` Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars . On our team , the captain is General Ike . '' Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half - hour . Coming to the end of his speech he said he had `` employed the whole available power of the British Group of Armies ; this power was brought into play very gradually ... Finally it was put into battle with a bang ... you thus have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow . '' He stated that he ( i.e. , the German ) was `` headed off ... seen off ... and ... written off '' . `` The battle has been the most interesting , I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled . '' . Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers , the overall impression given by Montgomery , at least in the ears of the American military leadership , was that he had taken the lion 's share of credit for the success of the campaign , and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans . His comments were interpreted as self - promoting , particularly his claiming that when the situation `` began to deteriorate , '' Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north . Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes ( for every British soldier there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight ) , and that it belittled the part played by Bradley , Patton and other American commanders . In the context of Patton 's and Montgomery 's well - known antipathy , Montgomery 's failure to mention the contribution of any American general beside Eisenhower was seen as insulting . Indeed , General Bradley and his American commanders were already starting their counterattack by the time Montgomery was given command of 1st and 9th U.S. Armies . Focusing exclusively on his own generalship , Montgomery continued to say he thought the counteroffensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January . He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front . According to Winston Churchill , the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses , and Montgomery was trying to avoid this situation . Many American officers had already grown to dislike Montgomery , who was seen by them as an overly cautious commander , arrogant , and all too willing to say uncharitable things about the Americans . The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill found it necessary in a speech to Parliament to explicitly state that the Battle of the Bulge was purely an American victory . Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote : `` Not only was it probably a mistake to have held this conference at all in the sensitive state of feeling at the time , but what I said was skilfully distorted by the enemy . Chester Wilmot explained that his dispatch to the BBC about it was intercepted by the German wireless , re-written to give it an anti-American bias , and then broadcast by Arnhem Radio , which was then in Goebbels ' hands . Monitored at Bradley 's HQ , this broadcast was mistaken for a BBC transmission and it was this twisted text that started the uproar . '' Montgomery later said , `` Distorted or not , I think now that I should never have held that press conference . So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong . I should therefore have said nothing . '' Eisenhower commented in his own memoirs : `` I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were . They believed he had belittled them -- and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt . '' Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery 's command was changed . Eisenhower , encouraged by his British deputy Arthur Tedder , had decided to sack Montgomery . Intervention by Montgomery 's and Eisenhower 's Chiefs of Staff , Maj. Gen. Freddie de Guingand , and Lt. Gen. Walter Bedell Smith , moved Eisenhower to reconsider and allowed Montgomery to apologize . The German commander of the 5th Panzer Army , Hasso von Manteuffel said of Montgomery 's leadership : The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions . Montgomery 's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan . It was his refusal to engage in premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough . Casualties ( edit ) The Mardasson Memorial near Bastogne , Belgium Casualty estimates for the battle vary widely . According to the U.S. Department of Defense , American forces suffered 89,500 casualties including 19,000 killed , 47,500 wounded and 23,000 missing . An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists 105,102 casualties , including 19,246 killed , 62,489 wounded , and 26,612 captured or missing . A preliminary Army report restricted to the First and Third U.S. Armies listed 75,000 casualties ( 8,400 killed , 46,000 wounded and 21,000 missing ) . The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U.S. forces in World War II . British casualties totaled 1,400 with 200 deaths . The German Armed Forces High Command 's official figure for all German losses on the Western Front during the period 16 December 1944 -- 25 January 1945 was 81,834 German casualties , and other estimates range between 60,000 and 125,000 . German historian Hermann Jung lists 67,675 casualties from 16 December 1944 to late January 1945 for the three German armies that participated in the offensive . The German casualty reports for the involved armies count 63,222 losses from 10 December 1944 to 31 January 1945 . The United States Army Center of Military History 's official numbers are 75,000 American casualties and 100,000 German casualties . The U.S. Army lost 2,000 armored vehicles destroyed in the Ardennes in 30 days -- 900 Sherman tanks , 300 light tanks , 150 tank destroyers , 450 armored cars and 150 self - propelled guns . U.S. divisions suffered severe losses of armor . The 3rd Armored Division lost 163 tanks in 30 days , of which 125 were Shermans and 38 Stuarts . The 7th Armored Division lost 103 tanks , including 73 Shermans and 31 Stuarts , in 13 days from 17 -- 30 December 1944 . The 11th Armored Division lost 86 tanks ( 54 Shermans and 32 Stuarts ) in several weeks of high - intensity combat . German armored losses to all causes were between 527 and 554 , with 324 tanks being lost in combat . Of the German write - offs , 16 -- 20 were Tigers , 191 -- 194 Panthers , 141 -- 158 Panzer IV , 179 -- 182 tank destroyers and assault guns . The Germans lost an additional 5,000 soft - skinned and armored vehicles . German AFV losses were far fewer than the U.S. , and German armored units outperformed their U.S. opponents in combat . Result ( edit ) Although the Germans managed to begin their offensive with complete surprise and enjoyed some initial successes , they were not able to seize the initiative on the Western front . While the German command did not reach its goals , the Ardennes operation inflicted heavy losses and set back the Allied invasion of Germany by several weeks . The High Command of the Allied forces had planned to resume the offensive by early January 1945 , after the wet season rains and severe frosts , but those plans had to be postponed until 29 January 1945 in connection with the unexpected changes in the front . The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle . By the beginning of February 1945 , the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944 . In early February , the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front : in the north under Montgomery toward Aachen ; in the center , under Courtney Hodges ; and in the south , under Patton . Montgomery 's behavior during the months of December and January , including the press conference on 7 January where he appeared to downplay the contribution of the American generals , further soured his relationship with his American counterparts through to the end of the war . The German losses in the battle were especially critical : their last reserves were now gone , the Luftwaffe had been shattered , and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the Siegfried Line . In response to the early success of the offensive , on 6 January Churchill contacted Stalin to request that the Soviets put pressure on the Germans on the Eastern Front . On 12 January , the Soviets began the massive Vistula -- Oder Offensive , originally planned for 20 January . It had been brought forward from 20 January to 12 January because meteorological reports warned of a thaw later in the month , and the tanks needed hard ground for the offensive ( and the advance of the Red Army was assisted by two Panzer Armies ( 5th & 6th ) being redeployed for the Ardennes attack ) . During World War II , most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions , or in segregated units . Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge , Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time . This was an important step toward a desegregated United States military . More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front . A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II . Media attention ( edit ) The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum The battle around Bastogne received a great deal of media attention because in early December 1944 it was a rest and recreation area for many war correspondents . The rapid advance by the German forces who surrounded the town , the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider , along with the fast action of General Patton 's Third U.S. Army , all were featured in newspaper articles and on radio and captured the public 's imagination ; but there were no correspondents in the area of Saint - Vith , Elsenborn , or Monschau - Höfen . The static , stubborn resistance of troops in the north , who refused to yield their ground in the cold snow and freezing rain despite the heavy German attacks , did not get a casual observer excited . The images of supply troops trying to bring ammunition and cold food , crawling through mud and snow , to front - line troops dug into frozen foxholes around Montjoie , Elseborn and Butgenbach were not exciting news . Battle credit ( edit ) After the war ended , the U.S. Army issued battle credit in the form of the Ardennes - Alsace campaign citation to units and individuals that took part in operations in northwest Europe . The citation covered troops in the Ardennes sector where the main battle took place , as well as units further south in the Alsace sector , including those in the northern Alsace who filled in the vacuum created by the U.S. Third Army racing north , engaged in the concurrent Operation Nordwind diversion in central and southern Alsace launched to weaken Allied response in the Ardennes , and provided reinforcements to units fighting in the Ardennes . In popular culture ( edit ) The battle has been depicted in numerous works of art , entertainment , and media , including : Films , e.g. , Battleground ( 1949 ) , Attack ( 1956 ) , Battle of the Bulge ( 1965 ) , and A Midnight Clear ( 1992 ) Games : Over 70 board wargames have been created about the battle , the earliest in 1965 . Also , As of 2014 , the battle has been the scene for about 30 video games , mostly strategy games , beginning with Tigers in the Snow ( 1981 ) . Literature : In Kurt Vonnegut 's postmodern novel Slaughterhouse - Five , or The Children 's Crusade : A Duty - Dance with Death ( 1969 ) , the protagonist Billy Pilgrim is captured by the advancing German army during the Battle of the Bulge . Television : The battle was the subject of the PBS American Experience episode , `` The Battle of the Bulge '' . The battle was prominently featured in two episodes of the miniseries Band of Brothers ( 2001 ) . Additionally , the Military / American Heroes TV series Greatest Tank Battles featured an episode on the Battle of the Bulge as `` The Battle of the Bulge : S.S. Panzers Attack ! '' See also ( edit ) Battle of Garfagnana German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II Operation Christ Rose Operation Spring Awakening Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes two parachute divisions . Jump up ^ 10,749 dead ; 34,225 wounded ; 22,487 captured Jump up ^ Eggenberger 1985 cites the official name as Ardennes - Alsace campaign ; David Eggenberger describes this battle as the `` Second Battle of the Ardennes '' . Jump up ^ Operation Overlord planned for an advance to the line of the Seine by D + 90 ( i.e. , the 90th day following D - Day ) and an advance to the German frontier sometime after D + 120 . Jump up ^ The Ardennes offensive was also named Rundstedt - Offensive , but von Rundstedt strongly objected `` to the fact that this stupid operation in the Ardennes is sometimes called the ' Rundstedt - Offensive ' . This is a complete misnomer . I had nothing to do with it . It came to me as an order complete to the last detail . Hitler had even written on the plan in his own handwriting ' not to be altered ' '' . ( Jablonsky , David ( 1994 ) , Churchill and Hitler : Essays on the Political - Military Direction of Total War , Taylor & Francis , p. 194 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4119 - 5 ) . Jump up ^ Wacht am Rhein was renamed Herbstnebel after the operation was given the go - ahead in early December , although its original name remains much better known ( Parker 1991 , pp. 95 -- 100 ; Mitcham 2006 , p. 38 ; Newton 2006 , pp. 329 -- 334 ) . Jump up ^ Nuts can mean several things in American English slang . In this case it signified rejection , and was explained to the Germans as meaning `` Go to Hell ! '' Jump up ^ A footnote to the U.S. Army 's official history volume `` Riviera to the Rhine '' makes the following note on U.S. Seventh Army casualties : `` As elsewhere , casualty figures are only rough estimates , and the figures presented are based on the postwar ' Seventh Army Operational Report , Alsace Campaign and Battle Participation , 1 June 1945 ' ( copy CMH ) , which notes 11,609 Seventh Army battle casualties for the period , plus 2,836 cases of trench foot and 380 cases of frostbite , and estimates about 17,000 Germans killed or wounded with 5,985 processed prisoners of war . But the VI Corps AAR for January 1945 puts its total losses at 14,716 ( 773 killed , 4,838 wounded , 3,657 missing , and 5,448 nonbattle casualties ) ; and Albert E. Cowdrey and Graham A. Cosmas , The Medical Department : The War Against Germany , draft CMH MS ( 1988 ) , pp. 54 -- 55 , a forthcoming volume in the United States Army in World War II series , reports Seventh Army hospitals processing about 9,000 wounded and 17,000 ' sick and injured ' during the period . Many of these may have been returned to their units , and others may have come from American units operating in the Colmar area but still supported by Seventh Army medical services . '' Jump up ^ `` U.S. infantrymen fire at German troops in the advance to relieve the surrounded paratroopers in Bastogne . In foreground a platoon leader indicates the target to a rifleman by actually firing on the target . In Bastogne the defenders were badly in need of relief , they were attacked nightly by German aircraft , supplies were critically low in spite of the airdrops , and the wounded could not be given proper attention because of the shortage of medical supplies . After an advance which had been slow , U.S. relief troops entered Bastogne at 1645 on 26 December 1944 . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 428 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 358 . ^ Jump up to : Dupuy , Trevor ( 1994 ) . Hitler 's Last Gamble . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016627 - 4 . Appendices E and F ^ Jump up to : Dupuy , Trevor ( 1994 ) . Hitler 's Last Gamble . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016627 - 4 . Page 18 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II '' . Combined Arms Research Library , Department of the Army . 25 June 1953 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Second World Wars : How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won '' p. 296 Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 426 , including 900 M4 Sherman tanks , 300 light tanks , 150 tank destroyers and 150 self - propelled guns . ^ Jump up to : Bergström 2014 , p. 426 . ^ Jump up to : Vogel 2001 , p. 632 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 1991 , pp. 339 Jump up ^ Ellis 2009 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Trevor Dupuy , see Bergström , p. 424. Numbers of Dupuy : 11,048 killed , 28,583 wounded and 26,054 missing including POW 's too . Jump up ^ `` Heeresarzt 10 - Day Casualty Reports per Army / Army Group , 1944 '' . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heeresarzt 10 - Day Casualty Reports per Army / Army Group , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cirillo 2003 ^ Jump up to : Astor , Gerald ( 1992 ) . A Blood Dimmed Tide , The Battle of the Bulge by the Men Who Fought It . Donald I. Fine , Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 281 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 426 , including 20 Tiger II tanks , 194 Panther tanks , 158 Panzer IV tanks and 182 assault guns and tank destroyers . Jump up ^ Schrijvers 2005 , p. xiv . ^ Jump up to : Cirillo 2003 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stanton 2006 . Jump up ^ Calvocoressi , Peter ( 1980 ) . Top Secret Ultra . London : Cassell . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 30546 - 4 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Asa ( 2011 ) . Secret Days : Code - breaking in Bletchley Park . London : Frontline Books . pp. 122 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84832 - 615 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Cirillo 2003 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1998 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ Dark December : The Full Account of the Battle of the Bulge ( 1st ed . ) . Westholme Publishing . 2011 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2015 ) . Ardennes 1944 . Viking . p. 367 . Jump up ^ McCullough , David ( 2005 ) . American Experience -- The Battle of the Bulge ( Videotape ) . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1997 ) , Americans at War , University Press of Mississippi , p. 52 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57806 - 026 - 9 Jump up ^ Miller , Donald L. ( 2002 ) , The Story of World War II , Simon & Schuster , p. 358 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1198 - 7 Jump up ^ Fabianich , Maj . Keith P. ( 1947 ) . `` The Operations of the 3rd Battalion , 395th Infantry ( 99th Infantry Division ) Prior to and During the German Counter-Offensive , 10 November -- 24 December 1944 ( Ardennes Campaign ) ( Personal Experience of a Company Commander and Battalion Operations Officer ) '' ( PDF ) . Advanced Infantry Officers Course , 1947 -- 1948 . General Subjects Section , Academic Department , the Infantry School , Fort Benning , Georgia . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Retrieved 24 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , pp. 1088 -- 1089 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1086 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1995 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Hugh M. ( 1964 ) , The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge ( PDF ) , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army , LCCN 65060001 ^ Jump up to : Cole , Hugh M. ( 1964 ) , `` The German Northern Shoulder Is Jammed '' , The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge ( PDF ) , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army Jump up ^ von Luttchau , Charles V.P. `` The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes '' . U.S. Army Center for Military History . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1085 . Jump up ^ Parker 1994 , pp. 122 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1964 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 1091 . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , p. 1092 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Hugh M. ( 1965 ) . `` Chapter V : The Sixth Panzer Army Attack '' . The Ardennes . United States Army in World War II , The European Theater of Operations . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History . ^ Jump up to : Shirer 1990 , p. 1090 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Nordwind : The `` Other '' Battle of the Bulge `` . warfarehistorynetwork.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cole , Hugh M. ( 1965 ) . THE ARDENNES : BATTLE OF THE BULGE ( LC : 65 - 60001 ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Parker 1994 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ & Cole 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Kevin ( 2002 ) , `` Oscar Koch : An Unsung Hero Behind Patton 's Victories '' ( PDF ) , Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin April -- June 2002 , 28 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Pogue , Forrest C. ( 1954 ) . The Supreme Command ( PDF ) . United States Army in World War II European Theater of Operations . p. 607 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell Patrick K. , Dog Company : The Boys of Pointe du Hoc -- the Rangers Who Accomplished D - Day 's Toughest Mission and Led the Way across Europe , Da Capo Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ & MacDonald 1984 , pp. 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ & Toland 1999 , p. 16 , 19 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Quarrie 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Explaining the silence surrounding Elsenborn Ridge battle '' . 99th Infantry Division Association . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 410 . ^ Jump up to : Cole 1964 , pp. 1 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Cavanagh 2004 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ & Cole 1964 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Cole 1964 , pp. 75 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1984 . Jump up ^ Toland 1999 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes , 20 October 1947 , pp. 4 -- 22 Jump up ^ Hersko , Ralph E. , Jr . ( November 1998 ) . `` Battle of the Bulge : U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenborn Ridge '' . HistoryNet.com . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Quarrie 1999 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the invisible soldiers of the Battle of the Bulge '' . U.S. Wereth Memorial website . 29 June 1944 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Steven . `` Wereth 11 Remembered in Ceremony '' . Defense.gov . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Axis History Forum : SS unit at Stoumont , Belgium ? '' . Forum.axishistory.com. 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Toland 1999 , p. 103 , 104 . ^ Jump up to : Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Bouwmeester 2004 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 461 , 463 . Jump up ^ Dean , Rob . `` Why the Bulge Did n't Break : Green Troops Grew Up Fast to Become Heroes of Hofen '' . American Forces in World War II . Military History Online . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower 1969 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of the Ardennes '' ( PDF ) . Office de Promotion du Tourisme de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ & Cole 1964 , pp. 259 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Dillon & Wenger 1994 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Parker 2004 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Schrijvers 2005 , p. 303f . Jump up ^ Sorge 1986 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1970 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Blockmans , Guy ( 6 May 2002 ) . `` The British in the Battle of the Ardennes '' . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zaloga 2004 , pp. 76 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Jonathon Riley ( 11 August 2010 ) . Decisive Battles : From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Michael Reynolds ( 1 February 2006 ) . Men of Steel : I SS Panzer Corps : The Ardennes and Eastern Front , 1944 -- 45 . Casemate Publishers . p. 58 . ISBN 1 - 932033 - 51 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gabrielle McDonald , ed. ( 1 May 2000 ) . Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law : The Experience of International and National Courts . Springer . p. 1951 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 1135 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Solis ( 15 February 2010 ) . The Law of Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law in War . Cambridge University Press . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87088 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Währung '' . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1984 , p. 422 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , S.L.A. ( 1946 ) . `` The Relief '' . Bastogne : The First Eight Days . Infantry Journal Press . Jump up ^ Marshall 1988 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` NUTS ! Revisited '' . The Drop Zone . Archived from the original on 14 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1992 , c . `` Bastogne '' . Jump up ^ `` World War II : Pathfinders Resupply 101st Airborne Division Troops in Bastogne Via Daring Parachute Drop '' . World War II Magazine . Historynet.com. 12 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2004 , pp. 84 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 1995 , p. 769 . Jump up ^ Clarke & Smith 1993 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ `` The War against Germany : Europe and Adjacent Areas '' ( PDF ) ( CMH Pub 12 -- 3 ed . ) . U.S. Center for Military History . 1951 . p. 275 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider 2004 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Overview -- Battle of the Bulge '' . United States Army . 16 December 1944 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1985 , pp. 77 -- 79 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1985 , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Mitcham , Samuel W. ( 2006 ) . Panzers in Winter , Hitler 's Army and the Battle of the Bulge . Praeger Security International . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97115 - 5 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Kurt ( 2005 ) . Grenadiers , The Story of Waffen - SS General Kurt `` Panzer '' Meyer . Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3197 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1969 ) . The Bitter Woods ( First ed . ) . G.P. Putnam 's Sons , New York . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80652 - 5 . Jump up ^ Larrabee , Eric ( 1987 ) . Commander in Chief , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , His Lieutenants , and Their War . Simon & Schuster Inc . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66382 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Memoirs of Field - Marshall Montgomery -- 1958 , P. 308 Jump up ^ Urban 2005 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Whiting , Charles ( 9 October 2007 ) . Battle Of Hurtgen Forest . Da Capo Press . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1945 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1951 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1995 , pp. 204 -- 205 . ^ Jump up to : The Memoirs of Field - Marshall Montgomery -- 1958 , p. 311 -- 314 Jump up ^ `` This Day in History : Monty holds a press conference '' . History.com . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1983 , pp. 382 -- 385 . Jump up ^ The Struggle for Europe , p. 611 Jump up ^ Montgomery , Brian , A Field Marshal in the Family , Pen and Sword , 2010 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Delaforce 2004 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ `` Heeresarzt 10 - Day Casualty Reports per Army / Army Group , 1944 '' . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heeresarzt 10 - Day Casualty Reports per Army / Army Group , 1945 '' . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Military History , Volume 2 '' . US Army Center of Military History . Washington DC . Page 157 . Jump up ^ Bergström 2014 , p. 427 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2002 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ de Senarclens , Pierre ( 1988 ) , Yalta , Transaction , ISBN 0 - 88738 - 152 - 9 Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2015 ) . Ardennes 1944 : Hitler 's last gamble . New York : Viking . p. 331 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02531 - 2 . Jump up ^ Blumenson , Martin ( 1972 ) . Eisenhower . New York : Ballantine Books . Jump up ^ Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. , eds. ( 2010 ) , World War II and the Postwar Years in America : A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia , Volume 1 , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 0 - 313 - 35652 - 1 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Micheal ( 2002 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 ( 2nd ed . ) . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nyssen , Léon ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` The Battle of Elsenborn December 1944 ( Part V ) '' . Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Explaining the silence surrounding Elsenborn Ridge battle '' . Checkboard. 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Units Entitled to Battle Credit Archived 16 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Battleground on IMDb Jump up ^ Attack on IMDb Jump up ^ Battle of the Bulge on IMDb Jump up ^ A Midnight Clear on IMDb . Jump up ^ Boardgamegeek Jump up ^ Stone , Tim ( 26 December 2014 ) . `` The Flare Path : Bulges '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Vonnegut , Jr. , Kurt ( 1969 ) . Slaughterhouse - Five , or The Children 's Crusade : A Duty - Dance with Death . New York City : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 31208 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience -- The Battle of the Bulge -- PBS Documentary '' on YouTube Jump up ^ Band of Brothers on IMDb Bibliography ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen ( 1992 ) , Band of Brothers , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 76922 - 7 Ambrose , Stephen ( 1998 ) , Citizen Soldiers , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 84801 - 5 Bergström , Christer ( 2014 ) , The Ardennes : Hitler 's Winter Offensive 1944 -- 1945 , Havertown : Casemate Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 277 - 4 Blumenson , Martin ( 1972 ) , Eisenhower , New York : Ballantine Books Bouwmeester , Maj . Han ( 2004 ) , Beginning of the End : The Leadership of SS Obersturmbannführer Jochen Peiper ( PDF ) , Fort Leavenworth , Kansas : Royal Netherlands Army , Free University of Amsterdam , The Netherlands , retrieved 7 June 2012 Bradley , Omar N. ( 30 April 1951 ) , `` The War America Fought : Sweep to Victory '' , Life , 30 ( 18 ) Bradley , Omar ( 1983 ) , A General 's Life : An Autobiography , The University of Michigan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 41023 - 0 Burriss , T. Moffat ( 2001 ) , Strike and Hold : A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 348 - 0 Carter , William R. ( 1989 ) , Air Power in the Battle of the Bulge , Airpower Journal , retrieved 9 February 2012 Cirillo , Roger ( 2003 ) , Ardennes - Alsace , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army , archived from the original on 6 December 2008 , retrieved 6 December 2008 Clarke , Jeffrey J. ; Smith , Robert Ross ( 1993 ) , Riviera to the Rhine : The European Theater of Operations , Center of Military History , United States Army , ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 034746 - 7 Cole , Hugh M. ( 1964 ) , The Ardennes : Battle of the Bulge , Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army , LCCN 65060001 Collins , Michael ; King , Martin ( 2013 ) . The Tigers of Bastogne : Voices of the 10th Armored Division in the Battle of the Bulge . Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 181 - 4 . Delaforce , Patrick ( 2004 ) , The Battle of the Bulge : Hitler 's Final Gamble , Pearson Higher Education , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4058 - 4062 - 0 `` Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II '' . Combined Arms Research Library , Department of the Army . 25 June 1953 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . de Senarclens , Pierre ( 1988 ) , Yalta , Transaction , ISBN 0 - 88738 - 152 - 9 Dupuy , Trever N ; Bongard , David L. ; Anderson Jr. , Richard C. ( 1994 ) , Hitler 's Last Gamble : The Battle of the Bulge , December 1944 -- January 1945 , HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 016627 - 4 Eggenberger , David ( 1985 ) , An Encyclopedia of Battles : Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present , Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 24913 - 1 Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1969 ) , The Bitter Woods ( First ed . ) , New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80652 - 5 Ellis , Lionel F. ( 2009 ) ( 1968 ) . Victory in the West . 2 - The Defeat of Germany . with A.E. Warhurst . Naval and Military Press . ISBN 978 - 184574059 - 7 . Elstob , Peter ( 1971 ) , Hitler 's Last Offensive , Macmillan Publishers Ltd. , ISBN 9780436142512 Gallagher , Wes ( 8 January 1945 ) , `` Montgomery Says Doughboy Courage , Fighting Ability Halted Nazi Drive '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , retrieved 12 June 2012 Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ; Wenger , J. Michael ( 1994 ) , Nuts ! : The Battle of the Bulge : The Story and Photographs , Potomac Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 881069 - 0 Jordan , Jonathan W ( 2011 ) , Brothers Rivals Victors : Eisenhower , Patton , Bradley , and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe , NAL , ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 23212 - 0 Kershaw , Alex ( 2004 ) , The Longest Winter , Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81304 - 1 Liddell Hart , Basil Henry ( 1970 ) , History of the Second World War , G.P. Putnam 's Sons. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80912 - 5 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1984 ) , A Time For Trumpets : The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge , Bantam Books , ISBN 0 - 553 - 34226 - 6 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1999 ) , Company Commander , Burford Books , ISBN 1 - 58080 - 038 - 6 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1998 ) , The Battle of the Bulge , Phoenix , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85799 - 128 - 4 MacDonald , Charles B. ( 1994 ) , The Last Offensive , Alpine Fine Arts Collection , ISBN 1 - 56852 - 001 - 8 Marshall , S.L.A. ( 1988 ) ( 1946 ) , Bastogne : The First Eight Days , U.S. Army in Action Series , United States Army Center of Military History , CMH Pub 22 - 2 , archived from the original on 4 December 2008 , retrieved 6 December 2008 Miles , Donna ( 14 December 2004 ) , Battle of the Bulge Remembered 60 Years Later , United States Department of Defense , retrieved 12 June 2012 Mitcham , Samuel W. ( 2006 ) , Panzers in Winter : Hitler 's Army and the Battle of the Bulge , Westport , CT : Praeger , ISBN 0 - 275 - 97115 - 5 Newton , Steven H. ( 2006 ) , Hitler 's Commander : Field Marshal Walter Model -- Hitler 's Favorite General , Cambridge , MA : Da Capo , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81399 - 8 Parker , Danny S. ( 1991 ) , Battle of the Bulge : Hitler 's Ardennes Offensive , 1944 -- 1945 , Combined Books , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 04 - 7 Parker , Danny S. ( 1994 ) , To Win the Winter Sky : The Air War over the Ardennes 1944 -- 1945 , Combined Books , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 35 - 7 Parker , Danny S. ( 1999 ) , The Battle of the Bulge , The German View : Perspectives from Hitler 's High Command , London : Greenhill , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 354 - 4 Parker , Danny S. ( 2004 ) , Battle of the Bulge : Hitler 's Ardennes Offensive , 1944 -- 1945 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81391 - 7 Quarrie , Bruce ( 1999 ) , The Ardennes Offensive VI Panzer Armee , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 853 - 2 Quarrie , Bruce ( 2000 ) , The Ardennes Offensive V Panzer Armee , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 857 - 0 Quarrie , Bruce ( 2001 ) , The Ardennes Offensive I Armee & VII Armee , Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 913 - 3 Ryan , Cornelius ( 1995 ) ( 1974 ) , A Bridge Too Far , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80330 - 2 Ryan , Cornelius ( 1995 ) , The Last Battle : The Classic History of the Battle for Berlin , Simon & Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80329 - 6 Sandler , Stanley ( 2002 ) , Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 344 - 0 Schneider , W. ( 2004 ) , Tigers in Combat , Vol. 1 , Stackpole , ISBN 978 - 0811731713 Schrijvers , Peter ( 2005 ) , The Unknown Dead : Civilians in the Battle of the Bulge , University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2352 - 6 Shaw , Antony ( 2000 ) , World War II Day by Day , Osceola : MBI Pub. Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0939 - 1 Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 Skorzeny , Otto ( 1997 ) , Skorzeny 's Special Missions : The Memoirs of `` The Most Dangerous Man in Europe '' , Greenhill Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 291 - 0 Sorge , Martin K. ( 1986 ) , The Other Price of Hitler 's War : German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting From World War II , Greenwood Press , ISBN 0 - 313 - 25293 - 9 Stanton , Shelby ( 2006 ) , World War II Order of Battle : An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division , 1939 -- 1946 , Stackpole Books Toland , John ( 1999 ) , Battle : The Story of the Bulge , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9437 - 9 Urban , Mark ( 2005 ) , Generals : Ten British Commanders who Shaped the World , Faber and Faber , ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22485 - 2 Boog , Horst ; Vogel , Detlef ; Krebs , Gerhard ( 2001 ) , Das Deutsche Reich und die Zweite Weltkrieg Vol. 7 , Deutsche Verlags - Anstalt , ISBN 978 - 3 - 421 - 05507 - 1 Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1995 ) , A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55879 - 2 Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1964 ) , `` Hitler 's Image of the United States '' , The American Historical Review , 69 ( 4 ) : 1006 -- 1021 , doi : 10.2307 / 1842933 , JSTOR 1842933 Wilmes , David ( 1999 ) , The Long Road : From Oran to Pilsen : the Oral Histories of Veterans of World War II , European Theater of Operations , SVC Northern Appalachian Studies , ISBN 978 - 1 - 885851 - 13 - 0 Wissolik , Richard David ( 2005 ) , They Say There Was a War , SVC Northern Appalachian Studies , ISBN 978 - 1 - 885851 - 51 - 2 Wissolik , Richard David ( 2007 ) , An Honor to Serve : Oral Histories United States Veterans World War II , SVC Northern Appalachian Studies , ISBN 978 - 1 - 885851 - 20 - 8 Young , William H. ; Young , Nancy K. , eds. ( 2010 ) , World War II and the Postwar Years in America : A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia , Volume 1 , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 0 - 313 - 35652 - 1 Zaloga , Steven ( 2004 ) , Battle of the Bulge 1944 , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 810 - 3 Zaloga , Steven ( 2008 ) , Panther vs. Sherman : Battle of the Bulge 1944 , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 292 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Beevor , Antony ( 2015 ) . Ardennes 1944 : Hitler 's Last Gamble . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91864 - 5 . Caddick - Adams , Peter . Snow and Steel : The Battle of the Bulge , 1944 -- 45 ( Oxford University Press ; 2015 ) 872 pages Elstob , Peter ( 2003 ) , Hitler 's Last Offensive , Barnsley : Pen & Sword Military Classics , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 984 - 0 von Luttichau , Charles V. ( 2000 ) , `` Chapter 20 : The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes '' , in Kent Roberts Greenfield , Command Decisions , United States Army Center of Military History , CMH Pub 70 - 7 ( reissue from 1960 ) External links ( edit ) Battle of the Bulge -- Official webpage of the United States Army . The Battle of the Bulge : Battlebook U.S. Army Europe Battle of the Bulge Museums -- a list of Battle of the Bulge museums near the previous battlefield . 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5287309334174846371	Our Gang	Our Gang - wikipedia Our Gang For other uses , see Our Gang ( disambiguation ) . `` The Little Rascals '' redirects here . For other uses , see The Little Rascals ( disambiguation ) . Our Gang Title card for the 1937 comedy Rushin ' Ballet Directed by Robert F. McGowan Gus Meins Gordon Douglas Edward L. Cahn George Sidney Cy Endfield Ray McCarey James W. Horne Robert A. McGowan Fred C. Newmeyer Nate Watt Sam Baerwitz Herbert Glazer Produced by Hal Roach Robert F. McGowan Jack Chertok Screenplay by Frank Capra Charley Chase Walter Lantz Hal Law Leo McCarey Robert A. McGowan Robert F. McGowan Hal Roach Frank Tashlin H.M. Walker Music by Marvin Hatley Leroy Shield Cinematography Norbert Brodine Milton Krasner Art Lloyd Kenneth Peach Robert Pittack Harold Marzorati Jackson Rose Production company Hal Roach Studios ( 1922 -- 38 ) Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( 1938 -- 44 ) Distributed by Theatrical : Pathé ( 1922 -- 27 ) Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( 1927 -- 44 ) Release date 1922 -- 44 Running time 220 shorts , one feature Country United States Language English Our Gang ( later known as The Little Rascals or Hal Roach 's Rascals ) is a series of American comedy short films about a group of poor neighborhood children and their adventures . Created by comedy producer Hal Roach , the series was produced from 1922 to 1944 and is noted for showing children behaving in a relatively natural way . Roach and original director Robert F. McGowan worked to film the unaffected , raw nuances apparent in regular children rather than have them imitate adult acting styles . The series broke new ground by portraying white and black boys and girls interacting as equals . The franchise began in 1922 as a series of silent short subjects produced by the Roach studio and released by Pathé Exchange . Roach changed distributors from Pathé to Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) in 1927 , and the series entered its most popular period after converting to sound in 1929 . Production continued at the Roach studio until 1938 , when the series was sold to MGM , which produced the comedies until 1944 . In total , the Our Gang series includes 220 shorts and one feature film , General Spanky , and featured over 41 child actors . As MGM retained the rights to the Our Gang trademark following their purchase of the production rights , the 80 Roach - produced `` talkies '' were syndicated for television under the title The Little Rascals beginning in 1955 . Roach 's The Little Rascals package ( now owned by CBS Television Distribution ) and MGM 's Our Gang package ( now owned by Turner Entertainment and distributed by Warner Bros. Television ) have since remained in syndication . New productions based on the shorts have been made over the years , including a 1994 feature film , Little Rascals , released by Universal Pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Directorial approach 1.2 Finding and replacing the cast 1.3 African - American cast members 2 History 2.1 1922 -- 1925 : Early years 2.2 1926 -- 1929 : New faces and new distributors 2.3 1929 -- 1931 : Entering the sound era 2.4 1931 -- 1933 : Transition 2.5 1933 -- 1936 : New directions 2.6 The final Roach years 2.7 The MGM era 3 Later years and The Little Rascals revival 3.1 The Little Rascals television package 3.2 King World 's acquisition and edits 3.3 New Little Rascals productions 4 Legacy and influence 4.1 Imitators , followers , and frauds 4.2 Persons and entities named after Our Gang 5 Home video releases and rights to the films 5.1 16 mm , VHS , and DVD releases 5.2 Cabin Fever / Hallmark releases 5.3 MGM / Warner Bros. releases 6 Status of ownership 7 Our Gang cast and personnel 7.1 Roach silent period 7.2 Roach sound period 7.3 MGM period 8 Notable Our Gang comedies 9 References 10 External links Series overview ( edit ) Unlike many motion pictures featuring children and based in fantasy , producer / creator Hal Roach rooted Our Gang in real life : most of the children were poor , and the gang was often at odds with snobbish `` rich kids , '' officious adults , parents , and other such adversaries . Directorial approach ( edit ) Senior director Robert F. McGowan helmed most of the Our Gang shorts until 1933 , assisted by his nephew Anthony Mack . McGowan worked to develop a style that allowed the children to be as natural as possible , downplaying the importance of the filmmaking equipment . Scripts were written for the shorts by the Hal Roach comedy writing staff , which included at various times Leo McCarey , Frank Capra , Walter Lantz and Frank Tashlin , among others . The children , some too young to read , rarely saw the scripts ; instead McGowan would explain the scene to be filmed to each child immediately before it was shot , directing the children using a megaphone and encouraging improvisation . When sound came in at the end of the 1920s , McGowan modified his approach slightly , but scripts were not adhered to until McGowan left the series . Later Our Gang directors , such as Gus Meins and Gordon Douglas , streamlined the approach to McGowan 's methods to meet the demands of the increasingly sophisticated movie industry of the mid-to - late 1930s . Douglas in particular had to streamline his films , as he directed Our Gang after Roach halved the running times of the shorts from two reels ( 20 minutes ) to one reel ( 10 minutes ) . Finding and replacing the cast ( edit ) As children became too old for the series , they were replaced by new children , usually from the Los Angeles area . Eventually Our Gang talent scouting employed large - scale national contests in which thousands of children tried out for an open role . Norman `` Chubby '' Chaney ( who replaced Joe Cobb ) , Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard ( who replaced Allen `` Farina '' Hoskins ) and Billie `` Buckwheat '' Thomas ( who replaced Stymie ) all won contests to become members of the gang . Even when there was no talent search , the studio was bombarded by requests from parents who were sure their children were perfect for the series . Among them were the future child stars Mickey Rooney and Shirley Temple , neither of whom made it past the audition . African - American cast members ( edit ) Original theatrical poster for the Our Gang comedy Baby Brother , in which Allen `` Farina '' Hoskins ( center ) paints a black baby with white shoe polish so that he can sell him to a lonely rich boy , Joe Cobb ( right ) , as a baby brother The Our Gang series is notable for being one of the first in cinema history in which blacks and whites were portrayed as equals . The four African - American child actors who held main roles in the series were Ernie `` Sunshine Sammy '' Morrison , Allen `` Farina '' Hoskins , Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard and Billie `` Buckwheat '' Thomas . Ernie Morrison was , in fact , the first African - American actor signed to a long - term contract in Hollywood history and the first major African - American star in Hollywood history . In their adult years , Morrison , Beard , and Thomas became some of Our Gang 's staunchest defenders , maintaining that its integrated cast and innocent story lines were far from racist . They explained that the white children 's characters in the series were similarly stereotyped : the `` freckle - faced kid '' , the `` fat kid '' , the `` neighborhood bully '' , the `` pretty blond girl '' , and the `` mischievous toddler '' . `` We were just a group of kids who were having fun '' , Stymie Beard recalled . Ernie Morrison stated , `` When it came to race , Hal Roach was color - blind . '' Other minorities , including Asian Americans Sing Joy , Allen Tong ( also known as Alan Dong ) , and Edward Soo Hoo ; and the Italian American actor Mickey Gubitosi ( later known as Robert Blake ) , were depicted in the series with varying levels of stereotyping . History ( edit ) Left to right : Ernie `` Sunshine Sammy '' Morrison , Andy Samuel , Allen `` Farina '' Hoskins , Mickey Daniels and Joe Cobb in a 1923 still from one of the earliest Our Gang comedies 1922 -- 1925 : early years ( edit ) According to Roach , the idea for Our Gang came to him in 1921 , when he was auditioning a child actress to appear in a film . The girl was , in his opinion , overly made up and overly rehearsed , and Roach waited for the audition to be over . After the girl and her mother left the office , Roach looked out of his window to a lumberyard across the street , where he saw some children having an argument . The children had all taken sticks from the lumberyard to play with , but the smallest child had the biggest stick , and the others were trying to force him to give it to the biggest child . After realizing that he had been watching the children bicker for 15 minutes , Roach thought a short film series about children just being themselves might be a success . Our Gang also had its roots in an aborted Roach short - subject series revolving around the adventures of a black boy called `` Sunshine Sammy '' , played by Ernie Morrison . Theater owners then were wary of booking shorts focused on a black boy , and the series ended after just one entry , The Pickaninny , was produced . Morrison 's `` Sunshine Sammy '' instead became one of the foci of the new Our Gang series . Under the supervision of Charley Chase , work began on the first two - reel shorts in the new `` kids - and - pets '' series , to be called Hal Roach 's Rascals , later that year . Director Fred C. Newmeyer helmed the first pilot film , entitled Our Gang , but Roach scrapped Newmeyer 's work and had former fireman Robert F. McGowan reshoot the short . Roach tested it at several theaters around Hollywood . The attendees were very receptive , and the press clamored for `` lots more of those ' Our Gang ' comedies . '' The colloquial usage of the term Our Gang led to its becoming the series ' second ( yet more popular ) official title , with the title cards reading `` Our Gang Comedies : Hal Roach presents His Rascals in ... '' The series was officially called both Our Gang and Hal Roach 's Rascals until 1932 , when Our Gang became the sole title of the series . The first cast of Our Gang was recruited primarily of children recommended to Roach by studio employees , with the exception of Ernie Morrison , under contract to Roach . The other Our Gang recruits included Roach photographer Gene Kornman 's daughter Mary Kornman , their friends ' son Mickey Daniels , and family friends Allen `` Farina '' Hoskins , Jack Davis , Jackie Condon , and Joe Cobb . Most early shorts were filmed outdoors and on location and featured a menagerie of animal characters , such as Dinah the Mule . Roach 's distributor Pathé released One Terrible Day , the fourth short produced for the series , as the first Our Gang short on September 10 , 1922 ; the pilot Our Gang was not released until November 5 . The Our Gang series was a success from the start , with the children 's naturalism , the funny animal actors , and McGowan 's direction making a successful combination . The shorts did well at the box office , and by the end of the decade the Our Gang children were pictured on numerous product endorsements . The biggest Our Gang stars then were Sunshine Sammy , Mickey Daniels , Mary Kornman , and little Farina , who eventually became the most popular member of the 1920s gang and the most popular black child star of the 1920s . A reviewer wrote of her character in Photoplay : `` The honors go to a very young lady of color , billed as ' Little Farina . ' Scarcely two years old , she goes through each set like a wee , sombre shadow . '' Daniels and Kornman were very popular and were often paired in Our Gang and a later teen version of the series called The Boy Friends , which Roach produced from 1930 to 1932 . Other early Our Gang children were Eugene `` Pineapple '' Jackson , Scooter Lowry , Andy Samuel , Johnny Downs , Winston and Weston Doty , and Jay R. Smith . 1926 -- 1929 : new faces and new distributors ( edit ) After Sammy , Mickey and Mary left the series in the mid 1920s , the Our Gang series entered a transitional period . The stress of directing child actors forced Robert McGowan to take doctor - mandated sabbaticals for exhaustion , leaving his nephew Robert A. McGowan ( credited as Anthony Mack ) to direct many shorts in this period . The Mack - directed shorts are considered to be among the lesser entries in the series . New faces included Bobby `` Wheezer '' Hutchins , Harry Spear , Jean Darling and Mary Ann Jackson , while stalwart Farina served as the series ' anchor . Also at this time , the Our Gang cast acquired an American pit bull terrier with a ring around one eye , originally named Pansy but soon known as Pete the Pup , the most famous Our Gang pet . In 1927 , Roach ended his distribution arrangement with the Pathé company . He signed on to release future products through the newly formed Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , which released its first Our Gang comedy in September 1927 . The move to MGM offered Roach larger budgets and the chance to have his films packaged with MGM features to the Loews Theatres chain . Some shorts around this time , particularly Spook Spoofing ( 1928 , one of only two three - reelers in the Our Gang canon ) , contained extended scenes of the gang tormenting and teasing Farina , scenes which helped spur the claims of racism , which many other shorts did not warrant . These shorts marked the departure of Jackie Condon , who had been with the group from the beginning of the series . Jackie Cooper in the 1930 short School 's Out 1929 -- 1931 : entering the sound era ( edit ) Starting in 1928 , Our Gang comedies were distributed with phonographic discs that contained synchronized music - and - sound - effect tracks for the shorts . In spring 1929 , the Roach sound stages were converted for sound recording , and Our Gang made its `` all - talking '' debut in April 1929 with the 25 - minute Small Talk . It took a year for McGowan and the gang to fully adjust to talking pictures , during which time they lost Joe Cobb , Jean Darling and Harry Spear and added Norman `` Chubby '' Chaney , Dorothy DeBorba , Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard , Donald Haines and Jackie Cooper . Cooper proved to be the personality the series had been missing since Mickey Daniels left and was featured prominently in three 1930 / 1931 Our Gang films : Teacher 's Pet , School 's Out , and Love Business . These three shorts explored Jackie Cooper 's crush on the new schoolteacher Miss Crabtree , played by June Marlowe . Cooper soon won the lead role in Paramount 's feature film Skippy , and Roach sold his contract to MGM in 1931 . Other Our Gang members appearing in the early sound shorts included Buddy McDonald , Bobby `` Bonedust '' Young , and Shirley Jean Rickert . Many also appeared in a group cameo appearance in the all - star comedy short The Stolen Jools ( 1931 ) . Beginning with When the Wind Blows , background music scores were added to the soundtracks of most of the Our Gang films . Initially , the music consisted of orchestral versions of then popular tunes . Marvin Hatley had served as the music director of Hal Roach Studios since 1929 , and RCA employee Leroy Shield joined the company as a part - time musical director in mid 1930 . Hatley and Shield 's jazz - influenced scores , first featured in Our Gang with 1930s Pups is Pups , became recognizable trademarks of Our Gang , Laurel and Hardy , and the other Roach series and films . Another 1930 short , Teacher 's Pet , marked the first use of the Our Gang theme song , `` Good Old Days '' , composed by Shield and featuring a notable saxophone solo . Shield and Hatley 's scores supported Our Gang 's on - screen action regularly through 1934 , after which series entries with background scores became less frequent . In 1930 , Roach began production on The Boy Friends , a short - subject series which was essentially a teenaged version of Our Gang . Featuring Our Gang alumni Mickey Daniels and Mary Kornman among its cast , The Boy Friends was produced for two years , with fifteen installments in total . The gang races rich - kid Jerry Tucker in their makeshift fire engine in the 1934 short Hi ' - Neighbor ! 1931 -- 1933 : transition ( edit ) Jackie Cooper left Our Gang in early 1931 at the cusp of another major shift in the lineup , as Farina Hoskins , Chubby Chaney , and Mary Ann Jackson all departed a few months afterward . Our Gang entered another transitional period , similar to that of the mid 1920s . Stymie Beard , Wheezer Hutchins , and Dorothy DeBorba carried the series during this period , aided by Sherwood Bailey and Kendall `` Breezy Brisbane '' McComas . Unlike the mid-1920s period , McGowan sustained the quality of the series with the help of the several regular cast members and the Roach writing staff . Many of these shorts include early appearances of Jerry Tucker and Wally Albright , who later became series regulars . New Roach discovery George `` Spanky '' McFarland joined the gang late in 1931 at the age of three and , excepting a brief hiatus during the summer of 1938 , remained an Our Gang actor for eleven years . At first appearing as the tag - along toddler of the group , and later finding an accomplice in Scotty Beckett in 1934 , Spanky quickly became Our Gang 's biggest child star . He won parts in a number of outside features , appeared in many of the now - numerous Our Gang product endorsements and spin - off merchandise items , and popularized the expressions `` Okey - dokey ! '' and `` Okey - doke ! '' Dickie Moore , a veteran child actor , joined in the middle of 1932 and remained with the series for one year . Other members in these years included Mary Ann Jackson 's brother Dickie Jackson , John `` Uh - huh '' Collum , and Tommy Bond . Upon Dickie Moore 's departure in mid 1933 , long - term Our Gang members such as Wheezer ( who had been with Our Gang since the late Pathé silents period ) and Dorothy left the series as well . 1933 -- 1936 : new directions ( edit ) Robert McGowan , burned out from the stress of working with the child actors , had as early as 1931 attempted to resign from his position as Our Gang producer / director . Lacking a replacement , Hal Roach persuaded him to stay on for another year . At the start of the 1933 -- 34 season , the Our Gang series format was significantly altered to accommodate McGowan and persuade him to stay another year . The first two entries of the season in fall 1933 , Bedtime Worries and Wild Poses ( which featured a cameo by Laurel and Hardy ) , focused on Spanky McFarland and his hapless parents , portrayed by Gay Seabrook and Emerson Treacy , in a family - oriented situation comedy format similar to the style later popular on television . A smaller cast of Our Gang kids -- Stymie Beard , Tommy Bond , Jerry Tucker , and Georgie Billings -- were featured in supporting roles with reduced screen time . An unsatisfied McGowan abruptly left after Wild Poses . Coupled with a brief suspension in Spanky McFarland 's work permit , Our Gang went into a four - month hiatus , during which the series was revised to a format similar to its original style and German - born Gus Meins was hired as the new series director . Hi - Neighbor ! , released in March 1934 , ended the hiatus and was the first series entry directed by Meins , a veteran of the once - competing Buster Brown short subject series . Gordon Douglas served as Meins 's assistant director , and Fred Newmeyer alternated directorial duties with Meins for a handful of shorts . Meins 's Our Gang shorts were less improvisational than McGowan 's and featured a heavier reliance on dialogue . McGowan returned two years later to direct his Our Gang swan song , Divot Diggers , released in 1936 . Retaining Spanky McFarland , Stymie Beard , Tommy Bond , and Jerry Tucker , the revised series added Scotty Beckett , Wally Albright , and Billie Thomas , who soon began playing the character of Stymie 's sister `` Buckwheat , '' though Thomas was a male . Semi-regular actors , such as Jackie Lynn Taylor , Marianne Edwards , and Leonard Kibrick as the neighborhood bully , joined the series at this time . Tommy Bond and Wally Albright left in the middle of 1934 ; Jackie Lynn Taylor and Marianne Edwards would depart by 1935 . Early in 1935 , Carl Switzer and his brother Harold joined the gang after impressing Roach with an impromptu performance at the studio commissary . While Harold would eventually be relegated to the role of a background player , Carl , nicknamed `` Alfalfa , '' eventually replaced Scotty Beckett as Spanky 's sidekick . Stymie Beard left the cast soon after , and the Buckwheat character morphed subtly into a male . That same year , Darla Hood , Patsy May , and Eugene `` Porky '' Lee joined the gang , as Scotty Beckett departed for a career in features . The final Roach years ( edit ) Our Gang was very successful during the 1920s and the early 1930s . However , by 1934 , many movie theater owners were increasingly dropping two - reel ( 20 - minute ) comedies like Our Gang and the Laurel & Hardy series from their bills and running double feature programs instead . The Laurel & Hardy series went from film shorts to features exclusively in mid 1935 . By 1936 , Hal Roach began debating plans to discontinue Our Gang until Louis B. Mayer , head of Roach 's distributor MGM , persuaded Roach to keep the popular series in production . Roach agreed , producing shorter , one - reel Our Gang comedies ( ten minutes in length instead of twenty ) . The first one - reel Our Gang short , Bored of Education ( 1936 ) , marked the Our Gang directorial debut of former assistant director Gordon Douglas and won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject ( One Reel ) in 1937 . As part of the arrangement with MGM to continue Our Gang , Roach received the clearance to produce an Our Gang feature film , General Spanky , hoping that he might move the series to features as was done with Laurel & Hardy . Directed by Gordon Douglas and Fred Newmeyer , General Spanky featured Spanky , Buckwheat , and Alfalfa in a sentimental , Shirley Temple-esque story set during the Civil War . The film focused more on the adult leads ( Phillips Holmes and Rosina Lawrence ) than the children and was a box office disappointment . No further Our Gang features were made . However , after World War Two , Roach put a new group of child performers together and attempted to revive the idea with two Our Gang - like featurettes , Curley ( film ) from 1947 and its sequel , Who Killed Doc Robbin the following year . The new films failed to recapture the strengths of the Our Gang series and no more were produced . George `` Spanky '' McFarland , Darla Hood , and Carl `` Alfalfa '' Switzer in the `` Club Spanky '' dream sequence from the 1937 short Our Gang Follies of 1938 . After years of gradual cast changes , the troupe standardized in 1936 with the move to one - reel shorts . Most casual fans of Our Gang are particularly familiar with the 1936 -- 1939 incarnation of the cast : Spanky , Alfalfa , Darla , Buckwheat , and Porky , with recurring characters such as neighborhood bullies Butch and Woim and the bookworm Waldo . Tommy Bond , an off - and - on member of the gang since 1932 , returned to the series as Butch beginning with the 1937 short Glove Taps . Sidney Kibrick , the younger brother of Leonard Kibrick , played Butch 's crony , Woim . Glove Taps also featured the first appearance of Darwood Kaye as the bespectacled , foppish Waldo . In later shorts , both Butch and Waldo were portrayed as Alfalfa 's rivals in his pursuit of Darla 's affections . Other popular elements in these mid-to - late - 1930s shorts include the `` He - Man Woman Haters Club '' from Hearts Are Thumps and Mail and Female ( both 1937 ) , the Laurel and Hardy - ish interaction between Alfalfa and Spanky , and the comic tag - along team of Porky and Buckwheat . Roach produced the final two - reel Our Gang short , a high - budget musical special entitled Our Gang Follies of 1938 , in 1937 as a parody of MGM 's Broadway Melody of 1938 . In Follies of 1938 , Alfalfa , who aspires to be an opera singer , falls asleep and dreams that his old pal Spanky has become the rich owner of a swanky Broadway nightclub where Darla and Buckwheat perform , making `` hundreds and thousands of dollars . '' As the profit margins continued to decline owing to double features , Roach could no longer afford to continue producing Our Gang . However , MGM did not want the series discontinued and agreed to take over production . On May 31 , 1938 , Roach sold MGM the Our Gang unit , including the rights to the name and the contracts for the actors and writers , for $25,000 ( equal to $434,634 today ) . After delivering the Laurel and Hardy feature Block - Heads , Roach also ended his distribution contract with MGM , moving to United Artists and leaving the short - subjects business . The final Roach - produced short in the Our Gang series , Hide and Shriek , was his final short - subject production . The MGM era ( edit ) The Little Ranger was the first Our Gang short to be produced in - house at MGM . Gordon Douglas was loaned out from Hal Roach Studios to direct The Little Ranger and another early MGM short , Aladdin 's Lantern , while MGM hired newcomer George Sidney as the permanent series director . Our Gang would be used by MGM as a training ground for future feature directors : Sidney , Edward Cahn and Cy Endfield all worked on Our Gang before moving on to features . Another director , Herbert Glazer , remained a second - unit director outside of his work on the series . Nearly all of the 52 MGM - produced Our Gangs were written by former Roach director Hal Law and former junior director Robert A. McGowan ( also known as Anthony Mack , nephew of former senior Our Gang director Robert F. McGowan ) . Robert A. McGowan was credited for these shorts as `` Robert McGowan '' ; as a result , moviegoers have been confused for decades about whether this Robert McGowan and the senior director of the same name at Roach were two separate people or not . By 1938 , Alfalfa had surpassed Spanky as Our Gang 's lead character ; Spanky McFarland had departed from the series just before its sale to MGM . Casting his replacement was delayed until after the move to MGM , at which point it was arranged to re-hire McFarland . Porky was replaced in 1939 by Mickey Gubitosi , later known by the stage name of Robert Blake . Tommy Bond , Darwood Kaye , and Carl Switzer all left the series in 1940 , and Billy `` Froggy '' Laughlin ( with his Popeye-esque trick voice ) and Janet Burston were added to the cast . By the end of 1941 , Darla Hood had departed from the series , and Spanky McFarland followed her within a year . Buckwheat remained in the cast until the end of the series as the sole holdover from the Roach era . Overall , the Our Gang films produced by MGM were not as well - received as the Roach - produced shorts had been , largely due to MGM 's inexperience with the brand of slapstick comedy that Our Gang was famous for and to MGM 's insistence on keeping Alfalfa , Spanky and Buckwheat in the series as they became teens . The MGM entries are considered by many film historians , and the Our Gang children themselves , to be lesser films than the Roach entries . The children 's performances were criticized as stilted and stiff , and adult situations often drove the action , with each film often incorporating a moral , a civics lesson , or a patriotic theme . The series was given a permanent setting in the fictitious town of Greenpoint , and the mayhem caused by the Our Gang kids was toned down significantly . Exhibitors noticed the drop in quality , and often complained that the series was slipping . When six of the 13 shorts released between 1942 and 1943 sustained losses rather than turning profits , MGM discontinued Our Gang , releasing the final short , Dancing Romeo , on April 29 , 1944 . Since 1937 , Our Gang had been featured as a licensed comic strip in the UK comic The Dandy , drawn by Dudley D. Watkins . Starting in 1942 , MGM licensed Our Gang to Dell Comics for the publication of Our Gang Comics , featuring the gang , Barney Bear , and Tom and Jerry . The strips in The Dandy ended three years after the demise of the Our Gang shorts , in 1947 . Our Gang Comics outlasted the series by five years , changing its name to Tom and Jerry Comics in 1949 . In 2006 , Fantagraphics Books began issuing a series of volumes reprinting the Our Gang stories , mostly written and drawn by Pogo creator Walt Kelly . Later years and the Little Rascals revival ( edit ) The Little Rascals television package ( edit ) When Roach sold Our Gang to MGM , he retained the option to buy the rights to the Our Gang trademark , provided he produced no more children 's comedies in the Our Gang vein . In the late 1940s , he created a new film property in the Our Gang mold and forfeited his right to buy back the name Our Gang to obtain permission to produce two Cinecolor featurettes , Curley and Who Killed Doc Robbin . Neither film was critically or financially successful , and Roach turned to re-releasing the original Our Gang comedies . In 1949 , MGM sold Roach the back catalog of 1927 -- 1938 Our Gang silent and talking shorts , while retaining the rights to the Our Gang name , the 52 Our Gang films it produced , and the feature General Spanky . Under the terms of the sale , Roach was required to remove the MGM Lion studio logo and all instances of the names or logos `` Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer '' , `` Loew 's Incorporated '' , and Our Gang from the reissued film prints . Using a modified version of the series ' original name , Roach repackaged 79 of the 80 sound Our Gang shorts as The Little Rascals . Monogram Pictures and its successor , Allied Artists , reissued the films to theaters beginning in 1951 . Allied Artists ' television department , Interstate Television , syndicated the films to TV in 1955 . Under its new name , The Little Rascals enjoyed renewed popularity on television , and new Little Rascals comic books , toys , and other licensed merchandise were produced . Seeing the potential of the property , MGM began distributing its own Our Gang shorts to television in September 1958 , and the two separate packages of Our Gang films competed with each other in syndication for three decades . Some stations bought both packages and played them alongside each other under the Little Rascals show banner . The television rights to the silent Pathé Our Gang comedies were sold to National Telepix and other distributors , who distributed the films under titles such as The Mischief Makers and Those Lovable Scallawags with Their Gangs . King World 's acquisition and edits ( edit ) In 1963 , Hal Roach Studios , by then run by Roach 's son Hal Jr , filed for bankruptcy . A struggling novice syndication agent named Charles King purchased the television rights to The Little Rascals in the bankruptcy proceedings and returned the shorts to television . The success of The Little Rascals paved the way for King 's new company , King World Productions , to grow into one of the largest television syndicators in the world . Currently , CBS Television Distribution handles distribution rights . In 1971 , because of controversy over some racial humor in the shorts and other content deemed to be in bad taste , King World made significant edits to Little Rascals TV prints . Many series entries were trimmed by two to four minutes , while others ( among them Spanky , Bargain Day , The Pinch Singer and Mush and Milk ) were cut to nearly half of their original length . At the same time , eight Little Rascals shorts were pulled from the King World television package altogether . Lazy Days , Moan and Groan , Inc. , the Stepin Fetchit - guest - starred A Tough Winter , Little Daddy , A Lad an ' a Lamp , The Kid From Borneo , and Little Sinner were deleted from the syndication package because of perceived racism , while Big Ears was deleted for its depiction of carelessly ingesting an assortment of drugs out of a medicine cabinet . The early talkie Railroadin ' was never part of the television package because its soundtrack ( recorded on phonographic records ) was considered lost , although it was later found and restored to the film . Turner Entertainment acquired the classic MGM library in 1986 , and the 1938 -- 44 MGM - produced Our Gang shorts were shown on Turner 's TBS and TNT cable networks for many years as early - morning programming filler , with a regular slot on Sundays at 6 AM ET on TNT . In the early 2000s , the 71 films in the King World package were re-edited , reinstating many ( though not all ) edits made in 1971 and the original Our Gang title cards . These new television prints made their debut on the American Movie Classics cable network in 2001 and ran until 2003 . New Little Rascals productions ( edit ) Many producers , including Our Gang alumnus Jackie Cooper , made pilots for new Little Rascals television series , but none ever went into production . In 1977 , Norman Lear tried to revive the Rascals franchise , taping three pilot episodes of The Little Rascals . The pilots were not bought , but were notable for including Gary Coleman . 1979 brought The Little Rascals Christmas Special , an animated holiday special produced by Murakami - Wolf - Swenson , written by Romeo Muller and featuring the voice work of Darla Hood ( who died suddenly before the special aired ) and Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard . From 1982 to 1984 , Hanna - Barbera Productions produced a Saturday morning cartoon version of The Little Rascals , which aired on ABC during The Pac - Man / Little Rascals / Richie Rich Show ( later The Monchichis / Little Rascals / Richie Rich Show ) . It starred the voices of Patty Maloney as Darla ; Peter Cullen as Petey and Officer Ed ; Scott Menville as Spanky ; Julie McWhirter Dees as Alfalfa , Porky and The Woim ; Shavar Ross as Buckwheat , and B.J. Ward as Butch and Waldo . In 1994 , Amblin Entertainment and Universal Pictures released The Little Rascals , a feature film based loosely on the series and featuring interpretations of classic Our Gang shorts , including Hearts are Thumps , Rushin ' Ballet , and Hi ' - Neighbor ! The film , directed by Penelope Spheeris , starred Travis Tedford as Spanky , Bug Hall as Alfalfa , and Ross Bagley as Buckwheat ; with cameos by the Olsen twins , Whoopi Goldberg , Mel Brooks , Reba McEntire , Daryl Hannah , Donald Trump and Raven - Symoné . The Little Rascals was a moderate success for Universal , bringing in $51,764,950 at the box office . In 2014 , Universal Pictures released a direct - to - video film , The Little Rascals Save the Day . This was a second film loosely based on the series and featuring interpretations of classic Our Gang shorts , including Helping Grandma , Mike Fright , and Birthday Blues . The film was directed by Alex Zamm , and starred Jet Jurgensmeyer as Spanky , Drew Justice as Alfalfa , Eden Wood as Darla , and Doris Roberts as the kids ' adopted Grandma . Legacy and influence ( edit ) Painted cover to Four Color Comics number 674 , featuring `` The Little Rascals '' ( Dell , January 1956 ) . Artist : David Gantz . The characters in this series are well - known cultural icons , and identified solely by their first names . The characters of Alfalfa , Spanky , Buckwheat , Porky , Darla , Froggy , Butch , Woim , and Waldo were especially well known . Like many child actors , the Our Gang children were typecast and had trouble outgrowing their Our Gang images . Several Our Gang alumni , among them Carl `` Alfalfa '' Switzer , Scotty Beckett , Norman `` Chubby '' Chaney , Billy `` Froggy '' Laughlin , Donald Haines , Bobby `` Wheezer '' Hutchins , Darla Hood , Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard , Billie `` Buckwheat '' Thomas , and George `` Spanky '' McFarland , died before age 65 , in most cases well earlier . This led to rumors of an Our Gang / Little Rascals `` curse '' , rumors further popularized by a 2002 E ! True Hollywood Story documentary entitled `` The Curse of the Little Rascals '' . The Snopes.com website debunks the rumor of an Our Gang curse , stating that there was no pattern of unusual deaths when taking all of the major Our Gang stars into account , despite the deaths of a select few . The children 's work in the series was largely unrewarded in later years , although Spanky McFarland got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame posthumously in 1994 . Neither he nor any other Our Gang children received any residuals or royalties from reruns of the shorts or licensed products with their likenesses . The only remittances were their weekly salaries during their time in the gang , ranging from $40 a week for newcomers to $200 or more weekly for stars like Farina , Spanky , and Alfalfa . One notable exception was Jackie Cooper , who was later nominated for an Academy Award and had a career as an adult actor . Cooper is known today for portraying Perry White in the 1978 -- 1987 Superman movies , and for directing episodes of TV series such as M * A * S * H and Superboy . Another was Robert Blake , who found great success in the 1960s and 1970s as an actor , with films like In Cold Blood and television shows like Baretta ( which netted him an Emmy Award ) . The 1930 Our Gang short Pups is Pups was an inductee of the 2004 National Film Registry list . Imitators , followers , and frauds ( edit ) Due to the popularity of Our Gang , many similar kid comedy short film series were created by competing studios . Among the most notable are The Kiddie Troupers , featuring future comedian Eddie Bracken ; Baby Burlesks , featuring Shirley Temple ; the Buster Brown comedies ( from which Our Gang received Pete the Pup and director Gus Meins ) ; and Our Gang 's main competitor , the Toonerville Trolley - based Mickey McGuire series starring Mickey Rooney . Less notable imitations series include The McDougall Alley Gang ( Bray Productions , 1927 -- 1928 ) , The Us Bunch and Our Kids . There is evidence that Our Gang - style productions were filmed in small towns and cities around the country using local children actors in the 1920s and 1930s . These productions did not appear to be affiliated with Hal Roach , but often used storylines from the shorts of the period , and sometimes went so far as to identify themselves as being Our Gang productions . In later years , many adults falsely claimed to have been members of Our Gang . A long list of people , including persons famous in other capacities such as Nanette Fabray , Eddie Bracken , and gossip columnist Joyce Haber claimed to be or have been publicly called former Our Gang children . Bracken 's official biography was once altered to state that he appeared in Our Gang instead of The Kiddie Troupers , although he himself had no knowledge of the change . Among notable Our Gang impostors is Jack Bothwell , who claimed to have portrayed a character named `` Freckles '' , going so far as to appear on the game show To Tell The Truth in the fall of 1957 , perpetuating this fraud . In 2008 , a Darla Hood impostor , Mollie Barron , died claiming to have appeared as Darla in Our Gang . Another is Bill English , a grocery store employee who appeared on the October 5 , 1990 , episode of the ABC investigative television newsmagazine 20 / 20 claiming to have been Buckwheat . Following the broadcast , Spanky McFarland informed the media of the truth , and in December , William Thomas , Jr. ( son of Billie Thomas , the person who played Buckwheat ) filed a lawsuit against ABC for negligence . Persons and entities named after Our Gang ( edit ) A number of groups , companies , and entities have been inspired by or named after Our Gang . The folk - rock group Spanky and Our Gang was named for the troupe because lead singer Elaine `` Spanky '' McFarlane 's last name was similar to that of George `` Spanky '' McFarland . The band had no connection with the actual Our Gang series . Numerous unauthorized Little Rascals and Our Gang restaurants and day care centers also exist throughout the United States . Home video releases and rights to the films ( edit ) Further information : Our Gang filmography 16 mm , VHS , and DVD releases ( edit ) In the 1950s , home movie distributor Official Films released many of the Hal Roach talkies on 16 mm film . These were released as `` Famous Kid Comedies '' . as Official could not use `` Our Gang '' . The company 's licensing only lasted for a short period . For years afterward , Blackhawk Films released 79 of the 80 Roach talkies on 16 mm film . The sound discs for Railroading ' had been lost since the 1940s , and a silent print was available for home movie release until 1982 , when the film 's sound discs were located in the MGM vault and the short was restored with sound . Like the television prints , Blackhawk 's Little Rascals reissues featured custom title cards in place of the original Our Gang logos , per MGM 's 1949 arrangement with Hal Roach not to distribute the series under its original title . Edits to the films were the replacements of the original Our Gang title cards with Little Rascals titles . In 1983 , with the VHS home video market growing , Blackhawk began distributing Little Rascals VHS tapes through catalogue , with three shorts per tape . Blackhawk Films was acquired in 1983 by National Telefilm Associates , later being renamed Republic Pictures . Republic would release Little Rascals VHS volumes for retail purchase in non-comprehensive collections through the rest of the 1980s and early 1990s . By then , all but 11 of the Roach - era sound films were available on home video . Cabin Fever / Hallmark releases ( edit ) In 1993 , Republic Pictures Home Video sold the home video rights to the 80 sound Roach shorts and some available silent shorts to Cabin Fever Entertainment . Cabin Fever acquired the rights to use the original Our Gang title cards and MGM logos , and for the first time in over 50 years , the Roach sound Our Gang comedies could be commercially exhibited in the original format . The first twelve volumes of The Little Rascals were released on July 6 , 1994 , followed by nine more on July 11 , 1995 , coinciding with the theatrical and home video releases of Universal 's 1994 feature . Each tape contains four shorts , as well as specially - produced introductions by Leonard Maltin . With these releases , Cabin Fever made all 80 Roach sound shorts , and four silents , available for purchase , uncut , uncensored , unedited and with digitally restored picture and sound . On August 26 , 1997 , a limited edition volume , For Pete 's Sake , was released in honor of the Rascals ' 75th anniversary , and contained an introduction from original cast member Tommy `` Butch '' Bond and Petey from the 1994 feature . The video contained three previously - released shorts , plus the never - before - available silent short Dog Heaven ; it was also available in a gift set with a Pete plush doll . Cabin Fever began pressing DVD versions of their first 12 Little Rascals VHS volumes ( with the contents of two VHS volumes included on each DVD ) , but went out of business in 1998 before their release . The Little Rascals home video rights were then sold to Hallmark Entertainment in 1999 , who released the DVDs without an official launch while cleaning out their warehouse in early 2000 . Hallmark colorized a few Our Gang shorts and released them across 8 VHS tapes . Later that year , the first 10 Cabin Fever volumes were re-released on VHS with new packaging , and the first two volumes were released on DVD as The Little Rascals : Volumes 1 -- 2 . Two further Hallmark DVD collections featured ten shorts apiece , and were released in 2003 and 2005 , respectively . From 2006 to 2009 , Legend Films produced colorized versions of twenty four Our Gang comedies ( 23 Roach entries , and the public domain MGM entry Waldo 's Last Stand ) , which were released across five Little Rascals DVDs . In 2011 , Legend Films released black and white versions of Little Rascals DVDs . RHI Entertainment and Genius Products released an eight - disc DVD set , The Little Rascals -- the Complete Collection , on October 28 , 2008 . This set includes all 80 Hal Roach - produced Our Gang sound short films . Most of the collection uses the 1994 restorations , while 16 shorts are presented with older Blackhawk Films transfers as their remastered copies were lost or misplaced during preparations . On June 14 , 2011 , Vivendi Entertainment re-released seven of the eight DVD 's from RHI / Genius Products ' The Little Rascals -- The Complete Collection as individual releases . This includes the 80 shorts -- replacing the Blackhawk transfers on the previous set with their respective 1994 restorations -- but excludes the disc featuring the extras . MGM / Warner Bros. releases ( edit ) During the 1980s and 1990s , MGM released several non-comprehensive VHS tapes of its shorts , and a VHS of the feature General Spanky . After video rights for the classic MGM library reverted to their new owners , Turner Entertainment / Warner Bros. , in the late 1990s , four of the MGM Our Gang shorts appeared as bonus features on Warner Bros. - issued classic film DVD releases . On September 1 , 2009 , Warner Home Video released all 52 MGM Our Gang shorts in a compilation titled The Our Gang Collection : 1938 -- 1942 ( though it contains the 1943 -- 44 shorts as well ) for manufacture - on - demand ( MOD ) DVD and digital download . The set is available by mail order and digital download as part of the Warner Archive Collection , and is available for purchase via the iTunes Store . There are many unofficial Our Gang and Little Rascals home video collections available from several other distributors , comprising shorts ( both silent and sound ) which have fallen into the public domain . Status of ownership ( edit ) Currently , the rights to the Our Gang / Little Rascals shorts are scattered . Sonar Entertainment ( formerly known as RHI Entertainment , Cabin Fever Entertainment and Hallmark Entertainment ) owns the copyrights of and holds the theatrical and home video rights to the Roach - produced Our Gang shorts . Sonar acquired these after absorbing Hal Roach Studios in 1988 , and both Roach 's estate and Cabin Fever Entertainment in the late 1990s . CBS Television Distribution , formed by the merger of King World Entertainment with CBS Paramount Domestic Television , owns the rights to the Little Rascals trademark and has all media rights to the 1929 - 1938 Roach shorts , which constitute The Little Rascals television package , with certain territory exclusions controlled by Cinematografische Commers Anatalt . CBS offers original black - and - white and colorized prints for syndication . The King World / CBS Little Rascals package was featured as exclusive programming ( in the United States ) for the American Movie Classics network from August 2001 to December 2003 , with Frankie Muniz hosting . As part of a month - long tribute to Hal Roach Studios , Turner Classic Movies televised a 24 - hour marathon of Roach Our Gang shorts - both sound films and silents -- on January 4 -- 5 , 2011 . Some of the silent Our Gangs ( such as Mary , Queen of Tots and Thundering Fleas ) resurfaced on TCM at this time with new music scores in stereo sound ; these silent Pathé Our Gangs are now being syndicated by Mackinaw Media . The MGM - produced Our Gang shorts , General Spanky , and the rights to the Our Gang name are owned by Warner Bros. Entertainment as part of the Turner Entertainment library . Turner Entertainment acquired these assets in 1986 when its founder , Ted Turner , purchased the pre-May 1986 MGM library ; Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 . The television rights for the MGM Our Gang shorts belong to Warner Bros. Television Distribution , and the video rights to Warner Home Video . The MGM Our Gangs today appear periodically on the Turner Classic Movies cable network , and are available for streaming via the subscription - based Warner Archive Instant streaming video service . Our Gang cast and personnel ( edit ) For a detailed listing of the Our Gang child actors , recurring adult actors , directors , and writers , see Our Gang personnel . The following is a listing of the primary child actors in the Our Gang comedies . They are grouped by the era during which they joined the series . Roach silent period ( edit ) Ernie `` Sunshine Sammy '' Morrison ( 1922 -- 1924 ) Peggy Cartwright ( 1922 ) Mickey Daniels ( 1922 -- 1926 ) Jackie Condon ( 1922 -- 1929 ) Peggy Cartwright ( 1922 ) Allen `` Farina '' Hoskins ( 1922 -- 1931 ) Jack Davis ( 1922 -- 1923 ) Lassie Lou Ahern ( 1923 -- 1924 ) Mary Kornman ( 1923 -- 1926 ) Peggy Ahern ( 1923 -- 1927 ) Joe Cobb ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Andy Samuel ( 1923 -- 1924 ) Eugene `` Pineapple '' Jackson ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Johnny Downs ( 1925 -- 1927 ) Jay R. Smith ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Bobby `` Bonedust '' Young ( 1925 -- 1931 ) Elmer `` Scooter '' Lowry ( 1926 -- 1927 ) Jean Darling ( 1927 -- 1929 ) Bobby `` Wheezer '' Hutchins ( 1927 -- 1933 ) Harry Spear ( 1927 -- 1929 ) Mary Ann Jackson ( 1928 -- 1931 ) Pete the Pup ( 1929 -- 1938 ) Roach sound period ( edit ) Norman `` Chubby '' Chaney ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Jackie Cooper ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Donald Haines ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Dorothy DeBorba ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard ( 1930 -- 1935 ) Jerry Tucker ( 1931 -- 1938 ) Kendall McComas ( 1932 ) Dickie Moore ( 1932 -- 1933 ) George `` Spanky '' McFarland ( 1932 -- 1942 ) Tommy Bond ( 1932 -- 1934 as `` Tommy , '' 1937 -- 1940 as `` Butch '' ) Jackie Lynn Taylor ( 1934 as `` Jane '' ) Scotty Beckett ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Billie `` Buckwheat '' Thomas ( 1934 -- 1944 ) Carl `` Alfalfa '' Switzer ( 1935 -- 1940 ) Darla Hood ( 1935 -- 1941 ) Eugene `` Porky '' Lee ( 1935 -- 1939 ) Darwood `` Waldo '' Kaye ( 1937 -- 1940 ) MGM period ( edit ) Mickey Gubitosi ( Robert Blake ) ( 1939 -- 1944 ) Janet Burston ( 1940 -- 1944 ) Billy `` Froggy '' Laughlin ( 1940 -- 1944 ) As of April 2018 , living Our Gang actors included Betty Jane Beard , Laura June Williams , Paul Hilton , Mildred Kornman , Margaret Kerry , Robert Blake and Sidney Kibrick . Notable Our Gang comedies ( edit ) For a complete filmography , see Our Gang filmography . The following is a listing of selected Our Gang comedies , considered by Leonard Maltin and Richard W. Bann ( in their book The Little Rascals : The Life and Times of Our Gang ) to be among the best and most important in the series . 1923 : The Champeen , Derby Day 1924 : High Society 1925 : Your Own Back Yard , One Wild Ride 1929 : Small Talk , Lazy Days , Boxing Gloves , Cat , Dog & Co . 1930 : The First Seven Years , Pups Is Pups , Bear Shooters , Teacher 's Pet , School 's Out 1931 : Helping Grandma , Love Business , Little Daddy , Fly My Kite , Big Ears , Dogs Is Dogs 1932 : Readin ' and Writin ' , The Pooch , Hook And Ladder , Free Wheeling , Birthday Blues 1933 : Fish Hooky , Forgotten Babies , The Kid From Borneo , Mush and Milk , Bedtime Worries 1934 : Hi ' - Neighbor ! , For Pete 's Sake ! , The First Round - Up , Honky Donkey , Mama 's Little Pirate 1935 : Anniversary Trouble , Shrimps for a Day , Beginner 's Luck , Little Papa , Our Gang Follies of 1936 1936 : Divot Diggers , Bored of Education , General Spanky 1937 : Reunion in Rhythm , Glove Taps , Hearts Are Thumps , Rushin ' Ballet , Night ' n ' Gales , Mail and Female , Our Gang Follies of 1938 1938 : Three Men in a Tub , Hide and Shriek 1939 : Alfalfa 's Aunt , Cousin Wilbur 1940 : Goin ' Fishin ' , Waldo 's Last Stand , Kiddie Kure 1942 : Going to Press References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Maltin , Leonard ( 1994 ) . The Little Rascals : Remastered and Uncut , vol. 22 , introduction . Videorecording . New York : Cabin Fever Entertainment / Hallmark Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Maltin & Bann . The Little Rascals : The Life & Times of Our Gang . pp. 1 , 128 , 134 , 172 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , pp. 254 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , pp. 259 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , pp. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Burns , Linda ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` Life & Times ( Interview with Donald Bogle ) . Television broadcast '' . KCET . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2005 ... `` ( The ) interesting thing is the first real kind of African - American star in Hollywood was a ( child actor ) . His name was Ernest Morrison , whose stage name was `` Sunshine Sammy . '' He worked with Harold Lloyd in the early `` Our Gang '' series . He was very well known in the African - American community in Los Angeles and much admired . '' Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Petro , Patrice ( 2010 ) . Idols of Modernity : Movie Stars of the 1920s . Piscataway , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . p. 229 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 4732 - 6 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Maltin & Bann , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Bogle , Donald ( 1973 , rev. 2001 ) . Toms , Coons , Mulattoes , Mammies & Bucks : An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films ( New York : Continuum ) , p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1267 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Shadow Stage '' . Photoplay . New York : Photoplay Publishing Company . June 1923 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Richard Lewis ( 2005 ) . A History of Hal Roach Studios . Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University Press . Pg. 85 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2637 - X . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 119 . See the article on Hi - Neighbor ! ( 1934 ) for more details . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Maltin & Bann , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Ward , Richard Lewis ( 2005 ) . A History of Hal Roach Studios . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press . pp. 116 , 225 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2637 - X . Jump up ^ `` Came The Brawn '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Maltin & Bann , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Maltin & Bann , pp. 235 -- 236 . Financial data for negative costs , revenue , and profits / losses are provided for all 52 MGM Our Gang shorts . Jump up ^ McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television ( 4th ed . ) , pgs 485 , 638 . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 024916 - 8 Jump up ^ The Little Rascals ( 1994 ) . Imdb.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Business Data for The Little Rascals ( 1994 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 30 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` E ! True Hollywood Story : The Curse of the Little Rascals '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara and Mikkelson , David . `` Urban Legends References Page : ' Our Gang ' Curse . '' Snopes.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ accessed 3 / 18 / 2018 . Jump up ^ Streible , Dan . ( 2003 ) Itinerant Filmmakers and Amateur Casts : A Homemade Our Gang , 1926 , Film History , An International Journal , Vol. 15 , No. 2 , pp. 177 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Bruce . ( August 1 , 1993 ) Joyce Haber , a Gossip Columnist Known for Barbed Commentaries , The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Maltin & Bann , p. 241 -- 242 . Jump up ^ `` Former child actress Mollie Barron dies '' . The Decatur Daily . 4 April 2008 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dirga , Nik ( July 23 , 1994 ) . `` MGM / UA , Cabin Fever Bringing Little Rascals to Home Video '' . Billboard . Vol. 106 no . 30 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Don ( May 27 , 1995 ) . `` T Acquire or Not to Acquire ? Chains ' Strategies May Differ , But There 's No End to the Consolidation Trend '' . Billboard . Vol. 107 no . 21 . Jump up ^ Paige , Earl ( July 5 , 1997 ) . `` Big Name Vid Chains Again Planning for Major Growth '' . Billboard . Vol. 109 no . 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Rascals DVD news : Little Rascals Box Set Announced '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Rascals DVD news : Box Art for The Little Rascals -- The Complete Collection '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Talk Review : The Little Rascals : The Complete Collection '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE '' . Jump up ^ ( 12 - 08 - 2005 ) . `` Hallmark to Sell Film - Production Entity '' . Hallmark.com . Retrieved from the Wayback Machine on 03 - 24 - 2013 . Jump up ^ Citron , Alan ( June 6 , 1990 ) . `` Qintex Entertainment to Sell Virtually All of Its Assets '' . Jump up ^ Kevin McDonough . `` Can Paula Abdul make another comeback ? '' . SouthCoastToday.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 09 - 26 - 1996 ). `` Warner Bros. to Run Most of Turner 's Entertainment Units '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 03 - 24 - 2013 . Jump up ^ Warner Archive . ( @ WarnerArchive ) . ( 2014 , March 24 ) . Our Gang now streaming on Warner Archive Instant ? O - tay ! Try it free ... ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 Bibliography Bond , Tommy , w . Genini , Ron ( 1994 ) . Darn Right It 's Butch : Memories of Our Gang / The Little Rascals . Delaware : Morgan Printing . ISBN 0 - 9630976 - 5 - 2 . Cooper , Jackie ( 1982 ) . Please Do n't Shoot My Dog : The Autobiography of Jackie Cooper . New York : Penguin Putnam . ISBN 0 - 425 - 07483 - 8 . Maltin , Leonard and Bann , Richard W. ( 1977 , rev. 1992 ) . The Little Rascals : The Life & Times of Our Gang . New York : Crown Publishing / Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 58325 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Our Gang . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Our Gang The Heustess Family Website features Our Gang multimedia and links . Steve Ramsey 's Our Gang Online . Our Gang Online in the Wayback Machine . King World Productions ' Little Rascals licensing site . Detailed series and crew filmographies on The Lucky Corner Our Gang website Jean Darling 's website . Darling was part of Our Gang from 1926 to 1929 . Shirley Jean Rickert 's website . Rickert was part of Our Gang from 1930 to 1931 . Winship , Mary ( May 1925 ) . `` Our Gang . All About Them -- Including Farina '' . Photoplay Magazine . Vol. 26 no . 6 . pp. 64 -- 65 , 108 -- . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Our Gang / Little Rascals Filmography Personnel Films General Spanky ( 1936 ) The Little Rascals ( 1994 ) The Little Rascals Save the Day ( 2014 ) Television The Little Rascals Christmas Special ( 1979 ) The Little Rascals ( 1982 - 1984 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Gang&oldid=849729899 '' Categories : English - language films Our Gang American comedy films American short films American films American black - and - white films Dell Comics titles Hal Roach Studios short film series Comedy short films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 23 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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6066552019905619349	Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry	Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry - Wikipedia Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes First meeting October 16 , 1897 Michigan 34 , Ohio State 0 Latest meeting November 25 , 2017 Ohio State 31 Michigan 20 Next meeting November 24 , 2018 Statistics Meetings total 114 All - time series Michigan leads , 58 -- 49 -- 6 Largest victory Michigan 86 , Ohio State 0 ( 1902 ) Longest win streak Michigan , 9 ( 1901 -- 1909 ) Current win streak Ohio State , 6 ( 2012 - present ) The Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry , referred to as The Game by some followers , is an American college football rivalry game played annually between the University of Michigan Wolverines and the Ohio State University Buckeyes . It gathered particular national interest as most of the games from the 1970s through the mid-2000s determined the Big Ten Conference title and the resulting Rose Bowl Game match ups , and many influenced the outcome of the national college football championship . The game was ranked by ESPN in 2000 as the greatest North American sports rivalry . The two Midwest state schools first met in 1897 , and the rivalry has been played annually since 1918 . The game has been played at the end of the regular season since 1935 ( with exceptions in 1942 , 1986 , and 1998 ) . Since 1918 , the game 's site has alternated between Columbus , Ohio , and Ann Arbor , Michigan ( Michigan hosts it in odd years and Ohio State in even years ) , and has been played in Ohio Stadium since 1922 and Michigan Stadium since 1927 . Through 2010 , Ohio State and Michigan have decided the Big Ten Conference championship between themselves on 22 different occasions , and have affected the determination of the conference title an additional 27 times . For many years , the game aired on ABC , usually in the 12 p.m. time slot . Beginning with the 2017 season , the game aired on Fox as a result of that network acquiring the Big Ten 's tier 1 rights in the most recent broadcasting contract . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 1.1 Early years ( 1897 -- 1949 ) 1.2 `` Snow Bowl '' and Woody Hayes ( 1950 -- 1968 ) 1.3 `` Ten - Year War '' : Hayes vs Schembechler ( 1969 -- 1978 ) 1.4 Schembechler vs Bruce ( 1979 -- 1987 ) 1.5 John Cooper era ( 1988 -- 2000 ) 1.6 Enter Jim Tressel ( 2001 -- 1907 ) 1.6. 1 2006 : No. 1 vs. No. 2 1.7 Sea change at Michigan ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.8 A carousel of coaches ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 1.9 Meyer vs. Harbaugh ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Big Ten expansion 3 In popular culture 4 Accomplishments by the two rivals 5 Game results 5.1 Big Ten games 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series history ( edit ) Early years ( 1897 -- 1949 ) ( edit ) When the University of Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time in 1897 , the Toledo War was within the memories of some still living , and the short - lived border war may have fueled the rivalry between the two opposing teams . The inaugural game , held at Ann Arbor , resulted in a lopsided victory for Michigan , with the Wolverines posting a 34 -- 0 win over Ohio State 's Buckeyes . The teams did not meet in 1898 or 1899 , but played again in 1900 . The first game foretold a long Michigan winning streak , with Michigan winning or tying every game from 1897 to 1912 and thereby compiling a 12 -- 0 -- 2 record before the contest was postponed for several years . The Ohio State Alma Mater `` Carmen Ohio '' was written on the train ride home to Columbus following the 1902 contest , which saw Ohio State lose to Michigan 86 -- 0 . The lyrics and melody ( Spanish Chant ) have remained largely unchanged since its conception . Ohio State became a member of the Big Ten Conference in 1912 . In 1917 , Michigan rejoined the conference after a ten - year absence . In 1918 , the teams played their first conference matchup , with Michigan prevailing 14 -- 0 and lodging its eleventh shutout over the Buckeyes . The rivalry has been renewed annually every year since then . In 1919 , the Buckeyes ( led by legendary halfback Chic Harley ) won their first game in the series , beating the Wolverines 13 -- 3 . The Buckeyes won the following two contests as well , to bring the series record to 13 -- 3 -- 2 . Ohio State was the opponent in the dedication game at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor . Harley 's prowess spurred the university to campaign to build a stadium for Ohio State football . The stadium was completed in 1922 , and the first of many historic games in Ohio Stadium took place on October 21 , 1922 , the day the stadium was dedicated in Columbus . In front of a record 71,000 fans , the Wolverines posted another shutout of the home team Buckeyes , 19 -- 0 . According to lore , there was a wager on the outcome of this game , and yellow flowers on a blue background still exist today in the upper part of the stadium 's rotunda . Michigan won the next five games before OSU picked up the final two victories of the decade . At the end of the 1920s , the series stood at 19 -- 5 -- 2 in favor of Michigan . A football signed by Woody Hayes and gifted to Gerald Ford that lists the scores of the Michigan -- Ohio State game from 1932 -- 34 , the three years that Ford played on Michigan 's varsity team . Michigan won three of four contests between 1930 and 1933 , claiming the national championship twice . In 1934 , Francis Schmidt came on as the head coach for Ohio State . The team had lost nine of the previous 12 Michigan - OSU contests , and when a reporter asked Schmidt if Ohio State could beat Michigan that year , he replied , `` Of course we can win , Michigan puts their pants on one leg at a time just like we do '' . The Buckeyes thereupon ran off four straight shutout victories against Michigan , outscoring the Wolverines 114 -- 0 from 1934 to 1937 . Schmidt 's quote spawned an OSU tradition -- since 1934 , every Ohio State player receives a gold pants pendant after a victory against Michigan . Michigan won the three games from 1938 to 1940 . The 1940 game , won by Michigan , 40 -- 0 , was the benchmark performance of what some consider to be the greatest Michigan team in history , and was the final collegiate game of the tailback tandem of Tom Harmon and Paul Kromer . In 1941 , Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time with each team ranked in the AP Poll , which had started in 1936 . The 14th - ranked Buckeyes played the 5th - ranked Wolverines to a 20 -- 20 tie in Ann Arbor . In 1945 , Michigan quarterback Howard Yerges led Michigan to a 7 -- 3 victory over Ohio State . Yerges played for Ohio State in 1943 as a freshman ( freshmen were eligible to play during wartime ) and then transferred to Michigan in 1944 , making him one of three players to play on both sides in the rivalry . Five more times during the 1940s , the teams were both ranked for their annual matchup . Michigan won five of the next seven games before playing to their second tie of the decade in 1949 . The series record stood at 30 -- 12 -- 4 at the mid-century mark . `` Snow Bowl '' and Woody Hayes ( 1950 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) One of the more famous games in the rivalry is the 1950 contest , colloquially known as the Snow Bowl . Eighth - ranked Ohio State , coached by Wes Fesler , was scheduled to host the game on November 25 in Columbus amidst one of the worst blizzards on Ohio record . The Buckeyes , who led the Big Ten , were granted the option to cancel the game against Michigan , which would have , by default , given the Buckeyes the Big Ten title outright . Ohio State refused , and the game was set to be played . Amid howling snow and wind , in a famous example of a `` field position '' game , the teams exchanged 45 punts , often on first down , in hopes that the other team would fumble the ball near or into their own end zone . Ohio State 's Vic Janowicz , who would claim the Heisman Trophy that year , punted 21 times for 685 yards and also kicked a field goal in the first quarter for the Buckeyes ' only points . Michigan capitalized on two blocked punts , booting one out of the back of the end zone for a safety and recovering another one in the end zone for a touchdown just before halftime . Despite failing to gain a single first down or complete a single forward pass , Michigan gained a 9 -- 3 victory , securing the Big Ten title and a Rose Bowl berth . Heavy criticism of Fesler 's play calling led to his resignation and the hiring of Woody Hayes as his successor . Between 1951 and 1968 under Hayes , the Buckeyes won 12 of 18 contests , including a 1957 victory in Michigan Stadium , the first game in the series attended by over 100,000 fans . In 1958 , Ohio State had a 20 -- 14 lead towards the end of the game . On the final play , Michigan fullback Gene Sisinyak ran the ball from the one - yard line for what might have been a game - winning touchdown , but Ohio State defensive tackle Dick Schafrath hit Sisinyak , forcing a fumble . In the 1968 game , Ohio State won 50 -- 14 , outscoring its foe 29 -- 0 in the second half and attempting an unsuccessful two - point conversion attempt on its final touchdown . In the post-game interview Hayes was asked why he went for two points with an already insurmountable 50 -- 14 lead and he replied , `` because I could n't go for three '' . The victory gave top - ranked Ohio State the Big Ten title for the first time in seven years en route to an AP national championship . The Buckeyes had also narrowed the series margin to 37 -- 24 -- 4 . `` Ten - year War '' : Hayes vs. Schembechler ( 1969 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Ten Year War Wolverines coach Bump Elliott resigned after the 1968 loss and Michigan hired Miami ( Ohio ) head coach Bo Schembechler , who had previously been an assistant at Ohio State under Hayes , to revitalize its football program . On November 22 , 1969 , Hayes led his top - ranked Buckeyes into Michigan Stadium to face Schembechler 's Wolverines in the first matchup between two coaches who would come to define the rivalry between the two programs . The Buckeyes brought a 22 - game winning streak into Ann Arbor , but behind an inspiring 60 - yard punt return by Barry Pierson that set up a Wolverine touchdown in the second quarter , and a defense that intercepted Ohio State six times ( three by Pierson ) , the Wolverines won a defensive battle ( both teams were scoreless in the second half ) for a 24 -- 12 upset . The contest was the first in the famous `` Ten - Year War '' between Hayes and Schembechler , which pitted some of OSU 's and UM 's strongest teams against one another . Four times between 1970 and 1975 , Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup . The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once , a 10 -- 7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20 , 1971 . The Michigan graduating class of 1975 shared or won the Big Ten championship every season , yet went to the Rose Bowl only once , in 1972 . They only lost or tied with Ohio State during the regular season in that period . In 1973 , both teams entered undefeated , with the winner guaranteed a trip to the Rose Bowl . The rivals played to a 10 -- 10 tie in Ann Arbor on November 24 , and the athletic directors of the other Big Ten institutions were forced to vote on the Big Ten representative for the bowl game . In a secret ballot , Ohio State won the vote , to the outrage of Michigan athletic officials and fans . Schembechler argued that Michigan was robbed of its on - field achievements , and for months afterward , Ohio State newspapers were flooded with angry Wolverine letters and threats of lawsuits . Woody coined the phrase `` That state up north '' and `` That team up north '' , so he would not have to say the word `` Michigan '' . He was famous for his intense hatred of all things Michigan and according to legend , once refused to get gas in an empty tank , saying : `` No , goddammit ! We do NOT pull in and fill up . And I 'll tell you exactly why we do n't . It 's because I do n't buy one goddam drop of gas in the state of Michigan ! We 'll coast and PUSH this goddam car to the Ohio line before I give this state a nickel of my money ! '' During the `` Ten - Year War , '' Ohio State and Michigan shared the Big Ten title six times . Between 1976 and 1978 , Michigan won the game each year , and Ohio State failed to score a touchdown in each of those contests . Woody Hayes was fired at the end of the 1978 season after punching a Clemson player during the Gator Bowl , which ended the `` War . '' The 1978 game was won by Michigan , 14 -- 3 , giving Schembechler a record of 5 -- 4 -- 1 against Hayes . At the end of the Hayes tenure , the series stood at 42 -- 28 -- 5 . Schembechler vs. Bruce ( 1979 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Earle Bruce took over for Hayes and led the Buckeyes to a 5 -- 4 record against Schembechler 's Wolverines between 1979 and 1987 , perhaps the most balanced stretch of the rivalry , during which neither team won more than two consecutive games . In 1987 , Bruce was fired in the week before the Michigan game due to a poor season record , but was allowed to coach anyway , and the inspired Buckeyes ( each wearing a sweatband labeled `` Earle '' ) won an upset over the heavily favored Wolverines . After the game , Bo Schembechler told Bruce , `` I always mind losing to Ohio State but I did n't mind so much today . '' After 1987 , the series stood at 46 -- 33 -- 5 in favor of UM . John Cooper era ( 1988 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) The 13 games during John Cooper 's tenure as Buckeye coach were dominated by Michigan , as the Wolverines went 10 -- 2 -- 1 during the stretch . Schembechler coached Michigan through the 1989 season and then turned over the reins to one of his assistants , Gary Moeller , who led the team for five seasons before another longtime Michigan assistant , Lloyd Carr , became the head coach in 1995 . The most notorious matchups of the era took place in 1993 , 1995 , and 1996 , in which Ohio State entered the game each year undefeated . The Buckeyes had a 9 -- 0 -- 1 record heading into the 1993 game and were looking to claim an outright Big Ten title against a Michigan team that had already lost four times . Michigan receiver Mercury Hayes and running backs Jon Ritchie , Che Foster , and Ed Davis each scored a touchdown as the Wolverines shocked the Buckeyes , 28 -- 0 . After the game , Cooper said : `` This is one of the most embarrassing games I 've ever been involved with . '' `` They outplayed us on offense , on defense , and in the kicking game . If you 'd told me we would come up here and get beat 28 -- 0 , I 'd have probably stayed home . '' In 1995 , # 2 Ohio State was led by eventual Heisman Trophy winner Eddie George and future National Football League ( NFL ) stars Orlando Pace , Terry Glenn , Mike Vrabel , Shawn Springs , and Rickey Dudley . Glenn insisted there was n't anything special about the Wolverines : `` Michigan 's nothing , '' he said . Perhaps inspired by this remark , the Wolverines manhandled the Buckeyes at the line of scrimmage from the very first play . Michigan senior running back Tim Biakabutuka amassed 313 yards rushing in Michigan 's 31 -- 23 upset . The Buckeyes had high expectations again entering the 1996 contest . They boasted an unblemished 10 -- 0 record and were ranked # 2 in the nation as they entered the finale with 7 -- 3 Michigan . When Ohio State jumped to a 9 -- 0 halftime lead , the OSU crowd sensed a special finish and perhaps a rise to # 1 . The Wolverines ' defense shut the Buckeyes out in the second half while Brian Griese replaced the struggling Scott Dreisbach and led Michigan to 13 unanswered points and another victory over their rivals , 13 -- 9 . The game would turn out to be the Buckeyes ' only loss of the season and ended up costing them a chance of the national championship . In 1997 , Ohio State hoped to return the favor : the 10 -- 0 Wolverines sat atop the AP Poll entering their matchup with the 10 -- 1 Buckeyes , who were ranked # 4 . Spearheaded by the play of eventual Heisman winner Charles Woodson , who ran a punt back for a touchdown , intercepted a pass in the Ohio State end zone , and caught a 37 - yard pass that set up freshman running back Anthony Thomas ' touchdown run , the Wolverines prevailed , 20 -- 14 . The Wolverines then defeated Washington State in the Rose Bowl by a 21 -- 16 score , winning their first national championship since 1948 . Ohio State came back with a win in the 1998 contest , but Michigan went on to win in 1999 and 2000 . Senior quarterback Tom Brady hit sophomore receiver Marquise Walker for the game - winning touchdown pass with five minutes to go to for a 24 -- 17 victory in 1999 . In the 2000 game , Michigan grabbed a 31 -- 12 lead and held on to win , 38 -- 26 . Michigan junior quarterback Drew Henson went 14 for 25 passing for 303 yards and three scores and added a touchdown run . At the end of the 2000 season , Cooper was fired . While he consistently fielded strong teams , his 2 -- 10 -- 1 record against Michigan , including his failure to ever win in Ann Arbor , was , along with disciplinary problems and a losing record in bowl games , a major contributor to his dismissal . Michigan students held a `` John Cooper Day '' celebration in Ann Arbor on February 10 , 2001 in mock celebration of Cooper 's record in the rivalry . Enter Jim Tressel ( 2001 -- 1907 ) ( edit ) James Laurinaitis attempts to tackle Brandon Minor . In 2001 , Youngstown State head football coach Jim Tressel took over as Buckeye head coach . Unlike his predecessor John Cooper , Tressel put a special emphasis on the rivalry . In his introductory speech at halftime of a January basketball game , against Michigan , he said `` I can assure you that you will be proud of our young people , in the classroom , in the community , and most especially in 310 days in Ann Arbor , Michigan on the football field . '' In his first year , Tressel registered the Buckeyes ' first defeat of the Wolverines in Ann Arbor in 14 years , by a 26 -- 20 score . Led by senior running back Jonathan Wells , the Buckeyes raced to a 23 -- 0 halftime lead . With Wells out , Michigan mounted a second half comeback that fell just short . The next year , Tressel achieved what Cooper could not : Beating Michigan in consecutive years with a 14 -- 9 victory . The game was decided on the last play when defensive back Will Allen intercepted a pass at the two yard line as time expired to clinch the victory . The Buckeyes were led by freshman running back Maurice Clarett , who ran for 119 yards and one touchdown . He also had a key reception to set up Maurice Hall 's game - winning score . The Buckeyes went on to win the national championship that season , as they defeated Miami in the Fiesta Bowl . In 2003 , Michigan struck back and won the 100th meeting between the historical rivals by a score of 35 -- 21 in Ann Arbor . Senior running back Chris Perry , a Heisman finalist , had 154 yards rushing and two touchdowns to lead the Wolverines to the victory . Braylon Edwards contributed seven catches for 130 yards and two big touchdowns . The game 's attendance was 112,118 , the largest crowd ever for an NCAA football game at the time . In 2004 , the 6 -- 4 Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored 9 -- 1 Wolverines , 37 -- 21 , behind the leadership of quarterback Troy Smith and true freshman receiver Ted Ginn , Jr . The Buckeyes added another win in the 2005 game by overcoming a 21 -- 12 deficit with less than eight minutes in the game . In the closing minutes of the game , the Buckeye offense scored two touchdowns to claim a 25 -- 21 victory . Smith threw for 300 yards and completed 73 % of his passes . Ginn had a game high nine catches for 89 yards . 2006 : No. 1 vs. No. 2 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game Game of the Century ( in 2006 ) Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes ( 11 -- 0 ) ( 11 -- 0 ) 39 42 Head coach : Lloyd Carr Head coach : Jim Tressel AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS Total Michigan 7 7 10 15 39 Ohio State 7 21 7 7 42 Date November 18 , 2006 Season 2006 Stadium Ohio Stadium Location Columbus , Ohio On November 18 , 2006 , Ohio State and Michigan met for their annual showdown , each carrying an 11 -- 0 record . For the first time in the history of the rivalry , the two rivals faced off while holding the top two spots in the Bowl Championship Series rankings . Ohio State won the game by a score of 42 -- 39 and became the outright Big Ten champion , earning the right to play for a national championship at the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale , Arizona . Michigan struck first with a touchdown run by junior running back Mike Hart , but the Buckeyes then scored 21 unanswered points , and at halftime , they were up 28 -- 14 . Thanks to an interception and a fumble recovery by junior defensive tackle Alan Branch , Michigan made it 35 -- 31 Ohio State with 14 minutes to go in the fourth quarter . But after appearing to have forced Ohio State into a fourth - down situation with six minutes to go , junior outside linebacker Shawn Crable was called for roughing the passer , giving the Buckeyes a fresh set of downs . Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith then passed to Brian Robiskie for a touchdown , increasing the Buckeyes ' lead to 42 -- 31 with five minutes remaining in the game . After Ohio State was called for pass interference on a failed fourth - down attempt , giving Michigan an automatic first down , junior quarterback Chad Henne found senior tight end Tyler Ecker for a 16 - yard touchdown with two minutes to go to cut the OSU lead to 42 -- 37 . Senior wide receiver Steve Breaston caught the two - point conversion to bring the Wolverines within a field goal . Michigan needed to recover the ensuing onside kick , but they failed to do so . The Buckeyes ran out the clock for the victory , and a trip to the BCS national championship game . Troy Smith completed 71 % of his passes for 316 yards and four touchdowns , essentially clinching the Heisman trophy . Ginn caught eight passes for 104 yards and a touchdown . Ohio State running back Antonio Pittman ran for 139 yards on 18 carries for a 7.7 yards - per - carry average . Michigan running back Mike Hart carried the ball 23 times for 142 yards and three touchdowns against a stout Buckeye defense . Chad Henne had 267 yards , two touchdowns , and no turnovers on a 60 % completion percentage . Neither performance was , however , sufficient to turn the tide in favor of the Wolverines . The game was highly touted by ESPN / ABC ( there was a game countdown clock for a week before kickoff ) and was viewed by the largest television audience for a regular - season college football game since 1993 , averaging 21.8 million viewers . The victory marked the first time in 43 years that the Buckeyes had won three consecutive games in the series . The game gained even more significance when , on the eve of the meeting , Michigan head coach and former Ohio State assistant coach Bo Schembechler died . Schembechler was honored with a video tribute at Ohio Stadium as well as a moment of silence before kickoff . Half an hour after the game ended , the Ohio Lottery PICK 4 evening drawing was 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 9 , matching the final score of the game and paying out up to $5,000 per winner , for a total payout of $2.2 million . Following the game , there was a chance of a rematch in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game , but Florida was chosen over Michigan to be Ohio State 's opponent . Sea change at Michigan ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Terrelle Pryor ( right ) eludes Brandon Graham with a stiff arm . Lloyd Carr retired as coach at Michigan following the 2007 season and another loss to Ohio State . Tressel had compiled a 6 -- 1 record against Carr 's Michigan teams , leaving Carr with a 6 -- 7 career record against Ohio State . In December 2007 , Michigan hired West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez to take over the football program . Rodriguez , known for his expertise in the spread offense , represented a significant departure from the Wolverines ' traditional offensive style . Furthermore , both Carr and his predecessor Gary Moeller had been apprenticed by the now - legendary Schembechler , and Rodriguez 's hiring marked the first time in 40 years that a Michigan football team would not be coached by a member of the `` Schembechler school . '' The 2008 game , Rodriguez 's first against the Buckeyes , featured an Ohio State team that needed a win to secure at least a share of the Big Ten championship for the fourth straight year . Michigan by contrast entered the game with a 3 -- 8 record , having already suffered more losses than in any other season in its history . The Buckeyes posted a 42 -- 7 win , and scored their largest margin of victory over Michigan since 1968 . Ohio State won 21 -- 10 in the 2009 game to extend their winning streak against Michigan to six games , their longest in the rivalry 's history , and improve Jim Tressel 's record versus Michigan to 8 -- 1 . Ohio State wore throwback uniforms to commemorate their 1954 national championship team . The 2009 meeting also saw Buckeye guard Justin Boren , who had transferred to Ohio State from Michigan in 2008 , become the third player in school history to play for both teams ( J.T. White and Howard Yerges , Jr. being the others ) and only the second to play for both teams in the rivalry game . In 2010 , Ohio State again prevailed , 37 -- 7 but had to vacate all wins from the 2010 season . A carousel of coaches ( 2011 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Michigan on offense against Ohio State during the 2011 game in Ann Arbor Rodriguez was fired following Michigan 's 2010 season , ending Michigan 's flirtation with the spread -- and with non - `` Michigan Man '' coaches . Rodriguez was succeeded by Brady Hoke , who served as Michigan 's defensive line coach from 1995 to 2002 . Hoke held head coaching positions at Ball State from 2003 to 2008 and San Diego State from 2009 to 2010 before returning to Michigan . Meanwhile , in Columbus , the Ohio State football program came under NCAA investigation in early 2011 for an incident in which several prominent players were discovered to have traded memorabilia for tattoos . Evidence surfaced that Tressel had known about the situation but had not reported it to school compliance officials , and that the abuses were more widespread and longstanding than originally reported . On May 30 , 2011 , Tressel resigned as head coach and former Buckeye player and assistant coach Luke Fickell was appointed interim head coach for the 2011 season . In July 2011 , in response to the ongoing NCAA investigation , Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season , including the win over Michigan , leaving Tressel with a final record against Michigan of 8 -- 1 , with a win streak of six . Michigan won the 2011 meeting , 40 -- 34 , which was the first between two first - year coaches since the 1929 match - up of Harry Kipke and Sam Willaman . The Wolverines were led by junior quarterback Denard Robinson who accounted for 337 total yards rushing and passing , and five touchdowns . On November 28 , 2011 , Urban Meyer , who had served as an assistant at Ohio State from 1986 to 1987 , was named the 24th head coach for the Buckeyes , replacing Fickell . In the 2012 matchup , OSU 's junior running back Carlos Hyde ran for 146 yards and the fourth - ranked Buckeyes , trailing at halftime , shut down No. 20 Michigan 's offense in the second half to prevail 26 -- 21 and cap a 12 -- 0 season . In 2013 , Ohio State came to Michigan Stadium with an 11 -- 0 record ( 7 -- 0 Big Ten ) and ranked # 3 in the BCS standings . Michigan was a disappointing 7 -- 4 ( 3 -- 4 Big Ten ) . In spite of the seeming mismatch , the game remained close and with 32 seconds remaining Michigan scored to bring the score to 42 -- 41 . Michigan attempted a two - point conversion for the lead , but Devin Gardner 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Tyvis Powell , and Ohio State escaped with the win . Michigan entered the 2014 contest with a 5 -- 6 record and needed a win against Ohio State to become bowl eligible . Ohio State had a 10 -- 1 record ( 7 -- 0 in the Big Ten ) , and was holding onto hope that they would be selected as one of the top four teams in the nation and gain a spot in the first ever College Football Playoff . The game was tied at 21 until the fourth quarter when Ohio State scored three touchdowns ( two on offense and one on defense ) to go up 42 -- 21 . The Game ended 42 -- 28 . During the contest , OSU quarterback J.T. Barrett suffered a broken ankle and left the game in favor of third - string sophomore quarterback , Cardale Jones . Ohio State would go on to win the inaugural College Football Playoff and national championship . Three days after the game , Michigan head coach Brady Hoke was fired and Michigan began searching for Hoke 's successor . On December 30 , 2014 , Jim Harbaugh , former quarterback for Michigan from 1983 to 1986 , was introduced by the University of Michigan as the school 's new head football coach . Meyer vs. Harbaugh ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) The 2015 game in Ann Arbor marked Harbaugh 's first game as a head coach in the rivalry . His Michigan team was 9 -- 2 coming into the game and Ohio State was 10 -- 1 . For the first time since 2006 , both teams were ranked in the top 10 , with Ohio State at # 8 and Michigan at # 10 . The first half was close , with Michigan scoring a touchdown shortly before halftime to narrow Ohio State 's lead to 14 -- 10 . Ohio State , however , scored touchdowns on each of its first 4 possessions in the second half , while Michigan could only muster a single field goal . The final score was 42 -- 13 , in favor of Ohio State . The 2016 game pitted the third - ranked Wolverines against the second - ranked Buckeyes , only the second time that the matchup featured programs both ranked in the nation 's top three . Michigan led 10 -- 7 at halftime and extended its lead to 17 -- 7 early in the third quarter . An Ohio State touchdown cut the deficit to 17 -- 14 heading to the fourth quarter . The Buckeyes kicked a field goal in the final seconds of regulation to tie the game and force overtime . The game marked the first overtime in the series between the two teams . Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fifth consecutive time , winning 30 -- 27 in two overtimes . The 2017 game , held in Ann Arbor , drew a crowd of more than 112,000 , and featured the ninth - ranked Buckeyes against the unranked Wolverines . Michigan took an early lead and led 14 - 0 at the end of the first quarter but Ohio State tied the game at 14 - 14 before half time . Michigan 's offense was limited to six points in the second half , and Ohio State scored 17 , winning the game 31 - 20 . The victory was the Buckeyes ' sixth win in six years under head coach Urban Meyer . J.T. Barrett , Ohio State 's starting quarterback , recorded 4 wins in 4 years as a starting quarterback -- the first Ohio State QB to do so . Until this game , Ohio State had never come back and won a game against Michigan once down 14 or more points . Big Ten expansion ( edit ) Main article : 2010 -- 14 Big Ten Conference realignment In 2010 , the Big Ten Conference announced that the University of Nebraska would be joining the Big Ten the following year , and that the Big Ten would be split into two divisions . When rumors surfaced that Ohio State and Michigan would be placed in different divisions , concerns arose that the teams might no longer play the last game of the regular season to avoid potential back - to - back games if each team won their division and earned the right to play in the Big Ten Championship Game . Fans bombarded the athletic directors of both schools , as well as the Big Ten commissioner with emails , creating pressure to keep The Game as the regular season finale . Ultimately , Michigan was placed in the Legends Division and Ohio State in the Leaders Division . The Michigan -- Ohio State game became a `` protected crossover '' game , to be played every year at the end of the regular season . The game became a division matchup in 2014 under the Big Ten 's geographical realignment . Michigan and Ohio State were both placed in the East Division . In popular culture ( edit ) United States National Guard soldiers in Baghdad , Iraq , in November 2009 show that the Michigan -- Ohio State rivalry reaches far and wide . During the mid-2000s , ESPN aired several commercials describing certain situations that would be `` normal , if it was n't for sports '' . One commercial featured a man in an Ohio State shirt making out with a woman wearing a Michigan shirt . An ESPNU commercial air portrayed a couple on a blind date that appears to be successful until it becomes clear that she is from Michigan and he is a fan of Ohio State . In 2006 , as part of their `` Midwest Midterm Midtacular '' , The Daily Show visited Ohio State University and made fun of the rivalry on the final night by having correspondent Rob Riggle report while wearing a Michigan sweatshirt . This brought boos , jeers , and a few laughs from the OSU audience . After the sketch was over , Jon Stewart compared the rivalry to the disputes between Sunni and Shiite Muslims . The 2007 HBO documentary Michigan vs. Ohio State : The Rivalry focused on the rivalry , chiefly the `` Ten - Year War '' through the present . The book Myth Directions by Robert Asprin , who attended Michigan , features a thinly veiled version of the Ohio State vs. Michigan game , parodying both sides and their fanaticism regarding the event . The 1942 movie The Male Animal , based on a play of the same name by Ohio State alumni James Thurber and Elliott Nugent , also features a version of the game . In 2011 , 10 - year - old Grant Reed of Columbus was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor . Not liking to use the word `` cancer '' , Reed ( whose parents are both Ohio State alums and himself is an Ohio State fan ) decided to call his cancer `` Michigan '' , since `` Ohio State is always going to beat Michigan '' . The move of calling his cancer `` Michigan '' got the support of his parents , Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer ( who Reed later got to meet ) , and even some Michigan fans , including Michigan head coach Brady Hoke . After his last chemotherapy treatment in 2013 which placed him in remission , Reed now tells people that he `` beat Michigan '' . Accomplishments by the two rivals ( edit ) Team Michigan Ohio State National titles 11 8 Bowl appearances 45 47 CFP appearances 0 BCS / NY6 appearances 6 14 Postseason bowl record 21 -- 24 22 -- 25 Rose Bowl appearances 20 14 Rose Bowl wins 8 7 Big Ten Division titles 0 6 Big Ten titles 42 36 Consensus All - Americans 81 83 Heisman Trophies 7 All - time program record 943 -- 338 -- 36 897 -- 324 -- 53 All - time win percentage . 730 . 724 Game Results ( edit ) Rankings are from the AP Poll . Michigan victories Ohio State victories Tie games Vacated wins No . Date Location Winner Score 1897 Ann Arbor Michigan 34 -- 0 1900 Ann Arbor Tie 0 -- 0 1901 Columbus Michigan 21 -- 0 1902 Ann Arbor Michigan 86 -- 0 5 1903 Ann Arbor Michigan 36 -- 0 6 1904 Columbus Michigan 31 -- 6 7 1905 Ann Arbor Michigan 40 -- 0 8 1906 Columbus Michigan 6 -- 0 9 1907 Ann Arbor Michigan 22 -- 0 10 1908 Columbus Michigan 10 -- 6 11 1909 Ann Arbor Michigan 33 -- 6 12 1910 Columbus Tie 3 -- 3 13 1911 Ann Arbor Michigan 19 -- 0 14 1912 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 15 1918 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 16 1919 Ann Arbor Ohio State 13 -- 3 17 1920 Columbus Ohio State 14 -- 7 18 1921 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 0 19 1922 Columbus Michigan 19 -- 0 20 1923 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 0 21 1924 Columbus Michigan 16 -- 6 22 1925 Ann Arbor Michigan 10 -- 0 23 1926 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 16 24 1927 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 0 25 1928 Columbus Ohio State 19 -- 7 26 1929 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 27 1930 Columbus Michigan 13 -- 0 28 1931 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 29 1932 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 10 30 1933 Ann Arbor Michigan 13 -- 0 31 1934 Columbus Ohio State 34 -- 0 32 1935 Ann Arbor Ohio State 38 -- 0 33 1936 Columbus Ohio State ( # 18 ) 21 -- 0 34 1937 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 19 ) 21 -- 0 35 1938 Columbus Michigan ( # 17 ) 18 -- 0 36 1939 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 14 37 1940 Columbus Michigan ( # 7 ) 40 -- 0 38 1941 Ann Arbor Tie 20 -- 20 39 1942 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 21 -- 7 40 1943 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 45 -- 7 41 1944 Columbus Ohio State ( # 3 ) 18 -- 14 42 1945 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 7 -- 3 43 1946 Columbus Michigan ( # 8 ) 58 -- 6 44 1947 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 21 -- 0 45 1948 Columbus Michigan ( # 1 ) 13 -- 3 46 1949 Ann Arbor Tie 7 -- 7 47 1950 Columbus Michigan 9 -- 3 48 1951 Ann Arbor Michigan 7 -- 0 49 1952 Columbus Ohio State 27 -- 7 50 1953 Ann Arbor Michigan 20 -- 0 51 1954 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7 52 1955 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 17 -- 0 53 1956 Columbus Michigan ( # 9 ) 19 -- 0 54 1957 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 31 -- 14 55 1958 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 20 -- 14 56 1959 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 14 57 1960 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 7 -- 0 58 1961 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 20 No . Date Location Winner Score 59 1962 Columbus Ohio State 28 -- 0 60 1963 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 10 61 1964 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 10 -- 0 62 1965 Ann Arbor Ohio State 9 -- 7 63 1966 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 3 64 1967 Ann Arbor Ohio State 24 -- 14 65 1968 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 14 66 1969 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 12 ) 24 -- 12 67 1970 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 20 -- 9 68 1971 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 10 -- 7 69 1972 Columbus Ohio State ( # 9 ) 14 -- 11 70 1973 Ann Arbor Tie 10 -- 10 71 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 12 -- 10 72 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 14 73 1976 Columbus Michigan ( # 4 ) 22 -- 0 74 1977 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 14 -- 6 75 1978 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 14 -- 3 76 1979 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 18 -- 15 77 1980 Columbus Michigan ( # 10 ) 9 -- 3 78 1981 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 9 79 1982 Columbus Ohio State 24 -- 14 80 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 24 -- 21 81 1984 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 21 -- 6 82 1985 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 6 ) 27 -- 17 83 1986 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 26 -- 24 84 Ann Arbor Ohio State 23 -- 20 85 1988 Columbus Michigan ( # 12 ) 34 -- 31 86 1989 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 28 -- 18 87 1990 Columbus Michigan ( # 15 ) 16 -- 13 88 1991 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 31 -- 3 89 1992 Columbus Tie 13 -- 13 90 1993 Ann Arbor Michigan 28 -- 0 91 1994 Columbus Ohio State ( # 22 ) 22 -- 6 92 1995 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 18 ) 31 -- 23 93 Columbus Michigan ( # 21 ) 13 -- 9 94 1997 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 20 -- 14 95 1998 Columbus Ohio State ( # 7 ) 31 -- 16 96 1999 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 10 ) 24 -- 17 97 2000 Columbus Michigan ( # 19 ) 38 -- 26 98 2001 Ann Arbor Ohio State 26 -- 20 99 2002 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 14 -- 9 100 2003 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 35 -- 21 101 Columbus Ohio State 37 -- 21 102 2005 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 25 -- 21 103 2006 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 42 -- 39 104 2007 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 7 ) 14 -- 3 105 2008 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 42 -- 7 106 2009 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 21 -- 10 107 Columbus Ohio State ( # 12 ) 37 -- 7 108 2011 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 15 ) 40 -- 34 109 2012 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 26 -- 21 110 2013 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 42 -- 41 111 2014 Columbus Ohio State ( # 6 ) 42 -- 28 112 2015 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 8 ) 42 -- 13 113 2016 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 30 -- 27 114 2017 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 31 -- 20 115 2018 Columbus Series : Michigan leads 58 -- 49 -- 6 Big Ten games ( edit ) In Big Ten Conference play , Ohio State leads the series 49 -- 46 -- 4 through the 2017 meeting . Michigan was a charter member of the Big Ten in 1896 before leaving the league after the 1906 football season . Ohio State began league play with the 1913 season , and Michigan returned for the 1917 season . The 1918 matchup between the two schools was the first between them with both as Big Ten members . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ohio State has vacated all 12 of its victories and its Big Ten Conference championship from the 2010 season . These 12 wins are not included in Ohio State 's all - time record , nor is the 2010 Michigan -- Ohio State contest counted in the series record between the two teams . See Wikipedia : WikiProject College football / Vacated victories for an explanation of how vacated victories are recorded . See also ( edit ) List of most played college football rivalries in NCAA Division I References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ludlow , Randy ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State vacates wins from 2010 football season , places program on probation '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NCAA.com Staff and Wire Reports ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State cited for failure to monitor '' . NCAA.com . NCAA . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` What does vacating wins really mean ? '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paschall , David ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Rolled back : Tide below . 500 for 2000s '' . TimesFreePress.com . Chattanooga Publishing Company , Inc . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John ( July 4 , 2009 ) . `` Vacated Wins Do Not Equal Forfeits '' . NBCSports.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nagel , Kyle ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` The Game defines coaching careers '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press : `` Ohio , Michigan Kids Dream of ' The Game ' '' Jump up ^ `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2000 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Big Game Decides Big Ten Title '' , University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library Jump up ^ Landis , Bill ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ohio State vs. Michigan football rivalry to be televised on FOX during 2017 season '' . Cleveland.com . Jump up ^ COLLEGE FOOTBALL HALL OF FAME UNVEILS NEW EXHIBIT : `` THE BUCKS AND THE BLUE '' , National Football Foundation , April 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` UM vs OSU 1897 game '' . Jump up ^ The Five Greatest Traditions Of Ohio State Football Archived December 2 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , by Mike Furlan . Retrieved on November 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ABP3 . `` BUCKEYE FANS ONLY : About Coach Woody Hayes '' . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/bowls13/story/_/id/10215217/the-punch-ended-woody-hayes-career Jump up ^ `` Great quotes about Michigan -- Ohio State rivalry -- Page 2 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 College Football Rivalries 2 and 1 ... '' Sporting News . September 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Layden , Tim ( December 4 , 1995 ) . `` Run For The Roses '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MGoBlue : Big Ten Champs ! Football Beats Buckeyes in Big House '' . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gough , Paul ( November 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ohio State , Mich . run up ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 Ohio State 42 , No. 2 Michigan 39 '' . Yahoo Sports . Jump up ^ `` Winning Ohio lottery number : 4239 '' , Associated Press , November 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lineman who left Michigan to play for Ohio State in 2009 '' . ESPN.com. April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maag , Christopher ( November 27 , 2010 ) . `` Ohio State Routs Michigan to Share Big Ten Title '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` SI investigation reveals eight - year pattern of violations under Tressel '' . CNN . May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com Football Recruiting -- Expect prospects to roll into Columbus now '' . Jump up ^ `` Instant analysis : Ohio State 26 , Michigan 21 '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NCAA College Football Polls and Rankings for Week 13 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Without College sports , this wo n't be disgusting . November 16 , 2006 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ OSU MICHIGAN ESPN COMMERCIAL . September 25 , 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) . Midwest Midterm Midtacular -- Goodbye , Columbus ( TV - Series ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Official HBO Michigan Vs. Ohio State : The Rivalry page Jump up ^ Amy Saunders . `` Young fan of Buckeyes beats cancer '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ `` Kid nicknames cancer ' Michigan ' then beats it '' . Newsradio WTAM 1100 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines Index '' . Sports-References.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes Index '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Football Championship History '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Bowl History '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Bowl History '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Rankings '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines All - America Selections '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes All - America Selections '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Heisman Trophy Winners '' . NationalChamps.net . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UM vs OSU All - Tme Results '' . Jump up ^ Randy Ludlow . `` Ohio State vacates wins from 2010 football season , places program on probation '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Membership History Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . External links ( edit ) OSU vs UM -- a history of the rivalry sponsored by the libraries of both universities Michigan Wolverines football Venues Washtenaw County Fairgrounds ( 1883 -- 1892 ) Regents Field ( 1893 -- 1905 ) Ferry Field ( 1906 -- 1926 ) Michigan Stadium ( 1927 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Chicago ( defunct ) Michigan State ( Paul Bunyan Trophy ) Minnesota ( Little Brown Jug ) Notre Dame Ohio State ( The Ten Year War ) Illinois Culture & lore Early years Yost era Kipke years Crisler years Oosterbaan years Elliott years The Ten Year War Snow Bowl 1969 Ohio State game 1973 Ohio State game Miracle at Michigan 2006 Ohio State game 2007 Appalachian State game Biff `` The Victors '' Marching band People Head coaches Trainers Players All - Americans NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Michigan Wolverines rivalries Football Illinois Michigan State Minnesota Notre Dame Ohio State Chicago ( defunct ) Basketball Duke Michigan State Other Michigan State ( hockey ) Michigan State ( soccer ) Ohio State Buckeyes football Venues Recreation Park ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 ) Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Woody Hayes Athletic Center ( practice ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Illinois ( Illibuck ) Michigan ( The Ten Year War ) Michigan State Penn State Culture & lore History Brutus Buckeye `` Across the Field '' `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' `` Carmen Ohio '' Neutron Man Marching band Snow Bowl ( 1950 ) 1969 Michigan game 1973 Michigan game The Kick `` Holy Buckeye '' 2006 `` Game of the Century '' Block O `` Hang On Sloopy '' The Ten Year War WBNS - TV WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Yearly statistical leaders NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Big Ten Conference football rivalries Conference Illinois -- Michigan Illinois -- Northwestern Illinois -- Ohio State Illinois -- Purdue Indiana -- Michigan State Indiana -- Purdue Iowa -- Minnesota Iowa -- Nebraska Iowa -- Wisconsin Maryland -- Penn State Maryland -- Rutgers Michigan -- Michigan State Michigan -- Minnesota Michigan -- Ohio State Michigan State -- Ohio State Michigan State -- Penn State Minnesota -- Nebraska Minnesota -- Penn State Minnesota -- Wisconsin Nebraska -- Wisconsin Ohio State -- Penn State Non-conference Alabama -- Penn State Chicago -- Michigan Chicago -- Purdue Colorado -- Nebraska Illinois -- Missouri Indiana -- Kentucky Iowa -- Iowa State Johns Hopkins -- Maryland Kansas -- Nebraska Kansas State -- Nebraska Maryland -- Navy Maryland -- Virginia Maryland -- West Virginia Miami -- Nebraska Michigan State -- Notre Dame Michigan -- Notre Dame Missouri -- Nebraska Nebraska -- Oklahoma Nebraska -- Texas Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Penn State -- Pittsburgh Penn State -- Syracuse Penn State -- Temple Penn State -- West Virginia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michigan -- Ohio_State_football_rivalry&oldid = 837207371 '' Categories : Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Big Ten Conference rivalries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Pages using sports rivalry series table with a win parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 11 : 40 . 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-7320307191096957016	Big One (roller coaster)	Big One ( roller coaster ) - wikipedia Big One ( roller coaster ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Big One The Big One Blackpool Pleasure Beach Coordinates 53 ° 47 ′ 21 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 19 '' W / 53.78917 ° N 3.05528 ° W / 53.78917 ; - 3.05528 Coordinates : 53 ° 47 ′ 21 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 19 '' W / 53.78917 ° N 3.05528 ° W / 53.78917 ; - 3.05528 Status Operating Opening date May 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 28 ) Cost £ 12 million General statistics Type Steel Manufacturer Arrow Dynamics Designer Ron Toomer Model Hyper Coaster Lift / launch system Chain lift hill Height 213 ft ( 65 m ) Drop 205 ft ( 62 m ) Length 5,497 ft ( 1,675 m ) Speed 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) Duration 3 : 00 Max vertical angle 65 ° Capacity 1,800 riders per hour G - force 3.5 Height restriction 52 in ( 132 cm ) Trains 3 trains with 5 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 30 riders per train . The Big One at RCDB Pictures of The Big One at RCDB The Big One , formerly known as Pepsi Max Big One , is a steel roller coaster located at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in Blackpool , Lancashire in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Statistics 3 Records 4 Incidents 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The updated design of the trains on The Big One The Big One was manufactured by Arrow Dynamics . Construction of the ride began in September 1993 and lasted just over seven months . The tubular track and supports were airlifted from Bolton to Blackpool and stored at nearby Blackpool Airport . During the start of the construction of the ride , the south of Blackpool promenade was closed and pieces of the structure were stored on the road adjacent to the Pleasure Beach . The first pieces to be fitted were the large foundations that would follow on from the main supports . Once all the supports were fitted , the tubular track was fitted followed by additional supports on the turnaround and the mid course brake section . The ride opened to the public on 28 May 1994 . For the first five years of its life , it was sponsored by the makers of the UK version of the soft drink Pepsi Max ; until 1999 . when the sponsorship ran out and the name was shortened to Big One and all traces of Pepsi Max were gone . Statistics ( edit ) The ride is the second Hyper Coaster to be built by Arrow Dynamics , the first being Magnum XL - 200 at Cedar Point in Sandusky , Ohio . At its highest point , the ride reaches 235 feet ( 72 m ) above sea level , but only stands 213 feet ( 65 m ) above the ground with the first drop measuring 205 feet ( 62 m ) . These numbers were later confirmed by Ron Toomer of Arrow Dynamics . The first drop has an incline angle of 65 degrees and the usual maximum speed for the ride is 74 miles per hour ( 119 km / h ) . The ride lasts approximately three minutes and during this time riders normally experience positive g - forces of up to 3.5 g and negative g - forces of up to 0.5 g . Blackpool Pleasure Beach advertises the ride as rising 235 feet ( 72 m ) , but that is above sea level and not the actual height of the ride . The ride is capable of running three trains at any one time . Each train has five cars with six passengers to a car , enabling each train to carry 30 riders two - abreast in total . This gives Big One a capacity of 1,800 people per hour . The colour scheme for each train is the same : a blue base with two coloured bands around the side and front ( red and white ) showing the Union Jack logo . Each train is numbered at the back of the fifth car , and each car is numbered according to the back of each section . During testing , sand bags are used to weigh the train down . This is a safety mechanism and is common practice on roller coasters of a certain height . Before the ride was granted a certificate to operate , Blackpool Pleasure Beach had to appeal to Blackpool Airport which is one mile from the park . Due to the ride 's height , warning beacons had to be installed on the peaks of the first two hills , including the main drop , before the ride was given the all clear to operate . Records ( edit ) When it opened on 28 May 1994 , Big One was both the tallest and steepest roller coaster in the world . It was also one of the longest out - and - back roller coasters , measuring 5,497 feet ( 1,675 m ) . With a 205 - foot drop and 74 mph top speed , it was second only to Steel Phantom at Kennywood in West Mifflin , Pennsylvania in speed , but it was the fastest coaster in Europe . The Big One lost its height record to Fujiyama in Japan in 1996 , though it remained the tallest and fastest roller coaster in Europe until 2002 , when Silver Star opened at Europa - Park in Germany . The ride still remains the tallest in the United Kingdom , although Stealth in Thorpe Park is the fastest . It is also the second longest in the UK , losing only to Lightwater Valley 's Ultimate . Richard Rodriguez completed a 112 - day endurance record on the roller coaster in 2012 . This broke the world record for the most consecutive days on a rollercoaster . This attempt was only during operating hours ( approximately six hours a day ) as opposed to 24 hours a day . He also had his own row of seating assigned only for him during the record . Incidents ( edit ) Main article : Incidents at European amusement parks In May 1994 during the ride 's inaugural season , 26 people were injured when the computer system failed to completely stop a train returning to the station . The result of this brake failure was a collision with a train parked inside the ride 's station . Another train collision occurred in August 2000 , caused by another computer failure and injured 16 people . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ When Desperado opened three months later , Big One became the third fastest . Though not standing as tall as Big One , Steel Phantom and Desperado both had longer drops ( 225 feet ) and therefore achieved greater speeds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hammond , Kip ( 1994 ) . `` Nevada Jackpot '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . Chicago , Illinois : American Coaster Enthusiasts. 16 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 16 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . ^ Jump up to : Hammond , Kip ( 1994 ) . `` Nevada Jackpot : The Numbers Game '' . RollerCoaster ! Magazine . 16 ( 1 ) : 12 . ISSN 0896 - 7261 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Chris ( 2000 - 09 - 01 ) . `` 20 hurt in crash on Blackpool rollercoaster '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Roberts , J.M. ( November 1 , 1994 ) . `` The ' Pepsi Max Big One ' rollercoaster - Blackpool Pleasure Beach '' . The Structural Engineer . Institution of Structural Engineers . 72 ( 21 ) : 345 -- 349 . External links ( edit ) Pleasure Beach Blackpool , Pepsi Max Big One Official Site Pics of the Pepsi Max Big One and a front seat ride Preceded by Magnum XL - 200 World 's Tallest Complete Circuit Roller Coaster May 1994 -- July 1996 Succeeded by Fujiyama ( hide ) Blackpool Pleasure Beach rides Roller coasters Avalanche Big Dipper Big One Blue Flyer Grand National Icon ( opening 2018 ) Infusion Nickelodeon Streak Revolution Steeplechase Other attractions Ghost Train Ice Blast : The Ride Nickelodeon Land Pleasure Beach Express Valhalla Wallace & Gromit 's Thrill - O - Matic Former attractions Beaver Creek Big Apple Bling Cyclone Morgan 's Circus Clown Coaster Scenic Railway Space Invader 2 Tokaydo Express Trauma Towers Velvet Coaster Vikingar Virginia Reel Wild Mouse Related articles Blackpool Pleasure Beach railway station Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_One_(roller_coaster)&oldid=828238028 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 1994 Steel roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Arrow Dynamics Hypercoasters Blackpool Pleasure Beach Roller coasters in the United Kingdom PepsiCo buildings and structures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 10 : 53 . About Wikipedia	when did the pepsi max open in blackpool	[ "The Big One was manufactured by Arrow Dynamics. Construction of the ride began in September 1993 and lasted just over seven months. The tubular track and supports were airlifted from Bolton to Blackpool and stored at nearby Blackpool Airport. During the start of the construction of the ride, the south of Blackpool promenade was closed and pieces of the structure were stored on the road adjacent to the Pleasure Beach. The first pieces to be fitted were the large foundations that would follow on from the main supports. Once all the supports were fitted, the tubular track was fitted followed by additional supports on the turnaround and the mid course brake section. The ride opened to the public on 28 May 1994. For the first five years of its life, it was sponsored by the makers of the UK version of the soft drink Pepsi Max; until 1999. when the sponsorship ran out and the name was shortened to Big One and all traces of Pepsi Max were gone." ]	[ "28 May 1994" ]
8615388514671304411	Law enforcement in India	Law enforcement in India - Wikipedia Law enforcement in India This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maharashtra Police personnel keeping a vigil during a public protest , 2012 Law enforcement in India is performed by numerous law enforcement agencies . Like many federal nations , the nature of the Constitution of India mandates law and order as a subject of the state , therefore the bulk of the policing lies with the respective states and territories of India . At the federal level , the many agencies are part of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs ( MHA ) , and support the states in their duties . Larger cities also operate Police Commissionerates , under respective state police . All senior police officers in the state police forces , as well as those in the federal agencies , are members of the Indian Police Service ( IPS ) . Contents 1 Central agencies 1.1 Ministry of Home Affairs 1.2 Central Armed Police Forces 1.2. 1 Border Security Force 1.2. 2 Central Industrial Security Force 1.2. 3 Central Reserve Police Force 1.2. 4 Indo - Tibetan Border Police 1.2. 5 National Security Guards 1.2. 6 Special Protection Group 1.2. 7 Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) 1.3 Central investigation and intelligence institutions 1.3. 1 Central Bureau of Investigation 1.3. 2 Indian Income - tax Department 1.3. 3 Directorate of Revenue Intelligence 1.3. 4 Central Economic Intelligence Bureau 1.3. 5 Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence 1.3. 6 National Investigation Agency 1.3. 7 Narcotics Control Bureau 1.3. 8 Bureau of Police Research & Development ( BPR&D ) 1.3. 9 National Crime Records Bureau ( NCRB ) 1.4 Central forensic institutions 1.4. 1 Central Forensic Science Laboratory 1.4. 2 LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences ( LNJN - NICFS ) 2 State police 2.1 Uniforms 2.2 Organisation 2.3 Criminal Investigation Department 2.4 Police Commissionerates 2.5 Traffic Police 2.6 State Armed Police Forces 3 Selection and Training 4 Transport 5 Weapons and equipment 6 See also 7 References Central agencies ( edit ) CISF personnel at Red Fort , Delhi The central agencies are controlled by the central Government of India . The majority of federal law enforcement agencies are controlled by the Ministry of Home Affairs . The head of each of the federal law enforcement agencies is always an Indian Police Service ( IPS ) officer . The constitution assigns responsibility for maintaining law and order to the states and territories , and almost all routine policing -- including apprehension of criminals -- is carried out by state - level police forces . The constitution also permits the central government to participate in police operations and organisation by authorising the creation of Indian Police Service . Central police forces can assist the state 's police force , but only if so requested by the state governments . In practice , the central government has largely observed these limits . During the Emergency of 1975 - 77 , the constitution was amended ( effective 1 February 1976 ) to permit the central government to dispatch and deploy its Central Armed Police forces without regard to the wishes of the states . This action proved unpopular , and the use of the Central Police Forces was controversial . After the Emergency was lifted , the constitution was amended in December 1978 to make deployment of central Police forces once again dependent on the consent of the state government . Ministry of Home Affairs ( edit ) Main article : Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) The principal national - level organisation concerned with law enforcement is the Ministry of Home Affairs ( MHA ) , which supervises a large number of government functions and agencies operated and administered by the central government . The ministry is concerned with all matters pertaining to the maintenance of public peace and order , the staffing and administration of the public services , the delineation of internal boundaries , and the administration of union territories . In addition of being the cadre controlling authority of the Indian Police Service ( IPS ) , the Ministry of Home Affairs maintains several agencies and organisations dealing with police and security . Police in the union territories comes directly under MHA . The Minister of Home Affairs is the cabinet minister responsible for Ministry of Home Affairs , whereas the Home Secretary , an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer , acts as the administrative head of Ministry of Home Affairs . Central Armed Police forces ( edit ) Main article : Central Armed Police Forces Border security force ( edit ) The Indian Border Security Force ( BSF ) is responsible for policing India 's land borders during peacetime and preventing trans - border crimes . It is a central police force operating under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs . It performs a variety of duties ranging from VIP security to election duties , from guarding of vital installations to counter-naxal operations . Women personnel of Border Security Force The Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 demonstrated the inadequacies of the then existing border management system and led to the formation of the Border Security Force as a unified central armed police force with the specific mandate of guarding India 's international boundary with Pakistan . The BSF 's policing capabilities were used in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 against the Pakistani Armed Forces in areas which were least threatened . During wartime or upon orders from the central government BSF operates under the command of the Indian Army . BSF troops took part in the Battle of Longewala in 1971 in this capacity . After the 1971 war which led to the creation of Bangladesh , the responsibility for policing the border with Bangladesh was also assigned to Border Security Force . Although originally charged with guarding India 's external boundaries , the BSF has more recently been given the task of counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations . When the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir broke out in 1989 , the Jammu and Kashmir state police and the thinly - deployed Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) needed extra force to cope with the spiralling violence , the Indian government deployed the BSF to Jammu and Kashmir to combat Kashmiri militants . BSF operates a Tear - Smoke Unit situated at BSF Academy , Takenpur , Gwalior ( MP ) , which supplies teargas and smoke shells for riot prevention to all of the state police forces . BSF operates Dog Squads and runs the National Dog Training and Research Centre . BSF is one of several Indian police forces which has its own Air and Water wings . It provides helicopter , dog and other support services to the State Police . Central industrial security force ( edit ) The primary task of CISF is providing industrial security . The Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) is used to guard industrial installations around the country owned by the Central government as well as securing seaports and airports . CISF also provides security to certain NGOs . They provide security for atomic power plants , space installations , mints , oil fields and refineries , major ports , heavy engineering plants , steel plants , barrages , fertilizer units , airports , hydroelectric / thermal power plants and other installations partially or wholly run by the government . Central reserve Police force ( edit ) The Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) is one of the largest Central Police organisations in the world . Its main objective is to assist and help states and union territories ' law enforcement agencies in maintaining law and order and to contain insurgency . It is also deployed as anti-terrorist unit in various regions . It is even operating abroad as part of United Nations peacekeeping missions . It performs a variety of duties ranging from VIP security to election duties , from guarding of vital installations to the counter-naxal operations . Indo - tibetan border Police ( edit ) The Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) is one of the five main Central Armed Police Forces , responsible for security along the Indo - Tibetan Border , covering 2115 km . The ITBP personnel are trained in the fields of law & order , military tactics , jungle warfare , counter insurgency and internal security ITBP is an elite and agile force with a strength of about 90,000 personnel . It is involved in war - time and peace - time duties at the border and the surrounding areas . National security Guards ( edit ) The National Security Guards ( NSG ) is a commando unit originally created for counter-terrorism and hostage rescue missions . Raised in 1986 , it is popularly known as the `` Black Cats '' for the uniform worn by its operators . Like most military and elite security units in India , it is media - shy and the general Indian public is largely unaware of its capabilities and operational details . The NSG draws its core members from the Indian Army and the balance support staff from various central police units . It is India 's premier counter-terror outfit and is typically deployed in situations that would be beyond the capabilities of regular police units . An NSG team with a dedicated transport aircraft is always stationed at Palam airport in New Delhi , ready to deploy in 30 minutes . The NSG has also been increasingly tasked with protection of VIPs . This role has expanded in recent years , as several politicians have come to view NSG protection as a status symbol . This has caused some concern among senior NSG officers and Home Ministry officials . Special protection Group ( edit ) The Special Protection Group ( SPG ) is the executive protection agency of the Government of India . It is responsible for the protection of the Prime Minister of India , and his / her immediate families . The force was established in 1985 after the assassination of Indira Gandhi . It provides the security 24 by 7 all over India to Prime Minister including ex prime Ministers and their Family Members at any location across India . Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) ( edit ) The Sashastra Seema Bal , formed in the year 1963 , is one of the five main Central Armed Police Forces , deployed at the Indo - Nepal and Indo - Bhutan borders . SSB is a dedicated Central Armed Police Force having more than 82,000 personnel . The SSB personnel are trained in the fields of law & order , military tactics , jungle warfare , counter insurgency and internal security . SSB personnel also serve in the Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) , Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) , Special Protection Group ( SPG ) , National Security Guards ( NSG ) etc. on deputations . The officers start from the level of an Assistant Commandant ( A.C ) , equivalent to the Deputy Superintendent of Police ( Dy. SP ) in a state and retire at the rank of Inspector General ( IG ) . Central Investigation and intelligence institutions ( edit ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( edit ) The Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) is India 's premier investigative agency , responsible for a wide variety of criminal and national security matters . It is often cited to have been established from The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act , 1946 . However it must be noted that it was formed not by the Delhi state government but by the Central Government ( Home Ministry ) which controls the police in Delhi . The CBI thus , was formed by a mere resolution by the Central government than by legislation . This led to a case whereby the constitutionality of this government agency was questioned in the Narendra Kumar vs Union of India case in the High Court of Gauhati , Assam because the matter of all areas of policing ( arrests , searches , etc . ) is exclusive to state governments whereas the CBI was formed by the Central government with all the areas of policing when such powers regarding policing , are not given to the Central Government . The Gauhati High Court ruled that despite the lack of legislation , the CBI is a formal and authorized agency of the Central government to carry out policing all across the nation . The case was appealed to The Supreme Court of India which also stayed the High Court order in light of the fact that not only does India need a Central Police Force for policing for better integration in law and order but also the fact that the CBI had helped to carry out several pending cases and led to successes in investigations regarding infamous events such as the Anti-Sikh riots , the 2G spectrum scam , etc . The Central Bureau of Investigation is controlled by the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions of the Union Government usually headed by a Union Minister who reports directly to the Prime Minister . It is India 's official Interpol unit . The CBI draws its officers from the best IPS and IRS officers around the country . It is responsible for investigation into various crimes and national security matters . The agency specializes in investigating crimes involving high ranking government officials and politicians and in some instances , criminal cases that do n't necessarily involve politicians or high - ranking officials , have been referred to the agency for investigation because of media and public pressure because of incompetency from the local police investigations . Indian Income - tax Department ( edit ) Main articles : Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation , Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes , and Chief Commissioner of Income Tax Central Helicopters of Directorate of Income tax ( Criminal Investigation ) are supplied by the Indian Air Force . The Indian Income - tax Department is India 's premier financial agency , responsible for a wide variety of financial and fiscal matters. The Tax department is controlled by the Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance of the Union Government headed by a Union Minister who reports directly to the Prime Minister. The CBDT is a part of Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance . On one hand , CBDT provides essential inputs for policy and planning of direct taxes in India , at the same time it is also responsible for administration of direct tax laws through the Income Tax Department . The Central Board of Direct Taxes is a statutory authority functioning under the Central Board of Revenue Act , 1963 . The officials of the Board in their ex-officio capacity also function as a Division of the Ministry dealing with matters relating to levy and collection of direct taxes and matters of tax evasion and revenue intelligence.It is India 's official FATF unit . The Income tax Department draws its officers from the Indian Revenue Service officers around the country . It is responsible for investigation into various economic crimes and tax evasion. The special agents and agents are able to carry firearms when they are posted in the Directorate of Criminal Investigation ( DCI ) in the I-T department . The DCI is headed by the Director General of Intelligence ( Income Tax ) which was created to tackle the menace of black money with cross-border ramifications. The revamp is aimed at launching ' un-intrusive ' investigations against `` persons and transactions suspected to be involved in criminal activities having cross-border , inter-state or international ramifications , that pose a threat to national security and are punishable under the direct tax laws . '' The commissioners of the intelligence directorate of I-T who are posted in cities like Delhi , Chandigarh , Jaipur , Ahmedabad , Mumbai , Chennai , Kolkata and Lucknow will also take up criminal investigation work under the DCI . The intelligence wing of the I-T department has the Central Information Branch ( CIB ) under it , which is a repository of classified and exhaustive data on taxpayers ' financial transactions . Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( edit ) The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) is an intelligence - based organisation responsible for the co-ordination of India 's anti-smuggling efforts . Officers in this organisation are drawn from the Indian Revenue Service ( I.R.S. ) and the Group ' B ' gazetted / Non-gazetted cadre of the Central Board of Excise and Customs Central Economic Intelligence Bureau ( edit ) The Central Economic Intelligence Bureau ( CEIB ) is an Indian intelligence agency responsible for gathering information and monitoring the economic and financial sectors for economic offences and warfare Directorate General of Central Excise intelligence ( edit ) The Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence ( DGCEI ) earlier known as the Directorate General of Anti-Evasion is an intelligence - based organisation responsible for the detection of tax evasion cases related to Central Excise Duty and Service tax . Officers in this organisation are drawn from the Indian Revenue Service ( I.R.S. ) and the Group ' B ' gazetted / Non-gazetted cadre of the Central Board of Excise and Customs . National Investigation agency ( edit ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) is the central agency to combat terror in India . The agency is empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states . The National Investigation Agency Bill 2008 to create the agency was moved in Parliament by Union Home Minister on 16 December 2008 . The NIA was created in response to the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was found . It also deals with drug trafficking and currency counterfeiting . It draws its officers from IRS and IPS . Narcotics control Bureau ( edit ) Main article : Narcotics Control Bureau The NCB is responsible for anti-narcotic operations all over the country . It checks the spread of contraband as well as the cultivation of drugs . The officers in this organisation are drawn from IPS and IRS . Bureau of Police Research & Development ( BPR&D ) ( edit ) The Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) was set up on 28 August 1970 in furtherance of the objective of the Government of India for the modernization of Police Forces . It is involved in a research , relating to problems confronting the Indian police , the training of different ranks of Police in India , and the introduction of technology at both federal and state levels . National crime records Bureau ( NCRB ) ( edit ) Main article : National Crime Records Bureau The National Police Commission in 1979 recommended the creation of a `` Nodal Agency '' which suggested the maintenance of criminal records at all the police stations in the country and to create shareable databases at police stations and districts and at state and federal Level . On this recommendation NCRB was created in 1986 with amalgamation of the Directorate of Coordination Police Computers , Central Finger Print Bureau , Data Section of Coordination Division of Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistical Section of the Bureau of Police Research and Development . Central Forensic institutions ( edit ) Central Forensic Science laboratory ( edit ) The Central Forensic Science Laboratory ( CFSL ) is a wing of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs , which fulfils the forensic requirements in the country . It houses the only DNA repository in South and Southeast Asia . There are seven central forensic laboratories in India , at Hyderabad , Kolkata , Bhopal , Chandigarh , Pune , Gauhati and New Delhi . CFSL Hyderabad is centre of excellence in chemical sciences , CFSL Kolkata in biological sciences and CFSL Chandigarh in physical sciences . These laboratories are under the control of the Directorate of Forensic Science ( DFS ) of the Ministry of Home Affairs . The laboratory in New Delhi is under the control of the Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) and investigates cases on its behalf . LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic sciences ( LNJN - nicfs ) ( edit ) The National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science ( formerly the `` Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science '' ) came into existence on 4 January 1972 on the recommendations of a Committee appointed by the University Grants Commission ( UGC ) to look into the applied aspects of education , training and research in the fields of Criminology and Forensic Science to commensurate with the growing needs of the country in general and the Criminal Justice System in India in particular . In September 1979 , the Institute was constituted as a separate department under the Ministry of Home Affairs headed by a full - time Director . It is headed by senior IPS officers . The present Director is Shri Sandeep Mittal , IPS , who is a renowned expert in cyber security and defence . The Institute also has capacity for training and teaching roles for cybercrime investigations . The Institute conducts research in various aspects of criminoloy and forensics including cyber forensics. The words LNJN in its name indicate Lok Nayak Jaya Prakash Narayan . It is declared as a science and technology organisation by Department of Science and Technology . Over the years , the Institute has become a dependable name in capacity building of Criminal Justice Administration in India . State Police ( edit ) Main article : List of state police forces of India An armed police constable Armoured personnel carrier of Mumbai Police U.P. Police personnel patrol on bikes and car The controlling authority of a State Police force is the Department of Home of the State Government . The Additional Chief Secretary ( Home ) or Principal Secretary ( Home ) , generally an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer , acts the agency executive of the State Home Department , whereas the Chief Minister of the State or the State Cabinet Minister for Home is the Minister responsible for the State Home Department . Each state and union territory of India has a state police force , headed by a Director General of Police ranked IPS officer . The state police is responsible for maintaining law and order in townships of the state and the rural areas . States such as West Bengal , Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have taken steps to get their police force trained by advanced police training schools notably the Scotland Yard , Atlanta City Police of the USA and the World Police Academy of Canada . The Tamil Nadu state police is at the forefront of advancement with the Tamil Nadu Police Academy which now is seeking university status . Kerala Police is also the first police force in South Asia , to adopt community policing for effective and pro-public friendly initiatives and action . The Police Act of 1861 established the fundamental principles of organisation for police forces in India , and , with minor modifications , continues in effect . Consequently , although state - level police forces are separate and may differ in terms of the quality of equipment and resources , their patterns of organisation and operation are markedly similar . The DGP or IGP , answerable to the administrative head of Home Department of the state , who generally is an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer of the rank of Additional Chief Secretary to State Government or Principal Secretary to State Government . Under the inspector general are a number of police `` ranges '' composed of three to six districts , headed by deputy inspectors general . District police headquarters are commanded by Superintendents of Police ( SP ) . District Superintendents of Police ( SP ) have wide discretionary powers and are responsible for overseeing subordinate police stations as well as specialty elements , such as criminal investigation detachments , equipment storehouses and armories , and traffic police . Most preventive police work is carried out by constables assigned to police stations . Depending on the number of stations there , a district may be subdivided and , in some states , further divided into police `` circles '' to facilitate the supervision from district headquarters . Most of the major metropolitan areas such as Mumbai , Kolkata and Madras have Police Commissionerates , working under the State Police , headed by commissioners . Police in the states and union territories are assisted by units of volunteer Home Guards , maintained under guidelines formulated by the Ministry of Home Affairs . In most states and territories , police forces are functionally divided into civil ( unarmed ) police and armed contingents . The former , staffs police stations , conduct investigations , answer routine complaints , perform traffic duties , and patrol the streets . They usually carry lathis -- bamboo staffs weighted or tipped with iron . Contingents of armed police are divided into two groups , the district armed police and the Provincial Armed Constabulary ( Pradeshik ) . The district armed police are organised along the lines of an army infantry battalion . They are assigned to police stations and perform guard and escort duties . Those states that maintain distinct armed contingents employ them as a reserve strike force for emergencies . Such units are organised either as a mobile armed force under direct state control or in the case of district armed police ( who are not as well equipped ) as a force directed by district superintendents and generally used for riot - control duty . The Provincial Armed Constabulary is an armed reserve maintained at key locations in some states and active only on orders from the deputy inspector general and higher - level authorities . Armed constabulary are not usually in contact with the public until they are assigned to VIP duty or assigned to maintain order during fairs , festivals , athletic events , elections , and natural disasters . They may also be sent to quell outbreaks of student or labour unrest , organised crime , and communal riots ; to maintain key guard posts ; and to participate in antiterrorist operations . Depending on the type of assignment , the Provincial Armed Constabulary may carry only lathis . At all levels , the senior police officers answer to the police chain of command and respond to the general direction and control of designated civilian officials . In the municipal force , the chain of command runs directly to the state home secretary rather than to the district superintendent or district officials . Working conditions and pay are poor , especially in the lower echelons of the police forces . Recruits receive only around ₹ , 9000 per month ( about US $150 ) . Opportunities for promotion are limited because of the system of horizontal entry into higher grades . Allegations of bribery , attributable to the low pay and poor working conditions , have been widespread . Since the late 1980s , women have entered in larger numbers into the higher echelons of the Indian police , mostly through the Indian Police Service system . Women police officers were first used in 1972 , and a number of women hold key positions in various state police organisations . However , their absolute numbers , regardless of rank , are small . Uniformed and undercover women police officers have been deployed in New Delhi as the Anti-Eve Teasing Squad , which combats sexual harassment against women ( `` Eves '' ) . Several women - only police stations have also been established in Tamil Nadu to handle sex crimes against women . A 2016 commentary on Maharashtra State Police , which explains why reform is needed Uniforms ( edit ) Police uniforms of state police / local police varies widely according to grade , region , and kind of duty performed. Though the main service uniform for state police is the same : A khaki dress but in some cities like Kolkata have `` white '' colored uniforms as standard issue , headgear like beret , peaked cap differs according to the rank and state . Officers usually wear a peaked cap while constables whereas , wear berets . The other branches like CBI do not have a fixed uniform and have a formal attire ( shirt , tie , blazer etc . ) with a badge . Special service armed police have different tactical uniforms with gear according to their role and function . Traffic police generally wears a white uniform . Organisation ( edit ) Police Commissioner of Pune , India , in 2010 . Her insignia indicates her rank of DGP or Additional DGP . State Police is headed by an IPS officer in the rank of Director General of Police ( DGP ) is assisted by 2 or more Additional Director General of Police ( ADG ) . Other DG rank officers head autonomous bodies which are not under the direct control of DGP such State Police Recruitment Board , Fire Service , Police Training etc . State forces are organised into Zones which consists of 2 or more Ranges & Zone of more importance is headed by an Additional Director General of Police ( ADG ) , while other zones are headed by a Inspector General of Police ( IG ) . Ranges consists of several districts & Range of more importance is headed by an Inspector General of Police ( IG ) , while other ranges are headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police ( DIG ) . District of more importance is headed by a Senior Superintendent of Police ( SSP ) , while other districts are headed by a Superintendent of Police ( SP ) . In case SSP is heading the district , then he / she is assisted by two or more SP 's . If SP is heading the district then he / she is generally assisted by one or sometime two Additional SP 's . Each district is divided into Sub-Divisions or Circles and will be under the command of a Deputy Superintendent of Police ( DSP ) . Each sub-Division is made up of several Police Stations under the command of an Inspector of Police who in turn is assisted by Sub-Inspector ( SI 's ) & Assistant Sub-Inspector ( ASI 's ) . As per the various Indian laws , Sub-Inspector ( and above ) are the only officers who can file a charge sheet in the court . District Superintendents of Police ( SP ) are not empowered as executive magistrates , in Districts , the District Magistrate and Collector ( DM / Collector ) , who is an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer , exercises these powers , such as promulgating Section 144 and granting arms licenses . Criminal Investigation Department ( edit ) Further information : Criminal Investigation Department CID is constituted in each district under a Deputy Inspector General of Police for the purpose of collating and distributing information regarding organised crimes . Police Commissionerates ( edit ) Chennai City Mounted Police officers patrolling in their khaki - colored uniforms during a cricket match . Some cities in India follow the Police Commissionerate System , such as Barrackpore Police Commissionerate in Kolkata . The Chief of Police Commissionerate is the Police Commissioner . Reporting to the Police Commissioner are the Joint Police Commissioner , Deputy Commissioner of Police and Assistant Commissioner of Police . Commissioners of Police and their deputies are empowered as executive magistrates , and hence are empowered to promulgate Section 144 and to grant arms license . The majority of police commissionerates are subordinate to the state police , the exception being Kolkata Police , which directly reports to the Home Department of West Bengal government . Traffic Police ( edit ) Highway Police and Traffic Police in the small towns come under the state police , but Traffic Police in the cities come under the metropolitan police and state police . The Traffic Police are responsible for maintaining the smooth flow of traffic and stopping offenders in the city or town , Highway Police are responsible for securing the highways and for catching speeding offenders . Accidents , registrations , vehicle data are all looked by the Traffic Police State Armed Police forces ( edit ) Main article : State Armed Police Forces The State Armed Police Forces are organisations which provide the state with policing in particularly violent or serious situations . Such forces are involved with combating banditry and Naxalites . Like the Central Armed Police Forces , they are sometimes known unofficially as `` paramilitary forces '' . Each state police force maintains its own State Armed Police Force ( known by names such as Provincial Armed Constabulary ( PAC ) , Special Armed Police , etc . ) which is responsible for emergencies and crowd control issues . They are generally activated only on orders from the Additional Commissioner of Police , and higher - level authorities . The armed constabulary do not usually come into contact with the general public unless they are assigned to VIP duty or to maintain order during fairs , festivals , athletic events , elections , and natural disasters . They may also be sent to quell outbreaks of student or labour unrest , organised crime , and communal riots ; to maintain key guard posts ; and to participate in anti-terrorist operations . Depending on the type of assignment , the Armed Police force may carry only lathis or lethal weapons . Selection and training ( edit ) The recruitment process differs according to the level of the position , and direct entry ( where an applicant does not have to start at the lowest level ) is possible . The educational requirements increase with recruitments for higher posts . The Deputy Superintendents of Police ( DSP ) or Assistant Superintendents of Police ( ACP ) are recruited every year by the UPSC ( a wing of the central government ) by an extremely competitive exam and are appointed into the Indian Police Service . The IPS officers are then assigned to a state force . Superintendents of Police undergo rigorous training for 44 weeks . The training programme also involves external invitees such as lawyers and management consultants . At the end of probation , they undergo an orientation training of few weeks at the assigned state 's police academy . Lower , non-managerial positions are selected by the state or central government and are trained at Police Recruit Schools . The duration of training for inspectors is roughly a year , and for constables is nearly 9 months . The training staff for these schools are drawn from the police force itself. Police are trained in basic law , self - protection , weapon handling etc. from recruit stations best recruits are taken into special forces where they undergo special training . Recruitment process of State police is maintained by State Police Recruitment Boards . There are some eligibility standards which are set by Indian Government depending upon the demographics of a particular state . Those who fulfill these standards , are selected for recruitment process . Transport ( edit ) Vehicle Manufacture Notes Picture Tata Safari India Used by tactical police forces like SWAT and Senior Bureaucrats / Police Officers as a transportation vehicle . Mahindra Scorpio India Used by Special Forces and Senior Bureaucrats / Police Officers / Income Tax Officers / Central Excise Officers for transportation . Mahindra XUV500 India Used by Special Forces and Senior Bureaucrats / Police Officers / Income Tax Officers as transportation vehicles . Toyota Innova Japan / India Used by Special Forces and Senior Bureaucrats / Police Officers / Income Tax Officers / Central Excise Officers / Highway Patrol as transportation vehicles . Toyota Qualis Japan / India Used as Squad Car in service of police stations and for Highway Patrol . Chevrolet Tavera India / United States Used as Squad Car and for Highway Patrol / Conducting Income Tax / Central Excise and Customs Raids Toyota Fortuner Japan / India Used by Ministers and high - ranking officials among law enforcement for transportation . Honda Civic Japan / India Used by Judges , Ministers , Income Tax Appellate Tribunal Members among law enforcement . Toyota Corolla Japan / India Used by Judges , Ministers , Advisors to TRAI Tata Sumo India Used as Squad Car and for Highway Patrol Tata Indigo CS India Used as Squad Car and by Senior Bureaucrats like Commissioner of Income Tax , Police , Customs and Central Excise Maruti Suzuki SX4 India / Japan Used by Senior Bureaucrats Chevrolet Captiva India / United States Used by Ministers Hindustan Motors Ambassador India Used by Senior Bureaucrats , Police Officers / Income Tax / Central Excise and Customs Officers and Ministers Ford Endeavor India / United States Used by Ministers Mitsubishi Pajero Japan / India Used by Ministers Maruti Suzuki Gypsy Japan / India Used as Squad Cars Mahindra Bolero India Used as Squad Car and for Central Excise and Customs / State Excise department Officers . Hyundai Accent South Korea / India Used as Squad Car , Additional Commissioners of Income Tax , Police Unlike in many other countries , the various state police forces in India extensively use SUVs . The Mahindra Legend Jeep used to be the most common police car in India . In recent years , other SUVs have been employed by the police , such as the Maruti Gypsy , Mahindra Bolero , Tata Sumo , Tata Safari , Chevrolet Tavera and Toyota Qualis . SUVs are known for their capabilities to move around in any sort of terrain . MUVs are used by police in cities , including metropolitan areas like Delhi and Mumbai , Bangalore where Chevrolet Tavera ( Delhi , Kochi , Kozhikode and Thiruvananthapuram ) , Toyota Qualis ( Mumbai , Delhi and Chennai ) and Suzuki Ertiga ( Bangalore and Pune ) are extensively used . Though most cities use SUVs and MUVs , some cities like Chennai have adopted sedans like the Hyundai Accent and Kolkata which has adopted the Tata Indigo.In the cities of Kerala like Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi , and Kozhikode a special patrolling team called Pink Patrol for security of women uses Toyota Etios for patrolling . Depending upon the state , police vehicles may have individual revolving lights , strobes or light bars etc . An extensive modernisation drive has ensured that these vehicles are equipped with two - way radio sets in communication with a central control room . Highway Police vehicles generally also have equipment like speed radars , breath analysers and emergency first aid kits . For traffic regulation and patrolling in cities , motorcycles are also used . Most of them were the Indian version of Royal Enfield Bullet . Of late , other motorcycles like the Bajaj Pulsar and TVS Apache have also started being used by the police forces . This is because of increasing congestion in cities where the heavier Bullets would prove to be unwieldy when compared to the nimbler handling the newer bikes were capable of . The bikes are provided with two - way radios , strobes and sirens & are generally painted white . Cities like Mysore use horses too , but on special occasions usually . Weapons and equipment ( edit ) The weapons and equipment issued vary from state to state and agency to agency . These equipment and weapons differ according to the roles of the agencies . The standard equipment for a constable on their beat is the lathi ( not to be confused with traditional 6 to 8 ft long ones ) or baton which is generally made of bamboo , but recently polymer ones are also being issued. The riot police has numerous other equipment which include tear gas , tasers etc . In general , Indian police constables do not carry firearms when on regular duty , though they are always available at police stations . Officers of and above the rank of Sub-Inspector or Head Constables are authorized to carry a sidearm , generally a Pistol Auto 9mm 1A or a Glock 17 . Officers always carry sidearms . Traffic police officers regularly do n't carry any weapons but carry fine books and other equipment . The firearms previously stocked at police stations include . 303 Lee -- Enfield rifles ( have been replaced ) , 7.62 1A Self Loading Rifles , and SAF Carbine 2A1s which now have been replaced by AK - 47 and INSAS rifles . The Ordnance Factories Board is the one of the suppliers of arms , ammunition , uniforms , bullet - proof vehicles , and mine protected vehicles to the Indian police . Only the station officer can allow the use of reserve guns , to be only used in emergencies . During public unrest , protests or probable terrorist attacks , police are equipped and armed directly by the state or central government . Some special units in the state and federal level police forces also have additional automatic weapons such as AK - 47 , AKM , INSAS assault rifles and Bren guns . Police special forces and SWAT units use Heckler & Koch MP5s , Brügger & Thomet MP9s , AK - 103s , and M4A1 Carbines and many more . Bullet proof jackets are generally not worn by the state police , though special units carry special tactical vests , gear and weapons according to their function and role . See also ( edit ) Indian Police Service Paramilitary forces of India Indian Armed Forces Indian Police Foundation and Institute List of Indian intelligence agencies Crime in India Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems Mass surveillance in India Indian Penal Code National Counter Terrorism Centre List of countries by no. of police officers Terrorism in India Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police of India . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Central Industrial Security Force Jump up ^ Central Industrial Security Force Jump up ^ Finally , govt clears central terror agency , tougher laws Jump up ^ Cabinet clears bill to set up federal probe agency Jump up ^ Govt tables bill to set up National Investigation Agency Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/news/fixing-mumbai-free-the-police/article8862069.ece Jump up ^ http://persmin.gov.in/Archive/Acts_Rules_Archive/AISRules_Archive/IPSRules/IPS(Uniform)Rules(Revised).htm#_ftnref21 Jump up ^ List of police ranks in India India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - 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-6204105053082982089	Lamborghini Aventador	Lamborghini Aventador - wikipedia Lamborghini Aventador Jump to : navigation , search Lamborghini Aventador LP 700 - 4 Overview Manufacturer Lamborghini Production February 2011 -- present Assembly Sant'Agata Bolognese , Italy Designer Filippo Perini Body and chassis Class Sports car ( S ) Body style 2 - door coupé 2 - door roadster Layout Longitudinal mid-engine , all - wheel - drive Doors Powertrain Engine 6.5 L L539 V12 Transmission 7 - speed ISR Semi-automatic transmission Dimensions Wheelbase 2,700 mm ( 106.30 in ) Length 4,780 mm ( 188.19 in ) Width 2,030 mm ( 79.92 in ) ( w / mirrors : 2,265 mm ( 89.17 in ) ) Height 1,136 mm ( 44.72 in ) Curb weight 1,575 kg ( 3,472 lb ) ( dry ) 1,731 kg ( 3,816 lb ) ( w / fluids , Eur ) 1,853 kg ( 4,085 lb ) ( w / fluids , US ) 1,769 kg ( 3,900 lb ) LP 750 - 4 SV ( w / fluids , US ) Chronology Predecessor Lamborghini Murciélago The Lamborghini Aventador is a mid-engined sports car produced by the Italian manufacturer Lamborghini . Launched on 28 February 2011 at the Geneva Motor Show , five months after its initial unveiling in Sant'Agata Bolognese , the vehicle , internally codenamed LB834 , was designed to replace the then - decade - old Murciélago as the new flagship model . Soon after the Aventador unveiling , Lamborghini announced that it had already sold over 12 of the production vehicles , with deliveries starting in the second half of 2011 . By March 2016 , Lamborghini had already built 5,000 Aventadors , taking five years to achieve this milestone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Aventador LP 700 - 4 2.1 Specifications 2.1. 1 Engine 2.1. 2 Performance 3 Aventador LP 700 - 4 Roadster 4 Special editions 4.1 Aventador J 4.2 Dreamliner Edition ( 2012 ) 4.3 Aventador LP 720 - 4 50 ° Anniversario ( 2013 ) 4.4 Aventador airport vehicle ( 2013 ) 4.5 Aventador Pirelli Edition ( 2014 ) 4.6 Aventador LP 750 - 4 SuperVeloce ( 2015 ) 4.7 Aventador LP 750 - 4 SuperVeloce Roadster ( 2016 ) 4.8 Aventador LP 740 - 4 S ( 2016 ) 5 Reception 6 Marketing 7 Aventador - based limited production specials 7.1 Veneno 7.1. 1 Veneno Roadster ( 2014 ) 7.2 Centenario 7.2. 1 Centenario Roadster ( 2016 ) 8 Production 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) In keeping with Lamborghini tradition , the Aventador is named after a fighting bull . Aventador ( pronounced ( aβentaˈðoɾ ) ) was a bull that fought particularly valiantly in the bull ring of Zaragoza , Spain in 1993 . The bull which the Aventador is named after earned the Trofeo de la Peña La Madroñera for its courage in the arena . Aventador LP 700 - 4 ( edit ) Lamborghini Aventador LP700 - 4 Lamborghini Aventador with its signature scissor doors up Production of the Aventador was planned to be limited to 4,000 vehicles ( 4,099 Murciélagos were built ) ; however , in 2016 , it achieved the 5,000 unit milestone . The molds used to make the carbon - fibre monocoque are expected to last 500 molds each and only 8 have been made . The base price of the Aventador is US $393,695 . The car 's shape borrows heavily from Lamborghini 's limited - edition Reventón and their Estoque concept car . The vehicle was unveiled at Lummus Park , Miami , followed by Miami International Airport , followed by Auto China 2014 ( with Nazionale configuration via Lamborghini Ad Personam personalization program ) . The Lamborghini Aventador starred in Transformers : Age of Extinction as Lockdown , the film 's main antagonist . Specifications ( edit ) Lamborghini Aventador 6.5 litre 60 ° V12 engine Engine ( edit ) The Aventador LP 700 -- 4 uses Lamborghini 's new 700 PS ( 510 kW ; 690 bhp ) 6.5 litre 60 ° V12 engine weighing 235 kg . Known internally as the L539 , the new engine is Lamborghini 's fourth in - house engine and second V12 design . It is the first all - new V12 since the 3.5 litre powerplant found in the 350GT . Displacement 6,498 cc ( 396.5 cu in ) Max . power 700 PS ( 510 kW ; 690 bhp ) @ 8,250 rpm Power to weight 432 PS ( 318 kW ; 426 bhp ) per tonne Max . torque 689 N m ( 508 lb ft ) @ 5,500 rpm CO emissions 398 g / km Combined fuel consumption 17.2 L / 100 km ( 16.4 mpg ; 13.7 mpg ) Performance ( edit ) 0 -- 97 km / h ( 0 -- 60 mph ) : 2.9 s 400 m ( ⁄ mi ) : 10.6 s @ 220 km / h ( 137 mph ) Top speed : Official : 354 km / h ( 220 mph ) measured by Sport Auto magazine : 370 km / h ( 230 mph ) 97 -- 0 km / h ( 60 -- 0 mph ) : 30 m ( 100 ft ) Cornering - 1.05 g . Its transmission , a single - clutch seven - speed semi-automatic , is built by Graziano Trasmissioni . Despite being single - clutch , gear - shifts are accomplished in 50 milliseconds . The new , electronically controlled , all - wheel drive system is developed and supplied by the Swedish company Haldex Traction , offering traction and handling capabilities based on their 4th generation technology . Lamborghini Aventador LP700 - 4 has a power to weight ratio of 2.25 kg ( 4.96 lb ) per horsepower . Aventador LP 700 - 4 Roadster ( edit ) Lamborghini Aventador LP700 - 4 Roadster The 2013 Aventador LP 700 - 4 Roadster was announced for production on 27 December 2012 , equipped with the same V12 engine as the coupé version , Lamborghini claims again that it can reach 97 km / h ( 60 mph ) in less than 3 seconds and a top speed of more than 350 km / h ( 217 mph ) . The removable roof consists of two carbon fiber panels , weighing 6 kg ( 13 lb ) each , which required the reinforcement of the rear pillar to compensate for the loss of structural integrity as well as to accommodate the rollover protection and ventilation systems for the engine . The panels are easily removable and are stored in the front luggage compartment . The Aventador Roadster has a unique engine cover design and an attachable wind deflector to improve cabin airflow at high speed as well as a gloss black finish in the A-pillars , windshield header , roof panels , and rear window area . The car has a US $441,600 base price . With a total weight of 1,625 kg ( 3,583 lb ) it 's only 50 kg ( 110 lb ) heavier than the coupé ( the weight of the roof , plus additional stiffening in the sills and A-pillars ) . Special editions ( edit ) Aventador J ( edit ) Lamborghini Aventador J Six months after unveiling the Aventador , plans for a roadster version were leaked by the U.S. EPA after it included the model on a data sheet on its website . Lamborghini officially unveiled the Aventador J to the world at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show . The roofless and windowless concept car uses the same V12 engine as the standard Aventador , producing 700 hp through a lightweight seven - speed automated transmission . The car does not have air conditioning or radio to save further weight for a total of 3,472 pounds ( 1,575 kg ) . The car presented at the Geneva show was the only unit to be produced , and was sold for US $2,800,000 . Another Limited Edition model was made for Shaikh Al Yahyaa and was sold at an unknown price . The car was specially made for a close relation . The J designation was thought to have come from Appendix J in the FIA rulebook that describes the technical specifications of race cars . However , during an interview with designer Filippo Perini , it was revealed that the ' J ' actually stands for Jota , in reference to a 1970s one off Lamborghini Miura Jota , which also conformed to the FIA 's Appendix J regulations . Dreamliner Edition ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Dreamliner is a version of Aventador LP 700 - 4 coupé with blue and white body colour scheme from Boeing 787 Dreamliner , and pitch - black wheels . The vehicle was unveiled in 2012 Aerospace & Defense Supplier Summit . Aventador LP 720 - 4 50 ° Anniversario ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Lamborghini Aventador LP 720 - 4 50 ° Anniversario roadster The Aventador LP 720 - 4 50 ° Anniversario is a limited ( 200 units - 100 Coupe and 100 Roadster ) version of the Aventador LP 700 - 4 commemorating the 50th anniversary of Automobili Lamborghini . It included increased engine power to 720 PS ( 530 kW ; 710 bhp ) via a new specific engine calibration , enlarged and extended front air intakes and the aerodynamic splitter , small flaps set into the sides , new rear end featuring an enlarged diffuser and expansive meshwork that further improves engine - compartment ventilation , model - exclusive Giallo Maggio ( Italian for `` May yellow '' ) body colour featuring sparkling yellow paintwork with a layer of transparent and highly reflective particles ; front and rear and sills in two - tone ( Giallo Maggio and matte black ) design , semi-aniline leather interior upholstery in Nero Ade ( black ) with Terra Emilia ( optional Giallo Quercus ( yellow ) ) with Q - Citura stitch diamond pattern , 50th anniversary emblem in forged composite carbon - fiber . The base price of the Aventador LP 720 - 4 50 ° is US $548,000 which is US $106,300 more than the Aventador Roadster . The coupe was unveiled in 2013 Shanghai Motor Show . The roadster was unveiled in 2013 Quail Motorsports Gathering . Aventador Airport vehicle ( 2013 ) ( edit ) An Aventador was made for Bologna Airport with white body colour , red and white chequered flag decals on the sides , a light bar on the roof and ' FOLLOW ME ' written on the bonnet . The vehicle was unveiled in Bologna Airport between 6 May 2013 and 19 May 2013 and was used to guide aircraft around the airport . It was also used in Heathrow Airport , London , as an airport vehicle for a single day . Aventador Pirelli Edition ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The Lamborghini Aventador LP 700 - 4 Pirelli Edition was announced in December 2014 . Celebrating a 50 - year association between Lamborghini and Pirelli , it features a design and colour scheme that echoes the Pirelli tyre , with a thin red stripe running across the roof . Aventador LP 750 - 4 SuperVeloce ( 2015 ) ( edit ) 2015 Lamborghini Aventador SV The Lamborghini Aventador LP 750 - 4 Superveloce was announced at the March 2015 Geneva Motor Show . It features an upgraded powertrain , with maximum horsepower increased to 750 PS ( 552 kW ; 740 bhp ) from the standard coupé 's 700 PS ( 515 kW ; 690 bhp ) . Combined with weight reduction of 50 kg ( 110 lb ) from increased usage of carbon fiber both inside and outside the car the LP 750 - 4 SV has a power to weight ratio of 1 hp to 2 kg . The car also features improved aerodynamics , with downforce increased by 180 % as compared to the standard Aventador coupé . Notable aerodynamic upgrades are a revised front splitter and rear diffuser , and a rear wing . The car is available in 34 base colours . The car 's driving dynamics have also been upgraded , featuring new enhanced electronic steering for superior maneuverability at high speeds , magnetic pushrod suspension for superior handling , and chassis improvements to increase rigidity . Overall the LP 750 - 4 SV 's standing 0 -- 100 km / h ( 0 -- 62 mph ) time is decreased from 2.9 seconds to 2.8 seconds , with the theoretical top speed still `` somewhere in excess '' of 350 km / h ( 217 mph ) . Delivery of the car began in the second quarter of 2015 . Road & Track recorded a 0 -- 241 km / h ( 0 -- 150 mph ) time of 12.8 seconds , a 0 -- 322 km / h ( 0 -- 200 mph ) time of 33.5 seconds , and a 0 - 402m ( 1⁄4 - mile ) trap speed of 227.4 km / h ( 141.3 mph ) in the March 2016 0 -- 322 km / h ( 0 -- 200 mph ) shootout . Lamborghini Aventador LP750 - 4 SuperVeloce has a power to weight ratio of 2.03 kg ( 4.48 lb ) per horsepower . Aventador LP 750 - 4 SuperVeloce Roadster ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Lamborghini Aventador SV Roadster Lamborghini Aventador LP 750 - 4 SuperVeloce Roadster was unveiled at the 2015 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance . It features a compact two - piece carbon fiber hard top that can be stowed in the trunk like the previous roadster . Numerous weight - saving measures have lowered the Roadster 's weight to 1,575 kg ( 3,472 lb ) , a figure that makes it 50 kg ( 110 lb ) lighter than the regular . In the US it is expected to be priced from US $530,075 excluding tax . Deliveries began in the first quarter of 2016 . Aventador LP 740 - 4 S ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Aventador S The Lamborghini Aventador S was revealed on 19 December 2016 . The 6.5 litre V12 engine now produces 740 PS ( 544 kW ; 730 bhp ) at 8,400 rpm ( 40 PS more than the standard Aventador ) and 690 N m ( 509 lb ft ) at 5,500 rpm . The performance figures are the same as the standard Aventador . The S received four wheel steering , permanent four wheel drive and a slightly updated suspension . The suspension is controlled by the ' Lamborghini Dinamica Veicolo Attiva ' ( LDVA ) control unit . The LDVA has four selectable modes -- Sport , Strada , Corsa and Ego ( i.e. individual ) . Carbon ceramic brakes are standard ( front : 400 mm , rear : 380 mm ) . Interior of Aventador S Roadster The nose was redesigned with a bigger front splitter and two new air ducts in the front bumper . At the rear it has a new black rear diffuser with fins , and three single exit exhausts tips . It has 130 percent more front downforce than the standard Aventador . Reception ( edit ) Unibody construction as used for the Aventador LP700 - 4 Automotive magazines such as Car and Driver and Motor Trend reviewed the Aventador . Car and Driver titled their article `` The best Lamborghini ever . '' Motor Trend described it as `` the friendliest V - 12 supercar in the world . '' Praise for Lamborghini 's all - new V - 12 powerplant centered on the engine 's responsiveness , torque , and smooth power output . Criticism centered mainly around the Aventador 's unrefined single - disc clutch . On 31 July 2011 , the Aventador was reviewed by the motorsport show Top Gear . Host Richard Hammond was impressed with the performance and handling of the car . His biggest complaint was a nostalgic poke at the Aventador 's accessible temperament , implying that it left him longing for the `` danger '' associated with driving previous Lamborghini supercars . The Aventador posted the fifth fastest time ever recorded on the Top Gear test track with a time of 1 : 16.5 , beating the US $2,000,000 Bugatti Veyron Super Sport , the Ferrari Enzo , the Porsche 911 GT3 , and other supercars from around the world . In season 18 of the programme , presenter Jeremy Clarkson said that the Aventador is better than the Ferrari 458 Italia ( which they had previously called the best supercar ever ) , describing it as being `` £ 200,000 worth of dreams . '' The Aventador won the `` Supercar of the Year 2011 '' from Top Gear . Marketing ( edit ) Robert Gülpen of RGE Robert Gülpen Engineering GmbH produced a 1 / 8 - scale model Aventador LP 700 - 4 that was sold through an auction December 2011 with starting bid price of US $4,700,000 ( € 3,500,000 ) . A second model , featuring gold wrapping at body , was set to go for sale at auction with a starting bid price of US $7,500,000 . BMC Switzerland produced a limited ( 50 units ) edition of Lamborghini 50th Anniversary Edition impec bicycles inspired by the Lamborghini Aventador . The vehicle was sold for US $32,000 ( € 25000 ) via international BMC or Lamborghini dealer network , with delivery done by the dealer . Aventador - based limited production specials ( edit ) Veneno ( edit ) Lamborghini Veneno Overview Manufacturer Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A Production 2013 - 2014 Assembly Sant'Agata Bolognese , Italy Body and chassis Class Sports car ( S ) Body style 2 - door coupé 2 - door roadster Layout Mid-engine , all - wheel - drive Powertrain Engine 6.5 L V12 Transmission 7 - speed semi-automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,700 mm ( 106.30 in ) ( Roadster ) Length 5,020 mm ( 197.64 in ) ( Roadster ) Width 2,075 mm ( 81.69 in ) ( Roadster ) Height 1,165 mm ( 45.87 in ) ( Roadster ) Curb weight 1,490 kg ( 3,280 lb ) ( Roadster ; dry ) 1,450 kg ( 3,200 lb ) ( Coupe ; dry ) The Lamborghini Veneno is a limited production supercar based on the Lamborghini Aventador and was built to celebrate Lamborghini 's 50th anniversary . When introduced in 2013 at a price of US $4,500,000 , it was the most expensive production car in the world . The prototype , Car Zero , is finished in grey and includes an Italian flag vinyl on both sides of the car . The engine is a development of the Aventador 's 6.5 L V12 and produces 750 PS ( 552 kW ; 740 bhp ) . Lamborghini built just five examples of the Veneno : One for factory testing , one was kept for itself and three were for customers . Car Zero , which was the vehicle on display , will be retained by the factory for the museum . The three production cars cost € 3,120,000 each , and all three were sold . The vehicle number 0 was unveiled at the March 2013 Geneva Motor Show , followed by 2013 Quail Motorsports Gathering , Vallelunga circuit near Rome during the World Finals of Lamborghini Super Trofeo 2013 series . There 's another number 0 Veneno prototype test car . The Lamborghini Veneno has an electronically limited top speed of 354 km / h ( 220 mph ) , can do 0 -- 97 km / h ( 0 -- 60 mph ) in 2.8 seconds , can brake 97 -- 0 km / h ( 60 -- 0 mph ) in 30 m ( 98.0 ft ) , and corners at 1.41 G . Lamborghini Veneno has a weight to power ratio of 1.93 kg ( 4.25 lb ) per horsepower . This figure is also stated on the official Lamborghini website . Car Zero Lamborghini Veneno Veneno Roadster ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The Veneno Roadster is a limited ( maximum 9 units during 2014 ) version of the Lamborghini Veneno , commemorating the 50th anniversary of Automobili Lamborghini . It has exclusive alloy wheels , Rosso Veneno ( red ) body colour and 2 bucket seats made in forged composite , woven carbon - fibre carbonSkin interior upholstery . The Veneno Roadster has a top speed of 356 km / h ( 221 mph ) and goes from 0 -- 100 km / h ( 0 -- 62 mph ) in 2.9 seconds . The vehicle was unveiled on the Italian naval aircraft carrier Cavour docked in Abu Dhabi 's Mina Zayed port , followed by the 2014 Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show . The roadster went on sale for € 3,300,000 ( excluding tax ) . Centenario ( edit ) Lamborghini Centenario Overview Manufacturer Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A Production 2016 Assembly Sant'Agata Bolognese , Italy Body and chassis Class Sports car ( S ) Body style 2 - door coupé 2 - door roadster Layout Mid-engine , all - wheel - drive Powertrain Engine 6.5 L V12 Transmission 7 - speed semi-automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,700 mm ( 106.3 in ) Length 4,924 mm ( 193.9 in ) Width 2,062 mm ( 81.2 in ) Height 1,143 mm ( 45.0 in ) Curb weight 1,520 kg ( 3,351 lb ) - Coupe ( dry ) 1,570 kg ( 3,461 lb ) - Roadster To commemorate Ferruccio Lamborghini 's 100th birthday , Lamborghini released a limited - edition supercar based on the Aventador at the March 2016 Geneva Motor Show . 40 cars ( 20 coupes and 20 roadsters ) were produced , all of which have been sold . Contrary to the rest of Lamborghini 's lineup , the Centenario 's design was rumored to be `` not as extreme '' compared to other wedge - shaped supercars. Power comes from a tuned version of the Aventador 's 6.5 - litre V12 producing 759 hp ( 770 PS ) , a hybrid powertrain is possible . The car , which costs just under € 2,200,000 , was unveiled at the March 2016 Geneva Motor Show . Lamborghini Centenario has a power to weight ratio of 1.97 kg ( 4.34 lb ) per horsepower . Centenario Roadster ( 2016 ) ( edit ) In the same year , Lamborghini unveiled the Centenario LP 770 - 4 Roadster . The only changes in design are the open top and rear engine door . The first unit made has simple light silver paintwork . The weight of the car has also increased , now set at 1,570 kg ( 3,461 lb ) . Production ( edit ) The first 1,000 Aventadors were built in 15 months . Year Units Coupé Roadster 2011 447 447 -- 2012 976 ( 922 deliveries ) 958 18 2013 1,113 ( 1,001 deliveries ) 710 403 2014 1,110 ( 1,128 deliveries ) 456 654 2015 1,079 ( 1,003 deliveries ) 666 413 Total 4,725 3,237 1,488 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Official website for the Lamborghini Aventador '' . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Lago , Carlos ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` 2012 Lamborghini Aventador LP 700 - 4 European Spec First Test '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - Lamborghini - Aventador - LP700 - 4 - specs '' ( PDF ) . Car and Driver . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Scott ( 15 February 2016 ) . `` 2015 Lamborghini - Avenatdor SV First Test '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ di Andrea Zuanni ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Lamborghini : tutti i dettagli ei video del nuovo V12 -- Tecnica '' . Motori.it . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Lamborghini Aventador LP700 - 4 : In Depth '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Oerlikon Graziano and Vocis Driveline Controls develop step change in transmission technology for new Lamborghini flagship '' . Oerlikon Graziano. 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Lamborghini aventador Lp700 - 4 '' . Top Speed . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lamborghini Automobili . `` Aventador LP 700 -- 4 Technical Specification '' . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Edward A. `` First Look : 2013 Lamborghini Aventador LP 700 - 4 Roadster '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Paul ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Lamborghini Aventador LP 700 - 4 Roadster review '' . Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jeffrey N. ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` Lamborghini Aventador LP 700 - 4 Roadster priced from $441,600 for US '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Neil , Dan ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` 2013 Lamborghini Aventador Roadster Review : For the Tall Driver in a Huge Hurry '' . WSJ.com . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lamborghini Aventador J unveiled '' . Caradvice.com.au. 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lamborghini Aventador J 2012 '' . DieselStation.com. 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lamborghini Aventador J at Geneva 2012 '' . Automoblog.net. 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Migliore , Greg ( 6 March 2012 ) . `` Lamborghini Aventador J sells for $2.8 million '' . Autoweek . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Migliore , Greg ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Aventador J : Lamborghini goes topless at Geneva auto show '' . Autoweek . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boeing and Lamborghini Create Aventador Dreamliner Edition '' . Car Buzz . 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 LP 720 - 4 Announced '' . 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramsey , Jonathon ( 20 April 2013 ) . `` 2013 Lamborghini Aventador LP720 - 4 50 Anniversario is indeed worth celebrating - Autoblog '' . Auto Blog . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lamborghini unveils 50th anniversary Aventador Roadster and Gallardo '' . Autoblog. 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Tutu , Andrei ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Lamborghini Aventador Becomes Bologna Airport Vehicle '' . autoevolution . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Read , Dan ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Top Gear runs Heathrow Airport for a day '' . Top Gear . Jump up ^ `` Lamborghini Aventador Pirelli Edition '' . HROwen. 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black , red , yellow - Colors Configurator for new Lamborghini Aventador LP750 - 4 SV '' . AutoYa . Ukraine . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ireson , Nelson ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Lamborghini Aventador LP 750 - 4 SuperVeloce Revealed In Geneva '' . Motor Authority . US . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Acceleration test results '' . Road & Track . US . 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Steven J. ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Lamborghini Aventador LP 750 - 4 SV Roadster drops its top at the Quail '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our first SV Roadster ready to go to a very happy client ! '' . Gold Coast Auto Gallery . 14 February 2016 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Fung , Derek ( 20 December 2016 ) . `` 2017 Lamborghini Aventador S revealed , Australian pricing confirmed : Facelifted hero gets more power , four - wheel steering '' . Car Advice . Australia . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lamborghini Aventador S Coupé '' . Lamborghini . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pattni , Vijay ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` This is the new 730bhp Lambo Aventador S '' . Top Gear . UK . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Aaron ( December 2011 ) . `` The Best Lamborghini Ever '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lago , Carlos ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` 2012 Lamborghini Aventador LP 700 - 4 European Spec First Test '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Gear '' . Series 17 . Episode 6 . 31 July 2011 . BBC 2 . Jump up ^ `` Power Laps '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Korzeniewski , Jeremy ( 17 September 2011 ) . `` Lamborghini Aventador 1 : 8 scale model costs 12 times the real thing '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowney , Damon ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` World 's most expensive model car will be wrapped in thin gold sheet '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latest ultra-light Lamborghini only costs around $32,000 '' . Autoblog. 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Henry , Jim ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` 10 Most Expensive Cars Of 2014 : Keeping Up With The 1 Percent '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Tisshaw , Mark ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Geneva motor show : Lamborghini Veneno '' . Autocar . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A unique triple - pack : the new Lamborghini Veneno '' ( Press release ) . Lamborghini . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Read , Dan ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` This is the Lamborghini Veneno '' . topgear.com . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Lamborghini Veneno '' . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Korzeniewski , Jeremy ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Lamborghini Veneno finally , officially unveiled '' . autoblog . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Noah ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` Lamborghini takes Veneno out to play on wet Vallelunga '' . autoblog . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bragman , Aaron ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Lamborghini Veneno : First Look '' . cars.com . US . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bullissimo ! '' . Square Mile. 26 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Turkus , Brandon ( 3 December 2013 ) . `` Lamborghini Veneno Roadster stands in for fighter jet aboard Italian carrier '' . autoblog . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lamborghini World Premiere of Veneno Roadster '' ( Press release ) . Lamborghini. 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Lamborghini Veneno Roadster at the CES 2014 in Las Vegas '' ( Press release ) . Lamborghini. 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Noah ( 20 October 2013 ) . `` Lamborghini officially reveals new Veneno Roadster '' . autoblog . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Noah ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` Lambo to mark founder 's birth with limited - run supercar in Geneva '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gnaticov , Cristian ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Lamborghini `` Centenario '' Has Been Reportedly Sold Out `` . Carscoops . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Vijayenthiran , Viknesh ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` More Details On Lamborghini 's Centenario Special Edition Supercar '' . Motor Authority . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Shehan , Sam ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Lamborghini Centenario -- Geneva 's 759bhp V12 supercar in detail '' . Autocar . Haymarket Media Group . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Seyers , Mark ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Centenario LP770 - 4 Roadster '' . LamboCARS . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ John Neff ( 19 July 2012 ) . `` Lamborghini celebrates assembly of 1,000 th Aventador '' . autoblog.com . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Jake Holmes ( 19 July 2012 ) . `` Lamborghini Builds 1000 Aventador LP700 - 4 Supercars in 15 Months '' . motortrend.com . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2012 , p. 109 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aventador sales drive record revenue at Lamborghini '' . Autoblog. 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volkswagen Group Annual Report 2013 , p. 27 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen Group Annual Report 2014 , p. 59 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audi Annual Report 2014 , p. 167 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen Group Annual Report 2015 , p. 27 '' ( PDF ) . 28 April 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Audi Annual Report 2015 , p. 160 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lamborghini Aventador . Aventador Veneno Centenario Roadster `` previous Lamborghini road car timeline , 1990 to date 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Owner Chrysler Corp . Megatech V'Power Audi AG Mid-engine V10 Gallardo Huracán SE V12 Diablo Murciélago Aventador Reventón Veneno Centenario Front / 4WD V12 LM002 Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. -- a wholly owned subsidiary of Audi AG Current production vehicles Aventador Huracán Future production vehicles Urus Production engines V8 V10 V12 Past production vehicles 350 GT 400 GT Centenario Countach Diablo Espada Gallardo Islero Jalpa Jarama LM002 Miura Murciélago Reventón Sesto Elemento Silhouette Urraco Veneno Concept vehicles Bertone Genesis 350 GTV 400 GT Monza Alar Asterion Athon Bravo Calà Cheetah Concept S Estoque Egoista Faena Flying Star II LM001 LMA002 LM003 LM004 Marco Polo Marzal Miura concept Portofino Urus Zagato Raptor Motorsport Lamborghini Super Trofeo People Ferruccio Lamborghini ( Founder ) Gian Paolo Dallara ( Technical director 1963 -- 1968 ) Giotto Bizzarrini ( Engine designer 1960s ) Bob Wallace ( Test driver 1963 -- 1975 ) Valentino Balboni ( Test driver 1968 -- 2008 ) Other History of Lamborghini Lamborghini ( video game ) Automobili Lamborghini ( video game ) Lamborghini American Challenge ( video game ) Museo Lamborghini Italdesign Giugiaro Forged composite Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamborghini_Aventador&oldid=808173650 '' Categories : 2010s automobiles Coupés Flagship vehicles Lamborghini vehicles Rear mid-engine , all - wheel - drive vehicles Sports cars Cars introduced in 2011 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 09 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much hp does a lamborghini veneno have	[]	[]
-2193540489917282845	Turbo generator	Turbo generator - wikipedia Turbo generator Jump to : navigation , search The construction of a Ganz water Turbo Generator in Budapest in 1886 Ottó Bláthy in the armature of a Ganz turbo generator ( 1904 ) A Siemens - brand power plant turbogenerator RP4 turbogenerator , a 500W / 24V generator for a steam locomotive ; dynamo on the left , turbine on the right Engraving of Parson 's first 1 megawatt `` turbogenerator '' alternator driven by a steam turbine . It was installed at a plant in Elberfeld , Germany . A turbo generator is the combination of a turbine directly connected to an electric generator for the generation of electric power . Large steam - powered turbo generators provide the majority of the world 's electricity and are also used by steam - powered turbo - electric ships . Smaller turbo - generators with gas turbines are often used as auxiliary power units . For base loads diesel generators are usually preferred , since they offer better fuel efficiency , but , on the other hand , diesel generators have a lower power density and hence , require more space . The efficiency of larger gas turbine plants can be enhanced by using a combined cycle , where the hot exhaust gases are used to generate steam which drives another turbo generator . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Construction features 3 Hydrogen - cooled turbo generator 3.1 Electric Turbo Compounding ( ETC ) 3.1. 1 Advantages of using ETC 3.1. 2 Disadvantages of using ETC 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The first turbo - generators were water turbines which propelled electric generators . Irish engineer Charles Algernon Parsons demonstrated a DC steam - powered turbogenerator using a dynamo in 1887 . and by 1901 had supplied the first large industrial AC turbogenerator of megawatt power to a plant in Eberfeld , Germany . Turbo generators were also used on steam locomotives as a power source for coach lighting and heating systems . Construction features ( edit ) Unlike hydraulic turbines which usually operate at lower speeds ( 100 to 600 rpm ) , the efficiency of a steam turbine is higher at higher speeds and therefore a turbo generator is used for steam turbines . The rotor of a turbo generator is a non-salient pole type usually with two poles . The normal speed of a turbo generator is 1500 or 3000 rpm with four or two poles and at 50 Hz . Salient rotors will be very noisy and with a lot of windage loss . The rotating parts of a turbo generator are subjected to high mechanical stresses because of the high operation speed . To make the rotor mechanically resistant in large turbo - alternators , the rotor is normally forged from solid steel and alloys like chromium - nickel - steel or chromium - nickel - molybdenum are used . The overhang of windings at the periphery will be secured by steel retaining rings . Heavy non-magnetic metal wedges on top of the slots hold the field windings against centrifugal forces . Hard composition insulating materials , like mica and asbestos , are normally used in the slots of rotor . These material can withstand high temperatures and high crushing forces . The stator of large turbo generators may be built of two or more parts while in smaller turbo - generators it is built up in one complete piece . Hydrogen - cooled turbo generator ( edit ) Main article : Hydrogen - cooled turbo generator Based on the air - cooled turbo generator , gaseous hydrogen first went into service as the coolant in a hydrogen - cooled turbo generator in October 1937 , at the Dayton Power & Light Co. in Dayton , Ohio . Hydrogen is used as the coolant in the rotor and sometimes the stator , allowing an increase in specific utilization and a 99.0 % efficiency . Because of the high thermal conductivity , high specific heat and low density of hydrogen gas , this is the most common type in its field today . The hydrogen can be manufactured on - site by electrolysis . The generator is hermetically sealed to prevent escape of the hydrogen gas . The absence of oxygen in the atmosphere within significantly reduces the damage of the windings insulation by eventual corona discharges . The hydrogen gas is circulated within the rotor enclosure , and cooled by a gas - to - water heat exchanger . Electric turbo Compounding ( ETC ) ( edit ) Electric Turbo Compounding ( ETC ) is a technology solution to the challenge of improving energy efficiency for the stationary power generation industry . Fossil fuel based power generation is predicted to continue for decades , especially in developing economies . This is against the global need to reduce carbon emissions , of which , a high percentage is produced by the power sector worldwide . ETC works by making gas and diesel - powered gensets ( Electric Generators ) work more effectively and cleaner , by recovering waste energy from the exhaust to improve power density and fuel efficiency . Advantages of using ETC ( edit ) Helps developing economies with unreliable or insufficient power infrastructure . Gives independent power providers ( IPPs ) , power rental companies and generator OEMs ( original equipment manufacturers ) a competitive advantage and potential increased market share . Improves overall efficiency of the genset , including fuel input costs and helping end - users reduce amount of fuel burned . Typically 4 - 7 % less fuel consumption for both diesel and gas gensets . Fewer carbon emissions . Increased power density . Capability to increase power output and capacity , with improved fuel efficiency . ETC system integration offers a step change in efficiency without increasing service or maintenance requirements . The cost of generating power through waste heat recovery is substantially less than burning more fuel , even with low diesel prices . Disadvantages of using ETC ( edit ) Upfront costs incur an additional expense for businesses . The need to update existing turbomachinery and recertification of the unit adds additional costs and can be time consuming . There will be additional weight to add an ETC to a current unit . Process still uses fossil fuels , thus still has a carbon footprint in a renewable age . They are bespoke to each generator so the design , build and implementation can be a lengthy process . There are challenges with high speed turbo generators such as high stress in the rotors , heat generation of the electrical machine and rotordynamics of the turbo generator system . See also ( edit ) Combined cycle Turbochargers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The turbogenerator -- A continuous engineering challenge '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2005 ) . Creating the Twentieth Century . Oxford University Press . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 0195168747 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Scientific American . 27 April 1901 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Basic Electrical Engineering ( Be 104 ) . McGraw - Hill Education ( India ) Pvt Limited . p. 8.1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 259 - 08116 - 3 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Basic Electrical Engineering ( Be 104 ) . McGraw - Hill Education ( India ) Pvt Limited . p. 8.3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 259 - 08116 - 3 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Basic Electrical Engineering ( Be 104 ) . McGraw - Hill Education ( India ) Pvt Limited . p. 8.4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 259 - 08116 - 3 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ National Electrical Manufacturers Association ( 11 February 2018 ) . `` A chronological history of electrical development from 600 B.C. '' New York , N.Y. , National Electrical Manufacturers Association -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` Aeroderivative & Heavy - Duty Gas Turbines - GE Power '' . www.gepower.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` What is ETC '' . Bowman Power . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Modelling a Turbogenerator for Waste Heat Recover on a Diesel - Electric Hybrid Bus '' ( PDF ) . Ian Briggs . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Turbo - Compounding : Helping make distributed power systems more efficient '' . Kenya Engineer . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Less Fuel , Reduced CO2 '' . Bowman Power . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Turbo Compounding , A Technology Who 's Time Has Come '' ( PDF ) . Carl T. Vuk - John Deere . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Competitive Advantage '' . Bowman Power . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Modelling a Turbogenerator for Waste Heat Recover on a Diesel - Electric Hybrid Bus '' ( PDF ) . Ian Briggs . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2017 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Small Turbo - generator for DG & Hybrids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turbo_generator&oldid=825598414 '' Categories : Electrical generators Turbines Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 08 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	an alternator driven by steam turbine is known as	[]	[]
-6799620452136561196	FIFA World Cup awards	FIFA World Cup awards - wikipedia FIFA World Cup awards This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 October 2018 . This article is about the men 's senior tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup awards . At the end of each FIFA World Cup final tournament , several awards are presented to the players and teams which have distinguished themselves in various aspects of the game . Contents 1 Awards 2 Golden Ball 3 Golden Boot 4 Golden Glove 5 Best Young Player Award 6 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 7 Man of the Match 8 Most Entertaining Team 9 All - Star Team 10 Goal of the Tournament 11 References 12 External links Awards ( edit ) There are currently five post-tournament awards , and one given during the tournament : the Golden Ball ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Ball '' ) for best player , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Boot ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Boot '' , previously known as the `` adidas Golden Shoe '' from 1982 to 2006 ) for top goal scorer , first awarded in 1982 ; the Golden Glove Award ( currently commercially termed `` adidas Golden Glove '' ; previously known as the `` Lev Yashin Award '' from 1994 to 2006 ) for best goalkeeper , first awarded in 1994 ; the Best Young Player ( currently commercially termed as `` Hyundai Best Young Player '' ) award for best player under 21 years of age at the start of the calendar year , first awarded in 2006 ; the FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team that advanced to the second round with the best record of fair play , first awarded in 1970 ; the Man of the Match Award ( currently commercially termed as `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' ) for outstanding performance during each game of the tournament , first awarded in 2002 . Two other awards were given between 1994 and 2006 : The Most Entertaining Team award for the team that has entertained the public the most , during the World Cup final tournament , as determined by a poll of the general public ; An All - Star Team comprising the best players of the tournament chosen by the technical study group . Golden Ball ( edit ) The Golden Ball award is presented to the best player at each FIFA World Cup finals , with a shortlist drawn up by the FIFA technical committee and the winner voted for by representatives of the media . Those who finish as runners - up in the vote receive the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball awards as the second and third most outstanding players in the tournament respectively . The current award was introduced in the 1982 FIFA World Cup , sponsored by Adidas and France Football , though fifa.com also lists in their player articles as `` golden ball winners '' Kempes , Cruyff , Pelé , Bobby Charlton , Garrincha and Didi for 1978 , 1974 , 1970 , 1966 , 1962 and 1958 respectively . Barcelona is the only club whose players have won the Golden Ball a record 3 times ( Johan Cruyff in 1974 , Romário in 1994 , Lionel Messi in 2014 ) . Golden Ball World Cup Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball 1930 Uruguay José Nasazzi Guillermo Stábile José Leandro Andrade 1934 Italy Giuseppe Meazza Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France Leônidas Silvio Piola György Sárosi 1950 Brazil Zizinho Juan Alberto Schiaffino Ademir 1954 Switzerland Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis Fritz Walter 1958 Sweden Didi Pelé Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Garrincha Josef Masopust Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Bobby Charlton Bobby Moore Eusébio 1970 Mexico Pelé Gérson Gerd Müller 1974 West Germany Johan Cruyff Franz Beckenbauer Kazimierz Deyna 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes Paolo Rossi Dirceu 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi Falcão Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Diego Maradona Harald Schumacher Preben Elkjær Larsen 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Lothar Matthäus Diego Maradona 1994 United States Romario Roberto Baggio Hristo Stoichkov 1998 France Ronaldo Davor Šuker Lilian Thuram 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn Ronaldo Hong Myung - bo 2006 Germany Zinedine Zidane Fabio Cannavaro Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Wesley Sneijder David Villa 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi Thomas Müller Arjen Robben 2018 Russia Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot ( edit ) The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup . While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers , the first time an award was given was in 1982 , under the name Golden Shoe . It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010 . FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners . If there is more than one player with the same number of goals , since 1994 the tie - breaker goes to the player without a penalty goal , if none has a penalty then the tie breaker goes to the person with more assists - with the FIFA Technical Study Group deciding whether an assist is to be counted as such . If there is still more than one player , the tie - breaker since 2006 goes to the player who has played the least amount of time , which translates to a higher goal average . Top Goalscorer World Cup Top goalscorer Goals Runners - up Goals Third place Goals 1930 Uruguay Guillermo Stábile 8 Pedro Cea 5 Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Oldřich Nejedlý 5 Edmund Conen Angelo Schiavio None -- 1938 France Leônidas 7 György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Silvio Piola 5 1950 Brazil Ademir 8 Óscar Míguez Alcides Ghiggia Chico Estanislau Basora Telmo Zarra 1954 Switzerland Sándor Kocsis 11 Josef Hügi Max Morlock Erich Probst 6 None -- 1958 Sweden Just Fontaine 13 Pelé Helmut Rahn 1962 Chile Flórián Albert Valentin Ivanov Garrincha Vavá Dražan Jerković Leonel Sánchez None -- 1966 England Eusébio 9 Helmut Haller 6 Valeriy Porkujan Geoff Hurst Ferenc Bene Franz Beckenbauer 1970 Mexico Gerd Müller 10 Jairzinho 7 Teófilo Cubillas 5 1974 West Germany Grzegorz Lato 7 Andrzej Szarmach Johan Neeskens 5 None 1978 Argentina Mario Kempes 6 Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink 5 Golden Shoe World Cup Golden Shoe Goals Silver Shoe Goals Bronze Shoe Goals 1982 Spain Paolo Rossi 6 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 5 Zico 1986 Mexico Gary Lineker Emilio Butragueño Careca Diego Maradona None 1990 Italy Salvatore Schillaci Tomáš Skuhravý Roger Milla Gary Lineker 1994 United States Oleg Salenko Hristo Stoichkov None -- Kennet Andersson Romário 5 1998 France Davor Šuker Gabriel Batistuta Christian Vieri 5 None 2002 South Korea / Japan Ronaldo 8 Miroslav Klose Rivaldo 2006 Germany Miroslav Klose 5 Hernán Crespo Ronaldo Golden Boot World Cup Golden Boot Goals Silver Boot Goals Bronze Boot Goals 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 5 David Villa 5 Wesley Sneijder 5 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez 6 Thomas Müller 5 Neymar 2018 Russia Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Romelu Lukaku Notes Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals , which would make him joint top scorer with Angelo Schiavio of Italy and Edmund Conen of Germany . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , making Nejedlý the outright top scorer . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals . However , in November 2006 , FIFA confirmed that in the quarter - final tie against Czechoslovakia , he had scored once , not twice as FIFA had originally recorded , meaning he had scored only seven goals in total . Jump up ^ There was controversy regarding the number of goals Brazilian Ademir had scored in 1950 , as a result of incomplete data concerning the Final Round game Brazil vs. Spain ( 6 -- 1 ) . The 5 -- 0 goal had been credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ Salenko is the only player to win the award playing for a team that were eliminated in the group stages . His six goals are the only international goals he ever scored . Jump up ^ Despite the assist tiebreaker , Salenko and Stoichkov remained tied with 6 goals and one assist each , and both received the Golden Shoe . Jump up ^ Romário and Andersson surpassed the other two players with five goals ( Jürgen Klinsmann and Roberto Baggio ) by having three assists each . Jump up ^ Both runners - up had the same number of assists , and each received the Silver Shoe . Jump up ^ During the tournament , after the group stage match against Costa Rica , Ronaldo logged a protest against the crediting of a goal as an own goal , and FIFA granted him the change . ^ Jump up to : Eight players had scored three goals . Ronaldo , Crespo and Zinedine Zidane stood out for having one assist , and then the two recipients were determined by less playtime ( 308 minutes for Crespo , 411 for Ronaldo , 559 for Zidane ) . ^ Jump up to : Müller , Villa , Sneijder and Diego Forlán tied with five goals . Müller won by virtue of having more assists ( 3 ) than the rest ( each had one ) . Villa won the Silver Boot due to playing fewer minutes than Sneijder , and Sneijder won the Bronze Boot due to having played fewer minutes than Forlán . Jump up ^ Neymar , Lionel Messi and Robin van Persie all had four goals in the tournament . Neymar received the Bronze Boot for playing fewer minutes than his competitors ( 480 ; Messi played 693 minutes , and Van Persie , 548 ) . ^ Jump up to : Griezmann , Lukaku , Denis Cheryshev , Cristiano Ronaldo and Kylian Mbappé tied with 4 goals . Griezmann won the Silver Boot by virtue of having more assists ( 2 ) than the rest ( Lukaku had one , the rest had zero ) . Lukaku won the Bronze Boot due to having more assists ( one ) than Cheryshev , Ronaldo or Mbappé ( zero ) . Golden Glove ( edit ) The Golden Glove Award is awarded to the best goalkeeper of the tournament . The award was introduced with the name Lev Yashin Award in 1994 , in honor of the late Soviet goalkeeper . The FIFA Technical Study Group recognises the top goalkeeper of the tournament based on the player 's performance throughout the final competition . Although goalkeepers have this specific award for their position , they are still eligible for the Golden Ball as well , as when Oliver Kahn was awarded in 2002 . In the event of a tie , the Golden Glove Award goes to the goalkeeper who progressed furthest in the competition . The next tiebreakers are saves made , then minutes played . World Cup Golden Glove 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme 1998 France Fabien Barthez 2002 Korea / Japan Oliver Kahn 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Although the Golden Glove Award was first awarded in 1994 , every All - Star Team in World Cups prior to 1998 except 1990 included only one goalkeeper . World Cup All - Star Goalkeeper 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora 1938 France František Plánička 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf 1966 England Gordon Banks 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol 1982 Spain Dino Zoff 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff 1990 Italy Luis Gabelo Conejo Sergio Goycochea Best Young player award ( edit ) The Best Young Player award was awarded for the first time at the 2006 World Cup in Germany and given to Germany 's Lukas Podolski . The award is given to the best player in the tournament who is at most 21 years old . For the 2018 World Cup , this meant that the player had to have been born on or after 1 January 1997 . The election took place on FIFA 's official World Cup website with the help of The FIFA Technical Study Group . FIFA organised a survey on the Internet for users to choose the `` best young player '' of the World Cup , between 1958 and 2002 , named the best young player of each tournament . With 61 % of the overall vote , the winner was Pelé , who finished ahead of the Peruvian Teófilo Cubillas , the best young player at Mexico 1970 , and England 's Michael Owen , who reached similar heights at France 98 . YPA World Cup Best Young Player Age 1958 Sweden Pelé 17 1962 Chile Flórián Albert 20 1966 England Franz Beckenbauer 20 1970 Mexico Teófilo Cubillas 21 1974 West Germany Władysław Żmuda 20 1978 Argentina Antonio Cabrini 1982 Spain Manuel Amoros 21 1986 Mexico Enzo Scifo 20 1990 Italy Robert Prosinečki 21 1994 United States Marc Overmars 1998 France Michael Owen 18 2002 Korea / Japan Landon Donovan 20 2006 Germany Lukas Podolski 21 2010 South Africa Thomas Müller 20 2014 Brazil Paul Pogba 21 2018 Russia Kylian Mbappé 19 FIFA Fair play trophy ( edit ) The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is given to the team with the best record of fair play during the World Cup final tournament since 1970 . Only teams that qualified for the second round are considered . The winners of this award earn the FIFA Fair Play Trophy , a diploma , a fair play medal for each player and official , and $50,000 worth of football equipment to be used for youth development . The appearance of the award was originally a certificate . From 1982 to 1990 , it had been a golden trophy based on Sport Billy , a football - playing cartoon character from 1982 who became an icon for FIFA Fair play . Ever since 1994 , it is simply a trophy with an elegant footballer figure . Peru was the first nation to win the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the 1970 FIFA World Cup held in Mexico . Peru 's FIFA Fair Play trophy award . Peru won the award after receiving no yellow or red cards in the tournament . World Cup FIFA Fair Play Trophy Winners 1970 Mexico Peru 1974 West Germany West Germany 1978 Argentina Argentina 1982 Spain Brazil 1986 Mexico Brazil 1990 Italy England 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France England France 2002 Korea / Japan Belgium 2006 Germany Brazil Spain 2010 South Africa Spain 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Russia Spain Man of the Match ( edit ) The Man of the Match award picks the outstanding player in every game of the tournament since 2002 . While the inaugural two editions were chosen by the technical group , the Man of the Match is since 2010 picked by an online poll on FIFA 's website . World Cup Most Man of the Match wins Wins 2002 South Korea / Japan Rivaldo 2006 Germany Andrea Pirlo 2010 South Africa Wesley Sneijder 2014 Brazil Lionel Messi 2018 Russia Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Harry Kane Luka Modrić Total awards As of 15 July 2018 Rank Player Country MoM WC with awards Arjen Robben Netherlands 6 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Lionel Messi Argentina 2010 , 2014 , 2018 Luis Suárez Uruguay 5 2010 , 2014 , 2018 5 Eden Hazard Belgium 2014 , 2018 Keisuke Honda Japan 2010 , 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 2014 , 2018 Miroslav Klose Germany 2002 , 2006 Park Ji - sung South Korea 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 2010 , 2014 Wesley Sneijder Netherlands By Country As of 15 July 2018 Rank Country MoM Players Brazil 22 14 Germany 12 France 17 11 Spain 16 10 5 Argentina 15 8 6 England 14 12 7 Mexico 12 10 Netherlands 9 South Korea 11 7 Portugal 6 United States 7 Most Entertaining Team ( edit ) The FIFA Award for the Most Entertaining Team is a subjectively awarded prize for the team that had done the most to entertain the public with a positive approach to the game , organised through public participation in a poll starting in 1994 . World Cup Most Entertaining Team Award 1994 United States Brazil 1998 France France 2002 Korea / Japan South Korea 2006 Germany Portugal 2010 South Africa Germany 2014 Brazil Colombia All - Star Team ( edit ) The All - Star Team is a team of the best performers at the respective World Cup finals . The ways in which the FIFA All - Star team members have been chosen has varied from year to year . A technical study group consisting of journalists - mostly from Europe and South America - and experts has historically chosen the team . However , in 1994 FIFA decided to add an official squad , chosen by the FIFA technical group and under the brand name MasterCard All - Star Team . For 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , substitute and reserve members were also nominated for full 22 and 23 - player squads . The All - Star team wound up dropped prior to the 2010 tournament - coincidentally , three years after FIFA changed its sponsorship from MasterCard to Visa . All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1930 Uruguay Enrique Ballestrero José Nasazzi Milutin Ivković Luis Monti Álvaro Gestido José Leandro Andrade Pedro Cea Héctor Castro Héctor Scarone Guillermo Stábile Bert Patenaude 1934 Italy Ricardo Zamora Jacinto Quincoces Eraldo Monzeglio Luis Monti Attilio Ferraris Leonardo Cilaurren Giuseppe Meazza Raimundo Orsi Enrique Guaita Matthias Sindelar Oldřich Nejedlý 1938 France František Plánička Pietro Rava Alfredo Foni Domingos da Guia Michele Andreolo Ugo Locatelli Silvio Piola Gino Colaussi György Sárosi Gyula Zsengellér Leônidas 1950 Brazil Roque Máspoli Erik Nilsson José Parra Víctor Rodríguez Andrade Obdulio Varela Bauer Alcides Ghiggia Jair Zizinho Ademir Juan Alberto Schiaffino 1954 Switzerland Gyula Grosics Ernst Ocwirk Djalma Santos José Santamaría Fritz Walter József Bozsik Nándor Hidegkuti Zoltán Czibor Helmut Rahn Ferenc Puskás Sándor Kocsis 1958 Sweden Harry Gregg Djalma Santos Bellini Nílton Santos Danny Blanchflower Didi Gunnar Gren Raymond Kopa Pelé Garrincha Just Fontaine 1962 Chile Viliam Schrojf Djalma Santos Cesare Maldini Valery Voronin Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Mário Zagallo Zito Josef Masopust Vavá Garrincha Leonel Sánchez 1966 England Gordon Banks George Cohen Bobby Moore Vicente Silvio Marzolini Franz Beckenbauer Mário Coluna Bobby Charlton Flórián Albert Uwe Seeler Eusébio 1970 Mexico Ladislao Mazurkiewicz Carlos Alberto Atilio Ancheta Franz Beckenbauer Giacinto Facchetti Gérson Rivellino Bobby Charlton Pelé Gerd Müller Jairzinho 1974 West Germany Sepp Maier Ruud Krol Paul Breitner Elias Figueroa Franz Beckenbauer Berti Vogts Wolfgang Overath Kazimierz Deyna Johan Neeskens Rob Rensenbrink Johan Cruyff Grzegorz Lato 1978 Argentina Ubaldo Fillol Berti Vogts Ruud Krol Daniel Passarella Alberto Tarantini Dirceu Teófilo Cubillas Rob Rensenbrink Roberto Bettega Paolo Rossi Mario Kempes 1982 Spain Dino Zoff Luizinho Júnior Claudio Gentile Fulvio Collovati Zbigniew Boniek Falcão Michel Platini Zico Paolo Rossi Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1986 Mexico Jean - Marie Pfaff Josimar Manuel Amoros Júlio César Jan Ceulemans Jean Tigana Michel Platini Diego Maradona Preben Elkjær Larsen Emilio Butragueño Gary Lineker 1990 Italy Sergio Goycochea Luis Gabelo Conejo Andreas Brehme Paolo Maldini Franco Baresi Diego Maradona Lothar Matthäus Dragan Stojković Paul Gascoigne Salvatore Schillaci Roger Milla Jürgen Klinsmann MasterCard All Star Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 1994 United States Michel Preud'homme Jorginho Márcio Santos Paolo Maldini Dunga Krasimir Balakov Gheorghe Hagi Tomas Brolin Romário Hristo Stoichkov Roberto Baggio 1998 France ( 1 ) Fabien Barthez José Luis Chilavert Roberto Carlos Marcel Desailly Lilian Thuram Frank de Boer Carlos Gamarra Dunga Rivaldo Michael Laudrup Zinedine Zidane Edgar Davids Ronaldo Davor Šuker Brian Laudrup Dennis Bergkamp 2002 Korea / Japan ( 2 ) Oliver Kahn Rüştü Reçber Roberto Carlos Sol Campbell Fernando Hierro Hong Myung - bo Alpay Özalan Rivaldo Ronaldinho Michael Ballack Claudio Reyna Yoo Sang - chul Ronaldo Miroslav Klose El Hadji Diouf Hasan Şaş 2006 Germany Gianluigi Buffon Jens Lehmann Ricardo Roberto Ayala John Terry Lilian Thuram Philipp Lahm Fabio Cannavaro Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Zé Roberto Patrick Vieira Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Andrea Pirlo Gennaro Gattuso Luís Figo Maniche Hernán Crespo Thierry Henry Miroslav Klose Luca Toni Francesco Totti In addition to the 16 of the All - Star Team , 6 reserves were listed : Edwin van der Sar , Juan Sebastián Verón , Thierry Henry , Jay - Jay Okocha , Michael Owen , and Christian Vieri . Again there were seven reserves : Iker Casillas , Cafu , Dietmar Hamann , Joaquín , Hidetoshi Nakata , Landon Donovan , and Marc Wilmots . In 2010 , an equivalent of the All Star Team was an online poll to FIFA.com Club members named `` Dream Team '' , sponsored by Yingli . The Dream Team poll returned the following edition sponsored by Oi , and again in 2018 sponsored by Hisense . Dream Team World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Manager 2010 South Africa Iker Casillas Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Carles Puyol Maicon Xavi Bastian Schweinsteiger Wesley Sneijder Andrés Iniesta David Villa Diego Forlán Vicente del Bosque 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcelo Mats Hummels David Luiz Thiago Silva Ángel Di María Toni Kroos James Rodríguez Neymar Thomas Müller Lionel Messi Joachim Löw 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Marcelo Raphaël Varane Diego Godín Thiago Silva Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Kevin De Bruyne Cristiano Ronaldo Harry Kane Kylian Mbappé While FIFA did not release an official list for 2014 , official sponsor Castrol published a team of the tournament based on their Castrol Performance Index , which evaluates players ' performances through statistical data . Similarly , McDonald 's sponsored in 2018 a fantasy football game , whose team of highest - scoring players was published after the tournament . Castrol Index Top 11 World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2014 Brazil Manuel Neuer Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de Vrij Oscar Toni Kroos Philipp Lahm James Rodríguez Arjen Robben Thomas Müller Fantasy McDonald 's Overall XI World Cup Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards 2018 Russia Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Raphaël Varane Thiago Silva Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Only two players have been named in three separate All - Star teams whose selection only included the starting eleven : Djalma Santos in 1954 , 1958 and 1962 , Franz Beckenbauer in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 . Philipp Lahm also achieved it in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . However , the 2006 edition listed 23 players and 2014 had two All - Star team listed . Lahm 's name has only been in one of these . 21 players have been named in two separate All - Star teams : Luis Monti ( 1930 and 1934 ; representing Argentina and Italy respectively ) ; Garrincha ( 1958 and 1962 ) ; Pelé ( 1958 and 1970 ) ; Bobby Charlton ( 1966 and 1970 ) ; Ruud Krol and Rob Rensenbrink ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Berti Vogts ( 1974 and 1978 ) ; Paolo Rossi ( 1978 and 1982 ) ; Michel Platini ( 1982 and 1986 ) ; Diego Maradona ( 1986 and 1990 ) ; Paolo Maldini ( 1990 and 1994 ) ; Dunga ( 1994 and 1998 ) ; Roberto Carlos , Rivaldo , and Ronaldo ( 1998 and 2002 ) ; Lilian Thuram and Zinedine Zidane ( 1998 and 2006 ) ; Michael Ballack and Miroslav Klose ( 2002 and 2006 ) ; Marcelo and Thiago Silva ( 2014 and 2018 ) . Pelé hold the record of the longest time between being named in two separate All - Star teams by 12 years apart ( 1958 and 1970 ) . Uruguay in 1930 and 1950 , Spain in 2010 and Germany in 2014 are the only teams to have had a player in every position on the All - Star Team . Germany and Italy achieved it in 2006 , however , the 2006 edition listed 23 players . Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 2006 have the most players selected in the All - Star Team with 7 players each . However , the 1930 selection only had 11 players overall , while the 2006 selection had 23 . 37 different Brazilian players have been named in All - Star teams , Brazil is also the nation with most nominations with 44 nominees in every position except goalkeeper . Only three players frosm North American zone and two from each the African and Asian zones have been named in All - Star teams , Bert Patenaude and Claudio Reyna from the United States in 1930 and 2002 , as well as Luis Gabelo Conejo from Costa Rica in 1990 , Hong Myung - bo and Yoo Sang - chul of South Korea in 2002 and Roger Milla from Cameroon in 1990 and El Hadji Diouf from Senegal in 2002 . Another player from each zone has been named in reserves : Jay - Jay Okocha from Nigeria in 1998 , Hidetoshi Nakata from Japan in 2002 and Landon Donovan from the United States in 2006 . Only one player on the victorious 1986 Argentina team , Diego Maradona , was selected in that year 's All - Star team . Uniquely , brothers Brian Laudrup and Michael Laudrup were both selected for the All Star Team from Denmark in 1998 . Similarly , Cesare Maldini and Paolo Maldini are the only father and son players that were both selected for the All Star Team from Italy , in 1962 and 1990 , 1994 respectively . Uniquely , Argentinian compatriots Diego Maradona ( 1979 and 1986 ) and Lionel Messi ( 2005 and 2014 ) are the only players that won the Golden Ball award at both FIFA World Cup and FIFA World Youth Championship . Goal of the Tournament ( edit ) World Cup Player Scored against Score ( 1 ) Result ( 1 ) Round Source 2006 Germany Maxi Rodríguez Mexico 2 ‒ 1 2 ‒ 1 Round of 16 2010 South Africa Diego Forlán Germany 2 ‒ 1 2 ‒ 3 3rd place match 2014 Brazil James Rodríguez Uruguay 1 ‒ 0 2 ‒ 0 Round of 16 2018 Russia Benjamin Pavard Argentina 2 ‒ 2 4 ‒ 3 Round of 16 ( 1 ) First number represents players team , while second number represents opponents team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup : Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team '' . USA Today . 21 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report , page 222 : Paolo Rossi wins both adidas / France Football World Cup Trophies Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball winners in World Cup history '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cups : Awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions at a Glance '' . FIFA . p. 14 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` adidas Golden Shoe - FIFA World Cup TM Final '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romario is voted the top player of World Cup ' 94 and winner of the FIFA / adidas Golden Ball award ; Salenko and Stoichkov tie as leading scorers for World Cup USA ' 94 '' . Business Wire. 17 July 1994 . ( FIFA ) has announced Oleg Salenko ( Russia ) and Hristo Stoichkov ( Bulgaria ) as ( ... ) winners of the prestigious adidas Golden Shoe award ( ... ) who made six goals and one assist each . Kennet Andersson ( Sweden ) with 5 goals and 3 assists , will receive a Bronze replica of the Predator ( ... ) Throughout World Cup ' 94 , three points were awarded for each goal scored and one point for each assist leading to a goal , with a maximum of two assists per goal . Assists are only taken into account if two or more players scored the same number of goals . Jump up ^ Bryan , Rebecca ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` Football by the numbers '' . Los Angeles : Agence France Presse . the assist has gained enough ground to earn a place in the calculations for the Golden Boot award , which in every previous World Cup has been awarded solely on the basis of goals scored . Under the formula , players get three points for a goal , and one point for an assist . `` We made a two - point difference because we do not want someone who did not score winning the award , '' a FIFA official said . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Awards -- adidas Golden Boot '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2014 . p. 177 . TOP GOALSCORERS 1930 - 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . Fifa.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report ; Brazil -- Spain 6 : 1 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most World Cup goals '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 FIFA World Cup Argentina -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico : Awards '' . 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1994 . p. 82 . In Kenneth Andersson they had one of the most prolific scorers in their ranks - he was jointly awarded the `` Bronze Shoe '' for the third best goal - scorer , together with Brazil 's Romário . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted Best Player at France 98 '' . FIFA.com. 27 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An unforgettable football festival with several winners '' . FIFA.com. 31 October 2002 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo handed fourth goal '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Official FIFA Awards : Zidane wins adidas Golden Ball award '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany - Statistics - Players - Top goals '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com . `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Young Player Award '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Award '' . footballdatabase.com . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pele , Best Young Player Ever '' . newagebd.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/every-winner-world-cups-best-12351397 Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA.com. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Hyundai Young player award : Paul Pogba '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` XXI . Special awards and protocol '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . p. 52 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ David Goldblatt and Jean Will . A History of the World Cup in 24 Objects ( PDF ) . De Montfort University , Leicester . p. 18 . Jump up ^ 1982 Technical Report , page 222 : `` Sport Billy - the FIFA Fair Play Trophy '' Jump up ^ `` FIFA Award Trophies '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` España campeón , del fair play , en Sudáfrica 2010 '' . Peru.com. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 44 : `` Marketing and Partners '' and p. 49 : `` Budweiser Man of the Match '' Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Official Website ( Yahoo ! ) . Archived from the original on 11 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Match Rules '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Republic win Most Entertaining Team Award '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Users declare Portugal most entertaining team '' . FIFA.com. 22 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/southafrica2010/news/newsid=31888/ title = Germany win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/worldcup/brasil2014/news/newsid=31888/ title = Colombia win Most Entertaining Team Award publisher = FIFA.com date = 22 June 2014 accessdate = 26 June 2014 ) ) Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All - Star Team -- Football world Cup All Star Team '' . Football.sporting99.com . Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Romario and Baggio Among First All - Star Cast '' . The New York Times . 16 July 1994 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA eliminates official World Cup All - Star team - USATODAY.com '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Tournaments - Players & Coaches - Elias FIGUEROA - Player Profile - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Technical Study Group designates MasterCard All - Star Team '' . FIFA.com. 10 July 1998 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics , p. 106 : `` MasterCard All - Star Team '' Jump up ^ `` The FIFA TSG nominates 23 players for the MasterCard All - Star squad '' . FIFA.com. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Spaniards dominate Dream Team '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA.com ( 15 July 2014 ) . `` Dream Team winners earn Sony prizes '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team '' . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com ( 23 July 2018 ) . `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Castrol Index Top 11 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kane crowned King , Mina the PPG VIP '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Bibliography `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Technical Report '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 1982 . `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan : Report and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Technical Group . 2002 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Awards on FIFA website FIFA World Cup Golden Ball Best Player 1930 : Nasazzi 1934 : Meazza 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Zizinho 1954 : Puskás 1958 : Didi 1962 : Garrincha 1966 : Charlton 1970 : Pelé 1974 : Cruijff 1978 : Kempes Golden Ball 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Maradona 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Romário 1998 : Ronaldo 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Zidane 2010 : Forlán 2014 : Messi 2018 : Modrić Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Silver Ball 2nd Best Player 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Sindelar 1938 : Piola 1950 : Schiaffino 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Masopust 1966 : Moore 1970 : Gérson 1974 : Beckenbauer 1978 : Rossi Silver Ball 1982 : Falcão 1986 : Schumacher 1990 : Matthäus 1994 : Baggio 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Cannavaro 2010 : Sneijder 2014 : Müller 2018 : Hazard Silver Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball 3rd Best Player 1930 : Andrade 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Sárosi 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Walter 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Sánchez 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : Müller 1974 : Deyna 1978 : Dirceu Bronze Ball 1982 : Rummenigge 1986 : Elkjær 1990 : Maradona 1994 : Stoichkov 1998 : Thuram 2002 : Hong Myung - bo 2006 : Pirlo 2010 : Villa 2014 : Robben 2018 : Griezmann Bronze Ball was first awarded in 1982 . FIFA World Cup -- Golden Boot winners Top scorer 1930 : Stábile 1934 : Nejedlý 1938 : Leônidas 1950 : Ademir 1954 : Kocsis 1958 : Fontaine 1962 : Albert , Garrincha , Ivanov , Jerković , Sánchez & Vavá Golden Shoe 1966 : Eusébio 1970 : G. Müller 1974 : Lato 1978 : Kempes 1982 : Rossi 1986 : Lineker 1990 : Schillaci 1994 : Salenko & Stoichkov 1998 : Šuker 2002 : Ronaldo 2006 : Klose Golden Boot 2010 : T. Müller 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2018 : Kane Golden Shoe was first awarded in 1966 Golden Boot was first awarded in 2010 FIFA World Cup Golden Glove All - Star Team Goalkeeper 1930 : Ballestrero 1934 : Zamora 1938 : Plánička 1950 : Máspoli 1954 : Grosics 1958 : Gregg 1962 : Schrojf 1966 : Banks 1970 : Mazurkiewicz 1974 : Maier 1978 : Fillol 1982 : Zoff 1986 : Pfaff 1990 : Goycochea Yashin Award 1994 : Preud'homme 1998 : Barthez 2002 : Kahn 2006 : Buffon Golden Glove 2010 : Casillas 2014 : Neuer 2018 : Courtois Golden Glove was first awarded in 1994 . FIFA World Cup Best Young Player Best Young Player 1958 : Pelé 1962 : Albert 1966 : Beckenbauer 1970 : Cubillas 1974 : Żmuda 1978 : Cabrini 1982 : Amoros 1986 : Scifo 1990 : Prosinečki 1994 : Overmars 1998 : Owen 2002 : Donovan Best Young Player Award 2006 : Podolski 2010 : Müller 2014 : Pogba 2018 : Mbappé Best Young Player was first awarded in 2006 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Portal Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list of award winners in 2018 fifa world cup	[]	[]
4402585319100307711	List of schools in Stoke-on-Trent	List of schools in Stoke - on - Trent - wikipedia List of schools in Stoke - on - Trent This is a list of schools in Stoke - on - Trent in the English county of Staffordshire . Contents ( hide ) 1 State - funded schools 1.1 Primary schools 1.2 Non-selective secondary schools 1.3 Selective grammar secondary schools 1.4 Grammar schools 1.5 Special and alternative schools 1.6 Further education 2 Independent schools 2.1 Primary and preparatory schools 2.2 Senior and all - through schools 2.3 Special and alternative schools State - funded schools ( edit ) Primary schools ( edit ) Abbey Hulton Primary School Alexandra Junior School Ash Green Primary School Ball Green Primary School Belgrave CE Primary School Bishop Stamer CE Primary School Blurton Primary School Burnwood Community Primary School , Chell Heath Carmountside Primary School Christ Church CE Primary School Clarice Cliff Primary Academy Crescent Primary School Eaton Park Primary School Etruscan Primary School Forest Park Primary School , Hanley Gladstone Primary Glebe Primary School , Stoke Goldenhill Primary Academy Grange Primary School Greenways Primary School Grove Junior School Harpfield Primary School Heron Cross Primary School Hillside Primary School Holden Lane Primary School Kingsland CE Primary School Maple Court Academy Mill Hill Primary Academy , Tunstall Milton Primary Academy , Milton Moorpark Junior School Burslem New Ford Primary School Newstead Primary Academy Norton - le - Moors Primary Academy , Norton - le - Moors Oakhill Primary School Our Lady and St Benedict RC Academy Our Lady 's RC Primary School Packmoor Primary School , Packmoor Park Hall Primary School Parkside Primary School Priory CE Primary School Sandon Primary school Sandford Hill Primary School Smallthorne Primary School Sneyd Green Primary School St Augustine 's RC Primary School St Chad 's CE Primary School St George and St Martin 's RC Academy St Gregory 's RC Primary School St John 's CE Primary School , Trent Vale St Joseph 's RC Academy , Goldenhill St Luke 's CE Primary School , Hanley St Maria Goretti RC Primary School St Mark 's CE Primary School St Mary 's CE Primary School , Tunstall St Mary 's RC Academy , Norton - Le - Moors St Matthew 's CE Primary School St Nathaniel 's Academy , Burslem St Paul 's Edensor CE Primary School St Peter 's RC Academy St Teresa 's RC Primary School St Thomas Aquinas RC Primary School St Wilfrid 's RC Academy , Tunstall Star Academy , Sandyford Summerbank Primary Academy , Tunstall Sutherland Primary Academy , Blurton Waterside Primary School , Hanley The Willows Primary School Weston Coyney Junior School Whitfield Valley Primary Academy , Fegg Hayes Non-selective secondary schools ( edit ) Birches Head Academy , Birches Head The Co-operative Academy of Stoke - on - Trent , Tunstall Discovery Academy , Bentilee Excel Academy , Sneyd Green Haywood Academy , Burslem Ormiston Horizon Academy , Chell Ormiston Sir Stanley Matthews Academy , Blurton St Margaret Ward Catholic Academy , Chell St Peter 's Academy , Fenton St Thomas More Catholic Academy , Longton Sandon Meridian Academy , Meir Stoke Studio College , Burslem Stoke Studio College , Longton Thistley Hough Academy , Penkhull Trentham High School , Trentham Selective grammar secondary schools ( edit ) St Joseph 's College , Trent Vale Grammar schools ( edit ) Special and alternative schools ( edit ) Abbey Hill School and Performing Arts College , Meir Kemball Special School , Blurton Portland School and Specialist College , Blythe Bridge Watermill School , Chell Further education ( edit ) City of Stoke - on - Trent Sixth Form College Stoke - on - Trent College Independent schools ( edit ) Primary and preparatory schools ( edit ) St Joseph 's Preparatory School , Trent Vale Senior and all - through schools ( edit ) North Road Academy , Cobridge Park Avenue Girls High School , Shelton Unity School , Hanley Special and alternative schools ( edit ) Groundwork West Midlands , Burslen Options College Stoke , Longton Kinetic Academy , Meir Phoenix U16 , Hanley Sporting Stars Academy , Baddeley Green City and Unitary Authority area of Stoke - on - Trent Areas , towns and wards Abbey Green ward Abbey Hulton Banky Brook Basford Bentilee Birches Head Blurton Blythe Bridge Bradeley Bucknall Burslem Chell Cliffe Vale Cobridge Dresden Etruria Fenton Goldenhill Hanley Hartshill Heron Cross Lightwood Longport Longton Meir Middleport Milton Norton le Moors Penkhull Shelton Sideway Smallthorne Sneyd Green Stoke - upon - Trent Trentham Trent Vale Tunstall Weston Coyney History Ceramic and Allied Trades Union Darwin -- Wedgwood family Federation of Stoke - on - Trent History of Port Vale F.C. History of Stoke City F.C. Staffordshire Potteries Wedgwood Pottery In Stoke - on - Trent 1842 Pottery riots Parliamentary constituencies Current Stoke - on - Trent North Stoke - on - Trent Central Stoke - on - Trent South Historic Burslem Hanley Stoke - on - Trent Stoke - upon - Trent Religion Stoke Minster Bethesda Methodist Chapel Hulton Abbey Our Lady of the Angels and St Peter in Chains Church Tourism Buildings Bottle ovens Etruria Hall Ford Green Hall Trentham Mausoleum The Villas Wedgwood Institute Water World Winton Square ( North Stafford Hotel ) Theatres Regent Theatre Victoria Hall Theatre Royal Museums and libraries Burslem School of Art Ceramica Chatterley Whitfield Etruria Industrial Museum Gladstone Pottery Museum Montagu C. Butler Library Potteries Museum & Art Gallery Spode Museum Shopping City Sentral Potteries Shopping Centre Parks and countryside Berryhill Fields Hanley Park Hartshill Park Stoke - on - Trent Garden Festival Trentham Estate Sport and music venues Bet365 Stadium Golden Torch Jollees Longton Cricket Club Ground Meir Heath Cricket Club Shelley 's Laserdome The Sugarmill The Underground Vale Park Media Publishing Cross Rhythms G&Y Pits n Pots The Oatcake The Sentinel Radio BBC Radio Stoke Cross Rhythms City Radio Signal 1 Signal 2 UCB UK Stoke & Stafford ( DAB Multiplex ) Education List of schools Stoke - on - Trent College City of Stoke - on - Trent Sixth Form College Staffordshire University Royal Stoke University Hospital Companies Pottery Aynsley China Beswick Pottery Burleigh Pottery Carlton Ware Churchill China Clayburn Pottery Dudson Emma Bridgewater Etruria Works Gray 's Pottery James Sadler and Sons Ltd Lucideon J. & G. Meakin Midwinter Pottery Mintons Moorcroft Palissy Paragon China Portmeirion Pottery Royal Doulton Royal Winton Shelley Potteries Spode Wedgwood WH Grindley Other Armitage Shanks Bet365 Canditv Clay Records Dechra Pharmaceuticals Goodwin Steel Castings Hanley Economic Building Society Randles Motor Group Shelton Bar Sons Ltd . Titanic Brewery Twyford Bathrooms Wrights Pies Sport Association football teams Abbey Hulton United Dresden United Eastwood Hanley Hanley Town Meir KA Norton United Port Vale Stoke City Speedway teams Stoke Potters Stoke Spitfires Transport Canals Caldon Canal Trent and Mersey Canal Public transport D&G Bus First Potteries Stoke Streetcar Rail Longport railway station Longton railway station North Staffordshire Railway Stafford -- Manchester line Stoke - on - Trent railway station Stoke railway works Major roads A34 A50 A52 A53 A500 Longton Interchange Miscellaneous List of people Lobby May un Mar Lady Oatcake Owd Grandad Piggott Potteries derby Potteries dialect River Trent Sanity Fair Start Up Citywide ST postcode area Schools in Staffordshire ( including Stoke - on - Trent ) Middle Oldfields Hall Middle School Windsor Park Middle School Secondary Abbot Beyne School Alleyne 's Academy Biddulph High School Birches Head Academy Blessed Robert Sutton Catholic Sports College Blessed William Howard Catholic School Blythe Bridge High School Cannock Chase High School Cardinal Griffin Catholic College Chase Terrace Technology College The Cheadle Academy Cheslyn Hay Sport & Community High School Chesterton Community Sports College Clayton Hall Academy Codsall Community High School The Co-operative Academy of Stoke - on - Trent The de Ferrers Academy Discovery Academy Endon High School Erasmus Darwin Academy Excel Academy The Friary School Great Wyrley High School The Hart School Haywood Academy JCB Academy John Taylor High School King Edward VI School , Lichfield King Edward VI High School , Stafford The King 's Church of England School Kingsmead School Kinver High School Landau Forte Academy Amington Landau Forte Academy QEMS Leek High School Moorside High School Nether Stowe School Newcastle Academy Norton Canes High School Ormiston Horizon Academy Ormiston Sir Stanley Matthews Academy Ounsdale High School Paget High School Painsley Catholic College Paulet High School The Rawlett School St John Fisher Catholic College St Margaret Ward Catholic Academy St Peter 's Academy St Thomas More Catholic Academy Sandon High School Sir Graham Balfour School Sir Thomas Boughey High School Stafford Manor High School Staffordshire University Academy Tamworth Enterprise College Thistley Hough Academy Thomas Alleyne 's High School Trentham High School University Academy Kidsgrove Walton High School Weston Road Academy Westwood College Wilnecote High School Wolgarston High School Wolstanton High School Grammar St Joseph 's College Special Abbey Hill School Blackfriars Academy The Meadows School Shenstone Lodge School Further education Burton & South Derbyshire College Buxton & Leek College Landau Forte Academy Tamworth Sixth Form Moorlands Sixth Form College Newcastle - under - Lyme College South Staffordshire College Stafford College Stafford Collegiate Independent Abbotsholme School Abbots Bromley School Denstone College Lichfield Cathedral School Newcastle - under - Lyme School Stafford Grammar School St Dominic 's High School for Girls St Dominic 's Priory School Independent ( preparatory ) St Joseph 's Preparatory School Vernon Lodge Preparatory School Yarlet School Former Berry Hill High School and Sports College Brewood Grammar School Edial Hall School Fair Oak Academy Hagley Park Academy Longton High School Mitchell High School Schools in England East of England Bedford Cambridgeshire Central Bedfordshire Essex Hertfordshire Luton Norfolk Peterborough Southend - on - Sea Suffolk Thurrock South East Bracknell Forest Brighton and Hove Buckinghamshire East Sussex Hampshire Isle of Wight Kent Medway Milton Keynes Oxfordshire Portsmouth Reading Slough Southampton Surrey West Berkshire West Sussex Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham South West Bath and North East Somerset Bournemouth Bristol Cornwall Devon Dorset Gloucestershire Isles of Scilly North Somerset Plymouth Poole Somerset South Gloucestershire Swindon Torbay Wiltshire Yorkshire and the Humber Barnsley Bradford Calderdale Doncaster East Riding of Yorkshire Hull Kirklees Leeds North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Yorkshire Rotherham Sheffield Wakefield York North East Darlington Durham Gateshead Hartlepool Middlesbrough North Tyneside Northumberland Newcastle upon Tyne Redcar and Cleveland South Tyneside Stockton - on - Tees Sunderland North West Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bolton Bury Cumbria Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Halton Knowsley Lancashire Liverpool Manchester Oldham Rochdale Salford Sefton St Helens Stockport Tameside Trafford Warrington Wigan Wirral East Midlands Derby Derbyshire Leicester Leicestershire Lincolnshire Northamptonshire Nottingham Nottinghamshire Rutland Greater London Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden City of London Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth Westminster West Midlands Birmingham Coventry Dudley Herefordshire Sandwell Shropshire Solihull Staffordshire Stoke - on - Trent Telford and Wrekin Walsall Warwickshire Wolverhampton Worcestershire See also Middle Schools Grammars Independent State Boarding Oldest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_schools_in_Stoke-on-Trent&oldid=841929165 '' Categories : Lists of schools in the West Midlands ( region ) Schools in Stoke - on - Trent Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 01 : 10 . About Wikipedia	list of primary schools in stoke on trent	[]	[]
4477892907975499436	Philadelphia Eagles	Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 3 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 1.5. 3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL . 1976 -- 1984 In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes . In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest . On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL . Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 . Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 . Season records Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular season record ( all - time ) : 568 -- 594 -- 26 Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries New York Giants Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade Devotion Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems . Current roster Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld 11 Carson Wentz Running backs 36 Jay Ajayi 30 Corey Clement 34 Donnel Pumphrey 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 19 Rashard Davis 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 16 Bryce Treggs -- Mike Wallace 89 Greg Ward Jr . -- Dom Williams -- Marquess Wilson Tight ends 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz -- Joshua Perkins -- Adam Zaruba Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 78 Darrell Greene G -- Taylor Hart T 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 71 Jason Peters T 73 Isaac Seumalo G -- Jon Toth C 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 96 Derek Barnett DE -- Michael Bennett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT -- Winston Craig DT 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE -- Haloti Ngata DT 98 Elijah Qualls DT -- Aziz Shittu DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB -- Corey Nelson OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB Defensive backs -- De'Vante Bausby CB -- Elie Bouka CB 41 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB -- Randall Goforth CB 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 35 D.J. Killings CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 42 Chris Maragos FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 49 Tre Sullivan S -- Daryl Worley CB Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K -- Cameron Johnston P 45 Rick Lovato LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 24 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 67 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors Retired numbers Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 - 2008 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Bert Bell Owner / Founder 1933 -- 1940 1963 Wayne Millner Assistant Coach 1951 1968 Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 1969 Mike McCormack Head Coach 1973 -- 1975 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 -- 1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 1948 NFL Championship team 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 33 Carson Wentz 2017 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , Rushing Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions Other Statistic Regular season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) 0 Total Return Yds 4,997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense Statistic Regular season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 - - Coaches of note Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Strength and Conditioning Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates . City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 . In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . See also Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com . Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Sources Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . 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About Wikipedia	when has the eagles been to the super bowl	[ "\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished July 8, 1933; 84 years ago (July 8, 1933)[1]\nFirst season: 1933\nPlay in Lincoln Financial Field\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nHeadquartered in the NovaCare Complex\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1933–present)\n\nEastern Division (1933–1949)\nAmerican Conference (1950–1952)\nEastern Conference (1953–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nMidnight green, Silver, Black, White[2][3]\n \n\n\nFight song\nFly, Eagles Fly\n\n\nMascot\nSwoop\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJeffrey Lurie\nChristina Weiss Lurie\n\n\nChairman\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nCEO\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nPresident\nDon Smolenski\n\n\nGeneral manager\nHowie Roseman\n\n\nHead coach\nDoug Pederson\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1933–1942; 1944–present)\nPhil-Pitt \"Steagles\" (1943)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nThe Birds\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (4)\n\nNFL championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (3)\n1948, 1949, 1960\n\n\nSuper Bowl championships (1)\n2017 (LII)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (4)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1960\nNFC: 1980, 2004, 2017\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (13)\n\nNFL East: 1947, 1948, 1949\nNFC East: 1980, 1988, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (25)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1947, 1948, 1949, 1960, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nBaker Bowl (1933–1935)\nPhiladelphia Municipal Stadium (1936–1939, 1941)\nConnie Mack Stadium (1940, 1942–1957)\nFranklin Field (1958–1970)\nVeterans Stadium (1971–2002)\nLincoln Financial Field (2003–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished July 8, 1933; 84 years ago (July 8, 1933)[1]\nFirst season: 1933\nPlay in Lincoln Financial Field\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nHeadquartered in the NovaCare Complex\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1933–present)\n\nEastern Division (1933–1949)\nAmerican Conference (1950–1952)\nEastern Conference (1953–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nMidnight green, Silver, Black, White[2][3]\n \n\n\nFight song\nFly, Eagles Fly\n\n\nMascot\nSwoop\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJeffrey Lurie\nChristina Weiss Lurie\n\n\nChairman\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nCEO\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nPresident\nDon Smolenski\n\n\nGeneral manager\nHowie Roseman\n\n\nHead coach\nDoug Pederson\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1933–1942; 1944–present)\nPhil-Pitt \"Steagles\" (1943)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nThe Birds\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (4)\n\nNFL championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (3)\n1948, 1949, 1960\n\n\nSuper Bowl championships (1)\n2017 (LII)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (4)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1960\nNFC: 1980, 2004, 2017\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (13)\n\nNFL East: 1947, 1948, 1949\nNFC East: 1980, 1988, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (25)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1947, 1948, 1949, 1960, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nBaker Bowl (1933–1935)\nPhiladelphia Municipal Stadium (1936–1939, 1941)\nConnie Mack Stadium (1940, 1942–1957)\nFranklin Field (1958–1970)\nVeterans Stadium (1971–2002)\nLincoln Financial Field (2003–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished July 8, 1933; 84 years ago (July 8, 1933)[1]\nFirst season: 1933\nPlay in Lincoln Financial Field\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nHeadquartered in the NovaCare Complex\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1933–present)\n\nEastern Division (1933–1949)\nAmerican Conference (1950–1952)\nEastern Conference (1953–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nMidnight green, Silver, Black, White[2][3]\n \n\n\nFight song\nFly, Eagles Fly\n\n\nMascot\nSwoop\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJeffrey Lurie\nChristina Weiss Lurie\n\n\nChairman\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nCEO\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nPresident\nDon Smolenski\n\n\nGeneral manager\nHowie Roseman\n\n\nHead coach\nDoug Pederson\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1933–1942; 1944–present)\nPhil-Pitt \"Steagles\" (1943)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nThe Birds\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (4)\n\nNFL championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (3)\n1948, 1949, 1960\n\n\nSuper Bowl championships (1)\n2017 (LII)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (4)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1960\nNFC: 1980, 2004, 2017\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (13)\n\nNFL East: 1947, 1948, 1949\nNFC East: 1980, 1988, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (25)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1947, 1948, 1949, 1960, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nBaker Bowl (1933–1935)\nPhiladelphia Municipal Stadium (1936–1939, 1941)\nConnie Mack Stadium (1940, 1942–1957)\nFranklin Field (1958–1970)\nVeterans Stadium (1971–2002)\nLincoln Financial Field (2003–present)\n\n\n\n", "\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished July 8, 1933; 84 years ago (July 8, 1933)[1]\nFirst season: 1933\nPlay in Lincoln Financial Field\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nHeadquartered in the NovaCare Complex\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1933–present)\n\nEastern Division (1933–1949)\nAmerican Conference (1950–1952)\nEastern Conference (1953–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nMidnight green, Silver, Black, White[2][3]\n \n\n\nFight song\nFly, Eagles Fly\n\n\nMascot\nSwoop\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJeffrey Lurie\nChristina Weiss Lurie\n\n\nChairman\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nCEO\nJeffrey Lurie\n\n\nPresident\nDon Smolenski\n\n\nGeneral manager\nHowie Roseman\n\n\nHead coach\nDoug Pederson\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1933–1942; 1944–present)\nPhil-Pitt \"Steagles\" (1943)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nThe Birds\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (4)\n\nNFL championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (3)\n1948, 1949, 1960\n\n\nSuper Bowl championships (1)\n2017 (LII)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (4)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1960\nNFC: 1980, 2004, 2017\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (13)\n\nNFL East: 1947, 1948, 1949\nNFC East: 1980, 1988, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (25)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1947, 1948, 1949, 1960, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nBaker Bowl (1933–1935)\nPhiladelphia Municipal Stadium (1936–1939, 1941)\nConnie Mack Stadium (1940, 1942–1957)\nFranklin Field (1958–1970)\nVeterans Stadium (1971–2002)\nLincoln Financial Field (2003–present)\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "1960", "1980", "2004", "2017" ]
2504839639742821645	Turning point of the American Civil War	Turning point of the American Civil war - wikipedia Turning point of the American Civil war Jump to : navigation , search Confederates capture a Union battery during the First Battle of Bull Run There is widespread disagreement among historians about the turning point of the American Civil War . A turning point in this context is an event that occurred during the conflict after which most modern scholars would agree that the eventual outcome was inevitable . While the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 is the event most widely cited as the military climax of the American Civil War ( often in combination with the Siege of Vicksburg , which concluded a day later ) , there were several other decisive battles and events throughout the war which have been proposed as turning points . These events are presented here in chronological order . Only the positive arguments for each are given . At the time of an event , the fog of war often makes it impossible to recognize all of the implications of any specific outcome . Only hindsight can fully reveal the endpoint and all of the developments that led up to it . For this reason , contemporary observers may lack confidence in predicting a turning point . Many of the turning points of the Civil War cited here would not have been recognized as such at the time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Confederate victory at Bull Run ( July 1861 ) 2 Confederate invasion of Kentucky ( September 1861 ) 3 Union capture of Forts Henry and Donelson ( February 1862 ) 4 Albert Sidney Johnston 's death ( April 1862 ) 5 Union capture of New Orleans ( April 1862 ) 6 Union victory at Battle of Antietam ( September 1862 ) 7 Stonewall Jackson 's death ( May 1863 ) 8 Union capture of Vicksburg and victory at Gettysburg ( July 1863 ) 9 Union victory in the Chattanooga Campaign ( November 1863 ) 10 Grant 's appointment as Union general - in - chief ( March 1864 ) 11 Union capture of Atlanta ( September 1864 ) 12 Lincoln 's reelection ( November 1864 ) 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References Confederate victory at Bull Run ( July 1861 ) ( edit ) The First Battle of Bull Run , on July 21 , 1861 , was the first major land battle of the war . Until this time , the North was generally confident about its prospects for quickly crushing the rebellion with an easy , direct strike against the Confederate capital at Richmond , Virginia . The embarrassing rout of Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell 's army during the battle made clear the fallacy of this viewpoint . Many Northerners were shocked and realized that the war was going to be much lengthier and bloodier than they had anticipated . It steeled their determination . Lincoln immediately signed legislation that increased the Union Army by 500,000 men and allowed for their terms of service to last the duration of the war . Congress quickly passed the Confiscation Act of 1861 , which provided for freeing slaves whose masters participated in the rebellion and was the first attempt to define the war legislatively as a matter of ending slavery . If Confederates had hoped before this that they could sap Northern determination and quietly slip away from the Union with a minor military investment , their victory at Bull Run , ironically , destroyed those hopes . Confederate invasion of Kentucky ( September 1861 ) ( edit ) By mid-1861 , eleven states had seceded , but four more slave - owning states remained in the Union -- Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland , and Delaware . Kentucky was considered the most at risk ; the state legislature had declared neutrality in the dispute , which was seen as a moderately pro-Confederate stance . The loss of Kentucky might have been catastrophic because of its control of the strategic Tennessee and Ohio Rivers and its position from which the vital state of Ohio could be invaded . Lincoln wrote , `` I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . '' On September 3 , 1861 , Confederate General Leonidas Polk extended his defensive line north from Tennessee when Gideon Pillow occupied Columbus , Kentucky ( in response to Ulysses S. Grant 's occupation of Belmont , Missouri , directly across the Mississippi River ) . Polk followed this by moving through the Cumberland Gap and occupying parts of southeastern Kentucky . This violation of state neutrality enraged many of its citizens ; the state legislature , overriding the veto of the governor , requested assistance from the federal government . Kentucky was never again a safe area of operation for Confederate forces . Ironically , Polk 's actions were not directed by the Confederate government . Thus , almost by accident , the Confederacy was placed at an enormous strategic disadvantage . Indeed , the early Union successes in the Western Theater ( the locale of all their successful large - scale non-naval initiatives until 1864 ) can be directly tied to Polk 's blunder . Union capture of forts Henry and Donelson ( February 1862 ) ( edit ) Union assault on Confederate entrenchments at the Battle of Fort Donelson The capture of Forts Henry and Donelson , and the Confederate surrender at the latter , were the first significant Union victories during the war and the start of a mostly successful campaign in the Western Theater . Ulysses S. Grant completed both actions by February 16 , 1862 , and by doing so , opened the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers as Union supply lines and avenues of invasion to Tennessee , Mississippi , and eventually Georgia . The loss of control of these rivers was a significant strategic defeat for the Confederacy . This was the start of offensive actions by Grant that , with the sole exception of the Battle of Shiloh , would continue for the rest of the war . Confederates launch a surprise early morning attack on the Union encampment on the first day of the Battle of Shiloh Albert Sidney Johnston 's death ( April 1862 ) ( edit ) Albert Sidney Johnston was considered one of the best generals serving in the Western Theater . By 1862 , he commanded all Confederate forces between the Cumberland Gap and Arkansas . Before the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson , Johnston had advocated improving the forts ' structures as well as deploying additional troops and arms to more adequately defend them . The Confederate government failed to meet these recommendations . Ulysses S. Grant captured the forts in February 1862 and launched a full - scale invasion of Tennessee . The fall of these forts was inaccurately blamed on Johnston . He was not ready to give up yet . In March 1862 , Johnston organized the Army of Mississippi with P.G.T. Beauregard . He launched his attack at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862 . Johnston 's plan was to drive the Union army from its landing point on the Tennessee River into the surrounding swamps . He assigned Beauregard to coordinate the attack . Beauregard disagreed with his strategy and instead planned to drive the enemy back toward the river . He in turn directed reconnaissance at this plan , resulting in the ultimate failure to pinpoint Grant 's army . On the first day of battle , Johnston personally led the attack on the enemy . He was a victim of friendly fire , receiving a hit in the knee which severed his popliteal artery . Johnston died within an hour . His death resulted in critical reassignments of his command to less talented generals who failed to repair the virtually doomed Western Theater . Union capture of New Orleans ( April 1862 ) ( edit ) Farragut 's fleet forces its way past the downstream forts prior to the capture of New Orleans Early in the war , Confederate strategists believed the primary threat to New Orleans would come from the north , and made their defensive preparations accordingly . As forces under Grant made gains in the Western Theater , much of the military equipment and manpower in the city 's vicinity was sent up the Mississippi River in an attempt to stem the victorious Union tide . When Flag Officer David Farragut was able to force the Union Navy 's West Gulf Blockading Squadron past the Confederacy 's only two forts below the city in the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip , New Orleans had no means to oppose capture . Thus the port , by far the largest Confederate city , fell undamaged into Union hands , tightening its grip on the Mississippi River and fulfilling a key element of the Anaconda Plan for the South 's defeat . Although the occupation under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler was detested , he was astute enough to build a base of political support among the poorer classes and create an extensive intelligence and counterespionage capability , nullifying the threat of insurrection . The Confederacy 's loss of its greatest port had significant diplomatic consequences . Confederate agents abroad were generally received more coolly , if at all , after news of the city 's capture reached London and Paris . Union victory at Battle of Antietam ( September 1862 ) ( edit ) Union forces cross Burnside 's Bridge at the Battle of Antietam The Battle of Antietam , fought September 17 , 1862 , was the bloodiest single day of conflict in American military history . But it also had two strategic consequences . Although considered a tactical draw between the Army of the Potomac and the much smaller Army of Northern Virginia , it marked the end of Robert E. Lee 's invasion of the North . One of his goals was to entice the slave - holding state of Maryland to join the Confederacy , or at least recruit soldiers there . He failed in that objective ; he also failed in marshaling Northern fears and opinions to pressure a settlement to the war . But more strategically , George B. McClellan 's victory was just convincing enough that President Lincoln used it as justification for announcing his Emancipation Proclamation . He had been counseled by his cabinet to keep this action confidential until a Union battlefield victory could be announced , lest it appear to be an act of desperation . Along with its immense effect on American history and race relations , the Emancipation Proclamation effectively prevented the British Empire from recognizing the Confederacy as a legitimate government . The British public had strong anti-slavery beliefs and would not have tolerated joining the pro-slavery side of a fight where slavery was now a prominent issue . This removed one of the Confederacy 's only hopes of surviving a lengthy war against the North 's suffocating naval blockade . Support from France was still a possibility , but it never came to pass . Antietam and two other coincident failed actions -- Braxton Bragg 's invasion of Kentucky ( sometimes called the `` high - water mark of the Confederacy in the Western Theater '' ) and Earl Van Dorn 's advance against Corinth , Mississippi -- represented the Confederacy 's only attempts at coordinated strategic offensives in multiple theaters of war . Death of Stonewall Jackson Stonewall Jackson 's death ( may 1863 ) ( edit ) After winning the Battle of Chancellorsville , the Army of Northern Virginia lost Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson to pneumonia following a friendly fire accident . His death was a blow to the morale of the Confederate army , as he was one of its most popular and successful commanders . Two months later , Robert E. Lee had no general with Jackson 's audacity available at the Battle of Gettysburg . Many historians argue that Jackson might have succeeded in seizing key battlefield positions ( such as Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill at the end of day one ) that his replacements were unable or unwilling to take . Lee himself shared this belief and is said to have told his subordinate generals on different occasions that they should have acted like Jackson would have . Union capture of Vicksburg and victory at Gettysburg ( July 1863 ) ( edit ) A Union battalion scales the defenses of Vicksburg in a costly failed assault early in the siege On July 4 , 1863 , the most important Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River at Vicksburg , Mississippi surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant . The previous day , Maj. Gen. George Meade had decisively defeated Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . These nearly simultaneous battles are the events most often cited as the ultimate turning points of the entire war . The loss of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two , denying it any further movement along or across the Mississippi River and preventing supplies from Texas and Arkansas that might sustain the war effort from passing east . As President Lincoln had stated , `` See what a lot of land these fellows hold , of which Vicksburg is the key ! The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket ... We can take all the northern ports of the Confederacy and they can defy us from Vicksburg . '' Furthermore , the 30,000 soldiers who surrendered with the city were a significant loss to the military manpower of the Southern cause . Federal troops repulse Pickett 's Charge on the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg Gettysburg was the first major defeat suffered by Lee . The three - day battle witnessed Union forces decisively repel his second invasion of the North and inflicted serious casualties on his Army of Northern Virginia . In fact , the National Park Service marks the point at which Pickett 's Charge collapsed , a copse of trees on Cemetery Ridge , as the high - water mark of the Confederacy -- the northernmost point reached by any major Confederate military incursion . From this point onward , Lee attempted no more strategic offensives . Although two more years of fighting and a new , more aggressive general - in - chief ( Grant ) was required to fully subdue the rebellion , the Army of the Potomac gained an indomitable initiative at Gettysburg that makes the eventual end at Appomattox Court House in 1865 seem inevitable in hindsight . While Gettysburg was seen by military and civilian observers at the time as a great battle , those in the North had little idea that two more bloody years would be required to finish the war . Lincoln was distraught at Meade 's failure to intercept Lee 's retreat , believing that to have done so would have ended the conflict . Southern morale was seriously affected by the twin setbacks of Gettysburg and Vicksburg , as they perceived that `` the coil was tightening around us '' . Some economic historians have pointed to the fact that after the defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg , the market for Confederate war bonds dropped precipitously . `` ... European investors gave the Confederacy approximately a 42 percent chance of victory prior to the battle of Gettysburg / Vicksburg . News of the severity of the two rebel defeats led to a sell - off in Confederate bonds . By the end of 1863 , the probability of a Southern victory fell to about 15 percent . '' In one of the war 's most dramatic events , a spontaneous Union infantry advance carries Missionary Ridge near Chattanooga , taking a position widely viewed as one that should have been impregnable Union victory in the Chattanooga campaign ( november 1863 ) ( edit ) Military historian J.F.C. Fuller contended that Grant 's defeat of Braxton Bragg 's army at Chattanooga , Tennessee was the turning point of the war because it reduced the Confederacy to the Atlantic coast and opened the way for William T. Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea . Grant 's appointment as Union general - in - chief ( March 1864 ) ( edit ) The Battle of the Wilderness , May 1864 , early in the Overland Campaign Following the victory at Chattanooga , Grant was appointed general - in - chief of all Union armies on March 12 , 1864 . Leaving Sherman in command of forces in the Western Theater , he moved his headquarters east to Virginia . Previous Union commanders in the critical Eastern Theater had not mounted effective campaigns , or succssful pursuits of Confederate forces after gaining rare victories . Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the Confederacy from multiple directions : against Lee and the Confederate capital , Richmond ; in the Shenandoah Valley ; against Johnston and Atlanta ; against railroad supply lines in western Virginia ; and against the port of Mobile . In May , Grant launched the Overland Campaign towards Richmond , an attritional campaign that took full advantage of the North 's edge in population and resources . Although he suffered a tactical reverse in his first encounter with Lee in the Battle of the Wilderness , Grant pressed forward , putting the Confederates under an unremitting pressure that was maintained until the fall of their capital and the surrender of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . Sherman 's troops destroy a railroad in Atlanta Union capture of Atlanta ( September 1864 ) ( edit ) Some contend that Sherman 's successful siege of Atlanta was the turning point , since the heavily fortified city was the most critical remaining stronghold in the South . The capture of Atlanta , following a tedious and frustrating campaign , lifted the spirits of Unionists and came just in time to build the popular support necessary to re-elect Lincoln , in addition to its military result of crippling transportation in the heart of the Confederacy and nearly destroying the city . Lincoln 's reelection ( november 1864 ) ( edit ) The reelection of Abraham Lincoln in 1864 is beyond the final point at which a positive conclusion for the Confederacy could have been contemplated . His opponent , former general George B. McClellan , ran on a Democratic Party platform that favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy . Although McClellan disavowed this platform , the South would have likely seen his election as a strategic victory . Thus , Lincoln 's success may have further emboldened belief , on both sides , in the notion that the war would eventually end with the Union 's original ambition achieved . See also ( edit ) Conclusion of the American Civil War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 49 -- 67 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 418 -- 19 ; Foote , vol. 1 , p. 361 Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 97 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Martin , pp. 563 -- 65 ; Foote , vol. 2 , p. 596 Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 665 Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 156 -- 57 ; Foote , vol. 2 , pp. 626 -- 27 ; McPherson , pp. 666 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 145 ; Rawley , p. 163 ; Foote , vol. 2 , pp. 641 -- 42 ; McPherson , p. 665 . Jump up ^ Weidenmier , M.D. ; Oosterlinck , K. ( November 2007 ) , Victory or Repudiation ? The Probability of the Southern Confederacy Winning the Civil War , National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series , No. 13567 , doi : 10.3386 / w13567 Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 677 , p. 680 Jump up ^ Fuller was inconsistent in naming turning points . In his 1929 work The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant , he cited three ( p. 46 ) : First Bull Run , which resulted in establishment of unity of command in the Union army ; Fort Donelson , after which he considered Vicksburg and Atlanta ( and presumably Chattanooga ) to be inevitable ; and the fall of Wilmington , which he claimed led directly to Lee 's surrender at Appomattox Court House . References ( edit ) Foote , Shelby ( 2011 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74467 - 8 . OCLC 712783750 . Foote , Shelby ( 2011 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 2 : Fredericksburg to Meridian . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74468 - 5 . OCLC 712783750 . Foote , Shelby ( 2011 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 3 : Red River to Appomattox . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 74469 - 2 . OCLC 712783750 . Fuller , Maj. Gen. J.F.C. ( 1929 ) . The Generalship of Ulysses S. Grant . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80450 - 2 . OCLC 1523705 . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . OUP USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503863 - 7 . OCLC 15550774 . Martin , David G. ( 2003 ) . Gettysburg , July 1 . Da Capo . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81240 - 8 . OCLC 44965867 . Rawley , James A. ( 1966 ) . Turning Points of the Civil War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . OCLC 44957745 . Unpublished remarks by Gary Gallagher and James M. McPherson , 2005 University of Virginia seminar : Great Battles and Turning Points of the Civil War . 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1504779102716064273	Inner core	Inner core - wikipedia Inner core Jump to : navigation , search For the cores of other planetary bodies , see Planetary core . For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Earth core . The internal structure of Earth The Earth 's inner core is the Earth 's innermost part . It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres ( 760 miles ) , which is about 70 % of the Moon 's radius . It is composed of an iron -- nickel alloy and some light elements . The temperature at the inner core boundary is approximately 5700 K ( 5400 ° C ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Composition 3 Temperature and pressure 4 Dynamics 5 History 6 See also 7 References Discovery ( edit ) The Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its liquid outer core in 1936 , by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann , who deduced its presence by studying seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand . She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth 's surface . This boundary is known as the Bullen discontinuity , or sometimes as the Lehmann discontinuity . A few years later , in 1940 , it was hypothesized that this inner core was made of solid iron ; its rigidity was confirmed in 1971 . The outer core was determined to be liquid from observations showing that compressional waves pass through it , but elastic shear waves do not -- or do so only very weakly . The solidity of the inner core had been difficult to establish because the elastic shear waves that are expected to pass through a solid mass are very weak and difficult for seismographs on the Earth 's surface to detect , since they become so attenuated on their way from the inner core to the surface by their passage through the liquid outer core . Dziewonski and Gilbert established that measurements of normal modes of vibration of Earth caused by large earthquakes were consistent with a liquid outer core . It has recently been claimed that shear waves have been detected passing through the inner core ; these claims were initially controversial , but are now gaining acceptance . Composition ( edit ) Based on the relative prevalence of various chemical elements in the Solar System , the theory of planetary formation , and constraints imposed or implied by the chemistry of the rest of the Earth 's volume , the inner core is believed to consist primarily of a nickel - iron alloy . Pure iron was found to be denser than the core by approximately 3 % , implying the presence of light elements in the core ( e.g. silicon , oxygen , sulfur ) in addition to the probable presence of nickel . Further , if the primordial and mostly fluid ( still forming ) earth contained any significant mass ( es ) of elements denser than iron and nickel , namely the white ( appearance ) precious metals ( and a few others ) except silver , specifically the siderophile elements then these would necessarily have differentiated to the very center of the core into concentric nested spheres by Planetary differentiation . The most dense ( and stable , i.e. platinum , iridium , and osmium , ( etc . ) in order of density ) of these forming the innermost spheroid ( s ) . While unstable elements of such trans - iron / nickel density would have mostly decayed to iron / nickel / lead by the time the earth formed a discrete core . See also : Densities of the elements ( data page ) It then necessarily follows that all , or almost all , of these denser elements we have mined ( or are even able to ) at the surface ( or near surface , or even at all `` above '' the core ) have been delivered later as part of impact objects / masses . Temperature and pressure ( edit ) The temperature of the inner core can be estimated by considering both the theoretical and the experimentally demonstrated constraints on the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core ( about 330 GPa ) . These considerations suggest that its temperature is about 5,700 K ( 5,400 ° C ; 9,800 ° F ) . The pressure in the Earth 's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores : it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals ( 3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm ) . Iron can be solid at such high temperatures only because its melting temperature increases dramatically at pressures of that magnitude ( see the Clausius -- Clapeyron relation ) . A report published in the journal Science concludes that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary is 6230 ± 500 K , roughly 1000 K higher than previous estimates . Dynamics ( edit ) The Earth 's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth 's interior ( about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years ) . Many scientists had initially expected that the inner core would be found to be homogeneous , because the solid inner core was originally formed by a gradual cooling of molten material , and continues to grow as a result of that same process . Even though it is growing into liquid , it is solid , due to the very high pressure that keeps it compacted together even if the temperature is extremely high . It was even suggested that Earth 's inner core might be a single crystal of iron . However , this prediction was disproved by observations indicating that in fact there is a degree of disorder within the inner core . Seismologists have found that the inner core is not completely uniform , but instead contains large - scale structures such that seismic waves pass more rapidly through some parts of the inner core than through others . In addition , the properties of the inner core 's surface vary from place to place across distances as small as 1 km . This variation is surprising , since lateral temperature variations along the inner - core boundary are known to be extremely small ( this conclusion is confidently constrained by magnetic field observations ) . Recent discoveries suggest that the solid inner core itself is composed of layers , separated by a transition zone about 250 to 400 km thick . If the inner core grows by small frozen sediments falling onto its surface , then some liquid can also be trapped in the pore spaces and some of this residual fluid may still persist to some small degree in much of its interior . Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth 's solid mantle , the possibility that it rotates slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained . In the 1990s , seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades , using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves faster in some directions . Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year . Growth of the inner core is thought to play an important role in the generation of Earth 's magnetic field by dynamo action in the liquid outer core . This occurs mostly because it can not dissolve the same amount of light elements as the outer core and therefore freezing at the inner core boundary produces a residual liquid that contains more light elements than the overlying liquid . This causes it to become buoyant and helps drive convection of the outer core . The existence of the inner core also changes the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core as it grows and may help fix the magnetic field since it is expected to be a great deal more resistant to flow than the outer core liquid ( which is expected to be turbulent ) . Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal deformation patterns . This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others . Because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable , any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior . S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes , and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time . There is an East -- West asymmetry in the inner core seismological data . There is a model which explains this by differences at the surface of the inner core -- melting in one hemisphere and crystallization in the other . The western hemisphere of the inner core may be crystallizing , whereas the eastern hemisphere may be melting . This may lead to enhanced magnetic field generation in the crystallizing hemisphere , creating the asymmetry in the Earth 's magnetic field . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Earth Based on rates of cooling of the core , it is estimated that the current solid inner core started solidifying approximately 0.5 to 2 billion years ago out of a fully molten core ( which formed just after planetary formation ) . If true , this would mean that the Earth 's solid inner core is not a primordial feature that was present during the planet 's formation , but a feature younger than the Earth ( the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old ) . See also ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth Geodynamics Iron meteorite Structure of the Earth Travel to the Earth 's center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Monnereau , Marc ; Calvet , Marie ; Margerin , Ludovic ; Souriau , Annie ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lopsided Growth of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 328 ( 5981 ) : 1014 -- 1017 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328.1014 M. PMID 20395477 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1186212 Jump up ^ E.R. Engdahl ; E.A. Flynn & R.P. Massé ( 1974 ) . `` Differential PkiKP travel times and the radius of the core '' . Geophys . J.R. Astron . Soc. 40 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 463 . Bibcode : 1974GeoJI ... 39 ... 457E . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1974. tb05467. x . ^ Jump up to : D. Alfè ; M. Gillan & G.D. Price ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` Composition and temperature of the Earth 's core constrained by combining ab initio calculations and seismic data '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . Elsevier . 195 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 91 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2002E&PSL. 195 ... 91A . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 01 ) 00568 - 4 . Jump up ^ Edmond A. Mathez , ed. ( 2000 ) . EARTH : INSIDE AND OUT . American Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ John C. Butler ( 1995 ) . `` Class Notes -- The Earth 's Interior '' . Physical Geology Grade Book . University of Houston . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Although another discontinuity is named after Lehmann , this usage still can be found : see for example : Robert E Krebs ( 2003 ) . The basics of earth science . Greenwood Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31930 - 8 . , and From here to `` hevean , '' or the D layer , About.com Jump up ^ Hung Kan Lee ( 2002 ) . International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology ; volume 1 . Academic Press . p. 926 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 440652 - 1 . Jump up ^ William J. Cromie ( 1996 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Putting a New Spin on Earth 's Core '' . Harvard Gazette . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ A.M. Dziewonski ; F. Gilbert ( 1971 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Solidity of the Inner Core of the Earth inferred from Normal Mode Observations '' . Nature . 234 ( 5330 ) : 465 -- 466 . Bibcode : 1971Natur. 234 ... 465D . doi : 10.1038 / 234465a0 . Jump up ^ Robert Roy Britt ( 2005 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Finally , a Solid Look at Earth 's Core '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , Lars ; Wasserman , Evgeny ; Cohen , Ronald E. ( 1997 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Composition and temperature of Earth 's inner core '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . 102 ( B11 ) : 24729 -- 24739 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . doi : 10.1029 / 97JB02125 . Jump up ^ `` core -- National Geographic Society '' . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's Precious Metals Could Be From Meteorites and Asteroids '' . Jump up ^ David . R. Lide , ed. ( 2006 -- 2007 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 87th ed . ) . pp. j14 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Anneli Aitta ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Iron melting curve with a tricritical point '' . Journal of Statistical Mechanics : Theory and Experiment . iop. 2006 ( 12 ) : 12015 -- 12030 . Bibcode : 2006JSMTE ... 12 ... 015A . arXiv : cond - mat / 0701283 . doi : 10.1088 / 1742 - 5468 / 2006 / 12 / P12015. or see preprints http://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0701283 , http://arxiv.org/pdf/0807.0187 . Jump up ^ S. Anzellini ; A. Dewaele ; M. Mezouar ; P. Loubeyre & G. Morard ( 2013 ) . `` Melting of Iron at Earth 's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction '' . Science . AAAS. 340 ( 6136 ) : 464 -- 466 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1233514 . Jump up ^ J.A. Jacobs ( 1953 ) . `` The Earth 's inner core '' . Nature . 172 ( 4372 ) : 297 -- 298 . Bibcode : 1953Natur. 172 ... 297J . doi : 10.1038 / 172297a0 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( 1995 - 04 - 04 ) . `` The Core of the Earth May Be a Gigantic Crystal Made of Iron '' . NY Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robert Sanders ( 1996 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Earth 's inner core not a monolithic iron crystal , say UC Berkeley seismologist '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jephcoat ; Keith Refson ( 2001 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Earth science : Core beliefs '' . Nature . 413 ( 6851 ) : 27 -- 30 . PMID 11544508 . doi : 10.1038 / 35092650 . Jump up ^ Kazuro Hirahara ; Toshiki Ohtaki & Yasuhiro Yoshida ( 1994 ) . `` Seismic structure near the inner core - outer core boundary '' . Geophys . Res . Lett . American Geophysical Union . 51 ( 16 ) : 157 -- 160 . Bibcode : 1994GeoRL ... 21 ... 157K . doi : 10.1029 / 93GL03289 . Jump up ^ Aaurno , J.M. ; Brito , D. ; Olson , P.L. ( 1996 ) . `` Mechanics of inner core super-rotation '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 23 ( 23 ) : 3401 -- 3404 . Bibcode : 1996GeoRL ... 23.3401 A . doi : 10.1029 / 96GL03258 Jump up ^ Xu , Xiaoxia ; Song , Xiaodong ( 2003 ) . `` Evidence for inner core super-rotation from time - dependent differential PKP traveltimes observed at Beijing Seismic Network '' . Geophysical Journal International . 152 ( 3 ) : 509 -- 514 . Bibcode : 2003GeoJI. 152 ... 509X . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 246X. 2003.01852. x Jump up ^ G Poupinet ; R Pillet ; A Souriau ( 1983 ) . `` Possible heterogeneity of the Earth 's core deduced from PKIKP travel times '' . Nature . 305 : 204 -- 206 . doi : 10.1038 / 305204a0 . Jump up ^ T. Yukutake ( 1998 ) . `` Implausibility of thermal convection in the Earth 's solid inner core '' . Phys . Earth Planet . Inter. 108 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . Bibcode : 1998PEPI ... 108 ... 1Y . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9201 ( 98 ) 00097 - 1 . Jump up ^ S.I. Yoshida ; I. Sumita & M. Kumazawa ( 1996 ) . `` Growth model of the inner core coupled with the outer core dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth . 101 : 28085 -- 28103 . Bibcode : 1996JGR ... 10128085Y . doi : 10.1029 / 96JB02700 . Jump up ^ S.I. Karato ( 1999 ) . `` Seismic anisotropy of the Earth 's inner core resulting from flow induced by Maxwell stresses '' . Nature . 402 ( 6764 ) : 871 -- 873 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 402 ... 871K . doi : 10.1038 / 47235 . Jump up ^ Alboussière , T. ; Deguen , R. ; Melzani , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Melting - induced stratification above the Earth 's inner core due to convective translation '' . Nature . 466 ( 7307 ) : 744 -- 747 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 466 ... 744A . PMID 20686572 . arXiv : 1201.1201 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09257 . Jump up ^ `` Figure 1 : East -- west asymmetry in inner - core growth and magnetic field generation . '' from Finlay , Christopher C. ( 2012 ) . `` Core processes : Earth 's eccentric magnetic field '' . Nature Geoscience. 5 : 523 -- 524 . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1516 . Jump up ^ Labrosse , Stéphane ; Poirier , Jean - Paul ; Le Mouël , Jean - Louis ( 2001 - 08 - 15 ) . `` The age of the inner core '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 190 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 111 -- 123 . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 01 ) 00387 - 9 . ( hide ) Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Gutenberg ( mantle -- core ) Lehmann ( core ) Arguments Plate tectonics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inner_core&oldid=805538151 '' Categories : 1936 in science Structure of the Earth Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 01 : 27 . About Wikipedia	composition of the inner core of the earth	[ "The Earth's inner core is the Earth's innermost part. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres (760 miles), which is about 70% of the Moon's radius.[1][2] It is composed of an iron–nickel alloy and some light elements. The temperature at the inner core boundary is approximately 5700 K (5400 °C).[3]" ]	[ "iron–nickel alloy and some light elements" ]
-3206150719207519475	List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha	List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha - wikipedia List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Member of Parliament ( India ) . As per the Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) of the Constitution of India , 12 members are nominated by President for term of six years for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services . Current nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . No . Name Field Affiliation Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Oct - 2016 03 - Oct - 2022 Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07 - Jun - 2016 03 - May - 2022 Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 5 Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 6 Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 7 Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 8 K.T.S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25 - Feb - 2014 24 - Feb - 2020 9 K. Parasaran Law Nominated 09 - Jun - 2012 28 - Jun - 2018 10 Rekha Art Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 11 Sachin Tendulkar Sport Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 12 Anu Aga Business Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 Complete list of nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit ) This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President . Sr. No . Image Name Tenure -- Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer 1952 -- 1953 Satyendranath Bose 1952 -- 1960 Prithviraj Kapoor 1952 -- 1960 -- Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa 1952 -- 1954 5 -- Kalidas Nag 1952 -- 1954 6 Rukmini Devi Arundale 1952 -- 1962 7 -- N.R. Malkani 1952 -- 1962 8 -- Sahib Singh Sokhey 1952 -- 1956 9 -- Zakir Hussain 1952 -- 1962 10 -- Maithili Sharan Gupt 1952 -- 1964 11 -- Kakasaheb Kalelkar 1952 -- 1964 12 -- Radha Kumud Mukherjee 1952 -- 1958 13 P.V. Kane 1953 -- 1964 14 -- Moturi Satyanarayana 1954 -- 1966 15 -- Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia 1954 -- 1966 16 -- Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar 1956 -- 1968 17 -- Tara Chand 1956 -- 1968 18 -- Ajudhia Nath Khosla 1958 -- 1964 19 -- K.M. Panikkar 1959 -- 1966 20 -- Jairamdas Daulatram 1959 -- 1976 21 -- Mohanlal Saksena 1959 -- 1964 22 -- Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay 1960 -- 1966 23 -- V.T. Krishnamachari 1961 -- 1967 24 -- R.R. Diwakar 1962 -- 1968 25 -- Gopal Singh 1962 -- 1968 26 -- M. Ajmal Khan 1964 -- 1972 27 -- Satyavrata Siddhantalankar 1964 -- 1968 28 Shakuntala Paranjpye 1964 -- 1970 29 -- Badri Nath Prasad 1964 -- 1970 30 -- G. Ramachandran 1964 -- 1970 31 -- M.N. Kaul 1964 -- 1972 32 -- Harivanshrai Bachchan 1966 -- 1972 33 -- Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil 1966 -- 1972 34 -- M.C. Setalvad 1966 -- 1972 35 G. Sankara Kurup 1968 -- 1972 36 Joachim Alva 1968 -- 1974 37 S. Nurul Hasan 1968 -- 1974 38 -- K. Ramiah 1968 -- 1974 39 -- Ganga Sharan Sinha 1968 -- 1974 40 -- Maragatham Chandrasekhar 1970 -- 1988 41 -- Umashankar Joshi 1970 -- 1976 42 -- Rasheeduddin Khan 1970 -- 1982 43 -- Vidya Prakash Dutt 1971 -- 1980 44 -- Abu Abraham 1972 -- 1978 45 -- Pramathanath Bishi 1972 -- 1978 46 -- C.K. Daphtary 1972 -- 1978 47 -- Habib Tanvir 1972 -- 1978 48 -- Krishna Kriplani 1974 -- 1980 49 Lokesh Chandra 1974 -- 1986 50 -- Scato Swu 1974 -- 1986 51 -- B.N. Banerjee 1976 -- 1982 52 -- Malcolm Adiseshiah 1978 -- 1984 53 -- Fathema Ismail 1978 -- 1984 54 -- Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav 1978 -- 1984 55 -- Bhagwati Charan Varma 1978 -- 1984 56 Nargis Dutt 1980 -- 1986 57 Khushwant Singh 1980 -- 1986 58 -- Asima Chatterjee 1982 -- 1990 59 Sivaji Ganesan 1982 -- 1986 60 -- Hayatullah Ansari 1982 -- 1988 61 -- Madan Bhatia 1982 -- 1994 62 -- V.N. Tiwari 1982 -- 1984 63 -- Ghulam Rasool Kar 1984 -- 1987 64 -- Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy 1984 -- 1990 65 -- H.L. Kapur 1985 -- 1988 66 Salim Ali 1985 -- 1988 67 -- Purushottam Kakodkar 1985 -- 1991 68 Ela Bhatt 1986 -- 1988 69 -- Amrita Pritam 1986 -- 1992 70 M.F. Husain 1986 -- 1992 71 R.K. Narayan 1986 -- 1992 72 Ravi Shankar 1986 -- 1992 73 -- Syeda Anwara Taimur 1988 -- 1990 74 -- Sat Paul Mittal 1988 -- 1994 75 -- Bishambhar Nath Pande 1988 -- 1994 76 -- Mohammad Yunus 1989 -- 1995 77 Prakash Ambedkar 1990 -- 1996 78 Jagmohan 1990 -- 1996 79 -- Bhupinder Singh Mann 1990 -- 1996 80 -- Russi Karanjia 1991 -- 1997 81 -- Mahendra Prasad 1993 -- 1994 82 -- M. Aram 1993 -- 1999 83 Vyjayantimala Bali 1993 -- 1999 84 -- B.B. Dutta 1993 -- 1999 85 -- Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani 1993 -- 1999 86 Nirmala Deshpande 1997 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2010 87 Shabana Azmi 1997 -- 2003 88 -- P. Selvie Das 1997 -- 2003 89 -- Kartar Singh Duggal 1997 -- 2003 90 Kuldip Nayyar 1997 -- 2003 91 -- Raja Ramanna 1997 -- 2003 92 C. Narayana Reddy 1997 -- 2003 93 Mrinal Sen 1997 -- 2003 94 -- Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav 1997 -- 2003 95 -- Nanaji Deshmukh 1999 -- 2005 96 Lata Mangeshkar 1999 -- 2005 97 -- Fali Nariman 1999 -- 2005 98 -- Cho Ramaswamy 1999 -- 2005 99 Hema Malini 2003 -- 2009 100 -- Bimal Jalan 2003 -- 2009 101 K. Kasturirangan 2003 -- 2009 102 -- Narayan Singh Manaklao 2003 -- 2009 103 -- Vidya Niwas Misra 2003 -- 2009 104 -- Chandan Mitra 2003 -- 2009 105 Dara Singh 2003 -- 2009 106 Kapila Vatsyayan 2006 -- 2012 107 Ram Jethmalani 2006 -- 2009 108 -- Shobhana Bhartia 2006 -- 2012 109 Shyam Benegal 2006 -- 2012 110 M.S. Swaminathan 2007 -- 2013 111 -- C. Rangarajan 2008 -- 2010 112 -- H.K. Dua 2009 -- 2015 113 -- Ashok Sekhar Ganguly 2009 -- 2015 114 -- Mani Shankar Aiyar 2010 -- 2016 115 Javed Akhtar 2010 -- 2016 116 B. Jayashree 2010 -- 2016 117 Ram Dayal Munda 2010 -- 2011 118 -- Bhalchandra Mungekar 2010 -- 2016 119 -- Mrinal Miri 2012 -- 2016 120 -- Anu Aga 2012 -- 2018 121 -- K. Parasaran 2012 -- 2018 122 Rekha 2012 -- 2018 123 Sachin Tendulkar 2012 -- 2018 124 -- K.T.S. Tulsi 2014 - 2020 125 Subramanian Swamy 2016 - 2022 126 MC Mary Kom 2016 - 2022 127 Narendra Jadhav 2016 - 2022 129 Suresh Gopi 2016 - 2022 130 -- Swapan Dasgupta 2016 - 2022 131 -- Sambhaji Raje 2016 - 2022 132 -- Roopa Ganguly 2016 - 2022 References ( edit ) Nominated Members since 1952 Narender Kumar Current list of Nominated Members Specific Jump up ^ `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise Retirement '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominated_members_of_Rajya_Sabha&oldid=808657810 '' Categories : Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 08 : 08 . About Wikipedia	who was nominated first woman for rajya sabha	[ "\n\nSr. No.\nImage\nName\nTenure\n\n\n1\n –\nAlladi Krishnaswamy Iyer\n1952–1953\n\n\n2\n\nSatyendranath Bose\n1952–1960\n\n\n3\n\nPrithviraj Kapoor\n1952–1960\n\n\n4\n –\nJagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa\n1952–1954\n\n\n5\n –\nKalidas Nag\n1952–1954\n\n\n6\n\nRukmini Devi Arundale\n1952–1962\n\n\n7\n –\nN.R. Malkani\n1952–1962\n\n\n8\n –\nSahib Singh Sokhey\n1952–1956\n\n\n9\n –\nZakir Hussain\n1952–1962\n\n\n10\n –\nMaithili Sharan Gupt\n1952–1964\n\n\n11\n –\nKakasaheb Kalelkar\n1952–1964\n\n\n12\n –\nRadha Kumud Mukherjee\n1952–1958\n\n\n13\n\nP.V. Kane\n1953–1964\n\n\n14\n –\nMoturi Satyanarayana\n1954–1966\n\n\n15\n –\nArdeshir Ruttonji Wadia\n1954–1966\n\n\n16\n –\nBhargavram Vitthal Warerkar\n1956–1968\n\n\n17\n –\nTara Chand\n1956–1968\n\n\n18\n –\nAjudhia Nath Khosla\n1958–1964\n\n\n19\n –\nK.M. Panikkar\n1959–1966\n\n\n20\n –\nJairamdas Daulatram\n1959–1976\n\n\n21\n –\nMohanlal Saksena\n1959–1964\n\n\n22\n –\nTarasankar Bandyopadhyay\n1960–1966\n\n\n23\n –\nV.T. Krishnamachari\n1961–1967\n\n\n24\n –\nR.R. Diwakar\n1962–1968\n\n\n25\n –\nGopal Singh\n1962–1968\n\n\n26\n –\nM. Ajmal Khan\n1964–1972\n\n\n27\n –\nSatyavrata Siddhantalankar\n1964–1968\n\n\n28\n\nShakuntala Paranjpye\n1964–1970\n\n\n29\n –\nBadri Nath Prasad\n1964–1970\n\n\n30\n –\nG. Ramachandran\n1964–1970\n\n\n31\n –\nM. N. Kaul\n1964–1972\n\n\n32\n –\nHarivanshrai Bachchan\n1966–1972\n\n\n33\n –\nDhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil\n1966–1972\n\n\n34\n –\nM.C. Setalvad\n1966–1972\n\n\n35\n\nG. Sankara Kurup\n1968–1972\n\n\n36\n\nJoachim Alva\n1968–1974\n\n\n37\n\nS. Nurul Hasan\n1968–1974\n\n\n38\n –\nK. Ramiah\n1968–1974\n\n\n39\n –\nGanga Sharan Sinha\n1968–1974\n\n\n40\n –\nMaragatham Chandrasekhar\n1970–1988\n\n\n41\n –\nUmashankar Joshi\n1970–1976\n\n\n42\n –\nRasheeduddin Khan\n1970–1982\n\n\n43\n –\nVidya Prakash Dutt\n1971–1980\n\n\n44\n –\nAbu Abraham\n1972–1978\n\n\n45\n –\nPramathanath Bishi\n1972–1978\n\n\n46\n –\nC. K. Daphtary\n1972–1978\n\n\n47\n –\nHabib Tanvir\n1972–1978\n\n\n48\n –\nKrishna Kriplani\n1974–1980\n\n\n49\n\nLokesh Chandra\n1974–1986\n\n\n50\n –\nScato Swu\n1974–1986\n\n\n51\n –\nB.N. Banerjee\n1976–1982\n\n\n52\n –\nMalcolm Adiseshiah\n1978–1984\n\n\n53\n –\nFathema Ismail\n1978–1984\n\n\n54\n –\nPandurang Dharmaji Jadhav\n1978–1984\n\n\n55\n –\nBhagwati Charan Varma\n1978–1984\n\n\n56\n\nNargis Dutt\n1980–1986\n\n\n57\n\nKhushwant Singh\n1980–1986\n\n\n58\n –\nAsima Chatterjee\n1982–1990\n\n\n59\n\nSivaji Ganesan\n1982–1986\n\n\n60\n –\nHayatullah Ansari\n1982–1988\n\n\n61\n –\nMadan Bhatia\n1982–1994\n\n\n62\n –\nV.N. Tiwari\n1982–1984\n\n\n63\n –\nGhulam Rasool Kar\n1984–1987\n\n\n64\n –\nTindivanam K. Ramamurthy\n1984–1990\n\n\n65\n –\nH.L. Kapur\n1985–1988\n\n\n66\n\nSalim Ali\n1985–1988\n\n\n67\n –\nPurushottam Kakodkar\n1985–1991\n\n\n68\n\nEla Bhatt\n1986–1988\n\n\n69\n –\nAmrita Pritam\n1986–1992\n\n\n70\n\nM.F. Husain\n1986–1992\n\n\n71\n\nR.K. Narayan\n1986–1992\n\n\n72\n\nRavi Shankar\n1986–1992\n\n\n73\n –\nSyeda Anwara Taimur\n1988–1990\n\n\n74\n –\nSat Paul Mittal\n1988–1994\n\n\n75\n –\nBishambhar Nath Pande\n1988–1994\n\n\n76\n –\nMohammad Yunus\n1989–1995\n\n\n77\n\nPrakash Ambedkar\n1990–1996\n\n\n78\n\nJagmohan\n1990–1996\n\n\n79\n –\nBhupinder Singh Mann\n1990–1996\n\n\n80\n –\nRussi Karanjia\n1991–1997\n\n\n81\n –\nMahendra Prasad\n1993–1994\n\n\n82\n –\nM. Aram\n1993–1999\n\n\n83\n\nVyjayantimala Bali\n1993–1999\n\n\n84\n –\nB.B. Dutta\n1993–1999\n\n\n85\n –\nMaulana Habibur Rahman Nomani\n1993–1999\n\n\n86\n\nNirmala Deshpande\n1997 – 1999 and 2004 – 2010\n\n\n87\n\nShabana Azmi\n1997–2003\n\n\n88\n –\nP. Selvie Das\n1997–2003\n\n\n89\n –\nKartar Singh Duggal\n1997–2003\n\n\n90\n\nKuldip Nayyar\n1997–2003\n\n\n91\n –\nRaja Ramanna\n1997–2003\n\n\n92\n\nC. Narayana Reddy\n1997–2003\n\n\n93\n\nMrinal Sen\n1997–2003\n\n\n94\n –\nChaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav\n1997–2003\n\n\n95\n –\nNanaji Deshmukh\n1999–2005\n\n\n96\n\nLata Mangeshkar\n1999–2005\n\n\n97\n –\nFali Nariman\n1999–2005\n\n\n98\n –\nCho Ramaswamy\n1999–2005\n\n\n99\n\nHema Malini\n2003–2009\n\n\n100\n –\nBimal Jalan\n2003–2009\n\n\n101\n\nK. Kasturirangan\n2003–2009\n\n\n102\n –\nNarayan Singh Manaklao\n2003–2009\n\n\n103\n –\nVidya Niwas Misra\n2003–2009\n\n\n104\n –\nChandan Mitra\n2003–2009\n\n\n105\n\nDara Singh\n2003–2009\n\n\n106\n\nKapila Vatsyayan\n2006–2012\n\n\n107\n\nRam Jethmalani\n2006–2009\n\n\n108\n –\nShobhana Bhartia\n2006–2012\n\n\n109\n\nShyam Benegal\n2006–2012\n\n\n110\n\nM.S. Swaminathan\n2007–2013\n\n\n111\n –\nC. Rangarajan\n2008–2010\n\n\n112\n –\nH. K. Dua\n2009–2015\n\n\n113\n –\nAshok Sekhar Ganguly\n2009–2015\n\n\n114\n –\nMani Shankar Aiyar\n2010–2016\n\n\n115\n\nJaved Akhtar\n2010–2016\n\n\n116\n\nB. Jayashree\n2010–2016\n\n\n117\n\nRam Dayal Munda\n2010–2011\n\n\n118\n –\nBhalchandra Mungekar\n2010–2016\n\n\n119\n –\nMrinal Miri\n2012–2016\n\n\n120\n –\nAnu Aga\n2012–2018\n\n\n121\n –\nK. Parasaran\n2012–2018\n\n\n122\n\nRekha\n2012–2018\n\n\n123\n\nSachin Tendulkar\n2012–2018\n\n\n124\n –\nK. T. S. Tulsi\n2014-2020\n\n\n125\n\nSubramanian Swamy\n2016-2022\n\n\n126\n\nM C Mary Kom\n2016-2022\n\n\n127\n\nNarendra Jadhav\n2016-2022\n\n\n129\n\nSuresh Gopi\n2016-2022\n\n\n130\n –\nSwapan Dasgupta\n2016-2022\n\n\n131\n –\nSambhaji Raje\n2016-2022\n\n\n132\n –\nRoopa Ganguly\n2016-2022\n\n" ]	[ "Rukmini Devi Arundale" ]
-6648279886253618906	The Beatles: Eight Days a Week	The Beatles : Eight Days a Week - wikipedia The Beatles : Eight Days a Week Jump to : navigation , search The Beatles : Eight Days a Week Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Brian Grazer Ron Howard Scott Pascucci Nigel Sinclair Written by Mark Monroe Starring John Lennon Paul McCartney Ringo Starr George Harrison Music by The Beatles Edited by Paul Crowder Production companies Apple Corps Imagine Entertainment White Horse Pictures Distributed by United Kingdom : StudioCanal PolyGram Entertainment United States : Abramorama Hulu Release date 15 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) ( United Kingdom ) 16 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $5 million Box office $12.3 million The Beatles : Eight Days a Week -- The Touring Years is a 2016 documentary film directed by Ron Howard about The Beatles ' career during their touring years from 1962 to 1966 , from their performances at the Cavern Club in Liverpool to their final concert in San Francisco in 1966 . The film was released theatrically on 15 September 2016 in the United Kingdom and 16 September in the United States , and started streaming on Hulu on 17 September 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Release 2.1 Box office 2.2 Critical response 2.3 Accolades 3 Album 4 Lawsuit 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) The film was produced with the cooperation of Paul McCartney , Ringo Starr , and Beatle widows Yoko Ono and Olivia Harrison . In addition to directing the documentary , Ron Howard also served as a producer alongside Brian Grazer , Nigel Sinclair , and Scott Pascucci . Written by Mark Monroe , the film was edited by Paul Crowder . Marc Ambrose served as Supervising Producer The Beatles in August 1965 at their press conference at Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington , Minnesota Prior to the film 's release , it was announced that it includes 30 minutes of film footage shot for the band 's 1965 concert at Shea Stadium . That concert was filmed by Ed Sullivan Productions and broadcast on TV as The Beatles at Shea Stadium in 1966 . Consisting of 11 songs , the set was originally shot on 35 - mm film , but was digitally restored for the documentary to 4K resolution , in addition to remastered sound by Giles Martin , son of Beatles producer George Martin . Release ( edit ) The film project was announced by Hulu on 4 May 2016 as its first documentary acquisition , as part of a planned Hulu Documentary Films collection . The film premiered theatrically on 15 September , before debuting on the streaming service on 17 September . Box Office ( edit ) The Beatles : Eight Days a Week -- The Touring Years grossed $2.9 million in the U.S. and Canada and $9.4 million in other territories , including $1.4 million in the UK , for a worldwide total of $12.3 million . In the film 's opening weekend in North America , it made $785,336 from 85 theatres , for an average of $9,239 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 95 % based on 86 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` We love them , yeah , yeah , yeah -- and with archival footage like that , you know The Beatles : Eight Days a Week -- The Touring Years ca n't be bad . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score 72 out of 100 , based on 22 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2017 59th Grammy Awards Best Music Film The Beatles : Eight Days a Week Won 70th British Academy Film Awards Best Documentary Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Documentary Film Nominated 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special Nominated Outstanding Writing for Nonfiction Programming Mark Monroe Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for a Nonfiction Program Paul Crowder Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming ( Single or Multi-Camera ) Jon Michaels , Harrison Meyle , Dan Kenyon , Will Digby , Melissa Muik Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Nonfiction Program ( Single or Multi-Camera ) Chris Jenkins , Cameron Frankley , Nathan Evans , Sam O'Kell Won Album ( edit ) A remixed and remastered version of the 1977 album The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl was released on 9 September 2016 , to coincide with the release of the film . Lawsuit ( edit ) On 12 September 2016 , Apple Corps . and Subafilms Ltd. were sued by representatives of Sid Bernstein , the concert promoter of the 1965 Shea Stadium concert , over the ownership of the master recordings from the event . While the copyright of the songs was not contested , the footage itself was claimed to be owned by Sid Bernstein Presents , LLC , the company representing Bernstein 's interests , who himself died in 2013 . The suit requested an injunction against the release of the footage in the film , asserting Bernstein 's ownership `` ( by ) reason of being the producer of and having made creative contributions to the 1965 Shea Stadium performance , as well as being the employer for hire of the Beatles and the opening acts , who performed at his insistence and expense '' . The company had previously submitted applications to the Copyright Office to register ownership of the footage , which were rejected . Paul Licalsi , a lawyer for Apple Corps. , described the lawsuit as `` frivolous '' , citing an agreement that Bernstein had with the band 's management over the film rights , as well as the fact that Bernstein himself had never made any claim during his lifetime . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Beatles : Eight Days a Week - The Touring Years '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles : Eight Days a Week -- The Touring Years -- PowerGrind '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HULU announces exclusive US streaming partnership for forthcoming Ron Howard documentary about the The Beatles ' touring years '' . The Beatles . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kastrenakes , Jacob ( 4 May 2016 ) . `` Hulu is getting into documentaries , starting with Ron Howard 's Beatles film '' . The Verge . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch the Trailer for The Beatles : Eight Days a Week - The Touring Years '' . The Beatles . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` Beatles Documentary ' Eight Days ' to Include Shea Stadium Concert '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` The Beatles ' 1965 Shea Stadium film due in theaters in September '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sully ' Burns ' Blair Witch ' , ' Bridget Jones ' & ' Snowden ' At The Box Office Stake -- Friday Evening Update '' . Deadline.com . September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles : Eight Days A Week - The Touring Years ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles : Eight Days A Week - The Touring Years reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Beatles : Eight Days a Week ' Producer Nigel Sinclair ' Honored ' by Best Music Film Grammy Nomination '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bafta winners 2017 , full list : victory for La La Land and I , Daniel Blake '' . The Telegraph . 13 February 2017 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Winners for the 21 Annual Satellite Awards '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Michael ( 20 July 2016 ) . `` The Beatles to release remixed and remastered recordings from their Hollywood Bowl concerts '' . Uncut . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( 20 July 2016 ) . `` Beatles Announce New ' Live at the Hollywood Bowl ' Album '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Marinucci , Steve ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` The Beatles ' Apple Corps . Sued Over Use of Shea Stadium Footage in ' Eight Days a Week ' Theatrical Run '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Larson , Erik ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Beatles Shea Stadium Show Takes Spotlight in Copyright Spat '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Beatles : Eight Days a Week on IMDb The Beatles : Eight Days a Week at Rotten Tomatoes The Beatles : Eight Days a Week at Metacritic The Beatles : Eight Days a Week at Box Office Mojo The Beatles filmography and videography Filmography and videography A Hard Day 's Night Help ! Magical Mystery Tour Yellow Submarine Let It Be Documentaries The First U.S. Visit At Shea Stadium The Compleat Beatles Anthology All Together Now Eight Days a Week -- The Touring Years Promotional films ( music videos ) Rain Paperback Writer Strawberry Fields Forever Penny Lane A Day in the Life Hello , Goodbye Lady Madonna Hey Jude Revolution Something Fictionalised Beatles Ringo Birth of the Beatles Beatlemania Give My Regards to Broad Street John and Yoko : A Love Story Backbeat The Hours and Times The Linda McCartney Story Two of Us In His Life : The John Lennon Story The Killing of John Lennon Chapter 27 Nowhere Boy Lennon Naked Inspired by Beatles The Girls on the Beach All This and World War II Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band I Wanna Hold Your Hand All You Need Is Cash Secrets I Am Sam The Rutles 2 : Ca n't Buy Me Lunch Across the Universe Films directed by Ron Howard Grand Theft Auto ( 1977 ) Cotton Candy ( 1978 ) Skyward ( 1980 ) Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Cocoon ( 1985 ) Gung Ho ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Backdraft ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) EDtv ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Rush ( 2013 ) Made in America ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) The Beatles : Eight Days a Week ( 2016 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles:_Eight_Days_a_Week&oldid=805091217 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films Documentary films about the Beatles 2010s documentary films Films directed by Ron Howard American documentary films American films Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video Imagine Entertainment films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 00 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the beatles eight days a week - the touring years soundtrack	[]	[]
3115530913045556877	List of Malayalam-language newspapers	List of Malayalam - language newspapers - wikipedia List of Malayalam - language newspapers Rajyasamacharam was the first newspaper in Malayalam . This was started for religious propagation by Hermann Gundert under the Christian missionaries of Basel Mission in June 1847 from Illikkunnu in Thalassery . Pashchimodayam was the second newspaper in Malayalam . It started in October 1847 from Thalasseri . Deepika , the oldest Malayalam newspaper now in circulation , was established in 1887 . Malayala Manorama , Madhyamam , Mathrubhumi , Deshabhimani , Kerala Kaumudi and Janayugom are the other major newspapers in Malayalam . Malayala Manorama holds the record for the largest selling regional language newspaper in India . It is also the 11th most circulating newspaper in the world . Contents 1 List of newspapers ( in circulation ) 2 List of newspapers ( defunct ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List of newspapers ( in circulation ) ( edit ) Name Areas of Publication Established Aksharanadam Kottayam 1995 Chandrika Kannur , Malappuram , Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , kottayam , Kozhikode , Doha , Dubai , Riyadh , Jeddah , Dammam , Bahrain 1934 Deepika Kottayam , Kochi , Kannur , Thrissur , Thiruvananthapuram , Kozhikode 1877 Deshabhimani Kannur , Malappuram , Thiruvananthapuram , Kottayam , Thrissur , Kochi , Kozhikode , Bangalore , Bahrain , Kollam , Palakkad 1942 General Thrissur 1976 Janayugom Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi , Kozhikode , Kannur , Kollam 1953 Janmabhumi Kochi , Kottayam , Kannur , Thrissur , Thiruvananthapuram , Kozhikode 1977 Kerala Kaumudi Thiruvananthapuram , Kollam , Alappuzha , Kottayam , Kochi , Thrissur , Kozhikode , Kannur , Bangalore 1911 Kerala Kaumudi Flash Thiruvananthapuram , Kollam , Alappuzha , Kottayam , Kochi , Thrissur , Kozhikode , Kannur , Malappuram 2006 Madhyamam Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , Kannur , Malappuram , Kottayam , Thrissur , Kozhikode , Bangalore , Mangalore , Mumbai , Bahrain , Dubai , Qatar , Kuwait , Jeddah , Riyadh , Dammam , Abha , Oman Malayala Manorama Kottayam , Kozhikode , Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , Palakkad , Kannur , Kollam , Thrissur , Malappuram , Pathanamthitta , Alappuzha , Chennai , Bangalore , Delhi , Mangalore , Bahrain , Dubai 1888 Mangalam Kottayam , Kozhikode , Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , Thrissur , Idukki , Kannur 1969 Mathrubhumi Kozhikode , Kochi , Thiruvananthapuram , Kottayam , Palakkad , Kannur , Kollam , Thrissur , Malappuram , Alappuzha , Chennai , Mumbai , Bangalore , Delhi , Bahrain 1923 Pravasi Express Singapore 2012 Siraj Daily Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi , Kannur , Kozhikode , Bangalore , Dubai , Oman , Qatar 1984 Thejas Kozhikode , Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi , Kannur , Kottayam , Riyadh , Jeddah , Dammam , Doha 2006 List of newspapers ( defunct ) ( edit ) Al - Ameen ( edited and published by Mohammed Abdul Rahiman ; 1929 - 1939 ) Bharath Vilasam Deenabandhu ( edited by V.R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan ; 1941 - 1962 ) Kerala Mithram ( edited by Kandathil Varghese Mappila and published by Devji Bhimji ) Kerala Pathrika ( edited by Chengalathu Kunhirama Menon ; estd. 1885 ) Kerala Sanchari ( edited by Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar and published by the Spectator Press , Calicut ) Kerala Tribune ( edited by Mathews K. Lukose ) Kesari ( edited by Kesari Balakrishna Pillai , otherwise known as Thekkan Kesari ) Malabar Mail ( edited by Fr . Thomas Veluthedathu and M.M. Varkey ; published by Mar Augustine Kandathil ) Mithavadhi ( edited by Moorkkoththu Kumaran and later by C. Krishnan ; 1913 - 1938 ) Pashchimodayam ( Hermann Gundert ; estd. 1847 ) People Tribune ( edited by Mathews K. Lukose ) Powradhwani ( edited by Aniyan Athikayam ; 1932 - 2003 ) Prathibhavam ( edited by Sathish Kalathil ; 2000 ) Rajyasamacharam ( Hermann Gundert ; 1847 - 1850 ) Sahodharan ( edited by Sahodaran Ayyappan ) Swadeshabhimani ( edited by Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai and published by Vakkom Abdul Khadir Moulavi ) See also ( edit ) List of Malayalam - language periodicals List of newspapers in India List of newspapers in the world by circulation References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) List of Malayalam newspapers Top 10 Malayalam newspaper websites Links to Malayalam newspapers and magazines Malayalam journalism Newspapers Chandrika Deepika Deshabhimani General Janayugom Janmabhumi Kerala Kaumudi Madhyamam Malayala Manorama Mangalam Mathrubhumi Pravasi Express Siraj Daily Thejas Periodicals Balabhumi Balamangalam Balarama Bhashaposhini Bobanum Moliyum Chandrika Weekly Chithrabhumi Cinema Mangalam Deshabhimani Weekly Eureka India Today Kalakaumudi Kanyaka Kerala Kaumudi Weekly Keraleeyam Labour India Madhyamam Weekly Mangalam Weekly Manorama Weekly Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly Poompatta Risala Weekly Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika Vanitha Vellinakshatram Radio All India Radio Asianet Radio 657AM Best FM 95 Big FM 92.7 Club FM 94.3 Hit FM 96.7 Oxygen FM 102.4 Radio Asia 1269 AM Radio DC Radio Dum Dum Radio Joy Alukkas Radio Mango 91.9 Radio Me 95.3 FM Radio Mirchi 98.3 Red FM 93.5 TV channels Amrita TV Asianet ACV Asianet Movies Asianet News Athmeeya Yathra DD Malayalam Flowers JaiHind TV Janam TV Jeevan TV Kairali TV Kappa TV Kaumudy TV Manorama News Mathrubhumi News Mazhavil Manorama MediaOne TV News18 Kerala People TV Reporter TV Safari TV Shalom TV Surya Movies Surya TV We TV Yes Indiavision Defunct newspapers Al - Ameen Bharath Vilasam Deenabandhu Kerala Mithram Kerala Pathrika Kerala Sanchari Kerala Tribune Malabar Mail Mithavadhi Pashchimodayam People Tribune Powradhwani Prathibhavam Rajyasamacharam Sahodharan Swadeshabhimani Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Malayalam-language_newspapers&oldid=866007637 '' Categories : Malayalam - language newspapers Malayalam - related lists Lists of Indian media Lists of newspapers by language Lists of newspapers in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 17 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which is the first news paper in malayalam	[ "Rajyasamacharam was the first newspaper in Malayalam. This was started for religious propagation by Hermann Gundert under the Christian missionaries of Basel Mission in June 1847 from Illikkunnu in Thalassery. Pashchimodayam was the second newspaper in Malayalam. It started in October 1847 from Thalasseri. Deepika, the oldest Malayalam newspaper now in circulation, was established in 1887. Malayala Manorama, Madhyamam, Mathrubhumi, Deshabhimani, Kerala Kaumudi and Janayugom are the other major newspapers in Malayalam. Malayala Manorama holds the record for the largest selling regional language newspaper in India. It is also the 11th most circulating newspaper in the world.\n" ]	[ "Rajyasamacharam" ]
-2050499403943370802	RAF officer ranks	RAF officer ranks - wikipedia RAF officer ranks This article is about the ranks of commissioned officers of the Royal Air Force . For other ranks , see RAF other ranks . This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( February 2013 ) The officer ranks of the Royal Air Force , as they are today , were introduced in 1919 . Prior to that Army ranks were used . Contents 1 Ranks ( Highest to Lowest ) 2 Origins 2.1 Badges of rank 2.2 Sleeve ranks 2.3 Shoulder boards 2.4 Rank titles 3 Composite braid 4 Command flags 5 Distinction between ranks and appointments 6 RAF Air Cadets ( Air Training Corps and Combined Cadet Force ) 7 Other air forces 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Ranks ( Highest to Lowest ) ( edit ) NATO code OF - 10 OF - 9 OF - 8 OF - 7 OF - 6 OF - 5 OF - 4 OF - 3 OF - 2 OF - 1 OF ( D ) Student officer United Kingdom ( Edit ) No equivalent Marshal of the RAF Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer / Acting Pilot Officer Officer Cadet Abbreviation MRAF Air Chf Mshl Air Mshl AVM Air Cdre Gp Capt Wg Cdr Sqn Ldr Flt Lt Fg Off Plt Off Off Cdt NA Currently honorary / wartime rank only . Origins ( edit ) Lieutenant General David Henderson originally proposed that Royal Air Force officers use a combination of British Army and Royal Navy ranks . However , the War Office argued that the RAF should have its own ranks and the Admiralty opposed any use of their rank titles . Badges of rank ( edit ) On 1 April 1918 , Air Force Memorandum 2 specified rank insignia for the newly established independent force . Rank was to be worn on the jacket cuff and was derived from the Royal Navy 's rings , each equivalent rank having the same number of rings . However , second lieutenants ( now pilot officers ) displayed a crowned eagle only and the Navy 's loop was not used for any rank . Depending on the uniform , either gold or pale blue on grey braid was worn . In August 1918 , Air Ministry Weekly Order 617 added a single band of ⁄ - inch ( 6 mm ) braid below the second lieutenant 's eagle and all other officer ranks also received a crowned eagle above their braid . RAF mess dress cuff insignia for a flight lieutenant In 1919 the colour of the rank braid was changed to black with a central pale blue stripe . However , on RAF mess dress rank continued to be displayed in gold . Sleeve ranks ( edit ) The ranks worn on the sleeve are common to all RAF uniform variants incorporating the Jacket . The centre of the rank ( measured from the bottom of the lowest braid to the top of the highest ) should be 3 ⁄ inches ( 9.5 cm ) from the cuff and each row of braiding should have a space of ⁄ inch ( 3 mm ) from other rows . The thinnest braid , as found on the pilot officer 's rank ( and in the middle of the squadron leader 's rank ) , is ⁄ inch ( 6 mm ) ; the flying officer 's braid common to all the ranks except air commodore and pilot officer , is ⁄ inch ( 1.3 cm ) , and the thickest braid , as found on all air officer ranks , is 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) . Shoulder boards ( edit ) Air officers ' ceremonial shoulder board Shoulder board of marshal of the RAF Distinctive shoulder boards ( as shown ) are worn by Marshals of the Royal Air Force . Officers entitled to wear aiguillettes and / or the Royal Cypher , AVMs and above , the Director of Nursing Services , and those officers assigned to certain 1 - Star posts , wear plain blue shoulder boards when in No 1 Service Dress . AVMs and above and those officers assigned to the 1 - Star posts of Comdt RAFC Cranwell , Air Officer Wales and Air Officer Scotland wear distinctive unranked ceremonial shoulder boards when in No 1A ( ceremonial day ) dress . If these officers wear a greatcoat , gold ranked shoulder straps in Crombie material are used . Rank titles ( edit ) As mentioned above , it was originally proposed that the RAF ranks were to be derived from existing Royal Navy and Army ranks . Both services were consulted and both reacted unfavourably -- the Navy unhappy about the use of its higher ranks and the Army complaining it provided the `` junior ranks '' . This resulted in a compromise whereby the officer ranks were proposed to be : ensign , lieutenant , flight leader , squadron leader , reeve , banneret , fourth ardian , third ardian , second ardian , ardian and air marshal . A further proposal was : ensign , lieutenant , flight - leader , squadron - leader , wing - leader , leader , flight ardian , squadron ardian , wing ardian , ardian , air marshal . Unsurprisingly , perhaps , these contrived ranks were rejected and on 1 August 1919 , Air Ministry Weekly Order 973 introduced new rank titles for RAF officers . They were based on Royal Navy ranks and their titles were influenced by the usage in the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) during World War I . For example , the RAF rank of flight lieutenant was based on the RNAS rank of the same name . The rank of squadron leader derived its name from the RNAS rank of squadron commander . Initially the highest rank was titled marshal of the air . However , only a few days after it was promulgated , this rank title was changed to marshal of the Royal Air Force at the request of King George V , his belief being that the former sounded too much like it encroached on the attributes of God . Composite braid ( edit ) Composite braid as worn by a squadron leader RAF officers typically wear composite braid rank slides with their working and operational uniforms . Composite braid consists of a single piece of fabric , where the `` background '' between the rank rings is made from blue - grey or olive green material . Composite braid rank slides are often referred to as `` bar - code '' in RAF slang . Command flags ( edit ) MRAF Air Chf Mshl Air Mshl AVM Air Cdre Gp Capt Wg Cdr Sqn Ldr Distinction between ranks and appointments ( edit ) Many RAF ranks do not imply the appointment or duties of an officer . For example , a Pilot Officer may well not be trained to pilot an aircraft . In fact , pilots skip the rank of Pilot Officer and go from Officer Cadet to Flying Officer on graduation from officer training school at RAF Cranwell . A Squadron Leader does not necessarily command a squadron , nor a Wing Commander necessarily command a wing , nor a Group Captain command a group . RAF Air Cadets ( Air Training Corps and combined Cadet Force ) ( edit ) The majority of officers in the Air Cadet Organisation ( ATC and CCF ( RAF ) ) are remunerated volunteers commissioned into the ' Training ' Branch of the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve ( RAFVR ) and although commissioned into a Reserve Air Force of the Crown , wear the insignia of the branch they serve in . They are identified as such by wearing small gold - coloured insignia shaped as the letters ' VRT ' on the lapel or centrally on shoulder rank slides . In the RAFVR ( T ) , the rank system for officers is identical to the regular RAF , but the highest substantive rank is Flying Officer . Higher ranks within the RAFVR ( T ) are acting appointments , up to Wing Commander . Other senior ranked appointments are generally full - time staff positions ( such as Regional Commandants and Commandant Air Cadets ) held by regular and reserve ( RAFR / FTRS ) RAF officers . In certain circumstances , Honorary Appointments within the RAFVR may be made , however the rank may vary . Wef : 1 Dec 17 , it is anticipated that all officers will transfer over to the new Cadet Forces Commission and the ACO is being re-branded as RAF Air Cadets ( RAFAC ) . The aforementioned changes did occur at the end of 2017 , meaning that all officers of the two forces , as with staff NCO 's , Now have the words `` RAF AIR CADETS '' Underneath their `` Bar - codes '' to identify them instead , therefore the VRT pins are no longer used . Other Air forces ( edit ) Common military ranks in English Navies Armies Air forces Commissioned officers Admiral of the fleet Field marshal or General of the Army Marshal of the air force Admiral General Air chief marshal Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal Commodore Brigadier or brigadier general Air commodore Captain Colonel Group captain Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander Lieutenant commander Major or Commandant Squadron leader Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade or sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or first lieutenant Flying officer Ensign or midshipman Second lieutenant Pilot officer Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet Enlisted grades Warrant officer or chief petty officer Warrant officer or sergeant major Warrant officer Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading seaman Corporal or bombardier Corporal Seaman Private or gunner or trooper Aircraftman or airman Talk View The following air forces use a similar or identical officer rank structure and rank insignia to the RAF : Royal Australian Air Force Royal New Zealand Air Force Hellenic Air Force Nigerian Air Force ( since 1 April 1976 ) Indian Air Force ( formerly the Royal Indian Air Force ) Bangladesh Air Force Sri Lanka Air Force ( formerly the Royal Ceylon Air Force ) Ghana Air Force Air Force of Zimbabwe ( formerly the Royal Rhodesian Air Force ) Royal Thai Air Force Chilean Air Force Equivalent NATO code OF - 10 OF - 9 OF - 8 OF - 7 OF - 6 OF - 5 OF - 4 OF - 3 OF - 2 OF - 1 OF ( D ) and student officer Australia ( Edit ) Marshal of the RAAF Air chief marshal Air marshal Air vice-marshal Air commodore Group captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Flying officer Pilot officer Officer cadet Bangladesh ( Edit ) No equivalent Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Chile ( Edit ) No equivalent Air General General de Aire Aviation General General de Aviación Air Brigade General General de Brigada Aérea Commodore Comodoro Aviation Colonel Coronel de Aviación Group Commander Comandante de Grupo Squadron Commander Comandante de Escuadrilla Flight Captain Capitán de Bandada Lieutenant Teniente Sublieutenant Subteniente Ensign Alférez Officer Cadet Cadete Ghana ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Greece ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Πτέραρχος Αντιπτέραρχος Υποπτέραρχος Ταξίαρχος Σμήναρχος Αντισμήναρχος Επισμηναγός Σμηναγός Υποσμηναγός Ανθυποσμηναγός India ( Edit ) Unknown Marshal of the IAF Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer New Zealand ( Edit ) No equivalent Marshal of the RNZAF Air marshal Air vice-marshal Air commodore Group captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Flying officer Pilot officer Officer cadet Nigeria ( Edit ) No equivalent Marshal of the Air Force Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Sri Lanka ( Edit ) No equivalent Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Officer cadet Thailand ( Edit ) จอมพล อากาศ พล อากาศ เอก พล อากาศ โท พล อากาศ ตรี พล อากาศ จัตวา นาวา อากาศ เอก นาวา อากาศ โท นาวา อากาศ ตรี เรือ อากาศ เอก เรือ อากาศ โท เรือ อากาศ ตรี นักเรียน นาย เรือ อากาศ Marshal of the Air Force Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Air Cadet Zimbabwe ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Equivalent NATO code OF - 10 OF - 9 OF - 8 OF - 7 OF - 6 OF - 5 OF - 4 OF - 3 OF - 2 OF - 1 OF ( D ) and student officer The following air forces use a similar or identical officer rank structure to the RAF , but use army - style rank insignia : Pakistan Air Force ( since 2006 ; formerly the Royal Pakistan Air Force ) Egyptian Air Force Equivalent NATO code OF - 10 OF - 9 OF - 8 OF - 7 OF - 6 OF - 5 OF - 4 OF - 3 OF - 2 OF - 1 OF ( D ) and student officer Egypt ( Edit ) No equivalent Unknown Air Chief Marshal ( فريق أول ) Air Marshal ( فريق ) ‎ ‎ Air Vice-Marshal ( لواء ‎ ‎ ) Air Commodore ( عميد ‎ ‎ ) Group Captain ( عقيد ‎ ‎ ) Wing commander ( مقدم ) Squadron Leader ( رائد ‎ ‎ ) Flight Lieutenant ( نقيب ‎ ‎ ) Flying Officer ( ملازم أول ) Pilot Officer ( ملازم ‎ ‎ ) Pakistan ( Edit ) No equivalent Unknown Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice-Marshal Air Commodore Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer Equivalent NATO code OF - 10 OF - 9 OF - 8 OF - 7 OF - 6 OF - 5 OF - 4 OF - 3 OF - 2 OF - 1 OF ( D ) and student officer The following air forces use rank insignia for their officers which are similar or identical to that of the RAF , but employ army rank titles : Afghan National Air Corps Argentine Air Force Belgian Air Component Eritrean Air Force Finnish Air Force Swedish Air Force ( sometimes the English translation of the Swedish Air Force officer rank titles follows the RAF pattern ) Royal Malaysian Air Force Peruvian Air Force Royal Netherlands Air Force Royal Danish Air Force Italian Air Force Romanian Air Force South African Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force Irish Air Corps Uruguayan Air Force Equivalent NATO code OF - 10 OF - 9 OF - 8 OF - 7 OF - 6 OF - 5 OF - 4 OF - 3 OF - 2 OF - 1 OF ( D ) and student officer Afghanistan ( Edit ) Unknown General of the Air Force مارشال General ستار جنرال Lieutenant General دگار جنرال Major General توران جنرال Brigadier General برید جنرال Colonel دگاروال Lieutenant Colonel دگارمان Major جاگران Captain جاگ توران Junior Captain توران First Lieutenant لمری بریدمان Second Lieutenant دواهوم بریدمان Junior Second Lieutenant دریوم بریدمان Argentina ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent Unknown Brigadier General ( Brigadier General ) Brigadier Mayor ( Brigadier - Major ) Brigadier ( Brigadier ) Comodoro ( Commodore ) Vicecomodoro ( Vice-Commodore ) Mayor ( Major ) Capitán ( Captain ) Primer Teniente ( First Lieutenant ) Teniente ( Lieutenant ) Alférez ( Ensign ) Belgium ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent Général Lieutenant général Général - major Général de Brigade Colonel Lieutenant - colonel Major Capitaine - commandant Capitaine Lieutenant Sous - lieutenant Generaal Luitenant - generaal Generaal - majoor Brigadegeneraal Kolonel Luitenant - kolonel Majoor Kapitein - commandant Kapitein Luitenant Onderluitenant Canada ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent General Lieutenant General Major - general Brigadier - general Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Officer Cadet Général Lieutenant - général Major - général Brigadier - général Colonel Lieutenant - colonel Major Capitaine Lieutenant Sous - lieutenant Élève - officier Denmark ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent General Generalløjtnant Generalmajor Brigadegeneral Oberst Oberstløjtnant Major Kaptajn Premierløjtnant Løjtnant Sekondløjtnant Eritrea ( Edit ) No equivalent Unknown Major General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain First Lieutenant Second lieutenant Finland ( Edit ) No equivalent Kenraali General Kenraaliluutnantti Generallöjtnant Kenraalimajuri Generalmajor Prikaatikenraali Brigadgeneral Eversti Överste Everstiluutnantti Överstelöjtnant Majuri Major Kapteeni Kapten Yliluutnantti Premiärlöjtnant Luutnantti Löjtnant Vänrikki Fänrik Upseerikokelas Officersaspirant Upseerioppilas Officerselev Italy ( Edit ) No equivalent Generale awarded only to the Chief of Defense Staff Generale di Squadra Aerea con Incarichi Speciali Generale di Squadra Aerea Generale di Divisione Aerea Generale di Brigata Aerea Colonnello Tenente Colonnello Maggiore Primo capitano Capitano Tenente Sottotenente Ireland ( Edit ) No equivalent Major general Maor - ghinearál Brigadier general Briogáidire - ghinearál Colonel Coirnéal Lieutenant colonel Leifteanantchoirnéal Commandant Ceannfort Captain Captaen Lieutenant Leifteanant Second lieutenant Dara - leifteanant Officer cadet Dalta Malaysia ( Edit ) No insignia Marshal of the Air Force General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Sublieutenant Officer Cadet Marsyal Tentera Udara Jeneral Leftenan Jeneral Mejar Jeneral Brigedier Jeneral Kolonel Leftenan Kolonel Mejar Kapten Leftenan Leftenan Muda Pegawai Kadet Netherlands ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent Generaal Luitenant - generaal Generaal - majoor Commodore Kolonel Luitenant - kolonel Majoor Kapitein Eerste - luitenant Tweede - luitenant Vaandrig Peru ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent General del Aire Teniente General Mayor General Coronel Comandante Mayor Capitán Teniente Alférez Cadete F.A.P. Romania ( Edit ) No equivalent Mareșal General General - Locotenent General - Maior General de Flotilă Aeriană Comandor Căpitan - Comandor Locotenent - Comandor Căpitan Locotenent Sublocotenent South Africa ( Edit ) No equivalent General Generaal Lieutenant General Luitenant Generaal Major General Generaal - Majoor Brigadier General Brigadier Generaal Colonel Kolonel Lieutenant Colonel Luitenant Kolonel Major Majoor Captain Kaptein Lieutenant Luitenant Second Lieutenant Tweede Luitenant Officer candidate Sweden ( Edit ) No equivalent General Generallöjtnant Generalmajor Brigadgeneral Överste Överstelöjtnant Major Kapten Löjtnant Fänrik Uruguay ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent Teniente General Mayor General Coronel Teniente Coronel Mayor Capitán Teniente Primero Teniente Segundo Alférez Equivalent NATO code OF - 10 OF - 9 OF - 8 OF - 7 OF - 6 OF - 5 OF - 4 OF - 3 OF - 2 OF - 1 OF ( D ) and student officer The following air forces formerly used a similar or identical officer rank structure to the RAF : Royal Canadian Air Force ( until 1968 ) Royal Malaysian Air Force ( until the late 1970s ) Royal Rhodesian Air Force ( now the Air Force of Zimbabwe ) ( 1965 - 1980 ) The following air forces formerly used similar rank insignia to the RAF : General Charles Horner , USAF , wearing the short - lived USAF silver sleeve braid rank insignia , similar in concept but not colour to the RAF officer ranks Republic of Singapore Air Force ( until 1983 ) United States Air Force , ( 1993 to 1994 ) Pakistan Air Force ( until 2006 ) Royal Air Force of Oman ( until the 1980s ) Egyptian Air Force Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 1997 - 2010 ) Yemeni Air Force ( South Yemen ; South Arabian Air Force ) ( 1970 - 1985 ) Zaire Air Force ( 1971 - 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Air force officer ranks Ranks and insignia of officers in NATO air forces Comparative military ranks of World War I Comparative military ranks of World War II Comparative military ranks Military rank List of Royal Air Force members RAF other ranks Royal Navy officer rank insignia British Army officer rank insignia Notes ( edit ) ^ Armitage , Michael ( 1998 ) . The Royal Air Force : an illustrated history ( 2 ed . ) . London : Brockhampton Press . p. 280 . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 851 - 1 . ^ Hering , Peter George ( 1961 ) . Customs and traditions of the Royal Air Force . Aldershot : Gale and Polden Ltd . pp. 21 , 22 . OCLC 462209238 . ^ `` Commissioned Ranks of the Royal Air Force April 1918 - Aug 1919 Initial Uniform Design '' . Air of Authority . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . ^ `` RAF AP 1358 , CHAP 7 - DISTINGUISHING INSIGNIA '' ( PDF ) . MOD. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . ^ AP1919 Rules and Regulations of the Air Training Corps ^ `` Royal Australian Air Force / Royal Australian Air Force '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Royal New Zealand Air Force / '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Hellenic Air Force / Πολεμική Αεροπορία - Polemikí Aeroporía '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` The Nigerian Air Force Service , Colours , Wings and Rank Structure '' . Nigerianairforce.net . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Indian Air Force / भारतीय वायु सेना / Bhartiya Vāyu Sen& # 257 '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Bangladesh Air Force / বাংলাদেশ বিমান বাহিনী - Bangladesh Biman Bahini '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Sri Lanka Air Force / '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Ghana Air Force / '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 16 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Air Force of Zimbabwe / Air Force of Zimbabwe '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 4 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Royal Thai Air Force / กองทัพ อากาศ ไทย - Kong Thab Akat Thai '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Chilean Air Force / Fuerza Aérea de Chile '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Pakistan Air Force - PAF / پاک فضائیہ - Pak Fiza _́ ya '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Egyptian Air Force / القوات الجوية المصري& # 1577 '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Afghan National Air Corps / '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Argentine Air Force / Fuerza Aérea Argentina '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Belgian Air Component / Luchtcomponent - Composante '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Eritrean Air Force / '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Finnish Air Force / Suomen ilmavoimat / Finska flygvapnet '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ ( PDF ) http://www.mil.se/attachments/the_facts_2006_2007_eng.pdf . Retrieved 1 March 2007 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ `` Royal Malaysian Air Force / Tentera Udara DiRaja Malaysia '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Peruvian Air Force / Fuerza Aérea del Perú '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Royal Netherlands Air Force / Koninklijke Luchtmacht '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Royal Danish Air Force / Flyvevåbnet '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Air Force / Aeronautica Militare '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Romanian Air Force / Forţele Aeriene Române '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Romanian Air Force / Forţele Aeriene Române '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` South African Air Force / '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Royal Canadian Air Force '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 5 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ `` Irish Air Corps / Aer Chór na hÉireann '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Uruguayan Air Force / Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Canadian Air Force / Canadian Forces Air Command - AIRCOM '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Royal Rhodesian Air Force / '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Republic of Singapore Air Force / 新加坡空军部队 - Angkatan Udara Republik Singapura - சிங்கப்பூர் ஆகாயப்பட& # 3016 '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` U.S. Air Force / United States Air Force '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ Although the USAF discontinued the RAF - pattern rank insignia introduced by General Merrill McPeak in 1994 , U.S. Air Force Academy , college & university Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps , and Air Force Officer Training School officer cadets use identical insignia today . ^ `` Pakistan Air Force - PAF / پاک فضائیہ - Pak Fiza _́ ya '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Royal Air Force of Oman / al - Quwwat al - Jawwiya al - Sultanat Oman '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Air Force / '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo / Force Aérienne du Congo '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Air Force / '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ `` Air Force / Force Aérienne '' . Uniforminsignia.org. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . References ( edit ) Hobart , Malcolm . Badges and Uniforms of the Royal Air Force . London / Barnsley , England : Leo Cooper / Pen & Sword Books Ltd. , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 739 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Officer Ranks and Badges of the RAF at the RAF official Web site Royal Air Force Royal Air Force portal Formations and units Commands Groups Stations Wings Squadrons Flights Conversion units Operational Training units Schools / Training units Ferry units Glider units Misc units Regiment squadrons Branches and components Air Force Board RAF Flying Branch RAF Regiment RAF Chaplains Branch RAF Intelligence RAF Legal Branch RAF Medical Services Princess Mary 's RAF Nursing Service RAF Police Search and Rescue Force Mountain Rescue Service RAF Marine Branch RAF Ground Trades Reserve forces Royal Auxiliary Air Force RAF Volunteer Reserve Associated civil organisations Air Training Corps Royal Air Forces Association RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine RAF Benevolent Fund RAF Football Association Royal Air Force Museum Equipment List of RAF aircraft List of RAF missiles Personnel Officer ranks Other ranks List of personnel Appointments Chief of Air Staff Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Member for Personnel Air Secretary Air Member for Materiel Commandant - 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-4169865031897774858	It's My Life (Bon Jovi song)	It 's My Life ( Bon Jovi song ) - wikipedia It 's My Life ( Bon Jovi song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` It 's My Life '' Single by Bon Jovi from the album Crush Released May 23 , 2000 Format CD single Recorded 2000 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 44 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Max Martin Producer ( s ) Luke Ebbin Jon Bon Jovi Richie Sambora Bon Jovi singles chronology `` Real Life '' ( 1999 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 2000 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 2000 ) `` Real Life '' ( 1999 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( 2000 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 2000 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` It 's My Life '' ( official ) on YouTube Alternative cover `` It 's My Life '' is Bon Jovi 's first single from the album Crush . It was released on May 23 , 2000 . It was written by Jon Bon Jovi , Richie Sambora , and Max Martin . The song charted in the top 10 across several countries ( although it only reached number 33 in the US ) . Though the band had moved away from the glam - oriented sound with 1992 's Keep the Faith , it has the distinction of making Bon Jovi one of the only bands once classified as 1980s glam metal to reach the top 40 in the 2000s , a testament to how the song managed to introduce the band to a new , younger fanbase . The song is arguably their most well known post-1980s hit single and it has been performed live at almost all shows since its release . This song appeared on Mitsubishi Motors promotional video in 2001 - 2004 Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Response from fans 3 Music video 4 Track listings and versions 5 Official versions and remixes 5.1 Acoustic version 6 Awards 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Annual charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 All - time charts 7.5 Certifications 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The song has many classic Bon Jovi features , such as Sambora 's use of the talk box , and a line in the second verse `` For Tommy and Gina , who never backed down '' refers to Tommy and Gina , a fictional working class couple that Bon Jovi and Sambora first wrote about in their 1986 hit `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' . `` It 's My Life '' is also notable for its line referencing fellow New Jerseyan Frank Sinatra : `` My heart is like an open highway / Like Frankie said / I did it ' My Way ' . '' Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora apparently had a disagreement over those lines , with Bon Jovi recalling : I had just come home from making U-571 and I said `` Sinatra made 16 movies and toured ' til he was 80 . This is my role model '' . He ( Sambora ) said , `` You ca n't write that damn lyric . Nobody cares about Frank Sinatra but you . '' And I wrote it anyway . Response from fans ( edit ) `` Nobody had anticipated the song ' It 's My Life ' , '' noted Jon Bon Jovi in 2007 . `` Except us . We knew we had a hit . '' The song became an anthem that appealed to many fans . As Bon Jovi later stated : : `` I thought I was writing very self - indulgently about my own life and where I was in it . I did n't realize that the phrase ' It 's My Life ' would be taken as being about everyone -- by teenagers , by older guys , mechanics , whatever . ' It 's my life , and I 'm taking control . ' Everyone kind of feels that way from time to time . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Wayne Isham . Will Estes ( as Tommy ) and Shiri Appleby ( as Gina ) are the two main characters . At the beginning , Tommy is watching a video of a Bon Jovi concert on his computer when he is ordered by his mother to take out the trash . Suddenly , Gina calls , and Tommy starts running down to his apartment and obediently takes out the trash . He then runs through the streets of Los Angeles up to the concert , getting chased by dogs , running a marathon , posing for pictures , and jackknifing a truck . The video was inspired by the film , Run Lola Run . Jon Bon Jovi met Will Estes on the set of U-571 and chose him to be in the video . The music video features the 2nd Street Tunnel as one of the main settings . It is the most viewed video for Bon Jovi , with over 530 million views as of January 2018 . Track listings and versions ( edit ) Major formats released for `` It 's My Life '' : German CD Single Pt. 1 ( 562754 ) ( Released : May 23 , 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Main version ) -- 3 : 46 `` Hush '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` You Ca n't Lose at Love '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 44 `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Recorded live at the Sanctuary II , New Jersey Web Concert on February 10 , 1999 . Directed by Tony Bongiovi . UK CD Single Pt. 1 ( 562752 ) ( Released : 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Main version ) -- 3 : 46 `` Hush '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` You Ca n't Lose at Love '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 44 Includes Poster . Australian CD Single ( 562756 ) ( Released : May 23 , 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Main version ) -- 3 : 46 `` Hush '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` You Ca n't Lose at Love '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 44 `` I Do n't Want to Live Forever '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 27 `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Recorded live at the Sanctuary II , New Jersey Web Concert on February 10 , 2000 . Directed by Tony Bongiovi . German CD Single Pt. 2 ( 562755 ) ( Released : May 23 , 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Dave Bascombe Mix ) -- 3 : 44 `` Temptation '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` I Do n't Want to Live Forever '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 27 `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Recorded live at the Sanctuary II , New Jersey Web Concert on February 10 , 2000 . UK CD Single Pt. 2 ( 562768 ) ( Released : 2000 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Dave Bascombe Mix ) -- 3 : 44 `` Temptation '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 48 `` I Do n't Want to Live Forever '' ( Demo version ) -- 4 : 27 `` It 's My Life '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Dutch CD Single ( 9815274 ) ( Released : January 26 , 2004 ) `` It 's My Life '' ( Acoustic version ) -- 3 : 41 `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Demo version ) -- 3 : 42 `` Joey '' ( Live version ) -- 5 : 03 Recorded live on January 19 , 2003 in Yokohama Arena , Japan . 4 . `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' ( Enhanced Video Clip ) Official versions and remixes ( edit ) The following versions and remixes were commercially released . Main version -- 3 : 46 Acoustic version -- 3 : 41 Dave Bascombe Mix -- 3 : 44 Acoustic version ( edit ) A much slower , acoustic ballad version of the song is featured on Bon Jovi 's 2003 album This Left Feels Right , a collection of their greatest hits that were adapted into new formats . This version was also released as a single . Awards ( edit ) Won : `` Video of the Year '' at the VH1 My Music Awards Chosen as one of the greatest songs of the year at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards Nominated : `` Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal '' at the 43rd Grammy Awards , but lost to U2 's `` Beautiful Day '' Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 01 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 54 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 17 European Hot 100 Singles Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 14 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 33 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 40 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 Annual charts ( edit ) Country Position Weeks on chart Australia 24 16 Austria 34 Belgium ( Flanders ) 8 21 Belgium ( Wallonia ) 19 19 France 29 38 Germany 5 31 Sweden 5 21 Switzerland 33 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Year ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position German Singles Chart 53 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australia ( ARIA ) 743 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 381 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/readers-poll-10-best-bon-jovi-songs-w448920/its-my-life-w448926 Jump up ^ `` AllMusic ( Bon Jovi charts & awards ) Billboard singles '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Jon Bon Jovi recalls `` It 's My Life '' `` . The Rock Radio . October 21 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Blake , Mark ( August 2007 ) . `` My brilliant career : Jon Bon Jovi '' . Q # 253 . p. 68 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Popularity Soars in Germany '' . Deutsche Welle . October 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alex Gernandt : Bon Jovi , 2 . edition , Goldmann , München 2001 , ISBN 3 - 442 - 42851 - 3 , p 261 Jump up ^ `` Creed , Hill Lead My VH1 Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard magazine ( 2000 ) . `` Billboard charts '' . All Music Guide . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( July 10 , 2000 ) . `` Corrs Bump Eminem From Top Of U.K. Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi : It 's My Life '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 25 , 2000 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World - Spain '' . Billboard : 67 . July 15 , 2000 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australian year - end chart '' . ARIA. 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hit Parade ( 2000 ) . `` International charts '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Austrian Charts ( 2000 ) . `` Austrian Annual Chart '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ultra Top ( 2000 ) . `` Flemish Annual Chart '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ultra Top ( 2000 ) . `` Walloon Annual Chart '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique ( 2000 ) . `` French Annual Chart '' . Disque En France . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Universität Würzburg ( 2000 ) . `` German Annual Chart '' . ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mariah - Charts ( 2000 ) . `` Weekly Charts '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sverigetopplistan ( 2000 ) . `` Swedish charts '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hit Parade ( 2000 ) . `` Swiss Annual Chart '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Die ultimative Chart Show Hits des neuen Jahrtausends Download '' . RTL.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ewige Bestenliste - Singles '' . Hitparade ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Enter Bon Jovi in the field Interpret . Enter It 's My Life in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2000 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications - Bon Jovi - 2000 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bon Jovi ; ' It 's My Life ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - Jaargang nummer 32 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi - It 's My Life '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bon Jovi ; ' It 's My Life ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Enter It 's My Life in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bon Jovi -- It 's My Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Bon Jovi -- Official Website . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears `` Vamos a Bailar ( Esta Vida Nueva ) '' by Paola & Chiara Italian FIMI Singles Chart number - one single May 18 , 2000 - June 15 , 2000 June 22 , 2000 - July 6 , 2000 Succeeded by `` Vamos a Bailar ( Esta Vida Nueva ) '' by Paola & Chiara Preceded by `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears Dutch Singles Chart number - one single May 20 , 2000 - June 10 , 2000 Succeeded by `` Jij bent de zon '' by Jop Swiss Singles Chart number - one single May 28 , 2000 - June 4 , 2000 Succeeded by `` Freestyler '' by Bomfunk MC 's Preceded by `` Ich vermiss ' dich ... ( wie die Hölle ) '' by Zlatko Austrian Singles Chart number - one single June 4 , 2000 - June 18 , 2000 Preceded by `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' by Britney Spears Eurochart Hot 100 Singles number - one single June 24 , 2000 - July 22 , 2000 Succeeded by `` The Real Slim Shady '' by Eminem Preceded by `` Freestyler '' by Bomfunk MC 's Belgium ( Flemish ) Singles Chart number - one single June 24 , 2000 - July 22 , 2000 Succeeded by `` They Stood Up for Love '' by Live Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi Tico Torres David Bryan Hugh McDonald Phil X Richie Sambora Alec John Such Dave Sabo Studio albums Bon Jovi 7800 ° Fahrenheit Slippery When Wet New Jersey Keep the Faith These Days Crush Bounce Have a Nice Day Lost Highway The Circle What About Now This House Is Not for Sale Compilation albums Cross Road This Left Feels Right Greatest Hits Burning Bridges Live albums One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 Inside Out This House Is Not for Sale -- Live from the London Palladium Box sets 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Solo albums Blaze of Glory ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Stranger in This Town ( Sambora ) On a Full Moon ( Bryan ) Destination Anywhere ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Undiscovered Soul ( Sambora ) Lunar Eclipse ( Bryan ) The Power Station Years : The Unreleased Recordings ( Jon Bon Jovi ) Aftermath of the Lowdown ( Sambora ) Video albums Breakout : Video Singles Slippery When Wet : The Videos New Jersey : The Videos Access All Areas : A Rock & Roll Odyssey Keep the Faith : An Evening with Bon Jovi Keep the Faith : The Videos Cross Road Live from London The Crush Tour This Left Feels Right Live Lost Highway : The Concert When We Were Beautiful Live at Madison Square Garden Greatest Hits : The Ultimate Video Collection Concert tours Runaway Tour Slippery When Wet Tour Jersey Syndicate Tour Keep the Faith Tour I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead Tour These Days Tour Crush Tour One Wild Night Tour Bounce Tour Have a Nice Day Tour Lost Highway Tour The Circle Tour Bon Jovi Live Because We Can Bon Jovi Live ! This House Is Not for Sale Tour Related articles Discography Songs recorded Awards Tony Bongiovi Bruce Fairbairn Desmond Child Bob Rock Peter Collins Aldo Nova Luke Ebbin Billy Falcon Andreas Carlsson Patrick Leonard John Shanks Rick Parashar Dann Huff Bobby Bandiera Jeff Kazee Lorenza Ponce Matt O'Ree Everett Bradley Book Bon Jovi singles discography Bon Jovi `` Runaway '' `` She Do n't Know Me '' `` Burning for Love '' ( Japan only ) `` Breakout '' ( promo single ) 7800 ° Fahrenheit `` Only Lonely '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` The Hardest Part Is the Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` The Price of Love '' ( Japan only ) Slippery When Wet `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Never Say Goodbye '' New Jersey `` Bad Medicine '' `` Born to Be My Baby '' `` I 'll Be There for You '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' `` Living in Sin '' Keep the Faith `` Keep the Faith '' `` Bed of Roses '' `` In These Arms '' `` I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead '' `` I Believe '' `` Dry County '' Cross Road `` Always '' `` Someday I 'll Be Saturday Night '' These Days `` This Ai n't a Love Song '' `` Something for the Pain '' `` Lie to Me '' `` These Days '' `` Hey God '' Crush `` It 's My Life '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Thank You For Loving Me '' `` Save the World '' ( promo single ) One Wild Night Live 1985 -- 2001 `` One Wild Night ( 2001 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( Live ) '' Bounce `` Everyday '' `` Misunderstood '' `` All About Lovin ' You '' `` Bounce '' ( promo single ) `` The Distance '' ( Japan only ) This Left Feels Right `` It 's My Life ( 2003 ) '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive ( 2003 ) '' ( promo single ) 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Ca n't Be Wrong `` The Radio Saved My Life Tonight '' ( Japan only ) Have a Nice Day `` Have a Nice Day '' `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' ( with Jennifer Nettles ) `` Welcome to Wherever You Are '' `` I Want to Be Loved '' ( promo single ) Lost Highway `` ( You Want To ) Make a Memory '' `` Lost Highway '' `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' ( with LeAnn Rimes ) `` Summertime '' ( Canada only ) `` Whole Lot of Leavin ' '' The Circle `` We Were n't Born to Follow '' `` Superman Tonight '' `` When We Were Beautiful '' `` Work for the Working Man '' ( promo single ) Greatest Hits `` What Do You Got ? '' `` No Apologies '' `` This Is Our House '' ( promo single ) What About Now `` Because We Can '' `` What About Now '' Burning Bridges `` We Do n't Run '' `` Saturday Night Gave Me Sunday Morning '' This House Is Not for Sale `` This House Is Not for Sale '' `` Knockout '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Born Again Tomorrow '' `` Roller Coaster '' Other singles `` Edge of a Broken Heart '' ( Disorderlies soundtrack ) `` Good Guys Do n't Always Wear White '' ( `` The Cowboy Way '' soundtrack ) `` Wedding Day '' ( promo single ) `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Real Life '' ( EDtv soundtrack ) Book : Bon Jovi Category : Bon Jovi Portal : Rock music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_My_Life_(Bon_Jovi_song)&oldid=825130055 '' Categories : Bon Jovi songs 2000 singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Music videos directed by Wayne Isham Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs written by Jon Bon Jovi Songs written by Max Martin Songs written by Richie Sambora 2000 songs Island Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the girl in the bon jovi it's my life video	[ "The music video was directed by Wayne Isham. Will Estes (as Tommy) and Shiri Appleby (as Gina) are the two main characters. At the beginning, Tommy is watching a video of a Bon Jovi concert on his computer when he is ordered by his mother to take out the trash. Suddenly, Gina calls, and Tommy starts running down to his apartment and obediently takes out the trash. He then runs through the streets of Los Angeles up to the concert, getting chased by dogs, running a marathon, posing for pictures, and jackknifing a truck. The video was inspired by the film, Run Lola Run.[6] Jon Bon Jovi met Will Estes on the set of U-571 and chose him to be in the video. The music video features the 2nd Street Tunnel as one of the main settings." ]	[ "Shiri Appleby" ]
-7714380541989567060	Florida Keys	Florida Keys - wikipedia Florida Keys Jump to : navigation , search Florida Keys Coconut palms like these in Islamorada flourish in the tropical climate of the Florida Keys The Keys were formed near the edge of the Florida Plateau Geography Location Florida Straits Area 356 km ( 137 sq mi ) Administration United States State Florida Demographics Population 73,090 ( 2010 ) Not to be confused with Florida Islands . Satellite image of the Florida Keys The Florida Keys are a coral cay archipelago located off the southern coast of Florida , forming the southernmost portion of the continental United States . They begin at the southeastern coast of the Florida peninsula , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of Miami , and extend in a gentle arc south - southwest and then westward to Key West , the westernmost of the inhabited islands , and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas . The islands lie along the Florida Straits , dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest , and defining one edge of Florida Bay . At the nearest point , the southern part of Key West is just 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Cuba . The Florida Keys are between about 23.5 and 25.5 degrees North latitude . More than 95 percent of the land area lies in Monroe County , but a small portion extends northeast into Miami - Dade County , such as Totten Key . The total land area is 137.3 square miles ( 356 km ) . As of the 2010 census the population was 73,090 with an average density of 532.34 per square mile ( 205.54 / km ) , although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density , such as the city of Key West , which has 32 % of the entire population of the Keys . The US Census population estimate for 2014 is 77,136 . The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County . The county consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park , and the Keys islands from Key Largo to the Dry Tortugas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Overseas Railway 1.3 Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 1.4 Seven Mile Bridge 1.5 Overseas Highway 1.6 Cuban exiles 1.7 Conch Republic 2 Geology 3 Environment 3.1 Flora and fauna 4 Climate 4.1 Tropical cyclones 5 Major islands 6 Transportation 6.1 Public transportation 6.2 Road hazards 7 Culture and recreation 8 Notes 9 References 10 Other references 11 External links 11.1 Media History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Lower Matecumbe Key to Key Largo , seen from the International Space Station Big Coppitt Key to Sugarloaf Key , seen from Spot Satellite The Keys were originally inhabited by Calusa and Tequesta Native Americans , and were later found and charted by Juan Ponce de León in 1513 . De León named the islands Los Martires ( `` The Martyrs '' ) , as they looked like suffering men from a distance . `` Key '' is derived from the Spanish word cayo , meaning small island . For many years , Key West was the largest town in Florida , and it grew prosperous on wrecking revenues . The isolated outpost was well located for trade with Cuba and the Bahamas , and was on the main trade route from New Orleans . Improved navigation led to fewer shipwrecks , and Key West went into a decline in the late nineteenth century . Overseas Railway ( edit ) The Keys were long accessible only by water . This changed with the completion of Henry Flagler 's Overseas Railway in the early 1910s . Flagler , a major developer of Florida 's Atlantic coast , extended his Florida East Coast Railway down to Key West with an ambitious series of over-sea railroad trestles . Three hurricanes disrupted the project in 1906 , 1909 , and 1910 . Labor Day hurricane of 1935 ( edit ) Main article : 1935 Labor Day hurricane The worst hurricane to strike the U.S. made landfall near Islamorada in the Upper Keys on Labor Day , Monday , September 2 . Winds were estimated to have gusted to 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) , raising a storm surge more than 17.5 feet ( 5.3 m ) above sea level that washed over the islands . More than 400 people were killed , though some estimates place the number of deaths at more than 600 . The Labor Day Hurricane is one of only three hurricanes to make landfall at Category 5 strength on the U.S. coast since reliable weather records began ( about 1850 ) . The other storms were Hurricane Camille ( 1969 ) and Hurricane Andrew ( 1992 ) . In 1935 , new bridges were under construction to connect a highway through the entire Keys . Hundreds of World War I veterans working on the roadway as part of a government relief program were housed in non-reinforced buildings in three construction camps in the Upper Keys . When the evacuation train failed to reach the camps before the storm , more than 200 veterans perished . Their deaths caused anger and charges of mismanagement that led to a Congressional investigation . The storm also ended the 23 - year run of the Overseas Railway ; the damaged tracks were never rebuilt , and the Overseas Highway ( U.S. Highway 1 ) replaced the railroad as the main transportation route from Miami to Key West . Seven Mile Bridge ( edit ) One of the longest bridges when it was built , the Seven Mile Bridge connects Knight 's Key ( part of the city of Marathon in the Middle Keys ) to Little Duck Key in the Lower Keys . The piling - supported concrete bridge is 35,862 ft ( 10,931 m ) or 6.79 miles ( 10.93 km ) long . The current bridge bypasses Pigeon Key , a small island that housed workers building Henry Flagler 's Florida East Coast Railway in the 1900s , that the original Seven Mile Bridge crossed . A 2.2 - mile ( 3.5 km ) section of the old bridge remains for access to the island , although it was closed to vehicular traffic on March 4 , 2008 . The aging structure has been deemed unsafe by the Florida Department of Transportation . Costly repairs , estimated to be as much as $34 million , were expected to begin in July 2008 . Monroe County was unable to secure a $17 million loan through the state infrastructure bank , delaying work for at least a year . On June 14 , 2008 , the old bridge section leading to Pigeon Key was closed to fishing as well . While still open to pedestrians -- walking , biking and jogging -- if the bridge were closed altogether , only a ferry subsidized by FDOT and managed by the county would transport visitors to the island . Overseas Highway ( edit ) After the destruction of the Keys railway by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 , the railroad bridges , including the Seven Mile Bridge , were converted to automobile roadways . This roadway , U.S. Highway 1 , became the Overseas Highway that runs from Key Largo south to Key West . Today this unique coastal highway allows those in automobiles to travel through the tropical islands of the Florida Keys and view exotic plants and animals found nowhere else on the US mainland . The Overseas Highway allows travelers access to the largest coral reef chain in the United States that runs through the Florida Keys . Cuban exiles ( edit ) Following the Cuban Revolution , many Cubans fled to South Florida . Key West traditionally had strong links with its neighbor ninety miles south by water , and large numbers of Cubans settled there . The Keys still attract Cubans leaving their home country , and stories of `` rafters '' coming ashore are not uncommon . Conch Republic ( edit ) Main article : Conch Republic In 1982 , the United States Border Patrol had established a roadblock and inspection points on US Highway 1 , stopping all northbound traffic returning to the mainland at Florida City , to search vehicles for illegal drugs and illegal immigrants . The Key West City Council repeatedly complained about the roadblocks , which were a major inconvenience for people traveling from Key West , and hurt the Keys ' important tourism industry . After various unsuccessful complaints and attempts to get a legal injunction against the blockade failed in federal court in Miami , on April 23 , 1982 , Key West mayor Dennis Wardlow and the city council declared the independence of the city of Key West , calling it the `` Conch Republic '' . After one minute of secession , he ( as `` Prime Minister '' ) surrendered to an officer of the Key West Naval Air Station ( NAS ) , and requested one billion ( $1,000,000,000 ) dollars in `` foreign aid '' . The stunt succeeded in generating great publicity for the Keys ' plight , and the inspection station roadblock was removed . It also provided a new source of revenue for the Keys , and the Conch Republic has participated in later protests . Geology ( edit ) The Florida Keys are the exposed portions of an ancient coral reef . The northernmost island arising from the ancient reef formation is Elliott Key , in Biscayne National Park . North of Elliott Key are several small transitional keys , composed of sand built up around small areas of exposed ancient reef . Further north , Key Biscayne and places north are barrier islands , built up of sand . The Florida Keys have taken their present form as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages . Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet ( 7.5 m ) above the current level . All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea . Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau , stretching south and then west from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas . This reef formed the Key Largo limestone that is exposed on the surface from Soldier Key ( midway between Key Biscayne and Elliott Key ) to the southeast portion of Big Pine Key and the Newfound Harbor Keys . The types of coral that formed Key Largo limestone can be identified on the exposed surface of these keys . Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels , exposing the coral reef and surrounding marine sediments . By 15,000 years ago the sea level had dropped to 300 to 350 feet ( 110 m ) below the contemporary level . The exposed reefs and sediments were heavily eroded . Acidic water , which can result from decaying vegetation , dissolves limestone . Some of the dissolved limestone redeposited as a denser cap rock , which can be seen as outcrops overlying the Key Largo and Miami limestones throughout the Keys . The limestone that eroded from the reef formed oolites in the shallow sea behind the reef , and together with the skeletal remains of bryozoans , formed the Miami limestone that is the current surface bedrock of the lower Florida peninsula and the lower keys from Big Pine Key to Key West . To the west of Key West the ancient reef is covered by recent calcareous sand . Just offshore of the Florida Keys along the edge of the Florida Straits is the Florida Reef ( also known as the Florida Reef Tract ) . The Florida Reef extends 270 km from Fowey Rocks just east of Soldier Key to just south of the Marquesas Keys . It is the third - largest barrier reef system in the world . Environment ( edit ) Royal Poinciana tree in full bloom in the Florida Keys , an indication of South Florida 's tropical climate Sunset near Marathon The climate and environment of the Florida Keys are closer to that of the Caribbean than the rest of Florida , though unlike the Caribbean 's volcanic islands , the Keys were built by plants and animals . The Upper Keys islands are composed of sandy - type accumulations of limestone grains produced by plants and marine organisms . The Lower Keys are the remnants of large coral reefs , which became fossilized and exposed as sea level declined . The natural habitats of the Keys are upland forests , inland wetlands and shoreline zones . Soil ranges from sand to marl to rich , decomposed leaf litter . In some places , `` caprock '' ( the eroded surface of coral formations ) covers the ground . Rain falling through leaf debris becomes acidic and dissolves holes in the limestone , where soil accumulates and trees root . Flora and fauna ( edit ) A male Key Deer on No Name Key in the lower Keys The Florida Keys have distinctive plant and animals species , some found nowhere else in the United States , as the Keys define the northern extent of their ranges . The climate also allows many imported plants to thrive . Nearly any houseplant known to commerce , and most landscape plants of the South , can thrive in the Keys climate . Some exotic species which arrived as landscape plants now invade and threaten natural areas . The native flora of the Keys is diverse , including members of both temperate families , such as red maple ( Acer rubrum ) , slash pine ( Pinus elliottii var . densa ) and oaks ( Quercus spp . ) , growing at the southern end of their ranges , and tropical families , including mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni ) , gumbo limbo ( Bursera simaruba ) , stoppers ( Eugenia spp . ) , Jamaican dogwood ( Piscidia piscipula ) , and many others , which grow only in tropical climates . Coconut palms Cocos nucifera is endemic , and can reach massive height and size across the islands . Several other types of palms are native to the Florida Keys , including the Florida thatch palm Thrinax radiata , which grows to its greatest size in Florida on the islands of the Keys . Key Lime is endemic to the Florida Keys , growing vigorously and producing golf - ball - size yellow fruit which is particularly and uniquely fragrant . Bougainvillea , hibiscus , and papaya flourish across the Keys reaching massive size unequaled anywhere on the US mainland . The Keys are also home to unique animal species , including the American crocodile , Key deer , protected by the National Key Deer Refuge , and the Key Largo woodrat . The Keys is the northernmost range of the American crocodile , which is endemic from South America to Panama , north to the Florida Keys . The Key Largo Woodrat is found only in the northern part of its namesake island , and is a focus of management activities in Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge . About 70 miles ( 110 km ) west of Key West is Dry Tortugas National Park , one of the most isolated and therefore well - preserved in the world . The waters surrounding the Keys are part of a protected area known as the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary . Climate ( edit ) The climate of the Florida Keys is tropical savanna ( Köppen climate classification : Aw ) , and other than some areas of coastal Miami , the Florida Keys are the only areas in Florida to have never reported a frost since settlement . There are two main `` seasons '' in the Florida Keys , a hot and wet season from June through October , and a dry season from November though April , that features little rainfall , sunny skies , and warm breezy conditions . ( show ) Climate data for Key West Int'l , Florida ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1872 − present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 90 ( 32 ) 87 ( 31 ) 89 ( 32 ) 91 ( 33 ) 93 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 97 ( 36 ) 97 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 93 ( 34 ) 91 ( 33 ) 88 ( 31 ) 97 ( 36 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 82.0 ( 27.8 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) 84.2 ( 29 ) 86.0 ( 30 ) 88.6 ( 31.4 ) 91.0 ( 32.8 ) 92.0 ( 33.3 ) 92.1 ( 33.4 ) 91.1 ( 32.8 ) 88.7 ( 31.5 ) 85.6 ( 29.8 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) 92.6 ( 33.7 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 74.3 ( 23.5 ) 76.0 ( 24.4 ) 78.2 ( 25.7 ) 81.3 ( 27.4 ) 85.0 ( 29.4 ) 87.8 ( 31 ) 89.3 ( 31.8 ) 89.4 ( 31.9 ) 87.9 ( 31.1 ) 84.5 ( 29.2 ) 79.9 ( 26.6 ) 76.0 ( 24.4 ) 82.5 ( 28.1 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 69.3 ( 20.7 ) 71.0 ( 21.7 ) 73.2 ( 22.9 ) 76.4 ( 24.7 ) 80.3 ( 26.8 ) 83.3 ( 28.5 ) 84.5 ( 29.2 ) 84.5 ( 29.2 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 80.2 ( 26.8 ) 75.8 ( 24.3 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) 77.76 ( 25.42 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 64.2 ( 17.9 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 68.3 ( 20.2 ) 71.6 ( 22 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 78.8 ( 26 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 79.6 ( 26.4 ) 78.5 ( 25.8 ) 76.0 ( 24.4 ) 71.7 ( 22.1 ) 66.9 ( 19.4 ) 73.1 ( 22.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 51.0 ( 10.6 ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 57.4 ( 14.1 ) 61.9 ( 16.6 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 73.4 ( 23 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 54.5 ( 12.5 ) 48.8 ( 9.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 41 ( 5 ) 44 ( 7 ) 47 ( 8 ) 48 ( 9 ) 63 ( 17 ) 65 ( 18 ) 68 ( 20 ) 68 ( 20 ) 64 ( 18 ) 59 ( 15 ) 49 ( 9 ) 44 ( 7 ) 41 ( 5 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 2.04 ( 51.8 ) 1.49 ( 37.8 ) 2.05 ( 52.1 ) 2.05 ( 52.1 ) 3.00 ( 76.2 ) 4.11 ( 104.4 ) 3.55 ( 90.2 ) 5.38 ( 136.7 ) 6.71 ( 170.4 ) 4.93 ( 125.2 ) 2.30 ( 58.4 ) 2.22 ( 56.4 ) 39.83 ( 1,011.7 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 6.2 5.3 5.8 4.5 7.2 11.0 11.7 14.2 16.2 11.3 6.6 6.4 106.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 76.0 74.3 73.0 70.1 71.8 74.0 72.2 73.4 75.3 75.1 76.0 76.2 74.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 249.6 245.4 308.8 324.6 340.3 314.0 325.2 306.6 269.6 254.7 230.9 234.5 3,404.2 Percent possible sunshine 75 77 83 85 82 77 78 76 73 71 70 71 77 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) , The Weather Channel Tropical cyclones ( edit ) The Keys are occasionally threatened by tropical storms and hurricanes , leading to evacuations to the mainland . Hurricane Georges , after tearing up much of the Caribbean , caused damage and extensive flooding in the Lower Keys in 1998 , before making landfall in Mississippi . In 2005 , Hurricanes Katrina , Rita and Wilma affected the Keys ( although none made a direct hit ) , causing widespread damage and flooding . The most severe hurricane to hit the area was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 , a Category 5 hurricane . Tropical cyclones present special dangers and challenges to the entire Keys . Because no area of the islands is more than 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) above sea level ( and many are only a few feet elevation ) , and water surrounds the islands , nearly every neighborhood is subject to flooding as well as hurricane winds . In response , many homes in the Keys are built on concrete stilts with the first floor being not legally habitable and enclosed by breakaway walls that are not strongly attached to the rest of the house . Nonetheless , Monroe County , as reported in the Federal Register , has estimated that there are between 8,000 and 12,000 illegal enclosures inhabited by people . Because of the threat from storm surge , evacuations are routinely ordered when the National Weather Service issues a hurricane watch or warning , and are sometimes ordered for a tropical storm warning . Evacuation of the Keys depends on causeways and the two - lane highway to the mainland . Time estimates for evacuating the entire Keys range from 12 to 24 hours . Evacuation estimates are significant in emergency planning , of course , but also because they are a factor in local and state regulations for controlling development . The building permit allocation was increased in 2005 when local governments reduced estimates for evacuation . On September 10 , 2017 , Hurricane Irma made landfall in Cudjoe Key . The storm destroyed an estimated 25 % of the houses on the Keys and another 65 % suffered major damage . Most residents had evacuated before the storm hit the area . On September 12 , parts of the Keys were still inaccessible by causeway and some areas were closed to the public . Governor Rick Scott reported devastation ; most areas were without power or water . The damage was the worst in the Lower Keys , though less severe in Key West ; parts of the Lower Keys may be uninhabitable for months . Major islands ( edit ) Map of the Florida Keys , from the Dry Tortugas to Little Torch Key , showing boundaries of National Marine Sanctuaries U.S. Highway 1 , the `` Overseas Highway '' , runs over most of the inhabited islands of the Florida Keys . The islands are listed in order from southwest to north . Mile markers are listed for keys that the Overseas Highway runs across or near . Dry Tortugas Marquesas Keys Sunset Key Wisteria Island Key West ( MM 0 - 4 ) Fleming Key Sigsbee Park ( off to the north at MM 23⁄4 ) Stock Island ( MM 5 ) Raccoon Key ( off to the north at MM 51⁄4 ) Boca Chica Key ( MM 7 - 8 ) Rockland Key ( MM 9 ) East Rockland Key ( MM 91⁄2 ) Big Coppitt Key ( MM 10 ) Geiger Key ( off to the south at MM 103⁄4 ) Shark Key ( off to the north at MM 111⁄4 ) Saddlebunch Keys ( MM 12 - 16 ) Lower Sugarloaf Key ( MM 17 ) Park Key ( MM 18 ) Sugarloaf Key ( MM 19 - 20 ) Cudjoe Key ( MM 21 - 23 ) Knockemdown Key Summerland Key ( MM 24 - 25 ) Ramrod Key ( MM 27 ) Middle Torch Key , Big Torch Key ( off to the north at MM 273⁄4 ) Map of the Florida Keys , from Key West to the Ragged Keys in Biscayne National Park , showing boundaries of National Marine Sanctuaries ( overlaps map above from Key West to Little Torch Key ) Little Torch Key ( MM 281⁄2 ) Big Pine Key ( MM 30 - 32 ) No Name Key Scout Key ( MM 34 - 35 ) , formerly known as West Summerland Key Bahia Honda Key ( MM 37 - 38 ) Ohio Key ( MM 383⁄4 ) , also known as Sunshine Key Missouri Key ( MM 391⁄4 ) Little Duck Key ( MM 393⁄4 ) The Seven Mile Bridge ( MM 40 - 463⁄4 ) separates the Lower Keys from the Middle Keys . Pigeon Key ( off to the north near MM 45 ; access is at MM 463⁄4 ) Knights Key ( MM 47 ) Vaca Key ( MM 48 - 53 ) Boot Key ( off to the south at MM 48 ; bridge closed ) Fat Deer Key ( MM 531⁄4 - 55 ) Shelter Key ( off to the south at MM 533⁄4 ) Long Point Key ( MM 56 ) Crawl Key ( MM 561⁄2 ) Grassy Key ( MM 58 - 60 ) ( Knights , Vaca , Boot , Long Point , Crawl , and Grassy Keys , as well as most of Fat Deer Key , are incorporated in the city of Marathon . The remaining portion of Fat Deer Key and most of Shelter Key are part of Key Colony Beach . ) Duck Key ( MM 61 ) Conch Key ( MM 62 - 63 ) The Long Key Bridge ( MM 631⁄4 - 651⁄4 ) separates the Middle Keys from the Upper Keys . Long Key ( MM 66 - 70 ) , formerly known as Rattlesnake Key Fiesta Key ( off to the north at MM 70 ) Craig Key ( MM 72 ) Lower Matecumbe Key ( MM 74 - 77 ) Lignumvitae Key Indian Key Indian Key Fill ( MM 79 ) Tea Table ( MM 791⁄2 ) Upper Matecumbe Key ( MM 80 - 83 ) Windley Key ( MM 85 ) Plantation Key ( MM 86 - 90 ) ( Lower Matecumbe through Plantation Keys are incorporated as Islamorada , Village of Islands . The `` towns '' of Key Largo , North Key Largo and Tavernier , all on the island of Key Largo , are not incorporated . ) Key Largo ( MM 91 - 107 ) Cross Key ( MM 109 - 112 ) All keys north of Broad Creek are in Biscayne National Park and Miami - Dade County . The following are `` true '' Florida Keys ( exposed ancient coral reefs ) : Old Rhodes Key Totten Key Reid Key Rubicon Keys Adams Key Elliott Key The following are `` transitional keys '' , made of exposed ancient reef surrounded by sand . Sands Key Boca Chita Key Ragged Keys Soldier Key Key Biscayne is not one of the Florida Keys , but the first of the Atlantic barrier islands . Transportation ( edit ) The Seven Mile Bridge is part of the Overseas Highway . The main chain of Keys islands can be traveled by motor vehicles on the Overseas Highway , a 127 - mile ( 204 km ) section of U.S. 1 , which runs from Key West to Fort Kent , Maine in its entirety . The highway was built parallel to the original route of the Overseas Railway , which was not rebuilt following the Labor Day hurricane of 1935 . Even before the hurricane , road sections and highway bridges allowed automobile traffic to travel from Miami to Lower Matecumbe Key , where a car ferry connected with another roadway section through the Lower Keys . Following the hurricane , some of the original railway bridges were converted to carry the highway roadbeds . These bridges were used until the 1980s , when new highway bridges were built alongside . Many of the original railroad and highway bridges remain today as pedestrian fishing piers . Public transportation ( edit ) The Florida Keys has public bus transportation . Road hazards ( edit ) Despite this reconstruction , U.S. 1 was not widened on a large scale , and today most of the route consists of just two lanes . Due to their tropical climate , the Florida Keys attract several hundred thousand tourists annually . While some visitors arrive via Key West International Airport and Florida Keys Marathon Airport in Marathon , cruise ship or ferry from Miami , Fort Myers , or Marco Island , Florida , the vast majority of tourists drive down from the mainland on U.S. 1 . This influx of traffic , coupled with the two - lane nature of U.S. 1 through most of its length in the Keys , and the fact that no alternative road routes are available mean that Monroe County has the highest per capita rate of fatal automobile accidents in the state of Florida . Culture and recreation ( edit ) Fishing in the Florida Keys The major industries are fishing and tourism , including ecotourism , with many visitors scuba diving in the area 's protected waters . A new ferry now takes riders between Key West and Fort Myers , due north on the mainland , along the western edge of Florida Bay . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Key West were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from January 1871 to February 1958 , and at Key West Int'l since March 1958 . For more information , see ThreadEx . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Journal of Antonio de Herrera quoted in Goodwin - Nguyen , S ( 2008 ) Key West : A Comprehensive Guide to Florida 's Southernmost City , Channel Lake , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` about '' . overseasrailroad.railfan.net . Jump up ^ The Conch Republic Archived 2012 - 11 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. National Park Service Link recovered from Internet Archive December 23 , 2010 Blank , Joan Gill. 1996 . Key Biscayne . Sarasota , Florida : Pineapple Press , Inc . ISBN 1 - 56164 - 096 - 4 . P. 150 . Jump up ^ Keys , KeysTV and The Conch Republic Group in the Florida . `` Florida Keys Information and Florida Keys Info Online Videos for Florida Keys Travel Guide and Vacation Guides '' . www.keystv.com . Jump up ^ Florida NOAA 's Coral Reef Information System Accessed December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Köppen Climate Classification Map on John Abbott College . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : FL KEY WEST INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for KEY WEST / INTL , FL 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Average Weather for Key West , FL - Temperature and Precipitation '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Government Printing Office '' . `` United States Government '' . June 27 , 2000 . pp. 39276 -- 39578 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yan , Holly ; Park , Madison . `` 25 % of Florida Keys houses destroyed as 15 million Floridians have no power '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. `` Florida Keys : Level of destruction uncertain , but it 's not looking good '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Achenbach , Joel ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Hurricane Irma 's impact , from the air : Florida Keys battered but spared the worst in near miss '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/12/damage-heavy-key-west-but-booze-still-flows/659868001/ Jump up ^ Luscombe , Richard ; Pilkington , Ed ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Florida Keys facing potential ' humanitarian crisis ' in Irma aftermath '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ FDOT straight line diagrams Archived March 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , accessed April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Code of ordinances , City of Marathon , Florida '' . Jump up ^ Tourism Development Council information Accessed September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Monroe County Tourist Development Council Survey Accessed September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Florida Highway Patrol 2006 accident statistics Accessed September 27 , 2007 . Other references ( edit ) Jeff , Ripple ( 1995 ) . The Florida Keys : the Natural Wonders of an Island Paradise , Photographs by Bill Keogh , Stillwater , Minnesota : Voyageur Press . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 262 - 0 . Jason Project The Story of Water Movement and Land Formation -- accessed January 28 , 2006 . About the Florida Keys Florida Keys Fish External links ( edit ) Florida portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florida Keys . Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Florida Keys . A Gazetteer of the Florida Keys Florida Keys travel guide from Wikivoyage City of Key West City of Marathon History of the Conch Republic National Park Service : Dry Tortugas NOAA Marine Sanctuary Florida Keys Watershed - Florida DEP Media ( edit ) Key West Citizen Florida Keys Biscayne National Park Soldier Ragged Boca Chita Sands Elliott Adams Caesar 's Rock Meig 's Rubicon Reid Porgy Totten Old Rhodes Islandia Upper keys Key Largo Island CDP North Tavernier Plantation Island former CDP Windley Upper Matecumbe Tea Table Indian Lignumvitae Lower Matecumbe Islamorada Middle keys Craig Fiesta Long Layton Conch Little Duck Key Island CDP Grassy Crawl Little Long Point Fat Deer Vaca Marathon Key Colony Beach Boot Knights Lower keys Pigeon Money Little Duck Missouri Ohio Sunshine Bahia Honda Spanish Harbor Scout ( West Summerland ) No Name Big Pine Torch Little Middle Big Ramrod Summerland Knockemdown Cudjoe Sugarloaf Park Lower Sugarloaf Saddlebunch Shark Geiger Big Coppitt Island CDP East Rockland Rockland Boca Chica Raccoon Stock Island Island CDP Key West Island City Sigsbee Fleming Sunset Wisteria Outlying islands Mule Keys Mule Crawfish Archer Joe Ingram Big Mullet Barracouta Cottrell Man Little Mullet Ballast Woman Boca Grande Marquesas Keys Dry Tortugas Loggerhead Key Tortugas Banks ( submerged ) Areas Florida Bay Dry Tortugas National Park Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary National Key Deer Refuge John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park Biscayne Bay Biscayne National Park Key West National Wildlife Refuge Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge Florida Reef Other topics Monroe County Conch Republic Overseas Highway Overseas Railroad Card Sound Bridge Jewfish Creek Bridge Seven Mile Bridge Bahia Honda Rail Bridge Fort Jefferson Theater of the Sea 1935 Labor Day hurricane Hurricane Wilma Hurricane Irma Key Deer Key lime pie Florida Keys Keynoter Key West Citizen Coordinates : 24 ° 40 ′ 01 '' N 81 ° 32 ′ 39 '' W / 24.66694 ° N 81.54417 ° W / 24.66694 ; - 81.54417 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida_Keys&oldid=800997785 '' Categories : Florida Keys Outstanding Florida Waters Regions of Florida South Florida Islands of Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 01 : 44 . 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6343272863954791919	Omnivore	Omnivore - wikipedia Omnivore Jump to : navigation , search Examples of omnivores . From left to right : Humans , dogs , pigs , walking catfish , American crow , gravel ant . Omnivore / ˈɒmnivɔːr / is a consumption classification for animals that have the capability to obtain chemical energy and nutrients from materials originating from plant and animal origin . Often , omnivores also have the ability to incorporate food sources such as algae , fungi , and bacteria into their diet as well . Omnivores come from diverse backgrounds that often independently evolved sophisticated consumption capabilities . For instance , dogs evolved from primarily carnivorous organisms ( Carnivora ) while pigs evolved from primarily herbivorous organisms ( Artiodactyla ) . What this means is that physical characteristics are often not reliable indicators of whether an animal has the ability to obtain energy and nutrients from both plant and animal matter . Owing to the wide range of entirely unrelated organisms independently evolving the capability to obtain energy and nutrients from both plant and animal materials , no generalizations about the anatomical features of all omnivores can realistically be made . The variety of different animals that are classified as omnivores can be placed into further categories depending on their feeding behaviors . Frugivores include maned wolves and orangutans ; insectivores include swallows and pink fairy armadillos ; granivores include large ground finches and humans . ( This is due to the average human diet mainly consisting of grains , with rice , maize and wheat comprising two - thirds of human food consumption ) . All of these animals are omnivores , yet still fall into special niches in terms of feeding behavior and preferred foods . Being omnivores gives these animals more food security in stressful times or makes possible living in less consistent environments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and definitions 1.1 Classification , contradictions and difficulties 2 Omnivorous species 2.1 General 2.2 Omnivorous mammals 2.3 Other species 3 See also 4 References Etymology and definitions ( edit ) The word omnivore derives from the Latin omnis ( all ) , and vora , from vorare , ( to eat or devour ) , having been coined by the French and later adopted by the English in the 1800s . Traditionally the definition for omnivory was entirely behavioral by means of simply `` including both animal and vegetable tissue in the diet . '' In more recent times , with the advent of advanced technological capabilities in fields like gastroenterology , biologists have formulated a standardized variation of omnivore used for labeling a species ' actual ability to obtain energy and nutrients from materials . This has subsequently conditioned two context specific definitions . Behavioral : This definition is used to specify if a species or individual is actively consuming both plant and animal materials . ( e.g. `` vegans do not participate in the omnivore based diet . '' ) Physiological : This definition is often used in academia to specify species that have the capability to obtain energy and nutrients from both plant and animal matter . ( e.g. `` humans are omnivores due to their capability to obtain energy and nutrients from both plant and animal materials . '' ) The taxonomic utility of omnivore 's traditional and behavioral definition is limited , since the diet , behavior , and phylogeny of one omnivorous species might be very different from that of another : for instance , an omnivorous pig digging for roots and scavenging for fruit and carrion is taxonomically and ecologically quite distinct from an omnivorous chameleon that eats leaves and insects . The term `` omnivory '' is also not always comprehensive because it does not deal with mineral foods such as salt licks and the consumption of plant and animal material for medical purposes which would not otherwise be consumed ( i.e. zoopharmacognosy ) within non-omnivores . Classification , contradictions and difficulties ( edit ) Though Carnivora is a taxon for species classification , no such equivalent exists for omnivores , as omnivores are widespread across multiple taxonomic clades . The Carnivora order does not include all carnivorous species , and not all species within the Carnivora taxon are carnivorous . It is common to find physiological carnivores consuming materials from plants or physiological herbivores consuming material from animals , e.g. felines eating grass and deer eating birds . From a behavioral aspect , this would make them omnivores , but from the physiological standpoint , this may be due to zoopharmacognosy . Physiologically , animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous . Thus , such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification . For instance , it is well documented that animals such as giraffes , camels , and cattle will gnaw on bones , preferably dry bones , for particular minerals and nutrients . Felines , which are usually regarded as obligate carnivores , occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestibles ( e.g. hair , bones ) , aid with hemoglobin production , and as a laxative . Occasionally , it is found that animals historically classified as carnivorous may deliberately eat plant material . For example , in 2013 , it was considered that American alligators ( Alligator mississippiensis ) may be physiologically omnivorous once investigations had been conducted on why they occasionally eat fruits . It was suggested that alligators probably ate fruits both accidentally but also deliberately . `` Life - history omnivores '' is a specialized classification given to organisms that change their eating habits during their life cycle . Some species , such as grazing waterfowl like geese , are known to eat mainly animal tissue at one stage of their lives , but plant matter at another . The same is true for many insects , such as beetles in the family Meloidae , which begin by eating animal tissue as larvae , but change to eating plant matter after they mature . Likewise , many mosquito species in early life eat plants or assorted detritus , but as they mature , males continue to eat plant matter and nectar whereas the females ( such as those of Anopheles , Aedes and Culex ) also eat blood to reproduce effectively . Omnivorous species ( edit ) General ( edit ) Although cases exist of carnivores eating plant matter and herbivores eating meat , the classification `` omnivore '' refers to the adaptations and main food source of the species in general , so these exceptions do not make either individual animals or the species as a whole omnivorous . For the concept of `` omnivore '' to be regarded as a scientific classification , some clear set of measurable and relevant criteria would need to be considered to differentiate between an `` omnivore '' and other categories , e.g. faunivore , folivore , and scavenger . Some researchers argue that evolution of any species from herbivory to carnivory or carnivory to herbivory would be rare except via an intermediate stage of omnivory . Omnivorous mammals ( edit ) Various mammals are omnivorous in the wild , such as species of pigs , badgers , bears , coatis , civets , hedgehogs , opossums , skunks , sloths , squirrels , raccoons , chipmunks , mice , and rats . Hominidae , including humans and chimpanzees , are also omnivores . Most bear species are omnivores Most bear species are omnivores , but individual diets can range from almost exclusively herbivorous to almost exclusively carnivorous , depending on what food sources are available locally and seasonally . Polar bears are classified as carnivores , both taxonomically ( they are in the order Carnivora ) , and behaviorally ( they subsist on a largely carnivorous diet ) . Depending on the species of bear , there is generally a preference for one class of food , as plants and animals are digested differently . Wolf subspecies ( including wolves , dogs , dingoes , and coyotes ) have a general preference and are evolutionarily geared towards meat , but also will voluntarily eat plant material like fruits , vegetables , and grasses , and can live on such indefinitely . Also , the maned wolf is a canid whose diet is naturally 50 % plant matter . While most mammals may display `` omnivorous '' behavior patterns depending on conditions of supply , culture , season and so on , they will generally prefer a particular class of food , to which their digestive processes are adapted . Like most arboreal species , most squirrels are primarily granivores , subsisting on nuts and seeds . But like virtually all mammals , squirrels avidly consume some animal food when it becomes available . For example , the American eastern gray squirrel has been introduced by humans to parts of Britain , continental Europe and South Africa . Where it flourishes , its effect on populations of nesting birds is often serious , largely because of consumption of eggs and nestlings . Other species ( edit ) Various birds are omnivorous , with diets varying from berries and nectar to insects , worms , fish , and small rodents . Examples include cassowaries , chickens , crows and related corvids , keas , rallidae , and rheas . In addition , some lizards , turtles , fish ( such as piranhas and catfish ) , and invertebrates are also omnivorous . Quite often , mainly herbivorous creatures will eagerly eat small quantities of animal food when it becomes available . Although this is trivial most of the time , omnivorous or herbivorous birds , such as sparrows , often will feed their chicks insects while food is most needed for growth . On close inspection it appears that nectar - feeding birds such as sunbirds rely on the ants and other insects that they find in flowers , not for a richer supply of protein , but for essential nutrients such as cyanocobalamin that are absent from nectar . Similarly , monkeys of many species eat maggoty fruit , sometimes in clear preference to sound fruit . When to refer to such animals as omnivorous , or otherwise , is a question of context and emphasis , rather than of definition . See also ( edit ) Consumer - resource systems Evolution ( biology ) Food chain Food energy Ingestion Mesocarnivore Productivity ( ecology ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beasley , DeAnna ; Koltz , Amanda ; Lambert , Joanna ; Fierer , Noah ; Dunn , Rob ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` The Evolution of Stomach Acidity and Its Relevance to the Human Microbiome '' . PLOS ONE . pp. e0134116 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0134116 . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Dewey , T. & Bhagat , S. ( 2002 ) . `` Canis lupus familiaris '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Alina ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Reference : Omnivores : Facts About Flexible Eaters '' . Livescience . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omnivore '' . National Geographic Education . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McArdle , John . `` Humans are Omnivores '' . Vegetarian Resource Group . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why Your Dog 's Pedigree Goes Back 40 Million Years '' . About.com Education . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Evolutionary History of Pigs -- Domesticating Wilbur '' . blogs.lt.vt.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Order Cetartiodactyla - Even - toed ungulates ( and whales ) '' . www.ultimateungulate.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` omnivore biology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Motta - Junior , J.C. ; Talamoni , S.A. ; Lombardi , J.A. ; Simokomaki , K. ( 1996 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Diet of the maned wolf , Chrysocyon brachyurus , in central Brazil '' . Journal of Zoology. 240 ( 2 ) : 277 -- 284 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1996. tb05284. x . ISSN 1469 - 7998 . Jump up ^ Galdikas , Biruté M.F. ( 1988 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Orangutan diet , range , and activity at Tanjung Puting , Central Borneo '' . International Journal of Primatology. 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 35 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02740195 . ISSN 0164 - 0291 . Jump up ^ McCarty , John P. ; Winkler , David W. ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Foraging Ecology and Diet Selectivity of Tree Swallows Feeding Nestlings '' . The Condor. 101 ( 2 ) : 246 -- 254 . doi : 10.2307 / 1369987 . JSTOR 1369987 . Jump up ^ Superina , Mariella ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Husbandry of a pink fairy armadillo ( Chlamyphorus truncatus ) : case study of a cryptic and little known species in captivity '' . Zoo Biology . 30 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 231 . doi : 10.1002 / zoo. 20334 . ISSN 1098 - 2361 . Jump up ^ `` Dimensions of need - Contents '' . www.fao.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` For Most Of Human History , Being An Omnivore Was No Dilemma '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` omnivore : definition of omnivore in Oxford dictionary ( American English ) ( US ) '' . www.oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Collocott , T.C. ( ed . ) ( 1974 ) . Chambers Dictionary of science and technology . Edinburgh : W. and R. Chambers . ISBN 0 - 550 - 13202 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Omnivore - Biology - Online Dictionary '' . www.biology-online.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` omnivore - definition of omnivore in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . www.oxforddictionaries.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of OMNIVORE '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` omnivore Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary '' . dictionary.cambridge.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Clarys , Peter ; Deliens , Tom ; Huybrechts , Inge ; Deriemaeker , Peter ; Vanaelst , Barbara ; De Keyzer , Willem ; Hebbelinck , Marcel ; Mullie , Patrick ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan , Vegetarian , Semi-Vegetarian , Pesco - Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet '' . Nutrients. 6 ( 3 ) : 1318 -- 1332 . doi : 10.3390 / nu6031318 . ISSN 2072 - 6643 . PMC 3967195 . PMID 24667136 . Jump up ^ `` Animals : Carnivore , Herbivore or Omnivore ? '' . science made simple . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Reece , Jane ( November 10 , 2013 ) . Campbell Biology ( 10th Edition ) . Boston : Pearson . pp. Chapter 55 . ISBN 978 - 0321775658 . Jump up ^ Ewer , R.F. ( 1973 ) . The Carnivores . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 99564 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Why Dogs Eat Grass ~ Dr. Richard Orzeck '' . www.worldsvet.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` White - tailed deer shown to raid nests , eat eggs and baby birds , USGS reports '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hutson , Jarod M. ; Burke , Chrissina C. ; Haynes , Gary ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Osteophagia and bone modifications by giraffe and other large ungulates '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 40 ( 12 ) : 4139 -- 4149 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2013.06. 004 . Jump up ^ petMD . `` Why do cats eat grass ? '' . petMD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Platt , S.G. ; Elsey , R.M. ; Liu , H. ; Rainwater , T.R. ; Nifong , J.C. ; Rosenblatt , A.E. ; Heithaus , M.R. ; Mazzotti , F.J. ( 2013 ) . `` Frugivory and seed dispersal by crocodilians : an overlooked form of saurochory ? '' . Journal of Zoology. 291 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 99 . doi : 10.1111 / jzo. 12052 . ISSN 1469 - 7998 . Jump up ^ `` Omnivore '' . www.eoearth.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Gordon Lindsay ( 1993 ) . Roberts ' Birds of Southern Africa . Publisher : New Holland . ISBN 978 - 0620175838 . Jump up ^ Skaife , S.H. ( 1953 ) . African Insect Life . Pub . Longmans , Green & Co. , London . Jump up ^ `` Anopheles Male Vs. Female '' . animals.mom.me . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michael S. ; Bernays , Elizabeth A. ( 2003 ) . `` Understanding Omnivory Needs : A Behavioral Perspective '' . Ecology. 84 ( 10 ) : 2532 -- 2537 . doi : 10.1890 / 02 - 0397 . Jump up ^ `` Omnivores ' ancestors primarily ate plants , or animals , but not both '' . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Brent Huffman . `` Family Suidae ( Pigs ) '' . UltimateUngulate.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Squirrels '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Chipmunk '' . Wonder Club . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Mouse '' . United States Fauna . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Rat '' . Science Daily . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Robert E.C. Wildman , Denis M. Medeiros ( 2000 ) . Advanced Human Nutrition . CRC Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0849385660 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Robert Mari Womack ( 2010 ) . The Anthropology of Health and Healing . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 243 . ISBN 0759110441 . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Food and Diet '' . bearsmart.com . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Wolves '' . Wolf Park . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Halle , S. & Stenseth , N. ( 2000 ) . Activity patterns in small mammals : an ecological approach . Berlin ; Heidelberg , Germany ; New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Annex : Towards a Forestry Commission England Grey Squirrel Policy ( PDF ) , UK : Forestry Commission , 22 Jan 2006 , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Moller , H. ( 1983 ) . `` Food and foraging behaviour of red ( Scirus vulgaris ) and grey ( Scirus carolinensis ) squirrels '' . Mammal Review 13 : 81 - 98 . Jump up ^ Seattle Audubon Society . `` Family Corvidae ( Crows / Ravens ) '' . BirdWeb.org . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Capinera , John ( 2010 ) . Insects and Wildlife . Publisher : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3300 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Jack ( 2005 ) . Monkeys Are Made of Chocolate . Publisher : Pixyjack Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9658098 - 1 - 8 . Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	an animal that eat both plants and animals	[ "Omnivore /ˈɒmnivɔːr/ is a consumption classification for animals that have the capability to obtain chemical energy and nutrients from materials originating from plant and animal origin. Often, omnivores also have the ability to incorporate food sources such as algae, fungi, and bacteria into their diet as well.[3][4][5]" ]	[ "Omnivore" ]
-3532927266568332745	Christopher Robin (film)	Christopher Robin ( film ) - wikipedia Christopher Robin ( film ) This article is about the 2018 film . For the 2017 film starring Domhnall Gleeson , see Goodbye Christopher Robin . Christopher Robin Theatrical release poster Directed by Marc Forster Produced by Brigham Taylor Kristin Burr Screenplay by Alex Ross Perry Tom McCarthy Allison Schroeder Story by Greg Brooker Mark Steven Johnson Based on Characters from : Disney 's Winnie the Pooh Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne E.H. Shepard Starring Ewan McGregor Hayley Atwell Jim Cummings Brad Garrett Music by Geoff Zanelli Jon Brion Cinematography Matthias Koenigswieser Edited by Matt Chessé Production company Walt Disney Pictures 2DUX2 Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) ( Burbank ) August 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70 - $75 million Box office $115.6 million Christopher Robin is a 2018 American fantasy comedy - drama film directed by Marc Forster and written by Alex Ross Perry , Tom McCarthy and Allison Schroeder , from a story by Greg Brooker and Mark Steven Johnson . The film is inspired by A.A. Milne and E.H. Shepard 's book Winnie - the - Pooh and is a live - action / CGI extension of the Disney franchise of the same name . The film stars Ewan McGregor as the titular character alongside Hayley Atwell , as well as the voices of Jim Cummings and Brad Garrett . The plot follows Christopher Robin as he has grown up and lost his sense of imagination , only to be reunited with his old stuffed bear friend , Winnie - the - Pooh . Plans of a live - action Winnie the Pooh adaptation were announced in April 2015 , and Forster was confirmed as director in November 2016 . McGregor signed on as Christopher Robin in April 2017 and principal photography began in August of that year in the United Kingdom , lasting until November . Christopher Robin had its premiere in Burbank , California on July 30 , 2018 . Released in the United States on August 3 , 2018 , by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , the film has grossed over $115 million worldwide and received mostly positive reviews from critics . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.5 Visual effects 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Christopher Robin is leaving for boarding school , so his friends from the Hundred Acre Wood -- Winnie the Pooh , Tigger , Piglet , Eeyore , Kanga , Roo , Owl , and Rabbit -- throw a goodbye party . Christopher comforts Pooh and tells him that he will never forget him . Christopher goes to boarding school , after which he grows up , meets and marries architect Evelyn , with whom he has daughter Madeline . He serves in the British Army during World War II . After the war , he works as an efficiency expert at Winslow Luggages . He neglects his family due to his demanding job and plans on sending Madeline to boarding school . With the company hitting hard times , Giles Winslow Jr. tells Christopher to decrease expenditures by 20 % , largely by choosing which employees to lay off , and to present his plan on Monday . This causes Christopher to reluctantly miss joining his family at their countryside cottage in Sussex for a summer - ending weekend . When Pooh awakens and is unable to find his friends , he decides to travel through Christopher 's door and finds himself in London . He reunites with Christopher , who is shocked to see Pooh , but takes him back to his London home . After a night and morning of chaos ( including Pooh knocking down all of his kitchen shelves in search of honey ) , Christopher escorts the bear back to Sussex on the next train . After sneaking past Christopher 's cottage , the two enter the Hundred Acre Wood . Christopher becomes exasperated by Pooh 's absent - mindedness and fear of Heffalumps and Woozles . Christopher angrily tells Pooh that he is not a child anymore , before the two get separated in the fog . Christopher discovers Eeyore and Piglet , who lead him to the others , hiding in a log out of fear of a Heffalump . Unable to persuade his friends that he is truly Christopher Robin , he pretends to defeat a Heffalump to convince them . Finally believing that it is Christopher Robin , they joyfully greet him . When they reunite with Pooh at their meeting spot , Christopher apologizes for getting upset earlier . Christopher tells Pooh how lost he feels , but Pooh reminds him that they have found each other and comforts him with a hug . The next morning , Christopher , realising how late he is , rushes from the Hundred Acre Wood to make his presentation . He encounters his family and , unable to tell them about his old friends in the Hundred Acre Wood , leaves . Pooh realizes that Tigger removed Christopher 's paperwork when drying his briefcase , so Pooh , Tigger , Piglet and Eeyore decide to travel to London to give it back . They meet Madeline , who recognizes them from her father 's drawings . She joins them , wanting to dissuade her father about boarding school ; Evelyn follows after discovering a note Madeline left . At the meeting , Christopher discovers that his briefcase contains items from the woods that Tigger left for him . Evelyn arrives and Christopher joins her to search London for Madeline . Madeline 's group stow away in Winslow company crates , but Tigger , Eeyore and Piglet are accidentally thrown out , and they encounter Christopher and Evelyn in the process . Madeline and Pooh arrive near the Winslow building and reunite with Christopher 's group , but Madeline accidentally trips on the stairs and loses all but one of the papers , upsetting her and Pooh . Christopher assures Madeline of her importance to him and that he will not send her to boarding school . Christopher improvises a plan involving reducing the prices of luggage , giving employees paid leave , and selling their luggage to everyday people to increase demand . Winslow Jr. , who instead proposed firing some of the staff , dismisses the idea ; Winslow Sr. warms to it and agrees to the plan . Winslow Jr. is humiliated as Christopher points out that he contributed nothing to the plan , having been golfing all weekend . Christopher finally takes his family into the Hundred Acre Wood to meet the rest of his friends . In a mid-credits scene , the employees of Winslow 's are seen having fun at the beach while Richard M. Sherman performs `` Busy Doing Nothing '' on a piano . Pooh , Piglet , Eeyore and Tigger are relaxing on beach chairs with Eeyore saying `` Thank you for noticing me '' . Cast ( edit ) Ewan McGregor as Christopher Robin , a businessman working as a efficiency expert at Winslow Luggages who was once an imaginative boy . Orton O'Brien as young Christopher Robin Hayley Atwell as Evelyn Robin , Christopher 's wife who works as an architect . Bronte Carmichael as Madeline Robin , Christopher 's daughter . Elsa Minell Solak portrays a 3 - year old Madeline Mark Gatiss as Giles Winslow Jr. , Christopher 's boss at Winslow Luggages . Oliver Ford Davies as Old Man Winslow , the father of Giles Winslow Jr . Ronke Adekoluejo as Katherine Dane Adrian Scarborough as Hal Gallsworthy Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Ralph Butterworth Ken Nwosu as Paul Hastings John Dagleish as Matthew Leadbetter Amanda Lawrence as Joan MacMillan Katy Carmichael as Christopher Robin 's Mother Tristan Sturrock as Christopher Robin 's Father Paul Chahidi as Cecil Hungerford Matt Berry as Policeman Bobby Simon Farnaby as Taxi Driver Mackenzie Crook as Newspaper Seller Voices ( edit ) Jim Cummings as Winnie the Pooh , a honey - loving plush toy bear who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood . Tigger , a toy tiger who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood who loves to bounce on his tail like a spring . Brad Garrett as Eeyore , a toy donkey in the Hundred Acre Wood who always loses his tail and talks with a deep depressing voice and tone . Nick Mohammed as Piglet , a diminutive toy pig in the Hundred Acre Wood who is afraid of everything but has a big heart . Peter Capaldi as Rabbit , a rabbit who is a neat freak and a vegetable farmer in the Hundred Acre Wood . Sophie Okonedo as Kanga , a toy kangaroo in the Hundred Acre Wood who is the mother of Roo . Sara Sheen as Roo , a toy joey in the Hundred Acre Wood who is the child of Kanga . Toby Jones as Owl , the wise owl of the Hundred Acre Wood . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On April 2 , 2015 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action adaptation based on the characters from the Winnie the Pooh franchise was in development which would take a similar pattern to 2010 's Alice in Wonderland , 2014 's Maleficent , and 2015 's Cinderella . Alex Ross Perry was hired to write the script and Brigham Taylor hired to produce the film , about an adult Christopher Robin returning to the Hundred Acre Wood to spend time with Pooh and the gang . On November 18 , 2016 , it was reported that the studio had hired Marc Forster to direct the film , titled Christopher Robin , and the project would have `` strong elements of magical realism as it seeks to tell an emotional journey with heartwarming adventure . '' On March 1 , 2017 , Tom McCarthy was hired to rewrite the existing screenplay . Casting ( edit ) On April 26 , 2017 , Ewan McGregor was announced to play the title character while Allison Schroeder was recruited to do additional work on the script . On June 22 , 2017 , it was revealed that Gemma Arterton had been in negotiations to portray the wife of the title character but , ultimately , she passed on the role . In August and September 2017 , Hayley Atwell and Mark Gatiss were cast as Evelyn , Christopher Robin 's wife and Giles Winslow , Christopher Robin 's boss , while Brad Garrett and Nick Mohammed were cast as Eeyore and Piglet with Jim Cummings reprising his roles as both Winnie the Pooh and Tigger . In January 2018 , Peter Capaldi , Sophie Okonedo and Toby Jones were cast as Rabbit , Kanga and Owl respectively . Chris O'Dowd was originally announced as the voice of Tigger , but later stepped down from the role after audiences in test screenings reacted negatively towards how he voiced the character and was replaced by Cummings . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began in early August 2017 , in the United Kingdom , and concluded on November 4 , 2017 . Much of the filming of the Hundred Acre Wood scenes took place at Ashdown Forest , which was the original inspiration for the setting , as well as Windsor Great Park . Music ( edit ) Jóhann Jóhannsson was hired to score the film , shortly before his death on February 9 , 2018 . The film is dedicated to his memory . Klaus Badelt was announced as taking over composing duties for Jóhannsson , but the score was ultimately written by Geoff Zanelli and Jon Brion . At an Academy event , songwriter and Disney Legend Richard Sherman revealed that the film would feature the iconic `` Winnie the Pooh '' theme , and that he was working on three new songs for the film , titled `` Goodbye Farewell '' , `` Busy Doing Nothing '' and `` Christopher Robin '' , with the first one being performed by the voice cast , and the last two by Sherman . `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' and `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' are also included in the film . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects studios Framestore and Method Studios , are leading the animation for the Hundred Acre Wood characters , with Overall Vfx Supervisor Chris Lawrence and Animation Supervisor Michael Eames leading the teams . Release ( edit ) Christopher Robin premiered in Burbank , California on July 30 , 2018 , and was released on August 3 , 2018 by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film was denied release in China , as some have speculated it was due to Chinese netizens have drawn comparisons between Winnie the Pooh and Chinese leader Xi Jinping since mid 2017 . Other industry insider speculates it was likely due to other reasons such as the film 's size and the presence of other Hollywood films in the market . Marketing ( edit ) The first teaser poster of the film was released on March 5 , 2018 , and the first teaser trailer was unveiled the following day . On May 24 , 2018 , it was announced that the full trailer would premiere the following day during McGregor 's appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of August 28 , 2018 , Christopher Robin has grossed $79.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $36.4 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $115.6 million . In the United States and Canada , Christopher Robin was released alongside The Spy Who Dumped Me , The Darkest Minds , and Death of a Nation : Can We Save America a Second Time ? . The film made $9.5 million on its first day , including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $24.6 million , finishing second at the box office behind holdover Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . The film fell 47 % to $13 million in its second weekend , finishing third behind The Meg and Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend , the film declined 31 % to $8.9 million , finishing in sixth place . The movie retained its sixth place position during its fourth weekend and grossed $6.3 million , dropping 29 % . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 191 reviews , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Christopher Robin may not equal A.A. Milne 's stories -- or their animated Disney adaptations -- but it should prove sweet enough for audiences seeking a little childhood magic . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 4.5 out of 5 stars . Ben Kenigsberg of the New York Times reviewed the film this way : `` Once Christopher Robin softens its insufferable , needlessly cynical conception of the title character , it offers more or less what a Pooh reboot should : a lot of nostalgia , a bit of humor and tactile computer animation . '' And David Sims of The Atlantic wrote , `` It 's an odd , melancholic experience that at times recalls Terrence Malick as it does A.A. Milne , but there will certainly be some viewers in its exact wheelhouse . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and said , `` Pooh 's wisdom and kindness can not be denied . The same impulses worked for the two Paddington movies , God knows . Christopher Robin is n't quite in their league , but it 's affecting nonetheless . '' Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair gave the film a positive review and heavily praised the voice performance from Cummings , calling it `` Oscar - worthy '' . Overall , he said , `` As Winnie the Pooh ( and Tigger too ) , the veteran voice actor gives such sweet , rumpled , affable life to the wistful bear of literary renown that it routinely breaks the heart . Cummings 's performance understands something more keenly than the movie around it ; he taps into a vein of humor and melancholy that is pitched at an exact frequency , one that will speak to child and adult alike . His Pooh is an agreeable nuisance and an accidental philosopher , delivering nonsensical ( and yet entirely sensible ) adages in a friendly , deliberate murmur ringed faintly with sadness . I wanted to ( gently ) yank him from the screen and take him home with me , his fuzzy little paw in mine as we ambled to the subway , the summer sun fading behind us . He 's a good bear , this Pooh . '' Conversely , Alonso Duralde of TheWrap called the film `` slow and charmless '' and wrote , `` What we 're left with is a Hook - style mid-life crisis movie aimed at kids , designed to shame parents who spend too much time at the office and not enough with their families . '' Sarah Melton from Exclaim ! gave the film a rating of 5 / 10 , calling it a `` sickly sweet tale '' with a predictable ending . Helen O'Hara of Empire magazine gave the film a 2 out of 5 stars and said `` Everyone 's trying hard , but they ca n't quite live up to the particularly gentle , warm tone of Pooh himself . Unlike the bear of very little brain , this is a film pulled in different directions with entirely too many thoughts in its head '' . The performance of Ewan McGregor as Christopher Robin was particularly well received . David Fear of Rolling Stone said , `` He 's an actor who can roll with this movie 's punches , whether it requires him to be light on his feet or dragged down by existential despair , exhilarated by childlike play or exasperated by a house - wrecking creature who says things like , ' People say nothing is impossible , but I do nothing every day ' . '' Adam Forsgren for East Idaho News wrote , `` First and foremost is McGregor 's performance in the title role . The guy sells being the put - upon , overburdened office drone so well that it 's a treat to see him begin to rediscover his younger self and let himself play ... McGregor is the glue that holds this whole movie together . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time stated , `` But it 's doubtful the movie would work at all if not for McGregor : He turns Christopher 's anxiety into a haunting presence , the kind of storm cloud that we can all , now and then , feel hovering above us . Yet McGregor is also an actor capable of expressing unalloyed delight . And when , as Christopher Robin , he finally does , some of that delight rubs off on us too . '' Brian Lowry also noted in his review for CNN , `` Give much of the credit to McGregor in the thankless task of playing opposite his adorably furry co-stars , ably handling the comedy derived from the fact that he does n't dare let others see them . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Christopher Robin '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' Wins More Cuddles Than ' Christopher Robin ' With $35 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Cruises Past ' Christopher Robin ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Robin '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Christopher Robin '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios . May 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Robin Premiere , LA '' . Average Socialite . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Express Web Desk ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin review roundup : This Disney film receives mostly positive reviews '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The DisInsider ( @ TheDisInsider ) ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Orton O'Brien will play a young Christopher Robin . In Disney 's live action adaptation of Winnie The Pooh starring Ewan McGregor '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Brad Garrett to Voice Eeyore in Disney 's `` Christopher Robin '' Movie Starring Ewan McGregor `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin Official Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin trailer brings out Winnie the Pooh 's pals '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . As for the residents of Hundred Acre Wood , there 's Jim Cummings voicing Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Jump up ^ Rosseboom , Matt ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Journey back into the Hundred Acre Wood with ' Christopher Robin ' and voice - acting legend Jim Cummings '' . Attractions Magazine . Dream Together Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr. ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Sets Live - Action ' Winnie The Pooh ' Film ; Alex Ross Perry To Write '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Forster to Direct Live - Action Movie About Winnie the Pooh 's Pal , ' Christopher Robin ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spotlight 's ' Tom McCarthy to Re-Write Disney 's Live - Action ' Christopher Robin ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ewan McGregor Will Headline Disney 's Christopher Robin Movie '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Star in Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Gemma Arterton No Longer In Talks to Join ' Christopher Robin ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agent Carter ' Star Hayley Atwell Joins Ewan McGregor in Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Christopher Robin : Winnie the Pooh , Eeyore & More Possibly Cast '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Casts Piglet For Live - Action Christopher Robin Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C , Jake ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Chris O'Dowd Is No Longer Playing Tigger In Disney 's ' CHRISTOPHER ROBIN ' -- Here 's Why . ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Discussing Film . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mescobar , Aaron ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Chris O'Dowd Replaced As Tigger In ' Christopher Robin ' By Original Voice Actor Jim Cummings '' . We are Geeks of Color . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Christopher Robin starts filming in the UK '' . KFTV . Media Business Insight . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Callum ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Disney is shooting a film in Dover and you could be a paid extra '' . Kent Live . Local World . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forster , Marc ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` # thatsawrap on # christopherrobin Thank you to my outstanding cast and crew for truly one of the most amazing filmmaking experiences of my life '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Robin Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Johann Johannsson 's Death Leaves Friends Shocked , Questions Unanswered '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's Christopher Robin Trailer Arrives '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` Walt Disney 's favorite composers , the Sherman brothers , get a star - filled film academy salute '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Christopher Robin ' Trailer Reveals Extensive Look At Animation '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Moves To Dec. 2019 , Disney 's Christopher Robin Project Opens Next August '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' Wo n't Get China Release Amid Pooh Crackdown ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reuters Staff ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` China denies entry to Disney 's Winnie the Pooh film : source '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Crystal ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Casting and New Poster for Disney 's Christopher Robin Are Here '' . Oh My Disney . Disney . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin Official Teaser Trailer '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Disney ( @ Disney ) ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Sooner or later , the past catches up to you . Tune in to @ TheEllenShow tomorrow for the new trailer for Disney 's # ChristopherRobin '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Can Disney 's ' Christopher Robin ' Top ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' ? '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tom Cruise 's $34 M ' Mission ' Takes Out ' Christopher Robin ' -- Saturday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Box - office top 20 : ' Fallout ' cruises past Winnie - the - Pooh '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Meg ' Devours Competition , Debuting with a Monster $146.9 M Globally '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 19 , 2018 ) . `` Crazy Rich Asians Wins the Weekend with $25 Million Debut '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Crazy Rich Asians ' scores again '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Robin Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kenigsberg , Ben ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Review : In ' Christopher Robin , ' the Hundred Acre Wood Grows Up '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin Is as Deeply Weird as It Is Charming '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' review : Winnie the Pooh reminds a middle - age workaholic the joys of doing nothing '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` There 's an Oscar - Worthy Performance in Disney 's Christopher Robin '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Film Review : A.A. Milne 's Young Hero Has a Hundred - Acre Mid-Life Crisis '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Melton , Sarah ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Review : Stuffed Animals in Real World Lack Magic '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` Christopher Robin '' . Empire . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fear , David ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Review : Ewan McGregor , Meet a Bear Named Pooh '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Forsgren , Adam ( August 4 , 2018 ) . `` '' Christopher Robin '' nearly buries best qualities under blanket of nostalgia `` . East Idaho News . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' Is as Much a Movie For Adults as It Is For Kids '' . Time . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Christopher Robin ' serves up sweet take on Winnie the Pooh '' . CNN Entertainment . CNN . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Christopher Robin ( film ) Official website Christopher Robin on IMDb Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Winnie the Pooh ( Disney franchise ) Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Kanga Roo Heffalumps Gopher Soyuzmultfilm featurettes Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Disney featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Disney shorts Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Disney feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Disneytoon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action continuation Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards ) Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! The Brain of Pooh Disney franchise Hundred Acre Wood The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction More Songs from Pooh Corner Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Poohsticks Return to Pooh Corner The Tao of Pooh The Te of Piglet Eeyore 's Birthday Party Winnipeg the Bear A Bear Named Winnie Goodbye Christopher Robin The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Films directed by Marc Forster Everything Put Together ( 2000 ) Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) Stay ( 2005 ) Stranger than Fiction ( 2006 ) The Kite Runner ( 2007 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Machine Gun Preacher ( 2011 ) World War Z ( 2013 ) All I See Is You ( 2016 ) Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Robin_(film)&oldid=857139247 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s fantasy films American films American adventure drama films American children 's adventure films American children 's fantasy films American comedy - drama films American fantasy - comedy films Children 's comedy - drama films Disney film remakes Films about families Films about friendship Films based on adaptations Films based on children 's books Films based on multiple works Films directed by Marc Forster Films scored by Jon Brion Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in London Films set in England Films shot in East Sussex Films shot in Kent Films with live action and animation Magic realism films Midlife crisis films Screenplays by Mark Steven Johnson Winnie - the - Pooh films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the little girl in christopher robin	[ "Bronte Carmichael as Madeline Robin, Christopher's daughter.\nElsa Minell Solak portrays a 3-year old Madeline" ]	[ "Elsa Minell Solak" ]
-66525876197687567	Napa cabbage	Napa cabbage - wikipedia Napa cabbage `` Hakusai '' redirects here . For the Japanese artist , see Hokusai . `` Won bok '' redirects here . For the Korean cartoonist , see Rhie Won - bok . Napa cabbage Species Brassica rapa Cultivar group Pekinensis Group Origin China , before the 15th century Napa or nappa cabbage ( Brassica rapa subsp . pekinensis or Brassica rapa Pekinensis Group ) is a type of Chinese cabbage originating near the Beijing region of China , and is widely used in East Asian cuisine . Since the 20th century , it is also a widespread crop in Europe , the Americas and Australia . In much of the world , this is the vegetable referred to as `` Chinese cabbage '' . In Australia it is referred to as ' wombok ' . Contents 1 Names 2 Origin 3 Description 4 As a vegetable 5 Cultivation 5.1 Soil requirements 5.2 Climate requirements 5.3 Seedbed requirements & sowing 5.4 Fertilization , field management 5.5 Harvest , storage and yield 5.6 Breeding 6 Pests and diseases 6.1 Fungal diseases 6.2 Bacterial diseases 6.3 Virus diseases 6.4 Insect pests 6.5 Other pests and diseases 7 References Names ( edit ) Regional names Napa cabbages Chinese name Chinese 大白菜 Literal meaning big white vegetable Hanyu Pinyin dàbáicài Wade -- Giles ta - pai - ts'ai Cantonese name Traditional Chinese 紹菜 Yale Romanization siuh choi Jyutping siu coi Korean name Hangul 배추 Revised Romanization baechu McCune -- Reischauer paech'u Japanese name Kanji 白菜 Hiragana はくさい Revised Hepburn hakusai The word `` napa '' in the name napa cabbage comes from colloquial and regional Japanese , where nappa ( 菜っ葉 ) refers to the leaves of any vegetable , especially when used as food . The Japanese name for this specific variety of cabbage is hakusai ( 白菜 ) , a Sino - Japanese reading of the Chinese name báicài ( 白菜 ) , literally `` white vegetable '' . The Korean name for napa cabbage , baechu ( 배추 ) , is a nativized word from the Sino - Korean reading , baekchae , of the same Chinese character sets . Today in Mandarin Chinese , napa cabbage is known as dàbáicài ( 大白菜 ) , literally `` big white vegetable '' , as opposed to the `` small white vegetable '' that is known in English as bok choy . Outside of Asia , this vegetable is also referred to as Chinese cabbage . Regionally , it is also known as sui choy ( from the Cantonese name , 紹菜 ) , and celery cabbage . In the United Kingdom this vegetable is known as Chinese leaf , in New Zealand as wong bok or won bok , and in the Philippines as wombok or pechay baguio . The name wombok is also used in Australia . Another name used in English is petsai or pe - tsai . In Russia it 's called pekinskaya kapusta ( пекинская капуста ) , literally `` Peking cabbage '' . Origin ( edit ) The first notation of Napa cabbage cultivation date from the 15th Century in the Yangtze River region in China . Then it spread to Korea and Japan . Beginning in the 19th Century with the Chinese diaspora , it was distributed to the rest of Asia , Europe , America as well as Australia . During the 16th century cabbage was first introduced to America from Europe and supply of seed materials from Europe continued till World War I. After the blockade of European seed supply the US Government research institutes and people in the seeds business developed superior seed stocks for every vegetable crop . Oregon and California were the cabbage seed production areas during that time . Today it is cultivated and eaten throughout the world . Napa cabbage might have originated from natural hybridization between turnip ( Brassica rapa subsp . rapa ) and pak - choi ( Brassica rapa subsp . chinensis ) . Artificial crosses between these two species and also molecular data strengthened this suggestion . Description ( edit ) The leaves , which are the harvested organ , lay side by side densely , are lime green coloured with white leaf veins and have a smooth surface . The vegetable has an oval form and weights 1 -- 3 kg . The leaves are organized in basal rosettes . The flowers are yellow and have a for Brassicaceae typical cross-linked arrangement , hence the name Crucifereae , which means `` cross-bearing '' . Because the plant is harvested in an earlier stage than flowering , normally the flowers are not visible on the field . It develops similar to other head - forming leaf vegetables , for example cabbage lettuce . The chronological stages on the BBCH - scale are germination , leaf formation , vegetative growth ( head - forming ) , appearance of the sprout that bears the flowers , flowering , fruit development , seed ripening and senescence . Napa cabbage is an annual plant that reaches the generative period in the first year . It must be consumed in its vegetative period , so there is a challenge in cultivation not to reach the stadium of flowering . The stadium of flowering can be initiated by cold temperatures or the length of the day . Napa cabbage reproduces mainly by allogamy . Napa cabbage produces more leaves , bigger leaves and a higher biomass under long day conditions than under short day conditions . As a vegetable ( edit ) Chinese cabbage , raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 68 kJ ( 16 kcal ) Carbohydrates 3.2 g Dietary fiber 1.2 g Fat 0.2 g Protein 1.2 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin C 33 % 27 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 8 % 77 mg Iron 2 % 0.31 mg Magnesium 4 % 13 mg Sodium 1 % 9 mg Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Napa cabbage is a cool season annual vegetable which grows best when the days are short and mild . The plant grows to an oblong shaped head consisting of tightly arranged crinkly , thick , light - green leaves with white prominent veins . Innermost layer leaves feature light yellow color . Napa cabbage belongs to the family of Brassicaceae ( Cruciferae , cabbage family ) , the Genus of Brassica and the subspecies pekinensis . As a cruciferous plant ( Brassicaceae ) it is closely related to species like broccoli , pak choi or cauliflower . Napa cabbage is widely used in China , Japan , and Korea . Napa cabbage is used as a sign of prosperity in China , and often appears as a symbol in glass and porcelain figures . The Jadeite Cabbage sculpture of Taiwan 's National Palace Museum is a carving of a napa cabbage variety . It is also found in North American , European and Australian cities after Asian immigrants settled in the regions . In Korean cuisine , napa cabbage is the main ingredient of baechu - kimchi , the most common type of kimchi , but is also eaten raw as a wrap for pork or oysters , dipped in gochujang . The outer , tougher leaves are used in soups . It can be used in stir - fry with other ingredients such as tofu , mushroom and zucchini . It is also eaten with hot pot meals . Napa cabbage is particularly popular in South Korea 's northern Gangwon Province . In the European , American and Australian kitchen it is more common to eat it cooked or raw as salad . The vegetable is rich in Vitamin C ( 26 mg / 100g ) and has a fair amount of calcium ( 40 mg / 100g ) . It tastes mild aromatic . Cultivation ( edit ) Napa cabbage can be cultivated in many different areas of the world , the main area of diversification represents Asia . Soil requirements ( edit ) Napa cabbage requires deeply loosened medium heavy soil . There must not be any compaction due to plowing . The crop achieves particularly high yields on sandy loam . Extremely sandy or claylike soils are not suitable . The crop prefers a pH range from 6.0 to 6.2 , a high organic matter content and good moisture holding capacity of the soil . Lower pH or droughty soil can lead to calcium or magnesium deficiency and internal quality defects . Climate requirements ( edit ) Napa cabbage needs much water during the whole growth period . Often an irrigation system is needed , especially for August and September . The required amount of water depends on the stage of crop growth , weather conditions , and soil type . The most critical stage after establishment is when the head is forming . Inadequate water at this time will result in reduced uptake of calcium . This condition causes dead leaf tips within the head what makes it unmarketable . During head formation , 1 to 1 1⁄2 inches of water per week is needed to maintain sustained growth rates . Temperature requirements are low . Temperatures below zero degrees are tolerated for short time periods ; persistent frosts below - 5 ° C are not endured . Too low temperature can induce premature bolting . The plants perform best under temperatures between 13 ° C and 21 ° C , but depending on the cultivar . Seedbed requirements & sowing ( edit ) Napa cabbage has very small seeds with a thousand kernel weight of about 2.5 -- 2.8 g . For professional cultivation it is recommended to use disinfected seeds to prevent onset diseases . With the single grain seed technique , about 400 -- 500 g seeds per hectare is required , for normal seed technique about 1 kg per hectare . If normal seed technique is used , the seedlings must be thinned out after 2 -- 4 weeks . The seeds should be deposited 1 -- 2 cm deep , with a row width of 40 -- 45 cm and 25 -- 30 cm distance between the seeds . The seedlings can be grown in the greenhouse and then transplanted into the field after 2 -- 3 weeks . Earlier harvest can be achieved with this method . Seventy thousand to 80,000 seedlings per hectare are required . The transplanting method is normally used for the spring crop and the seeding technique for the fall crop . Fertilization , field management ( edit ) The nutrient removal of napa cabbage is high : 150 -- 200 kg N per hectare 80 -- 120 kg P O per hectare 180 -- 250 kg K O per hectare 110 -- 150 kg Ca per hectare 20 -- 40 kg Mg per hectare Fertilizer recommendations are in the range of the nutrient removal . Organic fertilizer must be applied before sowing due to the short cultivation time of napa cabbage and the slow availability of organic fertilizers . Synthetic N fertilizer should be applied in 3 equal doses . The last application must happen before 2 / 3 of the cultivation time is over to avoid quality losses during storage . Weeds should be controlled mechanically or chemically . Harvest , storage and yield ( edit ) Harvested napa cabbage being loaded on a truck in Tonghai County , Yunnan Napa cabbage can be harvested 8 -- 12 weeks after sowing . The harvest work is mostly done by hand . The plant is cut 2.5 cm above the ground . It is usual to harvest several times per field to achieve constant quality of the napa cabbage . Storage of napa cabbage is possible for 3 -- 4 months in cool stores with 0 - 1 ° C and 85 - 90 percent relative humidity . Napa cabbage achieves a yield of 4 -- 5 kg per m . Breeding ( edit ) Brassica rapa species are diploid and have 10 chromosomes . A challenge for breeding of napa cabbage is the variable self - incompatibility . The self - incompatibility activity was reported to change by temperature and humidity . In vitro pollination with 98 % relative humidity proved to be the most reliable as compared to greenhouse pollination . A lot of work has already been done on breeding of napa cabbage . In the 21st century , 880 varieties of Napa cabbage were registered by the Korea Seed and Variety Service . Breeding of napa cabbage was started by the Korean government research station of horticultural demonstration in 1906 to overcome starvation . As napa cabbage and radish are the main vegetables for `` Kimchi '' research focused on increasing yield . The most important person for this process was Dr. Woo Jang - choon who bred hybrid cultivars with self - incompatibility and contributed to commercial breeding by developing valuable materials and educating students . The main purpose of the hybrid cultivar was high yield and year - round production of napa cabbage after 1960 . To enable year round production of napa cabbage , it has to be modified to tolerate high and low temperatures . Normally sowing in the late summer and harvesting in late autumn can produce high quality vegetables . As an example , a summer cultivar called `` Nae - Seo - beak - ro '' was developed 1973 by a commercial seed company . It tolerates high temperatures , could endure high humidity in the monsoon , and showed resistance to viral disease , soft rot and downy mildew . The low temperature in early spring reduces the quality of the vegetable and it can not be used for `` Kimchi '' . In the 1970s the developing of winter cultivars started . The majority of new cultivars could not endure the cold winter conditions and disappeared . The cultivar `` Dong - Pung '' ( meaning `` east wind '' ) was developed 1992 and showed a high resistance to cold temperature . It is mostly used in Korea , where fresh napa cabbage is nowadays cultivated all year round . In the 70s , one seed company developed the rose - shape heading variety while other seed companies focused on semi-folded heading type . As a result of continuous breeding in the commercial seed companies and the government research stations , farmers could now select what they wanted from among various high quality hybrids of Chinese cabbage . In 1988 , the first cultivar with yellow inner leaf was introduced . This trait has prevailed until today . A very important breeding aim is to get varieties with resistance to pests and diseases . There exist varieties with resistance to turnip mosaic virus but as mentioned above , there exist numerous other diseases . There have been attempts to breed varieties with clubroot resistance or powdery mildew resistance but the varieties failed due to bad leaf texture traits or broken resistances . Pests and diseases ( edit ) Fungal diseases ( edit ) Alternaria diseases are caused by the organisms Alternaria brassicae , Alternaria brassicicola and Alternaria japonica . Their English names are black spot , pod spot , gray leaf spot , dark leaf spot or Alternaria blight . The symptoms can be seen on all aboveground plant parts as dark spots . The infected plants are shrivelled and smaller than normal . Alternaria diseases infect almost all brassica plants , the most important hosts are oilseed brassicas . The fungus is a facultative parasite , what means that it can survive on living hosts as well as on dead plant tissue . Infected plant debris is in most circumstances the primary source of inoculum . The spores can be dispersed by wind to host plants in the field or to neighbouring brassica crops . This is why cross infections often occur in areas where different brassica crops are cultivated in close proximity . The disease spreads especially fast when the weather is wet and the plants have reached maturity . Alternaria brassicae is well adapted to temperate regions while Alternaria brassicicola occurs primarily in warmer parts of the world . Temperature requirement for Alternaria japonica is intermediate . There exist some wild accessions of Brassica rapa subsp . pekinensis with resistance to Alternaria brassicae but not on commercial cultivars . These resistances should be included to breeding programmes . Alternaria epicemics are best avoided by management practices like at least 3 years non-host crops between brassica crops , incorporation of plant debris into the soil to accelerate decomposition and usage of disease - free seeds . Anhracnose is a brassica disease caused by Colletotrichum higginsianum that is especially damaging on napa cabbage , pak choi , turnip , rutabaga and tender green mustard . The symptoms are dry pale gray to straw spots or lesions on the leaves . The recommended management practices are the same as for Alternaria diseases . Black root is a disease that infects mainly radish , but it also occurs on many other brassica vegetables inclusively napa cabbage . It caused by the fungus Aphanomyces raphani . The pathogen can persist for long times in the soil , therefore crop rotations are an essential management tool . White leaf spot is found primarily in temperate climate regions and is important on vegetable brassicas and oilseed rape . The causal organism is Mycosphaerella capsellae . The symptoms are white spots on leaves , stems and pods and can thus easily be confused with those of downy mildew . The disease spreads especially fast with rain or moisture and temperature is between 10 and 15 ° C . Yellows , also called Fusarium wilt , is another brassica disease that infects oilseed rape , cabbage , mustards , Napa cabbage and other vegetable brassicas . It is only a problem in regions with warm growing seasons where soil temperatures are in the range of 18 to 32 ° C. The causal organism is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . conlutinans . Napa cabbage is relatively tolerant to the disease ; mostly the only external symptoms are yellowing of lower , older leaves . The disease is soil borne and can survive for many years in the absence of a host . Most cruciferous weeds can serve as alternate hosts . Damping - Off is a disease in temperate areas caused by soil inhabiting oomycetes like Phytophthora cactorum and Pythium spp . The disease concerns seedlings , which often collapse and die . Links to other diseases that infect napa cabbage : black leg or phoma stem cancer : Leptosphaeria maculans clubroot : Plasmodiophora brassicae Downy mildew : Hyaloperonospora brassicae Powdery mildew : Erysiphe cruciferarum Rhizoctonia solani Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Bacterial diseases ( edit ) Bacterial soft rot is considered one of the most important diseases of vegetable brassicas . The disease is particularly damaging in warm humid climate . The causal organisms are Erwinia carotovora var . carotovora and Pseudomonas marginalis pv . marginalis . The rot symptoms can occur in the field , on produce transit or in storage . Bacteria survive mainly on plant residues in the soil . They are spread by insects and by cultural practices , such as irrigation water and farm machinery . The disease is tolerant to low temperatures ; it can spread in storages close to 0 ° C , by direct contact and by drippint onto the plants below . Bacterial soft rot is more severe on crops which have been fertilized too heavily with nitrogen , had late nitrogen applications , or are allowed to become over-mature before harvesting . Black rot , the most important disease of vegetable brassicas , is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv . campestris . Virus diseases ( edit ) Cucumber mosaic virus Radish mosaic virus Ribgrass mosaic virus Turnip crincle virus Caradamine chlorotic fleck virus Turnip mosaic virus Turnip yellow mosaic virus Insect pests ( edit ) large white butterfly ( Pieris brassicae ) cabbage root fly ( Delia radicum ) cabbage seed weevil ( Ceutorhynchus assimilis ) cabbage looper diamondback moth small white butterfly ( Pieris rapae ) aphids cucumber beetles stink bugs Vegetable weevils Mole crickets cutworms Other pests and diseases ( edit ) Aster yellows is a disease caused by a phytoplasm . Nematodes are disease agents that are often overlooked but they can cause considerable yield losses . The adult nematodes have limited active movement but their eggs contained within cysts ( dead females ) are readily spread with soil , water , equipment or seedlings . Parasitic nematode species that cause damage on napa cabbage : Heterodera schachtii Meloidogyne hapla Nacobbus batatiformis Rotylenchulus reniformis References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brassica rapa subsp . pekinensis . Jump up ^ `` Oxford English Dictionary nappa , n. 2 '' . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Cabbage '' . chinesefood.about.com . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chi ′ nese cab ′ bage '' . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Afable , Patricia O. ( 2004 ) . Japanese pioneers in the northern Philippine highlands : a centennial tribute , 1903 - 2003 . Filipino - Japanese Foundation of Northern Luzon , Inc. p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 92973 - 0 - 7 . Jump up ^ Toxopeus , H & Baas , J ( 2004 ) Brassica rapa L ... - In : Grubben , G.J.H. & Denton , O.A. ( 2004 ) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2 . Vegetables . PROTA Foundation , Wageningen ; Backhuys , Leiden ; CTA , Wageningen . - p. 146 - 151 . Jump up ^ Growing the Peking cabbage ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Genetics , Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants ( 2011 ) N. Ramchiary , S. Park , X.P. Lim : Classical Breeding and Genetic Analysis of Vegetable Brassicas . Book 2. Clemson University , USA ^ Jump up to : Sadowski , J. , & Kole , C. ( 2011 ) . Genetics , genomics and breeding of vegetable brassicas . Enfield : Science Publishers . Jump up ^ W. Franke ( 1976 ) Nutzpflanzenkunde . - Georg Thieme Verlag , Stuttgart , Germany Jump up ^ Feller , C. , Bleiholder , H. , Buhr , L. , Hack , H. , Hess , M. , Klose , R. , et al. ( 1995 ) . BBCH - Codierung der phänologischen Entwicklungsstadien von Blattgemüse ( kopfbildend ) . In U. Meier , Entwicklungsstadien mono - und dikotyler Pflanzen : BBCH Monografie ( S. 120 ) . Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land und Forstwirtschaft . ^ Jump up to : Buschbaum , H. , & Heinen , B. ( 1978 ) . Chinakohl . Bonn : Rheinischer Landwirtschafts - Verlag . Jump up ^ Nerlich , K. , Pfennig , J. , Kleemann , G. , Feike , T. , Graeff , S. , Claupein , W. , et al. ( 2009 ) . Beschreibung von Wachstum und Entwicklung bei Chinakohl ( Brassica rapa L. var . pekinensis ) in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Tageslänge - Basisdaten zur Modellierung mit DSSAT. 45 . Gartenbauwissenschaftliche Tagung , ( S. 158 ) . Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin . Jump up ^ `` Napa cabbage nutrition facts '' . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartea , M.E. ( 2011 ) . `` Genetics , Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants '' . Clemson University . ^ Jump up to : Genetics , Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants ( 2011 ) Clemson University , USA Cartea M.E. , Lema M. , Francisco M , Velasco P . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Cecilia Hae - Jin ( 22 May 2012 ) . Frommer 's South Korea . John Wiley & Sons . p. 326 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 33363 - 1 . Jump up ^ Klein , Donna ( 4 December 2012 ) . The Chinese Vegan Kitchen : More Than 225 Meat - free , Egg - free , Dairy - free Dishes from the Culinary Regions of China . Penguin Group US . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 61361 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vongerichten , Marja ( 2 August 2011 ) . The Kimchi Chronicles : Korean Cooking for an American Kitchen . Rodale . pp. 37 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60961 - 128 - 6 . Jump up ^ Michael Todt ( 1989 ) Untersuchungen zur Mikroflora des lagernden Chinakohls ( Brassica pekinensis Rupr . ) . Dissertation , University Kiel , Germany Jump up ^ Deutschen Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , 5 . Auflage , ( 1994 ) Souci / Fachmann / Kraut . ^ Jump up to : Cook , W.P. , & Smith , P. ( February 1996 ) . Oriental Cabbage Production . Hort . Leaflet 68 , S. 1 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Baggaley , A. , Barter , G. , Caldon , H. , Rosenfeld , R.L. , Ruch , P. , Vowles , D. , et al. ( 2011 ) . RHS Good fruit & veg guide . London : Dorling Kindersley Limited . ^ Jump up to : Rimmer , R.S. , Shattuck , V.I. , & Buchwaldt , L. ( 2007 ) . Compendium of Brassica Diseases . St. Paul : American Phytopathological Society . Jump up ^ Ackermann , I. , Funk , M. , Hintze , C. , Joachimi , A. , Potzkai , G. , Rieger , W. , et al. ( 1993 ) . Feldgemüsebau : Buschbohnen , Chinakohl , Dicke Bohnen , Erbsen , Einlegegurken , Grünkohl , Knollensellerie , Kohlrabi , Kopfkohl , Kopfsalat , Möhren , Porree , Rote Beete , Schälgurken , Spargel , Spinat , Zwiebeln . Münster - Hiltrup : Landwirtschaftsverlag . Jump up ^ Kirk , W.D. ( 1992 ) . Insects on cabbages and oilseed rape . Richmond Publishing . Brassica Brassica carinata Brassica elongata Brassica fruticulosa Brassica hilarionis Brassica juncea Brassica napus Brassica nigra Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Brassica tournefortii Bomdong Canola Chinese cabbage Bok choy Napa cabbage Choy sum Collard greens Kohlrabi Mustard plant Rapeseed Rapini Rutabaga Spring greens Tatsoi Triangle of U Turnip Brassicaceae ( Cruciferous vegetables ) : Brassica Raphanus Cruciferous Biochemistry genera ( list ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q13360268 EoL : 1283629 GBIF : 3042735 GRIN : 319636 NCBI : 51351 NZOR : 6c711304 - 97f3 - 417e - b4c7 - fb5426b4e5c0 uBio : 610921 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&oldid=856541339 '' Categories : Asian vegetables Brassica Chinese cuisine Leaf vegetables Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Yue Chinese - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 23 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the difference between cabbage and napa cabbage	[]	[]
-1014520777847142532	Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah	Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah - Wikipedia Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Jump to : navigation , search Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Promotional Poster Genre Sitcom Created by Asit Kumarr Modi Based on ' Duniya Ne Oondha Chashma ' by Taarak Mehta Written by Raju Odedra Rajen Upadhyay Manish Mehta Niren Bhatt Jitendra Parmar Ashok Parmar Abhishek Makwana Abbas Hirapurwala Directed by Dharmesh Mehta Harshad Joshi Malav Suresh Rajda Starring see ( list of characters ) Opening theme Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 2,475 ( as of May 25 , 2018 ) Production Producer ( s ) Neela Asit Modi Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 20 minutes Production company ( s ) Neela Tele Films Distributor Neela Tele Films Release Original network SAB TV Picture format 576i HDTV 1080i Original release 28 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 28 ) -- present External links Website Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah ( English : Taarak Mehta 's Different Perspective ) is India 's longest running sitcom serial . It is produced by Neela Tele Films Private Limited . The show went on air on July 28 , 2008 . It airs from Monday to Friday on SAB TV . Reruns of the show started on Sony Pal on November 2 , 2015 . The show is based on the column Duniya Ne Undha Chashma written by columnist and journalist Taarak Mehta for Gujarati weekly magazine Chitralekha . It is the longest running scripted show in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 The Tapu Sena 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production and promotion 4 Reception and impact 5 Special episodes 6 Awards 6.1 Indian Television Academy Awards 6.2 Indian Telly Awards 6.3 Star Guild Awards 6.4 Other awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Gokuldham Society is a residential society in Powder Galli , Goregaon , Mumbai with four wings : A Wing , B Wing , C Wing and D Wing . Although the society has more than 50 flats , the show revolves around the lives of eight families : Jethalal Champaklal Gada , an electronics shop - owner from Kachchh district , Gujarat , and his wife Daya , father Champaklal Jayantilal Gada and son Tipendra ( Tapu ) . Residents of B Wing . The narrator , Taarak Mehta , a column - writer and his wife Anjali , a disciplined dietician who are from Gujarat ) ) . Residents of B Wing . The society 's secretary , Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide , a home tutor from Ratnagiri , Maharashtra , his wife Madhavi , a business woman and daughter Sonalika ( Sonu ) . Residents of A Wing . Dr. Hansraj Hathi , the resident doctor from Uttar Pradesh , his wife Komal and son Gulabkumar ( Goli ) . Residents of A Wing . Roshan Singh Sodhi , a car mechanic from Amritsar , Punjab and his Parsi wife , also named Roshan and their son Gurucharan ( Gogi ) . Residents of A Wing . Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer , a Tamil scientist from Chennai , Tamil Nadu and his Bengali wife Babita from Kolkata , West Bengal . Residents of C Wing . Popatlal Pandey , a newspaper journalist working for Toofan Express and from Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh . Residents of C Wing . Pankaj Diwan Sahay also called Pinku , part of the Tapu sena and resides in another society ( gulmohar apartments ) There are also other recurring characters including Sundarlal ( brother of Jethalal 's wife Daya , from Ahmedabad , Gujarat ) and his friends . Abdul , the shopkeeper of the provisions store located outside the society entrance , reporter Rita Shrivastav from ' Kal Tak ' a news channel , Inspector Chalu Pandey , Asit Kumarr Modi as himself , Jethalal 's shop assistants - Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala ( Natu Kaka ) and his nephew Baagheshwar Dadu Udhaiwala ( Baagha ) , who are often bent on doing the wrong job , and Baagha 's fiancée Bawri Dhondulal Kanpuria . The members of the society and other characters have a good psychological bond of love and sympathy for one another that makes them live like members of one family . They are often seen celebrating festivals and participating in events together . Although they are shown to live the lives of typical Indian families , the characters , more often than not Jethalal Gada , tend to find themselves in trouble , cropping up from routine activities that intensify in a comical manner . The quirks of the individual characters seek to enhance the humour quotient of the show . Whatever the nature of the problem that a member of the society encounters , all the other members stand by them to extend every possible help . In an episode , the resolution of the problem that a character faces is usually followed by a moral message at the end by Taarak Mehta , which is meant for all the characters of the show as well as the viewers . The Tapu Sena ( edit ) The Tapu Sena is a five - member group of children residing in Gokuldham Society : Tapu ( the leader of Tapu Sena ) , Goli , Gogi , Pinku and Sonu . These children have played significant roles , providing a fun young tone to the show . Usually , the group becomes a nuisance for the other members of the society because of their mischief , while at other times , it draws praises from the members by doing something laudable . The society secretary , Atmaram Tukaram Bhide is especially annoyed with the Tapu Sena for playing cricket in the society compound as sometimes they break the window glasses , or just cause a problem as shown in some episodes . Since the beginning of the show , the Tapu Sena has , with their childlike activities , characterized the typical frolicsome Indian children . As the children grow up and mature , the stories are tailored to suit their ages . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters Main ( edit ) Dilip Joshi as Jethalal Champaklal Gada Disha Vakani as Daya Jethalal Gada Bhavya Gandhi as Tipendra Jethalal Gada ( Tapu ) ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Raj Anadkat as Tipendra Jethalal Gada ( Tapu ) ( 2017 -- present ) Amit Bhatt as Champaklal Jayantilal Gada Shailesh Lodha as Taarak Mehta Neha Mehta as Anjali Taarak Mehta Tanuj Mahashabde as Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer Munmun Dutta as Babita Krishnan Iyer Mandar Chandwadkar as Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide Sonalika Joshi as Madhvi Aatmaram Bhide Jheel Mehta as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide ( Sonu ) ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Nidhi Bhanushali as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide ( Sonu ) ( 2012 -- present ) Gurucharan Singh as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi ( 2008 -- 2013 , 2014 -- present ) Laad Singh Maan as Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi ( 2008 -- 2013 , 2016 -- present ) Dilkhush Reporter as Roshan Kaur Roshan Singh Sodhi ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Samay Shah as Gurcharan Singh Roshan Singh Sodhi ( Gogi ) Nirmal Soni as Dr. Hansraj Hathi ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Azad Kavi as Dr. Hansraj Hathi ( 2009 -- present ) Ambika Ranjankar as Komal Hansraj Hathi Kush Shah as Gulabkumar Hansraj Hathi ( Goli ) Shyam Pathak as Popatlal Pandey Sharad Sankla as Abdul Recurring ( edit ) Tarun Uppal as Pinku ( Pankaj Diwan Sahay ) Ghanashyam Nayak as Natwarlal Prabhashankar Udhaiwala Nattu Kaka ( Nattukaka ) Tanmay Vekaria as Bagheshwar Dadukh Udhaiwala ( Bagha ) Monika Bhadoriya as Bawree Dhondulal Kanpuria Mayur Vakani as Sundarlal Priya Ahuja Rajda as Reporter Rita Shrivastav Daya Shankar Pandey as Inspector Chalu Pandey Production and promotion ( edit ) The major part of the shooting is done in Mumbai . However , some parts of the show have also been shot in places such as Gujarat , New Delhi , Goa and in foreign locations such as London , Brussels , Paris and Hong Kong . To celebrate Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah completing 1,000 episodes on 6 November 2012 , the director `` decided to shoot the film on a different canvas as he does not want the audience to feel that they are watching yet another episode of the serial . '' In October 2013 , Joshi and Vakani participated in a promotional event held in New Jersey at the Expo Center . In February 2015 , Joshi , Vakani , and Lodha hosted the red carpet at the 60th Britannia Filmfare awards to promote the ' Clean India ' campaign . Reception and impact ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2010 , the show beat Balika Vadhu to become the most watched television programme in India . The show has constantly achieved high ratings throughout its run , irrespective of the Indian Premiere League . In the first week of 2017 , the show stood in fourth position with 6,004 TVT ratings . In the fourth week , the show entered the top five and stood in fifth position with 6,059 TVT ratings . In March 2017 , the show remained within the top five shows urban rural metrics . In the 25th week of 2017 , the show stood at the top spot with 6,092 TVT ratings . In the 26th week of 2017 , the show stood at third spot with 6,049 TVT ratings . It is the longest running scripted show on Indian television.In the 1st week of 2018 the show topped the trp chart with 6961 tvt ratings . Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and National Heritage , Piotr Glinski visited the sets of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah in February 2016 . Special episodes ( edit ) C.I.D. on Sony TV and SAB TV . The Episodes were named as Mahasangam . Awards ( edit ) Indian Television Academy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2008 Best Actress - Comedy Disha Vakani Won 2009 Best Actress - Comedy Won Best Serial -- Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Serial - Comedy Won 2012 Best Actor - Comedy Dilip Joshi Won 2013 The ITA Scroll Of Honour Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2014 Best Actor - Comedy Dilip Joshi Won Best Actress - Comedy Disha Vakani Won 2015 Best Show - Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2016 Best Serial - Comedy Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Indian Telly Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2009 Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Sitcom Writer Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Won Most Popular Child Artist ( Male ) Bhavya Gandhi Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Best Sitcom Writer Raju Odedra and Rajan Upadhyay Won 2012 Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Dilip Joshi Won Best Actress in a Comic Role ( Jury ) Disha Vakani Won Best Sitcom Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won 2013 Actress in a Comic Role ( Jury ) Disha Vakani Won Best Director ( Sitcom ) Harshad Joshi and Malav Rajda Won Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role Dilip Joshi Won Best Sitcom / Comedy Program Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Star Guild Awards ( edit ) Year Category Recipient ( s ) Result 2011 Best Actor in a Drama Series Dilip Joshi Won 2013 Best Comedy Series Neela Tele Films Private Limited Won Other awards ( edit ) Year Award Category Result 2011 Global Honours Best Actor in a Comic Role ( Male ) Won See also ( edit ) List of Hindi comedy shows References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah : A Special Brand Of Humour '' . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MUNMUN DUTTA OPENS UP ABOUT THE CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING TAARAK MEHTA KA OOLTAH CHASHMAH ; COMES OUT IN SUPPORT OF GURCHARAN SINGH ( SODHI ) '' . Jump up ^ `` TMKOC Tapu Sena '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TMKOC Tapu Sena '' . timesofindia.com . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Shruti Jambhekar ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` Gujarat comes alive on TV '' . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Awaasthi , Kavita ( 24 October 2012 ) . `` Taarak Mehta ... completes 1,000 episodes '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Film version of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah set to roll next year '' . DNA India . 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah goes to New Jersey ! - Rediff.com Movies '' . Rediff.com. 2013 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Taarak Mehta 's team brings Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan to the red carpet - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.barcindia.co.in/statistic.aspx Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IndianTelevisionAcademy.com '' . IndianTelevisionAcademy.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm ^ Jump up to : `` The Tenth Indian Telly Awards '' . Tellyawards.indiantelevision.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/winners.php ^ Jump up to : http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/winners.php Jump up ^ ards - winners. html Archived 12 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah . Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah on IMDb ( hide ) Programmes currently broadcast by SAB TV Currently broadcast Sictom Series Jijaji Chhat Par Hai Partners - Trouble Ho Gayi Double Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah Tenali Rama See list of former shows / ref > style = `` background : # 99FF99 ; color : black ; vertical - align : middle ; text - align : center ; '' class = `` yes table - yes2 '' Won - Most Popular Actor in a Comic Role ( Female ) Disha Vakani Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taarak_Mehta_Ka_Ooltah_Chashmah&oldid=843632787 '' Categories : SAB TV television series Indian television series 2008 Indian television series debuts Indian television sitcoms 2000s Indian television series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Esperanto ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी தமிழ் اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	taarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah sonu original name	[ "Jheel Mehta as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide (Sonu) (2008–2012)" ]	[ "Jheel Mehta as Sonalika Aatmaram Bhide (Sonu)" ]
-7019396479901527809	The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia	The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia - wikipedia The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia For the 1981 movie with the same title , see The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia ( film ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' Single by Vicki Lawrence from the album The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia B - side `` Dime a Dance '' Released November 1972 Format 7 '' single Genre Country pop Length 3 : 40 Label Bell Songwriter ( s ) Bobby Russell Producer ( s ) Snuff Garrett Vicki Lawrence singles chronology `` No , No '' ( 1970 ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' ( 1972 ) `` He Did With Me '' ( 1973 ) `` No , No '' ( 1970 ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' ( 1972 ) `` He Did With Me '' ( 1973 ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' is a Southern Gothic song , written in 1972 by songwriter Bobby Russell and sung by Vicki Lawrence , an American pop music singer , actress , author and comedian . Lawrence 's version , from her 1973 Bell Records album of the same name , was a number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 after its release . In addition to several other renditions , the song was again a hit in 1991 when Reba McEntire recorded it for her album For My Broken Heart . McEntire 's version was a single , as well , reaching number 12 on Hot Country Songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 History and original recording 3 Release and reception 4 Musical structure 5 Cover versions 5.1 Tanya Tucker cover 5.2 Reba McEntire cover 6 In popular culture 7 Chart performance 7.1 Vicki Lawrence version 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Reba McEntire version 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Returning home from a two - week trip to a place called Candletop , a man , identified only as `` Brother '' , stops for a drink at Webb 's Bar before going home to his wife . While there , he encounters his friend Andy , who informs him that Brother 's wife has had affairs with both Andy and another man , `` that Amos boy , Seth . '' Brother leaves the bar angry , and a frightened Andy makes his way home . Brother goes home to find his gun , presuming his wife 's continued absence was because she had left town , and quietly makes his way through the woods to Andy 's house . On the way there he finds a set of footprints leading up to and back from the house , but they look too small to have been made by Andy . Arriving at Andy 's back door , Brother looks through the screen and , to his horror , finds Andy 's dead body . To get the attention of the Georgia State Patrol , Brother fires a shot in the air ; the officer on patrol mistakenly assumes that the gunshot was the one that killed Andy and arrests Brother for murder . In a show trial , the judge wastes little time declaring Brother guilty of Andy 's murder and then sentencing him to death by hanging , which is carried out in short order . The story wraps up as the narrator , revealing herself as Brother 's younger sister , confesses that it was she who had left the footprints that her brother had encountered on his way to Andy 's house , and that she had not only shot and killed Andy with her own gun , but the adulterous wife as well , in her case disposing of the body in a way that no one would ever find it . In the song 's chorus , Little Sister blames the Georgia criminal justice system for Brother 's death , warning the listener `` Do n't trust your soul to no backwoods Southern lawyer , ' cause the judge in the town 's got blood stains on his hands . '' History and original recording ( edit ) Although Bobby Russell wrote both the lyrics and music for the song , he was reluctant to record even a demonstration because he `` did n't like it . '' According to Lawrence , who was married to Russell at the time , she believed it was destined to be successful and recorded the demo herself . The publishers and the record label did not quite know how to pitch the song , as it was not really a country or a pop song . The first thought was to offer the song to actress / singer Liza Minnelli , but eventually it was offered to singer Cher , but her then - husband and manager Sonny Bono reportedly refused it , as he was said to be concerned that the song might offend Cher 's southern fans . Without a singer to record the song , Lawrence went into a studio and recorded it professionally herself , with the instrumental backing of L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew , then pressed the label to release it as a single . Release and reception ( edit ) Released as a single in June 1972 , the song would ultimately become a number - one success for Lawrence , topping the Hot 100 chart in early 1973 . Lawrence was , at the time , a regular performer on the ensemble variety comedy television show The Carol Burnett Show ; on the final episode of the sixth season ( March 24 , 1973 ) , Burnett surprised Lawrence by presenting her with an RIAA gold record for over a million copies sold . The song also scored number six on the Easy Listening chart , and it peaked at number 36 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles chart . It was number one for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was finally topped by Tony Orlando and Dawn 's `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . Billboard ranked it as the No. 11 song for 1973 . In Canada , the single version scored number one , as well , topping the RPM 100 national singles chart on May 5 of the same year . On the RPM Country Singles chart , it reached # 25 . Musical structure ( edit ) The lyrics use an AABCCB rhyming pattern on the verses , and ABCB on the chorus . The song 's verses are in C Dorian . Verse one consists of four lines , each using the chord pattern Cm - B ♭ / C - Cm - F / C - Cm - Gm7 - Cm . At the chorus , the song modulates to the key of G major , with a chord pattern of Am - D7 - G - Em used three times before ending on Am - D7 - Gm . Verse two uses the same structure as verse one , with an additional two lines . The first additional lines also modulate to G major with a chord pattern of Am - D7 - G - Em - Am - D - Gm , before returning to C Dorian for another repetition of the original chord pattern . After the second chorus , the third verse consists of only two lines before the chorus is sung a third time . The song then ends with a four - measure riff played in the key of G minor . The overall vocal range is G - D . Cover versions ( edit ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' Single by Reba McEntire from the album For My Broken Heart B - side `` All Dressed Up '' Released April 1992 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1991 Genre Country Length 4 : 17 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Bobby Russell Producer ( s ) Tony Brown , Reba McEntire Reba McEntire singles chronology `` Is There Life Out There '' ( 1992 ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' ( 1992 ) `` The Greatest Man I Never Knew '' ( 1992 ) `` Is There Life Out There '' ( 1992 ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' ( 1992 ) `` The Greatest Man I Never Knew '' ( 1992 ) Tanya Tucker cover ( edit ) In 1981 , country singer Tanya Tucker recorded a version ( on an album of the same name ) with differing lyrics and an altered timeline . These altered lyrics were based on the plot line of the 1981 movie The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia . Reba McEntire cover ( edit ) During 1991 , the song was sung as a cover version by Reba McEntire on her album For My Broken Heart . It reached number 12 on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart . While still a commercially successful release , this broke a string of 24 consecutive top 10 country singles by McEntire . The song also had a successful music video , wherein the older brother of the story is given the name `` Raymond Brody '' ; the video for McEntire 's version also contained spoken dialogue that expanded on several of the song 's plot points , by suggesting that the judge knew that the narrator 's brother did not commit the crime , but was nonetheless anxious to convict him , since he , himself ( the judge ) had also been having sex with the wife ( played by Playboy centerfold / pin up model Barbara Moore ) and was worried that a long , involved trial would cause this fact to become known . It also establishes that the little sister ( played by McEntire , and portrayed both as a young woman in flashbacks and as a 60 - year - old woman using heavy makeup ) caught Andy in the act with her brother 's wife and that the unfaithful woman also had an affair with the sister 's own fiancé . In popular culture ( edit ) For a 1986 Designing Women episode , main character Julia Sugarbaker ( Dixie Carter ) has one of her famous tirades , defending her beauty queen sister Suzanne against catty remarks made by a young woman , concluding with `` And that , just so you will know , and your children will someday know , was the night the lights went out in Georgia ! '' It is a prime example of a twist ending in a song , and in the 1992 film Reservoir Dogs , the mobster named Nice Guy Eddie ( played by Chris Penn ) says , `` ... this is the first time I ever realized that the girl singin ' the song is the one who shot Andy . '' The opening motif is sampled in `` The Time Is Now '' , which is currently used as American professional wrestler John Cena 's entrance music ; specifically , the song samples Pete Schofield and The Canadians ' rendition . In 2011 , a book was released titled `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia , '' written by Jeremy G.T. Reuschling and casually based on the McEntire version of the song and the music video . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . Comedy group The Credibility Gap recorded a parody version , `` The Night That The Lights Stayed On In Pittsburgh . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Vicki Lawrence version ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR 20 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Canadian RPM Country Tracks 25 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 36 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 10 US Billboard Hot 100 11 Reba McEntire version ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 12 Chart ( 1992 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 73 See also ( edit ) Murder ballad References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vicki Lawrence - The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia at MetroLyrics Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1988 ) . `` The Night The Lights Went Out in Georgia '' . The Billboard book of number one hits . New York : Billboard Publications . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7545 - 1 . OCLC 17918476 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 -- 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 196 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : For My Broken Heart : Piano , Vocal , Guitar . Hal Leonard Corporation . 1992 . pp. 25 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 1295 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2017 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 1 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Reba McEntire 1990s singles Sweet Sixteen `` Walk On '' Rumor Has It `` You Lie '' `` Rumor Has It '' `` Fancy '' `` Fallin ' Out of Love '' For My Broken Heart `` For My Broken Heart '' `` Is There Life Out There '' `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' `` The Greatest Man I Never Knew '' It 's Your Call `` Take It Back '' `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Vince Gill ) `` It 's Your Call '' Greatest Hits Volume Two `` Does He Love You '' ( with Linda Davis ) `` They Asked About You '' Read My Mind `` Why Have n't I Heard from You '' `` She Thinks His Name Was John '' `` Till You Love Me '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` And Still '' Starting Over `` On My Own '' `` Ring on Her Finger , Time on Her Hands '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' What If It 's You `` The Fear of Being Alone '' `` How Was I to Know '' `` I 'd Rather Ride Around with You '' `` What If It 's You '' If You See Him `` If You See Him / If You See Her '' ( with Brooks & Dunn ) `` Forever Love '' `` Wrong Night '' `` One Honest Heart '' So Good Together `` What Do You Say '' Other songs `` What If '' Guest singles `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Vince Gill ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Night_the_Lights_Went_Out_in_Georgia&oldid=849182295 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1992 singles Vicki Lawrence songs Reba McEntire songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) Songs written by Bobby Russell Bell Records singles MCA Records singles Song recordings produced by Snuff Garrett Songs about Georgia ( U.S. state ) Songs about death 1972 songs Murder ballads Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 03 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang thats the night the lights went out in georgia	[]	[]
-3161942019269584220	International Finance Corporation	International Finance Corporation - Wikipedia International Finance Corporation International Finance Corporation IFC logo IFC headquarters building , designed by architect Michael Graves Formation July 20 , 1956 Type Development finance institution Legal status Treaty Purpose Private sector development , Poverty reduction Headquarters Washington , DC Membership 184 countries Executive Vice President & CEO Philippe Le Houérou Parent organization World Bank Group Website ifc.org The International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) is an international financial institution that offers investment , advisory , and asset - management services to encourage private - sector development in developing countries . The IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington , D.C. . It was established in 1956 , as the private - sector arm of the World Bank Group , to advance economic development by investing in for - profit and commercial projects for poverty reduction and promoting development . The IFC 's stated aim is to create opportunities for people to escape poverty and achieve better living standards by mobilizing financial resources for private enterprise , promoting accessible and competitive markets , supporting businesses and other private - sector entities , and creating jobs and delivering necessary services to those who are poverty stricken or otherwise vulnerable . Since 2009 , the IFC has focused on a set of development goals that its projects are expected to target . Its goals are to increase sustainable agriculture opportunities , improve healthcare and education , increase access to financing for microfinance and business clients , advance infrastructure , help small businesses grow revenues , and invest in climate health . The IFC is owned and governed by its member countries but has its own executive leadership and staff that conduct its normal business operations . It is a corporation whose shareholders are member governments that provide paid - in capital and have the right to vote on its matters . Originally , it was more financially integrated with the World Bank Group , but later , the IFC was established separately and eventually became authorized to operate as a financially - autonomous entity and make independent investment decisions . It offers an array of debt and equity financing services and helps companies face their risk exposures while refraining from participating in a management capacity . The corporation also offers advice to companies on making decisions , evaluating their impact on the environment and society , and being responsible . It advises governments on building infrastructure and partnerships to further support private sector development . The corporation is assessed by an independent evaluator each year . In 2011 , its evaluation report recognized that its investments performed well and reduced poverty , but recommended that the corporation define poverty and expected outcomes more explicitly to better - understand its effectiveness and approach poverty reduction more strategically . The corporation 's total investments in 2011 amounted to $18.66 billion . It committed $820 million to advisory services for 642 projects in 2011 , and held $24.5 billion worth of liquid assets . The IFC is in good financial standing and received the highest ratings from two independent credit rating agencies in 2018 . IFC comes under frequent criticism from NGOs that it is not able to track its money because of its use of financial intermediaries . For example , a report by Oxfam International and other NGOs in 2015 , `` The Suffering of Others , '' found the IFC was not performing enough due diligence and managing risk in many of its investments in third - party lenders Other criticism focuses on IFC working excessively with large companies or wealthy individuals already able to finance their investments without help from public institutions such as IFC , and such investments do not have an adequate positive development impact . An example often cited by NGOs and critical journalists is IFC granting financing to a Saudi prince for a five - star hotel in Ghana . Contents 1 History 2 Governance 3 Functions 3.1 Investment services 3.2 Advisory services 3.3 Asset Management Company 4 Financial performance 5 Green buildings in developing countries 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Robert L. Garner ( 1949 ) The World Bank and International Monetary Fund were designed by delegates at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944 and the World Bank , then consisting of only the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development , became operational in 1946 . Robert L. Garner joined the World Bank in 1947 as a senior executive and expressed his view that private business could play an important role in international development . In 1950 , Garner and his colleagues proposed establishing a new institution for the purpose of making private investments in the developing countries served by the Bank . The U.S. government encouraged the idea of an international corporation working in tandem with the World Bank to invest in private enterprises without accepting guarantees from governments , without managing those enterprises , and by collaborating with third party investors . When describing the IFC in 1955 , World Bank President Eugene R. Black said that the IFC would only invest in private firms , rather than make loans to governments , and it would not manage the projects in which it invests . In 1956 the International Finance Corporation became operational under the leadership of Garner . It initially had 12 staff members and $100 million ( $844.9 million in 2012 dollars ) in capital . The corporation made its inaugural investment in 1957 by making a $2 million ( $16.4 million in 2012 dollars ) loan to a Brazil - based affiliate of Siemens & Halske ( now Siemens AG ) . In 2007 , IFC bought 18 % stake in the Indian Financial firm , Angel Broking . In December 2015 IFC supported Greek banks with 150 million euros by buying shares in four of them : Alpha Bank ( 60 million ) , Eurobank ( 50 million ) , Piraeus Bank ( 20 million ) and National Bank of Greece ( 20 million ) . Governance ( edit ) The IFC is governed by its Board of Governors which meets annually and consists of one governor per member country ( most often the country 's finance minister or treasury secretary ) . Each member typically appoints one governor and also one alternate . Although corporate authority rests with the Board of Governors , the governors delegate most of their corporate powers and their authority over daily matters such as lending and business operations to the Board of Directors . The IFC 's Board of Directors consists of 25 executive directors who meet regularly and work at the IFC 's headquarters , and is chaired by the President of the World Bank Group . The executive directors collectively represent all 184 member countries . When the IFC 's Board of Directors votes on matters brought before it , each executive director 's vote is weighted according to the total share capital of the member countries represented by that director . IFC 's Chief Executive Officer oversees its overall direction and daily operations . Philippe Le Houérou is Chief Executive Officer of IFC . Since his appointment by World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim in March 2016 , Mr. Le Houérou has led the organization 's new strategy to create markets in developing countries and redefine development finance by promoting initiatives and reforms that unlock billions of dollars in additional private sector investment . Although the IFC coordinates its activities in many areas with the other World Bank Group institutions , it generally operates independently as it is a separate entity with legal and financial autonomy , established by its own Articles of Agreement . The corporation operates with a staff of over 3,400 employees , of which half are stationed in field offices across its member nations . Functions ( edit ) Investment services ( edit ) The IFC 's investment services consist of loans , equity , trade finance , syndicated loans , structured and securitized finance , client risk management services , treasury services , and liquidity management . In its fiscal year 2010 , the IFC invested $12.7 billion in 528 projects across 103 countries . Of that total investment commitment , approximately 39 % ( $4.9 billion ) was invested into 255 projects across 58 member nations of the World Bank 's International Development Association ( IDA ) . The IFC makes loans to businesses and private projects generally with maturities of seven to twelve years . It determines a suitable repayment schedule and grace period for each loan individually to meet borrowers ' currency and cash flow requirements . The IFC may provide longer - term loans or extend grace periods if a project is deemed to warrant it . Leasing companies and financial intermediaries may also receive loans from the IFC . Though loans have traditionally been denominated in hard currencies , the IFC has endeavored to structure loan products in local currencies . Its disbursement portfolio included loans denominated in 25 local currencies in 2010 , and 45 local currencies in 2011 , funded largely through swap markets . Local financial markets development is one of IFC 's strategic focus areas . In line with its AAA rating , it has strict concentration , liquidity , asset - liability and other policies . The IFC committed to approximately $5.7 billion in new loans in 2010 , and $5 billion in 2011 . Although the IFC 's shareholders initially only allowed it to make loans , the IFC was authorized in 1961 to make equity investments , the first of which was made in 1962 by taking a stake in FEMSA , a former manufacturer of auto parts in Spain that is now part of Bosch Spain . The IFC invests in businesses ' equity either directly or via private equity funds , generally from five up to twenty percent of a company 's total equity . IFC 's private equity portfolio currently stands at roughly $3.0 billion committed to about 180 funds . The portfolio is widely distributed across all regions including Africa , East Asia , South Asia , Eastern Europe , Latin America and the Middle East , and recently has invested in Small Enterprise Assistance Funds ' ( SEAF ) Caucasus Growth Fund , Aureos Capital 's Kula Fund II ( Papua New Guinea , Fiji , Pacific Islands ) and Leopard Capital 's Haiti Fund . Other equity investments made by the IFC include preferred equity , convertible loans , and participation loans . The IFC prefers to invest for the long - term , usually for a period of eight to fifteen years , before exiting through the sale of shares on a domestic stock exchange , usually as part of an initial public offering . When the IFC invests in a company , it does not assume an active role in management of the company . Through its Global Trade Finance Program , the IFC guarantees trade payment obligations of more than 200 approved banks in over 80 countries to mitigate risk for international transactions . The Global Trade Finance Program provides guarantees to cover payment risks for emerging market banks regarding promissory notes , bills of exchange , letters of credit , bid and performance bonds , supplier credit for capital goods imports , and advance payments . The IFC issued $3.46 billion in more than 2,800 guarantees in 2010 , of which over 51 % targeted IDA member nations . In its fiscal year 2011 , the IFC issued $4.6 billion in more than 3,100 guarantees . In 2009 , the IFC launched a separate program for crisis response , known as its Global Trade Liquidity Program , which provides liquidity for international trade among developing countries . Since its establishment in 2009 , the Global Trade Liquidity Program assisted with over $15 billion in trade in 2011 . The IFC operates a Syndicated Loan Program in an effort to mobilize capital for development goals . The program was created in 1957 and as of 2011 has channeled approximately $38 billion from over 550 financial institutions toward development projects in over 100 different emerging markets . The IFC syndicated a total of $4.7 billion in loans in 2011 , twice that of its $2 billion worth of syndications in 2010 . Due to banks retrenching from lending across borders in emerging markets , in 2009 the IFC started to syndicate parallel loans to the international financial institutions and other participants . To service clients without ready access to low - cost financing , the IFC relies on structured or securitized financial products such as partial credit guarantees , portfolio risk transfers , and Islamic finance . The IFC committed $797 million in the form of structured and securitized financing in 2010 . For companies that face difficulty in obtaining financing due to a perception of high credit risk , the IFC securitizes assets with predictable cash flows , such as mortgages , credit cards , loans , corporate debt instruments , and revenue streams , in an effort to enhance those companies ' credit . Financial derivative products are made available to the IFC 's clients strictly for hedging interest rate risk , exchange rate risk , and commodity risk exposure . It serves as an intermediary between emerging market businesses and international derivatives market makers to increase access to risk management instruments . The IFC fulfills a treasury role by borrowing international capital to fund lending activities . It is usually one of the first institutions to issue bonds or to do swaps in emerging markets denominated in those markets ' local currencies . The IFC 's new international borrowings amounted to $8.8 billion in 2010 and $9.8 billion in 2011 . The IFC Treasury actively engages in liquidity management in an effort to maximize returns and assure that funding for its investments is readily available while managing risks to the IFC . Advisory services ( edit ) In addition to its investment activities the IFC provides a range of advisory services to support corporate decisionmaking regarding business , environment , social impact , and sustainability . The IFC 's corporate advice targets governance , managerial capacity , scalability , and corporate responsibility . It prioritizes the encouragement of reforms that improve the trade friendliness and ease of doing business in an effort to advise countries on fostering a suitable investment climate . It also offers advice to governments on infrastructure development and public - private partnerships . The IFC attempts to guide businesses toward more sustainable practices particularly with regards to having good governance , supporting women in business , and proactively combating climate change . Asset management company ( edit ) The IFC established IFC Asset Management Company LLC ( IFC AMC ) in 2009 as a wholly owned subsidiary to manage all capital funds to be invested in emerging markets . The AMC manages capital mobilized by the IFC as well as by third parties such as sovereign or pension funds , and other development financing organizations . Despite being owned by the IFC , the AMC has investment decision autonomy and is charged with a fiduciary responsibility to the four individual funds under its management . It also aims to mobilize additional capital for IFC investments as it can make certain types of investments which the IFC can not . As of 2011 , the AMC managed the IFC Capitalization Fund ( Equity ) Fund , L.P. , the IFC Capitalization ( Subordinated Debt ) Fund , L.P. , the IFC African , Latin American , and Caribbean Fund , L.P. , and the Africa Capitalization Fund , Ltd . The IFC Capitalization ( Equity ) Fund holds $1.3 billion in equity , while the IFC Capitalization ( Subordinated Debt ) Fund is valued at $1.7 billion . The IFC African , Latin American , and Caribbean Fund ( referred to as the IFC ALAC Fund ) was created in 2010 and is worth $1 billion . As of March 2012 , the ALAC Fund has invested a total of $349.1 million into twelve businesses . The Africa Capitalization Fund was set up in 2011 to invest in commercial banks in both Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa and its commitments totaled $181.8 million in March 2012 . As of 2018 , Marcos Brujis serves as CEO of the AMC . Financial performance ( edit ) The IFC prepares consolidated financial statements in accordance with United States GAAP which are audited by KPMG . It reported income before grants to IDA members of $2.18 billion in fiscal year 2011 , up from $1.95 billion in fiscal 2010 and $299 million in fiscal 2009 . The increase in income before grants is ascribed to higher earnings from the IFC 's investments and also from higher service fees . The IFC reported a partial offset from lower liquid asset trading income , higher administrative costs , and higher advisory service expenses . The IFC made $600 million in grants to IDA countries in fiscal 2011 , up from $200 million in fiscal 2010 and $450 million in fiscal 2009 . The IFC reported a net income of $1.58 billion in fiscal year 2011 . In previous years , the IFC had reported a net loss of $151 million in fiscal 2009 and $1.75 billion in fiscal 2010 . The IFC 's total capital amounted to $20.3 billion in 2011 , of which $2.4 billion was paid - in capital from member countries , $16.4 billion was retained earnings , and $1.5 billion was accumulated other comprehensive income . The IFC held $68.49 billion in total assets in 2011 . The IFC 's return on average assets ( GAAP basis ) decreased from 3.1 % in 2010 to 2.4 % in 2011 . Its return on average capital ( GAAP basis ) decreased from 10.1 % in 2010 to 8.2 % in 2011 . The IFC 's cash and liquid investments accounted for 83 % of its estimated net cash requirements for fiscal years 2012 through 2014 . Its external funding liquidity level grew from 190 % in 2010 to 266 % in 2011 . It has a 2.6 : 1 debt - to - equity ratio and holds 6.6 % in reserves against losses on loans to its disbursement portfolio . The IFC 's deployable strategic capital decreased from 14 % in 2010 to 10 % in 2011 as a share of its total resources available , which grew from $16.8 billion in 2010 to $17.9 billion in 2011 . In 2011 , the IFC reported total funding commitments ( consisting of loans , equity , guarantees , and client risk management ) of $12.18 billion , slightly lower than its $12.66 billion in commitments in 2010 . Its core mobilization , which consists of participation and parallel loans , structured finance , its Asset Management Company funds , and other initiatives , grew from $5.38 billion in 2010 to $6.47 billion in 2011 . The IFC 's total investment program was reported at a value of $18.66 billion for fiscal year 2011 . Its advisory services portfolio included 642 projects valued at $820 million in 2011 , compared to 736 projects at $859 million in 2010 . The IFC held $24.5 billion in liquid assets in 2011 , up from $21 billion in 2010 . The IFC received credit ratings of AAA from Standard & Poor 's in December 2012 and Aaa from Moody 's Investors Service in November 2012 . S&P rated the IFC as having a strong financial standing with adequate capital and liquidity , cautious management policies , a high level of geographic diversification , and anticipated treatment as a preferred creditor given its membership in the World Bank Group . It noted that the IFC faces a weakness relative to other multilateral institutions of having higher risks due to its mandated emphasis on private sector investing and its income heavily affected by equity markets . Green buildings in developing countries ( edit ) The IFC has created a mass - market certification system for fast growing emerging markets called EDGE ( `` Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies '' ) . IFC and the World Green Building Council have partnered to accelerate green building growth in developing counties . The target is to scale up green buildings over a seven - year period until 20 % of the property market is saturated . Certification occurs when the EDGE standard is met , which requires 20 % less energy , water , and materials than conventional homes . See also ( edit ) Environment , Health and Safety Global Environment Facility Grassroots Business Fund Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/corp_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/about + ifc_new / leadership / philippelehouerou ^ Jump up to : Ottenhoff , Jenny ( 2011 ) . International Finance Corporation ( Report ) . Center for Global Development . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : International Finance Corporation . `` IFC History '' . World Bank Group . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Madura , Jeff ( 2007 ) . International Financial Management : Abridged 8th Edition . Mason , OH : Thomson South - Western . ISBN 0 - 324 - 36563 - 2 . Jump up ^ name = `` IFC Vision 2012 '' > International Finance Corporation . `` IFC 's Vision , Values , & Purpose '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation ( 2012 ) . IFC Development Goals ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/corp_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/about+ifc_new/ifc+governance/investor+relations/ratings+agency+reports Jump up ^ `` Billions in `` out of control '' IFC investments into third - parties causing human rights abuses around the world Oxfam International `` . www.oxfam.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Can You Fight Poverty With a Five - Star Hotel ? '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jacks , Allen ( 1955 - 09 - 17 ) . `` World Bank Head Sees IFC Start in Early ' 56 '' . The Washington Post . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` IFC picks up 12.5 pc stake in Angel Broking '' . Live Mint. 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IFC supports Greek banks with € 150 million '' . intelligent-news.com. 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : International Finance Corporation ( 2010 ) . IFC Annual Report 2010 : Where Innovation Meets Impact ( Report ) . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : International Finance Corporation ( 2011 ) . IFC Annual Report 2011 : I Am Opportunity ( Report ) . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation ( 2012 ) . IFC Organizational Structure ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Leadership '' . www.ifc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation . `` Loans for IFC 's Own Account : A-loans '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation . `` Overview of Local Currency Loans and Hedges '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years of the Bosch Group in Spain '' . Bosch Spain . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` IFC Home '' . Jump up ^ `` Kula Fund II '' . ifc.org . Jump up ^ `` IFC Home '' . ifc.org . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation . `` Equity Finance '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation . `` Global Trade Finance Program '' . World Bank Group . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation ( 2012 ) . Partnering with IFC Syndications ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation . `` Structured Finance Products '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation . `` Securitizations '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation . `` Overview of Risk Management Products '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ International Finance Corporation . `` Overview of Local Currency Loans and Hedges '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : International Finance Corporation ( 2012 ) . IFC Asset Management Company ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : International Finance Corporation ( 2011 ) . IFC Financials and Projects ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Bank Group . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ https://www.ifcamc.org/team Jump up ^ Swann , Nikola G. ; Chambers , John ( 2012 ) . RatingsDirect Global Credit Portal : International Finance Corp ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Standard & Poor 's . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hess , Steven ; Swahla , Annette ; Oosterveld , Bart ( 2012 ) . Credit Analysis : International Finance Corporation ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Moody 's Investors Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Swann , Nikola G. ; Chambers , John ( 2010 ) . RatingsDirect Global Credit Portal : International Finance Corp ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Standard & Poor 's . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` EDGE Buildings '' . ifc.org . Jump up ^ Mike . `` WorldGBC 3 - EDGE Certification System '' . worldgbc.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` EDGE Buildings - '' . 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3353213625232241482	Gwen Stacy	Gwen Stacy - wikipedia Gwen Stacy For the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) . For the comic - book series starring the alternate - universe superhero version , see Spider - Gwen . For the Christian metalcore band , see Gwen Stacy ( band ) . Gwen Stacy 250x450px Gwen Stacy on the cover of The Spectacular Spider - Man vol. 2 , # 23 ( March 2005 ) Art by Greg Land Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) Created by Stan Lee Steve Ditko In - story information Full name Gwendolyn Maxine Stacy Supporting character of Spider - Man Ultimate Spider - Man Dead Girl Notable aliases Spider - Gwen Gwendolyne Maxine `` Gwen '' Stacy is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , usually as a supporting character in those featuring Spider - Man . A college student , she was a long - term romantic interest for Peter Parker before she was murdered by the Green Goblin ( Norman Osborn ) . Spider - Man writers and fans often debate whether Peter 's `` one true love '' is Gwen Stacy or Mary Jane Watson ( Peter 's later girlfriend and wife ) . Stories published long after her death indicate that Gwen still holds a special place in his heart . The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider - Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider - Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . In the upcoming 2018 film Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse , the character will be voiced by Hailee Steinfeld . Contents 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early history 2.2 Death 2.3 Clones 2.4 `` Sins Past '' 2.5 Dead No More : The Clone Conspiracy 3 Other versions 3.1 `` Age of Apocalypse '' 3.2 Gwenpool 3.3 `` House of M '' 3.4 Marvel Adventures 3.5 Marvel Zombies Return 3.6 Powerless 3.7 Spider - Gwen 3.8 Spider - Punk 3.9 Spider - Man : Fairy Tales 3.10 Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane 3.11 Spider - Man Unlimited 3.12 Ultimate Marvel 3.13 What If 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.2. 1 Sam Raimi series 4.2. 2 Marc Webb series 4.2. 3 Animation 4.3 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2013 ) Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko , Gwen Stacy first appeared in The Amazing Spider - Man # 31 ( December 1965 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) In her initial appearances , Peter Parker met Gwen while both were studying as undergraduates at Empire State University , but with Aunt May in the hospital , Peter was troubled and ignored her advances . She dated both Flash Thompson and Harry Osborn to make Peter jealous . Gradually , however , a romance developed ; Gwen , a science major , appreciated Peter 's intellect . Their relationship began almost immediately after Peter stopped going out with Mary Jane Watson , whom he began to see as shallow and self - absorbed . Later issues introduced Gwen 's father , NYPD Captain George Stacy . Though her father was both fond of Peter and supportive of his alter - ego Spider - Man , he ultimately strained Peter 's relationship with Gwen after being killed by falling debris during a battle involving Spider - Man and Doctor Octopus . Gwen blamed Spider - Man for his death , and left for Europe to cope with her loss . She wanted Peter to ask her to marry him and convince her to stay , but his guilt stopped him from proposing . Gwen 's feelings for Peter eventually prompted her to return to New York , and their relationship was rekindled . According to Lee , who scripted all of the stories featuring Gwen Stacy up to this point , the original intent was for Gwen Stacy to be Spider - Man 's central love interest , `` but no matter how we ( i.e. Lee and his artist / co-plotter collaborators ) wrote it , Mary Jane always seemed more interesting ! '' Death ( edit ) Main article : The Night Gwen Stacy Died Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas succeeded Stan Lee as writer and editor , respectively , of The Amazing Spider - Man . Together with inker John Romita , Sr. , they came to the decision to have Gwen Stacy killed off . It was Romita who first suggested the idea , during a plotting session with Conway when Romita was still penciller on The Amazing Spider - Man . Conway later said his contribution to the decision was motivated by a desire to bring Mary Jane Watson to the forefront , as he shared Lee 's feeling that she was a more interesting character than Gwen Stacy : `` ( Mary Jane ) had n't lost the edge that made her an interesting character . Gwen did n't have an edge . She was just a nice person . '' The Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen Stacy and throws her off the George Washington Bridge in The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 ( June 1973 ) . Both the decision to kill Gwen and the method in which Marvel implemented it remain controversial among fans because some believe that Peter himself was the one who caused her death . The death became a pivotal point in both Spider - Man 's history and in American comic books in general . Many point to Gwen 's death as the end of the Silver Age of Comics . Before her death , except possibly as part of an origin story , superheroes did not fail so catastrophically , nor did the hero 's loved ones die so suddenly and without warning . In his book The Physics of Superheroes , physicist James Kakalios writes that , consistent with Newton 's laws of motion , the sudden stop would have killed Gwen Stacy . The comic book Civil War : Casualties of War : Captain America / Iron Man ( 2007 ) concurred that the proximate cause of death was the sudden stop during a high - speed fall . An issue of Peter Parker / Spider - Man revisits the issue , and further confirms Gwen died of a broken neck due to the use of the webbing . On the other hand , in the 1987 edition of the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe , Gwen 's death is attributed to the fall , not to Spider - Man 's webbing . Within the Marvel Comics , Gwen Stacy 's death has enormous repercussions . Mary Jane Watson feels the loss of Gwen deeply and becomes a more mature , compassionate person . Gwen 's death also draws Peter and Mary Jane into a closer friendship , and eventually to romance . Miles Warren , one of Gwen 's professors , was secretly in love with her . Following her death , Warren goes insane and adopts the persona of the Jackal . In the fourth and final issue of the miniseries Marvels ( April 1994 ) , photographer Phil Sheldon befriends Gwen Stacy , who has absolved Spider - Man of any blame for her father 's death . Gwen 's simple faith in heroes convinces Sheldon of the purpose of the `` Marvels '' ( i.e. , superheroes ) -- to protect innocents such as Gwen . He resolves to write a book to praise the heroes and what they should mean to humanity . When the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage to bait Spider - Man , Sheldon frantically follows the resulting chase in a taxi and witnesses her death . While it is reported that she died from the shock of the fall , Sheldon thinks it looks like something else . Sheldon 's faith in the Marvels is shattered . Clones ( edit ) Following the publication of The Amazing Spider - Man # 121 , Stan Lee ( who had since become Marvel 's publisher ) was frequently criticized by fans during his public appearances for killing off Gwen Stacy . Lee , who had also found the character 's death objectionable , insisted that Conway write a story bringing her back . Conway strongly objected since he felt any sort of resurrection would break the plausibility of the stories , but ultimately gave in under the condition that after reviving Gwen , he could write her out of the book as soon as he wanted . He decided that cloning would be the best means to bring the character back . In the resulting story , set approximately two years after Gwen Stacy 's death , `` Gwen '' reappears , perfectly healthy but with no memory of the time since her death . This story , published in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 ( May 1975 ) , initiated the original Clone Saga . At the end of that story , Gwen 's clone , a creation of Spider - Man villain the Jackal , leaves to find a new life for herself , coming to accept that she is not really the same person who had a relationship with Peter Parker . In the 1988 crossover `` The Evolutionary War '' , the High Evolutionary , who had once been Miles Warren 's teacher , captures Gwen 's clone . He is dismayed to learn that Miles Warren has perfected the art of cloning and thus lies to the New Men that it was nothing more than a genetic construct created by a virus that he injected into his apprentice , Joyce Delaney . During the second `` Clone Saga '' , Gwen Stacy 's clone , now married to a clone of Professor Warren named Warren Miles , sees a copy of Peter Parker 's book of Spider - Man photos , Webs , and remembers ( to an extent ) her real history . She returns to New York City . During this storyline , she again disappears from Spider - Man 's life . It was revealed the Gwen Stacy clone introduced in Amazing Spider - Man # 144 was in fact the second Gwen clone Miles Warren created and has been living in London under the name Joyce Delaney . This clone is murdered by the Gwen Stacy clone known as Abby - L . Another Gwen clone appears in The Amazing Spider - Man # 399 ( March 1995 ) . This clone believes she is the real Gwen . She dies from clone degeneration in Spider - Man # 56 ( March 1995 ) , the next issue of the story arc . A further Gwen clone appears in the `` Sibling Rivalry '' crossover storyline between Superior Spider - Man Team - Up and Scarlet Spider . She joins the Jackal ( alongside Carrion and a regular Miles Warren clone ) in capturing Superior Spider - Man and Kaine . She is sympathetic towards `` Peter '' and Kaine , but at the same time utterly loyal to the Jackal . When the Spiders break free , Superior Spider - Man disarms and attempts to kill her , but is stopped by Kaine . When the Jackal 's lab is engulfed in flames , Kaine offers to save her , but she refuses , and is seemingly consumed by the fire . `` Sins Past '' ( edit ) The story arc `` Sins Past '' by J. Michael Straczynski in The Amazing Spider - Man # 509 -- 514 ( August 2004 -- January 2005 ) reveals Norman Osborn , the Green Goblin 's alter ego , fathered twins , a boy and a girl , with Gwen Stacy , to whom she gave birth while in France shortly before her death . She vowed she would raise them with Peter ( despite the fact that he was not aware of Gwen 's infidelity ) and refused to allow Norman access to them . Seeing her as a threat to his potential heirs , the Green Goblin killed Gwen . Norman Osborn then raised Gwen 's two children , a boy and a girl named Gabriel and Sarah . Straczynski later stated he originally wanted to make Peter Parker the father of Gwen 's kids but the editors vetoed the idea . They felt it would age Peter Parker too much if he had two adult children . The whole creative and editorial team then decided Norman Osborn would be the father . In an e-mail to the comic book website Newsarama , Straczynski claimed he regretted the version of `` Sins Past '' that went to press , and he had hoped to `` retcon '' it out of continuity during the events of the then - recent `` One More Day '' storyline : `` I wanted to retcon the Gwen twins out of continuity , which was something I always assumed I could do at the end of my run . I was n't allowed to do this , and yes , it pissed me off . '' In the original plans for `` One More Day '' , the story would have ended with Gwen Stacy being resurrected by Mephisto 's reality - warping spell along with Harry Osborn , but it was eventually decided to let her remain dead . Her son , Gabriel , has reappeared in subsequent stories . Dead no more : the clone Conspiracy ( edit ) In the Clone Conspiracy storyline , a flashback revealed that Gwen Stacy was conscious during Spider - Man and Green Goblin 's battle on the bridge , and as she was falling to her death . She overheard their conversation and discovered Peter is Spider - Man . She was angry at Peter for keeping this secret and for his involvement in her father 's death . In the present , Gwen is supposedly revived by the Jackal with his clones . The Jackal claims that this one is not a clone but the real Gwen who was harvested from her remains and still has all her memories , including those of her death . The Jackal offers Gwen the opportunity to be his business partner as he tries to change the world with his new technology . Gwen is hesitant about this new life at first but accepts it when the Jackal shows that he has reanimated the clone of her father , who is much better than he was before he died . When Spider - Man arrives at the incorporation and discovers the Jackal 's experiments , he is surprised by Gwen 's presence and notes that unlike the other people the Jackal revived , who were all clones , Gwen does not trigger his spider - sense , making him wonder if she was the real one . He is attacked by the `` reborn '' Doctor Octopus before he can question the issue further . After the Jackal breaks up the fight and shows Spider - Man around the New U , George Stacy clone recognizes something off about Gwen 's face and points his gun at her . It was revealed that the Gwen clone was actually her Earth - 65 counterpart Spider - Woman who assists Spider - Man in escaping . The real Gwen is kidnapped by Kaine and taken to Parker Industries to be studied . Kaine reveals that he and Spider - Woman came to this Earth to assist Spider - Man because they saw that Spider - Man allying with the Jackal 's offer on other worlds results in a global disaster . Rhino and Electro are sent to retrieve Gwen after attacking the staff , but Gwen tells them to take Kaine with him too because the condition could help with Jackal 's experiments . Anna Maria Marconi also volunteers to come with because she has studied both Kaine and the drug . When Spider - Man is taken to Haven , he catches up with Gwen in the household in the facility , where she tries to convince him to support New U Technologies . Peter still has a hard time believing she is the real Gwen given his other experiences with clones . Gwen tries justifying her existence by telling Peter her memories , including how she overheard the Green Goblin talking to Spider - Man before her death . Peter thinks she died hating him , but Gwen said that she did not hate him , but rather died feeling betrayed . Peter again still has doubts towards Gwen not being a clone . She tries kissing him , to no avail which only pushes him to put the mask back on . Gwen witnesses Jackal order the villains clone to kill Spider - Man and wants to help . Doctor Octopus pulls a switch that activates the Carrion Virus in all of the revived , including Gwen and George , and causes them to start rapidly decaying . After Gwen 's father deteriorates in her arms , she assists Spider - Man by helping him get to the lab . When the villains clone get to the lab doors , Gwen locks Spider - Man inside the lab and sacrifices herself towards the villains to give him more time . Following the Carrion Virus being thwarted , Spider - Man and Anna check the building and see that Gwen has been reduced to dust . Other versions ( edit ) `` Age of Apocalypse '' ( edit ) In the two - issue mini-series X-Universe , which details what happened to the rest of the Marvel Universe during the `` Age of Apocalypse '' storyline , the Green Goblin never killed Gwen Stacy . Instead she became the bodyguard of Donald Blake , who , in this reality , had never become the Mighty Thor . Sometime later in the mainstream universe in X-Man # 37 , the Age of Apocalypse version of Gwen is pulled from her reality to the mainstream Earth 's George Washington Bridge , much to Spider - Man 's shock . Gwenpool ( edit ) Main article : Gwenpool Due to the popularity of Spider - Gwen , in June 2015 Marvel published variant covers for 20 of their current series , which saw Gwen Stacy re-imagined as other Marvel characters , such as Doctor Strange , Groot and Wolverine . One of those variants , for `` Deadpool 's Secret Secret Wars # 2 '' , featured an amalgam of Gwen Stacy and Deadpool dubbed `` Gwenpool '' , which turned out to be especially popular with the fans . As the result , Marvel produced two stories featuring Gwenpool as a character , a backup story in the series `` Howard the Duck '' , and a one - shot `` Gwenpool Holiday Special # 1 '' . A retcon in the Howard the Duck # 1 backup it was revealed her name is actually `` Gwen Poole '' , not Gwen Stacy , or even an alternate version of Gwen Stacy . Following the publication of the one - shot , an ongoing series titled The Unbelievable Gwenpool by the same creative team was announced , starting in April 2016 . `` House of M '' ( edit ) In the reality seen in the `` House of M '' storyline , in which the Scarlet Witch alters reality to make mutants the ruling class over humans , Gwen was never killed . Instead , she married Peter Parker , and the couple had a young son . She had become a scientist , a savvy businesswoman , and a peace activist -- and had a decidedly hostile relationship with chemical weapon developer Norman Osborn . Mary Jane Watson , a popular actress in this reality , played Gwen Stacy in the film adaptation of Spider - Man 's life story . Gwen and her father read textual accounts of their deaths in the main universe , though they believe this simply to be the morbid imaginings of Peter Parker , who is suffering from mental health issues . Marvel Adventures ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appeared in Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 53 as a new student of Midtown High . She had transferred from her previous school after the Torino Gang , a powerful New York mob , began harassing her in an attempt to keep her father , police captain George Stacy , from arresting members of their gang . However , the Torinos continued to harass Gwen at Midtown , prompting Spider - Man to help the police take down the gang . Like her father , Gwen believes Spider - Man is a hero . She subsequently began participating in a `` Spider - Man Appreciation Society '' designed to foster better public opinion of Spider - Man . Gwen is also attracted to Spider - Man 's alter ego Peter Parker ; although she openly flirted with him , Peter began dating a different girl , Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval , which made Gwen very unhappy . Later , Gwen was brainwashed by Emma Frost into believing she was dating Peter . Gwen 's brainwashing wore off ( or was undone by Emma ) , but Gwen now believes her relationship with Peter ended when he chose Chat over her , causing her to treat Chat very coldly . She has since warmed to Chat , however . Recently , Gwen began a close friendship with Carter Torino who is the grandson of the head of the Torino Gang . Their relationship is complicated by the fact Gwen 's father is still trying to take down Carter 's criminal family . Marvel Zombies return ( edit ) In the limited series , Marvel Zombies Return , Gwen of ' Earth Z ' is still a college student out with her friends Mary Jane and Harry Osborn . The zombified Spider - Man travels to this earth and , despite his best intentions , turns the Sinister Six . They then slay and partly consume Gwen and her friends . To stop the spread of the virus , Spider - Man obliterates the bodies . Powerless ( edit ) In the Powerless mini-series , Gwen Stacy again appears as the girlfriend of Peter Parker . Norman Osborn again kidnaps and attempts to kill her as a part of a plan to intimidate Peter . In a twist , the powerless Peter ( with a limb crippled from a spider bite ) manages to save Gwen from falling to her death . Spider - Gwen ( edit ) Gwen Stacy as Spider - Woman ( nicknamed `` The White Widow '' by cosplayers ) in an alternate universe . Named `` Spider - Gwen '' by the fans and authors . Main article : Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) In the alternate reality designated Earth - 65 , Gwen Stacy is the one bitten by the radioactive spider , and becomes a superhero going by the name of Spider - Woman . She is also a member of a band fronted by Mary Jane Watson , simply called the Mary Janes . Shortly after Gwen begins fighting crime , Peter Parker attempts to exact revenge on those who bullied him , becoming this universe 's version of the Lizard . Gwen subdues him , but Peter dies towards the end of the battle due to the chemical he used . Spider - Woman is blamed for his death , causing an outcry for her arrest , led by J. Jonah Jameson . Her father , who is also a police chief in this world , begins a hunt for her . This follows Gwen into college , where she is still a member of the Mary Janes . At a gig of theirs , an assassin is sent after Gwen 's father , who is in the audience . Gwen defeats the assassin , the audience and band clearing out during the battle . While they are alone , Captain Stacy holds Spider - Woman at gun point , with Gwen taking off her mask to reveal who she is . Shocked upon learning Spider - Woman 's identity , he tells her to run before he changes his mind . In the distance , the Captain Britain from Earth - 833 , called Spider - UK , is watching , saying that Gwen will `` do quite nicely . '' Gwen is recruited by Spider - UK to team up with other Spider - Totems across the multiverse , and next appears on Earth - 616 with Old Man Spider - Man of Earth - 4 and Spider - Man of Earth - 70105 ( who in that reality is Bruce Banner ) to rescue Kaine , who was under attack by the Inheritors . Marvel - 616 Peter is hesitant to put Gwen in action and she is told by the others of how he failed to save her in his world . However he does recruit her for a mission and they both agree to look out for each other . Gwen is sent to recruit an alternate version of Peter Parker who is driven insane after he failed to save the Gwen Stacy in his dimension , killed the Green Goblin , and became the Hobgoblin . She tells him that he can become the man he once was if he joins them , but they are attacked by the Inheritors . Hobgoblin sacrifices himself to save Gwen . After the events of Spider - Verse , Gwen returns to her home of Earth - 65 where she continues her career as Spider - Woman in her own solo series , Spider - Gwen . She first saves George Stacy from mercenary Aleksei Sytsevich who was sent by Wilson Fisk and his lawyer Matt Murdock to target him . Then she begins a hunt for the Vulture who has been terrorizing the city in her absence . She appears as one of the main characters in the Secret Wars Spider - Verse event with Spider - Ham , Spider - Girl , Spider - UK , Spider - Man Noir , and Spider - Man India in a Battleworld called Archania ruled by Norman Osborn . They eventually form a team called the Web Warriors where they help other Spider - Men and Women in various dimensions . A child version of her also appears in Giant Size Little Marvel Avengers vs X-Men as a new kid that Tony Stark tries to ask out on a date . She rejects him because he 's a kid with a goatee and mustache . Another version of her is a member of Arcadia's 's A-Force . On Earth - 8 , she is married to Miles Morales and they have two children with Spider Powers . Spider - punk ( edit ) In an issue of Web Warriors , Spider - Punk mentions that the Gwen Stacy in his dimension was a musical icon . Spider - Man : fairy Tales ( edit ) Issue # 1 of Spider - Man : Fairy Tales follows the fairy tale of Little Red Riding Hood , reimagined with Mary Jane Watson as the titular character . Gwen Stacy has been previously killed by the wolf . Issue # 4 is an adaption of Cinderella with Gwen as Princess Gwendolyn . She falls in love with the masked `` Prince of Arachne , '' who is revealed to be Peter Parker , servant to Sir Osborn , but is killed during a fight between Osborn and Parker . Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane ( edit ) Gwen Stacy first appears at the end of Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 5 . She is the new girl at school and quickly becomes close friends with Peter Parker . In Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane # 9 , Peter and Gwen take their relationship to the next level by sharing a tender kiss , much to the dismay of Mary Jane . They date for a time , though Gwen breaks up with Peter when she learns Mary Jane is the girl he truly loves . MJ , attempting to fix this , breaks up with Peter and reunites with Harry . Peter can not commit to Gwen . She is unwilling to accept him as a friend and not a boyfriend . Spider - Man Unlimited ( edit ) In the fourth issue of the comic book based on the Spider - Man Unlimited animated series , Spidey encounters a Counter-Earth version of Gwen Stacy . She helps him escape a hidden paradise known as `` The Haven '' . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Ultimate Spider - Man . In the Ultimate Marvel continuity , Gwen Stacy first appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 14 ( December 2001 ) as a teenage girl at Peter 's high school . In this continuity , Gwen , whose rendition by artist Mark Bagley was inspired by an early - career Madonna , has amber eyes , wears punk - style clothing , and harbors a rebellious personality . In her first appearance she gives a rousing speech on ' super powers ' ; in the next issue she pulls a knife on Kong , a classmate who was bullying Peter . She is suspended from school temporarily . Gwen becomes friends with Peter , which leads Mary Jane Watson to believe Gwen is vying for his affections . Gwen is later taken in by Aunt May after her father , police captain John Stacy , is killed by a burglar wearing a Spider - Man costume . Her estranged mother does not want to take her in . Her living in the Parker house creates more tension between Peter and Mary Jane , and leads to their temporary break - up . Peter 's relationship with Gwen is further complicated by her hatred of Spider - Man , whom she blames for her father 's death . When Peter finds his friend Eddie Brock , Gwen confides in him about her feelings of isolation . Eddie then tries to kiss her . Gwen is shocked . When she eventually learns Peter is Spider - Man , the angry Gwen pulls her father 's gun on him . Fortunately , he manages to convince her he is not to blame for her father 's death . Gwen runs off but returns , explaining she is just really mad at everything at the moment . She would n't have really shot him , a fact Peter already knew because his spider sense did n't go off despite Gwen 's wrath . Gwen then agrees to keep his secret . Gwen Stacy dies in Ultimate Spider - Man # 62 . Before her death , she made peace with Mary Jane and assured her she never had romantic feelings for Peter . She considered him just as a friend . She is killed by Carnage , a vampiric monster made by the splicing of genetic material from Peter Parker , his father , and Dr. Curt Connors . Although Peter is not in the area when she dies , he still feels some responsibility for her death , as he allowed Dr. Connors to use his genetic material for experimentation . His guilt makes him decide to retire as Spider - Man for a while . Eventually , he takes up his hero identity when his responsibility for the innocent becomes too great to overlook . At the end of the arc , there was an issue that dealt with Gwen 's death . Flash Thompson makes an off - color remark about Gwen 's passing . It infuriates MJ to the point where she physically attacks Flash . It is revealed Flash had a crush on Gwen all along . A girl seeming to be Gwen Stacy appears in Ultimate Spider - Man # 98 . Says Ultimate artist Mark Bagley , `` Gwen 's return is integral to the Clone storyline and is basically a way to rock Peter 's world ... again . '' In this issue `` Gwen '' appears to have no memory of her `` death '' and believes she was in a hospital , from which she has escaped . In issue # 100 , after a raft of revelations , the stress of the situation enrages `` Gwen '' . She transforms into what appears to be Carnage before leaping out the window . In the next issue , `` Richard Parker '' claims `` Gwen '' should not have met Peter at all , and was merely an experiment in stem cell research . This Gwen / Carnage fights with the Fantastic Four , Nick Fury , and the Spider - Slayer drones , until she is knocked unconscious by a beam of light , and taken into custody . In issue # 113 , Norman Osborn as the Green Goblin causes a massive prison break from the Triskelion . An inmate appearing to be ' Gwen ' walks out amidst the chaos , disappearing in the shadows . It has been revealed the creature posing as Gwen Stacy is still the original Ultimate Carnage Spider - Man faced earlier in its run . After `` devouring '' Gwen , this incarnation of Carnage has gone on to mimic her `` essence '' and now believes itself to be Gwen Stacy . During the `` War of the Symbiotes '' storyline , Gwen / Carnage 's back story in the Triskelion is revealed . It is shown Gwen has been taking some form of therapy with Tony Stark . However , when the Green Goblin broke out of the Triskelion , Gwen escaped and went to Peter Parker 's house in a confused and terrified state , with Carnage 's face on her body . During an exchange between Peter and Gwen , Eddie Brock attempts to attack Aunt May and retake his symbiote . In a rage , Spider - Man engages Venom on a nearby rooftop . During the fight , Gwen is shown to be able to use her symbiote to fight off Eddie but Eddie reabsorbs his symbiote along with the Carnage symbiote rendering Gwen Stacy an average girl . After SHIELD intervenes , SHIELD Director Danvers states Gwen will remain in S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . Peter and May argue for her to come back to live with them , with Tony Stark supporting the Parkers . In Ultimate Spider - Man # 129 , the Parkers are now helping to rebuild Gwen 's life . Her ghastly experience with the Carnage symbiote also causes her to develop a death anxiety she gradually controls . Six months after the `` Ultimatum '' storyline , in Ultimate Comics Spider - Man # 1 , Gwen is living with the Parkers again and seems to be dating Peter . However , circumstances involving the Chameleon made Gwen realize she made a mistake dating Peter . She breaks up with him , but still lives with the Parkers due to Gwen and Aunt May has become close in a surrogate mother - daughter fashion . After Peter 's death , Gwen and May re-located in France , but returned to New York after hearing about the re-emergence of a new Spider - Man . Afterwards , they meet the Peter Parker of the Earth - 616 continuity after he was accidentally and briefly sent to the Ultimate universe , with Gwen being intrigued to learn about her counterpart ( although she is not informed that her other self dead , Gwen also `` neglecting '' to tell Peter that she had died and revived ) , as she also attempts to tell Mary Jane about the other Peter 's arrival in their world . When Green Goblin escapes custody after S.H.I.E.L.D. was shut down , he arrives at the front yard of Aunt May 's house and confronts the new Spider - Man . Gwen and Aunt May are inside watching the television where the battle of the new Spider - Man and Green Goblin was being broadcast . Soon , Spider - Man emerges to aid the new Spider - Man in the fight , to the surprise of Gwen and Aunt May . Green Goblin flees at his arrival and the two Spider - Men depart . Gwen is unsure of the identity of the original Spider - Man , however , Aunt May assures her that his motives show that it him . Later , Gwen and Aunt May walk over to Mary Jane 's house and overhear Peter 's unknown resurrection . Gwen sprints over and joyfully reunites with him . After the two Spider - Men defeat Green Goblin , Peter tells Gwen that he intends to go on a quest to find out the truth of his mystery resurrection . Early in the series , Ultimate Spider - Man # 25 ( October 2002 ) paid homage to Gwen Stacy 's death in the Earth - 616 continuity , although Gwen herself was not involved . The Green Goblin tossed Mary Jane off the Queensboro Bridge . Spider - Man caught her leg with his webbing , just as with Gwen . The issue ended with a cliffhanger : when Spider - Man pulled Mary Jane up , she appeared to be either unconscious or dead . The cliffhanger was resolved in the next issue when Mary Jane awoke in # 26 , uninjured . What if ( edit ) In `` What if Gwen Stacy had lived ? '' , Peter saves Gwen by jumping after her rather than catching her with a web - line . In doing this , he cushions her from the impact as they hit the water and subsequently gives her CPR . After regaining consciousness , Gwen sees him without his mask . After explaining himself to her , Peter proposes to Gwen , and she accepts . Meanwhile , the Green Goblin mails to J. Jonah Jameson proof of Spider - Man 's real identity . On the day of Peter 's wedding to Gwen , Jonah has published the expose and uses it to acquire a warrant for Peter 's arrest . Peter escapes from the police moments after his wedding to Gwen , but the issue ends with Peter on the run from the law and pondering his uncertain future . As the issue ends , Gwen departs with Joe ' Robbie ' Robertson , who promises Gwen they will do whatever they can to help Peter and quits the Bugle . In `` What If Spider - Man Had Kept His Six Arms ? '' , Spider - Man ( whose six - arms mutation was permanent here ) is able to prevent Gwen Stacy 's death . At the very end of Peter David 's one - shot `` What If : The Other , '' Peter Parker ( now calling himself `` Poison '' ) uses part of the Venom symbiote attached to him in the resurrection of Gwen Stacy . She takes the appearance of Carnage . In other media ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in The Spectacular Spider - Man . Bryce Dallas Howard as Gwen Stacy in Spider - Man 3 . Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man . Television ( edit ) Gwen Stacy was deliberately excluded from the 1990s Spider - Man animated series as the creators felt they could neither allow her to live nor deliberately include a character who was going to die . An alternate version of the character did appear in the series finale , voiced by Mary Kay Bergman . The fiancée of Spider - Man 's high - tech armored counterpart in this parallel universe , the primary version of Spider - Man meets Gwen for the first time . Gwen plays a role in help defeating Spider - Carnage . Gwen Stacy appears as a central character in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Lacey Chabert . Depicted as a teenager , this version is friends with Peter Parker and Harry Osborn and is the daughter of George Stacy . She has hidden romantic feelings for Peter , being hurt several times when he expressed interest in other girls . Throughout season one , she becomes concerned when Harry become addicted to Gobulin Green . At the end of season one , she kisses Peter , leaving them in an awkward standing in season two . Despite their feeling for each other , Peter begins dating Liz Allan and she dates Harry . In the series finale , `` Final Curtain '' , she and Peter acknowledge how they feel about each other , and agree to break up with Harry and Liz . However , after Norman Osborn 's apparent death , Gwen stays in a relationship with Harry because she would be the only one to care for him . A variation of Spider - Gwen , native to Miles Morales ' dimension shows up in the final part of Return to the Spider - verse in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. the Sinister Six , voiced by Dove Cameron . This version does n't have Spider powers and instead relies on tech stolen from her father 's robot program to become Spider - Woman , with the help of her world 's Aunt May after Miles was transported to the alternate dimension early in the season . She is a big help in the final battle against Peter Parker 's villainous counterpart Wolf - Spider . Gwen also stated she was a friend of her dimension 's Peter Parker before his death . Gwen Stacy as Spider - Gwen appears in the 2017 series Spider - Man , voiced by Laura Bailey . This version is one of Peter 's classmates at Horizon High and specializes in DNA formulas . She was inspired to pursue science by her uncle , Raymond Warren , later revealed to be the villainous Jackal . In the `` Spider Island '' event , she becomes Spider - Gwen after being exposed to the Jackal 's chemicals and assists Spider - Man as a hero , but is later mutated into a giant spider as the experiment starts affecting the rest of New York ( similar to Carlie Cooper 's role in the original story ) . She is later cured in the climax of the story . Film ( edit ) Sam raimi series ( edit ) A student in Peter Parker 's university class in Spider - Man 2 , portrayed by Ellen Pompeo , is identified as Gwen Stacy in the film 's novelization . Gwen Stacy is portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in Spider - Man 3 . She is a potential new love interest for Peter Parker , serving as an unintended rival to Mary Jane Watson . Gwen is a classmate and lab partner of Peter Parker and Spider - Man rescues her early in the film from a construction crane accident . She kisses an upside - down Spider - Man in similar fashion to how Mary Jane did in Spider - Man which causes Mary Jane to become angry and hurt . As Peter is at the top of Dr. Connors 's quantum mechanics class , he tutors her . She considers Peter a genius and is very fond of him . She is also friends with Eddie Brock as he took pictures of her so Gwen could be a model . Brock 's relationship is short - lived , as Peter , under the influence of the symbiote , steals her from Eddie . He dances with her at the same jazz club where Mary Jane works , but Gwen realizes Peter is doing this to make Mary Jane jealous . Gwen , upset about this , approaches Mary Jane , apologizes , and storms out of the club , leaving Peter behind . She is later present at Harry Osborn 's funeral . Bryce Dallas Howard said she would love to be a part of any continuation of the film franchise , while acknowledging her character 's opportunity may have passed , especially after Spider - Man 3 ended with Peter and Mary Jane once again in each other 's arms . In May 2007 , actor James Cromwell , who played Captain Stacy in the film stated he thought the natural progression for the character would be for both to die early in Spider - Man 4 , mirroring the comics . Howard said a death would not have bothered her . The film was ultimately unmade , although Stacy was in the draft . Marc webb series ( edit ) Emma Stone portrays Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man as Peter Parker 's love interest . She works as an assistant at Dr. Curt Connors 's laboratory at Oscorp , where Peter is bitten by a genetically - engineered spider . She subsequently develops a crush on him , and he soon reveals his secret identity as Spider - Man to her . Gwen plays an important role in the Lizard 's defeat , by helping Peter develop an antidote for the serum that mutates people into reptilian hybrids through cross-species genetics , using her own scientific background . Unfortunately , her father is killed by the Lizard before Peter can defeat the villain . George begs Peter to keep Gwen out of his dangerous life . Peter honors that vow without telling Gwen immediately ; this affronts Gwen until she realizes what her father did , and subsequently forgives Peter . However , when Peter later wonders if he should keep that promise , she just smiles . Emma Stone reprises her role as Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man 2 . Gwen continues to work at Oscorp , which is owned by Harry Osborn , Peter 's best friend . By now , Peter and Gwen have decided to keep their relationship platonic , but Peter 's romantic feelings for her are rekindled when she tells him that she is going to England to study medicine at Somerville College , Oxford University . When Oscorp employee Max Dillon suffers an industrial accident and becomes the villain Electro , Gwen starts asking questions ; Donald Menken , a high ranking and mutinous Oscorp board member , decides that she is a threat , fires her and targets her for elimination . When Electro attacks the city 's electricity supply , Gwen and Spider - Man work together to stop him . Just then , the Green Goblin kidnaps Gwen and holds her hostage atop of the power plant 's clock tower , intent on drawing Spider - Man out . The Green Goblin throws Gwen through the tower 's glass rooftop , but Spider - Man saves her by shooting a web for her to grab onto . The web eventually breaks , however , and Gwen falls to the ground far below . Spider - Man catches her with another web an instant too late , as her head hits the concrete floor , killing her instantly . Gwen 's death sends Peter into a deep depression , and he decides to give up being Spider - Man . Five months later , he watches a video of Gwen 's graduation speech , in which she tells her class that hope is what makes life worth living , even in the darkest of times . Inspired , Peter decides to once again become Spider - Man . As viral marketing for the film , a Tumblr page was created for the character . In both films , Kari Coleman , Charlie DePew , Skyler Gisondo and Jacob Rodier portray the Stacy family : Helen Stacy ( Gwen 's mom ) , Philip Stacy , Howard Stacy , and Simon Stacy ( Gwen 's younger brothers ) respectively . Animation ( edit ) Gwen Stacy will appear in Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse , voiced by Hailee Steinfeld . Video games ( edit ) Gwen Stacy is briefly mentioned in Spider - Man : Edge of Time . When a futuristic version of Peter Parker reveals his plans to Spider - Man 2099 , he mentions he can save the lives of Uncle Ben , Gwen Stacy , George Stacy and countless others . Gwen Stacy appears in The Amazing Spider - Man voiced by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy makes her debut as a playable character in the Lego game Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced again by Kari Wahlgren . Gwen Stacy / Spider - Gwen is a playable character in Kabam 's Android / iOS mobile game , Marvel : Contest of Champions . Gwen Stacy is playable once again in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 , but this time she can switch to her Spider - Gwen persona . See also ( edit ) The Night Gwen Stacy Died Spider - Man supporting characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy 's full first name was given in Amazing Spider - Man # 62 as `` Gwendolyn '' and in # 90 as `` Gwendolyne . '' Both issues were written by Stan Lee . ^ Jump up to : Gwen Stacy states her full name as `` Gwen Maxine Stacy '' in Ultimate Spider - Man # 127 . Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. ; Cowsill , Alan ( 2012 ) . `` 1960s '' . Spider - Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web - Slinging . London , England : Dorling Kindersley . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0756692360 . This monumental issue saw the first appearances of Peter 's upcoming love interest Gwen Stacy , prospective best friend , Harry Osborn , and even the future super villain known as the Jackal . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( 2007 ) . The Marvel Comics Guide to New York City . New York City : Pocket Books . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 3141 - 6 . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 90 Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 55 : `` Captain George Stacy had always believed in Spider - Man and had given him the benefit of the doubt whenever possible . So in Spider - Man 's world , there was a good chance that he would be destined to die . '' Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man # 98 Jump up ^ Fisch , Sholly ( September 1987 ) . `` The Wedding of the Year '' . Marvel Age ( 54 ) . Marvel Comics . pp. 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Roy ( August 2011 ) . `` Stan Lee 's Amazing Marvel Interview ! '' . Alter Ego . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 104 ) : 32 . ^ Jump up to : Conway , Gerry ( June 1995 ) . `` Foreword '' . Spider - Man : Clone Genesis . Marvel Comics . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 7851 - 0158 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Veronese , Keith ( October 2010 ) . `` Spider - Man : The Beginnings of the Clone Saga '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 69 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Karen ( October 2010 ) . `` Gwen , the Goblin , and the Spider - Fans '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 44 ) : 21 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold T. ( Fall 2003 ) . `` ' The Night Gwen Stacy Died : ' The End of Innocence and the Birth of the Bronze Age '' . Reconstruction. 3 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ; Gilbert , Laura , ed. ( 2008 ) . `` 1970s '' . Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History . Dorling Kindersley . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0756641238 . In June ( 1973 ) , Marvel embarked on a story that would have far - reaching effects . The Amazing Spider - Man artist John Romita , Sr. suggested killing off Spider - Man 's beloved Gwen Stacy in order to shake up the book 's status quo . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1970s '' in Gilbert ( 2012 ) , p. 68 : `` This story by writer Gerry Conway and penciler Gil Kane would go down in history as one of the most memorable events of Spider - Man 's life . '' Jump up ^ David , Peter ; Greenberger , Robert ( 2010 ) . The Spider - Man Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles Spun from Marvel 's Web . Running Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0762437723 . The idea of beloved supporting characters meeting their deaths may be standard operating procedure now but in 1973 it was unprecedented ... Gwen 's death took villainy and victimhood to an entirely new level . Jump up ^ Inventing Tomorrow ( University of Minnesota Institute of Technology magazine ) , Spring 2002 : `` Jim Kakalios enlists the aid of costumed crimefighters to teach critical thinking in an imaginative freshman seminar '' by Paul Sorenson Archived 2006 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - man # 129 Jump up ^ Marvels # 4 Jump up ^ `` SpiderFan.org - Comics : Giant - Size Spider - Man # 5 '' . www.spiderfan.org . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 149 Jump up ^ Spider - Island Deadly Foes # 1 Jump up ^ Superior Spider - Man Team - Up # 2 Jump up ^ Scarlet Spider ( Vol. 2 ) # 20 Jump up ^ SBC.com ( no date ) : All the Rage ( column ) -- `` Do n't Panic '' , by Blair Marnell & John Voulieris Archived 2005 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ J. Michael Straczynski rebuttal to OMD Archived 2010 - 08 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 1 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 2 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 3 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 4 # 23 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 4 Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy # 5 Jump up ^ `` GWEN TAKES OVER '' . Marvel. 14 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` And Finally ... Has Marvel Noticed That Gwenpool Is A Thing Now ? R '' . Bleeding Cool . Jump up ^ `` MARVEL ANNOUNCES `` GWENPOOL HOLIDAY SPECIAL , '' `` HOWARD THE DUCK '' BACKUP STORIES `` . Comicbookresources . September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel announces new Gwenpool series '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : House of M # 1 - 3 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 55 . Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marvel Adventures Spider - Man # 54 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 1 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 6 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Man Marvel Adventures # 5 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Marvel Zombies Return '' # 1 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 9 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 3 # 11 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Verse Team - Up # 2 . Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 1 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 2 Jump up ^ Spider - Gwen # 18 Jump up ^ Web Warriors # 7 Jump up ^ Spider - Man Unlimited Vol. 2 # 4 Jump up ^ Brucie , Dylan ( March 2007 ) . `` Ultimate Spider - Man '' . Wizard Xtra ! . p. 110 . Jump up ^ In an interview in Wizard Magazine # 180 ( 2006 ) , Mark Bagley remarked there were some `` coloring issues '' in Gwen 's first appearances . He did not intend her eyes to be yellow . Jump up ^ `` '' . Wizard Universe . Archived January 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Spider - Man Pictures Full Size '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 11 Jump up ^ Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man # 13 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 3 Jump up ^ Spider - Men # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 3 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 4 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 6 Jump up ^ Miles Morales : Ultimate Spider - Man # 7 Jump up ^ What If ? # 24 Jump up ^ What If ? Volume 2 # 42 Jump up ^ What If : The Other Jump up ^ Rey , Leo ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` SPIDER - MAN 2017 CARTOON WILL FEATURE VENOM , SPIDER - GWEN , AND MILES MORALES '' . Nerdspan . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` The # MarvelAnimation panel is underway , and the cast of `` Marvel 's # SpiderMan '' has just been announced ! 1 / 3 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ http://missgwen-stacy.tumblr.com/ Jump up ^ Nyrem , Erin ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Into the Spider Verse ' Casts Hailee Steinfeld , Mahershala Ali and Lily Tomlin '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Gwen Stacy in Marvel Comics Database The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Physics of Superheroes 1 - Death of Gwen Stacy Spiderfan.org -- Gwen Stacy Spider - Man characters Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Spider - Woman Scarlet Spider By public identity Peter Parker Otto Octavius Ben Reilly Miguel O'Hara Miles Morales Billy Braddock Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Jessica Drew Cindy Moon Gwen Stacy Supporting characters Main support Liz Allan Aunt May Betty Brant Black Cat Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Glory Grant J. 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Eater Speed Demon Spot Stegron Styx and Stone Swarm Tarantula Phil Urich Vermin Walrus White Rabbit Will o ' the Wisp Group teams Enforcers Feme Fatales Frightful Four Inheritors Sinister Six List of members Sinister Syndicate Spider - Slayer List of Spider - Slayers Neutral characters Anti-Venom Black Cat Cardiac Morbius , the Living Vampire Prowler Puma Punisher Rocket Racer Silver Sable Toxin Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Girl Spider - UK Spider - Ham Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Man Noir Marvel Mangaverse version Spider - Man ( Miles Morales ) Spider - Man ( Pavitr Prabhakar ) Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) Ultimate Marvel Spider - Man Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom In other media Firestar Gentleman Spider - Man ( 1994 TV series ) characters The Spectacular Spider - Man characters Other topics Goblin Symbiotes Slingers Category Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Characters List of incarnations of Spider - 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D Man Pyre Savage Six Sin - Eater Publications Venom Lethal Protector Separation Anxiety `` Maximum Carnage '' `` Planet of the Symbiotes '' True Believers Venomverse In other media Spider - Man : The Venom Saga Spider - Man and Venom : Maximum Carnage Venom / Spider - Man : Separation Anxiety Venom Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - Men Other media Video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions TV series episodes `` For Your Eye Only '' Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story The Spectacular Spider - Man Episodes `` Survival of the Fittest '' `` Interactions '' `` Natural Selection '' `` Market Forces '' `` Competition '' `` The Invisible Hand '' `` Catalysts '' `` Reaction '' `` The Uncertainty Principle '' Related Characters Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwen_Stacy&oldid=854756440 '' Categories : Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Steve Ditko Comics characters introduced in 1965 Female characters in comics Fictional characters from New York City Fictional models Fictional victims of kidnapping Spider - Man characters Superhero film characters Teenage characters in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles with missing files Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays gwen stacy in into the spiderverse	[ "The character has been portrayed by Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2007 film Spider-Man 3 and by Emma Stone in the 2012 reboot film The Amazing Spider-Man and its sequel The Amazing Spider-Man 2. In the upcoming 2018 film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, the character will be voiced by Hailee Steinfeld.\n" ]	[ "Hailee Steinfeld" ]
-1068237082832366777	Field goal percentage	Field goal percentage - Wikipedia Field goal percentage Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Field goal percentage in basketball is the ratio of field goals made to field goals attempted . Its abbreviation is FG % . Although three - point field goal percentage is often calculated separately , three - point field goals are included in the general field goal percentage . Instead of using scales of 0 to 100 % , the scale . 000 to 1.000 is commonly used . A higher field goal percentage denotes higher efficiency . In basketball , a FG % of . 500 ( 50 % ) or above is considered a good percentage , although this criterion does not apply equally to all positions . Guards usually have lower FG % than forwards and centers . Field goal percentage does not completely tell the skill of a player , but a low field goal percentage can indicate a poor offensive player or a player who takes many difficult shots . In the NBA , Center Shaquille O'Neal has a high career FG % ( around . 580 ) because he plays near the basket making many high percentage layups and slam dunks . Guard Allen Iverson often had a low FG % ( around . 420 ) because he took the bulk of his team 's shot attempts , even with high difficulty shots . The NBA career record for field goal percentage is held by DeAndre Jordan at 0.677 . The highest field goal percentage for a single season was set by Wilt Chamberlain with 0.727 in the 1972 -- 73 season . Field goal percentages were substantially lower in the NBA until the mid-to - late 1960s . For this reason , many early NBA stars have low field goal percentages , such as Bob Cousy at . 375 , and George Mikan , Bob Pettit , and Bill Russell , whose career field goal percentages of . 404 , . 436 , and . 440 , respectively , are much lower than later post players . Three - point field goal percentage is usually kept as additional statistics . Its abbreviation is 3FG % . A 3FG % of . 400 and above is a very good percentage . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , an exclusive group of players with one criterion being shooting at least 50 percent of field goals List of National Basketball Association top individual field goal percentage seasons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/leaders/fg_pct_yearly.html Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/awards/hof.html This basketball - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_goal_percentage&oldid=795325113 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Percentages Basketball stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 14 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the best field goal percentage in nba history	[]	[]
8687331517131416744	List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes	List of Keeping up with the Kardashians episodes - wikipedia List of Keeping up with the Kardashians episodes Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series . Its premise was originated with Ryan Seacrest , who additionally serves as an executive producer . The series focuses on sisters Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé Kardashian . It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian , their mother Kris Jenner , their step - parent Bruce Jenner ( now known as Caitlyn Jenner ) , their half - sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner , and Kourtney 's now ex-boyfriend , Scott Disick . Khloé 's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season , though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons , and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé . Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine . In seasons eight and nine , Caitlyn 's children Brody and Brandon , and Brandon 's wife , Leah became recurring cast members . Keeping Up with the Kardashians is often criticized for emphasizing the `` famous for being famous '' concept and appearing to fabricate aspects of its storyline . The series has produced the spin - offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami , Kourtney and Kim Take New York , Khloé & Lamar , Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons , Dash Dolls , I Am Cait , Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian , Rob & Chyna , and Life of Kylie . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2007 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2008 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2009 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 2.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 2.11 Season 11 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.12 Season 12 ( 2016 ) 2.13 Season 13 ( 2017 ) 2.14 Season 14 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.15 Season 15 ( 2018 ) 3 Specials 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) 11 March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) 12 March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) 11 November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) February 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) 5 12 August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) 6 16 June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) December 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) 7 19 May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 8 21 June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 9 20 January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) 10 17 March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 11 13 November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 12 21 May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 13 14 March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 14 19 October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 15 TBA August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) TBA 16 TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` I 'm Watching You '' October 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) Bruce and Kris Jenner celebrate their anniversary . Kim And Tommy Davis buys them a stripper pole as a gift , and the youngest Jenner plays on it . Kim appears on The Tyra Banks Show . Kourtney deals with relationship drama . `` Managing Mom '' October 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 21 ) Kim and Kris , her manager , argue over the management of Kim 's appearances and schedule . Meanwhile , Kris hires a nanny , Bree , who is not as appropriate and nanny - decent as she hoped . `` Brody in the House '' October 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 28 ) Kourtney , Kim and Khloé go to Mexico for a Girls Gone Wild photo shoot without telling Bruce , afraid that he would disapprove . When he finds out , he leaves his son Brody Jenner to look after Kylie and Kendall while he heads to Mexico to confront them . Unfortunately , leaving Brody with his daughters creates even more chaos . `` Birthday Suit '' November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) Playboy magazine contacts Kris , asking her to tell Kim that they want her to be on the cover of their December 2007 issue . Kim is hesitant at first , but Kris encourages her . To show Kris what a difficult decision it is , Kim proposing trading places and plays Kris ' manager and setting her mom up for a semi-nude shoot . Kim gets the skimpiest outfit she can . Kris 's best picture is her topless , in an American flag towel / blanket . Kris enjoys the shoot , surprising Kim . 5 5 `` Remembering Dad '' November 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 11 ) The family remembers Robert Kardashian on his death anniversary . Khloé , not dealing well with the anniversary , gets drunk and ends up arrested for a DUI . 6 6 `` You Are So Pregnant Dude '' November 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) Kourtney , Kim and Khloé are about to leave for Las Vegas when Kourtney has a pregnancy scare . Meanwhile , Kendall and Kylie ask their dad for a puppy , which causes a disagreement between their parents . 7 7 `` Helping Hand '' November 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 25 ) Rob gets set up on a date but catches his sisters spying on him . Khloé and Kourtney find out that a homeless man , Shorty , is living behind their store D-A-S-H , and clean up his appearance . 8 8 `` The Price of Fame '' December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) Scandalous photos of Kourtney surface , scaring and humiliating Kim , who already feels like she really messed up with her sex tape . Season 2 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 9 `` Kim becomes a Diva '' March 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 09 ) The family think that Kim is slowly becoming a diva . Kourtney finds shocking texts in Scott 's Blackberry . 10 `` Rob 's New Girlfriend '' March 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 16 ) Rob falls in love with pop star Adrienne Bailon , a Cheetah Girl , but is left depressed when she leaves for India for three months to shoot a film . After consulting a nutritionist , Kris decides to build a chicken coop so the family will have healthier eggs from chickens they raise themselves . 11 `` Khloé Wants to Act '' March 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 23 ) Despite Kim 's disapproval , Khloé decides to pursue an acting career . Meanwhile , Bruce receives a fashion makeover . 12 `` Kris the Cheerleader '' March 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) Members of the Old School Crew contact Kris : they want her to be a cheerleader . Kris is worried about auditioning , especially after a knee injury . Meanwhile , Khloé has a woman - to - woman talk with Kendall , with help from Kim , Kourtney , and Kylie . 13 5 `` Khloé 's Blind Dates '' April 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) Kim and Kourtney , worried about Khloé being single , start an online - dating profile for her . Khloé gets angry but goes along with the speed dates . Meanwhile , Bruce teaches Kendall about doing chores and earning her own money but Kendall hires a handyman and takes the money and the credit for his work . 14 6 `` Learning Self - Defense '' April 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) After D-A-S-H is vandalized , Kourtney , Kim and Khloé take self - defense classes . Rob considers dropping out of USC to pursue professional modeling . 15 7 `` Kardashian Civil War '' April 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) Kim battles against Kourtney and Khloé after she purchases a Bentley . Kris gets drunk with a friend and gets a tattoo . Bruce experiences a mid-life crisis . 16 8 `` Kardashian Family Vacation '' May 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 04 ) Bruce thinks a family ski - trip to Colorado will ease some of the family chaos , but first it intensifies his midlife crisis as he spends time with guys who are Rob 's age . Meanwhile , the family gangs up on Kim , claiming she 's not joining in the family quality time . Kim , feeling hurt , leaves Colorado , but an apology message from Khloé persuades her to return . The clan enjoys the rest of their vacation together . 17 9 `` Kim 's Calendar for Reggie '' May 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) Kim shoots a sexy calendar for Reggie , but Kris distributes it for public sale . Kim gets back at her mom by selling the nude poster from Season 1 . Bruce hopes to inspire Kourtney and Khloé , and earn their respect , by taking them to one of his motivational speeches . 18 10 `` New Perspective in New Orleans '' May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) When the girls visit New Orleans for a charity pool tournament organized by Reggie , they meet a family devastated by Hurricane Katrina . Meanwhile , Kris ' cousin CiCi crashes Bruce 's plans for a romantic weekend . 19 11 `` Junk in the Trunk '' May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob share their favorite moments and outtakes from the series . Season 3 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 20 `` Free Khloé '' March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) Kris is furious at Khloé when she goes to jail for violating her probation . Kris believes her meltdown might have something to do with the upcoming anniversary of Robert Kardashian 's death . Kris talks to her mom about her feelings and visits her late ex-husband's grave . 21 `` Kourt 's First Cover '' March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) Kourtney hires Kris as her manager after 944 Magazine asks her to do a cover shoot . However , Kris does not do well managing both Kourtney and Kim , who must go to Comic - Con and promote her new film , Disaster Movie . Rob and Adrienne encounter problems when they move in together . 22 `` I 'd Rather Go Naked ... Or Shopping '' March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) Khloé faces pressure about her weight when she decides to do PETA 's `` I 'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur '' campaign . Kris and Kourtney confront Kim about her shopping addiction . 23 `` Pussycat Vision '' March 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) Kim gets LASIK eye surgery after struggling to see herself in a mirror at a dance rehearsal with Pussycat Dolls creator Robin Antin . Bruce is anxious to talk to Kendall and Kylie about his colonoscopy . Kim performs with the Pussycat Dolls on the Las Vegas Strip . 24 5 `` All for One and One for Kim '' April 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 05 ) Kim 's perfume line causes friction with Kris , Khloé , and Kourtney . Kris , not feeling so connected to Bruce anymore , searches for a common interest with him . 25 6 `` Cinderella Story '' April 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) Khloé gets a DNA test to see if Kris is her real mother , which upsets Kris . After Rob borrows Kim 's car and gets a new tattoo , his unusual behavior causes concern among the family . 26 7 `` The Two Year Itch '' April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) Kourtney and Scott get in another argument after she accuses him of cheating again . Meanwhile , Khloé secretly gets a biopsy for skin cancer , which scares Kris after she finds out . 27 8 `` Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder '' May 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 03 ) Khloé goes to New York to host a fashion show and becomes interested in moving there to open a second D-A-S-H store . Kim 's focus on her career forces her to choose between it and Reggie . 28 9 `` Leaving the Nest '' May 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 10 ) Khloé looks for apartments in New York , which upsets Kris , who does not want her to leave L.A. Kourtney and Kim get Kris a chimpanzee after she expresses a desire to have another baby . 29 10 `` Meet the Kardashians '' May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) The family goes on a camping trip to meet Adrienne 's family . Meanwhile , Bruce undergoes plastic surgery to fix the mistakes that were made during his treatments in earlier years to fix injuries that occurred during his sporting career . 30 11 `` What 's Yours is Mine '' May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) Kourtney borrows Kim 's personal belongings without her permission . Bruce struggles with Kylie wearing `` grownup '' clothes and too much makeup for her age . Rob breaks up with Adrienne and moves in with Kim . 31 12 `` Double Trouble '' May 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 25 ) Khloé 's new boyfriend Rashad McCants cheats on her . Kourtney catches Scott with another girl and starts to think that Scott may not be the best guy for her . Season 4 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 32 `` The Wedding '' November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) Khloé and Lamar Odom get married . Rob attempts to rekindle his relationship with his ex-girlfriend Adrienne Bailon . Kim realizes she misses her boyfriend Reggie Bush , and Kourtney and Scott try to improve their relationship . 33 `` Scott on the Rocks '' December 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 13 ) Kourtney and Scott find themselves pitted against her family , especially Khloé , because they disapprove of him . 34 `` Hot Cup of Love '' December 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 20 ) When Khloé slaps Scott , Kourtney will not talk to her until she takes an anger - management class . A friend gives Kris a male - enhancement drug and she tries it on Bruce by slipping it into his coffee but Rob accidentally gets that coffee cup and lands in the hospital because of what follows . 35 `` Baby Blues '' December 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 27 ) Khloé gets excited when she thinks she 's pregnant , but it turns out that she is not . When Kim lies to everyone to get out of doing things , Kris and Bruce get upset , but she may learn a lesson when she lies to Kendall and Kylie . 36 5 `` Shape Up or Ship Out '' January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) Scott fails to take Kourtney 's pregnancy seriously , so she threatens to end their relationship . Kris upsets Bruce by not letting him buy a helicopter toy or make any financial decisions . Khloé pays Bruce to do jobs for her . Kris buys a $4000 dress for 1 event and Kim , Khloé , and Bruce play `` scavenger hunt '' by hiding the dress until Kris gives Bruce his ATM card to buy the helicopter toy . Rob tries to rekindle his relationship with Adrienne after seeing her at Khloé 's wedding , seeming to stalk her by calling her 24 / 7 . When he plans to visit her in New York , he receives an e-mail from her new boyfriend that informs him that it 's over between them . He 's heartbroken but decides to try to move on . 37 6 `` Must Love Dogs '' January 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 10 ) Dog - non-lover Kim finds herself taking in , and loving , a stray Chihuahua until she must give up `` Princess '' because of medical problems . Bruce pressures Rob to move out of the house , and he gets a job developing his own skin - care line with Kourtney 's help . 38 7 `` Body Blows '' January 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) Bruce goes to a charity event for the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé were set to attend , but to his disappointment , they do not show . He decides to hold a charity boxing event for the American Heart Association and the people they fight turn out to be harmful for them . When Kourtney babysits for a friend , she realizes she is not prepared to have her own baby . 39 8 `` Weekend From Hell '' January 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) Kourtney , Kim , and Khloé take a weekend trip to Santa Barbara , California to have one final trip before the baby arrives , but Kim and Khloé leave Kourtney out of everything and get drunk , upsetting Kourtney , who must abstain from alcohol . Meanwhile , Kendall signs a modeling contract and Kylie gets jealous . 40 9 `` I Want Your Sex '' February 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 14 ) Khloé makes a `` love tape '' for husband Lamar Odom while he 's on the road . Scott and Rob saw the tape with Lamar which made Khloé embarrassed . Kourtney misses intimacy with Scott , but is afraid to have sex because she does not want to hurt the baby . She later takes a Sex During Pregnancy class with Scott 41 10 `` Blame It on The Alcohol '' February 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) During the one - hour special , the family travels to Las Vegas to celebrate Kim 's birthday and attend an important business meeting . Kim bothered her mother for not caring about her birthday , while Scott gets violently drunk . He subsequently gets into a scuffle with his buddy , Rob Kardashian , who is also drunk . Their unruly behavior sets the tone for the remainder of the night . After Kris is able to break up the fight , she and Kourtney think that they are able to subdue Scott and leave him in the hotel room to sober up . To everyone 's surprise , Scott shows up to the dinner where his boss is present . After using foul language , embarrassing himself and making everyone in attendance uncomfortable , Scott gets in an argument with the waiter and shoves a $100 bill in his mouth . The drama continues to unfold as Kourtney ends her relationship with Scott because of his unforgivable actions . 42 11 `` Delivering Baby Mason '' February 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) Scott returns to the house to apologize to Kris , but she refuses to give him another chance . Worried about never seeing Kourtney again and possibly never meeting his child , he frantically sends text and voice - mail messages until Kourtney grants him a chance to explain himself in person . She finally reconciles with him , and the whole family comes back together at her baby shower . Kim faints from exhaustion and takes 2 weeks off , deciding that when she does resume working , she will not take on so many responsibilities . After Kourtney delivers her son , Mason Dash Disick , she announces that she will be returning to Miami to hire new girls at the store , as only 2 are currently working there . Khloé says she will go too although she would rather stay in L.A. with Lamar ; she compromises that she will not be there 24 / 7 . Scott is also going , to visit friends and open a nightclub . Kris is upset that Kourtney and Scott will be taking Mason along , and Bruce tells Khloé her marriage is more important than going to Miami . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Kim 's House Party '' August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) 4.67 Kim buys a new house after her split with Reggie Bush . Kris thinks Kim is acting too protective of her house , so she decides to throw a house party to break Kim 's house in much to Kim 's chagrin . Meanwhile , Khloé and Kourtney disagree on whether Scott is welcome in Khloé and Lamar 's house after his awful stunts from last season . 44 `` Blind Date '' August 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) 3.57 Kris sets up a blind date for Kim with an Armenian professional athlete . Khloé 's family pesters her for Laker - game tickets , which upsets her . When none of them get tickets , they watch the game from the comfort of Khloé 's home . 45 `` The Missing Ring '' September 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 05 ) 2.87 Khloé loses her 7 - carat engagement ring and worries that Lamar will freak out , but Rob finds it . Meanwhile , Bruce and Kris fight about the new garage : Bruce feels Kris is taking over `` his '' only space in the house ; she thinks he does not appreciate all the work she has put into their home . The friction makes Kendall and Kylie worry that their parents will divorce , but the parents manage to resolve their petty issues and end up sleeping in the garage together . 46 `` My Bodyguard '' September 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 2.60 Kim develops a schoolgirl crush on her new Australian bodyguard despite the fact that they both wanted to keep the relationship strictly professional . Kim drinks a little too much and kisses her bodyguard goodnight . Later she tries to fix the problem to make things less awkward around them . Meanwhile , Khloé teaches Lamar how to swim . 45 5 `` Botox and Cigarettes '' September 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 12 ) 2.92 Kim receives another round of Botox injections after Kris says she has lines around her eyes . Khloé goes along for moral support , and Kim suffers the side effects of Botox : the skin around her eyes start turning purple . After this incident , Kim swears that she will never get another injection . Meanwhile , Kris is discovered smoking and Kourtney , Kendall , and Kylie try to get her to quit ; Kourtney plots to make Kris think that Kendall is smoking because of her example . Kourtney buys nicotine - free cigarettes ( honey and marshmallow ) and Kris decides to stop smoking . 48 6 `` Kourt Goes A.W.O.L. '' September 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 19 ) 3.77 When nobody in Kourtney 's family makes an effort to attend Scott 's birthday party in Las Vegas , Kourtney house - hunts in New York City . Her family soon finds out , and Kris plots a belated surprise party for Scott . Meanwhile , Bruce struggles with getting Kim 's dog , Rocky , neutered . 49 7 `` Match Made in Hell '' September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 3.43 When Khloé constantly jokes that Rob is dating her best friend Malika , they decide to pretend that they are . Meanwhile , Kris ponders managing the pop band BG5 , and after she decides , she wonders if she made the wrong decision . 50 8 `` No Boys Allowed '' October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 3.43 As Mason goes in for his 6 - month check - up , Kourtney realizes she wants another baby so her kids will be close in age like she and Kim were , but when she obsesses about getting pregnant , Scott thinks she 's taking all the fun out of the process of trying . Meanwhile , Bruce has a hard time accepting that 12 - year - old Kylie has male friends , and there 's tension when she breaks the rule about inviting a boy up to her room . 51 9 `` Kris `` The Cougar '' Jenner '' October 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) 3.09 Unhappy about getting older , Kris hires a personal trainer , Storm , to help her get back into shape . Bruce becomes concerned when Storm arrives at the house and starts hitting on Kris , but Kris dismisses his feelings until others point out that she might be going too far with Storm . Kim 's competitive nature gets her into trouble when she loses to Kourtney during poker night and is forced to serve her needs for a day . 52 10 `` Dash No More '' October 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 17 ) 2.90 Kim meets football star Miles Austin . Kourtney thinks about expanding D-A-S-H by moving to New York but her sisters are against the idea . Meanwhile Scott and Bruce bond , but Bruce still insists on behaving like a rodent to Scott , despite Scott trying his best to change his ways . 53 11 `` The Kardashians Take NYC '' October 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 24 ) 4.06 Khloé celebrates her birthday in New York City with her family and friends , while Kourtney continues to weigh the pros and cons of opening up a new store there . Meanwhile , Kris decides she 's fed up with Bruce 's homebody attitude and leaves him behind in Los Angeles , but Rob gets him to let loose during a night out in a club with his friends and the BG5 girls . Bruce later gets earrings and a haircut . Also , Kim parties with football player Miles Austin ( with the paparazzi not far behind ) , and her ex Reggie Bush becomes jealous when he finds out that she has moved on . Miles later breaks up with Kim at the end of the episode . 54 12 `` Junk in the Trunk 2 '' December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) N / A The Kardashians look back at their favorite moments from the series and view some previously - unaired footage . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 55 `` Family VS Money '' June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.50 Khloé is not happy with Kim 's new boyfriend ( Kris Humphries ) . Kourtney gets the family together and things do not go as planned 56 `` Kim Becomes A Stage Mom '' June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.75 Kim tries to help Kendall with her modeling career , but pushes her too hard . Meanwhile , Kris , Kourtney , and Scott butt heads over a house key . 57 `` The Former Mrs. Jenner '' June 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 26 ) 2.70 Kris decides to change her last name back to Kardashian , much to Bruce 's dismay . Kim takes action to prove that her butt is real . 58 `` Out of Wedlock '' July 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 10 ) 2.60 Kourtney contemplates having another child out of wedlock . Kris acts as the minister for her minister 's wedding . 59 5 `` Thicker Than Water '' July 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 17 ) 3.14 Kris thinks Bruce is losing his hearing . Rob admits to Kourtney why they do n't hang out anymore , which is because of Scott . 60 6 `` Kendall Goes on Birth Control '' July 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 24 ) 2.79 Bruce is concerned when he discovers Kendall is taking birth control . Kim develops a rash on her body , and realizes she has inherited psoriasis from her mother . 61 7 `` The Have and Have Nots '' July 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 31 ) 2.74 Bruce tries to get his daughters to see how blessed they are . Kris ' toilet troubles affects her family , mainly Kourtney . 62 8 `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' August 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 07 ) 3.15 Scott goes to Vegas , and Kourtney is afraid that he will return to his old ways . Kylie and Kendall think their mother Kris is meddling in their lives . 63 9 `` Talk to My Agent '' August 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) 3.16 Kris gets mad at Scott when he tries to become Kylie and Kendall 's manager , and Kim does not know how to dance so she gets embarrassed . 64 10 `` The Family Vacation '' August 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 21 ) 3.62 Kris and Bruce take a vacation to Bora Bora to renew vows and also as a family vacation . 65 11 `` Getting to Know You '' August 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 28 ) 2.88 Kris has self - image issues that threaten the anniversary celebration in Bora Bora ; and Kourtney tries to get Scott and Rob to reconcile . Kourtney learns the truth about Scott 's drinking . 66 12 `` Trouble in Paradise '' September 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 04 ) 3.53 Rob feels insecure about not having a career and it causes him to lash out at Kim while they are in Bora Bora . Meanwhile , Kourtney gives Scott an ultimatum and Kris asks Bruce for his stepdaughter Kim 's hand in marriage . 67 13 `` The Proposal '' September 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 05 ) 3.30 Kris Humphries plans to ask Kim to marry him , but an argument between the two makes him wonder if he is proceeding too quickly . 68 14 `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event -- Part 1 '' October 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 09 ) 4.39 Preparations for Kim and Kris ' wedding are featured , with a whole lot of drama . 69 15 `` Kim 's Fairytale Wedding : A Kardashian Event -- Part 2 '' October 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) 3.98 Khloé and Kim get into an argument , and Kim disinvites Khloé to the wedding . Kim thinks that Khloé is taking it too seriously , then Kim receives a surprise from her in Las Vegas . The wedding of Kim and Kris is shown . Guest includes Demi Lovato , Ciara , The - Dream , Lindsay Lohan , NBA players , Eva Longoria , Avril Lavigne , George Lopez , Larsa Pippen , and Mario Lopez . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 71 `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 2.85 Kris decides to pursue a DNA test to prove Khloé 's paternity . Kourtney angers Kim when she takes over relocating DASH & Bruce goes to extremes to get the family 's attention . 72 `` Momager Dearest '' May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 1.76 Kourtney takes her grudge against Kris to a new level . Kim wants payback after Bruce forces her to overcome her fear of spiders , and Kendall and Kylie start working for Seventeen magazine . 73 `` Everybody 's Wigging Out '' May 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 28 ) 2.21 Kim starts wearing wigs ; Rob hurts Bruce 's feelings when he says he never had a male role model growing up ; Kris gives in to road rage . 74 `` The Family That Plays Together '' June 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 10 ) 2.03 Bruce tries to get Kris to sign his son , Brandon , to her music - management company ; Kourtney rebuffs Scott 's romantic gestures ; Kris attempts to get the whole family to play tennis . 75 5 `` The Man In The Memoir '' June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 2.51 Kris runs into the man she had an affair with more than 20 years ago and considers arranging a meeting with him . Meanwhile , Kim and Scott hang out together , much to Kourtney 's dismay ; and Kendall and Kylie ruin their mom 's carpet . 76 6 `` The Dominican Republic -- Part 1 '' June 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 24 ) 3.48 The family 's Dominican Republic vacation gets off to a rocky start when Kourtney causes herself , Kim and Scott to miss their flight . Meanwhile , Bruce is still at odds with Scott for ditching him at the race track . 77 7 `` The Dominican Republic -- Part 2 '' July 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 01 ) 3.67 While still in the Dominican Republic , Kris wakes up with a mysterious medical condition , and Scott begins to feel like an outcast . Meanwhile , Kendall and Kylie decide to film a family music video . 78 8 `` Sometimes You Need to Adjust -- Part 1 '' July 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) 2.52 Khloé returns to Los Angeles and deals with increasing demands from her family to spend time with them . Meanwhile , Scott tries to behave when he attends a sweet 16 birthday party in New York ; and Bruce tries to reconnect with Kendall and Kylie . 79 9 `` Sometimes You Need to Adjust -- Part 2 '' July 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 09 ) 2.59 Kim is reluctant to talk about her relationship with Kanye West ; Khloé continues to feel pressure from her family and must decide whether to travel to New York and attend the opening of Scott 's restaurant . 80 10 `` The Royal Treatment '' July 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 15 ) 2.92 Scott wants to become royalty on a trip to London and believes he has become a Lord -- but fails to realize if he wants respect , he has to give respect . Meanwhile , Kim fills her time in London with public appearances and starts to neglect her bestie Jonathan -- who finally confronts her . Plus , Bruce reveals a darker side of his personality when he , Kris and Khloé take a trip to Boston . 81 11 `` Affairs of the Everhart '' July 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 22 ) 2.53 Rob moves back in with Khloé and Lamar . Kris thinks Bruce is cheating on her . Rob and Khloé have a fight over him storing his things at her place . Kris decides to meet up with Todd Waterman . 82 12 `` Parent Trapped '' July 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 29 ) 3.03 Kris can not prove her innocence to Bruce after meeting up with Todd Waterman . After years of not going Khloé makes Lamar go to the dentist and Lamar ends up wanting to go to the dentist every day . Rob thinks he is losing his hair so he buys a laser hair growth tool . 83 13 `` Mothers And Daughters '' August 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 05 ) 3.00 The girls urge Kris to visit her sick mother in San Diego . Kourtney investigates water birth . Bruce checks into a sleep clinic . 84 14 `` Tales From the Kardashian Krypt '' August 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 19 ) 2.74 Kim and Khloé buy Mason a fish . Kris tells the family that she wants to plan her funeral . Kim gets upset when she finds out that Khloé would be Mason 's guardian if anything happened to Kourtney and Scott . 85 15 `` Kardashian Therapy -- Part 1 '' August 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 26 ) 3.37 Oprah comes to the house to interview the family . Kim 's desire to explore life as an individual threatens her sisters . Rob breaks down during a family therapy session . 86 16 `` Kardashian Therapy -- Part 2 '' September 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 02 ) 2.54 Conclusion . Kim tries to work out issues with her sisters . Kendall and Kylie ask to be homeschooled . Kim joins Khloé and Lamar on a trip to Queens . 87 17 `` Cuts Both Ways '' September 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 09 ) 3.03 Kris goes to get her breast implants replaced while Scott considers a vasectomy after finding out Kourtney wants more children . Kim and Khloé visit a fertility clinic . 88 18 `` Baby , Baby , Baby '' September 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 16 ) 3.56 In the Season Finale , the family welcomes Kourt 's new baby into the world ; Khloé looks into why she can not conceive . Kim freezes her eggs . 89 19 `` Dishing It Out '' October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) 1.46 The Kardashians show never before seen footage and share some of their favorite moments from the series . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 90 `` We 're Having a Baby '' June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 3.02 In the season eight premiere , Kim learns the sex of her baby . 91 `` Enough is Enough '' June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 2.46 Rumors surrounding Kris has risen , which leads Khloé , Kim and Kourtney to help their mother through it all . Rob has gained some weight , and Kim steps in to assist him in slimming down . Brody begins to open up about his issues with Bruce . 92 `` Agree to Disagree '' June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) 2.13 While working out the details of her divorce , Kim is rushed to the hospital with a health issue . Bruce and Kris disagree regarding having guns in the home . 93 `` Papa , Can You Hear Me ? '' June 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) 2.28 Bruce deals with his hearing loss . Scott learns of a woman with cancer who wants to meet him . Khloé and Lamar bring a puppy to the family and Kris is concerned that she might have a stalker . 94 5 `` I Will Fix You '' June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) 2.34 Kris notices the difference in Rob and works to fix things . Khloé acts as the mediator to try and fix Kylie and Kendall 's relationship . Scott faces his fears in order to advance his racing career . 95 6 `` Some Moms Just Wanna Have Fun '' July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) 2.55 Kim and Kourtney spend time discussing babies , which leaves Khloé feeling left out . Leah encounters some issues while completing her and Brandon 's newest single . Kris deals with more problems regarding her bladder . Kris and Khloé tee - pee Kim 's house . 96 7 `` Home Is Where Your Mom Is '' July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) 2.54 Kim learns that the renovation on her new home will not be complete by the time her baby is born . Bruce and Brandon get competitive . Scott offers to help Kim prepare for her baby , which bothers Kourtney . 97 8 `` Greece Is The Word '' July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) 2.67 Brody and Kris disagree over some things , which threatens to ruin the family trip to Greece . Khloé and Scott concoct a surprise for Kourtney . Kim receives more news regarding her divorce . 98 9 `` Greece Him Up '' July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) 2.82 While in Greece , Kris gets overly - friendly with Brody , who finally confronts her about unfinished business . Meanwhile , Khloé and Kourtney decide to face their fears and make the vacation one to remember . 99 10 `` Opa ! '' August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 2.78 Scott arrives to the vacation with only one day remaining . Kendall becomes tired of feeling left out . Back in Calabasas , Bruce has an idea of installing a putting green at the house . 100 11 `` Life 's a Beach ( House ) '' August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) 2.85 Brody and Brandon begin constructing the putting green at the house . Khloé does a acrobatic latex photoshoot for her husband . Kris shuts down Kendall 's idea of renting a beach house for the summer . 101 12 `` Kris 's Mother - In - Law '' August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) 2.74 After visiting Bruce 's mother , Kris begins to worry . Kim helps Kylie start her fashion blog . The family collaborates on a surprise for Kris . 102 13 `` The Kardashian Chainsaw Massacre '' August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) 2.24 Kim plans to get back at her judgmental family by secretly attempting to feed them placenta . Rob shocks everyone when he takes up chainsaw art in Khloé 's backyard . Jimmy Fallon 's jokes get under Bruce 's skin . 103 14 `` Backdoor Bruiser '' September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) 2.31 Kris is confused when Kendall starts spending more time with the Jenner side of the family . The kids attempt to embarrass Bruce by recreating his and Kris 's lost sex tape . Khloé tries to figure out her memory issues . 104 15 `` Baby Shower Blues '' September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 1.79 Khloé and Kourtney are surprised when Kim reveals that she does not want to have a baby shower . Kylie and Kris devise a plan to get Bruce 's gun out of the house . Khloé feels self - conscious about her body . 105 16 `` More to the Story '' October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) 2.26 After Khloé 's numerous attempts to conceive a child , Kim discusses the possibility of adoption with her . Kris thinks that Scott sold a scooter that she gave to him as a gift . Bruce trains Khloé 's dog without her knowledge . 106 17 `` Paparazzi & Papas '' October 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 13 ) 2.18 Growing tired of the constant presence of the paparazzi , Kim creates a plan to throw them off her trail once she goes into labor . Kourtney and Khloé attempt to set up a blind date for their grandma . 107 18 `` All Signs Point to North '' October 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 27 ) 2.28 Kim learns that she will be giving birth sooner than she thought . Kris continues to prepare for the baby . Bruce receives some wise words from Brody and Khloé attempts to restore peace within the family . 108 19 `` Close Encounters of the Kardashian Kind '' November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) 1.94 Bruce takes the family out for a camping trip , and Khloé uses the trip to hunt for aliens . Kris is preparing to launch her talk show and asks for everyone 's support . 109 20 `` Kylie 's Sweet 16 '' November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) 2.33 Kris is tasked with babysitting a pig . After Kris becomes overly controlling with Kylie 's birthday planning , this causes drama between the two and Kylie plans her birthday by herself . Rob and Khloé talk about their current living situation . 110 21 `` A Very Merry Christmas '' December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) 1.96 The family celebrates Christmas by gathering together for the annual photo holiday card , and exchanging gifts . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 111 `` Loving and Letting Go '' January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 2.56 Bruce and Kris discuss their future while Khloé and Lamar 's relationship continues to decline . Kris and Bruce decide to separate , but not divorce , and the Jenner and Kardashian children acknowledge the effect that the separation will have on Kendall and Kylie . 112 `` How To Deal '' January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 2.14 Scott starts taking karate lessons . Khloé is displeased with an interview that took her words out of context . Kris tries to get Jonathan away from Kim . 113 `` And All That Jazzzzzzz '' January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 1.72 Rob tells Khloé that she has the option of moving in with him . Kris thinks about going on Broadway . Scott leaves for Las Vegas for a business trip , but when Kourtney sees an advertisement that says he 's hosting a party at a club in Las Vegas , she surprises him by traveling there , and finds out that he was lying about the business trip . Scott learns that while she does not expect a lot , Kourtney expects him to be honest . 114 `` A Surprise Engagement -- Part 1 '' February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 2.37 Kanye 's assistant tells Kris that Kanye has a surprise for Kim 's birthday . Kris is tired of having Kim take over her house , and Kendall and Kylie are tired of Kim making changes to the many comforts in it , and they confront Kim about it when they find out that she will be staying with them for months more , because the house will not be ready soon . Kourtney and Khloé get some revenge on Kim when she continues criticizing them on what they wear . 115 5 `` A Surprise Engagement -- Part 2 '' February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) 2.57 The family flies to San Francisco , where Kanye has set up a birthday surprise for Kim at AT&T Park . Everyone is shocked once Kanye proposes to Kim . Scott deals with his mother 's deteriorating health . 116 6 `` 2 Birthdays and A Yard Sale '' February 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) 2.07 Kourtney wants to have a Kardashian yard sale . Kendall starts planning for her 18th birthday celebration and Kris and Bruce clash when Kendall expresses her desire on moving out . Bruce feels that his upcoming birthday does not need to be acknowledged . 117 7 `` The Courage to Change '' March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 2.32 Khloé decides that she has to choose where she wants her relationship with Lamar to go . After having to deal with the news of his mother , Kourtney plans a vacation for her and Scott to help him with his parents ' deaths . Rob gets himself checked out from the doctor after his weight concerns the family . 118 8 `` Let It Go '' June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 2.42 The family begins to worry as Kourtney is showing a lack of emotions . Khloé 's house has sold and it 's time for her to move out . Kris tries to show Kim that she still has what it takes to be a good mom and manager . 119 9 `` Color Me Lonely '' June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 2.19 Now that Kris and Bruce do not live under the same roof , Kris reaches out to him because she feels he is getting lonely . Kourtney learns that Scott 's late parents have left a painting , which is thought to be an original Modigliani . 120 10 `` Doggy Blu 's '' June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) 2.19 Scott sets up his own mobile office . Kendall finding her way in the modeling world by traveling finds it hard to take care of her dog , who ends up in Kris ' care . Khloé notices her negative influence towards her younger sisters and mother and tries to change . 121 11 `` The Vienna Incidents '' June 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) 2.06 Kris and Kim arrive in Vienna . Kourtney wants the moving date to their new house to be as delayed as it can be . 122 12 `` Playing Dirty '' July 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 06 ) 2.34 Khloé and Kim get competitive by taking part in a mud - run . Scott recruits in his helicopter plans , which are to put a helipad in his brand new house 's backyard . 123 13 `` Move It or Lose It '' July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 2.30 While Khloé anticipates her move , she realizes that she has been burglarized . Bruce encourages Brody for a golf tournament . Kourtney , Kim and Khloé head to the Big Apple to do a surprise DASH drop - by . 124 14 `` A Thailand Vacation -- Part 1 '' July 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 20 ) 2.29 Kourtney , Rob and Scott decide to miss the family vacation . Brody is put in an awkward situation because of Kim . Bruce and Kris find it hard to bond . 125 15 `` A Thailand Vacation -- Part 2 '' July 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) 2.50 Khloé becomes annoyed with the family . Kendall and Kylie prank their family by being ' missing ' . Brody seeks some revenge after the family continuously teases him . 126 16 `` A Thailand Vacation -- Part 3 '' August 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 2.36 The family travels to a local orphanage , where Kim becomes close with a young girl . Brandon and Brody work to improve Khloé 's mood . 127 17 `` Design For Disaster '' August 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 10 ) 2.20 Kris hopes to end her mother 's crucial pains by giving her Medical cannabis . Scott ends up drunk yet again while on a trip to Miami . Khloé is willing to let Kourtney be her interior designer , but changes her mind once she realizes that her sister designs at a high price . 128 18 `` Secrets of a Double Life '' August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) 2.43 When Kourtney and Kim discover that Khloé has been hanging out with a new crowd , they intend to dig deeper into her life . Kris and Kim 's arguments about Kim 's wedding causes her to move out and live with Kourtney . 129 19 `` Rocking the Cradle '' August 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 31 ) 2.84 Kendall and Kylie published their new book `` Rebels '' . Kourtney tells Scott that she is pregnant again . Kris throws Kim a surprise wedding shower . 130 20 `` Kim 's Journey To The Altar '' September 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 01 ) 2.10 Kim prepares for her wedding to Kanye with friends and family . A problem arises with the bridesmaid dresses for Kourtney , Khloé , Kendall , and Kylie . The family travel to Paris and Florence , however , Rob decides not to attend the wedding , causing tension among the family . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 131 `` The New Normal '' March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 2.55 The Kardashian family struggle to cope with Kris and Bruce 's divorce , which is made even more difficult when a rumor that Bruce is rebounding with one of Kris 's best friends . 132 `` Someone Over The Cuckoo 's Nest '' March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 2.08 Kris finds it hard to be back in the dating scene after 25 years . Khloé has to deal with the aftermath of a controversial Instagram post . Kim fights fire with fire once she plans to recruit Kourtney for her video game . 133 `` The Carfather '' March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 1.89 Kris is concerned she 's made a mistake by putting Kourtney in charge of her living will . Scott is accused of acting shady . Kim helps Bruce spend his money wisely . 134 `` No Retreat '' April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) 1.84 Rob is in crisis and the family intervenes , but when Rob refuses help , Kris is at the end of her rope ; Khloé leads a Dash teambuilding retreat ; Kim learns that getting pregnant again might not be in the cards . 135 5 `` On The Road '' April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 1.79 Malika finds herself in the crossfire when Khloé ends her relationship with French Montana . After week of fighting , Kris forces Kylie to go on a mother - daughter bonding trip to San Diego . Kim talks at a Silicon Valley tech conference to prove that her skills extend beyond the world of beauty and fashion 136 6 `` Do n't Panic ! '' April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 2.22 Kim goes undercover to spy on the DASH , New York store in order to solve a theft problem . Kourtney does a photoshoot before it 's time for baby no . 3 . Scott convinces Kris to celebrate her birthday at a nightclub . 137 7 `` Special Delivery '' April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 2.07 Kim travels to Miami to promote her paper magazine cover shoot . Scott has to deal with anxiety over whether he is emotionally stable enough to deal with everything going on in his life . Kris 's suspicions about a stalker following the Kardashian family around is no longer a suspicion , but a fact . 138 8 `` Buggy Boo '' May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 1.93 Now that Kourtney has given birth to Reign , Scott spirals out of control which leads Khloé to get Bruce on his case . Kim and Khloé teach Kylie about all of the responsibilities that come with being a homeowner when she considers purchasing a $2.7 million mansion . 139 9 `` Lip Service '' May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 2.09 Kylie launches her first solo project , her hair extension line , but when the media asks her about her lips ; Kylie feels insecure when she reveals she had temporary lip fillers . Kim and Khloé decide to go to the doctors . When Scott hires Kourtney as an interior designer for the homes he is selling , he soon worries that he made a mistake when the lines between work and pleasure get blurred . 140 10 `` About Bruce -- Part 1 '' May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 2.92 Caitlyn opens up about becoming a woman to her family , Kris , Khloé and Kendall have a meltdown about her transition . Kourtney worries about how it will affect her kids . 141 11 `` About Bruce -- Part 2 '' May 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 18 ) 2.55 The family supports Caitlyn on her decision to transition into a woman , especially Kim . 142 12 `` Moons Over Montana '' May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 1.87 Kim plans a ski trip to Montana for the younger Kardashian clan . However when Kylie insists to be alone , Khloé attempts to connect with Kylie by doing all the athletic activities that Kylie usually does with Caitlyn . 143 13 `` In The Blink Of An Eye ... '' May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 2.37 The family prepares to look forward to Caitlyn 's transition to become a woman . Kris and Kendall make their way to France . 144 14 `` Mother Armenia '' September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 1.29 Khloé and Kim go on a trip to Armenia to learn more about their ancestors . Kourtney wants to discover why Kylie is acting distant . 145 15 `` It Feels Good To Be Home '' September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 1.66 Kanye plays a surprise public concert to say thank you to Armenia ; Kim arranges to have North baptized in Israel 's oldest Armenian Church ; Back in LA , everyone responds differently to having Caitlyn in their lives , with Kris taking it the hardest . 146 16 `` Vanity Unfair '' October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 1.61 Caitlyn comes out in her first big magazine interview and states things the family considers hurtful , Kim does her best to pick up the pieces ; Khloé has to decide how much emotional support she can afford to give to Lamar . 147 17 `` The Last Straw '' October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 1.70 In this season finale , Kourtney attempts to keep it together as Scott 's behavior spins out of control ; Khloé decides to meet face to face with Caitlyn to try to salvage their relationship ; Kris finally gives Corey boyfriend status . Season 11 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 148 `` That Was Then This Is Now '' November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) 2.48 Kourtney and Scott break up ; the sisters try to find ways to deal with the aftermath of Caitlyn 's transition . Khloé does a very revealing photoshoot ... 149 `` The Price You Pay '' November 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 22 ) 1.55 Kourtney attempts to find a new status quo with Scott ; a business trip to Australia has Khloé thinking twice about how much she does for her sisters ; Kim and Kanye prepare to move back in with Kris . 150 `` Rites of Passage '' November 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) 1.98 Kris decides to throw an extra-special graduation party for Kendall and Kylie ; Kim 's pregnancy cravings take her halfway around the world , but it could be putting her at risk ; Khloé responds to a presence in her house by getting in touch with her psychic side . 151 `` All Grown Up '' December 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 06 ) 2.31 Kris has a reason to meet Caitlyn for the first time at Kylie 's 18th birthday ; Kim takes over Kris 's home in preparation for baby number two ; Khloé takes steps to move forward . 152 5 `` Lions and Tigers and Texts '' December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) 2.05 After moving forward with her divorce , Khloé seeks solace in Mexico City at the big cat rescue foundation with Kendall ; Kris has on her own separate correspondence with Lamar ; Kylie makes her first appearance as an adult in a club in Montreal . 153 6 `` Non-Bon Voyage '' December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) 1.89 The family flies to St. Barths to forget their troubles , but drama follows them ; Kourtney gets disturbing news about Scott ; Kendall has beef with Kylie for bringing her boyfriend Tyga ; Kris struggles to get back on Kim and Khloe 's good side . 154 7 `` Return From Paradise '' January 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 03 ) 2.54 Kendall feels neglected when Kylie continues to give Tyga all her attention . Kim and Khloe make it their mission to make Kourtney feel good . An unexpected visit from Scott triggers a whirlwind of emotions when the family finally sits down with Scott to discuss the mistakes he made . 155 8 `` The Big Launch '' January 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 10 ) 2.05 The Kardashian and Jenner girls travel to New York to launch their new apps . 156 9 `` Fear of the Unknown '' January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) 2.15 Kris wants the girls to take a genetic test to know their risks for cancer , but not everyone is on board ; Kendall has a hard time finding a balance in her relationship with Caitlyn ; the family helps Scott as he hits a low point . 157 10 `` Miscommunication '' January 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) 1.99 Kris decides the family needs Communication Therapy ; Kylie is ready to celebrate her new home but her family 's bossy ways get in the way of her plans ; Khloé struggles to finish her book . 158 11 `` The Great Kris '' January 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 31 ) 1.89 Kim leads the planning for a grand 60th birthday party for Kris but is afraid she may have taken on too much at nine months pregnant ; Scott finally goes into rehab , but only time will tell if he is ready to change . 159 12 `` Family First '' February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 1.69 The girls remake a legendary family video for Kris 's epic 60th birthday bash ; Khloé has a hard time finding a balance between supporting Lamar and returning to her daily life ; Kendall gets an amazing opportunity . 160 13 `` Unforeseen Future '' February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) 1.90 Kim learns that her house construction is delayed even further , leaving her living situation in limbo ; Scott comes back from rehab ready to prove he is a changed man ; Kylie confronts Kendall about being a team . Season 12 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 161 `` Out With the Old , In With the New '' May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 3.19 News that Rob is dating Tyga 's ex is met with shock from the family . Meanwhile , Khloé rearranges her life to make sure that Lamar has proper care and a house of his own ; Scott hopes some lifestyle changes could win Kourtney back ; at the same time , Kourtney tries to embrace this new chapter of her life . 162 `` A New York Family Affair '' May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 1.56 Kanye takes some of the whole family to New York for the launch of Yeezy Season 3 . Lamar decides to go with the family making his first public outing . He is met with cheers from the crowd . Khloé and Caitlyn start to resolve their feud . 163 `` Significant Others and Significant Brothers '' May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 1.77 Khloé is shocked when she learns Rob has a house of his own and questions Kris into whether she was responsible for buying it . Rob returns and moves into his new home with support from the rest of the family except Khloé . The family start to notice Kourtney 's diva ways especially since appearing on the cover of Architectural Digest . Kim also notices her budding friendship with Corey and confronts her about it . 164 `` All About Meme '' May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 1.55 The girls start to make peace with Rob 's new relationship , but feelings get hurt when Rob starts making jokes on social media . Meanwhile Kris and Kim reach their breaking points as housemates and Kendall struggles with feeling left out . 165 5 `` Fake It ' Til You Make It '' June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 1.78 Kendall , Kylie and Khloé get prosthetic makeovers in hopes of having a normal day out ; Scott feels insecure about his place in the family ; Kris resists Corey 's idea of fun . 166 6 `` The Kardashian Curse '' June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 1.53 Khloé travels to Napa with Kourtney and Kris , where she needs to make a decision about her divorce ; Scott tries to rid himself of the alleged Kardashian Curse . 167 7 `` Snow You Did n't -- Part 1 '' June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 1.27 Kris surprises the family with a Vail , Colo. vacation ; the family learns that Rob has proposed to Blac Chyna ; Kourtney worries about Scott 's behavior . 168 8 `` Snow You Did n't ! -- Part 2 '' June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 1.23 The family continues their vacation in Vail , while taking in the news of Rob 's engagement ; Scott tries to stay on his best behavior for the rest of the trip . 169 9 `` Oh Baby ! '' July 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 03 ) 1.51 After the announcement of his engagement , Rob has another piece of news that will change the family forever ; Kylie struggles with anxiety from being in the spotlight . 170 10 `` Iced Out '' July 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) 1.44 Kim feels like she is being pulled in different directions as she tries to cater to both her sister and her husband during a trip ; Scott tries to decide if he should surprise Kourtney by showing up in Iceland . 171 11 `` Got MILF ? '' July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 1.37 Kim feels that Kanye is constantly misunderstood and unfairly vilified and ca n't decide whether to publicly take a stand for him ; Kim prepares for her sexy cameo in Fergie 's music video . 172 12 `` Havana Good Day '' July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 1.39 The girls head off on an unforgettable trip to the once - restricted country of Cuba ; Kourtney fights with family members ; Kris loses it when she ca n't speak to the girls overseas . 173 13 `` Havana Good Night '' August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 1.17 The Kardashian trip to Cuba continues . A disagreement results from Kim 's commitment to her work engagements on Mother 's Day ; Scott comes down with a major case of FOMO ; and tensions rise over Kylie 's Puma endorsement . 174 14 `` The Digital Rage '' August 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 21 ) 1.43 Drama between Rob and the family flares up when Chyna launches an app they find questionable ; Scott is on a mission to prove that Kourtney 's allergies are n't real . 175 15 `` Blood , Sweat , and Fears '' August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) 0.866 When Kris sees Khloé is struggling , she urges Rob to reconnect with his sister ; Kourtney worries that she will give Scott mixed messages ; Kris pushes herself too far in order to keep up with her daughters ' workouts . 176 16 `` Love at First Fight '' September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 1.52 When Rob and Chyna get in a fight , it 's up to the sisters to help repair their relationship ; the family tries to give Khloé a good birthday ; and Kourtney is nervous when she has to do a press tour all by herself . 177 17 `` Khloé 's New Breast Friends '' October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 1.45 Kim upsets her mother after helping Cait get ready for the ESPY awards ; Khloe tests out her new features ; Scott finds a healthier way to keep himself busy . 178 18 `` Lord Disick Returns '' October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 1.10 MJ 's birthday is celebrated , but Rob does n't show up and disappears after a fight with Chyna ; The Kardashians want Scott to have more fun , which leads to the return of `` Lord Disick '' ; Kim has trouble doing North 's hair . 179 19 `` Lord of the Cougars '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 1.12 Kendall 's sleep paralysis takes a toll on work and travel ; Kim tries to control her anxiety ; Scott becomes friends with Kris and her girlfriends . 180 20 `` Controversies & Legacies '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 1.22 Kim is trying anything for a third child ; Kendall is afraid of backlash from supporting stricter gun control ; Kris has a hard time realizing her mother wo n't be around forever . She sets up an interview where she and her kids ask her mother questions . Kris breaks down . 181 21 `` No Good Deeds '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 1.14 A baby shower is planned for Rob and Chyna , but a fight ruins the occasion ; Kris gets in a car accident . Season 13 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 182 `` Time to Dash '' March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 1.48 During a trip to Miami , a major department store makes an offer to purchase Dash ; Kourtney struggles to enjoy herself while in Scott 's presence ; Khloe keeps Kim in the dark about her new relationship . 183 `` Paris '' March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 1.58 Kourtney is eager to experience Paris Fashion Week with Kim and see Kendall walk the runway for the first time , but their trip to the city of light takes a dark turn when Kim is robbed at gunpoint . 184 `` The Aftermath '' March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 1.41 In the aftermath of Paris , Kim struggles to cope with frightening reminders of the robbery , Kendall wrestles with her decision to prosecute an unstable trespasser and Kris makes it her mission to heighten security for the entire family . 185 `` Kim 's Last Ditch Effort '' April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 1.16 Kim undergoes one final procedure on her uterus in an attempt to carry another baby , but suffers from dangerous complications ; Khloe worries about her business successes ; Rob must learn to ignore criticism from his family . 186 5 `` When It Rains , It Pours -- Part 1 '' April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 1.26 Kim begins to ease back into her public life , but is blindsided by some upsetting news about Kanye ; Khloe is pressured to mend her strained relationship with Cait ; the family speculates about Kourtney and Scott ; Rob welcomes his first baby . 187 6 `` When It Rains , It Pours -- Part 2 '' April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 1.17 After receiving some troubling news about Kanye while in New York for the Angel Ball , Kim rushes home to his aid ; Kendall worries that a bad review from Vogue could jeopardize her modeling career ; Khloe clashes with Malika over priorities . 188 7 `` The Ex Files '' April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 1.47 After a fight between Rob and Chyna , the sisters feel a duty to protect their brother ; Kris tries to rebuild her relationship with Cait ; Kim tries to convince Khloe to hold onto her old mementos by making an ex-box 189 8 `` Guilt Trip '' April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 1.34 Scott becomes devasted when he hears a rumor about Kourtney ; Kim returns to work and fears she might not be cut out for her public lifestyle ; Kendall gets upset with Caitlyn when her efforts to spend time with her dad are taken for granted . 190 9 `` Family Trippin ' -- Part 1 '' May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 1.25 The family is surprised that Kourtney is allowing Scott on the family trip to Costa Rica , but when the sisters discover Scott has invited a girl to join him in Costa Rica , they decide it 's about time for Kourtney to confront the father of her children . 191 10 `` Family Trippin ' -- Part 2 '' May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 1.37 After the family confronts Scott about his unwelcome guest in Costa Rica , Kourtney must inform him that he 's ruined any chance of them ever getting back together . Meanwhile , Khloe is fed up with her family 's bad attitude . 192 11 `` Classic Cars and Vintage Eggs '' May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 1.33 Kim and Kourtney force Khloe to take a sentimental sister trip to Palm Springs to relive some of their fondest childhood memories . Meanwhile , Rob meets with a life coach to save his failing relationship ; and Kris receives an outrageous proposition from a royal family for her eggs . 193 12 `` Decisions , Decisions '' May 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.97 Rob struggles to find a way to be civil with Chyna for the sake of their daughter ; Khloe puts Kourtney through a series of silly tests in hopes of curing her indecisiveness ; and Kim jets to New York with Kylie for Kanye 's Yeezy fashion show . 194 13 `` Loyalties and Royalties '' June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 1.43 Kim becomes torn over maintaining a relationship with Cait ; she confirms that her mom 's reasons for cutting ties is valid ; Kendall introduces her sisters to the first openly gay royal ; Rob implements his own time of the month . 195 14 `` Sister Surrogacy '' June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 1.40 Khloe explores the possibility of becoming Kim 's surrogate but receives some shocking news in the process ; the sisters pressure Kourtney to step up her flirting game ; Rob threatens to bail on his 30th birthday . Season 14 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 196 `` Cleveland Show '' October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1.44 Kim and Kourtney finally get a glimpse into Khloé 's private life in Cleveland . Kendall receives some harsh feedback on a recent project . The family is blindsided when Cait reveals some shocking news . 197 `` MILFs Gone Wild '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1.40 Scott gets jealous when Kourtney goes on a girls trip to Mexico for her birthday . Meanwhile Kim feels violated when some unflattering photos of her in Mexico surface on the Internet . 198 `` Cheers To That '' October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1.26 Kim struggles to regain her confidence after her trip to Mexico . Khloé 's spirits sour when Kris becomes too busy for mother - daughter bonding . Kourtney acts sneaky about her dating life . 199 `` Clothes Quarters '' October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 1.13 Kourtney is distracted during a sister getaway with Kendall . Kim stages an unwelcome intervention on Khloé 's wardrobe . 200 5 `` Catch Me If You Cannes '' October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 0.89 Scott threatens to ruin Kourtney 's trip to Cannes with her new romantic interest . Kim struggles to set clear boundaries with her assistant . The girls get educated about Planned Parenthood . 201 6 `` Fan - Friction '' November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.15 Khloé fears that Cleveland fans may turn on her family during a trip to see Tristan . The girls wonder how to treat Scott after his bad behavior in Cannes . Kim gets fed up with her lack of willpower and makes a drastic lifestyle change . 202 7 `` Beauty Queen '' November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1.01 Kim anxiously preps for the launch of her new KKW Beauty line . Kourtney tries to adopt a new positive attitude . Khloé scrambles to make arrangements for Tristan 's upcoming move to LA . 203 8 `` Close To Home '' November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 0.77 Kim is shocked to learn about the rising rate of homelessness in LA and sets out to bring awareness to the growing crisis . Meanwhile Kris hires a scribe to document her every word . 204 9 `` Dog Tired '' December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 0.96 Khloé and Kendall consider getting guns for protection . Kris imposes strict guidelines for her mom to follow in her new condo . Kim ca n't handle her rambunctious new puppy . 205 10 `` Baby One More Time '' December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 1.06 Kim gets some big news about the future of her family . The girls wonder if Kourtney sees a future with her current beau . Kim and Khloé compete to win Kris 's affection . 206 11 `` Press Pass '' December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 1.03 Khloé and Kourtney butt heads over the design of their fitness line . Kim thinks the family needs media training to learn to handle controversial topics . 207 12 `` My Mother 's Keeper '' January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1.05 Khloé struggles to keep her explosive temper under control . Kris plants a secret tracking device on her mother and Kim wonders if Kourtney 's gluten - free diet is truly healthy . 208 13 `` Mime Over Matter '' January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1.44 A guilt - ridden Kourtney must decide whether to take a trip to Egypt without her kids . Khloé recognizes that the stress of dealing with six kids is weighing on Kris , so she hires a mime to cheer her mom up . 209 14 `` Bun In The Oven '' January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 1.33 Khloé has some big news to share with her family , but her strained relationship with Corey threatens to overshadow the big reveal . Kris gets a complex about her sagging earlobes . 210 15 `` Diamonds Are Forever '' January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1.16 Scott 's behavior takes a turn for the worse after he learns that Kourtney has a boyfriend . Kourtney struggles to find her career passion . Kris comes up with a creative way to preserve her memory long after she 's gone . 211 16 `` A Tangled Web '' February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) 1.14 Kim fears for her surrogate 's safety when sources begin exposing her personal information . Kris keeps a watchful eye on Scott during Fashion Week . Kourtney deals with a scary infestation . 212 17 `` Kris Jenner 's Legacy '' February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) 1.05 Scott sets out to make Kris a commemorative legacy video . Kendall 's anxiety strikes again right before Milan Fashion week . Khloé attempts to rebuild her friendship with Malika after a falling out . 213 18 `` Trimester Trouble '' February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 1.01 Khloé attempts to keep her pregnancy a secret while dealing with some complications . Kourtney questions whether she is done having children . Kris debuts a loud new hairdo . 214 19 `` The Gender Reveal '' March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 1.29 The girls take one last sister getaway to San Francisco before their babies arrive , but they quickly tire of Kourtney 's bad attitude . Kim wants to include her family in the surrogacy process . Khloé anxiously awaits news of her baby 's gender . Season 15 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 215 `` Photo Shoot Dispute '' August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 1.36 A fight about the family Christmas card escalates into a major family feud . Scott feels guilty for moving on to a new relationship with Sofia Richie . 216 `` The Art of the Prank '' August 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) 1.27 Kim and Khloé try to get to the root of Kourtney 's bad attitude , which ignites another huge fight between the girls . Meanwhile Kim makes Kendall a promise she ca n't keep , and Khloe and Scott formulate an elaborate plan to prove Kris is n't the art expert she claims to be . 217 `` Drop Dead Gorgeous '' August 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 19 ) 1.08 Kris worries that pregnant Khloe is taking her healthy lifestyle too far and putting her baby at risk . Meanwhile Scott 's business trip to Miami takes a wild turn , jeopardizing an exciting new business venture , and Kim takes her morbid fascination to the next level by studying mortuary cosmetology . 218 `` The Nightmare Before Christmas '' August 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 26 ) 1.03 After an intense few weeks of fighting with her sisters , Kourtney considers spending the holidays away from her family . Meanwhile , Khloé hides from the critical public eye until her pregnancy announcement , and Kris fears she 's being poisoned . 219 5 `` The Family Feud '' September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) 1.07 Kourtney is devastated when Scott introduces the kids to his girlfriend Sofia without her permission . Meanwhile the family is determined to redeem themselves on Celebrity Family Feud at all costs , and Kim encounters an issue with her selfie taking . 220 6 `` We Love Chicago '' September 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 16 ) 0.91 Kim prepares for the birth of her third child . Khloe struggles to choose a godparent for her baby and Kourtney makes her dancing debut in a flash mob . 221 7 `` The Perfect Stormi '' September 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 23 ) 1.08 Kourtney lashes out at Kris over stuff from the past , Khloe is devastated by an unexpected loss and Kylie gives birth to her 1st baby Stormi . 222 8 `` An American Model in Paris '' September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) 1.01 Kourtney is furious when Kim leaks some personal information about her to the family . Kim struggles to make Kanye a priority . Kendall lets loose on a whirlwind trip to Paris . 223 9 `` The Kardashians Take Japan '' October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) 0.81 Kim scrambles to shoot an entire Yeezy Season 7 campaign while in Japan , but worries that her sisters ' questionable fashion sense might jeopardize the debut of the line . Meanwhile , Kris gifts her best friend with a face lift , but worries she might have offended her in the process . 224 10 `` Let 's Play Ball '' October 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 14 ) 0.87 The Kardashians take on the Jacksons in a charity softball game . Kris pools her resources to renovate the Watts Empowerment Center . Khloe and Scott devise a clever plan to reveal Art Vandelay 's true identity . 225 11 `` The Lord & His Lady '' October 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 28 ) TBD Inspired by the March for Our Lives demonstration , Kim meets with the survivors of the Parkland shooting to learn about their movement . Scott revives his podcast with Khloé in Cleveland . Kylie feels insecure about her post-baby body . 226 12 `` The Betrayal '' November 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 04 ) TBD Khloé is blindsided by news about her relationship just days before her due date . Kim worries that Khloe 's delivery will fall on the day of her high - school reunion . Scott and Kendall team up to do some extreme sports . 227 13 TBA November 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 11 ) TBD Specials ( edit ) No. of special Season aired in Title Aired between / after Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` Junk in the Trunk '' `` New Perspective in New Orleans '' `` Free Khloé '' May 26 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 26 ) N / A Kourtney , Kim , Khloé , and Rob share their favorite moments and outtakes from the series . 5 `` Junk in the Trunk 2 '' December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) N / A The Kardashians look back at their favorite moments from the series and view some previously - unaired footage . 6 `` Kendall 's Sweet 16 '' December 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 19 ) 1.93 The Kardashians celebrate Kendall 's sweet 16 and Kendall gets her driver 's license . 7 `` Dishing It Out '' October 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 28 ) N / A The Kardashians show never before seen footage and share some of their favorite moments from the series . 5 14 `` 10th Anniversary Special '' `` Sister Surrogacy '' `` Cleveland Show '' September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 1.26 Ryan Seacrest sits down with Kris , Kourtney , Kimberly , Khloe , Kendall , Kylie and Scott to reflect back on the most monumental events in their lives . 6 14 `` A Very Kardashian Holiday '' `` Close To Home '' `` Dog Tired November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 1.04 The Kardashians prepare for the holiday season bigger and better than ever before . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garcia , Jennifer `` Khloé Kardashian Odom and Lamar Odom Are in Couples Therapy '' People.com , November 14 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , Rubicon , Mad Men , Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More Records for True Blood + The Glades , Rubicon , Mad Men & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : The Glades Down a Little ; Rubicon , Mad Men Moreso '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : Boise St. Vs. Va . Tech Dominates ; ' The Closer & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Get Bigger & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Sunday For Cable Ratings : True Blood , VMAs , Jersey Shore , Iron Chef , Kardashians & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Premieres ; ' Rubicon ' Still Struggling + The Glades , Mad Men , Kardashians & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Falls ; ' Rubicon ' Stays Low + Glades , Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Mostly Stable ; ' Rubicon ' Still Tiny ; Mad Men , Kardashians , Dexter & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Boardwalk Empire ' Plunges ; ' Rubicon ' Up ; Mad Men , Kardashians , MLB Playoffs & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Kardarshians Lead ; ' Mad Men ' Finale Up ; ' Rubicon ' Finale Down ; ' Boardwalk Empire , ' ' Sonny with a Chance ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Kardashians Finale Way Up ; Boardwalk Empire , Dexter , Swamp People & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Returns to Ratings Slip '' . Hollywood Reporter . June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' True Blood ' & ' Falling Skies , ' + ' Kardashians , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Bounces Back , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Women 's World Cup , ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Slips , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' The Glades ' & More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , ' Falling Skies ' Steady + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' ' The Glades ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Shark Week , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Leverage , ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood , ' Kardashians , ' Falling Skies , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . August 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' Jets - Texans , ' WWE RAW ' Top Night + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Warehouse 13 ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Rises , Leads Night + Kardashians , ' Entourage , ' ' Leverage , ' ' Breaking Bad , ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' Jets - Texans , ' WWE RAW ' Top Night + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Warehouse 13 ' & Much More -- Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . TV by the Numbers . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals , ' Hatfields & McCoys ' ' WWE Raw ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , & More '' . 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Mad Men ' , ' Longmire ' , ' The Client List ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' + NASCAR & More '' . 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Glades ' & More '' . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' + ' True Blood ' , European Football , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' & More '' . 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Walking Dead Marathon ' & More '' . 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Kardashians - TV Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night , ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bunheads , ' ' Secret Life of the American Teenager ' & More '' . 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Beats ' Breaking Bad ' Premiere , + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Very Funny News ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` True Blood '' Tops Demos , `` Longmire '' Leads Viewers - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Political Animals ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Fallling Skies ' , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Newsroom ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Sunday 's Cable Ratings : HBO 's `` True Blood '' Wraps Season on Top - TheFutonCritic.com `` . www.thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : NASCAR Wins Night , ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Leverage ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' , ' Married to Jonas ' , & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Archived 2012 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' Breaking Amish ' & More '' . 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Wins Night , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Leverage ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' & More '' . 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Archived 2012 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + Sprint Cup Racing , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Skywire Live ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Sprint Cup ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night + ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' & ' Megalodon : The Monster Shark Lives ' Win Night , ' Dexter ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Killing ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' Low Winter Sun ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Dexter ' , ' The Newsroom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , NASCAR , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Video Music Awards ' Dominates + ' Breaking Bad ' , ' Real Housewives of NJ ' , ' Catfish ' , ' Dexter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Night , NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Breaking Bad ' Wins Big , ' Talking Bad ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Masters of Sex ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & ' Thursday Night Football : Special Edition ' Tie for Lead + ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Homeland , ' Boardwalk Empire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Witches of East End ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Rules Again + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Boardwalk Empire ' , ' Homeland ' , ' Killing Kennedy ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Soul Train Awards ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , NBA All Star Game , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Penny Dreadful ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' BET Awards ' Leads Night + World Cup Soccer , ' True Blood ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Witches of East End ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Witches of East End ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Leads Night + NASCAR , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With The Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Shark of Darkness : Wrath of Submarine ' Tops Night + ' True Blood ' , ' Air Jaws ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Strain ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Leftovers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , NCAA Basketball + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Going Clear ' , ' Killing Jesus ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : MLB Baseball & ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Top Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondologjy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.24. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 10.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' starts well for AMC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' rises with Glenn 's fate revealed , ' Into the Badlands ' down in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' gets a ' Walking Dead ' bump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Leftovers ' finale rises , ' Into the Badlands ' takes a hit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' on top , plus ' Jill & Jessa ' premiere , ' Kardashians ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Homeland ' rises with finale , ' Into the Badlands ' hits season low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' rises in week 2 , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' stays on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.31. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little lower , NBA All - Star Game up slightly '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' steady , ' RHOA ' and ' Shameless ' improve '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` 3 - Day Ratings : ' Survivor , ' ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' Still Going Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.15. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.22. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.5. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.12. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.19. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.26. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.3. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.10. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Power ' Season 3 premiere sets a record for Starz '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.31. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.21. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.28. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Showbuzz Dailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 9.4. 2016 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' premiere kills it with second - highest ratings ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 10 30 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 11 6 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Showbuzzdailys Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals Network Finals 11 13 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' rebounds a little , ' Feud ' slips '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower , but also higher '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high , ' Into the Badlands ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday cable originals - network finals 4 2 2017 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Homeland ' ends with season high , ' Casey Anthony ' strong for ID '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' premiere improves , NBA playoffs dominate '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Silicon Valley ' suffers without ' Game of Thrones ' as lead - in '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' American Gods ' has decent premiere on Starz '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' tops a down day '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Leftovers ' ends on up note , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' premieres to series low '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ties low , ' Claws ' has decent premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' keeps improving , MLB playoffs on top '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale steady ( but also down ) , NCLS on top again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.03. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.12. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.19. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.26. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.9. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.16. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.23. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 2 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.30. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.7. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.14. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : 49ers / Steelers Powerful , Even With Outages + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' Ridiculousness , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Keeping Up with the Kardashians Episodes Spin - offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami ( 2009 ) Kourtney and Kim Take New York ( 2011 ) Khloé & Lamar ( 2011 ) Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons ( 2014 ) Dash Dolls ( 2015 ) I Am Cait ( 2015 ) Rob & Chyna ( 2016 ) Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian ( 2017 ) Life of Kylie ( 2017 ) Related The Princes of Malibu ( 2005 ) Filthy Rich : Cattle Drive ( 2005 ) Bromance ( 2008 ) Kris ( 2013 ) Sex with Brody ( 2015 ) Kocktails with Khloé ( 2016 ) The Spin Crowd ( 2010 ) Kingin ' with Tyga ( 2015 ) Hollywood Divas ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians_episodes&oldid=866068158 '' Categories : Keeping Up with the Kardashians Lists of American reality television series episodes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 01 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does kanye come on keeping up with the kardashians	[ "It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step-parent Bruce Jenner (now known as Caitlyn Jenner), their half-sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khloé's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé.[1] Along in season seven Kanye West became a recurring cast members after dating Kim then marrying her in season nine. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members. \n" ]	[ "season seven" ]
-8822952560978254335	Stephen King bibliography	Stephen King bibliography - wikipedia Stephen King bibliography Jump to : navigation , search Stephen King bibliography Releases ↙ Novels 56 ↙ Collections 10 ↙ Nonfiction 5 ↙ Others 11 The following is a complete list of books published by Stephen King , an American author of contemporary horror , suspense , science fiction , and fantasy . His books have sold more than 350 million copies , and many of them have been adapted into feature films , television movies and comic books . King has published 56 novels , including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman , and five non-fiction books . He has written nearly 200 short stories , most of which have been compiled in book collections . Many of his stories are set in his home state of Maine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Novels 2 Collections 3 Nonfiction 4 Others 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Novels ( edit ) Year Title Publisher ISBN Note Carrie Doubleday 0385086954 ' Salem 's Lot Doubleday 978 - 0 - 385 - 00751 - 1 World Fantasy Award nominee for Best Novel , 1976 1977 The Shining Doubleday 978 - 0 - 385 - 12167 - 5 Runner - up ( 4th place ) , Locus Award , 1978 1977 Rage Signet Books 978 - 0 - 451 - 07645 - 8 Published under pseudonym Richard Bachman 1978 The Stand Doubleday 978 - 0 - 385 - 12168 - 2 Nominee , World Fantasy Award , 1979 ; Runner - up ( 15th place ) , Locus Award , 1979 1979 The Long Walk Signet Books 978 - 0 - 451 - 08754 - 6 Published under pseudonym Richard Bachman 1979 The Dead Zone Viking Press 978 - 0 - 670 - 26077 - 5 Runner - up ( 2nd place ) , Locus Award , 1980 1980 Firestarter Viking Press 978 - 0 - 670 - 31541 - 3 Nominee , British Fantasy Award 's August Derleth Award , 1981 ; Runner - up ( 8th place ) , Locus Award , 1981 1981 Roadwork Signet Books 978 - 0 - 451 - 09668 - 5 Published under pseudonym Richard Bachman 1981 Cujo Viking Press 978 - 0 - 670 - 45193 - 7 Winner , British Fantasy Award 's August Derleth Award , 1982 1982 The Running Man Signet Books 978 - 0 - 451 - 11508 - 9 Published under pseudonym Richard Bachman 1982 The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger Grant 978 - 0 - 937986 - 50 - 9 Christine Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 22026 - 7 Nominee , Locus Award , 1984 Pet Sematary Doubleday 978 - 0 - 385 - 18244 - 7 Nominee , World Fantasy Award , 1984 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 1984 Cycle of the Werewolf Land of Enchantment 978 - 0 - 960 - 38282 - 8 Illustrated by Bernie Wrightson 1984 The Talisman Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 69199 - 9 Written with Peter Straub ; Nominee , World Fantasy Award , 1985 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 1985 1984 Thinner NAL 978 - 0 - 453 - 00468 - 8 Published under pseudonym Richard Bachman 1986 It Viking 0 - 670 - 81302 - 8 Winner , British Fantasy Award , 1987 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 1987 The Eyes of the Dragon Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 81458 - 9 The Dark Tower II : The Drawing of the Three Grant 978 - 0 - 937986 - 90 - 5 Nominee , Locus Award , 1988 Misery Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 81364 - 3 Winner , Bram Stoker Award , 1987 ; Nominee , World Fantasy Award , 1988 The Tommyknockers Putnam 978 - 0 - 399 - 13314 - 5 Nominee , Locus Award , 1988 The Dark Half Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 82982 - 8 Nominee , Locus Award , 1990 1991 The Dark Tower III : The Waste Lands Grant 978 - 0 - 937986 - 17 - 2 Nominee , Bram Stoker Award , 1991 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 1991 1991 Needful Things Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 83953 - 7 Nominee , Bram Stoker Award , 1991 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 1991 1992 Gerald 's Game Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 84650 - 4 1992 Dolores Claiborne Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 84452 - 4 Nominee , Locus Award , 1993 Insomnia Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 85503 - 2 Nominee , Bram Stoker Award , 1994 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 1994 1995 Rose Madder Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 85869 - 9 Nominee , Locus Award , 1995 The Green Mile Signet Books Winner , Bram Stoker Award , 1996 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 1997 Desperation Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 86836 - 0 Twin novel of The Regulators ; Winner , Locus Award , 1997 The Regulators Dutton 978 - 0 - 525 - 94190 - 3 Published under pseudonym Richard Bachman ; Twin novel of Desperation 1997 The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass Grant 978 - 1 - 880418 - 38 - 3 Nominee , Locus Award , 1998 1998 Bag of Bones Scribner 978 - 0 - 684 - 85350 - 5 Winner , Bram Stoker Award , 1998 ; Winner , British Fantasy Award 's August Derleth Award , 1999 ; Winner , Locus Award , 1999 1999 The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon Scribner 978 - 0 - 684 - 86762 - 5 2000 The Plant Philtrum Press Published partially in 1982 / 83 / 85 / 2000 , Unfinished 2001 Dreamcatcher Scribner 978 - 0 - 743 - 21138 - 3 2001 Black House Random House 978 - 0 - 375 - 50439 - 6 Sequel to The Talisman ; Written with Peter Straub ; Nominee , Bram Stoker Award , 2001 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 2001 2002 From a Buick 8 Scribner 978 - 0 - 743 - 21137 - 6 Nominee , Bram Stoker Award , 2002 2003 The Dark Tower V : Wolves of the Calla Grant 978 - 1 - 880 - 41856 - 7 Nominee , Bram Stoker Award , 2003 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 2004 The Dark Tower VI : Song of Susannah Grant 978 - 1 - 880 - 41859 - 8 Nominee , Locus Award , 2005 The Dark Tower VII : The Dark Tower Grant 978 - 1 - 880 - 41862 - 8 Winner , British Fantasy Award , 2005 ; Nominee , Bram Stoker Award , 2004 2005 The Colorado Kid Hard Case Crime 978 - 0 - 843 - 95584 - 2 2006 Cell Scribner 978 - 0 - 743 - 29233 - 7 2006 Lisey 's Story Scribner 978 - 0 - 743 - 28941 - 2 Winner , Bram Stoker Award , 2006 ; Nominee , World Fantasy Award , 2007 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 2007 2007 Blaze Scribner 978 - 1 - 416 - 55484 - 4 Published under pseudonym Richard Bachman 2008 Duma Key Scribner 978 - 1 - 416 - 55251 - 2 Winner , Bram Stoker Award , 2008 2009 Under the Dome Scribner 978 - 1 - 439 - 14850 - 1 Nominee , British Fantasy Award , 2010 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 2010 2011 11 / 22 / 63 Scribner 978 - 1 - 451 - 62728 - 2 Nominee , British Fantasy Award , 2012 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 2012 ; Nominee , World Fantasy Award , 2012 2012 The Dark Tower : The Wind Through the Keyhole Grant 1 - 880418 - 76 - 2 The eighth Dark Tower novel , but chronologically set between the fourth and fifth volumes . 2013 Joyland Hard Case Crime 978 - 1 - 781 - 16264 - 4 Nominee Edgar Award , Best Original Paperback , 2014 > 2013 Doctor Sleep Scribner 978 - 1 - 476 - 72765 - 3 Sequel to The Shining ; Winner , Bram Stoker Award , 2013 2014 Mr. Mercedes Scribner 978 - 1 - 476 - 75445 - 1 First novel in the Bill Hodges Trilogy ; Winner , Edgar Award for Best Novel , 2015 2014 Revival Scribner 978 - 1 - 476 - 77038 - 3 2015 Finders Keepers Scribner 978 - 1 - 501 - 10007 - 9 Second novel in the Bill Hodges Trilogy . 2016 End of Watch Scribner 978 - 1 - 501 - 12974 - 2 Third novel in the Bill Hodges Trilogy . 2017 Gwendy 's Button Box Cemetery Dance 978 - 1 - 58767 - 610 - 9 Written with Richard Chizmar 2017 Sleeping Beauties Scribner 978 - 1 - 50116 - 340 - 1 Written with Owen King TBA The Outsider TBA TBA Collections ( edit ) Year Title Publisher ISBN Note 1978 Night Shift Doubleday 978 - 0 - 385 - 12991 - 6 Nominee , World Fantasy Award ; Nominee , Locus Award , 1979 1982 Different Seasons Viking Press 978 - 0 - 670 - 27266 - 2 Nominee , World Fantasy Award , 1983 ; Nominee , Locus Award nominee , 1983 1985 Skeleton Crew Putnam 978 - 0 - 399 - 13039 - 7 Winner , Locus Award , 1986 ; Nominee , World Fantasy Award , 1986 Four Past Midnight Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 83538 - 6 Winner , Bram Stoker Award , 1990 Nominee , Locus Award , 1991 Nightmares & Dreamscapes Viking 978 - 0 - 670 - 85108 - 9 Nominee , Bram Stoker Award ; Nominee , Locus Award , 1993 1999 Hearts in Atlantis Scribner 978 - 0 - 684 - 85351 - 2 Nominee , Bram Stoker Award , 2000 ; Nominee , British Fantasy Award , 2000 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 2000 ; Nominee , World Fantasy Award , 2000 2002 Everything 's Eventual Scribner 978 - 0 - 743 - 23515 - 0 Nominee , Bram Stoker Award , 2002 ; Nominee , British Fantasy Award , 2002 ; Nominee , Locus Award , 2002 2008 Just After Sunset Scribner 978 - 1 - 416 - 58408 - 7 Winner , Bram Stoker Award , 2008 ; Nominee , British Fantasy Award , 2009 Full Dark , No Stars Scribner 978 - 1 - 439 - 19256 - 6 Winner , Bram Stoker Award , 2010 ; Winner , British Fantasy Award , 2011 2015 The Bazaar of Bad Dreams Scribner 978 - 1 - 501 - 11167 - 9 Nonfiction ( edit ) Year Title Publisher ISBN Note 1981 Danse Macabre Everest House 978 - 0 - 896 - 96076 - 3 Nightmares in the Sky Viking Studio Books 978 - 0 - 670 - 82307 - 9 Illustrated by f - stop Fitzgerald 2000 On Writing : A Memoir of the Craft Scribner 978 - 0 - 684 - 85352 - 9 2000 Secret Windows : Essays and Fiction on the Craft of Writing BOMC 978 - 0 - 965 - 01851 - 7 2005 Faithful Scribner 978 - 0 - 743 - 26752 - 6 Written with Stewart O'Nan Others ( edit ) Year Title Publisher ISBN Note 1982 Creepshow Plume 0452253802 1985 The Bachman Books NAL 978 - 0 - 453 - 00507 - 4 1997 Six Stories Philtrum Press Limited edition ( 1100 copies ) ; collected in Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) 1999 Blood and Smoke Simon & Schuster 978 - 0 - 671 - 04617 - 0 Original audiobook ; collected in Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) 2009 Stephen King Goes to the Movies Pocket Books 978 - 1 - 416 - 59236 - 5 Contains five previously collected short stories Blockade Billy Simon & Schuster 978 - 1 - 4516 - 0821 - 2 Contains the title short story and Morality , both collected in Bazaar of Bad Dreams American Vampire Vol. 1 Vertigo 978 - 1401228309 Graphic novel , co-written with Scott Snyder , Illustrated by Rafael Albuquerque ; Winner , Eisner Award for Best New Series , 2011 2013 Ghost Brothers of Darkland County Hear Music 978 - 1 - 579 - 40235 - 8 Libretto 2016 Charlie the Choo - Choo Simon & Schuster 978 - 1 - 534 - 40123 - 5 Published under pseudonym Beryl Evans , Illustrated by Ned Dameron 2016 Hearts in Suspension University of Maine Press 978 - 0 - 89101 - 127 - 9 A collection of essays by King with other authors See also ( edit ) Stephen King short fiction bibliography Unpublished and uncollected works by Stephen King References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morgan , Robert . Stephen King , Newsnight , BBC , November 22 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` World Fantasy Award Winners and Nominees '' . Awards List . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen King '' . The Science Fiction Awards Database . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Edgars '' . The Edgars Database . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Bram Stoker Award Nominees & Winners '' . Horror Writers Association . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2017/08/09/q-stephen-king-interview-mr-mercedes-show/537371001/ Jump up ^ `` 2011 Eisner Awards '' . San Diego Comic Convention . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Stephen King bibliography timeline on Histropedia Stephen King Bibliography Short fiction Unpublished and uncollected Awards and nominations Novels Carrie ( 1974 ) ' Salem 's Lot ( 1975 ) The Shining ( 1977 ) The Stand ( 1978 ) The Dead Zone ( 1979 ) Firestarter ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1981 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Pet Sematary ( 1983 ) Cycle of the Werewolf ( 1983 ) The Talisman ( 1984 ) It ( 1986 ) The Eyes of the Dragon ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1987 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1987 ) The Dark Half ( 1989 ) Needful Things ( 1991 ) Gerald 's Game ( 1992 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1992 ) Insomnia ( 1994 ) Rose Madder ( 1995 ) The Green Mile ( 1996 ) Desperation ( 1996 ) Bag of Bones ( 1998 ) The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon ( 1999 ) The Plant ( 2000 ; unfinished ) Dreamcatcher ( 2001 ) Black House ( 2001 ) From a Buick 8 ( 2002 ) The Colorado Kid ( 2005 ) Cell ( 2006 ) Lisey 's Story ( 2006 ) Duma Key ( 2008 ) Under the Dome ( 2009 ) 11 / 22 / 63 ( 2011 ) Joyland ( 2013 ) Doctor Sleep ( 2013 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2014 ) Revival ( 2014 ) Finders Keepers ( 2015 ) End of Watch ( 2016 ) Gwendy 's Button Box ( 2017 ) Sleeping Beauties ( 2017 ) The Dark Tower series The Gunslinger ( 1982 ) The Drawing of the Three ( 1987 ) The Waste Lands ( 1991 ) Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Wolves of the Calla ( 2003 ) Song of Susannah ( 2004 ) The Dark Tower ( 2004 ) The Wind Through the Keyhole ( 2012 ) Richard Bachman novels Rage ( 1977 ) The Long Walk ( 1979 ) Roadwork ( 1981 ) The Running Man ( 1982 ) Thinner ( 1984 ) The Bachman Books ( 1985 ) The Regulators ( 1996 ) Blaze ( 2007 ) Short fiction collections Night Shift ( 1978 ) Different Seasons ( 1982 ) Skeleton Crew ( 1985 ) Four past Midnight ( 1990 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes ( 1993 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) Everything 's Eventual ( 2002 ) Just After Sunset ( 2008 ) Full Dark , No Stars ( 2010 ) The Bazaar of Bad Dreams ( 2015 ) Non-fiction Danse Macabre ( 1981 ) Nightmares in the Sky ( 1988 ) On Writing ( 2000 ) Secret Windows ( 2000 ) Faithful ( 2004 ) `` Guns '' ( 2013 ) Screenplays Creepshow ( 1982 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ; also director ) Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) Teleplays `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) `` Chinga '' ( 1998 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Rose Red ( 2002 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Desperation ( 2006 ) `` Heads Will Roll '' ( 2014 ) Comics Creepshow ( 1982 ) Heroes for Hope ( 1985 ) The Secretary of Dreams ( 2006 ) The Dark Tower ( 2007 -- ) The Stand ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Talisman ( 2009 -- 10 ) American Vampire ( 2010 ) N. ( 2010 ) Road Rage ( 2012 ) The Dark Man ( 2013 ) Musical collaborations Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Black Ribbons ( 2010 ) Ghost Brothers of Darkland County ( 2012 ) Anthologies edited The Best American Short Stories 2007 ( 2007 ) Six Scary Stories ( 2016 ) Worlds and concepts Fictional locations of Maine Jerusalem 's Lot Castle Rock Derry Fictional books Multiverse All - World Dollar Baby Related articles List of adaptations Books about Stephen King Rock Bottom Remainders Philtrum Press Six Stories Stephen King Goes to the Movies Charlie the Choo - Choo Hearts in Suspension Tabitha King Joe Hill Owen King Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_King_bibliography&oldid=801934352 '' Categories : Works by Stephen King Bibliographies by writer Bibliographies of American writers Horror fiction bibliographies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Čeština Dansk Español Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 21 : 34 . 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-4466651322614963781	Lives of the Monster Dogs	Lives of the monster dogs - Wikipedia Lives of the monster dogs First edition Lives of the Monster Dogs ( 1997 ) is a novel by Kirsten Bakis first published by Farrar , Straus & Giroux . It was named a New York Times Notable Book of the year in 1997 , and one of the Best Books of the Year by the Village Voice . It was shortlisted for the Orange Prize for Fiction , and won the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel . It has been translated into eight languages and made into a stage play . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Reviews 3 Film 4 Footnotes Plot summary ( edit ) A group of elegant monster dogs in top hats , tails , and bustle skirts become instant celebrities when they come to New York in 2008 . Refugees from a town whose residents had been utterly isolated for a hundred years , the dogs retain the nineteenth - century Germanic culture of the humans who created them . They are wealthy and glamorous and seem to lead charmed lives -- but they find adjusting to the modern world difficult , and when a young woman , Cleo Pira , befriends them , she discovers that a strange , incurable illness threatens them all with extinction . When the dogs construct their dream home , a fantastic castle on the Lower East Side , and barricade themselves inside , Cleo finds herself one of the few human witnesses to a mad , lavish party that may prove to be the final act in the drama of the lives of the monster dogs . Reviews ( edit ) The New York Times called it `` haunting , fiercely original ... a dazzling , unforgettable meditation on what it means to be human . '' Film ( edit ) In 2010 it was reported that the book had been optioned for possible development as a movie . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ M.G. Lord ( March 9 , 1997 ) . `` New York Times Review '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) This article about a 1990s novel is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lives_of_the_Monster_Dogs&oldid=840256941 '' Categories : 1997 American novels Novels set in New York City Lower East Side Farrar , Straus and Giroux books 2008 in fiction 1990s novel stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 18 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	lives of the monster dogs by kirsten bakis	[]	[]
-9028098405757185619	Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research	Vignan 's Foundation for science , Technology & Research - wikipedia Vignan 's Foundation for science , Technology & Research Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vignan 's Foundation for Science , Technology & Research విజ్ఞాన్ 's విశ్వవిద్యాలయం Vignan 's University Logo Former names Vignan 's Engineering College ( 1997 -- 2008 ) Motto Building Skill India Type Deemed university Established 2008 Chairperson Lavu Rathaiah President Lavu Srikrishna Devarayulu Vice-Chancellor M.Y.S. Prasad Rector Dr. B. Ramamoorthy Students 10000 + Undergraduates 7000 + Postgraduates 1500 + Doctoral students 500 + Location Vadlamudi , Guntur district , Andhra Pradesh , India Campus Suburban Colours Chartreuse Green Nickname VFSTR University / VU / VIGNAN Affiliations UGC Mascot Vignanite Website www.vignanuniversity.org Vignan 's Foundation for Science , Technology & Research is a private university in the Guntur district Andhra Pradesh , India . It is in the rural area of Vadlamudi , on the southeastern part of Guntur City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Campus 2 Academics 3 Student life 4 References 5 External links Campus ( edit ) A Vignan University building The campus is about 15 km from Guntur City . The main entrance is on the Guntur - Tenali Highway . Straight inside is the Administrative Block ( A-Block ) . Vignan NTR Library is 10 meters from the main entrance . There is another entrance on the Tenali - Guntur Highway : Lara Entrance . Academics ( edit ) Courses offered include agricultural engineering , automobile engineering , bioinformatics , biomedical engineering , biotechnology , chemical engineering , civil engineering , mechanical engineering , computer science and computer engineering . Student life ( edit ) Mahotsav is an annual youth festival of Vignan University . Vastrotsav is an annual fashion symposium of vignan university organises by Department of textile & fashion technology . The university , Vignan 's Lara Institute of Technology , and Vignan Pharmacy College jointly host the event in which students from Engineering , M.B.A , M.C.A and Pharmacy disciplines are expected to participate . Vignan University students run a magazine called Voice , where technical , literal , cultural matters , along with university news , are discussed . Several departments organize department festivals . Among those , MEA Fest ( Mechanical Engineers Association ) is organised by students of Mechanical Department . ASSET ( Association of Skillful and Sophisticated Electrical Technocrats ) of Vignan is organised by EEE students . VCODE is organised by CSE students . The ECE students ' departmental event is VOICE . IT students ' departmental event is VLOGIC . RACE ( Royal Association of Civil Engineering ) is organised by students of civil engineering . Funds to be and always collected by college students only . Vignan University has a Student Activities Council ( SAC ) , which is an elected student body . All the events that are conducted in the campus and every activity that has student involved on the campus is done by the students of this body . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Voice magazine ( hide ) Universities and colleges in Andhra Pradesh University Adikavi Nannaya University Acharya Nagarjuna University Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Andhra University Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Srikakulam Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University Dravidian University Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University , Anantapur Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University , Kakinada KL University Krishna University Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha Rayalaseema University Sri Krishnadevaraya University Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam Sri Sathya Sai University Sri Venkateswara University Sri Venkateswara Vedic University Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University Vignan University Vikrama Simhapuri University Yogi Vemana University State Institute Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences Engineering Colleges Akula Sree Ramulu College of Engineering Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences Dasari Ramakotiah Institute of Science and Technology GMR Institute of Technology Gudivada Engineering College SKU College of Engineering and Technology Potti Sriramulu College of Engineering & Technology Sir C.R. Reddy Educational Institutions Stanley Stephen College of Engineering & Technology Sri Vasavi Institute of Engineering and Technology Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology Visakha Institute of Engineering & Technology Degree colleges Dr. L. Bullayya College Dr. V.S. Krishna Govt . Degree & P.G College Jagan 's Degree & PG College Mrs. A.V.N. College St. Vincent DE Paul Degree College Sri Gowthami Degree and PG College Polytechnic colleges Sri Venkatewara Government Polytechnic Institute Educational Groups SV Colleges Sri Gowthami Degree and PG College Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vignan%27s_Foundation_for_Science,_Technology_%26_Research&oldid=837746990 '' Categories : Deemed universities in India Deemed universities in Andhra Pradesh Universities in Guntur Private universities in India Science education in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Instances of Infobox university using image size Andhra Pradesh articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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5906201406840282939	Mono no aware	Mono no aware - wikipedia Mono no aware Jump to : navigation , search For the organization , see Mono No Aware ( organization ) . Mono no aware ( 物の哀れ ) , literally `` the pathos of things '' , and also translated as `` an empathy toward things '' , or `` a sensitivity to ephemera '' , is a Japanese term for the awareness of impermanence ( 無常 , mujō ) , or transience of things , and both a transient gentle sadness ( or wistfulness ) at their passing as well as a longer , deeper gentle sadness about this state being the reality of life . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Etymology 3 In contemporary culture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins ( edit ) The term comes from Heian period literature , but was picked up and used by 18th century Edo period Japanese cultural scholar Motoori Norinaga in his literary criticism of The Tale of Genji , and later to other seminal Japanese works including the Man'yōshū . It became central to his philosophy of literature and eventually to Japanese cultural tradition . Etymology ( edit ) The phrase is derived from the Japanese word mono ( 物 ) , which means `` thing '' , and aware ( 哀れ ) , which was a Heian period expression of measured surprise ( similar to `` ah '' or `` oh '' ) , translating roughly as `` pathos '' , `` poignancy '' , `` deep feeling '' , `` sensitivity '' , or `` awareness '' . Thus , mono no aware has frequently been translated as `` the ' ahh - ness ' of things '' , life , and love . Awareness of the transience of all things heightens appreciation of their beauty , and evokes a gentle sadness at their passing . In his criticism of The Tale of Genji Motoori noted that mono no aware is the crucial emotion that moves readers . Its scope was not limited to Japanese literature , and became associated with Japanese cultural tradition ( see also sakura ) . In contemporary culture ( edit ) Notable manga artists who use mono no aware -- style storytelling include Hitoshi Ashinano , Kozue Amano , and Kaoru Mori . In anime , both Only Yesterday by Isao Takahata and Mai Mai Miracle by Sunao Katabuchi emphasize the passing of time in gentle notes and by presenting the main plot against a parallel one from the past . In addition , the Japanese director Yasujirō Ozu was well known for creating a sense of mono no aware , frequently climaxing with a character very understatedly saying `` Ii tenki desu ne ? '' ( いい天気ですね , `` Fine weather , is n't it ? '' ) , after a familial and societal paradigm shift , such as a daughter being married off , against the backdrop of a swiftly changing Japan . In his book about courtly life in ancient Japan , The World of the Shining Prince , Ivan Morris compares mono no aware to Virgil 's term lacrimae rerum , Latin for `` tears of things '' . Science fiction author Ken Liu 's short story , `` Mono no Aware '' , won the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Short Story . Inspired by works like the science fiction manga Yokohama Kaidashi Kikō , Liu sought to evoke an `` aesthetic primarily oriented towards creating in the reader an empathy towards the inevitable passing of all things '' , and to acknowledge `` the importance of memory and continuity with the past '' . Nobel - and Booker Prize - winning British novelist Kazuo Ishiguro ends many of his novels without any sense of resolution . The issues his characters confront are buried in the past and remain unresolved . Thus Ishiguro ends many of his novels on a note of melancholic resignation . His characters accept their past and who they have become , typically discovering that this realization brings comfort and an ending to mental anguish . This can be seen as a literary reflection of the Japanese idea of mono no aware . Films like Alain Resnais ' Hiroshima Mon Amour , Shohei Imamura 's Black Rain and Akira Kurosawa 's I Live in Fear have all been associated with the term . See also ( edit ) Melancholia Media and written works : In Search of Lost Time `` Ballade des dames du temps jadis '' Lost in Translation Last Life in the Universe Related terms with no direct translation in English : Han Lacrimae rerum Memento mori Mottainai Nine Changes Wabi - sabi Ubi sunt Weltschmerz Sehnsucht Saudade References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Choy Lee , Khoon . Japan : Between Myth and Reality. 1995 , page 142 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ivan I . The World of the Shining Prince : Court Life in Ancient Japan . 1994 , page 197 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Hugo Awards '' . Jump up ^ Mamatas , Nick . `` Q / A With Ken Liu ( and the return of Intern Kathleen ) '' . Haikasoru . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.crosscurrents.org/FeleppaSpring2004.htm External links ( edit ) `` Lecture notes '' . Archived from the original on 9 October 2012 . from a Japanese culture class at Ohio State University Emotions ( list ) Emotions Adoration Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Anguish Annoyance Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Contempt Contentment Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Ecstasy Embarrassment Vicarious Empathy Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Fear Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hysteria Infatuation Insecurity Insult Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Loneliness Longing Love Lust Melancholy Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride hubris Rage Regret Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Sorrow Spite Stress Suffering Surprise Sympathy Tenseness Wonder Worry World views Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Death and mortality in art Themes Carpe diem Consolatio Danse Macabre Death and the Maiden Lamentation of Christ Macabre Memento mori Mono no aware Sic transit gloria mundi Ubi sunt Personifications of death Vanitas Forms Death mask Elegy Funerary art Funerary text Lament Memorial Post-mortem photography Requiem Tomb Tragedy Wreath Artwork Architecture Capuchin Crypt Sedlec Ossuary Film ( category ) The Seventh Seal Literature Ars moriendi Bardo Thodol Book of Job Book of the Dead Hamlet 's soliloquy The Masque of the Red Death Music ( category ) Danse macabre Der Erlkönig Der Tod und das Mädchen Totentanz Painting ( category ) Et in Arcadia ego Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May La Calavera Catrina Pyramid of Skulls Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette The Ambassadors Poetry ( category ) And death shall have no dominion Der Erlkönig Do not go gentle into that good night ( hide ) Japanese social concepts and values People Terms Senpai and kōhai ( 先輩 / 後輩 ) Freeter ( フリーター ) Kyōiku mama ( 教育ママ ) Reki - jo ( 歴女 ) Net cafe refugee ( ネットカフェ難民 ) Parasite single ( パラサイトシングル ) Aesthetics Shibui ( 渋い ) Iki ( いき ) Yabo ( 野暮 ) Mono no aware ( 物の哀れ ) Wabi - sabi ( 侘寂 ) Yūgen ( 幽玄 ) Ensō ( 円相 ) Miyabi ( 雅 ) Kawaii ( かわいい ) Yawaragi ( 和らぎ ) Obligation Gimu ( 義務 ) Giri ( 義理 ) Giri choco ( 義理チョコ ) Honmei choco ( 本命チョコ ) Ninjō ( 人情 ) Other terms Mottainai ( もったいない ) Honne and tatemae ( 本音 / 建前 ) Wa ( 和 ) Miai ( 見合い ) Yamato - damashii ( 大和魂 ) Ishin - denshin ( 以心伝心 ) Isagiyosa ( 潔さ ) Hansei ( 反省 ) Amae ( 甘え ) Kotodama ( 言霊 ) Misc Japanese political values Shame and Japan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mono_no_aware&oldid=813199864 '' Categories : Japanese literary terminology Japanese philosophy Japanese aesthetics Japanese words and phrases Emotions Melancholia Words and phrases with no direct English translation Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 10 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does mono no aware mean in japanese	[ "Mono no aware (物の哀れ), literally \"the pathos of things\", and also translated as \"an empathy toward things\", or \"a sensitivity to ephemera\", is a Japanese term for the awareness of impermanence (無常, mujō), or transience of things, and both a transient gentle sadness (or wistfulness) at their passing as well as a longer, deeper gentle sadness about this state being the reality of life." ]	[ "the pathos of things" ]
5052528733806045177	Somebody's Watching Me	Somebody 's Watching Me - wikipedia Somebody 's Watching Me For the album , see Somebody 's Watching Me ( album ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single Single by Rockwell from the album Somebody 's Watching Me B - side `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' Released January 14 , 1984 Format 7 '' single cassette single Genre Synth - funk Length 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) Label Motown M 1702 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Curtis Anthony Nolen Rockwell Rockwell singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song recorded by American singer Rockwell , released by the Motown label on January 14 , 1984 , as the lead single from his debut studio album of the same name . Rockwell 's debut single release , the song features guest vocals by brothers Michael Jackson ( in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a major commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain , and reaching the Top 5 in Canada , Germany , the Netherlands , New Zealand , South Africa , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States ( peaking at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . The song reached No. 6 in the United Kingdom , Rockwell 's only Top 40 hit there . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Music video 2.1 Plot 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Sales and certifications 4 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' 5 Beatfreakz version 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Chart performance 6 Other cover versions 7 Sampling 8 Appearances in other media 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background and composition ( edit ) Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featuring prominently on background vocals . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' was written in the key of C - sharp minor in time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C# to C# . Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael and Jermaine Jackson , with Alan Murray on percussion . Music video ( edit ) The music video to `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( which uses the radio edit instead of the album version ) underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . Plot ( edit ) The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that a newspaper in Chinese has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate . He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , coming to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human . Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) 31 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 28 France ( IFOP ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Cash Box 21 US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 France 354,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) Main article : Somebody Dance with Me DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single reached No. 1 in Sweden and Switzerland , and the Top 5 in Austria , Finland , Germany , the Netherlands and Norway . In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted on the Swiss Hitparade , reaching No. 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . Beatfreakz version ( edit ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Single by Beatfreakz Released 2006 Format CD single Length 2 : 48 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Beatfreakz Beatfreakz singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . This version was a Top 10 hit in Belgium , Finland , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . Track listing ( edit ) CD single Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Edit ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Club Mix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( E-Craig's 2006 Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( DeNnis Christopher Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Ian Carey Club Mix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other cover versions ( edit ) Electro / hip hop artist / DJ / producers , Mysto & Pizzi , recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials . Danish metal band , Raunchy , recorded a cover for their fourth album , Wasteland Discotheque . Sampling ( edit ) TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' . In 2001 , French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in `` Art de Rue '' . Canadian artist Virginia to Vegas sampled the chorus for his single `` Lights Out '' . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009 . The campaign , created by The Martin Agency , consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash , a stack of money with googly eyes , while the song is played in the background . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1984 List of number - one singles of 1984 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1984 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Rockwell -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth - funk single `` Somebody 's Watching Me . '' ^ Jump up to : Somebody 's Watching Me ( Media notes ) . Rockwell . Hollywood , California : Motown Records . 1984 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton , Raynoma ( 1990 ) . `` Super Three '' . Berry , Me and Motown ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Contemporary Books . pp. 297 -- 299 . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 4340 - 7 . As they finished mixing down the record , I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry . Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Watching Me By Rockwell -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Higginson , Cheryl ( May 1 , 1984 ) . `` Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts '' . Luddington Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 80 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rockwell - Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( R ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 24 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 03 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . March 10 , 1984 . pp. 22 , 57 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1984 '' . RPM . Vol. 41 no . 17 . January 5 , 1985 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1984 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1984 '' ( in German ) . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 12 - 22 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1984 . pp. 14 , TA -- 19 , TA -- 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beatfreakz : Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebodys Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Beatfreakz - Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Issue nr : 23 / 2006 ( 12 Iunie -- 18 Iunie 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 ... see last week position . Romanian Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO -- The Remake of Somebody 's Watching Me ... '' January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU 's I Always Feel Like ... sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Isleym : Premier album ' Où ça nous mène ' en 2014 '' . Evous ( in French ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John R ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Virginia to Vegas Channels Rockwell In ' Lights Out ' '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parpis , Elefteria ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Kash Debuts for Geico '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Monster '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give / Toro Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` State of Independence '' `` Muscles '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Centipede '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls ( Part 2 ) '' `` All Eyez on Me '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody%27s_Watching_Me&oldid=854446983 '' Categories : 1984 songs 1984 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Halloween songs Michael Jackson songs Motown singles Debut singles Number - one singles in France Number - one singles in Spain Rockwell ( musician ) songs Songs about loneliness Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Romanian - language external links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 12 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings i always feel like someone is watching me	[ "\"Somebody's Watching Me\" is a song recorded by American singer Rockwell, released by the Motown label on January 14, 1984, as the lead single from his debut studio album of the same name. Rockwell's debut single release, the song features guest vocals by brothers Michael Jackson (in the chorus) and Jermaine Jackson (additional backing vocals).[2]\n" ]	[ "Rockwell" ]
-2900678976953574083	DeLorean DMC-12	DeLorean DMC - 12 - wikipedia DeLorean DMC - 12 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) DeLorean DMC - 12 1983 DeLorean DMC - 12 Overview Manufacturer DeLorean Motor Company Production 8,583 Model years 1981 -- 1983 Assembly Northern Ireland : DeLorean Motor Cars Limited ( DMCL ) Dunmurry United States : DeLorean Motor Company ( DMCH ) Houston , Texas Designer Giorgetto Giugiaro Body and chassis Class Sports car Body style 2 - door gullwing coupé Layout RR layout Powertrain Engine 2.85 L ( 2,849 cc ) PRV ZMJ - 159 V6 Power output 130 hp ( 132 PS ; 97 kW ) and 207 N ⋅ m ( 153 lb ⋅ ft ) of torque Transmission 5 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic Wheelbase 2,413 mm ( 95.0 in ) Length 4,216 mm ( 166.0 in ) Width 1,857 mm ( 73.1 in ) Height 1,140 mm ( 44.9 in ) doors closed 1,961 mm ( 77.2 in ) doors open Curb weight 1,230 kg ( 2,712 lb ) The DeLorean DMC - 12 ( commonly referred to simply as `` the DeLorean '' , as it was the only model ever produced by the company ) is a sports car originally manufactured by John DeLorean 's DeLorean Motor Company for the American market from 1981 to 1983 . The car features gull - wing doors and an innovative fiberglass body structure with a steel backbone chassis , along with external brushed stainless - steel body panels . It became widely known and iconic for its appearance , and because a modified DMC - 12 was immortalized as the DeLorean time machine in the Back to the Future media franchise . The first prototype appeared in October 1976 . Production officially began in 1981 in Dunmurry , a suburb of southwest Belfast , Northern Ireland , where the first DMC - 12 rolled off the production line on January 21 . Over the course of production , several features of the car were changed , such as the hood style , wheels , and interior . About 9,000 DMC - 12s were made before production halted in early 1983 . The DMC - 12 was the only model produced by the company , which was later liquidated as the US car market went through its largest slump since the 1930s . In 2007 , about 6,500 DeLorean Motor cars were thought to still exist . In 1995 , Stephen Wynne , a British entrepreneur from Liverpool , created a separate company based in Texas using the `` DeLorean Motor Company '' name . Wynne acquired the trademark on the stylized `` DMC '' logo shortly thereafter , along with the remaining parts inventory of the original DeLorean Motor Company . The company builds new cars at its suburban Humble , Texas location from new old stock ( NOS ) parts , original equipment manufacturer ( OEM ) , and reproduction parts on a `` made to order '' basis using existing vehicle identification number ( VIN ) plates . On January 27 , 2016 , DMC in Texas announced that it planned to build about 300 -- 325 replica 1982 DMC - 12 cars , each projected to cost just under US $100,000 . Contents 1 History 2 Construction 2.1 Body 2.2 Engine and drivetrain 2.3 Suspension 3 Performance 4 Pricing and options 5 Production changes 5.1 Hood styles 5.2 Other changes 6 Right - hand - drive models 7 Special DMC - 12s 7.1 Back to the Future 7.2 Prototypes and pilot cars 7.3 Visioneering car 7.4 Legend turbo cars 7.5 Gold - plated 8 DMC Texas 9 Publicly exhibited DMC - 12s 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) A DeLorean DMC - 12 with the gull - wing doors closed . A DeLorean DMC - 12 from the front with the gull - wing doors open . In October 1976 , the first prototype DeLorean DMC - 12 was completed by American automotive chief engineer William T. Collins , formerly chief engineer at Pontiac . Originally , the car was intended to have a centrally - mounted Wankel rotary engine . The engine selection was reconsidered when Comotor production ended , and the favored engine became Ford 's `` Cologne V6 '' . Eventually the French / Swedish PRV ( Peugeot - Renault - Volvo ) fuel - injected V6 was selected . Also the engine location moved from the mid-engined location in the prototype to a rear - engined installation in the production car . The chassis was initially planned to be produced from a new and untested manufacturing technology known as elastic reservoir moulding ( ERM ) , which would lighten the car while presumably lowering its production costs . This new technology , for which DeLorean had purchased patent rights , was eventually found to be unsuitable . These and other changes to the original concept led to considerable schedule pressures . The entire car was deemed to require almost complete re-engineering , which was turned over to engineer Colin Chapman , founder and owner of Lotus Cars . Chapman replaced most of the unproven material and manufacturing techniques with those then employed by Lotus , like the steel backbone chassis . In an interview with James Espey of the new incarnation of the DeLorean Motor Company of Texas , a drawing surfaced showing that the car originally had the potential to be named `` Z Tavio '' . John DeLorean 's middle name and his son 's first name were both Zachary , while Tavio was his father 's name and his son 's middle name . Due to only sporadic documentation , there is little more that is currently known about the Z Tavio name and why it was ultimately rejected in favor of the DMC - 12 . DeLorean required US $175 million to develop and build the motor company . Convincing Hollywood celebrities such as Johnny Carson and Sammy Davis , Jr. to invest in the firm , DeLorean eventually built the DMC - 12 in a factory in Dunmurry , Northern Ireland , a neighborhood a few miles from Belfast city center . The company had originally intended to build the factory in Puerto Rico , but changed its plans when the Northern Ireland Development Agency offered £ 100 million towards it , despite an assessment by consultants hired by the NIDA that the business had only a 1 - in - 10 chance of success . Construction on the factory began in October 1978 , and although production of the DMC - 12 was scheduled to start in 1979 , engineering problems and budget overruns delayed production until early 1981 . By the time production actually began in 1981 , the unemployment rate was high in Northern Ireland , and local residents lined up to apply for jobs at the factory . The workers were largely inexperienced , but were paid premium wages and supplied with the best equipment available . Most quality issues were solved by 1982 , and the cars were sold from dealers with a one - year , 12,000 - mile ( 19,000 km ) warranty and an available five - year , 50,000 - mile ( 80,000 km ) service contract . DeLorean interior . The DeLorean Motor Company went bankrupt in late 1982 following John DeLorean 's arrest in October of that year on drug - trafficking charges . He was later found not guilty , but it was too late for the DMC - 12 to remain in production . Approximately 100 partially assembled DMCs on the production line were completed by Consolidated International ( now known as Big Lots ) . The remaining parts from the factory stock , the parts from the US Warranty Parts Center , as well as parts from the original suppliers that had not yet been delivered to the factory were all shipped to Columbus , Ohio in 1983 -- 1984 . A company called KAPAC sold these parts to retail and wholesale customers by mail order . In 1997 , DeLorean Motor Company of Texas acquired this inventory . There had also been a long - standing rumor that the body stamping dies were dumped into the ocean to prevent later manufacture . Evidence later emerged that the dies were used as anchors for nets at a fish farm in Ards Bay , Connemara , Ireland . About 9,200 DMC - 12s were produced between January 1981 and December 1982 . Almost a fifth of these were produced in October 1981 . About a thousand 1982 models were produced between February and May 1982 , and all of these cars had the VINs changed after purchase by Consolidated to make them appear as 1983 models . There are the 15XXX , 16XXX , and 17XXX VINs , which were originally 10XXX , 11XXX , and 12XXX VINs . Only a dozen 12XXXX VIN cars still exist . These are the Wooler - Hodec right - hand - drive cars ( see below ) . Construction ( edit ) The DMC - 12 features a number of unusual construction details , including gull - wing doors , unpainted stainless - steel body panels , and a rear - mounted engine . Body ( edit ) 1981 DeLorean that was displayed at the National Motor Museum , Birdwood South Australia , in October 2011 . The body design of the DMC - 12 was a product of Giorgetto Giugiaro of Ital Design and is panelled in brushed SS304 stainless steel . Except for three cars plated in 24 - karat gold , all DMC - 12s left the factory uncovered by paint or clearcoat . Painted DeLoreans do exist , although these were all painted after the cars were purchased from the factory . Several hundred DMCs were produced without stainless panels , for training workers , and are referred to as `` black cars '' or `` mules '' , in reference to their black fiberglass panels instead of stainless , although these were never marketed . Small scratches in the stainless - steel body panels can be removed with a non-metallic scouring pad ( since metal pads can leave iron particles embedded in the stainless steel , which can give the appearance of the stainless `` rusting '' ) , or even sandpaper . The stainless - steel panels are fixed to a fiberglass underbody . The underbody is affixed to a steel double - Y frame chassis , derived from the Lotus Esprit platform . The unpainted stainless body creates challenges during restoration of the cars . In traditional automotive body repair , the panel is repaired to be as original ( `` straight '' ) as possible , and imperfections are sculpted back to form with polyester body filler like Bondo or lead ( body solder ) . This poses no problem ( aside from originality ) with most cars , as the filler will be hidden by the car 's paint ( for example , most new cars have filler hiding the seam where the roof meets the quarter panel ) . With an unpainted stainless body , the stainless steel must be reworked to exactly the original shape , contour , and grain , which is a tremendously difficult job on regular steel ( a dented or bent panel is stretched , and a shrinking hammer or other techniques must be used to unstretch the metal ) and even more difficult with stainless due to its tendency to work - harden . Furthermore , it is exceedingly difficult to paint stainless steel due to difficulties with paint adhesion . DeLorean envisioned that damaged panels would simply be replaced rather than repaired ; each DeLorean service center today has at least one experienced body - repair person on staff , and there are decades worth of new stainless panels still available in most instances . The gull - wing doors on the De-Lorean DMC - 12 were a distinctive feature . Another distinctive feature of the DMC - 12 is its gull - wing doors . The common problem of supporting the weight of gull - wing doors was solved by other manufacturers with lightweight doors in the Mercedes - Benz 300SL and a hydraulic pump in the Bricklin SV - 1 , although these designs had structural or convenience disadvantages . The DMC - 12 features heavy doors supported by cryogenically preset torsion bars and gas - charged struts . These torsion bars were developed by Grumman Aerospace ( and built by Unbrako in the UK , a division of SPS Technologies of Jenkintown , PA ) to withstand the stresses of supporting the doors . A popular misconception of the DMC - 12 's gull - wing doors is that they require far more side clearance to open relative to ordinary side - hinge doors , such as when parked in a parking lot . In fact , the opposite is true : the DMC - 12 requires far less clearance than side - hinge doors , and this can be physically demonstrated . This misconception of side clearance may stem from a misunderstood location of the hinge point of the doors by persons unfamiliar with DMC - 12s . These doors , when opening , only require 11 inches ( 28 cm ) clearance outside the line of the car , making opening and closing the doors in crowded spaces relatively easy . Much like the doors fitted to the Lamborghini Countach , the DMC - 12 doors featured small cutout windows , because full - sized windows would not be fully retractable within the short door panels . Additionally , the doors featured red and amber `` safety '' lights around the perimeter . These lights illuminated when the door was open and could be seen from the front , rear or side of the vehicle at night or in low - light situations . Engine and drivetrain ( edit ) The engine is a Peugeot - Renault - Volvo ( PRV ) 2.85 L ( 2,849 cc ) V6 , rated at 130 hp ( 132 PS ; 97 kW ) @ 5500 rpm and 207 N ⋅ m ( 153 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2750 rpm of torque , that was designed and built under special contract with the DeLorean Motor Company . These PRVs were a development of the 2.7 - litre V6 in the Renault 30 and were built in the PRV Factory in Douvrin , Northern France . The 5 - speed manual transmission , also designed by PRV , was built at the Renault facility near Caen in Normandy . The engines and gearboxes were shipped weekly by sea from the PRV factories to the DMC factory . Suspension ( edit ) The suspension of the DMC - 12 is a four - wheel independent suspension , coil springs , and telescopic shock absorbers . The front suspension uses double wishbones , while the rear is a multi-link setup . In its original development stages , the car is said to have handled quite well . Design drawings clearly show that the design met NHTSA minimum bumper and headlight heights of the time . Many owners have subsequently replaced or modified the front springs to return the front height to the original design specification . Steering is rack and pinion , with an overall steering ratio of 14.9 : 1 , giving 2.65 turns lock - to - lock and a 35 - foot ( 11 m ) turning circle . DMC - 12s are fitted with cast alloy wheels , measuring 14 inches ( 360 mm ) in diameter by 6 inches ( 150 mm ) wide on the front and 15 inches ( 380 mm ) in diameter by 8 inches ( 200 mm ) wide on the rear . These were fitted with Goodyear NCT steel - belted radial tires . The DeLorean is a rear - engine vehicle with a 35 % -- 65 % front -- rear weight distribution . The DMC - 12 features power - assisted disc brakes on all wheels , with 10 - inch ( 250 mm ) rotors front and 10.5 - inch ( 270 mm ) rear . Performance ( edit ) DeLorean 's comparison literature noted that the DMC - 12 could achieve 0 -- 60 miles per hour ( 0 -- 97 km / h ) in 8.8 seconds , when equipped with a manual transmission . When equipped with an automatic transmission , the DeLorean would accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour ( 0 to 97 km / h ) in 10.5 seconds as tested by Road & Track magazine . The car 's top speed is 110 miles per hour ( 177 km / h ) . Pricing and options ( edit ) The car was named the DMC - 12 because of its intended price of US $12,000 . Upon release in 1981 , a DMC - 12 had a suggested retail price of US $25,000 ( $650 more when equipped with an automatic transmission ) ; this is equivalent to approximately US $67,295 in 2017. . MSRP would increase in 1982 to $29,825 and again in 1983 to $34,000 . At the outset , there were extensive waiting lists of people willing to pay up to $10,000 above the list price ; however , after the collapse of the DeLorean Motor Company , unsold cars could be purchased for less than the retail price . The DMC - 12 was only available with two factory options ; a no - cost manual transmission or automatic transmission and the choice of a grey or black interior . Several dealer options were available , including a car cover ; floor mats ; black textured accent stripes ; grey scotch - cal accent stripes ; a luggage rack and a ski - rack adapter . The standard feature list included stainless - steel body panels ; gull - wing doors with cryogenically treated torsion bars ; leather seats ; air conditioning ; an AM / FM cassette stereo system ; power windows , locks and mirrors ; a tilt and telescopic steering wheel ; tinted glass ; body side moldings ; intermittent / constant windshield wipers ; and an electric rear - window defogger . 1982 DMC - 12 window sticker & 1983 DeLorean clearance advertisement Production changes ( edit ) Although there were no typical `` yearly '' updates to the DeLorean , several changes were made to the DeLorean during production . John DeLorean believed that model years were primarily a gimmick used by automobile companies to sell more cars . Instead of making massive changes at the end of the model year , he implemented changes mid-production , which has become more common in car manufacturing. ) This resulted in no clear distinction between the 1981 , 1982 , and 1983 model years , but with subtle changes taking place almost continuously throughout the life of the DeLorean . The most visible of these changes related to the hood style . Hood styles ( edit ) The original hood of the DeLorean had grooves running down both sides . It included a tank flap to simplify fuel filling . The flap was built so that the trunk could be added to the total cargo area of the DeLorean . These cars typically had a locking cap to prevent fuel theft by siphoning . In August 1981 , the hood flap was removed from the hood of the cars ( although the hood creases stayed ) . This style was retained well into 1982 . Based on production numbers for all three years , this hood style is probably the most common . After the supply of locking caps was exhausted , the company switched to a non-locking version ( resulting in at least 500 cars with no flap , but with locking caps ) . The final styling for the hood included the addition of a DeLorean name badge and the removal of the grooves , resulting in a completely flat hood . According to senior personnel who worked at the Dunmurry factory , initial elimination of flapped hoods has a simple if unglamorous explanation ; Chuck Benington , managing director , did not like the design . Side - by - side comparison of an early 1981 DMC - 12 hood ( left ) vs. a later model 1983 hood ( right ) Other changes ( edit ) Early pull strap . Later - style one - piece bolster . Mid-1981 silver wheel . John DeLorean was 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) tall , and he designed the car to comfortably fit someone of his stature . For shorter people , the addition of a pull strap made closing the doors much easier from the inside . Pull straps were manufactured as an add - on for earlier vehicles in November 1981 . These attach to the existing door handle . Late - model 1981 cars , and all cars from 1982 and 1983 , have doors with integrated pull straps . The side bolstering in the DeLorean was originally separate from the main interior pieces . In cars with this construction , is a tendency to place pressure on this piece when entering and exiting the vehicle , which eventually causes the bolstering to separate from the trim panel . To solve this problem , cars built in and after late 1981 have one solid trim piece with the bolster permanently attached . As an addition to later cars , a foot rest , or `` dead '' pedal , ( in the form of an unusable pedal ) was added to the cars to help prevent fatigue while driving . This is one of the few changes that is directly tied to a model year . These were built into only a few of the late - 1981 vehicles and were added to all cars starting with 1982 production . Although the styling of the DeLorean 's wheels remained unchanged , the wheels of early - model 1981 vehicles were painted grey . These wheels sported matching grey centre caps with an embossed DMC logo . Early into the 1981 production run , these were changed to a polished silver look , with a contrasting black center cap . The embossed logo on the center caps was painted silver to add contrast . In 1981 , the DeLorean came stocked with a Craig radio ; this was a standard 1980s tape radio with dual knob controls . Since the Craig did not have a built - in clock , one was installed in front of the gear shift . DeLorean switched to an ASI stereo in the middle of the 1982 production run . Since the ASI radio featured an on - board clock , the standard DeLorean clock was removed at the same time . The first 2,200 cars produced used a windshield - embedded antenna . This type of antenna proved to be unsuitable with poor radio reception . Oftentimes the radio would continually `` seek '' , attempting to find a signal . A standard whip antenna was added to the outside of the front right fender . While improving radio reception , this resulted in a hole in the stainless steel , and an unsightly antenna . As a result , the antenna was again moved , this time to the rear of the car . Automatic antennas were installed under the grills behind the rear driver 's - side window . While giving the reception quality of a whip antenna , these completely disappear from view when not in use . The small sun visors on the DeLorean have vinyl on one side and headliner fabric on the other side . Originally these were installed such that the headliner side would be on the bottom when not in use . Later on in 1981 , they were reversed so that the vinyl side would be on the bottom . The original Ducellier alternator supplied with the early - production DMC - 12s could not provide enough current to supply the car when all lights and electrical options were on ; as a result , the battery would gradually discharge , leaving the driver stranded on the road . Additional battery drainage problems were caused by faulty or improperly adjusted door jamb switches . This switch activated the `` safety '' lights located around the door perimeter when it was open . When the door was closed , the door seals prevented the light from being seen . Due to the faulty switches the lights remained on , further draining the battery . This happened to DeLorean owner Johnny Carson shortly after he was presented with the vehicle . Later cars were fitted from the factory with a higher - output Motorola alternator , which solved this problem . This also is believed to be the reason behind the improvement in the sound quality of the horn . Earlier models emitted a weak sound , not loud or strong enough to be effective in normal traffic . Right - hand - drive models ( edit ) DMC - 12s were primarily intended for the American market . All production models were therefore left - hand - drive . Evidence survives from as early as April 1981 , however , that the DeLorean Motor Company was aware of the need to produce a right - hand - drive version to supply to world markets such as the United Kingdom , Ireland , India , Thailand , Australia , New Zealand , and Japan . The company faced the choice of building right - hand - drive models from scratch or performing a post-production conversion exercise . Given the cost of new body molds , tooling , and a host of specific parts that a factory - built right - hand - drive configuration would require , the company opted to investigate the idea of a post-production conversion using a company based in Hampshire called Wooler - Hodec Ltd . RHD DeLorean . Only 16 right - hand - drive factory - authorised DeLoreans were ever produced . These cars can be divided into two distinct groups : The first batch , known by enthusiasts as the `` Wooler - Hodec cars '' , were converted by the UK company of that name . Evidence still exists in the form of a DMC factory memo , which orders 20 cars to be converted to right - hand drive . Due to the factory 's closure , this order was never completed , and today a total of 13 cars survive , carrying the VINs 510 , 12171 -- 12181 and 12199 . VIN 510 is understood to be the first of this batch of cars converted and was later sold at the factory auction in 1984 . The other 12 cars were auctioned off by the receivers in early 1983 . As a result , several of these cars were registered at the same time and have the Northern Irish registration ( license ) number `` SIJ xxxx '' . All of this first batch of cars had a black interior and all had manual transmission , except VIN 12175 . This car is the only factory - authorized right - hand - drive black - interior automatic car and is owned by Andrew Withers , former editor of the UK DeLorean Owners Club . The second batch were registered and used by the factory in Northern Ireland , with registration numbers ( license plates ) , AXI 1697 , AXI 1698 , AXI 1699 and are referred to by enthusiasts as the `` AXI cars '' . These three cars ( VINs 5565 , 5592 and 5638 ) differ from the first Wooler - Hodec cars in several ways . These 3 cars all had roof - mounted radio antennas , indicator repeater lights , no side marker lights , white forward - facing door lights , fog - light switch , and textured body rubstrips on the stainless panels . No catalytic converters or lambda equipment were fitted , as British legislation did not require them . VIN 5565 with the registration number AXI 1697 was a fully UK homologated example , which would have been shown at the British motor show at Birmingham , UK in October 1982 . It includes a unique rearward - facing twin exhaust , no catalytic converters and the UK - specification engine as used by Volvo , but retaining the usual Renault ancillaries . The transmission final drive was also set at 3.88 : 1 versus the standard 3.44 : 1 . Attention was paid to other unique details such as correctly offset wing mirrors . A common misconception surrounding the factory - authorized right - hand - drive DeLoreans is that they were all fitted with different , so - called `` Euro - spec '' , tail lights as part of the right - hand - drive conversion program . This is not the case . Due to the nature of these cars as prototypes , they were not officially type - approved for use in the UK . Owners who bought these cars at auction in the early 1980s encountered difficulty in registering them as new vehicles in the UK . At this point a former DeLorean Motor Cars executive offered to modify and register the cars so that they could be used in the UK . These modifications included : Different seat - belt units fitted . The fitting of Rubbolite tail light clusters with a built - in foglight function . The foglight is a legal requirement in the UK . The fitting of a foglight switch to one of the center - console dummy switches . A custom - made tail light surround and number ( license ) plate bezel . Swapping the front turn signal lenses for ones of a different , more rounded style . Swapping the rear side marker lenses for amber ones . Over half of the 16 right - hand - drive cars had these modifications carried out . In recent years several owners of these cars have replaced the Rubbolite lights with original federal - style tail lights in an effort to return the cars to their original specification . Some owners have also fitted federal - style license - plate bezels on their cars . There were a number of official alterations made to the right - hand - drive cars ' lights . The extent of these modifications varies between the first batch of `` Wooler - Hodec '' cars and the later `` AXI '' cars : All of the 13 Wooler - Hodec cars were modified to the OEM front turn - signal lens fixing method in order to make them fit flush with the front fascia . The cars ' headlights were also changed for right - hand - drive spec lights that incorporate a UK sidelight feature . The rest of the lights appear to have been left untouched by Wooler - Hodec during the conversion process . By contrast , the 3 `` AXI '' cars had further modifications to the amber front door lights , which were exchanged for clear lenses of the same style . Perhaps the most significant alteration on the `` AXI '' cars is the deletion of the front and rear side markers . These are replaced by a single small round European - style indicator side repeater , situated on the front wing ( fender ) . The body rubstrips are also of a different configuration in order to cover the areas that would otherwise have had federal side marker lenses fitted . Special DMC - 12s ( edit ) Back to the Future ( edit ) Main article : DeLorean time machine A DMC - 12 `` time machine '' from the Back to the Future trilogy exhibited at Universal Studios Florida Several special - edition DMC - 12 cars have been produced over the years , and the car is most notably featured as the time machine in the Back to the Future film trilogy . Six DeLorean chassis were used during the production , along with one manufactured out of fiberglass for scenes where a full - size DeLorean was needed to `` fly '' on - screen ; only three of the cars still exist , with one that was destroyed at the end of Back to the Future Part III , two additional were abandoned , and the fiberglass replica was scrapped . Universal Studios owns two of the remaining cars , occasionally putting them on display or using them for other productions , and the last resides in a private collection after having been extensively restored . The official Back to the Future DeLorean can be viewed at the Petersen Automotive Museum . A number of production DeLoreans have been modified by the aftermarket into Back to the Future time machine replicas , whose bodies and interiors are modified to mirror the appearance and functions of the film cars . Prototypes and pilot cars ( edit ) Only one of two DeLorean prototypes still exists . Proto 1 received a complete restoration and is now on display at the DeLorean Motor Company of Florida ( DMCFL ) . Proto 2 was sent to Lotus Cars for development and evaluation in 1978 . It was reported to have been destroyed in the 1990s . There were several mules that were fiberglass - bodied cars used by Lotus during development and engineering . None are known to exist today . An estimated 28 pilot cars were built by DMC . The pilot cars are best identified by the subtly different interiors and sliding side windows . These cars , used for evaluation and regulatory testing of the DeLorean , were previously thought to have been destroyed . Subsequently , several of the pilot cars were found to have survived . The test car featured on the front cover of Autocar in 1981 announcing the DeLorean to the world was found in 2003 in a barn in Northern Ireland . Visioneering car ( edit ) With the 1980 NADA meeting approaching , DMC planned to show a final `` production '' version of the DeLorean DMC 12 , however there were no production cars ready at the time or even any production stainless steel panels . In 1979 , the revised Giugiaro styling mock - up was shipped to Visioneering , a Detroit based company , to create data needed to make the stamping dies for the stainless panels . This project would expand to create dies used to create a `` production '' car for the NADA show . Using a prototype chassis supplied by Lotus , Visioneering completed the assembly of this car at a cost of $750,000 . The car was presented at the 1980 NADA show and was later used for engineering development and technical training as well as press photos . The Visioneering car would eventually be sold at the bankruptcy auction in late 1984 . Today , the car is in a private collection . Legend turbo cars ( edit ) It was determined that the DeLorean needed additional power when automotive magazine road tests showed 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 97 km / h ) times for the DMC - 12 between 9.5 and 10.5 seconds , while its rivals were in the 7.5 -- 8.5 second range . There had been interest in turbocharging the DeLorean early on , but the DMC engineering staff was busy with other projects , so DeLorean decided to go outside to develop a turbocharged version of the DeLorean . Having had previous success with turbocharging Fiat Spiders , DeLorean entered into a contract with Legend Industries , based in Hauppauge , New York . DMC wanted to increase power without sacrificing fuel efficiency . DMC wanted a wide power band and did not want a surge of power similar to the Porsche 930 Turbo . Legend used twin IHI RHB52 turbos along with twin intercoolers . The results were an engine capable of accelerating smoothly in fifth gear from 1,500 rpm to full turbo boost at 2,500 rpm , reaching 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) at 6,500 rpm . In addition , Legend Industries developed a single turbocharged setup that was never finished . The company converted a total of four DeLoreans and two Renault Alpines , which were the first development cars . VIN 530 was written in numerous press articles as the fastest production car of its era . In a test run of VIN 530 at Bridgehampton Raceway in 1981 , the twin - turbo DeLorean was quicker than a Ferrari 308 and a Porsche 928 . It has been a misconception for many years that VIN 502 was at Bridgehampton and used in testing ; however , evidence from pictures , along with information from a Legend employee published by PJ Grady , indicates that 530 was used with the aspirated VIN 558 . By the time of Bridgehampton , Legend had perfected modular boosting , which the earlier prototypes did not have installed apart from one of the Alpine mules and VIN 530 . This has also been proven by a Legend Engineer who actually worked on the cars . VIN 530 tested 0 -- 60 mph in 5.8 seconds and the ⁄ mile ( 402 m ) in 14.7 seconds . DeLorean was so impressed with the engine , he committed to ordering 5,000 engines from Legend Industries . DeLorean planned to offer a turbocharged engine as a $7,500 option in 1984 ( presumably to compete with the newly redesigned 1984 Corvette ) . Before any of the 5,000 cars could be put into production , DMC had declared bankruptcy , which drove Legend Industries , as well as other suppliers , into bankruptcy . Legend Twin Turbo setup from VIN 530 VIN Last known location Comments 502 Twin New Zealand Original prototype 528 Single Czech Republic 530 Twin United Kingdom Sister Twin Turbo 558 Single Unknown Gold - plated ( edit ) A gold - plated DeLorean in Reno , Nevada . For Christmas 1980 , a DeLorean / American Express promotion planned to sell 100 24K - gold - plated DMC - 12s for US $85,000 each to its gold - card members , but only two were sold . One of these was purchased by Roger Mize , president of Snyder National Bank in Snyder , Texas . VIN # 4301 sat in the bank lobby for over 20 years before being loaned to the Petersen Automotive Museum of Los Angeles . It has a black interior and an automatic transmission . The second gold - plated American Express DMC - 12 was purchased by Sherwood Marshall , an entrepreneur and former Royal Canadian Naval Officer . Marshall donated his DeLorean to the William F. Harrah Foundation / National Automobile Museum in Reno , Nevada . This car , VIN # 4300 , is the only one of the three existing gold - plated cars to be equipped with a manual transmission . It has a saddle - brown interior and , like its golden siblings , is a low - mileage vehicle with only 1,442 miles ( 2,321 km ) on the odometer . A third gold - plated car exists with 636 miles ( 1,024 km ) on the odometer ; it carries the VIN plate for the last DeLorean , # 20105 , although final assembly was actually completed in Columbus , Ohio in 1983 . This car was assembled with spare parts that were required by American Express in case one of the other two that were built were damaged and all necessary gold - plated parts were on hand , with the exception of one door . Thus the car was assembled after another door was gold - plated , though the added door does not precisely match the rest of the car in color and grain . The car was first acquired by the winner of a Big Lots store raffle . Consolidated International , which owned the department store , had purchased 1374 DMC - 12s during the DeLorean Company 's financial troubles , acquiring the remaining stock after the company went into receivership . Now held by a private owner in La Vale , Maryland , this third and last gold - plated DeLorean was for sale online at a price of US $250,000 , but remains unsold . After being offered for sale for over a decade , it is unclear whether it has sold . This car and the example in Reno have saddle - brown leather interiors , a color scheme which was intended to become an option on later - production cars , however , these two cars were the only DeLoreans to ever be equipped with these factory parts . A gold - plated DeLorean was reproduced privately by an enthusiast . DMC Texas ( edit ) All - electric model DMCev in Milan ( 2012 ) . DMC Texas ( based in Humble , Texas ) announced on July 30 , 2007 that the car would be returning into very limited production ( about 20 cars a year ) in 2008 . They were subsequently sued by John DeLorean 's widow for illegally licensing the family name . DMC Texas settled this lawsuit in September 2015 by paying his widow an undisclosed sum and in turn received rights to use the name , images , and trademark in the future . The cars were announced to have a new stainless - steel frame ; with optional extras such as GPS , an enhanced `` Stage 2 '' engine , and possibly a new modern interior . Given that the cars were made with 80 % old parts , the term `` return to production '' is something of a misnomer ; the cars are constructed on DeLorean underbodies built by the original company in the 1980s and retaining their VINs . The cars ' titles show the year of the underbody 's manufacture . They are , therefore , not new DeLoreans , but complete rebuilds of the car from the underbody with enhancements . In 2009 , the price of a refurbished DeLorean from DMC Texas started at US $57,500 , and the project was featured in an episode of Modern Marvels . On October 18 , 2011 , it was announced that an all - electric model would be available for sale by 2013 . It was said to have a 200 - horsepower ( 150 kW ) motor , accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour ( 0 to 97 km / h ) in 8 seconds , and sell for US $90,000 . Initial test drives revealed that the prototype had a range of 70 miles ( 110 km ) , approaching the 100 miles ( 160 km ) that was announced . However , 2014 saw criticism from fans who tried to buy the electric DeLorean only to learn that it was still unavailable . Due to the passage of the Low Volume Vehicle Manufacturing Act , DMC Texas announced that they would be producing replica DeLoreans with an expected release date in 2017 . DMC anticipates to build approximately 50 vehicles per year over the next 6 years with an estimated retail price of US $100,000 . In October 2016 , DMC announced that they are expecting to build 12 units in the first production year with as many as 50 in the second year of production . In February 2018 , it was reported that production should start in January 2019 . Publicly exhibited DMC - 12s ( edit ) The original full - size epowood DeLorean DMC - 12 styling model produced by Giorgetto Giugiaro of Italdesign in Turin , Italy in 1974 , and modified in the first quarter of 1979 to reflect the refreshed design used in production , is on public display , along with one of the 50,000 mile durability cars built at the Dunmurry plant , at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum , Cultra , Northern Ireland . Gold - plated Delorean DMC - 12s are on public exhibit at the William F. Harrah Foundation / National Automobile Museum in Reno , Nevada and the Petersen Automotive Museum of Los Angeles . A DeLorean DMC - 12 is on public exhibit at the California Automobile Museum in Sacramento near Old Sacramento . A 1982 DeLorean DMC - 12 is on display at the Automobile Driving Museum in El Segundo , California . Two DeLorean DMC - 12s are on display at Americas Car Museum in Tacoma , Washington A DeLorean DMC - 12 is on display at the History Garage in Odaiba , Tokyo . A Canadian spec DeLorean DMC - 12 is on display at the Canadian Automotive Museum in Oshawa , Ontario . A DeLorean DMC - 12 is on display at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum in Pinellas Park , Florida . A DeLorean DMC - 12 is on display at the La Porte County Historical Society in LaPorte County , Indiana . A DeLorean DMC - 12 is on display at the Southward Car Museum in Paraparaumu , New Zealand . A DeLorean DMC - 12 Turbo is on display at the Muzeum Veteránů in Nová Bystřice . A Delorean DMC - 12 is on display at Auto World Museum in Fulton , Missouri . A Delorean DMC - 12 is on display at `` LA MONTAÑA DE LOS SUEÑOS '' park in Mérida , Venezuela . A 1981 DeLorean DMC - 12 is on display at the Automobile Gallery in Green Bay , Wisconsin . A DeLorean DMC - 12 is on display at the parking lot of the restaurant Asia Garden in Anchorage , Alaska . A 1981 DeLoroean DMC - 12 is on display at the Alberta Air Museum in Edmonton , Alberta Canda A DeLorean DMC - 12 is on display at the Jesada Technik Museum in Nakhon Pathom , Thailand . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DeLorean DMC - 12 History by Dan Jedlicka '' . danjedlicka.com . ^ Jump up to : Gunnell , John A. ( ed . ) . Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946 -- 1975 . Krause . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 027 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` DeLorean Motor Company FAQs '' . Delorean.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Martin ( July 28 , 2007 ) . `` For the DeLorean , it 's back to the present '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New build cars '' . DeLorean Motor Company . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DeLorean going back into production for the first time in over 30 years '' . January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with James Espy of DMCH '' . Myride.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 10 . The Rise and Fall of John DeLorean '' . Eightiesclub.tripod.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Danny ( March 21 , 2005 ) . `` John Z . DeLorean , Father of Glamour Car , Dies at 80 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avanti Celebrity Owners : Johnny Carson '' . Theavanti.com . May 22 , 1992 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Delorean '' . Cartype . ^ Jump up to : `` Failure of Design Management '' . Failure as a design criterion . Jump up ^ `` The man '' . The DeLorean Museum . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DeLorean Motor Company FAQ '' . Delorean.com . November 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Body Dies Pt 1 '' . Dmcnews.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grimsrud , Knut . `` DeLorean FAQ , Historic Information : DeLorean Production Numbers '' . Dmcnews.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grimsrud , Knut . `` Body Finish and Composition from Owners Manual '' . DeLorean FAQ . Dmcnews.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grimsrud , Knut . `` Care & Feeding : Stainless Steel Body Maintenance '' . DeLorean FAQ . Dmcnews.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 4,378,658 Jump up ^ Grimsrud , Knut . `` Exotic Technology '' . DeLorean FAQ . Dmcnews.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grimsrud , Knut . `` Vehicle Dimensions from Technical Manual , Workshop Manual '' . DeLorean FAQ . Dmcnews.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grimsrud , Knut . `` Historic Information : Door Design '' . DeLorean FAQ . Dmcnews.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 De Lorean DMC - 12 specifications '' . carfolio.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 De Lorean DMC - 12 specs '' . automobile-catalog.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bumper Q&A 's '' . National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION National Highway Traffic Safety Administration , 49 CFR Part 571 , ( Docket No. 01 - 8885 ; Notice 01 ) , RIN 2127 - AH81 , Glare from headlamps and other Front Mounted Lamps , Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 ; Lamps , Reflective Devices , and Associated Equipment '' . National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Improving handling and lowering the DeLorean - DeLorean Motor Company '' . support.delorean.com . Jump up ^ Grimsrud , Knut . `` Weight and Balance from Technical manual '' . DeLorean FAQ . Dmcnews.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 DeLorean - 17 '' . oldcarbrochures.org . Jump up ^ `` 1982 DeLorean DMC - 12 : The Vintage Road & Track Test '' . Road & Track . October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Delorean DMC - 12 Gullwing 2 Door Sports Coupe Prices , Values & DMC - 12 Gullwing 2 Door Sports Coupe Price Specs '' . NADAguides . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Delorean DMC - 12 Gullwing 2 Door Sports Coupe Prices , Values & DMC - 12 Gullwing 2 Door Sports Coupe Price Specs '' . NADAguides . Jump up ^ `` Historic Information : Sales and Dealer Experiences '' . DeLorean FAQ . Jump up ^ `` Dealer Installed Accessories '' . DeLorean FAQ . June 20 , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` DeLorean Owners Association : DeLorean specifications table '' . Archived from the original on February 14 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` The DeLorean '' . Babb Technology . 2008 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Sutton , Purchasing Manager , Dunmurry factory '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Claire Suddath ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The DeLorean 's Time Leap '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . ^ Jump up to : `` DeLorean -- The Car : Production Changes '' . babbtechnology.com . Jump up ^ http://babbtechnology.com/thecar/Prod_changes/visor_late.jpg Jump up ^ http://babbtechnology.com/thecar/Prod_changes/visor_early.jpg Jump up ^ `` DeLorean : Euro Spec DeLoreans '' . Deloreans.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reference image illustrating so - called `` Euro - spec '' tail light unit `` . DeLorean Owners Club UK . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reference image illustrating modified seat belt unit in right - hand drive car '' . DeLorean Owners Club UK . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reference image illustrating custom fabricated tail light and number ( license ) plate bezel fitted on an official right - hand drive car '' . DeLorean Owners Club UK . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reference image illustrating rounded turn signal lens on an official right - hand drive car '' . DeLorean Owners Club UK . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reference image illustrating amber rear side marker lens fitted on an official right - hand drive car '' . DeLorean Owners Club UK . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reference image illustrating modified front turn signal lens '' . DeLorean Owners Club UK . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reference image illustrating clear door light lens '' . DeLorean Owners Club UK . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reference image illustrating modified rubstrips and single round marker light '' . DeLorean Owners Club UK . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BTTF3 DeLorean : Where Are They ? '' . Retrieved January 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Petersen Automotive Museum '' . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob 's Prop Shop '' . bobspropshop.com . Jump up ^ PJ Grady Europe . `` Delorean Repairs '' . DeLorean PJ Grady Europe . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Car '' . The Delorean Museum . The Delorean Museum . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Earliest known Pilot car found / photographed '' . Dmctalk.org . November 5 , 1955 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ PJ Grady Europe ( November 24 , 1980 ) . `` Pilot Chronology '' . Pjgrady.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James Espey ( 2012 ) . The Illustrated Buyer 's Guide to DeLorean Automobiles . DeLorean Garage . p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : John Lamm ( 2003 ) . Stainless Steel Illusion . Red Lion Press . pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ `` Delorean Car Sales Europe UK . Canvey Island Essex SS8 OPQ '' . Jump up ^ R.M. Clarke ( 1996 ) . DeLorean Gold Portfolio . Brookland Books LTD . pp. 137 -- 142 . Jump up ^ `` Unique Collection of American cars in Nová Bystřice '' . Jump up ^ `` In 1980 , You Could Buy an $85,000 , 24K - Gold - Plated DeLorean '' . Jump up ^ `` The 24 - Karat Gold Plated DeLorean Car '' . Bigtexas.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Automobile Museum '' . National Automobile Museum . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold DeLorean for sale in LaVale , Maryland '' . Bigtexas.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Delorean for sale in LaVale , Maryland '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Plated DeLoreans ? -- Yes There Were Four '' . Mycarquest.com . February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` For the DeLorean , it 's back to the present '' . LA Times . July 28 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gershman , Jacob ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Lawyers Settle DeLorean Lawsuit Just in Time for ' Back to the Future ' Day '' . WSJ Blogs -- Law Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Entrepreneur Set to Start Building DeLorean Cars '' . Fox News . August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Ryan ( 2009 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Anything But Rusty : Reviewing The DeLorean In 2009 '' . Motor Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Electric DeLorean Coming in 2013 '' . Fox News . October 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New DeLorean EV Gets Some Test Runs by Enthusiasts '' . Automotive Discovery . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Back To The Future : All Electric DeLorean Coming in 2013 '' . Forbes . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Kevin ( 2011 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Electric DeLorean : First Drive '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lungwitz , Wes ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` It Seems DeLorean Has Gone Back To The Past Again '' . Car Debater . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Torchinsky , Jason . `` The DeLorean Is Coming Back Thanks To This New Law , Will Have 300 - 400 HP '' . Jump up ^ `` Brand - New DeLorean Replicas Are on the Way '' . January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DMC Blog - DeLorean - The New DMC DeLorean '' . Jump up ^ `` DeLorean 's Humble home could be producing new cars in early ' 19 '' . houstonchronicle.com . February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulster Folk and Transport Museum - Online Collections '' . Jump up ^ Sacramento 's Hometown Tourists . `` Our Hometown Tourists Visit the California Automobile Museum Sacramento Convention & Visitors Bureau '' . blog.discovergold.org . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 Delorean - Come Ride With Us - Automobile Driving Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` British Vehicles '' . Canadian Automotive Museum . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Chris . `` TBAUTO - Delorean '' . www.tbauto.org . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kesling Auto Collection '' . La Porte County Historical Society Museum . Jump up ^ `` southwardcarmuseum '' . Jump up ^ `` muzeumveteranu '' . Further reading ( edit ) DeLorean , John Z. ; Schwarz , Ted ( 1985 ) . DeLorean . Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan . ISBN 0 - 310 - 37940 - 7 . Lamm , John ( 2003 ) . DeLorean Stainless Steel Illusion ( 2nd ed . ) . Fort Jones , CA : Red Lion Press . ISBN 0 - 9744141 - 0 - 7 . Clarke , R.M. ( 1995 ) . DeLorean : 1977 -- 1995 Gold Portfolio . Cobham : Brooklands . ISBN 1 - 85520 - 331 - 6 . Espey , James ( 2014 ) . The Illustrated Buyer 's Guide to DeLorean Automobiles ( 2nd ed . ) . the DeLorean Garage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9856578 - 1 - 9 . DeLorean Celebrating the Impossible ( 2015 ) Chris Parnham & And Withers . DeLorean Motor Cars ( 1978 ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928594 - 0 - 4 . DeLorean DMC - 12 , The Essential Buyers Guide ( 2018 ) Published by Veloce publishing . Author : Chris Williams ISBN 978 - 1 - 787112 - 32 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to DeLorean DMC - 12 . DeLorean Motor Company DeLorean DMC - 12 at Curlie DeLorean DMC 12 at the Internet Movie Cars Database 1976 Concept DeLorean DMC 12 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DeLorean_DMC-12&oldid=866416272 '' Categories : Cars of Northern Ireland Sports cars Rear - engined vehicles Back to the Future 1980s cars Cars introduced in 1981 Automobiles with gull - wing doors Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Coupés First car made by manufacturer Automobiles with backbone chassis Cars powered by rear - mounted 6 - cylinder engines Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 05 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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-2504766896989769823	Florida cracker	Florida cracker - wikipedia Florida cracker A Bit of Cow Country , by Frederic Remington , published in Harper 's Weekly magazine Florida cracker refers to colonial - era English and American pioneer settlers and their descendants in what is now the U.S. state of Florida . The first of these arrived in 1763 after Spain traded Florida to Great Britain following the latter 's victory over France in the Seven Years ' War . Contents 1 Historical usage 2 Cracker cowmen 3 Modern usage 4 Cracker Storytelling Festival 5 Notable Florida crackers 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Historical usage ( edit ) The term `` cracker '' was in use during the Elizabethan era to describe braggarts . The original root of this is the Middle English word crack , meaning `` entertaining conversation '' ( One may be said to `` crack '' a joke ) ; this term and the Gaelicized spelling `` craic '' are still in use in Northern England , Ireland and Scotland . It is documented in William Shakespeare 's King John Act II . Scene I. ( 1595 ) : `` What cracker is this same that deafs our ears / With this abundance of superfluous breath ? '' By the 1760s , the ruling classes , both in Britain and in the American colonies , applied the term `` cracker '' to Scots - Irish and English American settlers of the remote southern back country , as noted in a letter to the Earl of Dartmouth : `` I should explain to your Lordship what is meant by Crackers ; a name they have got from being great boasters ; they are a lawless set of rascalls on the frontiers of Virginia , Maryland , the Carolinas , and Georgia , who often change their places of abode . '' The word was later associated with the cowboys of Georgia and Florida , many of them descendants of those early frontiersmen who had migrated South . Also used by Florida cowboys , as with picture of Florida cracker Bone Mizell . Cracker cowmen ( edit ) A cracker cowboy artist : Frederick Remington In Florida , those who own or work cattle traditionally have been called cowmen . In the late 1800s , they were often called cow hunters , a reference to hunting for cattle scattered over the wooded rangelands during roundups . At times the terms cowman and Cracker have been used interchangeably because of similarities in their folk culture . Today the western term `` cowboy '' is often used for those who work cattle . The Florida `` cowhunter '' or `` cracker cowboy '' of the 19th and early 20th centuries was distinct from the Spanish vaquero and the Western cowboy . Florida cowboys did not use lassos to herd or capture cattle . Their primary tools were cow whips and dogs . Florida cattle and horses were smaller than the western breeds . The `` cracker cow '' , also known as the `` native '' or `` scrub '' cow , averaged about 600 pounds ( 270 kg ) and had large horns and large feet . Modern usage ( edit ) Among some Floridians , the term is used as a proud or jocular self - description . Since the huge influx of new residents into Florida in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , from the northern parts of the United States and from Mexico and Latin America , the term `` Florida Cracker '' is used informally by some Floridians to indicate that their families have lived in the state for many generations . It is considered a source of pride to be descended from `` frontier people who did not just live but flourished in a time before air conditioning , mosquito repellent , and screens . '' Cracker Storytelling Festival ( edit ) Since the late 20th century , the Cracker Storytelling Festival has been held annually in the fall at Homeland Heritage Park in Homeland , Florida . The year 2013 marked the 25th anniversary of the festival . The Cracker Storytelling Festival includes many storytellers from around Florida who come to share their stories with visitors . The majority of visitors who attend this event are students , because storytelling is part of the Florida curriculum . The festival also incorporates local crafts and artwork , food vendors and a cracker whip - cracking contest . During the cracker whip - cracking contest , participants compete to see who can crack the most buttery flaky crackers . The winner receives the title of `` Head Cracker '' Notable Florida crackers ( edit ) Ben Hill Griffin Jr . -- `` A Cracker millionaire from Frostproof , Florida '' See also ( edit ) A Land Remembered Cracker ( pejorative ) Cracker Country - a living history village at the Florida State Fair Florida cracker architecture Florida Cracker Trail Florida Western Georgia cracker Strawberry Girl Vaquero Florida Cracker Horse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Present State of the West - Indies : Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe '' . World Digital Library . 1778 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ 200 Quick Looks at Florida History By James C. Clark pg. 189 Jump up ^ `` Florida Memory '' . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Tasker , Georgia ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Rancher preserves Florida 's Cracker history '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ste Claire , Dana ( 2006 ) . Cracker : Cracker Culture in Florida History . University Press of Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3028 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Take a Trip Back in Time at Homeland Cracker Storytelling Festival '' . TheLedger.com . Jump up ^ `` Cracker Storytelling Festival '' . 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jim ( October 1999 ) . `` Bone Mizell : Cracker Cowboy of the Palmetto Prairies '' . Wild West . Weider History Group . Further reading ( edit ) Dana Ste . Claire , Cracker Culture in Florida History , 2006 paperback edition Patrick Smith , A Land Remembered Rawlings , Marjorie Kinnan , `` The Yearling '' ; Cross Creek ; South Moon Under ; Golden Apples ; and numerous short stories . External links ( edit ) Victor Milt 's Documentary Film : Cracker Cowboys Butch Harrison Florida Cracker Storyteller Example of a Florida Cracker Homestead , University of Southern Florida Florida Cracker Trail Association Florida Cracker Horses FLORIDA CRACKERS : The Cattlemen and Cowboys of Florida ( 2011 ) , Documentary movie directed by John Michie Cracker House at A History of Central Florida Podcast The Great Florida Cattle Drive 2016 reenactment of historical Florida cattle drives . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florida_cracker&oldid=853255110 '' Categories : English - American history Florida cracker culture People from Florida American regional nicknames American cattlemen Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 13 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the term florida cracker come from	[]	[]
7046135016247794196	Database schema	Database schema - wikipedia Database schema The database schema of a database system is its structure described in a formal language supported by the database management system ( DBMS ) . The term `` schema '' refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed ( divided into database tables in the case of relational databases ) . The formal definition of a database schema is a set of formulas ( sentences ) called integrity constraints imposed on a database . These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the schema . All constraints are expressible in the same language . A database can be considered a structure in realization of the database language . The states of a created conceptual schema are transformed into an explicit mapping , the database schema . This describes how real - world entities are modeled in the database . `` A database schema specifies , based on the database administrator 's knowledge of possible applications , the facts that can enter the database , or those of interest to the possible end - users . '' The notion of a database schema plays the same role as the notion of theory in predicate calculus . A model of this `` theory '' closely corresponds to a database , which can be seen at any instant of time as a mathematical object . Thus a schema can contain formulas representing integrity constraints specifically for an application and the constraints specifically for a type of database , all expressed in the same database language . In a relational database , the schema defines the tables , fields , relationships , views , indexes , packages , procedures , functions , queues , triggers , types , sequences , materialized views , synonyms , database links , directories , XML schemas , and other elements . A database generally stores its schema in a data dictionary . Although a schema is defined in text database language , the term is often used to refer to a graphical depiction of the database structure . In other words , schema is the structure of the database that defines the objects in the database . In an Oracle Database system , the term `` schema '' has a slightly different connotation . Contents 1 Ideal requirements for schema integration 2 Example of two schema integrations 3 Oracle database specificity 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Ideal requirements for schema integration ( edit ) See also : Database normalization The requirements listed below influence the detailed structure of schemas that are produced . Certain applications will not require that all of these conditions are met , but these four requirements are the most ideal . Overlap preservation Each of the overlapping elements specified in the input mapping is also in a database schema relation . Extended overlap preservation Source - specific elements that are associated with a source 's overlapping elements are passed through to the database schema . Normalization Independent entities and relationships in the source data should not be grouped together in the same relation in the database schema . In particular , source specific schema elements should not be grouped with overlapping schema elements , if the grouping co-locates independent entities or relationships . Minimality If any elements of the database schema are dropped then the database schema is not ideal . Example of two schema integrations ( edit ) Suppose we want a mediated ( database ) schema to integrate two travel databases , Go - travel and Ok - travel . Go - travel has two relations : Go - flight ( f - num , time , meal ( yes / no ) ) Go - price ( f - num , date , price ) ( f - num being the flight number ) Ok - travel has just one relation : Ok - flight ( f - num , date , time , price , nonstop ( yes / no ) ) The overlapping information in Ok - travel 's and Go - travel 's schemas could be represented in a mediated schema : Flight ( f - num , date , time , price ) Oracle database specificity ( edit ) In the context of Oracle Databases , a schema object is a logical data storage structure . An Oracle database associates a separate schema with each database user . A schema comprises a collection of schema objects . Examples of schema objects include : tables views sequences synonyms indexes clusters database links snapshots procedures functions packages On the other hand , non-schema objects may include : users roles contexts directory objects Schema objects do not have a one - to - one correspondence to physical files on disk that store their information . However , Oracle databases store schema objects logically within a tablespace of the database . The data of each object is physically contained in one or more of the tablespace 's datafiles . For some objects ( such as tables , indexes , and clusters ) a database administrator can specify how much disk space the Oracle RDBMS allocates for the object within the tablespace 's datafiles . There is no necessary relationship between schemas and tablespaces : a tablespace can contain objects from different schemas , and the objects for a single schema can reside in different tablespaces . See also ( edit ) Data element Data mapping Database design Entity -- relationship model Knowledge representation and reasoning Object - role modeling Schema matching Three - schema approach References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rybinski , H. ( 1987 ) . `` On First - Order - Logic Databases '' . ACM Transactions on Database Systems . 12 ( 3 ) : 325 -- 349 . doi : 10.1145 / 27629.27630 . Jump up ^ Imielinski , T. ; Lipski , W. ( 1982 ) . `` A systematic approach to relational database theory '' . Proceedings of the 1982 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data ( SIGMOD ' 82 ) . New York , NY : ACM : 8 -- 14 . doi : 10.1145 / 582353.582356 . ^ Jump up to : Pottinger , P. ; Berstein , P. ( 2008 ) . `` Schema merging and mapping creation for relational sources '' . Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Extending database technology : Advances in database technology ( EDBT ' 08 ) . New York , NY : ACM : 73 -- 84 . doi : 10.1145 / 1353343.1353357 . Jump up ^ Ashdown , Lance ; Kyte , Tom ( February 2010 ) . Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 2 ( 11.2 ) . et al. Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . A database schema is a logical container for data structures , called schema objects . Examples of schema objects are tables and indexes . Jump up ^ Oracle Database Concepts 10g Release 2 ( 10.2 ) Part Number B14220 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . A schema is a collection of logical structures of data , or schema objects . A schema is owned by a database user and has the same name as that user . Each user owns a single schema . Schema objects can be created and manipulated with SQL . Jump up ^ Ashdown , Lance ; Kyte , Tom ( February 2010 ) . Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 2 ( 11.2 ) . et al. Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Other types of objects are also stored in the database and can be created and manipulated with SQL statements but are not contained in a schema . These objects include database users , roles , contexts , and directory objects . External links ( edit ) Tip / Trick : Online Database Schema Samples Library Database Schema Samples Designing the Star Schema Database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Database_schema&oldid=851764365 '' Categories : Data management Data modeling Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 13 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	the blueprint of any database system is the	[ "The database schema of a database system is its structure described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS). The term \"schema\" refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed (divided into database tables in the case of relational databases). The formal definition of a database schema is a set of formulas (sentences) called integrity constraints imposed on a database.[citation needed] These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the schema. All constraints are expressible in the same language. A database can be considered a structure in realization of the database language.[1] The states of a created conceptual schema are transformed into an explicit mapping, the database schema. This describes how real-world entities are modeled in the database.\n" ]	[ "schema" ]
687072140033566261	Groundhog Day	Groundhog Day - wikipedia Groundhog Day Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Groundhog Day ( disambiguation ) . Groundhog Day Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , U.S. Observed by United States Canada Type Cultural Significance Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring Celebrations Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow Date February 2 Frequency Annual Related to Candlemas Groundhog Day , ( Pennsylvania German : Grund'sau dåk , Grundsaudaag , Grundsow Dawg , Murmeltiertag ; Nova Scotia : Daks Day ) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2 . It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog ( Deitsch : Grundsau , Grunddax , Dax ) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather , it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks , and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness , spring will arrive early . While the tradition remains popular in modern times , studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring - like weather . The weather lore was brought from German - speaking areas where the badger ( German : dachs ) is the forecasting animal . This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter . The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania , centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil , has become the most attended . Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well . Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event . The 1993 film Groundhog Day helped boost recognition of the custom , and the celebration has spread even further afield . In 2009 , Quebec began to mark the day ( Canadian French : Jour de la Marmotte ) with its own groundhog . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Punxsutawney beginnings 1.2 Punxsutawney today 2 Other locations 3 Origins 3.1 Protestant Germany 3.1. 1 Groundhog as badger 3.2 Bear - rat 3.3 Simpler Candlemas lore 3.4 British Isles 4 Accuracy 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation 5 Characteristics of groundhogs 6 Similar customs 7 Explanatory notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The groundhog ( Marmota monax ) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels . The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania , according to known records . The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2 , 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown , Pennsylvania , in Pennsylvania Dutch Country , according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder . This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock . Punxsutawney beginnings ( edit ) The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper of Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania in 1886 : `` up to the time of going to press , the beast has not seen its shadow '' . However , it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered `` official '' was commemorated here , with a group making a trip to the Gobbler 's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog . People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since . Clymer Freas ( 1867 -- 1942 ) who was city editor at the Punxsutawney Spirit is credited as the `` father '' who conceived the idea of `` Groundhog Day '' . It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated , from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada . The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge . The lodge members were the `` genesis '' of the Groundhog Club formed later , which continued the Groundhog Day tradition . But the lodge started out being interested in the groundhog as a game animal for food . It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge , and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer . The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature . The first `` Groundhog Picnic '' was held in 1887 according to a book for popular reading by an academic , but given as post-circa - 1889 by a local historian in a journal . The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge 's banquet , and the organized hunt started after that . Either way , the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899 , and continued the hunt and `` Groundhog Feast '' , which took place annually in September . The `` hunt '' portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality , because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for marinating . A drink called the `` groundhog punch '' was also served . The flavor has been described as a `` cross between pork and chicken '' . The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest , and the practice discontinued . Punxsutawney Today ( edit ) The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year ( nearly eight times the year - round population of the town ) . The average draw had been about 2,000 until the year after the movie screened in 1993 , after which attendance rose to about 10,000 . The official Phil is pretended to be a supercentenarian , having been the same forecasting beast since 1887 . Other locations ( edit ) Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva ( Groundhog Lodge Number Seven ) , of Pennsburg , Pennsylvania The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge , which was formed in 1907 , has carried out the ceremonies that take place in Quarryville , Pennsylvania . It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame . It employs a taxidermic specimen ( stuffed woodchuck ) . In southeastern Pennsylvania , Groundhog Lodges ( Grundsow Lodges ) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge , social events in which food is served , speeches are made , and one or more g'spiel ( plays or skits ) are performed for entertainment . The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event , and those who speak English pay a penalty , usually in the form of a nickel , dime , or quarter per word spoken , with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table . Staten Island Chuck is the official weather - forecasting woodchuck for New York City . Dunkirk Dave ( a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960 ) is the local groundhog for Western New York , handled by Bob Will , a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs . In Washington , DC , the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil , another taxidermic specimen . In addition to the spring prediction , if Potomac Phil sees its shadow , it portents six more months of political gridlock . In the American South , the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn , Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction , standing at 94 % . The University of Dallas in Irving , Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world . The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States , including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton , Ontario , and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which , due to Nova Scotia 's Atlantic Time Zone , makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America . `` Daks Day '' ( from the German dachs ) is Groundhog Day in the dialect of Lunenburg , Nova Scotia . In French Canada , Fred la marmotte of Val - d'Espoir has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009 . A study also shows that in Quebec , the marmot or groundhog ( siffleux ) are regarded as Candlemas weather - predicting beasts in some scattered spots , but the bear is the more usual animal . In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Samara , Russia . Origins ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German - speaking areas of Europe . The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas ( February 2 ) as `` Badger Day '' ( Dachstag ) , where if a badger emerging found it to be a sunny day thereby casting a shadow , it foreboded the prolonging of winter by four more weeks . Protestant Germany ( edit ) The Candlemas was a Catholic festival officially eliminated by the Protestant Reformers , but it had been retained and continued to be celebrated by the folk . The weather - predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the badger , although regionally the animal was the bear or the fox . The original weather - predicting animal in Germany had been the bear , another hibernating mammal , but when they grew scarce the lore became altered . Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula `` Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche , so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche '' ( If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas - week , for four more weeks he will be back in his hole ) . A slight variant is found in a collection of weather lore ( bauernregeln , lit . `` farmers ' rules '' ) printed in Austria in 1823 . Groundhog as badger ( edit ) So the same tradition as the Germans , except that winter 's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four , was maintained by the Pennsylvanians on Groundhog Day . In Germany , the animal was dachs or badger . For the Pennsylvania Dutch , it became the dox which in Deitsch referred to `` groundhog '' . The standard term for `` groundhog '' was grun ′ daks ( from German dachs ) , with the regional variant in York County being grundsau , a direct translation of the English name , according to a 19th - century book on the dialect . The form was a regional variant according to one 19th century source . However , the weather superstition that begins `` Der zwet Hær ′ ning is Grund ′ sau dåk . Wânn di grundau îr schâtte sent ... ( '' February second is Groundhog day . If the groundhog sees its shadow ... ) '' is given as common to all 14 counties in Dutch Pennsylvania Country , in a 1915 monograph . The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in Allentown and elsewhere . Bear - rat ( edit ) The groundhog was once also known by the obsolete Latin alias Arctomys monax . The genus name signified `` bear - rat '' . The European marmot is of the same genus and was formerly called Arctomys alpinus . It was speculated that the European counterpart might have lore similar to the groundhog attached to it . Simpler Candlemas lore ( edit ) See also : weather lore The German version , with the introduction of the badger ( or other beasts ) was an expansion on a more simple tradition that if the weather was sunny and clear on Candlemas Day people expected winter to continue . The simpler version is summarized in the English ( Scots dialect ) couplet that runs `` If Candlemas is fair and clear / There 'll be twa winters in the year '' , with equivalent phrases in French and German . And the existence of a corresponding Latin couplet has been suggested as evidence of the great antiquity of this tradition . In fact , the Christian Candlemas itself was an assimilation of the Roman rite for the goddess Februa with a procession on February 2 , to honor her , according to Yoder . The Roman calendar , in turn , had Celtic origins . Candlemas concurs with Imbolc , one of the Celtic ' cross-quarter days ' , the four days which marked the midpoints between solstice and equinox . British Isles ( edit ) Scholar Rhys Carpenter in 1946 emphasized that the Badger Day tradition was strong in Germany , but absent in the British Isles ( England , Scotland , or Ireland ) , and he referred to this as a reason that the U.S. Groundhog Day was not brought by immigrants from these places . There did exist a belief among Roman Catholics in Britain that the hedgehog predicted the length of winter , or so it has been claimed , but without demonstration of its age , in a publication by the Scotland - born American journalist Thomas C. MacMillan in 1886 , and American writer / journalist Samuel Adams Drake 's book published in 1900 . There are also claims of Irish lore that the hedgehog emerging out of hibernation on Brigid 's Day ( February 1 ) is a predictor of weather , and a few Celtic scholars advocate this modern Christian Irish lore to be the source of the Groundhog Day tradition in the United States . Accuracy ( edit ) In Pennsylvania , Punxsutawney Phil has become a popular tradition . On February 2nd , people within the city will gather to find out whether or not Phil 's shadow is revealed . With that , he will allegedly determine whether spring will soon begin by not seeing his shadow , or if winter will ensue for six more weeks . Statistics ( edit ) Punxsutawney Phil 's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania 's Groundhog Club which cares for the animal . Phil has predicted 103 forecasts for winter and just 17 for an early spring . Most assessments of Phil 's accuracy have given accuracy lower than would be expected with random chance , with Stormfax Almanac giving an estimate of 39 % , and meteorologist Tim Roche of Weather Underground giving a 36 % accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016 ( a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward ) and a 47 % record in that time span when predicting early spring . Other poor results from analysis are reported by the Farmer 's Almanac ( which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy ) as `` exactly 50 percent '' accuracy , and The National Geographic Society reporting only 28 % success . But a Middlebury College team found that a long - term analysis of temperature high / low predictions were 70 % accurate , although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong . Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia 's `` Shubenacadie Sam '' has an accuracy rate of about 45 % compared to 25 % for Wiarton Willy in Ontario . Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined . Other groundhogs such as Staten Island Chuck do use an objective formula ( in Chuck 's case , a majority of days that reach 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox ) to assess accuracy . Pseudoscientific evaluation ( edit ) Prediction based on an animal 's behavior , which may seem ridiculous nowadays , used to be given more credence in the past when stores of food became scarce as winter progressed . One theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature . Under this theory , if German settlement had been centered further north , Groundhog Day would take place at a later date . However , the observed behavior of groundhogs in central New Jersey was that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid-March , regardless of Groundhog Day weather . Characteristics of groundhogs ( edit ) Further information : Groundhog Groundhogs are creatures within the rodent family that weigh between 12 and 15 pounds and can live up to 8 years . These animals are omnivores , but commonly feast on grass , vegetables , and fruit . Groundhogs have the ability to climb trees and , much like beavers , swim . Each fall , groundhogs go into hibernation until March . When the animals emerge from hibernation , their initial purpose is to find a mate . Similar customs ( edit ) See also : Weather lore § animal signs , and Weather lore § February In Croatia and Serbia , Orthodox Christians have a tradition that on February 2 ( Candlemas ) or February 15 ( Sretenje , The Meeting of the Lord ) , the bear will awaken from winter dormancy , and if it sees ( meets ) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state , it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days , thus prolonging the winter . Thus , if it is sunny on Sretenje , it is a sign that the winter is not over yet . If it is cloudy , it is a good sign that the winter is about to end . Similarly in Germany , on the 27th of June , they recognize the Seven Sleepers ' Day ( Siebenschläfertag ) . If it rains that day , the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy . As well , in the United Kingdom , the 15th of July is known as St. Swithin 's day . It was traditionally believed that , if it rained on that day , it would rain for the next 40 days and nights . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ February 2 , 1840 read : `` Today the Germans say the groundhog comes out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he returns in and remains there 40 days . '' Jump up ^ Some sources stated that Morris 's February 4 , 1841 entry was the oldest . It read : `` Last Tuesday , the 2nd , was Candlemas day , the day on which , according to the Germans , the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap , but if the day be cloudy he remains out , as the weather is to be moderate . '' Jump up ^ Some books attribute this positively to Clymer Freas . Jump up ^ Also styled H.C. Freas , H. Clymer Freas , or Clymer H. Freas Jump up ^ Other contemporaries of Freas ( his colleagues at the paper and fellow - members of the club , etc . ) have been given credit for the promotion of Groundhog Day : W.O. Smith , another editor of the paper and later elected to U.S. Congress , cartoonist C.M. Payne , and John P. Cowan of the Pittsburgh Gazette . Jump up ^ a combination of vodka , milk , eggs and orange juice , among many other ingredients . Jump up ^ There were beliefs in Switzerland and France that the marmot predicted the weather , according to MacMillan . `` S.S.R. '' also speculated there might be similar lore for the European marmot , Arctomys alpinus . Jump up ^ Noted by Uwe Johnson ; the formula was printed in the Voß un Haas ( nds ) `` Fox and Hare '' calendars of Mecklenburg . Jump up ^ `` Of course everybody knows that February 2 is groundhog day . If the dox ( the dialect word for groundhog ) sees its shadow on this day , the belief is that six weeks of bad weather will follow '' . Jump up ^ The letter `` â '' is actually `` a with circumflex below '' . Jump up ^ Signed `` S.S.R. '' of Lancaster , Pennsylvania . Note that S.S. Rathvon wrote the editorial `` The Ground - Hog '' and `` More of the Ground - hogs '' where he refers to the creature as `` Old Arctomyx '' in the editorial in the March 1884 issue of the Lancaster Farmer XV :3 . Jump up ^ A couplet the same as this except `` two winters '' in standard English is given in Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 103 , alongside two other variants . Jump up ^ `` Second Winter '' appears to be a neologism that paraphrases `` two winters '' . Jump up ^ `` Si Sol splenescat Maria purificante / Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante '' . Note that Maria purificante or The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the reference to Candlemas day , since this is the biblical event that Candlemas is supposed to commemorate . Jump up ^ Drake also states that the German lore about the badger predicting the winter 's duration was firmly accepted in New England . The groundhog , badger / bear , and hedgehog are all noted as paralleling each other . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ https://www.livescience.com/49665-groundhog-day-predictions.html ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Alfred L. ( February 1 , 1954 ) , February Lore , 5 ( 11 ) ( download ) ^ Jump up to : Kruesi , Margaret ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Reviewed Work : Groundhog Day by Don Yoder '' . Journal of American Folklore. 120 ( 477 ) : 367 -- 368 . JSTOR 20487565 Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 49 , 54 , 143 , diary printed in `` Folklore from the Diary of James L. Morris , 1845 -- 1646 '' , Pennsylvania Dutchman 3 : 17 ( February 1 , 1952 ) '' Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Is the Story Behind Groundhog Day '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , Chapter II , `` Punxsutawney to the World '' ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Peter ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` His Moment In the Sun '' . The Washington Post . 23 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Original Groundhog Day Involved Eating the Groundhog '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Gazette , September 27 , 1903 , cited by Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 , note 12 . Jump up ^ Park , PhD , David ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Happy Groundhog Day to You ! '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , Homer Tope ( 1966 ) . The Pennsylvania Germans : 1891 -- 1965 . Lancaster , PA : Pennsylvania German Society . pp. 194 -- 199 . OCLC 1745108 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Eli ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Staten Island Groundhog Makes Star Turn , This Year Without de Blasio '' . N.Y. / Region . New York , New York : The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Punxsutawney Phil and seven other famous groundhogs you should know '' . Fox News . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Sean Kirst : For Dunkirk Dave 's caretaker , every day is Groundhog Day '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colleges in the Midwest : Compare Colleges in Your Region ( 24 ed . ) . Peterson 's . 2009 . p. 298 . ISBN 9780768926903 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring '' . Canadian Press . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day '' . King 's County Register . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day : Quebec groundhog disagrees with Shubenacadie Sam , Wiarton Willie '' . The Gazette . Montreal , CA . February 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le jour de la marmotte , science ou folklore ? '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver ! '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . la marmotte officielle du Québec Jump up ^ Rodrigue , Denise ( 1983 ) . Le cycle de Pâques au Québec et dans l'Ouest de la France . Presses Université Laval . pp. 34 , 36 . ISBN 9782763769035 . ^ Jump up to : MacMillan , Thomas C. , ed. ( 1886 ) . Ground - Hog Day ― Candlemas . The Inter Ocean Curiosity Shop for the year 1885 ( 3 ed . ) . Chicago : The Inter Ocean Publishing Company . pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : S.S.R. ( February 15 , 1890 ) , `` Arctomyx monax '' , American Notes and Queries , 4 : 188 Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day 2017 : Furry Forecasters Around the World '' . sputniknews.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Uwe Johnson , cited by Grambow , Jürgen ( 1994 ) , `` Möglichkeiten einer intellektuellen Kritik an diesem Mecklenburg '' , Johnson - Jahrbuch , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Lewenau , Joseph Arnold Ritter von ( 1823 ) , Der angewandte Fresenius ; oder , Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs - und sogenannter Bauernregeln , Vienna , J.G. Mösle , p. 20 : `` Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt , so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch . ( If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas , he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks ) '' ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 52 . Jump up ^ dachs is glossed as meaning `` raccoon , groundhog , or short - legged dog '' in : Lambert , Marcus Bachman ( 1924 ) , `` Pennsylvania - German Dictionary '' , Pennsylvania - German Society : 35 ^ Jump up to : Haldeman , Samuel Stehman ( 1872 ) , Pennsylvania Dutch : A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English , Reformed Church Publication Board , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Fogel , Edwin Miller ( 1915 ) . Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans . 18 . Philadelphia : American Germanica Press . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 67 , 76 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1900 ) . The Myths and Fables of To - day . Frank T. Merill ( illustr . ) . Boston : Lee and Shepard . pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Minard , Antone ( 2012 ) , `` Imbolc '' , The Celts , ABC - CLIO , 1 , p. 444 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5988 - 4964 - 6 Jump up ^ Danaher , Kevin ( 1972 ) The Year in Ireland , Cork / Dublin , Mercier Press , pp. 13 -- 14 , cited by MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2003 ) . `` Oenach Aimsire na mBan : Early Irish Seasonal Celebrations , Gender Roles and Mythological Cycles '' . Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 23 : 274 . and note 81. JSTOR 25660739 : `` To see a hedgehog come out of its hole was a good sign . If the animal stayed out , this indicated the return of good weather '' . `` This custom was transformed into Groundhog Day in the United States '' . ^ Jump up to : `` How Accurate Are Punxsutawney Phil 's Groundhog Day Forecasts ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stormfax . `` Groundhog Day History from Stormfax ® 2016 '' . www.stormfax.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thomas , R.B. ( 1998 ) , The Farmer 's Almanac , p. 67 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allison , Christine ( 1995 ) , 365 days of gardening , p. 353 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Aaron , Michael A. ; Boyd , Brewster B. , Jr. ; Curtis , Melanie J. ; Sommers , Paul M. ( January 2001 ) , `` Punxsutawney 's Phenomenal Phorecaster '' , The College Mathematics Journal , 32 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 2687216 . Jump up ^ Tom Ayers , `` Shubenacadie Sam unlikely to see his shadow '' , Chronicle Herald , January 31 , 2018a Jump up ^ Groundhog Day 2017 : Staten Island Chuck calls for an early spring Jump up ^ Lewis , Danny . `` A Short History of Groundhog Day '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coin , Glenn ( February 1 , 2015 ) . Groundhog Day 2016 : Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather ? Syracuse Post-Standard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Groundhog Day ... again ? '' . caucus99percent.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Groundhog Day -- Feb 02 , 1887 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Olive ( 1942 ) , Peasant Life in Yugoslavia , Ams Press Inc , p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Keever , Homer M. ( 1976 ) , Iredell , Piedmont County , Iredell County Bicentennial Commission , p. 26 Bibliography Davis , Christopher R. ( April 1985 ) , `` Totemism and Civic Boosterism in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , 1899 - 1909 '' , The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine , 68 ( 2 ) Yoder , Don ( 2003 ) . Groundhog Day . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0811700291 . OCLC 52542605 . Further reading ( edit ) Old , W.C. , and P. Billin - Frye ( 2004 ) . The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun . Morton Grove , IL : Albert Whitman . Pulling , A.F. ( 2001 ) . Around Punxsutawney . Charleston , S.C. : Arcadia . External links ( edit ) Gobblers Knobb Punxsatawney 's Mascot Groundhog Day -- The Official Website of the Punxsatawney Groundhog Club Groundhogstuff.com . The Official Punxsutawney Phil Souvenir Shop located in Punxsutawney , PA . Short Punxsutawney Groundhog Day Documentary : A Holiday for Everyone Groundhog Days in Woodstock , IL Wiarton Willie Festival -- Wiarton , Ontario Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) movie on IMDb Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&oldid=833003562 '' Categories : February observances Public holidays in Canada Public holidays in the United States Pennsylvania culture Pennsylvania German culture Superstitions Weather lore Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from February 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Azərbaycanca Català Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 04 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the groundhog for groundhog's day located	[ "The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania, centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil, has become the most attended. Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well. Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event." ]	[ "Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania" ]
-3480355648666234782	List of Manchester City F.C. records and statistics	List of Manchester City FC Records and Statistics - wikipedia List of Manchester City FC Records and Statistics Jump to : navigation , search This article is about all - time records . For a season - by - season statistical breakdown , see Manchester City F.C. seasons . This article lists various statistics related to Manchester City Football Club . All statistics accurate as of 26 November 2016 unless staten otherwise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Honours 2 Player of the Year awards 3 Appearances 3.1 All - time appearances 4 Goalscorers 4.1 All - time top goalscorers 5 Transfers 5.1 Highest transfer fees paid 5.2 Highest transfer fees received 5.3 Progression of record transfer fee paid 6 Records 6.1 Scorelines 6.2 Wins 6.3 Draws 6.4 Losses 6.5 Seasonal 6.6 Internationals 6.7 Attendances 6.8 Other 7 Internationals 8 References 9 External links Honours ( edit ) Best performances in competitions entered Competition Best result Champions Runners - up Premier League / First Division 1 ! Winners 5 First Division / Second Division 1 ! Winners 7 Second Division 3 ! Third 0 0 FA Cup 1 ! Winners 5 5 Football League Cup 1 ! Winners Full Members Cup 2 ! Runners - up 0 Football League Trophy 5 ! First Round 0 0 Community Shield / Charity Shield 1 ! Winners 6 UEFA Champions League / European Cup 3 ! Semi-Finals 0 0 UEFA Europa League / UEFA Cup 4 ! Quarter - Finals 0 0 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1 ! Winners 0 FA Premier League / First Division ( highest tier ) Champions ( 4 ) : 1937 , 1968 , 2012 , 2014 , Runners - up ( 5 ) : 1904 , 1921 , 1977 , 2013 , 2015 First Division / Second Division ( second tier ) Champions ( 7 , record holders ) : 1899 , 1903 , 1910 , 1928 , 1947 , 1966 , 2002 Runners - up ( 4 ) : 1896 , 1951 , 1989 , 2000 Promoted 3rd Place ( 1 ) : 1985 Second Division ( third tier ) Play - off winners ( 1 ) : 1999 FA Cup Winners ( 5 ) : 1904 , 1934 , 1956 , 1969 , 2011 Runners - up ( 5 ) : 1926 , 1933 , 1955 , 1981 , 2013 Football League Cup Winners ( 4 ) : 1970 , 1976 , 2014 , 2016 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1974 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1970 Semi-Finals ( 1 ) : 1971 UEFA Champions League / European Cup ( Best ) Semi-Finals ( 1 ) : 2016 UEFA Europa League / UEFA Cup ( Best ) Quarter - Finals ( 2 ) : 1979 , 2009 FA Community Shield / FA Charity Shield Winners ( 4 ) : 1937 , 1968 , 1972 , 2012 Runners - up ( 6 ) : 1934 , 1956 , 1969 , 1973 , 2011 , 2014 Football League Full Members Cup Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1986 Player of the year awards ( edit ) Main article : List of Manchester City F.C. players § Player of the Year awards Each season since the end of the 1966 -- 67 season , the members of the Manchester City Official Supporters Club have voted by ballot to choose the player on the team they feel is the most worthy of recognition for his performances during that season . The table in the linked main article above lists all of the recipients of this award since its inception . Appearances ( edit ) Youngest Player : Glyn Pardoe , 15 years , 314 days ( against Birmingham City , First Division , 11 April 1962 ) Oldest Player : Billy Meredith , 49 years , 245 days ( against Newcastle United , FA Cup semi-final , 29 March 1924 ) All - time appearances ( edit ) As of 13 September 2017 Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Oakes , Alan Alan Oakes 1959 -- 1976 564 ! 561 ( 3 ) 41 ! 41 ( 0 ) 46 ! 46 ( 1 ) 17 ! 17 ( 0 ) 11 ! 11 ( 0 ) 676 ! 676 ( 4 ) Corrigan , Joe Joe Corrigan 1967 -- 1983 476 ! 476 ( 0 ) 37 ! 37 ( 0 ) 52 ! 52 ( 0 ) 27 ! 27 ( 0 ) 13 ! 12 ( 1 ) 604 ! 604 ( 1 ) Doyle , Mike Mike Doyle 1967 -- 1978 448 ! 441 ( 7 ) 44 ! 44 ( 0 ) 23 ! 23 ( 0 ) 20 ! 20 ( 0 ) 37 ! 37 ( 0 ) 565 ! 565 ( 7 ) Trautmann , Bert Bert Trautmann 1949 -- 1964 508 ! 508 ( 0 ) 33 ! 33 ( 0 ) 04 ! 4 ( 0 ) 00 ! 00 ( 0 ) 00 ! 0 ( 0 ) 545 ! 545 ( 0 ) Bell , Colin Colin Bell 1966 -- 1979 394 ! 393 ( 1 ) 33 ! 33 ( 1 ) 40 ! 40 ( 0 ) 24 ! 23 ( 1 ) 09 ! 9 ( 0 ) 498 ! 498 ( 3 ) Brook , Eric Eric Brook 1928 -- 1939 450 ! 450 ( 0 ) 41 ! 41 ( 0 ) 00 ! 0 ( 0 ) 00 ! 0 ( 0 ) 02 ! 2 ( 0 ) 493 ! 493 ( 0 ) Booth , Tommy Tommy Booth 1968 -- 1981 382 ! 380 ( 2 ) 27 ! 27 ( 0 ) 46 ! 44 ( 2 ) 26 ! 26 ( 0 ) 11 ! 11 ( 0 ) 487 ! 487 ( 4 ) Summerbee , Mike Mike Summerbee 1965 -- 1975 357 ! 355 ( 2 ) 34 ! 34 ( 0 ) 36 ! 36 ( 0 ) 16 ! 16 ( 0 ) 09 ! 8 ( 1 ) 449 ! 449 ( 3 ) Power , Paul Paul Power 1975 -- 1986 358 ! 358 ( 7 ) 28 ! 28 ( 0 ) 38 ! 37 ( 1 ) 08 ! 7 ( 1 ) 08 ! 7 ( 1 ) 437 ! 437 ( 10 ) Donachie , Willie Willie Donachie 1970 -- 1980 351 ! 347 ( 4 ) 21 ! 21 ( 0 ) 40 ! 40 ( 0 ) 14 ! 13 ( 1 ) 12 ! 12 ( 0 ) 433 ! 433 ( 5 ) Notes Jump up ^ Includes appearances in the Charity Shield , Test Matches and the now - defunct Anglo - Italian Cup , Anglo - Scottish Cup , Full Members ' Cup and Texaco Cup . Wartime matches excluded . Jump up ^ Brook also played three games in the 1939 -- 40 season , which were expunged from the records following the outbreak of the Second World War . Goalscorers ( edit ) Most goals scored in all competitions : 177 -- Eric Brook and Sergio Agüero Most goals scored in First Division : 158 -- Eric Brook / Tommy Johnson Most goals scored in Premier League : 129 -- Sergio Agüero Most goals scored in FA Cup : 22 -- Fred Tilson Most goals scored in Football League Cup : 18 -- Colin Bell Most goals scored in all European competition : 30 -- Sergio Agüero Most goals scored in UEFA Champions League : 26 -- Sergio Agüero Most goals scored in one season in all competitions : 38 -- Tommy Johnson , 1928 -- 29 Most goals scored in one First Division season : 38 -- Tommy Johnson , 1928 -- 29 Most goals scored in one Premier League season : 26 -- Sergio Agüero , 2014 -- 15 Most goals scored in one UEFA Champions League season : 8 -- Sergio Agüero , 2016 -- 17 Most goals scored in one Premier League match : 5 -- Sergio Agüero , 2015 -- 16 Most goals scored in one UEFA Champions League match : 3 -- Álvaro Negredo 2013 -- 14 / Sergio Agüero 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ( twice ) Most goals scored in a match in any competition : 6 -- Denis Law v Luton Town , 28 January 1961 All - time top goalscorers ( edit ) As of 21 October 2017 Name Years League FA Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Brook , Eric Eric Brook 1927 -- 1940 158 ! 158 19 ! 19 0 ! 0 0 ! 0 0 ! 0 177 ! 177 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero 2011 -- 129 ! 129 14 ! 14 4 ! 4 30 ! 30 00 ! 0 177 ! 177 Johnson , Tommy Tommy Johnson 1920 -- 1930 158 ! 158 8 ! 8 0 ! 0 0 ! 0 0 ! 0 166 ! 166 Bell , Colin Colin Bell 1966 -- 1979 117 ! 117 09 ! 9 18 ! 18 08 ! 8 01 ! 1 153 ! 153 5 Hayes , Joe Joe Hayes 1953 -- 1965 142 ! 142 09 ! 9 01 ! 1 00 ! 0 00 ! 0 152 ! 152 = Meredith , Billy Billy Meredith 1894 -- 1906 1921 -- 1924 146 ! 146 05 ! 5 00 ! 0 00 ! 0 01 ! 1 152 ! 152 7 Lee , Francis Francis Lee 1967 -- 1974 112 ! 112 07 ! 7 14 ! 14 10 ! 10 05 ! 5 148 ! 148 8 Browell , Tommy Tommy Browell 1913 -- 1926 122 ! 122 17 ! 17 00 ! 0 00 ! 0 00 ! 0 487 ! 139 9 Gillespie , Billie Billie Gillespie 1897 -- 1905 126 ! 126 06 ! 6 00 ! 0 00 ! 0 00 ! 0 132 ! 132 = Tilson , Fred Fred Tilson 1928 -- 1938 110 ! 110 22 ! 22 00 ! 0 00 ! 0 00 ! 0 132 ! 132 Notes Jump up ^ Includes goals in the Charity Shield , Test Matches and the now - defunct Anglo - Italian Cup , Anglo - Scottish Cup , Full Members ' Cup and Texaco Cup . Wartime matches excluded . Jump up ^ Brook also scored one goal in the 1939 -- 40 season , for which the fixtures were expunged from the records following the outbreak of the Second World War . Transfers ( edit ) Many transfer are undisclosed fees , and thus transfer fees are not accurate . Where players have signed / left on undisclosed fees , a reference is given for the estimated transfer fee from a reputable source . Highest transfer fees paid ( edit ) Name From Fee Date Kevin De Bruyne VfL Wolfsburg £ 54M 2015 Benjamin Mendy Monaco £ 49M 2017 Kyle Walker Tottenham Hotspur £ 48M 2017 John Stones Everton £ 47.5 M 2016 5 Raheem Sterling Liverpool £ 44M 2015 6 Bernardo Silva Monaco £ 43M 2017 7 Sergio Agüero Atlético Madrid £ 38M 2011 8 Leroy Sané Schalke 04 £ 37M 2016 9 Ederson Benfica £ 34.2 M 2017 10 Robinho Real Madrid £ 32.5 M 2008 Highest transfer fees received ( edit ) Name To Fee Date Kelechi Iheanacho Leicester City £ 25M 2017 Álvaro Negredo Valencia £ 24M 2015 Shaun Wright - Phillips Chelsea £ 21M 2005 Mario Balotelli Milan £ 19M 2013 5 Robinho Milan £ 18M 6 Javi García Zenit Saint Petersburg £ 13M 2014 7 Enes Ünal Villarreal £ 12M 2017 8 Carlos Tevez Juventus £ 12M 2013 9 Jack Rodwell Sunderland £ 10M 2014 10 Jérôme Boateng Bayern Munich £ 10M 2011 Progression of record transfer fee paid ( edit ) Fee Selling club Transferred player Transfer date Notes £ 30 Bolton Wanderers Gunn , John John Gunn 000000001896 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1896 Earliest recorded transfer fee £ 250 Newton Heath Cassidy , Joe Joe Cassidy 000000001900 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1900 £ 450 Glossop North End Thornley , Irvine Irvine Thornley 000000001904 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1904 £ 1,200 Norwich City Ross , David David Ross 000000001907 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1907 £ 1,780 Everton Browell , Tommy Tommy Browell 000000001913 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1913 £ 2,500 Derby County Barnes , Horace Horace Barnes 000000001914 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1914 £ 3,400 Bolton Wanderers Roberts , Frank Frank Roberts 000000001922 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1922 £ 4,700 Partick Thistle McMullan , Jimmy Jimmy McMullan 000000001926 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1926 £ 10,000 Blackpool Doherty , Peter Peter Doherty 000000001936 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1936 £ 25,000 Swansea Town Paul , Roy Roy Paul 000000001950 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1950 £ 55,000 Huddersfield Town Law , Denis Denis Law 000000001960 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1960 British record £ 60,000 Bolton Wanderers Lee , Francis Francis Lee 000000001967 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1967 £ 200,000 Queens Park Rangers Marsh , Rodney Rodney Marsh 000000001972 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1972 £ 275,000 Sunderland Tueart , Dennis Dennis Tueart 000000001974 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1974 £ 275,000 Luton Town Futcher , Paul Paul Futcher 000000001978 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1978 £ 765,000 Preston North End Robinson , Michael Michael Robinson 000000001979 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1979 £ 1,450,277 Wolverhampton Wanderers Daley , Steve Steve Daley 000000001979 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 1979 British record £ 2.5 M Wimbledon Curle , Keith Keith Curle 000000001991 - 08 - 14 - 0000 14 August 1991 £ 3M Portsmouth Bradbury , Lee Lee Bradbury 000000001997 - 07 - 30 - 0000 30 July 1997 £ 3.65 M West Ham United Wanchope , Paulo Paulo Wanchope 000000002000 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 2000 £ 5M Preston North End Macken , Jon Jon Macken 000000002002 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2002 £ 13M Paris Saint Germain Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka 000000002002 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 2002 £ 19M CSKA Moscow Jô 000000002008 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 July 2008 £ 32.5 M Real Madrid Robinho 000000002008 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2008 British record £ 38M Atlético Madrid Sergio Agüero 000000002011 - 07 - 28 - 0000 28 July 2011 £ 44M Liverpool Raheem Sterling 000000002015 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 2015 Record for an English player £ 54M VfL Wolfsburg Kevin De Bruyne 000000002015 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2015 Records ( edit ) Scorelines ( edit ) Record League victory : 11 -- 3 v Lincoln City , Division 2 , 23 March 1895 Record Cup victory : 12 -- 0 v Liverpool Stanley , FA Cup Qual . Round , 4 October 1890 Record League defeat : 4 -- 7 v Small Heath , Division 2 , 17 March 1894 Record League victory : 11 -- 3 v Lincoln City , Division 2 , 23 March 1895 Record Cup victory : 11 -- 4 v Crystal Palace , FA Cup 4th Round , 20 February 1926 Record League defeat : 1 -- 9 v Everton , Division 1 , 3 September 1906 Wins ( edit ) Most wins in a row ( all competitions ) : 12 , 26 August -- 24 October 2017 ( includes draw in League Cup , won on penalties ) Most wins in a row ( league ) : 11 , 19 April -- 12 September 2015 Most home wins in a row ( all competitions ) : 16 , 13 November 1920 -- 27 August 1921 Most home wins in a row ( league ) : 20 , 5 March 2011 -- 21 March 2012 Most away wins in a row ( league ) : 6 , 7 March -- 26 September 1903 Draws ( edit ) Most draws in a row : 6 , 5 April -- 6 September 1913 Most home draws in a row : 6 , 18 October -- 20 December 1924 Most away draws in a row : 7 , 9 September -- 24 November 1990 Losses ( edit ) Most defeats in a row : 8 , 23 August -- 14 October 1995 Most home defeats in a row : 5 , 5 December 1987 -- 23 January 1988 Most away defeats in a row : 14 , 5 November 1892 -- 13 January 1894 Longest unbeaten run : 22 , 26 December 1936 -- 1 May 1937 / 16 November 1946 -- 19 April 1947 Longest unbeaten run at home : 41 , 25 December 1919 -- 19 November 1921 Longest unbeaten run away : 15 , 26 December 1998 -- 26 September 1999 Longest winless run : 17 , 26 December 1979 -- 7 April 1980 Longest winless run at home : 9 , 26 December 1979 -- 7 April 1980 Longest winless run away : 34 , 11 February 1986 -- 17 October 1987 Seasonal ( edit ) Most goals in all competitions in a season : 156 -- 2013 -- 14 Most League goals in a season : 108 -- 1926 -- 27 , 2001 -- 2002 Most points in a season ( 2 points per win ) : 62 -- 1946 -- 47 , Second Division Most points in a season ( 3 points per win ) : 99 -- 2001 -- 2002 , First Division Most League wins in a season : 31 -- 2001 -- 02 Most home League wins in a season : 19 -- 1920 -- 21 , 2001 -- 02 Most away League wins in a season : 12 -- 2001 -- 02 Internationals ( edit ) Most international caps ( total while at club ) : 51 -- David Silva - Spain Attendances ( edit ) Highest home attendance : 84,569 v Stoke City , Maine Road , FA Cup , 3 March 1934 Other ( edit ) Most Clean Sheets in a season ( total ) : 29 -- Joe Hart , 2010 -- 11 season - in Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Europa League Notes ^ Jump up to : The above assume that Manchester City FC is a continuation of Ardwick FC as the 12 -- 0 defeat of Liverpool Stanley and the 2 -- 10 defeat to Small Heath both came under the Ardwick guise . If one was to assume that Manchester City FC are a separate entity then the following would be the accurate representation Jump up ^ Record for any English club outside of games at Wembley Stadium Internationals ( edit ) The following players represented their countries while playing for Manchester City ( the figure in brackets is the number of caps gained while a Manchester City player . Many of these players also gained caps while at other clubs . ) Figures for active players ( in bold ) last updated 25 April 2014 Algeria Djamel Belmadi ( 1 ) Argentina Sergio Agüero ( 35 ) Carlos Tevez ( 16 ) Pablo Zabaleta ( 42 ) Martín Demichelis ( 6 ) Nicolás Otamendi ( 0 ) Australia Danny Tiatto ( 14 ) Belgium Dedryck Boyata ( 1 ) Jason Denayer * ( 1 ) Vincent Kompany ( 46 ) Émile Mpenza ( 2 ) Kevin De Bruyne Bermuda Shaun Goater Bosnia and Herzegovina Edin Džeko ( 39 ) Brazil Elano ( 18 ) Jô ( 2 ) Robinho ( 25 ) Fernando Fernandinho ( 13 ) Gabriel Jesus Danilo Ederson Bulgaria Valeri Bojinov ( 7 ) Martin Petrov ( 19 ) Cameroon Marc - Vivien Foé ( 5 ) Lucien Mettomo ( 14 ) Chile Claudio Bravo China Sun Jihai Costa Rica Paulo Wanchope ( 23 ) Croatia Vedran Ćorluka ( 13 ) Denmark Niclas Jensen ( 18 ) Ecuador Felipe Caicedo ( 10 ) England Billy Austin ( 1 ) Sam Barkas ( 5 ) Peter Barnes ( 14 ) Gareth Barry ( 24 ) Joey Barton ( 1 ) Colin Bell ( 48 ) Frank Booth ( 1 ) Jackie Bray ( 6 ) Wayne Bridge ( 4 ) Ivor Broadis ( 8 ) Eric Brook ( 18 ) Herbert Burgess ( 4 ) Mick Channon ( 1 ) Joe Corrigan ( 9 ) Sam Cowan ( 3 ) Keith Curle ( 2 ) Mike Doyle ( 5 ) Trevor Francis ( 10 ) Joe Hart ( 50 ) David James ( 13 ) Adam Johnson ( 12 ) Tommy Johnson ( 2 ) Francis Lee ( 27 ) Joleon Lescott ( 19 ) Rodney Marsh ( 8 ) Jimmy Meadows ( 1 ) James Milner ( 41 ) James Mitchell ( 1 ) Kevin Reeves ( 2 ) Don Revie ( 6 ) Micah Richards ( 13 ) Frank Roberts ( 4 ) Joe Royle ( 4 ) Trevor Sinclair ( 1 ) Bert Sproston ( 1 ) Mike Summerbee ( 8 ) Frank Swift ( 19 ) Irvine Thornley ( 1 ) Fred Tilson ( 4 ) Dennis Tueart ( 6 ) David Watson ( 30 ) David White ( 1 ) Max Woosnam ( 1 ) Shaun Wright - Phillips ( 20 ) John Stones Fabian Delph Raheem Sterling Kyle Walker Faroe Islands Gunnar Nielsen ( 6 ) Finland Tuomas Haapala * ( 2 ) France Gaël Clichy ( 9 ) Samir Nasri ( 17 ) Bacary Sagna ( 17 ) Eliaquim Mangala ( 2 ) Benjamin Mendy Georgia Mikhail Kavelashvili ( 2 ) Georgi Kinkladze ( 19 ) Murtaz Shelia ( 5 ) Germany Jérôme Boateng ( 8 ) Leroy Sané İlkay Gündogan Greece Georgios Samaras ( 16 ) Iceland Árni Gautur Arason ( 4 ) Ireland Peter Doherty ( 6 ) Jimmy Elwood ( 1 ) Mickey Hamill ( 1 ) Paddy Kelly ( 1 ) Keiller McCullough ( 3 ) Jimmy Mulligan ( 1 ) Billy Walsh ( 5 ) Israel Tal Ben Haim ( 10 ) Eyal Berkovic ( 6 ) Italy Mario Balotelli ( 15 ) Ivory Coast Wilfried Bony ( 6 ) Abdul Razak ( 5 ) Kolo Touré ( 31 ) Yaya Touré ( 45 ) Kenya Farhan Bux Liberia George Weah Mexico Nery Castillo ( 2 ) Montenegro Stefan Savić ( 8 ) Stevan Jovetić ( 9 ) Netherlands Paul Bosvelt ( 5 ) Nigel de Jong ( 34 ) New Zealand Chris Killen ( 13 ) Nigeria Kelechi Iheanacho ( 3 ) Northern Ireland Johnny Crossan ( 10 ) Gary Fleming ( 2 ) Kevin Horlock ( 27 ) Michael Hughes ( 4 ) Steve Lomas ( 18 ) Billy McAdams ( 5 ) Ryan McGivern * Sammy McIlroy ( 10 ) Martin O'Neill ( 1 ) Jeff Whitley ( 7 ) Jim Whitley ( 3 ) Tommy Wright ( 4 ) Norway Alf - Inge Håland Kåre Ingebrigtsen Paraguay Roque Santa Cruz ( 27 ) Portugal Bernardo Silva Republic of Ireland Jimmy Conway ( 1 ) Greg Cunningham ( 2 ) Richard Dunne ( 30 ) Paddy Fagan ( 2 ) Shay Given ( 22 ) Stephen Ireland ( 6 ) Mark Kennedy Alan Kernaghan Jon Macken ( 1 ) Mick McCarthy Terry Phelan Niall Quinn Billy Walsh ( 9 ) Scotland Matt Busby ( 1 ) Paul Dickov ( 3 ) Willie Donachie ( 35 ) Asa Hartford ( 36 ) Bobby Johnstone ( 4 ) Denis Law ( 11 ) George Livingstone ( 1 ) Jimmy McLuckie ( 1 ) Jimmy McMullan ( 8 ) Jackie Plenderleith ( 1 ) George Stewart ( 2 ) Serbia Aleksandar Kolarov ( 37 ) Matija Nastasić ( 14 ) Slovakia Vladimír Weiss ( 24 ) Spain David Silva ( 51 ) Jesús Navas ( 13 ) Álvaro Negredo ( 7 ) Nolito Sweden John Guidetti ( 2 ) Andreas Isaksson ( 16 ) Switzerland Gelson Fernandes ( 14 ) Thailand Teerasil Dangda * Kiatprawut Saiwaeo * Suree Sukha * Togo Emmanuel Adebayor ( 3 ) Ukraine Oleksandr Zinchenko * United States DaMarcus Beasley Claudio Reyna Wales Craig Bellamy ( 8 ) Tommy Chapman ( 2 ) Roy Clarke ( 22 ) Gordon Davies Joe Davies Wyn Davies ( 3 ) Andy Dibble ( 1 ) Ched Evans ( 8 ) Edwin Hughes ( 3 ) Di Jones ( 2 ) Lot Jones ( 18 ) Billy Lewis ( 2 ) Billy Meredith ( 22 ) Hugh Morris ( 1 ) Roy Paul ( 24 ) David Phillips ( 10 ) Cliff Sear ( 1 ) Kit Symons ( 9 ) Ben Thatcher ( 4 ) George Wynn ( 8 ) Zimbabwe Benjani ( 4 ) * Players with no first team appearances . References ( edit ) General James , Gary ( 2006 ) . Manchester City - The Complete Record . Derby : Breedon . ISBN 1 - 85983 - 512 - 0 . Specific Jump up ^ Up until 1992 , the top division of English football was the Football League First Division ; since then , it has been the FA Premier League . At the same time , the Second Division was renamed the First Division , and the Third Division was renamed the Second Division . ^ Jump up to : `` Roll of Honour '' . Manchester City FC . Archived from the original on 5 August 2008 . Retrieved 12 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Top Tens '' . Manchester City FC . Archived from the original on 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : James , Manchester City - The Complete Record , pp155 -- 167 Jump up ^ `` Kevin De Bruyne in line to make Manchester City debut at Crystal Palace '' . The Guardian . 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man City agree £ 50m fee to sign Kyle Walker from Tottenham '' . SkySports . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Details of Raheem Sterling 's £ 49M deal revealed '' . MEN. 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . He will cost an initial £ 44m with a further £ 5m in add - ons , depending on his success at the Etihad . Jump up ^ `` Man City beat Chelsea to Robinho '' . BBC Sport. 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Manchester City have beaten Chelsea to the signing of Brazilian forward Robinho from Real Madrid for a British record transfer fee of about £ 32.5 m . Jump up ^ `` Kelechi Iheanacho completes £ 25 million Leicester switch - sources '' . ESPN FC. 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alvaro Negredo WILL sign £ 24m deal at Valencia , insist Manchester City '' . Daily Mail . 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wright - Phillips signs for Chelsea '' . BBC Sport. 18 July 2005 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Balotelli seals move to AC Milan from Manchester City '' . BBC . 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robinho agrees permanent Milan move '' . The Guardian . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Villareal land Enes Unal for £ 12m from Manchester City '' . The Guardian . 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Tevez : Manchester City & Juventus agree £ 12m deal '' . BBC Sport. 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Rodwell completes move from Manchester City to Sunderland '' . The Guardian . 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern reach agreement with Manchester City on £ 10m deal for Boateng '' . Daily Mail . 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronological Progression of Record '' . Manchester City FC Match programme. 13 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Some contemporary sources reported the fee as £ 800 , a British record . However , Manchester City 's accounts listed the fee as £ 450 . Jump up ^ `` Jô signs for Club record transfer fee '' . mcfc.co.uk. 2 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Robinho joins City '' . mcfc.co.uk. 2 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sergio Aguero completes £ 35 million transfer to Manchester City '' . Daily Telegraph . 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Raheem Sterling joins Manchester City '' . 14 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James , Manchester City - The Complete Record , p509 Jump up ^ `` CITY BREAK CLUB RECORD WITH 12TH CONSECUTIVE WIN '' . Manchester City . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manuel Pellegrini hails record - breaking champions Man City for stylish season '' . Daily Star . 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City and England goalkeeper Joe Hart 's show - stopping story of success '' . The Telegraph . 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Man City record - Ends the season with 29 clean sheets in all competitions for City . His consistent brilliance sees him break the club record of 26 , set by Nicky Weaver in League One in 1998 -- 99 . Jump up ^ `` Algeria - Details of International Matches 2002 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Player Database - TI '' . Australian Player Database . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dedryck Boyata '' . Royal Belgian Football Association . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Denayer '' . Royal Belgian Football Association . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vincent Kompany '' . Royal Belgian Football Association . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emile Mpenza '' . Royal Belgian Football Association . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seleção Brasileira ( Brazilian National Team ) 2006 -- 2007 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seleção Brasileira ( Brazilian National Team ) 2008 -- 2009 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seleção Brasileira ( Brazilian National Team ) 2010 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seleção Brasileira ( Brazilian National Team ) 2014 -- 2015 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon - Details of International Matches 2003 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon - Details of International Matches 2000 - 2009 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica - Details International Matches 1993 - 2003 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Landholdsdatabasen spiller information '' . Dansk Boldspil - Union . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Andrew ( 1984 ) . The Manchester City Story . Derby : Breedon . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 907969 - 05 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` England Players - Gareth Barry '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England Players - Joey Barton '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England Players - Wayne Bridge '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Club Affiliations - Manchester City '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England Goalkeepers - Joe Hart '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England Players - Adam Johnson '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England Players - Joleon Lescott '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England Players - James Milner '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England Players - Micah Richards '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England Players - Shaun Wright - Phillips '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Matches -- Europe ( July -- September ) . '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Matches -- Europe ( January -- June ) . '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Matches -- Europe ( January -- June ) . '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Matches Intercontinental . '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Matches -- Europe ( July -- December ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Germany - International Results - Details 2010 - 2019 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel Official Games 2000 - 2009 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italy - International Matches 2010 - 2019 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederland International Matches - Details 2000 - 2009 '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interlands , doelpunten Nigel de Jong '' . Voetbalstats . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand International Matches - Details 2000 - 2006 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ List of Manchester City F.C. records and statistics at Soccerway ^ Jump up to : `` ( Northern ) Ireland - International Results 1980 - 1989 - Details '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Northern ) Ireland - International Results 1990 - 1999 - Details '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Northern ) Ireland - International Results 2000 - 2005 - Details '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland football record with players from Manchester City '' . Scotland the Complete . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wales - International Results 1980 - 1989 - Details '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wales - International Results 1990 - 1999 - Details '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wales - International Results 2000 - 2005 - Details '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) Extensive Manchester City statistics site ( hide ) Manchester City F.C. Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Honours Current season History Seasons 1880 -- 1928 1928 -- 1965 1965 -- 2001 2001 -- present Overview Strip Ownership and finances Europe People Players ( 100 + appearances ) 25 -- 99 appearances fewer than 25 appearances Managers Supporters Grounds Early grounds ( 1880 -- 1887 ) Hyde Road ( 1887 -- 1923 ) Maine Road ( 1923 -- 2003 ) City of Manchester Stadium ( 2003 -- ) Reserve grounds Academy Stadium Training ground Carrington Training Centre ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Etihad Campus ( 2014 -- ) Football teams First team Elite Development Squad Academy Women Affiliated football teams under CFG New York City FC Melbourne City FC Yokohama F. Marinos Club Atlético Torque Affiliated academies Sun Jihai Youth Training Football Base Media Media Blue Moon Rising Football Mania There 's Only One Jimmy Grimble Trautmann Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester City rivalries Manchester derby Schools Connell Sixth Form College Related articles Revie Plan The Kippax The Poznań `` Blue Moon '' `` Roll With It '' Famous matches Maine Road F.C. Manchester City F.C. ( Sierra Leone ) Book : Manchester City F.C. Category : Manchester City F.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Manchester_City_F.C._records_and_statistics&oldid=807037407 '' Categories : English football club statistics Manchester City F.C. - related lists Hidden categories : Soccerway template with ID not in Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 08 . 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2496972753620323988	Farmers Insurance Group	Farmers Insurance Group - wikipedia Farmers Insurance Group Not to be confused with State Farm Insurance . Farmers Insurance Group Industry Financial services Founded 1928 ( 1928 ) ( Los Angeles ) Founders John C. Tyler and Thomas E. Leavey Headquarters 6301 Owensmouth Avenue Woodland Hills , California , United States Area served United States Key people Jeffrey J. Dailey ( CEO & Director ) Services Insurance , other financial services Revenue US $ 12.51 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $ - 147.9 million ( 2016 ) Total assets US $ 16.06 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity US $ 4.22 billion ( 2016 ) Number of employees 13,309 ( 2016 ) Parent Zurich Insurance Group Divisions Farmers Insurance Foremost Insurance Bristol West Insurance 21st Century Insurance Farmers Life Website http://www.farmers.com/ Farmers Insurance Group ( informally Farmers ) is an American insurer group of automobiles , homes and small businesses and also provides other insurance and financial services products . Farmers Insurance has more than 48,000 exclusive and independent agents and approximately 21,000 employees . It is a subsidiary of the Swiss company Zurich Insurance Group Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1922 to 2000 1.2 2000 to present 2 Operations 3 Products and services 4 Sponsorships 4.1 Farmers Field 4.2 The Farmers Insurance Open 4.3 NASCAR 4.4 Television 5 Criticism 5.1 Complaints to state insurance departments 5.2 Lawsuits 6 Financial ratings 7 Customer service record 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1922 to 2000 ( edit ) 1922 Farmers ' future co-founders John C. Tyler and Thomas E. Leavey first met after Tyler moved to California . Tyler and Leavey had both grown up with rural backgrounds and believed that farmers and ranchers , who had better driving records than urbanites , deserved lower insurance premiums . During the 1920s , farmers across the United States were establishing their own mutual insurance firms and cooperatives in order to have less expensive policies . Tyler , the son of a South Dakotan insurance salesman , and Leavey , who had formerly worked for the Federal Farm Loan Bureau and the National Farm Loan Association , recognized that these farmers , ranchers , and other rural drivers were an overlooked market and wished to create their own auto insurance firm . 1927 Tyler and Leavey received a loan from the founder of Bank of America , enabling them to start their company . 1928 Tyler and Leavey opened the doors to their newly founded company , Farmers Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange , in downtown Los Angeles , California . Tyler served as president with Leavey as vice president . A sales manager and secretary completed the four - employee team . On March 28 , 1928 , the first meeting of the board of governors was convened . Two days later , Charles Brisco insured his 1925 Cadillac Phaeton and became the first Farmers customer . 1935 Truck Insurance Exchange , a new reciprocal insurer , was launched to specialize in truck insurance . 1936 Farmers Insurance Exchange was named the leading reciprocal in earned premiums for auto insurance by National Underwriter . 1937 New headquarters building to house the Farmers Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange and Truck Insurance Exchange , designed by Walker & Eisen in the Moderne style , opens on Wilshire Boulevard . Architects Claud Beelman & Herman Spackler add 4 floors and a seventh - floor garden terrace for staff in 1949 . 1942 Fire Insurance Exchange , the third reciprocal insurer , was launched , specializing in home insurance . 1950 Mid-Century Insurance Company became a subsidiary of the Farmers Insurance Exchange . Aside from the insurance coverage provided by the original three exchanges , Mid-Century offered insurance coverage for Inland marine , robbery , burglary , personal lines , plate glass , selected bonds , and floaters . 1953 Seattle - based New World Life Insurance Company was acquired by Farmers . 1959 Farmers began annual participation in the Pasadena Rose Parade , launching its involvement in parades and community events nationwide . 1973 John C. Tyler died at the age of 86 . Thomas E. Leavey , the remaining co-founder , took the CEO position . 1978 Thomas E. Leavey retired . After an eight - month takeover battle , BATUS Inc. , the American subsidiary of British conglomerate B.A.T. Industries Plc , acquired Farmers Group , Inc. for $5.2 billion and became the sole stockholder of the company 's 68 million shares of common stock . 1989 , 1991 , and 1994 Multiple , large - scale disasters posed financial challenges to Farmers Insurance . The 1989 San Francisco earthquake , 1991 Oakland fire , and 1994 Northridge , California , earthquake were the three most significant disasters . It was estimated that the losses from the Northridge earthquake alone were $1.3 billion . 1998 In September 1998 , the Zurich Financial Services Group was created from the merger with the financial services business of B.A.T. Industries for $18.6 Billion through a dual holding structure . 2000 to present ( edit ) 2000 In March 2000 , the Farmers Exchanges acquired Foremost Corporation of America ( Foremost Insurance Group ) , a leading writer of manufactured homes and a prominent insurer of recreational vehicles , boats and other specialty lines . In August 2000 , Farmers Financial Solutions registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as a broker - dealer . Through it , Farmers began offering mutual fund and variable insurance products . In October 2000 , the Zurich structure was simplified and unified under a single Swiss holding company . Allied Zurich and Zurich Allied shares were replaced by shares of the newly incorporated Zurich Financial Services with a primary listing on SWX Swiss Exchange ( ticker symbol : ZURN ) and a secondary listing in London . Zurich Financial Services American Depositary Receipts ( ADRs ) are traded on the American Stock Exchange . 2005 In 2005 , after Hurricane Rita hit Beaumont , Texas , leaving it without power , Farmers Insurance brought in almost 300 insurance adjusters to assess exterior property damage in order to expedite the reconstruction effort , provided $100,000 for the emergency operations center , and two badly needed megawatt electric generators . 2007 In July 2007 , the Farmers Exchanges acquired Bristol West Holdings , Inc. , the parent of a group of insurers specializing in non-standard auto insurance , which provides insurance coverage for drivers whose driving records or other problems make obtaining insurance difficult . During the October 2007 California wildfires , Farmers was one of only a few companies to set up facilities to aid their customers . In addition to writing checks for evacuation costs , damage claims , lodging and meals , the company ran commercials urging their customers to take advantage of these facilities . The company now also has 2 buses serving as Mobile Command Centers . This mobile claim center arrived at the Qualcomm Stadium only two days after the fires started . 2009 In April 2009 , Farmers announced that it would acquire 21st Century Insurance from AIG for $1.9 billion . The acquisition made Farmers the joint third - largest personal lines insurer in the U.S. The acquired assets included AIG Hawaii . 2014 In response to the increasing number of deadly storms between 2010 and 2013 , Farmers Insurance began `` researching a model that municipalities across the United States could use to significantly reduce the time required for residential recovery . '' Teaming with SBP , a disaster relief organization based out of New Orleans , the result was the Disaster Recovery Playbook , an evolving online resource . Since the guide 's initial creation , AmeriCorps has been brought onto the team . Operations ( edit ) A Farmers Agency in Northville , Michigan The Farmers Exchanges , headquartered in Los Angeles , CA , are three reciprocal insurers or inter-insurance exchanges ( Farmers Insurance Exchange , Fire Insurance Exchange and Truck Insurance Exchange ) owned by their policyholders . The Farmers Exchanges , directly or through their subsidiaries and affiliates , offer homeowners insurance , auto insurance , commercial insurance , and financial services throughout the United States . Farmers Group , Inc. ( dba Farmers Underwriters Association ) and its subsidiaries , Truck Underwriters Association and Fire Underwriters Association , provide certain non-claims administrative services for the Farmers Exchanges as their attorneys - in - fact . The Farmers Exchanges do not hold an ownership interest in Farmers Group , Inc. , and neither Farmers Group , Inc. nor its ultimate parent , Zurich Financial Services Ltd. , a Swiss company , holds an ownership interest in any of the Farmers Exchanges . The Foremost Insurance Group , headquartered in Grand Rapids , Michigan , is a group of companies that primarily insure specialty products such as mobile homes , motor homes , travel trailers and specialty dwellings , motorcycles , off - road vehicles , boats and personal watercraft . It was founded in 1952 and was acquired by the Farmers Exchanges in March 2000 . The Foremost companies are subsidiaries of the Farmers Exchanges . The Bristol West Insurance Group became a part of Farmers in July 2007 . In 1973 , it began providing private passenger auto insurance to residents in Florida and now provides liability and physical damage insurance -- focusing exclusively on private passenger vehicles -- across the United States . The Bristol West companies are subsidiaries of the Farmers Exchanges . 21st Century Insurance , headquartered in Wilmington , Delaware , became a part of Farmers in July 2009 . Using the internet and direct response marketing channels , 21st Century markets personal auto insurance to consumers throughout the United States . The 21st Century Insurance companies are subsidiaries of the Farmers Exchanges . Farmers New World Life Insurance Company started as Catholic Life Insurance Company in Spokane , Washington in 1910 . Later that year it was renamed New World Life Insurance Company . In 1953 , it was acquired by Farmers Group , Inc . In 1954 , its name was changed to the current Farmers New World Life Insurance Company . Farmers New World Life Insurance Company is now based in the Seattle suburb of Mercer Island , Washington . It offers flexible universal life insurance , traditional term life insurance , whole life insurance and annuities . Farmers New World Life Insurance Company is a subsidiary of Farmers Group , Inc . Farmers Financial Solutions , LLC . was created by the Farmers Exchanges in 2000 to provide financial products to customers . Products and services ( edit ) Farmers ' products and services include : auto insurance ; home insurance , including homeowners , condominium and renters insurance , mobile and manufactured home insurance , specialty home insurance , including landlord and rental properties , seasonal homes , and vacation homes , and flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program ; motorcycle insurance ; life insurance , including term , whole and universal life insurance ; recreational insurance , such as insurance for boats , ATVs , RVs , and travel trailers ; business insurance for small and medium - sized businesses , such as liability and property insurance , commercial auto and workers compensation insurance for apartment and commercial property owners , artisan contractors , condominium homeowner associations , retail stores , service providers , offices , religious organizations , educational and non-profit organizations , hotels , motels , bed & breakfasts , and other businesses in the light manufacturing , restaurant , wholesale , and auto service & repair industries ; and financial services and products , such as mutual funds and variable annuities . Sponsorships ( edit ) Farmers Field ( edit ) On February 2011 , Farmers announced that it had agreed to sponsor a football stadium in the city of Los Angeles . This stadium would have been located downtown , close to the Staples Center . The contract was signed for 30 years , and its estimated cost was $700 million . The deal would have started with $20 million for the first year , then eventual increases . The stadium was planned to be named `` Farmers Field '' . The stadium project was cancelled after the Kroenke Sports & Entertainment announced their own stadium to be built to be the home of the Los Angeles Rams and Los Angeles Chargers . The Farmers Insurance Open ( edit ) Farmers became the title sponsor of the Farmers Insurance Open PGA tournament in Torrey Pines , CA in 2010 . The event raises millions for local San Diego charities each year . www.farmersinsuranceopen.com NASCAR ( edit ) Farmers was the sponsor of the No. 5 Chevrolet SS driven by Kasey Kahne for Hendrick Motorsports in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series from the 2012 season till the end of the 2017 season . The year prior , Farmers sponsored Mark Martin and a few years before that , Travis Kvapil . Farmers was the first to introduce a # hashtag on a race car . Kahne 's first victory in the No. 5 was at the 2012 Coca - Cola 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway . Farmers promotes its motor - sport relationship through the Farmers Racing website . At the conclusion of the 2017 season , Farmers Insurance left Hendrick Motorsports and NASCAR . The combination produced 6 wins in 6 years together including a Brickyard 400 . Television ( edit ) Farmers Insurance Group 's television advertisements typically center around `` Farmers University , '' a fictional institution in which professor Nathaniel Burke ( J.K. Simmons ) educates Farmers employees about various unlikely insurance claims ( often involving devious animals ) the company covers . Criticism ( edit ) Complaints to state Insurance departments ( edit ) In 2006 , Farmers Insurance received the highest number of complaints to state insurance departments in Washington and Oregon . Lawsuits ( edit ) In 2005 , the company refused to pay a claim on a car accident because the accident was allegedly caused intentionally by another driver . Despite Farmers ' claims , the state of Washington ordered the company to pay the claim . In Betty Jo Walker v. Farmers Insurance ( 2007 ) , Farmers was fined $3 million for not defending a pair of limited - income homeowners from a negligence claim . In Goddard v. Farmers Insurance ( 2008 ) , Farmers was ordered to pay $2.5 million for handling a claim with bad faith and `` stonewalling '' during settlement negotiations . The original punitive damages award was $20 million . In Moeller v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Washington ( 2013 ) , the company was alleged to have failed to comply with state law by not paying `` diminished value , '' which is the loss in value suffered by certain insured vehicles even after they are repaired . The class - action lawsuit was resolved in exchange for payments from the company not exceeding $48.5 million . The company denied any liability . In 2015 , Farmers was hit with a putative class action by current and former employees who say they have been shorted on overtime wages and breaks . The suit was filed under California 's Private Attorney General Act by four senior commercial claims representatives who claim that Farmers improperly classified them as exempt from overtime pay when they were often required greater than the standard 8 hours a day and thus sometimes more than 40 hours per week . Also in 2015 , a number of female attorneys employed as Farmers ' in - house legal counsel filed a class action claiming that they had been discriminated against by being paid wages less than male attorneys in comparable positions and by being passed over for promotional opportunities . The class action was settled in June 2016 by an agreement which provides $4 million for the class members and also a commitment by Farmers to a number of employment policy changes going forward . These will include an increase in the number of women attorneys in its higher salary grades and a three - year period during which a company official will monitor compliance with the agreement , provide diversity training to its in - house attorneys and provide regular progress reports to the attorneys who represented the plaintiff in the class action . Financial ratings ( edit ) A.M. Best Company : A ( Excellent ) Moody 's Investor Service : A2 ( Good ) Standard and Poor 's : AA - ( Very Strong ) Customer service record ( edit ) The 2006 American Customer Satisfaction Index conducted by the University of Michigan found that customer satisfaction with Farmers was at exactly the same level as the overall Property and Casualty Industry . In addition , Farmers ' satisfaction level was the most improved from 2005 to 2006 among the companies surveyed . In March 2006 , Consumer Reports considered Farmers Insurance one of the `` poorest performers '' among 27 insurance companies in terms of paying off ( auto ) claims in 30 days or less . In the JD Powers 2007 Collision Repair Satisfaction Study , which covered customers surveyed between 2001 and 2004 , Farmers Insurance received the lowest possible ratings in all four of the studied categories : `` Overall Experience , '' `` Claim Settlement , '' `` Claim Representative '' and `` Claim Process and Procedures . '' Of the 26 companies surveyed , Farmers was tied for 20th place . In 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 Farmers Insurance Group won the J.D. Power award for Call Center Customer Service Excellence . In 2008 Bristol West had a complaint ratio of 3.42 while the national median was 1.0 according to the NAIC . In 2006 , Farmers Insurance received the highest number of complaints to state insurance departments in Washington and Oregon . See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal Companies portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Farmers '' . Farmers Insurance Group . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Company Overview of Farmers Group , Inc '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bronstad , Amanda ( 2005 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Farmers became industry giant with roots planted deep in L.A. '' Los Angeles Business Journal . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteley , Laura ( 1999 ) . International Directory of Company Histories , Volume 25 . Chicago : St. James Press . ISBN 1 - 55862 - 367 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are We Going ? '' . 2003 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Davies , Jerry ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Farmers Insurance Dedicates Heritage Center : 80 Years of History in Los Angeles '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Conservancy.org : Farmers Insurance Building Jump up ^ Adelson , Andrea ( 1988 - 08 - 25 ) . `` B.A.T. Bid Is Accepted By Farmers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Zurich to Pay BAT $18.6 Billion for Finance Units '' . Los Angeles Times . October 17 , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Foremost Corporation of America Announces Completion of Merger '' . Business Wire. 2000 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BrokerCheck Report '' . Financial Industry Regulatory Authority . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Social Responsibility : The Right Thing to Do '' ( PDF ) . Leaders Magazine . Vol. 29 no . 3 . July 2006 . pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ `` Farmers Insurance Group Completes Acquisition of Bristol West Holdings , Inc '' . Business Wire. 2007 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Lifsher , Marc ( 2007 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Insurers roll even before smoke clears '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Howard , John W. ( 2007 - 10 - 26 ) . `` The California Wildfires : A Dispatch from the Front '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Farmers Mobile Claims Center '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Allen , Mike ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Most Homeowner Policies Cover Cost to Rebuild , Not Property 's Market Value '' . San Diego Business Journal . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Topic Galleries '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` AIG Hawaii part of $2 B sale '' . Pacific Business News . April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ PR Newswire ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Farmers Insurance Along With St. Bernard Project , Launch The ' Disaster Recovery Playbook ' '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles , California . PR Newswire US . Jump up ^ `` Disaster Recovery Playbook '' . www-cs-students.stanford.edu . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disaster Recovery Playbook '' . www-cs-students.stanford.edu . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kandyba , Slav ( 2004 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Securities brokerage firms : ranked by number of registered , licensed securities brokers in greater San Fernando Valley '' . San Fernando Valley Business Journal . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.farmersracing.com Jump up ^ `` University of Farmers Insurance '' . The Inspiration Room . ^ Jump up to : McGann , Chris ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Big insurers dig deep to fight R - 67 '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Private Passenger Auto Insurance Company Complaints '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Department of Consumer & Business Services : Oregon State Auto Complaint Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Westneat , Danny ( October 14 , 2005 ) . `` Crash victim 's insurer should have a heart '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Westneat , Danny ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` State tells insurer to pay '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bruss , Robert ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Farmers Insurance learns hard lesson in homeowner lawsuit '' . Inman News . Jump up ^ Sebok , Anthony ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` The Oregon Supreme Court 's Recent Decision on Punitive Damages : Why It Took the Wrong Approach '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ Goddard v. Farmers Insurance Archived March 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` $48.5 Million Settlement Approved in Diminished Value Class Action Lawsuit Against Farmers Insurance Company of Washington '' . Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein website . February 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Farmers Hit With Class Action Saying Wage Abuses Continue '' . Law360 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robin Abcarian ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Farmers Insurance will pay a high price for discriminating against its female attorneys '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DeLeon , Frederick ; Gary Davis ( 2008 - 04 - 28 ) . `` A.M. Best Affirms Ratings of Farmers Insurance Group and Farmers Group Inc '' . Business Wire . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeffrey ; Robert Riegel ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Moody 's upgrades Farmers Insurance 's insurance financial strength to A2 '' . Moody 's Investor Service . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Insurance -- Credit Ratings List '' . Standard and Poor 's . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` American Customer Satisfaction Index : Property & Casualty Insurance '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Shop Smart : Ensuring you get the best auto insurance '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . March 12 , 2006 . : Editors of Consumer Reports considered Farmers Insurance one of the `` poorest performers '' . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Collision Repair Satisfaction Study '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Farmers Insurance Recognized for Call Center Customer Satisfaction Excellence for a Second Consecutive Year '' ( Press release ) . J.D. Power and Associates . 2006 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://eapps.naic.org/cis/indexReport.do Jump up ^ `` Oregon Department of Consumer & Business Services : Oregon State Auto Complaint Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . -- Farmers Insurance had the most number of auto complaints in 2006 ( p. 13 ) Jump up ^ `` Oregon Publishes Annual Insurance Complaint Statistics '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . -- Farmers Insurance had the most number of auto and homeowners complaints in 2007 External links ( edit ) Official Farmers Insurance Group website Automotive industry in the United States Automotive industry Economy of the United States Transportation in the United States American vehicle manufacturers ( list ) AGCO Challenger Tractor Massey Ferguson AM General American Expedition Vehicles American Growler Amp Electric Vehicles Anteros Coachworks Arcimoto Armour Group , Inc . ATK motorcycles Aurica Motors Autocar Blue Bird Boulder Electric Vehicle Brammo Brunton Stalker Caterpillar FCA US Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram CNH Industrial Case CE Case IH Commuter Cars Cushman Cummins Cycle - Scoot DeLorean Chenowth Racing Products Environmental Performance Vehicles Equus Elio Motors Faraday Future Fisker Inc . 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-8602871267803870311	How I Met Your Mother (season 3)	How I Met Your Mother ( season 3 ) - wikipedia How I Met Your Mother ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) How I Met Your Mother ( season 3 ) The Legendary Season 3 DVD cover art Starring Josh Radnor Jason Segel Cobie Smulders Neil Patrick Harris Alyson Hannigan Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network CBS Original release September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) -- May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of How I Met Your Mother episodes The third season of the American television comedy series How I Met Your Mother premiered on September 24 , 2007 and concluded on May 19 , 2008 . It consisted of 20 episodes , each running approximately 22 minutes in length . CBS broadcast the third season on Monday nights at 8 : 00 pm in the United States until December 10 , 2007 when the season was interrupted by the writer 's strike , when the season continued on March 17 , 2008 it was moved back to 8 : 30pm . The complete third season was released on Region 1 DVD on October 7 , 2008 . In the United Kingdom it aired via E4 from October 30 , 2009 weekdays at 7 : 30pm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Episodes 3 Reception 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin Bob Saget ( uncredited ) as Future Ted Mosby ( voice only ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Lyndsy Fonseca as Penny , Ted 's Daughter David Henrie as Luke , Ted 's Son Charlene Amoia as Wendy the Waitress Sarah Chalke as Stella Marshall Manesh as Ranjit Bryan Callen as Bilson Guest cast ( edit ) Britney Spears as Abby Enrique Iglesias as Gael Maggie Wheeler as Margaret John Cho as Jefferson Coatsworth Mandy Moore as Amy James Van Der Beek as Simon Heidi Klum as herself Abigail Spencer as Blah Blah Doug Benson as Cool Customs Guy Danica McKellar as Trudy Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of How I Met Your Mother episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Wait for It '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 3ALH01 8.12 When Robin arrives home with a hunky Argentinean boyfriend , Ted decides to go out with Barney for a `` legen ... wait for it ... dary ! '' night to forget about Robin moving on . Guest starring : Enrique Iglesias as `` Gael '' and Mandy Moore as `` Amy '' . 46 `` We 're Not from Here '' Pamela Fryman Chris Harris October 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) 3ALH02 7.88 After seeing girls swoon for Robin 's boyfriend , Gael , because of his foreign charm , Barney and Ted try to pull themselves off as out - of - towners in order to meet girls . Marshall and Lily write letters which are to be read after their death , while Robin begins to lose her relaxed self she had when she vacationed in Argentina . 47 `` Third Wheel '' Pamela Fryman David Hemingson October 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) 3ALH04 7.96 Two women become very interested in Ted and end up taking the party to his place . The gang must show Ted that bad luck does n't come in threes . Guest starring : Danica McKellar as `` Trudy '' 48 `` Little Boys '' Rob Greenberg Kourtney Kang October 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 15 ) 3ALH03 7.71 Robin dates a single dad , and to her surprise , bonds with the man 's son , which causes her to worry that the relationship is too serious . Meanwhile Ted and Barney compete to see who has more ' game ' . 49 5 `` How I Met Everyone Else '' Pamela Fryman Gloria Calderon Kellett October 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 22 ) 3ALH05 8.50 Ted 's new girlfriend becomes jealous that the story about how Ted and his friends met is better than how she met him , resulting in her ranking on Barney 's `` crazy scale '' to go through the roof . 50 6 `` I 'm Not That Guy '' Pamela Fryman Jonathan Groff October 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 29 ) 3ALH07 8.55 When a law firm tries to recruit Marshall , executive Jefferson Coatsworth ( John Cho ) is able to win him over , forcing Marshall to stray from his dream to save the Earth . Meanwhile , the gang finds out that a porn star is named after one of them . 51 7 `` Dowisetrepla '' Pamela Fryman Brenda Hsueh November 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 05 ) 3ALH06 8.77 Lily and Marshall make a rash of irresponsible decisions when buying an apartment in the `` Dowisetrepla '' neighbourhood , while Barney uses this opportunity to hook up with women without giving away his address . Marshall learns about Lily 's secret . 52 8 `` Spoiler Alert '' Pamela Fryman Stephen Lloyd November 12 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 12 ) 3ALH08 8.58 An annoying habit in Ted 's new girlfriend causes the gang to point out their own bad habits which are unnoticed by the group . Marshall turns to Barney for help after forgetting his password to check his bar exam results . 53 9 `` Slapsgiving '' Pamela Fryman Matt Kuhn November 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 19 ) 3ALH09 8.06 Lily and Marshall have their first Thanksgiving as a married couple ; Barney is tortured by the slap bet countdown clock , worrying about when the slap will be dished out . 54 10 `` The Yips '' Pamela Fryman Jamie Rhonheimer November 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 26 ) 3ALH10 7.91 After the gang joins a gym , Barney sees Rhonda ( the woman who took his virginity ) there . After learning that his performance with her was poor , he loses his ability to approach women . Barney loses his ' mojo ' and heads to the Victoria 's Secret Fall Fashion Show party to try to get it back , but he 's put to the test when he meets Heidi Klum . 55 11 `` The Platinum Rule '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas December 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 10 ) 3ALH11 8.49 Ted 's friends try to discourage him from going on a date with his tattoo - removal doctor , a person he sees regularly , by telling their own bad experiences . 56 12 `` No Tomorrow '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 3ALH12 9.73 Ted decides to take on Barney 's lifestyle for St. Patrick 's Day , which would likely include activities which are very un-saintly . Robin and Marshall do n't know how to tell Lily that something is wrong with their new apartment . 57 13 `` Ten Sessions '' Pamela Fryman Chris Harris , Carter Bays & Craig Thomas March 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 24 ) 3ALH14 10.67 While Ted is repeatedly rejected for a date by his dermatologist , Stella ( Sarah Chalke ) , her receptionist , Abby ( Britney Spears ) , becomes interested in him . 58 14 `` The Bracket '' Pamela Fryman Joe Kelly March 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 31 ) 3ALH13 9.50 A mysterious woman is sabotaging Barney 's attempts to hook up with other women , forcing him to use a tournament bracket to narrow down a group of 64 women who have a reason to hate him . 59 15 `` The Chain of Screaming '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas April 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) 3ALH15 7.99 Marshall cries in front of his boss after he screams at him , and everybody gives Marshall their own unique advice on how to confront his boss about the situation . 60 16 `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' Pamela Fryman Kourtney Kang April 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) 3ALH16 8.45 Robin rekindles a spark with Simon , an old flame ( James Van Der Beek ) , but he ends up breaking her heart again . Barney and his own inimitable style helps make her feel better . Guests appearances Tiffany and Alan Thicke . 61 17 `` The Goat '' Pamela Fryman Stephen Lloyd April 28 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 28 ) 3ALH17 8.84 After sleeping with Robin , Barney feels guilty and hires Marshall to search for a loophole in the Bro Code so Barney can maintain his friendship with Ted . Meanwhile , Lily decides to rescue a goat while the gang plans Ted 's surprise party . 62 18 `` Rebound Bro '' Pamela Fryman Jamie Rhonheimer May 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 05 ) 3ALH18 8.36 Stella is finally ready to get intimate with Ted . Meanwhile , since his split with Ted , Barney searches for a replacement Bro , finally settling reluctantly on his hapless co-worker Randy ( Will Forte ) . 63 19 `` Everything Must Go '' Pamela Fryman Jonathan Groff & Chris Harris May 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 12 ) 3ALH19 8.93 Lily attempts to sell her paintings to pay to fix the slanted floor in the apartment . Barney finally confronts his mysterious saboteur and uses this opportunity to strike a blow to Ted . 64 20 `` Miracles '' Pamela Fryman Carter Bays & Craig Thomas May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 3ALH20 7.99 Ted re-evaluates his life and his relationship with Stella after a close call with death from an accident . Marshall and Robin debate about the existence of miracles . Reception ( edit ) The third season of How I Met Your Mother was met with mostly positive reviews . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the season a positive review and said that `` the season was fun and clever , a good , consistent flow from the first two seasons '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overnight Results 11 / 12 '' . TVByTheNumbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings Mon April 14 : CBS Feels Young Again '' . April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 28 May 2008 ) . `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 19 -- 25 '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2008 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Season 3 `` Wait for It '' `` We 're Not from Here '' `` Third Wheel '' `` Little Boys '' `` How I Met Everyone Else '' `` I 'm Not That Guy '' `` Dowisetrepla '' `` Spoiler Alert '' `` Slapsgiving '' `` The Platinum Rule '' `` No Tomorrow '' `` Ten Sessions '' `` The Bracket '' `` The Chain of Screaming '' `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' `` The Goat '' `` Rebound Bro '' `` Everything Must Go '' `` Miracles '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_I_Met_Your_Mother_(season_3)&oldid=803002064 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother seasons 2007 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 21 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	season 3 episodes how i met your mother	[]	[]
1048531650724107774	San Siro	San Siro - wikipedia San Siro For other uses , see San Siro ( disambiguation ) . Stadio Giuseppe Meazza San Siro UEFA Location Via Piccolomini 5 , 20151 Milan , Italy Coordinates 45 ° 28 ′ 41 '' N 9 ° 07 ′ 26 '' E / 45.478080 ° N 9.12400 ° E / 45.478080 ; 9.12400 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ 41 '' N 9 ° 07 ′ 26 '' E / 45.478080 ° N 9.12400 ° E / 45.478080 ; 9.12400 Public transit San Siro Stadio San Siro Ippodromo Owner Municipality of Milan Executive suites 30 Capacity 80,018 Field size 105m × 68m Surface GrassMaster hybrid grass Scoreboard Tecnovision Construction Broke ground December 1925 Opened 19 September 1926 ( 1926 - 09 - 19 ) Renovated 1935 , 1955 , 1990 , 2015 -- 16 Architect Alberto Cugini Ulisse Stacchini Tenants A.C. Milan ( 1926 -- present ) Inter Milan ( 1947 -- present ) Italy national football team ( selected matches ) The Giuseppe Meazza Stadium ( Italian pronunciation : ( dʒuˈzɛppe meˈattsa ) ) , commonly known as San Siro , is a football stadium in the San Siro district of Milan , Italy , which is the home of A.C. Milan and Inter Milan . It has a seating capacity of 80,018 , making it one of the largest stadiums in Europe , and the largest in Italy . On 3 March 1980 , the stadium was named in honour of Giuseppe Meazza , the two - time World Cup winner ( 1934 , 1938 ) who played for Inter and briefly for Milan in the 1920s , 1930s and 1940s . The San Siro is a UEFA category four stadium . It hosted six games at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and four European Cup finals , in 1965 , 1970 , 2001 and 2016 . If the city of Milan bid with Cortina d'Ampezzo , Val di Fiemme and Valtellina is successful for the 2026 Winter Olympics this stadium would host the Opening and Closing ceremonies , being the largest stadium to do this , narrowly beating Beijing National Stadium if 2022 ceremonies are n't fully sold - out events . Contents 1 History 2 International football matches 2.1 1934 FIFA World Cup 2.2 UEFA Euro 1980 2.3 1990 FIFA World Cup 3 Other sports 3.1 Boxing 3.2 Rugby union 4 Concerts 5 Transport connections 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Construction of the stadium commenced in 1925 in the district of Milan named San Siro , with the new stadium originally named Nuovo Stadio Calcistico San Siro ( San Siro New Football Stadium ) . The idea to build a stadium in the same district as the horse racing track belonged to the president of A.C. Milan at the time , Piero Pirelli . The architects designed a private stadium only for football , without athletics tracks which characterized Italian stadiums built with public funds . The inauguration was on 19 September 1926 , when 35,000 spectators saw Inter defeat Milan 6 -- 3 . Originally , the ground was home and property of A.C. Milan . Finally , in 1947 , Inter , who used to play in the Arena Civica downtown , became tenants and the two have shared the ground ever since . From 1948 to 1955 , engineers Armando Ronca and Ferruccio Calzolari developed the project for the second extension of the stadium , which was meant to increase the capacity from 50,000 to 150,000 visitors . Calzolari and Ronca proposed three additional , vertically arranged , rings of spectator rows . Nineteen spiralling ramps -- each 200 metres long -- gave access to the upper tiers . During construction , the realisation of the highest of the three rings was abandoned and the number of visitors limited to 100,000 . On 2 March 1980 the stadium was named for Giuseppe Meazza ( 1910 -- 1979 ) , one of the most famous Milanese footballers . Two Milan derby Champions League knockout ties have taken place at San Siro , in 2003 and 2005 , with A.C. Milan winning both matches . The reaction of Inter 's fans to impending defeat in the latter match ( throwing flares and other objects at Milan players and forcing the match to be abandoned ) earned the club a large fine and a four - game ban on spectators attending European fixtures there the following season . Apart from being used by Milan and Inter , the Italian national team occasionally plays games there . It has also been used for the European Cup finals of 1965 ( won by Inter ) , 1970 ( won by Feyenoord ) , and the UEFA Champions League finals of 2001 ( won by FC Bayern Munich ) and 2016 ( won by Real Madrid ) . The stadium was also used for the home leg of three UEFA Cup finals in which Inter was competing ( 1991 , 1994 , 1997 ) when these were played over two legs . It was also used by Juventus for their ' home ' leg in 1995 as they decided against playing their biggest matches at their own Stadio delle Alpi at the time . On each occasion , apart from 1991 , the second leg was played at San Siro and the winners lifted the trophy there . However , the stadium has not yet been selected as the host stadium since the competition changed to a single - match final format in 1997 -- 98 . San Siro did not host any final of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , but was the host stadium for the 1951 Latin Cup , a four - team event won by A.C. Milan . The city was also the venue for the 1956 edition of the Latin Cup ( also won by Milan ) , but those matches were played at Arena Civica . The stadium underwent further renovations for the 1990 World Cup with $60 million being spent , bringing the stadium up to UEFA category four standard . As part of the renovations , the stadium became all seated , with an extra tier being added to three sides of the stadium . This entailed the building of 11 concrete towers around the outside of the stadium . Four of these concrete towers were located at the corners to support a new roof , which has distinctive protruding red girders . In 1996 a museum was opened inside the stadium charting A.C. Milan and Inter 's story , with historical shirts , cups and trophies , shoes , art objects and souvenirs of all kinds on display to visitors . International football matches ( edit ) 1934 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) The stadium was one of the biggest venues of the 1934 FIFA World Cup and held three matches . Date Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round 27 May 1934 Switzerland 3 -- 2 Netherlands First Round 31 May 1934 Germany 2 -- 1 Sweden Quarter - finals 3 June 1934 Italy 1 -- 0 Austria Semi-finals UEFA Euro 1980 ( edit ) The stadium was one of the four selected to host the matches during the UEFA Euro 1980 . Date Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round 12 June 1980 Spain 0 -- 0 Italy Group B 15 June 1980 Belgium 2 -- 1 Spain Group B 17 June 1980 Netherlands 1 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Group A 1990 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) The stadium was one of the venues of the 1990 FIFA World Cup and held six matches . Date Team # 1 Result Team # 2 Round 8 June 1990 Argentina 0 -- 1 Cameroon Group B 10 June 1990 West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia Group D 15 June 1990 West Germany 5 -- 1 United Arab Emirates Group D 19 June 1990 West Germany 1 -- 1 Colombia Group D 24 June 1990 West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Round of 16 1 July 1990 Czechoslovakia 0 -- 1 West Germany Quarter final Other sports ( edit ) Boxing ( edit ) San Siro was the venue for the boxing match between Duilio Loi vs. Carlos Ortiz for the Junior Welterweight title in 1960 . Rugby union ( edit ) The first and only top level rugby union match to be played at San Siro was a test match between Italy and New Zealand in November 2009 . A crowd of 80,000 watched the event , a record for Italian rugby . Year Date Match Country Score Country Attendance 2009 14 November non-cap Italy 6 -- 20 New Zealand 80,000 Concerts ( edit ) Besides football , San Siro can be configured to hold many other events , particularly major concerts . Concert of Vasco Rossi in 2007 . Date Performer ( s ) Opening act ( s ) Tour / Event Attendance Notes 27 June 1980 Bob Marley & The Wailers Pino Daniele Uprising Tour 15 July 1980 Various artists La Carovana del Mediterraneo 19 July 1980 Edoardo Bennato Sono Solo Canzonette 29 June 1984 Bob Dylan Santana Pino Daniele Bob Dylan 1984 European Tour 21 June 1985 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. Tour 65,000 13 July 1986 Various artists Milano Suono Festival 1986 16 July 1986 17 July 1986 18 July 1986 19 July 1986 20 June 1986 15 May 1987 Genesis Paul Young Invisible Touch Tour 5 June 1987 Duran Duran Strange Behaviour Tour 10 June 1987 David Bowie Glass Spider Tour 70,000 10 July 1990 Vasco Rossi Ladri di Biciclette Casino Royale Fronte del Palco Tour 1990 28 May 1992 Antonello Venditti 4 July 1994 Al Bano Romina Power 7 July 1995 Vasco Rossi Rock Sotto Assedio 8 July 1995 15 June 1996 Nessun Pericolo Per Te Tour 18 June 1997 Michael Jackson B - Nario Paola e Chiara HIStory World Tour 45.000 28 June 1997 Ligabue Il Bar Mario è Aperto 29 June 1997 22 May 1998 Eros Ramazzotti 5 July 2002 Ligabue Fuori Come Va Tour 6 July 2002 10 June 2003 The Cranberries 28 June 2003 Bruce Springsteen The Rising Tour 1 July 2003 Claudio Baglioni 4 July 2003 Vasco Rossi Vasco a San Siro ' 03 5 July 2003 Irene Grandi 8 July 2003 Anouk 8 June 2004 Red Hot Chili Peppers The Roots Roll on the Red Tour 12 June 2004 Vasco Rossi Simone Tomassini Buoni o Cattivi Tour 2004 13 June 2004 20 July 2005 U2 Ash Feeder Vertigo Tour 137,427 Parts of the concerts were filmed and recorded for the group 's live album and concert film U2. COMmunication and Vertigo 05 : Live from Milan respectively . 21 July 2005 27 May 2006 Ligabue Nome e Cognome Tour 11 July 2006 The Rolling Stones Bo Diddley Feeder A Bigger Bang 56,175 22 July 2006 Robbie Williams Close Encounters Tour 2 June 2007 Laura Pausini 21 June 2007 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live 2007 22 June 2007 30 June 2007 Biagio Antonacci Nomadi Vicky Love Tour 31 May 2008 Negramaro La Finestra Tour 6 June 2008 Vasco Rossi Il Mondo Che Vorrei Live Tour 2008 7 June 2008 14 June 2008 Zucchero All the Best 25 June 2008 Bruce Springsteen Magic Tour 59,821 4 July 2008 Ligabue Elle - Elle Live 2008 5 July 2008 18 June 2009 Depeche Mode Dolcenera M83 Tour of the Universe 57,544 The concert was recorded for the group 's live album project Recording the Universe . 21 June 2009 Various artists Amiche per l'Abruzzo 7 July 2009 U2 Snow Patrol U2 360 ° Tour 153,806 8 July 2009 The performances of Breathe and Electrical Storm were recorded for the group 's live album From the Ground Up : Edge 's Picks from U2360 ° . 14 July 2009 Madonna Sticky & Sweet Tour 55,338 8 June 2010 Muse Calibro 35 Friendly Fires Kasabian The Resistance Tour 60,000 16 July 2010 Ligabue Margot Arrivederci Mostro 17 July 2010 16 June 2011 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live Kom ' 011 17 June 2011 21 June 2011 22 June 2011 12 July 2011 Take That Pet Shop Boys Progress Live 7 June 2012 Bruce Springsteen Wrecking Ball World Tour 57,149 14 June 2012 Madonna Martin Solveig The MDNA Tour 53,244 3 June 2013 Bruce Springsteen Wrecking Ball World Tour 56,670 19 June 2013 Jovanotti Backup Tour 20 June 2013 29 June 2013 Bon Jovi Because We Can 51,531 13 July 2013 Negramaro 18 July 2013 Depeche Mode Motel Connection Chvrches The Delta Machine Tour 57,919 31 July 2013 Robbie Williams Olly Murs Take The Crown Stadium Tour 31 May 2014 Biagio Antonacci Palco Antonacci 2014 6 June 2014 Ligabue Mondovisione Tour : Stadi 2014 7 June 2014 20 June 2014 Pearl Jam Lightning Bolt Tour 28 June 2014 One Direction 5 Seconds of Summer Where We Are Tour 115,931 The concerts were recorded for the group 's concert film One Direction : Where We Are - The Concert Film . 29 June 2014 4 July 2014 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live Kom ' 014 5 July 2014 9 July 2014 10 July 2014 19 July 2014 Modà 17 June 2015 Vasco Rossi Vasco Live Kom ' 015 18 June 2015 25 June 2015 Jovanotti Lorenzo Negli Stadi 2015 26 June 2015 27 June 2015 4 July 2015 Tiziano Ferro Lo stadio Tour 2015 5 July 2015 4 June 2016 Laura Pausini Simili Tour 100,388 5 June 2016 10 June 2016 Pooh 18 June 2016 Modà 19 June 2016 3 July 2016 Bruce Springsteen The River Tour 2016 104,646 5 July 2016 13 July 2016 Rihanna Big Sean DJ Mustard Anti World Tour 18 July 2016 Beyoncé Chloe x Halle Sophie Beem The Formation World Tour 54,313 9 June 2017 Davide Van De Sfroos 16 June 2017 Tiziano Ferro Il Mestiere della Vita Tour 17 June 2017 19 June 2017 27 June 2017 Depeche Mode Algiers Global Spirit Tour 54,488 3 July 2017 Coldplay Lyves , Tove Lo A Head Full of Dreams Tour 117,307 4 July 2017 Tove Lo 1 June 2018 J - Ax & Fedez La Finale 79,500 20 June 2018 Cesare Cremonini Cremonini Stadi 2018 56,963 6 July 2018 Beyoncé Jay - Z On the Run II Tour 50,000 Transport connections ( edit ) The stadium is located in the northwestern part of Milan and can be reached by underground via the dedicated San Siro metro station ( at the end of the `` lilac '' line 5 ) , located just in front of the stadium , or by tram , with line 16 ending right in front . The Lotto metro station ( line 1 , the `` red line '' , and line 5 ) is about 15 minutes walk away from San Siro . Stations near by : Service Station Line Milan Metro San Siro Stadio San Siro Ippodromo Lotto Gallery ( edit ) Panorama of the stadium . Milan ultras crowd in Curva Sud . Milan ultras crowd in Curva Sud . Inter ultras crowd in Curva Nord . Inter ultras crowd in Curva Nord . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://www.sansiro.net/?page_id=195 Jump up ^ The history of the San Siro stadium . AC Milan.com . ( accessed 18 October 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Milan to host 2016 UEFA Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 18 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Almanacco Illustrato del Milan , Panini , Modena ( it . ) Jump up ^ The architectural structure of San Siro was shared in Italy with Marassi which , due to being the private home ground of Genoa CFC , also had no athletics track . Jump up ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/settembre/16/San_Siro_calcio_ottant_anni_co_7_060916003.shtml Jump up ^ Werner , Feiersinger , . Armando Ronca Architektur der Moderne in Südtirol 1935 -- 1970 . Kunst Meran , Kunst , Kofler , Andreas , Schmidt , Magdalene , Stabenow , Jörg , Kofler , Andreas , Martignoni , Massimo . Zürich . ISBN 9783038600619 . OCLC 988179618 . Jump up ^ `` Milan move into last four '' . UEFA. 13 April 2005 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inter handed stadium ban and fine '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2005 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pari senza emozioni nello stadio vuoto ma l'Inter conquista la Champions '' ( Passionless draw in the empty stadium but Inter achieves the Champions ) ( in Italian ) . La Repubblica. 24 August 2005 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inter 1 -- 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport. 28 September 2005 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italy 2 -- 0 Scotland '' . BBC News . 26 March 2005 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Siro 's previous four European Cup finals '' . UEFA. 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will a Spoonful of Sugar Make a Bad Boy Nice ? '' . The New York Times . 5 April 1995 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Il passato e ' oggi : a San Siro Juventus - Borussia '' ( Today in the past : Juventus - Borussia at San Siro ) ( in Italian ) . Mediaset. 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://footballtripper.com/san-siro-stadium-guide External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . Official website ( in Italian ) ( in English ) AC Milan website FC Internazionale Milano website San Siro on Facebook Stadium Guide Article Preceded by Praterstadion Vienna European Cup Final Venue 1965 Succeeded by Heysel Stadium Brussels Preceded by Santiago Bernabéu Madrid European Cup Final Venue 1970 Succeeded by Wembley Stadium London Preceded by Estadio Azteca Mexico City FIFA World Cup Opening Venue Succeeded by Soldier Field Chicago Preceded by Stade de France St - Denis UEFA Champions League Final Venue 2001 Succeeded by Hampden Park Glasgow Preceded by Olympiastadion Berlin UEFA Champions League Final venue 2016 Succeeded by Millennium Stadium Cardiff Associazione Calcio Milan Players Managers Youth Sector Records & statistics Current season History History Seasons Europe Home stadium San Siro ( 1926 -- present ) Training ground Milanello Rivalries Milan derby Juventus rivalry Supporters Fossa dei Leoni Media Milan TV Forza Milan ! Other teams Superleague Formula team ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Women 's football ( 2018 -- present ) Related articles Contributions to Italy national teams Trofeo Luigi Berlusconi Category : A.C. Milan Portal : Association football Commons : A.C. Milan Football Club Internazionale Milano Players Managers Chairmen Honours Records and Statistics Youth Sector In European competitions Current season History Foundation and historical evolution Seasons Contribution to Italy national teams Home stadium Stadio Giuseppe Meazza ( 1947 -- present ) Arena Civica ( 1930 -- 1947 ) Campo di via Goldoni ( 1913 -- 1930 ) Campo di Ripa Ticinese ( 1908 -- 1912 ) Training ground Suning Training Centre Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances Hall of Fame Media Inter TV ( 2000 -- present ) Inter Football Club ( 1960 -- 2009 ) Rivalries Juventus Milan League record by opponent Other teams Inter Women ( 2018 -- present ) Related articles Inter Campus Pirelli Cup TIM Trophy Serie A venues Current Azzurri d'Italia Bentegodi Castellani Dall'Ara Ferraris Franchi Friuli Allianz Stadium Mapei Stadium Olimpico Olimpico Paolo Mazza San Paolo San Siro Sardegna Arena Stirpe Tardini Former Adriatico -- Giovanni Cornacchia Appiani Amsicora Arechi Artemio Franchi -- Montepaschi Arena Barbera Braglia Celeste Ceravolo Collana Conero Curi Del Duca Elisa Euganeo Filadelfia Garibaldi -- Stadio Romeo Anconetani Garilli Granillo Grezar Liberati Stadio del Littorio Manuzzi Mari Martelli Massimino Melani Menti Stadio Militare dell'Arenaccia Mirabello Moccagatta Ossola Stadio Natale Palli Partenopeo Partenio - Adriano Lombardi Stadio Enrico Patti Penzo Picchi Piola Piola Rigamonti Rigamonti - Ceppi San Filippo San Nicola Sinigaglia Speroni Tenni Umberto I Stadio Donato Vestuti Via del Mare Vigorito Vittoria Zaccheria Zini Demolished Campo degli Sports Campo Testaccio Alpi Corso Marsiglia Corso Sebastopoli Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi ( 1906 - 1963 ) Matusa Moretti Nazionale PNF Stadio della Rondinella Sant'Elia Stadium di Viale Piave European Cup and UEFA Champions League Final venues European Cup Parc des Princes ( 1956 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1957 ) Heysel Stadium ( 1958 ) Neckarstadion ( 1959 ) Hampden Park ( 1960 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1961 ) Olympisch Stadion ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1963 ) Prater Stadium ( 1964 ) San Siro ( 1965 ) Heysel Stadium ( 1966 ) Estádio Nacional ( 1967 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1968 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1969 ) San Siro ( 1970 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1971 ) De Kuip ( 1972 ) Red Star Stadium ( 1973 ) Heysel Stadium ( 1974 ) Parc des Princes ( 1975 ) Hampden Park ( 1976 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1977 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1978 ) Olympiastadion ( Munich ) ( 1979 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1980 ) Parc des Princes ( 1981 ) De Kuip ( 1982 ) Olympic Stadium ( Athens ) ( 1983 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1984 ) Heysel Stadium ( 1985 ) Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán ( 1986 ) Prater Stadium ( 1987 ) Neckarstadion ( 1988 ) Camp Nou ( 1989 ) Prater Stadium ( 1990 ) Stadio San Nicola ( 1991 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1992 ) UEFA Champions League Olympiastadion ( Munich ) ( 1993 ) Olympic Stadium ( Athens ) ( 1994 ) Ernst - Happel - Stadion ( 1995 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1996 ) Olympiastadion ( Munich ) ( 1997 ) Johan Cruyff Arena ( 1998 ) Camp Nou ( 1999 ) Stade de France ( 2000 ) San Siro ( 2001 ) Hampden Park ( 2002 ) Old Trafford ( 2003 ) Arena AufSchalke ( 2004 ) Atatürk Olympic Stadium ( 2005 ) Stade de France ( 2006 ) Olympic Stadium ( Athens ) ( 2007 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2008 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 2009 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 2010 ) Wembley Stadium ( 2011 ) Allianz Arena ( 2012 ) Wembley Stadium ( 2013 ) Estádio da Luz ( 2014 ) Olympiastadion ( Berlin ) ( 2015 ) San Siro ( 2016 ) Millennium Stadium ( 2017 ) NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium ( 2018 ) Wanda Metropolitano ( 2019 ) Atatürk Olympic Stadium ( 2020 ) 1934 FIFA World Cup stadiums Stadio Littoriale ( Bologna ) Stadio Giovanni Berta ( Florence ) Stadio Luigi Ferraris ( Genoa ) Stadio San Siro ( Milan ) Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli ( Naples ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( Rome ) Stadio Littorio ( Trieste ) Stadio Benito Mussolini ( Turin ) UEFA Euro 1980 stadiums San Siro ( Milan ) Stadio Comunale ( Turin ) Stadio Olimpico ( Rome ) Stadio San Paolo ( Naples ) 1990 FIFA World Cup stadiums San Nicola ( Bari ) Renato Dall'Ara ( Bologna ) Sant'Elia ( Cagliari ) Comunale ( Florence ) Luigi Ferraris ( Genoa ) San Siro ( Milan ) San Paolo ( Napoli ) La Favorita ( Palermo ) Olimpico ( Rome ) Stadio delle Alpi ( Turin ) Friuli ( Udine ) Marcantonio Bentegodi ( Verona ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Siro&oldid=866177172 '' Categories : A.C. 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8612009205479595533	Gun laws in California	Gun laws in California - wikipedia Gun laws in California Location of California in the United States Gun laws in California regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of California in the United States . The gun laws of California are some of the most restrictive in the United States . A 5 - year Firearm Safety Certificate , obtained by paying a $25 fee , submission of applicant data to the state , and passing a written test proctored by a DOJ Certified Instructor , is required for the sale , delivery , loan , or transfer of any firearm . Handguns sold by dealers must be `` California legal '' by being listed on the state 's Roster of Handguns Certified for Sale . This roster , which requires handgun manufacturers to pay a fee and submit specific models for safety testing , has become progressively more stringent over time and is currently the subject of a federal civil rights lawsuit on the basis that it is a de facto ban on new handgun models . Private sales of firearms must be done through a licensed dealer . All firearm sales are recorded by the state , and have a ten - day waiting period . Unlike most other states , California has no provision in its state constitution that explicitly guarantees an individual right to keep and bear arms . The California Supreme Court has maintained that most of California 's restrictive gun laws are constitutional , because the state 's constitution does not explicitly guarantee private citizens the right to purchase , possess , or carry firearms . However , U.S. Supreme Court decisions of Heller ( 2008 ) and McDonald ( 2010 ) established that the Second Amendment applies to all states within the Union , and many of California 's gun laws are now being challenged in the federal courts . California Penal Code § 25850 defines what constitutes a loaded weapon . Semi-automatic firearms that the state has classified as assault weapons ; . 50 BMG caliber rifles ; and high - capacity magazines ( magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition ) may not be sold in California . Possession of automatic firearms , and of short - barreled shotguns and rifles , is prohibited without a Dangerous Weapons Permit , that is received from the California Department of Justice pending a good reason for their possession such as : manufacture , repair , collecting in limited cases ( pre-1990 ) , movie prop guns or dealing to police / military . California is a `` may issue '' state for permits to carry concealed guns . The willingness of issuing authorities in California ranges from No Issue in most urban areas to Shall Issue in rural counties . Additionally , the issuing authority can also impose restrictions on the CCW permit - holder , such as limiting concealed carry only to the purposes listed on the approved CCW permit application . However , concealed carry permits are valid statewide , regardless of where they were issued . This creates a situation where residents in presumptively No Issue locations such as Los Angeles and San Francisco can not lawfully carry a concealed firearm , but residents from other counties with more permissive CCW issuance policies can lawfully carry within these same jurisdictions . California does not recognize concealed carry permits issued by other states , and non-residents are generally forbidden from obtaining a California concealed carry permit . Those eligible to carry a rifle , shotgun , or handgun under the federal Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act are not subject to some California laws . California has state preemption for many , but not all , firearms laws . Actual enforcement of California 's firearms laws also varies widely across the state . Urban areas , such as the San Francisco and Los Angeles metropolitan areas strictly enforce firearms laws , and some communities within these areas have passed local ordinances that make legally owning a firearm difficult . Meanwhile , some rural jurisdictions narrowly enforce the same firearms laws by prosecuting only those who demonstrate malicious intent , or not enforcing portions of the state 's firearms laws at all . State law enforcement agencies , such as the California Highway Patrol , the California Department of Justice , and the California Department of Fish and Game strictly enforce state firearms law everywhere in California . Contents 1 Summary table 2 State Constitutional Provisions 3 Preemption 4 Firearm sales 4.1 Roster of handguns certified for sale 4.2 Microstamping 5 Concealed carry 5.1 Peruta v. San Diego 6 Open carry 7 Transportation 7.1 Traveling into California for purposes of competition 8 Child safety 9 NFA firearms 10 Assault weapons 10.1 Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 10.2 Bullet button and refined definition of a `` fixed magazine '' 10.3 Exceptions 10.4 Nonresidents transporting assault weapons through California 11 Other laws 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit required to purchase ? Yes Yes § 26500 ( 3 ) All firearm sales must be completed through a dealer . Firearm purchases require a Firearm Safety Certificate and proof of residency unless the individual purchasing the firearm is active duty military , honorably retired military , or a peace officer under Penal Code Section 830 . Military reservists must provide proof of residency in order to purchase a firearm . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes § 28150 The California Department of Justice ( `` DOJ '' ) retains information about the purchaser and seller of all in - state firearm sales and transfers , and requires that any firearms imported into the state be reported to the DOJ . Furthermore , the Attorney General is required by law to maintain a registry containing the fingerprints and identifying information of the transferee , and the unique identifying information of every firearm transferred in the state , pursuant to § 11106 . All handgun serial numbers and sales are recorded by the state in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System , along with those of many long guns . While there is no requirement for California residents to register handguns owned prior to 1991 with law enforcement , § 12025 and § 12031 enhance several misdemeanor offenses to felonies if the handgun is not on file in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System . New residents must register handguns ( purchased outside of California ) with DOJ within 60 days . As of January 1 , 2014 , long gun serial numbers are also recorded , whereas previously only the sale was recorded . However , it is not required that owners of long guns purchased prior to 2014 register their firearms and it is not a crime to be in possession of an unregistered firearm . Owner license required ? No No None While the Firearm Safety Certificate is required for new purchases of firearms , ongoing possession of a firearm does not require a license or permit . People moving into California are required , within 60 days , to file a New Resident Report of Firearm Ownership . New residents are prohibited from importing large - capacity magazines , assault weapons , or any other weapons prohibited by California law regardless of whether they were lawfully acquired and possessed in the residents ' prior state of residence . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 30500 , § 30515 Illegal to possess , import , or purchase assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles , unless such weapons were acquired by the owner prior to June 1 , 1989 . While California 's Assault Weapons Ban does allow individuals to obtain , transport or possess banned weapons with permission from the DOJ , the DOJ generally does not grant such permission to ordinary citizens . Legally defined assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles listed by make and model by the DOJ must be registered . Their sale and transfer is prohibited . Military look - alike rifles that are not chambered for . 50 BMG and are not on the DOJ roster are legal to purchase or possess , with some restrictions in configuration -- known as `` banned features '' . Active - duty military members residing out of state and assigned to duty in California may bring personally - owned assault weapons into the state . The military member 's residence must be in a state that permits private citizens to own and possess assault weapons , and the firearms must be registered with the California Department of Justice prior to the servicemember 's arrival in California by submitting the registration form with a copy of the member 's Permanent Change of Station ( PCS ) orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander . With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns that have a `` bullet button '' detachable magazine ; effectively repealing a prior law that made `` bullet button '' magazines required on all newly manufactured weapons with detachable magazines . The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018 . The definition of types of weapons that are banned has been expanded , the exact definitions should be reviewed at the California DOJ website . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes § 32310 Section 32310 of the Penal Code states that any person who manufactures or causes to be manufactured , imports into the state , keeps for sale , or offers or exposes for sale , or who gives , lends , buys , receives , or assembles any large - capacity magazine from a parts kit is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment . Thus , the offenses listed can be charged as a felony or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the prosecutor . In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition requires background checks for all ammunition sales and mandates the reporting of lost or stolen firearms . Under Proposition 63 , mere possession of a large - capacity magazine is punishable as a misdemeanor with a $100 fine or an infraction with a $100 fine . This prohibition applies to magazines acquired prior to January 1 , 2000 that were previously considered `` grandfathered . '' Importation , manufacture , lending , assembling a large - capacity magazine from a parts kit , or buying a large - capacity magazine remains chargeable as a felony or a misdemeanor . On June 30 , 2017 , a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63 's ban on the possession of large - capacity magazines , pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban . Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and / or the ban is upheld by the courts . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 26150 `` May issue , '' depending on jurisdiction . County sheriff 's or local Police Chief 's discretion , many counties are de facto `` no - issue '' , while others are `` shall - issue '' in practice . CCW permits valid statewide . Out - of - state permits not valid in California . California 's may - issue law has been held constitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this holding . Open carry ? Partial Partial § 26350 Long guns and handguns may be openly carried in unincorporated rural areas where firearm discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . In a county with a population of less than 200,000 residents , a permit to carry a handgun `` loaded and exposed '' may be issued by the county sheriff , valid only in the issuing county . A person may also open carry if he or she `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 53701 GC Most but not all local restrictions preempted . Castle doctrine law ? Yes Yes California never requires a duty to retreat whether in your own home or not . The state acknowledges a legal presumption that an intruder poses a deadly threat if in your own home or property that is owned and controlled by yourself . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes § 12220 , § 12020 , § 12020 Possession of automatic weapons or short - barreled shotguns or rifles prohibited without DOJ `` Dangerous Weapons Permit '' ; permission rarely granted outside of film industry . Suppressors ( aka silencers ) prohibited . Destructive devices are prohibited unless are designated as curios & relics , in which case a collectors permit can be obtained . The only AOWs that are permitted are smoothbore pistols and firearms with a combination of a smoothbore and rifle barrel . C&R short - barreled rifles and C&R short - barrled shotguns permitted . Peaceable journey laws ? No No California courts have ruled that large capacity magazines ( LCM ) that are disassembled or LCM parts are legal to possess . Otherwise federal rules are observed . Waiting period ? Yes Yes § 26815 ( a ) ( 4 ) , § 26950 - 27140 ( 5 ) , § 27540 ( a ) ( 6 ) , § 27600 - 27750 ( 7 ) California has a ten ( 10 ) day waiting period for all firearm purchases , transfers , and private sales which must be conducted through a federal and state firearm license holder . That is , upon purchase , the purchaser must wait 10 days after the purchase before the firearm is released to the owner . On August 25 , 2014 , the California 's 10 - day waiting period for gun purchases was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California which found that `` the 10 - day waiting periods of Penal Code ( sections 26815 ( a ) and 27540 ( a ) ) violate the Second Amendment '' as applied to members of certain classifications ( notably holders of concealed carry permits ) and `` burdens the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs '' . On December 14 , 2016 this ruling was overturned by a three - judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals . The plaintiffs ' petition for an en banc rehearing was denied April 4 , 2017 ; on February 20 , 2018 the Supreme Court certiorari petition was denied , meaning that the waiting period remains in effect . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Cal. § 27545 Private party transfers of firearms must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . Red flag law ? Yes Yes The police or a person 's family member can ask a judge to confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to pose a threat to themselves or others . State constitutional provisions ( edit ) The Constitution of California does not contain a provision explicitly guaranteeing an individual right to keep and bear arms . Article 1 , Section 1 , of the California Constitution implies a right to self - defense ( without specifically mentioning a right to keep and bear arms ) and defense of property , by stating , `` All people are by nature free and independent and have inalienable rights . Among these are enjoying and defending life and liberty , acquiring , possessing , and protecting property , and pursuing and obtaining safety , happiness , and privacy . '' Preemption ( edit ) California law ( § 53071 GC ) prohibits county and city authorities from enacting regulations regarding the registration or licensing of firearms . This provides for uniform firearm laws and prevents situations found in other states ( such as New York ) where traveling with an otherwise legal firearm could put a citizen at risk of violating local city ordinances . Because of their inability to regulate firearms directly , some cities , such as Los Angeles , have prohibited residents from possessing a handgun or rifle magazine that fit more than 10 rounds , require firearms be stored in locked containers or with trigger locks installed when not in use , and have enacted ammunition regulations . Many jurisdictions have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms , and use zoning laws to impose significant restrictions to the establishment of gun stores and shooting ranges within their boundaries . Firearm sales ( edit ) Due to one of California 's earliest gun - control bills passed in 1923 , gun sellers may not advertise the sale of handguns on their property . The buyer of a firearm must fill out an application to purchase a particular gun . The firearms dealer electronically submits the application to the California Department of Justice ( DOJ ) , which performs a background check on the buyer . The approved application is valid for 30 days . There is a 10 - day waiting period for the delivery of any firearm . The buyer must pick up the firearm within 30 days of the original submission of paperwork ( if approved ) , or he or she will have to have a dealer resubmit the paperwork and another 10 - day waiting period starts . Sales of firearms from one person to another ( private party transfers ) must be through a licensed firearms dealer using a Private Party Transfer form . The licensed dealer may charge a $10 fee , in addition to the $25 transfer fee that the state charges . Any number of firearms may be transferred at one time using this method . The dealer submits a Dealer 's Record of Sale ( DROS ) form to the state , and the purchaser must wait 10 days before picking up the guns . Handgun purchases , except for private party transfers and Certificate of Eligibility ( COE ) holders , are limited to one per 30 - day period . To purchase a handgun , a buyer must have a Handgun Safety Certificate . This is obtained by passing a written test , given by a Department of Justice certified instructor , on the safe and legal use of handguns . The certificate is valid for five years . A buyer must also perform a Safe Handling Demonstration when taking possession of a handgun . Some individuals are exempt from the Safety Certificate and Handling Demonstration requirements , including active and retired military and law enforcement personnel , hunter safety certificate holders , and concealed carry license holders . Effective January 1 , 2015 , the Handgun Safety Certificate program was replaced with the Firearm Safety Certificate ( FSC ) program . Under the FSC program , requirements that previously applied to handguns only now apply to all firearms ( handguns and long guns ) , unless exempt . A valid Handgun Safety Certificate can still be used to purchase / acquire handguns only until it expires . For long gun purchases / acquisitions made January 1 , 2015 , and thereafter , an FSC will be required . Once an FSC is obtained , it can be used for both handgun and long gun purchases / acquisitions . Residents of California purchasing long guns in other states are subject to the same requirements as for purchasing firearms in - state , if the buyer returns to California with the weapons in possession . For example , a California resident who purchases a long gun in Nevada would be required to go through a registered FFL in Nevada to have the weapon shipped to an FFL in California , who would then complete the DROS and administer the 10 - day waiting period . However , a California resident would not be subject to California law for long guns purchased out - of - state and are never brought into California . In other words , a California resident who purchases a long gun in Nevada , for example , and stores the weapon at the home of a family member or friend in Nevada , would not be violating California law , as long the weapon never enters the state . Such would also be the case for a California resident purchasing a California - defined assault weapon in another state where such weapons are legal , and the weapon is never brought into California ; no violation of California law will have occurred . The California Department of Justice has been known to conduct sting operations by sending undercover agents to gun stores and gun shows in neighboring states to observe California residents purchasing firearms at such venues , and then tracking buyers back into California , where they are then arrested and prosecuted . The differences in gun laws and gun control philosophy between California and neighboring states has been a source of heated arguments between political figures in California who mostly support strict limitations on gun ownership and usage , and politicians in Arizona and Nevada who mostly favor individual gun rights . Roster of handguns Certified for sale ( edit ) Dealers may not sell any new handgun unless it is listed in the state Department of Justice roster of handguns certified for sale . Listed handguns must include certain mechanical features and pass a set of laboratory tests . Private party transfers , curio / relic handguns , certain single - action revolvers , and pawn / consignment returns are exempt from this requirement . Sale to law enforcement personnel are exempt from list restrictions . Microstamping ( edit ) On May 17 , 2013 , the state attorney general began enforcing a new law requiring that semi-automatic pistols incorporate microstamping . With this technology , very small markings are engraved , using a laser , on the tip of the firing pin and on the breechface of the firearm . When the gun is fired , these etchings may be transferred to the primer by the firing pin , and to the cartridge case head by the breechface , using the pressure created when a round is fired . If successful , this imprints two identifying numbers , unique to that gun , on each spent cartridge casing . This requirement applies to new guns being added to the California Department of Justice 's roster of handguns certified for sale ; semi-automatic handgun models already listed on the roster are not required to incorporate microstamping . Note of interest - this law was passed in 2007 and the wording in the law stated that it shall become effective when there are at least two companies , unencumbered by a patent , employing this technology . To date , no manufacturer offers this technology in firearms available to the public . In June 2018 , in the case of National Shooting Sports Foundation v. California , the California Supreme Court upheld the state 's microstamping law . The court wrote , `` Impossibility can occasionally excuse noncompliance with a statute . But impossibility does not authorize a court to go beyond interpreting a statute and simply invalidate it . '' A spokesman for the National Shooting Sports Foundation said that no new models of semiautomatic handguns will be marketed in California . In August 2018 , in the case of Pena v. Lindley , the Ninth Circuit found the requirement to be constitutional . Concealed carry ( edit ) Map of CA CCW `` Good Cause '' standards by county . Color coding represents a range of policies , varying from Self Defense to No Issue . California is a `` may issue '' state for concealed carry based on an applicant 's justified need and suitability . A license to carry a concealed firearm may be issued or denied to qualified applicants at the discretion of a county 's sheriff or an incorporated city 's chief of police in their place of residence . Residents of incorporated cities and towns have the option to apply for a concealed carry license through their local police department or through the sheriff 's office in their county of residence . Applicants must generally be residents of the jurisdiction in which the permit application is filed . The only exception to this is for non-resident applicants with a bona - fide place of business in the jurisdiction where the permit application is filed , in which case the permit is valid only in that jurisdiction . In practice , the attitudes of different sheriffs and police chiefs toward the issuance of permits vary widely and , consequentially , different jurisdictions in California can vary anywhere from de facto shall - issue to de facto no - issue . A permit may be issued , by a county Sheriff or city Chief or head of municipal police , in one of two formats : A license to carry concealed a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person . Where the population of the county is less than 200,000 persons according to the most recent federal decennial census , a license to carry loaded and exposed in that county a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person . '' California does not recognize any concealed carry permits issued by other states or their political subdivisions . With exceptions for nonresident Active Duty military members permanently stationed within California , state law generally forbids nonresidents from obtaining a California CCW permit . As of September 2011 , there were around 35,000 active concealed carry permits in California , compared to a total population of 39 million . California law provides that the Sheriff of a county or a city Police Chief may issue a license to carry a concealed weapon upon proof that the person applying is of `` good moral character '' and that `` good cause '' exists for the issuance . While it is generally believed to be extremely difficult to obtain a license to carry a concealed weapon ( CCW ) in California , the difficulty varies greatly by city and county of residence . In most rural counties , qualified applicants are usually successful in obtaining a license , while some cities and counties , such as San Francisco and Los Angeles , are extremely restrictive in what they perceive to be good cause , such as a clear and immediate threat on the applicant 's life that can not be avoided or mitigated by other means . There are also jurisdictions with `` moderately restrictive '' policies , where an applicant must show circumstances that demonstrate a need for a permit above that for the general populace , such as residing or conducting lawful business in high - crime areas , where a general risk of victimization exists even if no specific threat has been identified . Some jurisdictions have established additional local requirements the applicant must meet , as a matter of demonstrating suitability , before the issuing authority grants a CCW permit . For example , the counties of Alameda and Monterey require applicants to obtain a mental health assessment at the applicant 's expense as part of each county 's permit application process . In Los Angeles County , many licenses are issued to people who have donated to Sheriff Lee Baca . Some departments are now being challenged in federal lawsuits , under the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment . Some argue that the California system for CCW issuance fosters political corruption and systematic discrimination of applicants , as it has been publicized that numerous celebrities , government officials , and campaign donors have been issued CCW licenses in cities and counties where the general public have been consistently denied . CCW issuance is also extremely low in areas where the population has a high concentration of minorities and minority applicants are more frequently denied , causing some to allege institutional racism . Carrying a concealed firearm without a permit is a misdemeanor with a minimum penalty of 90 days in jail . It may be prosecuted as a felony if any one of over a dozen specific circumstances exists , such as carry by a felon , carry in relation to gang activity , carry with the intent to commit a violent crime , etc . Peruta v. San Diego ( edit ) On February 13 , 2014 , a three - judge panel of a federal appeals court , in the case of Peruta v. San Diego , ruled that California 's may - issue concealed carry rules as implemented by the County of San Diego , in combination with its ban on open carry in most areas of the state , violate the Second Amendment , because they together deny law - abiding citizens the right to bear arms in public for the lawful purpose of self - defense . The San Diego County Sheriff 's Department issued a press release dated February 21 , 2014 stating it will not seek review of the decision by the entire membership of judges sitting in the Ninth Circuit , and `` Should the decision of the Ninth Circuit become final , the Sheriff 's Department will begin to issue CCW 's in situations where the applicant has met all other lawful qualifications and has requested a CCW for purposes of self - defense . '' This paves the way for California 's may - issue law to be replaced with a shall - issue law . On February 27 , 2014 California Attorney General Kamala Harris filed a petition for en banc review of the decision . As the state was not a formal party of the case , her action is not an appeal , but merely a request that the full court re-hear the case en banc on its own initiative . However , the petition filed was denied by the Ninth Circuit on November 12 , 2014 . However , Chief Judge Thomas of the Ninth Circuit ordered on March 26 , 2015 that the case be reheard en banc . The en banc oral arguments were heard on June 16 , 2015 . On June 9 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit reversed its prior decision and ruled that `` The right of a member of the general public to carry a concealed firearm in public is not , and never has been , protected by the Second Amendment . '' The court 's ruling did not address open carry in public , leaving that issue open to potential future litigation . On June 26 , 2017 , the Supreme Court refused to grant certiorari to hear an appeal of the Ninth Circuit 's en banc decision . Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch dissented from the denial . Open carry ( edit ) Open carry of firearms is governed in California by a set of laws that , at times , conflict with one another . This has created significant confusion over the legality of open carry in the state . Open carry of loaded or unloaded firearms in public is generally prohibited , although open carry may be allowed in unincorporated rural areas where permitted by local ordinance , and elsewhere under certain circumstances . The Mulford Act prohibited personal possession ( i.e. , carry ) of a loaded firearm in incorporated areas ( such as inside city limits ) or prohibited areas of unincorporated territory without a license to carry or other exemption provided for by law . A license to carry `` loaded and exposed '' firearms may be issued by a Police Chief or County Sheriff in a county with population of less than 200,000 persons at the last census . No license or permit is required to openly carry a loaded firearm in unincorporated areas where discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . Additionally , state law allows open carry in situations where one `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . '' However , one using this rationale as the basis for openly carrying a firearm can expect to be detained and questioned by law enforcement ( and possibly arrested and charged with unlawful carrying of a firearm if the officer does not believe that open carry is sufficiently justified ) , especially in more densely populated areas . California Penal Code § 25850 ( formerly 12031 ) defines what constitutes a loaded weapon ) . For Penal Code to have validity , all following must apply to the case . 1.1 . `` Loaded '' A firearm is `` loaded '' when there is : an unexpended cartridge or shell , consisting of a case that holds a charge of powder and a bullet or shot , in , or attached in any manner to , the firearm ... including , but not limited to , in the firing chamber , magazine , or clip thereof attached to the firearm ... Therefore , carrying a loaded magazine separate from the handgun is NOT Prohibited under the CA Penal Code . As long as the loaded magazine is not inserted into the gun , you are carrying / transporting an unloaded weapon . e.g. Ammunition and handgun are in the same box but the handgun does not have a loaded magazine inserted , nor a round in the chamber . In the case of People v. Clark ( 1996 ) a shotgun shell attached to the shotgun ( e.g. `` side - saddle '' ) , although not chambered or placed in a position where it was able to be fired , was declared to be legal under California law and the charge of having a loaded firearm against Clark was dismissed . Prior to January 1 , 2012 , it was legal to openly carry an unloaded handgun in public . In October 2011 , Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill that modifies the law on openly carrying an unloaded firearm to match the restrictions for openly carrying a loaded weapon . Legislation was later signed by Governor Brown to expand these restrictions to long guns and shotguns , except while hunting . Transportation ( edit ) PC § 25610 ( 8 ). When being transported , handguns must be unloaded and in a locked fully enclosed container other than the glove box or any console attached to the vehicle . The trunk of a car is considered to be a locked container but a glove box or `` utility box '' is specifically forbidden . If one believes he or she is within a `` gun - free school zone '' ( area surrounding 1,000 feet from the edge of school grounds which teaches any grade from kindergarten to 12th grade ) then the handgun must be locked in a fully enclosed container . Failure to lock up a handgun while in a school zone is a violation of federal ( only if one does not possess a concealed weapons permit issued by California ) and state law . Long guns ( rifles , shotguns ) must be unloaded when transported in a vehicle . There is no requirement for a locked container with the exception of long guns considered to be `` assault weapons '' . Federal law requires locking containers when inside of a `` gun - free school zone . '' In U.S. v. Lopez the Supreme Court ruled the federal Gun - Free School Zone Act was an unconstitutional exercise of Congress 's power under the commerce clause . However , in 1996 Congress passed an amendment to the law requiring the gun to have traveled in interstate commerce , thereby voiding the effect of the ruling . Assault weapons , as defined by California law , must always be transported in locked containers and may only be transported under certain circumstances Traveling into California for purposes of competition ( edit ) PC § 30665 . Possession and Importation of Assault Weapon or . 50 BMG Rifle Into State by Nonresident ; Conditions Permitting Sections 30600 , 30605 , and 30610 shall not apply to the possession and importation of an assault weapon or a . 50 BMG rifle into this state by a nonresident if all of the following conditions are met : ( a ) The person is attending or going directly to or coming directly from an organized competitive match or league competition that involves the use of an assault weapon or a . 50 BMG rifle . ( b ) The competition or match is conducted on the premises of one of the following : ( 1 ) A target range that holds a regulatory or business license for the purpose of practicing shooting at that target range . ( 2 ) A target range of a public or private club or organization that is organized for the purpose of practicing shooting at targets . ( c ) The match or competition is sponsored by , conducted under the auspices of , or approved by , a law enforcement agency or a nationally or state recognized entity that fosters proficiency in , or promotes education about , firearms . ( d ) The assault weapon or . 50 BMG rifle is transported in accordance with Section 25610 or Article 3 ( commencing with Section 25505 ) of Chapter 2 of Division 5 . ( e ) The person is 18 years of age or over and is not in a class of persons prohibited from possessing firearms by virtue of Chapter 2 ( commencing with Section 29800 ) or Chapter 3 ( commencing with Section 29900 ) of Division 9 of this code or Section 8100 or 8103 of the Welfare and Institutions Code . ( Added by Stats. 2010 , SB 1080 , Ch. 711 , Sec. 6 . Operative January 1 , 2012 . ) Child Safety ( edit ) Firearms must be kept locked up when children may be present . The 2008 California Dangerous Weapons Control Law modified California Penal Code § 12035 defining criminal storage of a firearm as keeping `` any loaded firearm within any premises that are under his or her custody or control and he or she knows or reasonably should know that a child is likely to gain access to the firearm . '' A person may be charged with a crime , if he or she keeps a loaded firearm , and the child takes the firearm to a public place or causes injury . Nfa firearms ( edit ) It is illegal to possess an automatic firearm or a short - barreled shotgun or rifle without permission from the DOJ ; such permission is generally not granted . Enforcement of the ban varies throughout the state . Authorities in most urban areas will prosecute someone for merely possessing a prohibited firearm regardless of intent , whereas county sheriffs and local police in some rural counties have either refused to enforce the ban or to only prosecute those in possession of banned weapons who demonstrate malicious intent . Assault weapons ( edit ) Since 1989 , it is illegal to sell a firearm that the state has defined as an assault weapon and that has been listed in the California Department of Justice ( DOJ ) roster of prohibited firearms . This includes many military look - alike semi-automatic rifles and . 50 caliber BMG rifles . DOJ roster firearms may be legally possessed if registered with the state prior to January 2005 . Military look - alike firearms that are not listed on the DOJ roster of prohibited firearms , known as `` off - list lowers , '' are legal * to own and possess as long as state laws concerning configuration are followed . It is illegal to import , sell , give , trade , or lend a magazine that holds more than 10 rounds of ammunition , except for fixed tubular magazines for lever - action rifles and . 22 caliber rifles ; however , the possession of such magazines is legal . * Technically these `` off - list '' lowers are Category 2 assault weapons under current California law . However , in the 2001 case Harrott v. County of Kings ( 25 P. 3d 649 ( Cal. 2001 ) , the Category 2 assault weapon law was ruled unenforceable . With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns with military - style features that lack a fixed magazine . This expanded the class of firearms deemed to be assault weapons to include rifles that were previously not considered assault weapons because they had a `` bullet button '' magazine release instead of a standard push - button magazine release . The sale or transfer of such weapons is prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by June 30th , 2018 . Assault weapons Control Act of 1989 ( edit ) Main article : Roberti - Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 The Roberti - Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 ( AWCA ) , its augmentation in 1999 , and the . 50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004 have led to many restrictions on semi-automatic firearms . In addition to a list of specific firearms that are banned by name , the following firearms are banned by characteristic ( from Penal Code § 30515 ( a ) , formerly § 12276.1 ) : ( 1 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following : ( A ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon . ( B ) A thumbhole stock . ( C ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( D ) A grenade launcher or flare launcher . ( E ) A flash suppressor . ( F ) A forward pistol grip . ( 2 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has a fixed magazine with the capacity to accept more than 10 rounds . ( 3 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has an overall length of less than 30 inches ( 762 mm ) . ( 4 ) A semiautomatic pistol that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following : ( A ) A threaded barrel , capable of accepting a flash suppressor , forward handgrip . ( B ) A second handgrip . ( C ) A shroud that is attached to , or partially or completely encircles , the barrel that allows the bearer to fire the weapon without burning his or her hand , except a slide that encloses the barrel . ( D ) The capacity to accept a detachable magazine at some location outside of the pistol grip . ( 5 ) A semiautomatic pistol with a fixed magazine that has the capacity to accept more than 10 rounds . ( 6 ) A semiautomatic shotgun that has both of the following : ( A ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( B ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon , thumbhole stock , or vertical handgrip . ( 7 ) A semiautomatic shotgun that has the ability to accept a detachable magazine . ( 8 ) Any shotgun with a revolving cylinder . In addition , ( Penal Code § 12001.5 ) bans , by definition , short - barreled shotguns and short - barreled rifles . Defined in Penal Code § 12020 ; a short - barreled shotgun is defined as a firearm ( designed , redesigned , or altered ) to fire a fixed shotgun shell and has a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches or an overall length of less than 26 inches . A short - barreled rifle is defined as a semiautomatic , center fire rifle with a barrel length of less than 16 inches or an overall length of less than 26 inches . While a Rossi Circuit Judge ( 18 '' barrel ) is considered a shotgun with a revolving cylinder ( violation of # 8 above ) , the CA DOJ claims it is legal because it has a rifled barrel . However , the Taurus Judge handgun is considered a `` short - barreled shotgun '' and therefore illegal in CA , even though it fires the same shot shell as the Circuit Judge , as well as has a rifled barrel . Conversely , there are many revolvers that fire shot shells made in different calibers ( e.g. 22 , 9mm , 38 , etc . ) mostly used to shoot birds or snakes . Even though these handguns , with less that 18 '' barrels , fire shot shells , like the Judge , they are legal in California . Bullet button and refined definition of a `` fixed magazine '' ( edit ) Main article : Bullet button Methods of obtaining particular styles of firearms similar to assault weapons have been achieved by design changes by gun parts manufacturers . One of the most common modifications prior to 2017 was a `` bullet button '' , which modified a rifle so that the magazine is not removable without the use of a tool ( which could include a bullet used as a tool per state law ) , which presses a button that a finger alone can not press . Weapons with this feature were deemed to no longer have a `` detachable magazine '' within the assault weapons definition , and therefore could be exempt from the law as it then stood , depending on the other requirements . As certain portions of firearms ( the lower receiver , or `` lower '' for short , which is legally considered to be the firearm ) are banned by model name under California state law , multiple modifications could be made to allow a rifle to comply under state law . It is under these exceptions that the weapons used in the 2015 San Bernardino terrorist attack were legal when initially purchased , and subsequently illegally sold to the perpetrators . The perpetrators subsequently illegally altered these exempt weapons in ways that violated other provisions of the California law , by enabling the DPMS Panther Arms AR - 15 rifle to use a high - capacity magazine and illegally modifying the Smith & Wesson M&P15 rifle . In order to close what was perceived by proponents to be a loophole in the law enabling such modifications , the legislature passed Assembly Bill 1135 and Senate Bill 880 in 2016 which , amongst other things , narrowed the definition of a `` fixed magazine '' as required under the law `` to mean an ammunition feeding device contained in , or permanently attached to , a firearm in such a manner that the device can not be removed without disassembly of the firearm action . '' Shortly after being signed into law , Darin Prince , the creator of the bullet button , revealed the bullet button reloaded in order to comply with the new law . Exceptions ( edit ) California 's assault weapons ban has a provision for an individual to seek approval from the state DOJ to acquire , transport and possess a firearm that meets the state 's prohibited firearm criteria , although such approval is generally not granted unless the applicant qualifies under a limited set of exceptions : Individuals who owned listed assault weapons before the 1989 assault weapons ban went into effect are allowed to keep such firearms ; owners were required to register such weapons with the California DOJ by a deadline established in the assault weapons ban legislation . Non-resident , active duty military members who bring their firearms into California when permanently assigned to a military installation within the state . Prior to arrival , the military member must submit a registration form and a copy of his or her assignment orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander to the DOJ , and the firearm ( s ) in question are legal to obtain and possess in his or her home state . If a non-resident military member decides to establish residency in California , he or she must either surrender listed assault weapons to the DOJ , police department , or licensed firearms dealer ; or otherwise remove the weapons from the state prior to becoming a resident and / or separating from the Armed Services . Resident police officers in California may own listed assault weapons with permission of their police chief and the DOJ . As of 2011 , police officers may keep their assault weapons and high capacity magazines after retirement or separation from the force . No permission is needed for police to purchase and possess magazines that hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , but they must present proof of their active law enforcement affiliation . Firearms that would have been classified as assault weapons but are used for Olympic and International competitions are exempt . There is a list of the exempt firearms , and new firearms can be added to the list if needed by USA Shooting , the governing body for Olympic and International Shooting Sport competition . Assault weapons being imported into California for sale and delivery to a federal , state or local governmental agency for use by employees of such agencies to perform official duties . Private security firms may seek approval from the DOJ to arm its employees with weapons that meet California 's assault weapon definition while on duty . The DOJ in its discretion may issue a Special Weapons Permit to security firms on a need - based determination ( e.g. , significance of persons , items , or sites being protected by the applying firm , threat level against such persons , items , or sites , etc . ) . Employees of such firms are subject to extensive training and vetting requirements prior to obtaining DOJ approval to carry assault weapons on duty . Assault weapons intended for use in the film industry are allowed , with approval from the DOJ . Nonresidents transporting assault weapons through California ( edit ) There are protections under the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act for nonresidents traveling through California with firearms that meet the state 's assault weapon criteria . First , the weapon must be legal for the traveler to own under federal law and under the laws of his or her home state and the state of destination . Additionally , the weapon in question must be unloaded with the firearm and ammunition locked in separate cases and placed in an area of the vehicle that is not easily accessible , such as the trunk of a car or bed of a truck . Finally , the traveler should traverse the state by the shortest route and make the minimum number of stops practicable . Other laws ( edit ) There are also numerous other laws , such as prohibition on possession of tracer ammunition , handgun armor - piercing ammunition , . 50 BMG rifles , and the sale or transfer of magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds . All rifles are normally exempt for the original owner if properly registered at the time of the acts which prohibited them . In addition , the law states that any weapon that is part of the AR - 15 series or AK series is also an assault weapon , regardless of manufacturer ; this dates back to 1989 ban , and was confirmed in the Kasler v. Lockyer decision , filed 6 / 29 / 2000 . However , the California Supreme Court declared the identification of assault weapon by series membership to be too dubious and difficult for the average citizen or even trial court to make without specific and clear model identification guidelines . The court thus set some specific requirements for the `` series '' identification portion of the law in their ruling of Harrott v. County of Kings , filed 6 / 28 / 2001 . This decision required banned firearms to be specifically listed by make and model in California Code of Regulations ( the `` Kasler list '' ) ; it did not address assault weapons defined by features . Thus , only firearms specifically listed by exact combination of manufacturer and model name , or conforming to explicit exterior characteristics ( such as a pistol grip or folding stock in combination with a detachable magazine ) can be banned under current legislation . Once it was realized the California Department of Justice ( CA DOJ ) had not updated the `` Kasler list '' in the five years after the Harrott decision , many Californians found they could legally purchase and possess AR and AK rifles not yet officially identified as `` series '' members . As of February 2006 , over 10,000 `` off - list '' receivers ( frames ) for such rifles have been legally imported to , and purchased within , California . The only requirement for these receivers are that the combination of make and model is not explicitly listed as banned , and as long as the owner does not add certain `` characteristic features '' turning the firearm into an assault weapon ( i.e. pistol grip , flash suppressor , etc . ) . These characteristic features can be used , however , if a nondetachable 10 - round ( or less ) magazine , conforming in the converse to the California Code of Regulations § 5469 , formerly § 978.20 , definition of detachable magazine , is affixed to such `` off - list '' rifles . These off - list rifles can also be used without a pistol grip , folding stock , or flash hider , in which case it is legal to own and use them with detachable magazines , including large capacity magazines . ( California Code of Regulations § 978.20 was changed without regulatory effect renumbering § 978.20 to § 5469 filed 6 - 28 - 2006 ) The CA DOJ produced a report from the Ferranto Commission in response , intimating that this list will be updated in early 2006 ; as of December 2006 , it had not done so . On February 1 , 2006 , the CA DOJ also issued a controversial memorandum about this subject ; critics say the described actions are not founded or supported within statutory law in Penal Code § § 12275 -- 12290 . This memo stated that once off - list `` series '' firearms are declared and registered as assault weapons , they will not be able to have characteristic features added or fixed magazines removed . This is being challenged by pro-gun groups , since there is no criminal violation in the California Penal Code for adding or changing features to a legally acquired , registered assault weapon . On November 8 , 2005 , San Francisco voters enacted Proposition H , a total ban on the manufacture , sale , transfer or distribution of firearms or ammunition in San Francisco , as well as a ban on the possession of handguns within the city by San Francisco residents ( excepting police officers , security guards and the like ) . The ban did not prohibit possession of weapons other than handguns , nor did it prohibit residents of other cities from possessing handguns in San Francisco . While this measure made San Francisco the third major U.S. city , following Washington , D.C. and Chicago , to enact a ban on handguns , San Francisco 's ban extended further , not implementing a grandfather clause found in Chicago 's and Washington D.C. 's laws that protected existing gun owners . Proposition H stated that handgun owners in San Francisco must turn over their handguns to the police by the end of March 2006 , have them confiscated , or move outside the city limits . In June 2006 , Judge James Warren of the San Francisco County Superior Court struck down Proposition H , asserting that under California law local officials do not have the authority to ban handgun ownership by law - abiding citizens . On January 9 , 2008 , a California appellate court upheld Judge Warren 's decision . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) opposed the ban from its inception . In May 2013 , the Los Angeles City Council voted to draft a law prohibiting the possession of large - capacity ammunition magazines , sparking lawsuit threats from two gun rights organizations . In November of the same year , the city of Sunnyvale passed a similar ordinance along with three other firearm related restrictions . The new ordinance requires city residents to `` dispose , donate , or sell '' any magazine capable of holding more than ten rounds within a proscribed period of time once the measure took effect . Measure C also requires : city residents to report firearm theft to the police within 48 hours , residents to lock up their guns at home , and gun dealers to keep logs of ammunition sales . The city of San Francisco then passed similar ordinances a short time later . SB199 , passed in August 2014 , requires some fake guns to have bright colors for safety reasons . Bill 1014 that has passed the State Senate in September 2014 would allow the police to confiscate guns from high - risk individuals for a period of 21 days without a warrant or court order . On 30 September 2014 , Governor Brown signed the law which is phased in through 1 January 2016 . This makes California the fourth state ( behind Connecticut , Indiana , and New York ) to have a weapons seizure law . SB 869 , newly signed by Governor Brown , makes it a crime ( infraction with a fine up to $1,000 ) to leave a firearm in an unattended vehicle unless it has been either 1 . locked in the trunk , 2 . stored in a locked container that is placed out of plain view or 3 . stored in a locked container that is permanently affixed to the interior of the vehicle and not in plain view . The specific language of the new law can be found in Penal Code Section 25140 . Active peace officers are specifically called out as not being exempt , unless in the event that immediate aid is required that is within the course of their employment . Likely , this law will be enforced upon the report that a firearm was stolen out of a vehicle , in which case the owner will be held responsible . In July 2016 several new restrictions were enacted . It became illegal to sell semi-automatic rifles with magazines that can be detached using a bullet button . The possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition is now prohibited ; large capacity magazines lawfully owned before this date must either be turned into police or a licensed firearms dealer , or removed from the state . Background checks are required for the sale of ammunition . In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds , requires a background check for the purchase of ammunition , and requires the reporting of lost or stolen guns . Starting on January 1 , 2019 , a permit will be required to purchase ammunition and ammunition must be registered . In California , the police or a person 's family member can ask a judge to confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to pose a threat to themselves or others . The weapons may be held for up to a year . See also ( edit ) . 50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004 Concealed carry in the United States Gun laws in the United States by state Guy Montag Doe v. San Francisco Housing Authority Law of California Mulford Act Peruta v. San Diego Roberti - Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 San Francisco Proposition H ( 2005 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` California : Important / Relevant Gun Laws '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . 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( A ) The name , address , identification of , place of birth ( state or country ) , complete telephone number , occupation , sex , description , and all legal names and aliases ever used by the owner or person being loaned the particular firearm as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale ... ( B ) The name and address of , and other information about , any person ( whether a dealer or a private party ) from whom the owner acquired or the person being loaned the particular firearm and when the firearm was acquired or loaned as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale ... 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Jump up ^ `` California Code of Regulations , Title 11 , Division 1 , Chapter 12.9 : Assault Weapons Identification hosted by Conceal Carry HQ '' ( PDF ) . Concealcarryhq.net . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf Jump up ^ calgunlaws.com Archived April 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob . `` Municipalities Ca n't Ban People from Owning Handguns , Court Rules '' , San Francisco Chronicle , January 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Zahniser , David ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` L.A. to draft law banning possession of large - capacity gun magazines '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Jones , Carolyn ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` NRA vows to fight Sunnyvale 's tough new gun law '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michel , C.D. ( December 2013 ) . `` Legal Front Lines : Bloomberg pushes his agenda locally in California . 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Jump up ^ `` California Approved Proposition 63 , Gun Rights Groups Ready to Take Action '' . Bearing Arms. 2016 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Foley , Ryan J. ; Thompson , Don ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` California Among 5 States with ' Red Flag ' Gun Law '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jeremy B. ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` California Gun Restraining Orders Seek to Balance Public Safety , Ownership Rights '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) CA Penal Codes , Section 6 `` Control of Deadly Weapons '' CalGuns.net California DOJ Bureau of Firearms Page California DOJ California Firearms Laws Summary Booklet Legal Community Against Violence -- California State Law Summary The CalGuns Foundation CalGuns Foundation Wiki Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_California&oldid=854538011 '' Categories : California law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 02 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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870498915723288288	Washington, D.C.	Washington , D.C. - Wikipedia Washington , D.C. This article is about the capital of the United States . For the state on the U.S. West Coast , see Washington ( state ) . For other uses , see United States capital ( disambiguation ) , Washington ( disambiguation ) , and Columbia District . Capital of the United States Federal District in United States Washington , D.C. Federal District District of Columbia Clockwise from top right : United States Capitol , Washington Monument , the White House , Smithsonian Institution Building , Lincoln Memorial and Washington National Cathedral Flag Seal Motto ( s ) : Justitia Omnibus ( English : Justice for All ) Location of Washington , D.C. , in the contiguous United States and in relation to Maryland and Virginia Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W / 38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Coordinates : 38 ° 54 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 59 '' W / 38.90472 ° N 77.01639 ° W / 38.90472 ; - 77.01639 Country United States Residence Act 1790 Organized 1801 Consolidated 1871 Home Rule Act 1973 Named for George Washington Government Mayor Muriel Bowser ( D ) D.C. Council List ( show ) Phil Mendelson ( D ) , Chairman Anita Bonds ( D ) , At ‐ large David Grosso ( I ) , At ‐ large Robert White ( D ) , At ‐ large Elissa Silverman ( I ) , At ‐ large Brianne Nadeau ( D ) , Ward 1 Jack Evans ( D ) , Ward 2 Mary Cheh ( D ) , Ward 3 Brandon Todd ( D ) , Ward 4 Kenyan McDuffie ( D ) , Ward 5 Charles Allen ( D ) , Ward 6 Vincent C. Gray ( D ) , Ward 7 Trayon White ( D ) , Ward 8 U.S. House Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D ) , Delegate ( At - large ) Area Federal District 68.34 sq mi ( 177.0 km ) Land 61.05 sq mi ( 158.1 km ) Water 7.29 sq mi ( 18.9 km ) Highest elevation 409 ft ( 125 m ) Lowest elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) Population ( 2017 estimate ) Federal District 693,972 Rank 20th , U.S. as of 2017 incorporated places estimate Density 11,367 / sq mi ( 4,389 / km ) Metro 6,131,977 ( 6th , U.S. ) CSA 9,665,892 ( 4th , U.S. ) Demonym Washingtonian Time zone EST ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Codes 20001 -- 20098 , 20201 -- 20599 Area code ( s ) 202 Website dc.gov Washington , D.C. , formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C. , is the capital of the United States of America . Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country , Washington was named after George Washington , first President of the United States and Founding Father . Washington is the principal city of the Washington metropolitan area , which has a population of 6,131,977 . As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations , the city is an important world political capital . Washington is one of the most visited cities in the world , with more than 20 million annual tourists . The signing of the Residence Act on July 16 , 1790 , approved the creation of a capital district located along the Potomac River on the country 's East Coast . The U.S. Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state . The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district , which included the pre-existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria . Named in honor of President George Washington , the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital . In 1846 , Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia ; in 1871 , it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the District . Washington had an estimated population of 693,972 as of July 2017 , making it the 20th largest American city by population . Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city 's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek . The Washington metropolitan area , of which the District is the principal city , has a population of over 6 million , the sixth - largest metropolitan statistical area in the country . All three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the District : U.S. Congress ( legislative ) , President ( executive ) , and the U.S. Supreme Court ( judicial ) . Washington is home to many national monuments and museums , which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall . The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations , trade unions , non-profit , lobbying groups , and professional associations , including the Organization of American States , AARP , the National Geographic Society , the Human Rights Campaign , the International Finance Corporation , and the American Red Cross . A locally elected mayor and a 13 ‐ member council have governed the District since 1973 . However , Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws . D.C. residents elect a non-voting , at - large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives , but the District has no representation in the Senate . The District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1961 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Foundation 1.2 Retrocession and the Civil War 1.3 Growth and redevelopment 1.4 Civil rights and home rule era 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 4 Demographics 4.1 Crime 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Landmarks 6.2 Museums 6.3 Arts 6.4 Sports 7 Media 8 Government and politics 8.1 Politics 8.2 Budgetary issues 8.3 Voting rights debate 8.4 Sister cities 9 Education 9.1 Higher education 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Utilities 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History Further information : History of Washington , D.C. and Timeline of Washington , D.C. Various tribes of the Algonquian - speaking Piscataway people ( also known as the Conoy ) inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century . One group known as the Nacotchtank ( also called the Nacostines by Catholic missionaries ) maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present - day District of Columbia . Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people , some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks , Maryland . In his Federalist No. 43 , published January 23 , 1788 , James Madison argued that the new federal government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance and safety . Five years earlier , a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia . Known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security . Article One , Section Eight , of the Constitution permits the establishment of a `` District ( not exceeding ten miles square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States '' . However , the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital . In what is now known as the Compromise of 1790 , Madison , Alexander Hamilton , and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement that the federal government would pay each state 's remaining Revolutionary War debts in exchange for establishing the new national capital in the southern United States . Foundation On July 9 , 1790 , Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington , who signed the bill into law on July 16 . Formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia , the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles ( 16 km ) on each side , totaling 100 square miles ( 259 km ) . Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory : the port of Georgetown , Maryland , founded in 1751 , and the city of Alexandria , Virginia , founded in 1749 . During 1791 -- 92 , Andrew Ellicott and several assistants , including a free African American astronomer named Benjamin Banneker , surveyed the borders of the federal district and placed boundary stones at every mile point . Many of the stones are still standing . A new federal city was then constructed on the north bank of the Potomac , to the east of Georgetown . On September 9 , 1791 , the three commissioners overseeing the capital 's construction named the city in honor of President Washington . The federal district was named Columbia , which was a poetic name for the United States commonly in use at that time . Congress held its first session in Washington on November 17 , 1800 . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1801 , which officially organized the District and placed the entire territory under the exclusive control of the federal government . Further , the unincorporated area within the District was organized into two counties : the County of Washington to the east of the Potomac and the County of Alexandria to the west . After the passage of this Act , citizens living in the District were no longer considered residents of Maryland or Virginia , which therefore ended their representation in Congress . On August 24 -- 25 , 1814 , in a raid known as the Burning of Washington , British forces invaded the capital during the War of 1812 . The Capitol , Treasury , and White House were burned and gutted during the attack . Most government buildings were repaired quickly ; however , the Capitol was largely under construction at the time and was not completed in its current form until 1868 . Retrocession and the Civil War See also : District of Columbia retrocession and Washington , D.C. , in the American Civil War President Abraham Lincoln insisted that construction on the United States Capitol dome continue during the American Civil War ; 1861 . In the 1830s , the District 's southern territory of Alexandria went into economic decline partly due to neglect by Congress . The city of Alexandria was a major market in the American slave trade , and pro-slavery residents feared that abolitionists in Congress would end slavery in the District , further depressing the economy . Alexandria 's citizens petitioned Virginia to take back the land it had donated to form the District , through a process known as retrocession . The Virginia General Assembly voted in February 1846 to accept the return of Alexandria and on July 9 , 1846 , Congress agreed to return all the territory that had been ceded by Virginia . Therefore , the District 's current area consists only of the portion originally donated by Maryland . Confirming the fears of pro-slavery Alexandrians , the Compromise of 1850 outlawed the slave trade in the District , although not slavery itself . The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 led to the expansion of the federal government and notable growth in the District 's population , including a large influx of freed slaves . President Abraham Lincoln signed the Compensated Emancipation Act in 1862 , which ended slavery in the District of Columbia and freed about 3,100 enslaved persons , nine months prior to the Emancipation Proclamation . In 1868 , Congress granted the District 's African American male residents the right to vote in municipal elections . Growth and redevelopment Crowds surrounding the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool during the Great March on Washington ; 1963 . By 1870 , the District 's population had grown 75 % from the previous census to nearly 132,000 residents . Despite the city 's growth , Washington still had dirt roads and lacked basic sanitation . Some members of Congress suggested moving the capital further west , but President Ulysses S. Grant refused to consider such a proposal . Congress passed the Organic Act of 1871 , which repealed the individual charters of the cities of Washington and Georgetown , and created a new territorial government for the whole District of Columbia . President Grant appointed Alexander Robey Shepherd to the position of governor in 1873 . Shepherd authorized large - scale projects that greatly modernized Washington , but ultimately bankrupted the District government . In 1874 , Congress replaced the territorial government with an appointed three - member Board of Commissioners . The city 's first motorized streetcars began service in 1888 and generated growth in areas of the District beyond the City of Washington 's original boundaries . Washington 's urban plan was expanded throughout the District in the following decades . Georgetown was formally annexed by the City of Washington in 1895 . However , the city had poor housing conditions and strained public works . Washington was the first city in the nation to undergo urban renewal projects as part of the `` City Beautiful movement '' in the early 1900s . Increased federal spending as a result of the New Deal in the 1930s led to the construction of new government buildings , memorials , and museums in Washington . World War II further increased government activity , adding to the number of federal employees in the capital ; by 1950 , the District 's population reached its peak of 802,178 residents . Civil Rights and home Rule era The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1961 , granting the District three votes in the Electoral College for the election of president and vice president , but still no voting representation in Congress . After the assassination of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , on April 4 , 1968 , riots broke out in the District , primarily in the U Street , 14th Street , 7th Street , and H Street corridors , centers of black residential and commercial areas . The riots raged for three days until more than 13,600 federal troops stopped the violence . Many stores and other buildings were burned ; rebuilding was not completed until the late 1990s . In 1973 , Congress enacted the District of Columbia Home Rule Act , providing for an elected mayor and 13 - member council for the District . In 1975 , Walter Washington became the first elected and first black mayor of the District . Geography Main article : Geography of Washington , D.C. Calvert Charles Frederick Montgomery Prince George 's Alexandria Arlington Clarke Fairfax Fairfax County Falls Church Fauquier Loudoun Manassas Manassas Park Prince William Spotsylvania Stafford Fredericksburg Warren Washington Jefferson The Washington Metropolitan Area has a population of 6,131,977 , as of 2014 . Washington , D.C. , is located in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. East Coast . Due to the District of Columbia retrocession , the city has a total area of 68.34 square miles ( 177.0 km ) , of which 61.05 square miles ( 158.1 km ) is land and 7.29 square miles ( 18.9 km ) ( 10.67 % ) is water . The District is bordered by Montgomery County , Maryland , to the northwest ; Prince George 's County , Maryland , to the east ; and Arlington and Alexandria , Virginia , to the south and west . The south bank of the Potomac River forms the District 's border with Virginia and has two major tributaries : the Anacostia River and Rock Creek . Tiber Creek , a natural watercourse that once passed through the National Mall , was fully enclosed underground during the 1870s . The creek also formed a portion of the now - filled Washington City Canal , which allowed passage through the city to the Anacostia River from 1815 until the 1850s . The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal starts in Georgetown and was used during the 19th century to bypass the Little Falls of the Potomac River , located at the northwest edge of Washington at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line . The highest natural elevation in the District is 409 feet ( 125 m ) above sea level at Fort Reno Park in upper northwest Washington . The lowest point is sea level at the Potomac River . The geographic center of Washington is near the intersection of 4th and L Streets NW . The District has 7,464 acres ( 30.21 km ) of parkland , about 19 % of the city 's total area and the second - highest percentage among high - density U.S. cities . This factor contributed to Washington , D.C. , being ranked as third in the nation for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the park systems of the 100 most populous cities in the United States , according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land . The National Park Service manages most of the 9,122 acres ( 36.92 km ) of city land owned by the U.S. government . Rock Creek Park is a 1,754 - acre ( 7.10 km ) urban forest in Northwest Washington , which extends 9.3 miles ( 15.0 km ) through a stream valley that bisects the city . Established in 1890 , it is the country 's fourth - oldest national park and is home to a variety of plant and animal species , including raccoon , deer , owls , and coyotes . Other National Park Service properties include the C&O Canal National Historical Park , the National Mall and Memorial Parks , Theodore Roosevelt Island , Columbia Island , Fort Dupont Park , Meridian Hill Park , Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens , and Anacostia Park . The D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation maintains the city 's 900 acres ( 3.6 km ) of athletic fields and playgrounds , 40 swimming pools , and 68 recreation centers . The U.S. Department of Agriculture operates the 446 - acre ( 1.80 km ) U.S. National Arboretum in Northeast Washington . Climate See also : List of Maryland hurricanes ( 1950 -- present ) and List of tornadoes of Washington , D.C. The Washington Monument seen across the Tidal Basin during the National Cherry Blossom Festival . Washington is in the northern part of the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen : Cfa ) However , under the Trewartha climate classification , the city has a temperate maritime climate ( Do ) . Winters are usually chilly with light snow , and summers are hot and humid . The District is in plant hardiness zone 8a near downtown , and zone 7b elsewhere in the city , indicating a humid subtropical climate . Spring and fall are mild to warm , while winter is chilly with annual snowfall averaging 15.5 inches ( 39 cm ) . Winter temperatures average around 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) from mid-December to mid-February . Summers are hot and humid with a July daily average of 79.8 ° F ( 26.6 ° C ) and average daily relative humidity around 66 % , which can cause moderate personal discomfort . The combination of heat and humidity in the summer brings very frequent thunderstorms , some of which occasionally produce tornadoes in the area . Meridian Hill Park in Columbia Heights , Northwest , Washington , D.C. Blizzards affect Washington on average once every four to six years . The most violent storms are called `` nor'easters '' , which often affect large sections of the East Coast . From January 27 to January 28 , 1922 , the city officially received 28 inches ( 71 cm ) of snowfall , the largest snowstorm since official measurements began in 1885 . According to notes kept at the time , the city received between 30 and 36 inches ( 76 and 91 cm ) from a snowstorm in January 1772 . Hurricanes ( or their remnants ) occasionally track through the area in late summer and early fall , but are often weak by the time they reach Washington , partly due to the city 's inland location . Flooding of the Potomac River , however , caused by a combination of high tide , storm surge , and runoff , has been known to cause extensive property damage in the neighborhood of Georgetown . Precipitation occurs throughout the year . The highest recorded temperature was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 6 , 1918 , and on July 20 , 1930 . while the lowest recorded temperature was − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) on February 11 , 1899 , right before the Great Blizzard of 1899 . During a typical year , the city averages about 37 days at or above 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and 64 nights at or below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) . On average , the first day at or below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) is November 18 and the last day is March 27 . Climate data for Washington , D.C. ( Reagan National Airport ) , 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1871 − present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 79 ( 26 ) 84 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 95 ( 35 ) 99 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 86 ( 30 ) 79 ( 26 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 65.5 ( 18.6 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 85.8 ( 29.9 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 95.2 ( 35.1 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) 96.5 ( 35.8 ) 91.6 ( 33.1 ) 83.7 ( 28.7 ) 74.9 ( 23.8 ) 66.4 ( 19.1 ) 98.8 ( 37.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 43.4 ( 6.3 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 75.4 ( 24.1 ) 84.2 ( 29 ) 88.4 ( 31.3 ) 86.5 ( 30.3 ) 79.5 ( 26.4 ) 68.4 ( 20.2 ) 57.9 ( 14.4 ) 46.8 ( 8.2 ) 66.8 ( 19.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 28.6 ( − 1.9 ) 30.9 ( − 0.6 ) 37.6 ( 3.1 ) 47.0 ( 8.3 ) 56.5 ( 13.6 ) 66.3 ( 19.1 ) 71.1 ( 21.7 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 50.6 ( 10.3 ) 41.2 ( 5.1 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 49.6 ( 9.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 12.9 ( − 10.6 ) 16.6 ( − 8.6 ) 22.9 ( − 5.1 ) 33.9 ( 1.1 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 54.8 ( 12.7 ) 62.1 ( 16.7 ) 60.1 ( 15.6 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 28.7 ( − 1.8 ) 18.2 ( − 7.7 ) 9.9 ( − 12.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) ( − 16 ) 15 ( − 9 ) 33 ( 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 52 ( 11 ) 49 ( 9 ) 36 ( 2 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 11 ( − 12 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.81 ( 71.4 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 3.48 ( 88.4 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 3.99 ( 101.3 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.73 ( 94.7 ) 2.93 ( 74.4 ) 3.72 ( 94.5 ) 3.40 ( 86.4 ) 3.17 ( 80.5 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 39.74 ( 1,009.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) 5.7 ( 14.5 ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) trace 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.3 ( 5.8 ) 15.4 ( 39.1 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 9.6 9.0 10.5 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.3 8.2 8.3 7.7 8.6 9.7 114.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 3.0 2.4 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.5 8.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 62.1 60.5 58.6 58.0 64.5 65.8 66.9 69.3 69.7 67.4 64.7 64.1 64.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 144.6 151.8 204.0 228.2 260.5 283.2 280.5 263.1 225.0 203.6 150.2 133.0 2,527.7 Percent possible sunshine 48 50 55 57 59 64 62 62 60 59 50 45 57 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 − 1990 ) Cityscape See also : Streets and highways of Washington , D.C. ; Neighborhoods in Washington , D.C. ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. The L'Enfant Plan for Washington , D.C. , as revised by Andrew Ellicott in 1792 Washington , D.C. , is a planned city . In 1791 , President Washington commissioned Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant , a French - born architect and city planner , to design the new capital . He enlisted Scottish surveyor Alexander Ralston to help lay out the city plan . The L'Enfant Plan featured broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles , providing room for open space and landscaping . He based his design on plans of cities such as Paris , Amsterdam , Karlsruhe , and Milan that Thomas Jefferson had sent to him . L'Enfant's design also envisioned a garden - lined `` grand avenue '' approximately 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) in length and 400 feet ( 120 m ) wide in the area that is now the National Mall . President Washington dismissed L'Enfant in March 1792 due to conflicts with the three commissioners appointed to supervise the capital 's construction . Andrew Ellicott , who had worked with L'Enfant surveying the city , was then tasked with completing the design . Though Ellicott made revisions to the original plans , including changes to some street patterns , L'Enfant is still credited with the overall design of the city . Construction of the 12 - story Cairo Apartment Building ( 1894 ) spurred building height restrictions By the early 1900s , L'Enfant's vision of a grand national capital had become marred by slums and randomly placed buildings , including a railroad station on the National Mall . Congress formed a special committee charged with beautifying Washington 's ceremonial core . What became known as the McMillan Plan was finalized in 1901 and included re-landscaping the Capitol grounds and the National Mall , clearing slums , and establishing a new citywide park system . The plan is thought to have largely preserved L'Enfant's intended design . By law , Washington 's skyline is low and sprawling . The federal Height of Buildings Act of 1910 allows buildings that are no taller than the width of the adjacent street , plus 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) . Despite popular belief , no law has ever limited buildings to the height of the United States Capitol or the 555 - foot ( 169 m ) Washington Monument , which remains the District 's tallest structure . City leaders have criticized the height restriction as a primary reason why the District has limited affordable housing and traffic problems caused by urban sprawl . The District is divided into four quadrants of unequal area : Northwest ( NW ) , Northeast ( NE ) , Southeast ( SE ) , and Southwest ( SW ) . The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building . All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location and house numbers generally correspond with the number of blocks away from the Capitol . Most streets are set out in a grid pattern with east -- west streets named with letters ( e.g. , C Street SW ) , north -- south streets with numbers ( e.g. , 4th Street NW ) , and diagonal avenues , many of which are named after states . The City of Washington was bordered by Boundary Street to the north ( renamed Florida Avenue in 1890 ) , Rock Creek to the west , and the Anacostia River to the east . Washington 's street grid was extended , where possible , throughout the District starting in 1888 . Georgetown 's streets were renamed in 1895 . Some streets are particularly noteworthy , such as Pennsylvania Avenue , which connects the White House to the Capitol and K Street , which houses the offices of many lobbying groups . Washington hosts 177 foreign embassies , constituting approximately 297 buildings beyond the more than 1,600 residential properties owned by foreign countries , many of which are on a section of Massachusetts Avenue informally known as Embassy Row . Architecture The White House ranked second on the AIA 's `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' . The architecture of Washington varies greatly . Six of the top 10 buildings in the American Institute of Architects ' 2007 ranking of `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' are in the District of Columbia : the White House , the Washington National Cathedral , the Thomas Jefferson Memorial , the United States Capitol , the Lincoln Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . The neoclassical , Georgian , gothic , and modern architectural styles are all reflected among those six structures and many other prominent edifices in Washington . Notable exceptions include buildings constructed in the French Second Empire style such as the Eisenhower Executive Office Building . Outside downtown Washington , architectural styles are even more varied . Historic buildings are designed primarily in the Queen Anne , Châteauesque , Richardsonian Romanesque , Georgian revival , Beaux - Arts , and a variety of Victorian styles . Rowhouses are especially prominent in areas developed after the Civil War and typically follow Federalist and late Victorian designs . Georgetown 's Old Stone House was built in 1765 , making it the oldest - standing original building in the city . Founded in 1789 , Georgetown University features a mix of Romanesque and Gothic Revival architecture . The Ronald Reagan Building is the largest building in the District with a total area of approximately 3.1 million square feet ( 288,000 m ) . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Washington , D.C. Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 8,144 -- 1810 15,471 90.0 % 1820 23,336 50.8 % 1830 30,261 29.7 % 1840 33,745 11.5 % 1850 51,687 53.2 % 1860 75,080 45.3 % 1870 131,700 75.4 % 1880 177,624 34.9 % 1890 230,392 29.7 % 1900 278,718 21.0 % 1910 331,069 18.8 % 1920 437,571 32.2 % 1930 486,869 11.3 % 1940 663,091 36.2 % 1950 802,178 21.0 % 1960 763,956 − 4.8 % 1970 756,510 − 1.0 % 1980 638,333 − 15.6 % 1990 606,900 − 4.9 % 2000 572,059 − 5.7 % 601,723 5.2 % Est. 2017 693,972 15.3 % Source : Note : hide Demographic profile 1990 1970 1940 White 38.5 % 29.6 % 27.7 % 71.5 % -- Non-Hispanic whites 34.8 % 27.4 % 26.5 % 71.4 % Black or African American 50.7 % 65.8 % 71.1 % 28.2 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 9.1 % 5.4 % 2.1 % 0.1 % Asian 3.5 % 1.8 % 0.6 % 0.2 % The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the District 's population was 693,972 on July 1 , 2017 , a 15.3 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . The increase continues a growth trend since 2000 , following a half - century of population decline . The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010 . According to data from 2010 , commuters from the suburbs increase the District 's daytime population to over one million people . If the District were a state it would rank 49th in population , ahead of Vermont and Wyoming . The Washington Metropolitan Area , which includes the District and surrounding suburbs , is the sixth - largest metropolitan area in the United States with an estimated 6 million residents in 2014 . When the Washington area is included with Baltimore and its suburbs , the Baltimore -- Washington Metropolitan Area had a population exceeding 9.6 million residents in 2016 , the fourth - largest combined statistical area in the country . According to 2016 Census Bureau data , the population of Washington , D.C. , was 47.7 % Black or African American , 44.6 % White ( 36.4 % non-Hispanic White ) , 4.1 % Asian , 0.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native , and 0.2 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander . Individuals from two or more races made up 2.7 % of the population . Hispanics of any race made up 10.9 % of the District 's population . Map of racial distribution in Washington , D.C. , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) Washington has had a significant African American population since the city 's foundation . African American residents composed about 30 % of the District 's total population between 1800 and 1940 . The black population reached a peak of 70 % by 1970 , but has since steadily declined due to many African Americans moving to the surrounding suburbs . Partly as a result of gentrification , there was a 31.4 % increase in the non-Hispanic white population and an 11.5 % decrease in the black population between 2000 and 2010 . About 17 % of D.C. residents were age 18 or younger in 2010 ; lower than the U.S. average of 24 % . However , at 34 years old , the District had the lowest median age compared to the 50 states . As of 2010 , there were an estimated 81,734 immigrants living in Washington , D.C. Major sources of immigration include El Salvador , Vietnam , and Ethiopia , with a concentration of Salvadorans in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood . Researchers found that there were 4,822 same - sex couples in the District of Columbia in 2010 ; about 2 % of total households . Legislation authorizing same - sex marriage passed in 2009 and the District began issuing marriage licenses to same - sex couples in March 2010 . A 2007 report found that about one - third of District residents were functionally illiterate , compared to a national rate of about one in five . This is attributed in part to immigrants who are not proficient in English . As of 2011 , 85 % of D.C. residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language . Half of residents had at least a four - year college degree in 2006 . D.C. residents had a personal income per capita of $55,755 ; higher than any of the 50 states . However , 19 % of residents were below the poverty level in 2005 , higher than any state except Mississippi . Of the District 's population , 17 % is Baptist , 13 % is Catholic , 6 % is evangelical Protestant , 4 % is Methodist , 3 % is Episcopalian / Anglican , 3 % is Jewish , 2 % is Eastern Orthodox , 1 % is Pentecostal , 1 % is Buddhist , 1 % is Adventist , 1 % is Lutheran , 1 % is Muslim , 1 % is Presbyterian , 1 % is Mormon , and 1 % is Hindu . As of 2010 , over 90 % of D.C. residents had health insurance coverage , the second - highest rate in the nation . This is due in part to city programs that help provide insurance to low - income individuals who do not qualify for other types of coverage . A 2009 report found that at least 3 % of District residents have HIV or AIDS , which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) characterizes as a `` generalized and severe '' epidemic . Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape Study on religion in the Washington , D.C. show Affiliation % of Washington , D.C. adult population Total 100 100 Christian 65 65 Protestant 41 41 Historically Black Protestant 23 23 Catholic 20 20 Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Other Mormon Orthodox Christian Greek Orthodox Other Christian Unaffiliated 25 25 Nontheist 10 10 Atheist Agnostic 6 6 Nothing in particular 14 14 Nothing in particular ( religion not important ) 9 9 Nothing in particular ( religion important ) 6 6 Do n't know Non-Christian faiths 9 9 Jewish 5 5 Muslim Hindu Other non-Christian faiths Crime Main articles : Crime in Washington , D.C. and List of law enforcement agencies in the District of Columbia Crime in Washington , D.C. , is concentrated in areas associated with poverty , drug abuse , and gangs . A 2010 study found that 5 % of city blocks accounted for over one - quarter of the District 's total crime . The more affluent neighborhoods of Northwest Washington are typically safe , especially in areas with concentrations of government operations , such as Downtown Washington , D.C. , Foggy Bottom , Embassy Row , and Penn Quarter , but reports of violent crime increase in poorer neighborhoods generally concentrated in the eastern portion of the city . Approximately 60,000 residents are ex-convicts . In 2012 , Washington 's annual murder count had dropped to 88 , the lowest total since 1961 . The murder rate has since risen from that historic low , though it remains close to half the rate of the early 2000s . Washington was once described as the `` murder capital '' of the United States during the early 1990s . The number of murders peaked in 1991 at 479 , but the level of violence then began to decline significantly . In 2016 , the District 's Metropolitan Police Department tallied 135 homicides , a 53 % increase from 2012 but a 17 % decrease from 2015 . Many neighborhoods such as Columbia Heights and Logan Circle are becoming safer and vibrant . However , incidents of robberies and thefts have remained higher in these areas because of increased nightlife activity and greater numbers of affluent residents . Even still , citywide reports of both property and violent crimes have declined by nearly half since their most recent highs in the mid-1990s . On June 26 , 2008 , the Supreme Court of the United States held in District of Columbia v. Heller that the city 's 1976 handgun ban violated the right to keep and bear arms as protected under the Second Amendment . However , the ruling does not prohibit all forms of gun control ; laws requiring firearm registration remain in place , as does the city 's assault weapon ban . In addition to the District 's own Metropolitan Police Department , many federal law enforcement agencies have jurisdiction in the city as well -- most visibly the U.S. Park Police , founded in 1791 . Economy See also : Category : Companies based in Washington , D.C. and Category : Non-profit organizations based in Washington , D.C. Federal Triangle on Pennsylvania Avenue ; the U.S. federal government accounts for about 29 % of D.C. jobs Washington has a growing , diversified economy with an increasing percentage of professional and business service jobs . The gross state product of the District in 2010 was $103.3 billion , which would rank it No. 34 compared to the 50 states . The gross product of the Washington Metropolitan Area was $435 billion in 2014 , making it the sixth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Between 2009 and 2016 , GDP per capita in Washington , D.C has consistently ranked on the very top among U.S. states . In 2016 , at $160,472 , its GDP per capita is almost three times as high as that of Massachusetts , which ranked second place in the country . As of June 2011 , the Washington Metropolitan Area had an unemployment rate of 6.2 % ; the second - lowest rate among the 49 largest metro areas in the nation . The District of Columbia itself had an unemployment rate of 9.8 % during the same time period . In December 2017 , 25 % of the employees in Washington , D.C. , were employed by a federal governmental agency . This is thought to immunize Washington , D.C. , to national economic downturns because the federal government continues operations even during recessions . Many organizations such as law firms , defense contractors , civilian contractors , nonprofit organizations , lobbying firms , trade unions , industry trade groups , and professional associations have their headquarters in or near Washington , D.C. , in order to be close to the federal government . Tourism is Washington 's second - largest industry . Approximately 18.9 million visitors contributed an estimated $4.8 billion to the local economy in 2012 . The District also hosts nearly 200 foreign embassies and international organizations such as the World Bank , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the Organization of American States , the Inter-American Development Bank , and the Pan American Health Organization . In 2008 , the foreign diplomatic corps in Washington employed about 10,000 people and contributed an estimated $400 million annually to the local economy . The District has growing industries not directly related to government , especially in the areas of education , finance , public policy , and scientific research . Georgetown University , George Washington University , Washington Hospital Center , Children 's National Medical Center and Howard University are the top five non-government - related employers in the city as of 2009 . According to statistics compiled in 2011 , four of the largest 500 companies in the country were headquartered in the District . In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index , Washington was ranked as having the 12th most competitive financial center in the world , and fifth most competitive in the United States ( after New York City , San Francisco , Chicago , and Boston ) . Culture Main article : Culture of Washington , D.C. Landmarks The Lincoln Memorial receives approximately 6 million visits annually . See also : List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. ; National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington , D.C. ; and List of museums in Washington , D.C. The National Mall is a large , open park in downtown Washington between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol . Given its prominence , the mall is often the location of political protests , concerts , festivals , and presidential inaugurations . The Washington Monument and the Jefferson Pier are near the center of the mall , south of the White House . Also on the mall are the National World War II Memorial at the east end of the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool , the Korean War Veterans Memorial , and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Directly south of the mall , the Tidal Basin features rows of Japanese cherry blossom trees that originated as gifts from the nation of Japan . The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial , George Mason Memorial , Jefferson Memorial , Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , and the District of Columbia War Memorial are around the Tidal Basin . The National Archives houses thousands of documents important to American history , including the Declaration of Independence , the United States Constitution , and the Bill of Rights . Located in three buildings on Capitol Hill , the Library of Congress is the largest library complex in the world with a collection of over 147 million books , manuscripts , and other materials . The United States Supreme Court Building was completed in 1935 ; before then , the court held sessions in the Old Senate Chamber of the Capitol . Museums The Smithsonian Institution is the world 's largest research and museum complex The Smithsonian Institution is an educational foundation chartered by Congress in 1846 that maintains most of the nation 's official museums and galleries in Washington , D.C. The U.S. government partially funds the Smithsonian and its collections are open to the public free of charge . The Smithsonian 's locations had a combined total of 30 million visits in 2013 . The most visited museum is the National Museum of Natural History on the National Mall . Other Smithsonian Institution museums and galleries on the mall are : the National Air and Space Museum ; the National Museum of African Art ; the National Museum of American History ; the National Museum of the American Indian ; the Sackler and Freer galleries , which both focus on Asian art and culture ; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden ; the Arts and Industries Building ; the S. Dillon Ripley Center ; and the Smithsonian Institution Building ( also known as `` The Castle '' ) , which serves as the institution 's headquarters . The Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery are housed in the Old Patent Office Building , near Washington 's Chinatown . The Renwick Gallery is officially part of the Smithsonian American Art Museum but is in a separate building near the White House . Other Smithsonian museums and galleries include : the Anacostia Community Museum in Southeast Washington ; the National Postal Museum near Union Station ; and the National Zoo in Woodley Park . The National Gallery of Art is one of the largest art museums in the world . The National Gallery of Art is on the National Mall near the Capitol and features works of American and European art . The gallery and its collections are owned by the U.S. government but are not a part of the Smithsonian Institution . The National Building Museum , which occupies the former Pension Building near Judiciary Square , was chartered by Congress and hosts exhibits on architecture , urban planning , and design . There are many private art museums in the District of Columbia , which house major collections and exhibits open to the public such as the National Museum of Women in the Arts and The Phillips Collection in Dupont Circle , the first museum of modern art in the United States . Other private museums in Washington include the Newseum , the O Street Museum Foundation , the International Spy Museum , the National Geographic Society Museum , the Marian Koshland Science Museum and the Museum of the Bible . The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum near the National Mall maintains exhibits , documentation , and artifacts related to the Holocaust . Arts Main articles : Theater in Washington , D.C. and Music of Washington , D.C. The Kennedy Center for Performing Arts is home to the Washington National Opera and National Symphony Orchestra . Washington , D.C. , is a national center for the arts . The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is home to the National Symphony Orchestra , the Washington National Opera , and the Washington Ballet . The Kennedy Center Honors are awarded each year to those in the performing arts who have contributed greatly to the cultural life of the United States . The historic Ford 's Theatre , site of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , continues to operate as a functioning performance space as well as a museum . The Marine Barracks near Capitol Hill houses the United States Marine Band ; founded in 1798 , it is the country 's oldest professional musical organization . American march composer and Washington - native John Philip Sousa led the Marine Band from 1880 until 1892 . Founded in 1925 , the United States Navy Band has its headquarters at the Washington Navy Yard and performs at official events and public concerts around the city . Washington has a strong local theater tradition . Founded in 1950 , Arena Stage achieved national attention and spurred growth in the city 's independent theater movement that now includes organizations such as the Shakespeare Theatre Company , Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company , and the Studio Theatre . Arena Stage opened its newly renovated home in the city 's emerging Southwest waterfront area in 2010 . The GALA Hispanic Theatre , now housed in the historic Tivoli Theatre in Columbia Heights , was founded in 1976 and is a National Center for the Latino Performing Arts . The U Street Corridor in Northwest D.C. , known as `` Washington 's Black Broadway '' , is home to institutions like the Howard Theatre , Bohemian Caverns , and the Lincoln Theatre , which hosted music legends such as Washington - native Duke Ellington , John Coltrane , and Miles Davis . Washington has its own native music genre called go - go ; a post-funk , percussion - driven flavor of rhythm and blues that was popularized in the late 1970s by D.C. band leader Chuck Brown . The District is an important center for indie culture and music in the United States . The label Dischord Records , formed by Ian MacKaye , was one of the most crucial independent labels in the genesis of 1980s punk and eventually indie rock in the 1990s . Modern alternative and indie music venues like The Black Cat and the 9 : 30 Club bring popular acts to the U Street area . Sports Main article : Sports in Washington , D.C. Nationals Park is the home of the Washington Nationals Washington is one of 13 cities in the United States with teams from all four major professional men 's sports and is home to one major professional women 's team . The Washington Wizards ( National Basketball Association ) , the Washington Capitals ( National Hockey League ) , and the Washington Mystics ( Women 's National Basketball Association ) , play at the Capital One Arena in Chinatown . Nationals Park , which opened in Southeast D.C. in 2008 , is home to the Washington Nationals ( Major League Baseball ) . D.C. United ( Major League Soccer ) plays at Audi Field . The Washington Redskins ( National Football League ) play at FedExField in nearby Landover , Maryland . Current D.C. teams have won a combined eleven professional league championships : the Washington Redskins have won five ; D.C. United has won four ; and the Washington Wizards ( then the Washington Bullets ) and Washington Capitals have each won a single championship . Other professional and semi-professional teams in Washington include : the Washington Kastles ( World TeamTennis ) ; the Washington D.C. Slayers ( USA Rugby League ) ; the Baltimore Washington Eagles ( U.S. Australian Football League ) ; the D.C. Divas ( Independent Women 's Football League ) ; and the Potomac Athletic Club RFC ( Rugby Super League ) . The William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Rock Creek Park hosts the Citi Open . Washington is also home to two major annual marathon races : the Marine Corps Marathon , which is held every autumn , and the Rock ' n ' Roll USA Marathon held in the spring . The Marine Corps Marathon began in 1976 and is sometimes called `` The People 's Marathon '' because it is the largest marathon that does not offer prize money to participants . The District 's four NCAA Division I teams , American Eagles , George Washington Colonials , Georgetown Hoyas and Howard Bison and Lady Bison , have a broad following . The Georgetown Hoyas men 's basketball team is the most notable and also plays at the Capital One Arena . From 2008 to 2012 , the District hosted an annual college football bowl game at RFK Stadium , called the Military Bowl . The D.C. area is home to one regional sports television network , Comcast SportsNet ( CSN ) , based in Bethesda , Maryland . Media Main article : Media in Washington , D.C. See also : List of newspapers in Washington , D.C. and List of television shows set in Washington , D.C. The Washington Post Building on Franklin Square . Washington , D.C. , is a prominent center for national and international media . The Washington Post , founded in 1877 , is the oldest and most - read local daily newspaper in Washington . `` The Post '' , as it is popularly called , is well known as the newspaper that exposed the Watergate scandal . It had the sixth - highest readership of all news dailies in the country in 2011 . The Washington Post Company also publishes a daily free commuter newspaper called the Express , which summarizes events , sports and entertainment , as well as the Spanish - language paper El Tiempo Latino . Another popular local daily is The Washington Times , the city 's second general interest broadsheet and also an influential paper in political circles . The alternative weekly Washington City Paper also has a substantial readership in the Washington area . The Watergate Complex was the site of the Watergate Scandal , which led to President Nixon 's resignation . Some community and specialty papers focus on neighborhood and cultural issues , including the weekly Washington Blade and Metro Weekly , which focus on LGBT issues ; the Washington Informer and The Washington Afro American , which highlight topics of interest to the black community ; and neighborhood newspapers published by The Current Newspapers . Congressional Quarterly , The Hill , Politico and Roll Call newspapers focus exclusively on issues related to Congress and the federal government . Other publications based in Washington include the National Geographic magazine and political publications such as The Washington Examiner , The New Republic and Washington Monthly . The Washington Metropolitan Area is the ninth - largest television media market in the nation , with two million homes , approximately 2 % of the country 's population . Several media companies and cable television channels have their headquarters in the area , including C - SPAN ; Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) ; Radio One ; the National Geographic Channel ; Smithsonian Networks ; National Public Radio ( NPR ) ; Travel Channel ( in Chevy Chase , Maryland ) ; Discovery Communications ( in Silver Spring , Maryland ) ; and the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) ( in Arlington , Virginia ) . The headquarters of Voice of America , the U.S. government 's international news service , is near the Capitol in Southwest Washington . Government and politics Main article : Government of the District of Columbia Politics See also : District of Columbia home rule ; List of mayors of Washington , D.C. ; and List of District of Columbia symbols Article One , Section Eight of the United States Constitution grants the United States Congress `` exclusive jurisdiction '' over the city . The District did not have an elected local government until the passage of the 1973 Home Rule Act . The Act devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor , currently Muriel Bowser , and the thirteen - member Council of the District of Columbia . However , Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs . Each of the city 's eight wards elects a single member of the council and residents elect four at - large members to represent the District as a whole . The council chair is also elected at - large . There are 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions ( ANCs ) elected by small neighborhood districts . ANCs can issue recommendations on all issues that affect residents ; government agencies take their advice under careful consideration . The Attorney General of the District of Columbia , currently Karl Racine , is elected to a four - year term . Washington , D.C. , observes all federal holidays and also celebrates Emancipation Day on April 16 , which commemorates the end of slavery in the District . The flag of Washington , D.C. , was adopted in 1938 and is a variation on George Washington 's family coat of arms . Budgetary issues The Wilson Building houses the offices of the Mayor of Washington and the Council of the District of Columbia . The mayor and council set local taxes and a budget , which must be approved by Congress . The Government Accountability Office and other analysts have estimated that the city 's high percentage of tax - exempt property and the Congressional prohibition of commuter taxes create a structural deficit in the District 's local budget of anywhere between $470 million and over $1 billion per year . Congress typically provides additional grants for federal programs such as Medicaid and the operation of the local justice system ; however , analysts claim that the payments do not fully resolve the imbalance . The city 's local government , particularly during the mayoralty of Marion Barry , was criticized for mismanagement and waste . During his administration in 1989 , The Washington Monthly magazine claimed that the District had `` the worst city government in America . '' In 1995 , at the start of Barry 's fourth term , Congress created the District of Columbia Financial Control Board to oversee all municipal spending . Mayor Anthony Williams won election in 1998 and oversaw a period of urban renewal and budget surpluses . The District regained control over its finances in 2001 and the oversight board 's operations were suspended . Voting Rights debate Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1964 85.5 % 169,796 14.5 % 28,801 1968 81.8 % 139,566 18.2 % 31,012 1972 78.1 % 127,627 21.6 % 35,226 1976 81.6 % 137,818 16.5 % 27,873 1980 74.9 % 130,231 13.4 % 26,218 1984 85.4 % 180,408 13.7 % 29,009 82.6 % 159,407 14.3 % 27,590 84.6 % 192,619 9.1 % 20,698 85.2 % 158,220 9.3 % 17,339 2000 85.2 % 171,923 9.0 % 18,073 89.0 % 202,970 9.3 % 21,256 2008 92.5 % 245,800 6.5 % 17,367 2012 90.9 % 267,070 7.3 % 21,381 2016 90.9 % 282,830 4.1 % 12,723 Mayoral election results Year Democratic Republican 82.5 % 79,065 3.7 % 3,501 1978 70.2 % 68,354 28.1 % 27,366 1982 81.0 % 95,007 14.1 % 16,502 1986 61.4 % 79,142 32.8 % 42,354 1990 86.2 % 140,011 11.5 % 18,653 56.0 % 102,884 41.9 % 76,902 1998 66.2 % 92,504 30.2 % 42,280 2002 60.6 % 79,841 34.5 % 45,407 2006 89.7 % 98,740 6.1 % 6,744 74.2 % 97,978 No candidate 2014 54.5 % 96,666 See also : District of Columbia voting rights ; District of Columbia retrocession § Proposed Maryland retrocession ; and Political party strength in Washington , D.C. The District is not a state and therefore has no voting representation in Congress . D.C. residents elect a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives , currently Eleanor Holmes Norton ( D - D.C. At - Large ) , who may sit on committees , participate in debate , and introduce legislation , but can not vote on the House floor . The District has no official representation in the United States Senate . Neither chamber seats the District 's elected `` shadow '' representative or senators . Unlike residents of U.S. territories such as Puerto Rico or Guam , which also have non-voting delegates , D.C. , residents are subject to all federal taxes . In the financial year 2012 , D.C. , residents and businesses paid $20.7 billion in federal taxes ; more than the taxes collected from 19 states and the highest federal taxes per capita . The Eisenhower Executive Office Building , once the world 's largest office building , houses the Executive Office of the President of the United States . A 2005 poll found that 78 % of Americans did not know that residents of the District of Columbia have less representation in Congress than residents of the 50 states . Efforts to raise awareness about the issue have included campaigns by grassroots organizations and featuring the city 's unofficial motto , `` Taxation Without Representation '' , on D.C. vehicle license plates . There is evidence of nationwide approval for D.C. voting rights ; various polls indicate that 61 to 82 % of Americans believe that D.C. should have voting representation in Congress . However , despite public support the solution to the problem is not simple . Several approaches to resolving these concerns been suggested over the years : District of Columbia Statehood : The District of Columbia would become the 51st State in the Union . District of Columbia Retrocession to Maryland : As Arlington County in 1846 was retroceeded to Virginia , proponents believe the rest of the District of Columbia with the exception of a small strip of land around the Capitol and the White House would be given back to the Maryland allowing for DC residents to become Maryland residents as they were prior to the Residence Act of 1790 . District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment : this option would allow DC residents to vote in Maryland or Virginia for their congressional representatives , with the District of Columbia remaining an independent entity . This was in effect from 1790 to 1801 , prior to Organic Act of 1801 . Opponents of D.C. voting rights propose that the Founding Fathers never intended for District residents to have a vote in Congress since the Constitution makes clear that representation must come from the states . Those opposed to making D.C. a state claim that such a move would destroy the notion of a separate national capital and that statehood would unfairly grant Senate representation to a single city , particularly one certain to elect Democratic representatives . Sister cities Washington , D.C. , has fourteen official sister city agreements . Each of the listed cities is a national capital except for Sunderland , which includes the town of Washington , the ancestral home of George Washington 's family . Paris and Rome are each formally recognized as a partner city due to their special one sister city policy . Listed in the order each agreement was first established , they are : Bangkok , Thailand ( 1962 , renewed 2002 ) Dakar , Senegal ( 1980 , renewed 2006 ) Beijing , China ( 1984 , renewed 2004 ) Brussels , Belgium ( 1985 , renewed 2002 ) Athens , Greece ( 2000 ) Paris , France ( 2000 as a friendship and cooperation agreement , renewed 2005 ) Pretoria , South Africa ( 2002 , renewed 2008 ) Seoul , South Korea ( 2006 ) Accra , Ghana ( 2006 ) Sunderland , United Kingdom ( 2006 ) Rome , Italy ( 2011 ) Ankara , Turkey ( 2011 ) Brasília , Brazil ( 2013 ) Addis Ababa , Ethiopia ( 2013 ) . Education See also : List of colleges and universities in Washington , D.C. and List of parochial and private schools in Washington , D.C. The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world , with more than 164 million cataloged items . District of Columbia Public Schools ( DCPS ) operates the city 's 123 public schools . The number of students in DCPS steadily decreased for 39 years until 2009 . In the 2010 -- 11 school year , 46,191 students were enrolled in the public school system . DCPS has one of the highest - cost , yet lowest - performing school systems in the country , both in terms of infrastructure and student achievement . Mayor Adrian Fenty 's administration made sweeping changes to the system by closing schools , replacing teachers , firing principals , and using private education firms to aid curriculum development . The District of Columbia Public Charter School Board monitors the 52 public charter schools in the city . Due to the perceived problems with the traditional public school system , enrollment in public charter schools has steadily increased . As of fall 2010 , D.C. , charter schools had a total enrollment of about 32,000 , a 9 % increase from the prior year . The District is also home to 92 private schools , which enrolled approximately 18,000 students in 2008 . The District of Columbia Public Library operates 25 neighborhood locations including the landmark Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Library . Higher education Private universities include American University ( AU ) , the Catholic University of America ( CUA ) , Gallaudet University , George Washington University ( GW ) , Georgetown University ( GU ) , Howard University , the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) , and Trinity Washington University . The Corcoran College of Art and Design , the oldest arts school in the capital , was absorbed into the George Washington University in 2014 , now serving as its college of arts . The University of the District of Columbia ( UDC ) is a public land - grant university providing undergraduate and graduate education . D.C. residents may also be eligible for a grant of up to $10,000 per year to offset the cost of tuition at any public university in the country . The District is known for its medical research institutions such as Washington Hospital Center and the Children 's National Medical Center , as well as the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland . In addition , the city is home to three medical schools and associated teaching hospitals at George Washington , Georgetown , and Howard universities . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in Washington , D.C. Washington Union Station is one of the busiest rail stations in the United States . There are 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) of streets , parkways , and avenues in the District . Due to the freeway revolts of the 1960s , much of the proposed interstate highway system through the middle of Washington was never built . Interstate 95 ( I - 95 ) , the nation 's major east coast highway , therefore bends around the District to form the eastern portion of the Capital Beltway . A portion of the proposed highway funding was directed to the region 's public transportation infrastructure instead . The interstate highways that continue into Washington , including I - 66 and I - 395 , both terminate shortly after entering the city . The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( WMATA ) operates the Washington Metro , the city 's rapid transit system , as well as Metrobus . Both systems serve the District and its suburbs . Metro opened on March 27 , 1976 and , as of July 2014 , consists of 91 stations and 117 miles ( 188 km ) of track . With an average of about one million trips each weekday , Metro is the second - busiest rapid transit system in the country . Metrobus serves over 400,000 riders each weekday and is the nation 's fifth - largest bus system . The city also operates its own DC Circulator bus system , which connects commercial areas within central Washington . Union Station is the city 's main train station and services approximately 70,000 people each day . It is Amtrak 's second - busiest station with 4.6 million passengers annually and is the southern terminus for the Northeast Corridor and Acela Express routes . Maryland 's MARC and Virginia 's VRE commuter trains and the Metrorail Red Line also provide service into Union Station . Following renovations in 2011 , Union Station became Washington 's primary intercity bus transit center . Three major airports serve the District . Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport is across the Potomac River from downtown Washington in Arlington , Virginia and primarily handles domestic flights . Major international flights arrive and depart from Washington Dulles International Airport , 26.3 miles ( 42.3 km ) west of the District in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia . Baltimore - Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is 31.7 miles ( 51.0 km ) northeast of the District in Anne Arundel County , Maryland . According to a 2010 study , Washington - area commuters spent 70 hours a year in traffic delays , which tied with Chicago for having the nation 's worst road congestion . However , 37 % of Washington - area commuters take public transportation to work , the second - highest rate in the country . An additional 12 % of D.C. commuters walked to work , 6 % carpooled , and 3 % traveled by bicycle in 2010 . A 2011 study by Walk Score found that Washington was the seventh-most walkable city in the country with 80 % of residents living in neighborhoods that are not car dependent . In 2013 , the Washington - Arlington - Alexandria metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had the eighth lowest percentage of workers who commuted by private automobile ( 75.7 percent ) , with 8 percent of area workers traveling via rail transit . An expected 32 % increase in transit usage within the District by 2030 has spurred the construction of a new DC Streetcar system to interconnect the city 's neighborhoods . Construction has also started on an additional Metro line that will connect Washington to Dulles airport . The District is part of the regional Capital Bikeshare program . Started in 2010 , it is currently one of the largest bicycle sharing systems in the country with over 4,351 bicycles and more than 395 stations all provided by PBSC Urban Solutions . By 2012 , the city 's network of marked bicycle lanes covered 56 miles ( 90 km ) of streets . Utilities The Capitol Power Plant , built to supply energy for the U.S. Capitol Complex , is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol . The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority ( i.e. WASA or D.C. Water ) is an independent authority of the D.C. government that provides drinking water and wastewater collection in Washington . WASA purchases water from the historic Washington Aqueduct , which is operated by the Army Corps of Engineers . The water , sourced from the Potomac River , is treated and stored in the city 's Dalecarlia , Georgetown , and McMillan reservoirs . The aqueduct provides drinking water for a total of 1.1 million people in the District and Virginia , including Arlington , Falls Church , and a portion of Fairfax County . The authority also provides sewage treatment services for an additional 1.6 million people in four surrounding Maryland and Virginia counties . Pepco is the city 's electric utility and services 793,000 customers in the District and suburban Maryland . An 1889 law prohibits overhead wires within much of the historic City of Washington . As a result , all power lines and telecommunication cables are located underground in downtown Washington , and traffic signals are placed at the edge of the street . A plan announced in 2013 would bury an additional 60 miles ( 97 km ) of primary power lines throughout the District . Washington Gas is the city 's natural gas utility and serves over one million customers in the District and its suburbs . Incorporated by Congress in 1848 , the company installed the city 's first gas lights in the Capitol , the White House , and along Pennsylvania Avenue . See also Washington , D.C. portal Book : Washington , D.C. Index of Washington , D.C. - related articles Outline of Washington , D.C. Notes Jump up ^ By 1790 , the Southern states had largely repaid their overseas debts from the Revolutionary War . The Northern states had not , and wanted the federal government to take over their outstanding liabilities . Southern Congressmen agreed to the plan in return for establishing the new national capital at their preferred site on the Potomac River . Jump up ^ The Residence Act allowed the President to select a location within Maryland as far east as the Anacostia River . However , Washington shifted the federal territory 's borders to the southeast in order to include the city of Alexandria at the District 's southern tip . In 1791 , Congress amended the Residence Act to approve the new site , including territory ceded by Virginia . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Washington , D.C. were kept at 24th and M Streets NW from January 1871 to June 1945 , and at Reagan National since July 1945 . Jump up ^ Until 1890 , the Census Bureau counted the City of Washington , Georgetown , and unincorporated portions of Washington County as three separate areas . The data provided in this article from before 1890 are calculated as if the District of Columbia were a single municipality as it is today . Population data for each city prior to 1890 are available . Jump up ^ These figures count adherents , meaning all full members , their children , and others who regularly attend services . In all of the District , 55 % of the population is adherent to any particular religion . Jump up ^ Independents David Catania and Carol Schwartz , both former Republicans , garnered 61,388 and 12,327 votes or 34.6 % and 7.0 % , respectively . References Jump up ^ `` Demonyms for people from the USA '' . www.geography-site.co.uk . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Demonym `` '' . addis.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` QuickFacts : District of Columbia '' . U.S. Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction : Where Oh Where Should the Capital Be ? '' . WHHA . Jump up ^ `` Washington , D.C. History F.A.Q. '' The Historical Society of Washington , D.C . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV '' . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broder , David S. ( February 18 , 1990 ) . `` Nation 's Capital in Eclipse as Pride and Power Slip Away '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . In the days of the Truman Doctrine , the Marshall Plan and the creation of NATO , ( Clark Clifford ) said , we saved the world , and Washington became the capital of the world . Jump up ^ `` The 10 most - visited cities in the US this year '' . Insider . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Rebecca ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` D.C. breaks another domestic tourism record '' . www.bizjournals.com . Washington Business Journal . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Robert Lee ; Chambers , Mary Elizabeth ( 1977 ) . Ancient Washington : American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley . George Washington University . ISBN 9781888028041 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madison , James . `` The Federalist No. 43 '' . The Independent Journal . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Washington Becomes The Capital '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 89 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Georgetown Historic District '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandria 's History '' . Alexandria Historical Society . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . pp. 76 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia '' . BoundaryStones.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 101 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know D.C. '' Historical Society of Washington , D.C. Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Moves to Washington '' . United States Senate . February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . `` IV . Permanent Capital Site Selected '' . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on the subject of The District of Columbia Fair and Equal Voting Rights Act '' ( PDF ) . American Bar Association . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saving History : Dolley Madison , the White House , and the War of 1812 '' . White House Historical Association . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Mark David ( Spring -- Summer 2004 ) . `` The Debates over the Retrocession of the District of Columbia , 1801 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Washington History . Historical Society of Washington , D.C. : 54 -- 82 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace ( 1864 ) . The American Conflict : A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States . Chicago : G. & C.W. Sherwood . pp. 142 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Compromise of 1850 '' . Library of Congress . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Walter Fairleigh ( 1909 ) . The government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : John Byrne & Co. pp. 40 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ending Slavery in the District of Columbia '' . D.C. Office of the Secretary . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 13 , 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus M. ( 2008 ) . Washington : the making of the American capital . HarperCollins . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084238 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to provide a Government for the District of Columbia '' . Statutes at Large , 41st Congress , 3rd Session . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Delos Franklin ( 1910 ) . Great cities in America : their problems and their government . The Macmillan Company . pp. 27 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Schneider Smith , ed. ( 2010 ) . Washington at Home : An Illustrated History of Neighborhoods in the Nation 's Capital ( 2 ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9353 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Tindall , William ( 1907 ) . Origin and government of the District of Columbia . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . pp. 26 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ramroth , William ( 2007 ) . `` The City Beautiful Movement '' . Planning for Disaster . Kaplan . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4195 - 9373 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 2001 ) . History of American Architecture . Manchester University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4727 - 5 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul Kelsey ( 2004 ) . Washington , D.C. : the World War II years . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1636 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Third Amendment '' . CRS Annotated Constitution . Legal Information Institute ( Cornell University Law School ) . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwartzman , Paul ; Robert E. Pierre ( April 6 , 2008 ) . `` From Ruins To Rebirth '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Home Rule Act '' . Government of the District of Columbia . February 1999 . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jay ( October 11 , 1999 ) . `` City 's 1st Mayoral Race , as Innocent as Young Love '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . June 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & FAQs '' . Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grant III , Ulysses Simpson ( 1950 ) . `` Planning the Nation 's Capital '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 50 : 43 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Heine , Cornelius W. ( 1953 ) . `` The Washington City Canal '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 53 : 1 -- 27 . JSTOR 40067664 . Jump up ^ `` C&O Canal National Historic Park : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dvorak , Petula ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` D.C. 's Puny Peak Enough to Pump Up ' Highpointers ' '' . Washington Post . pp. B01 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winegar , Deane ( 2003 ) . Highroad Guide to the Chesapeake Bay . John F. Blair . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 279 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Science In Your State : District of Columbia '' . United States Geological Survey . July 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Mollie ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Washington 's Myths , Legends , and Tall Tales -- Some of Which Are True '' . Washingtonian . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Built on a Swamp ? Think Again '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 2011 City Park Facts '' ( PDF ) . The Trust for Public Land . 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ParkScore '' . www.parkscore.tpl.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of Federally Owned Land with Total Acreage of States '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Land Management . 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Creek Park '' . Geology Fieldnotes . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY12 Performance Plan '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Arboretum History and Mission '' . United States National Arboretum . October 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna . November 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Trewartha , Glenn Thomas ; Horn , Lyle Henry ( 1980 ) . An introduction to climate ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 9780070651524 . OCLC 4883118 . Jump up ^ `` Hardiness Zones '' . Arbor Day Foundation . 2006 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions : Washington DC , USA '' . BBC Weather . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iovino , Jim . `` Severe Storm Warnings , Tornado Watches Expire '' . NBCWashington.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Barbara McNaught ( November 17 , 1999 ) . `` Washington Area Winters '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Kevin ; Junker , Wes ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` Where Snowzilla fits into D.C. 's top 10 snowstorms '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Heidorn , Keith C. ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Washington and Jefferson Snowstorm of 1772 '' . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Rick ( 2007 ) . Hurricanes and the Middle Atlantic States . Blue Diamond Books . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9786280 - 0 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Steve ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Bulk of Flooding Expected in Old Town , Washington Harbour '' . The Washington Post . p . B02 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` WMO Climate Normals for WASHINGTON DC / NATIONAL ARPT VA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Samenow , Jason ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Washington , D.C. shatters all - time June record high , sizzles to 104 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Grieser , Justin ; Livingston , Ian ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The first freeze is coming Saturday and , for most of the D.C. area , it 's historically late '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Livingston , Ian ; Grieser , Justin ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` When will the last freeze happen around the D.C. region , and when is it safe to plant ? '' The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Threaded Station Extremes '' . threadex.rcc-acis.org . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : VA WASHINGTON REAGAN AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Matt ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` April outlook : Winter be gone ! First half of month looks warmer than average '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 21 . For reference , here are the 30 - year climatology benchmarks for Reagan National Airport for April , along with our projections for the coming month : ... Average snowfall : Trace ; Forecast : 0 to trace Jump up ^ Coleman , Christopher Bush ( 1920 ) . Indiana Magazine of History . Indiana Historical Society . p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` The L'Enfant and McMillan Plans '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Minta , Anna ( 2009 ) . Klaus Benesch ; Jeffrey L. Meilke ; David E. Nye ; Miles Orvell , eds . Planning a National Pantheon : Monuments in Washington , D.C. and the Creation of Symbolic Space . Public Space and the Ideology of Place in American Culture . Amsterdam -- New York , NY : Rodopi B.V. p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2574 - 5 . OCLC 644525117 . Jump up ^ `` Map 1 : The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; Webb , William Bensing ; Wooldridge , John ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . pp. 101 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartzman , Paul ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` High - Level Debate On Future of D.C. '' The Washington Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Layout of Washington DC '' . United States Senate . September 30 , 2005 . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Laws relating to the permanent system of highways outside of the cities of Washington and Georgetown . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . 1908 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Jeffrey H. ( June 22 , 2005 ) . `` The Road to Riches Is Called K Street '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Van Dyne , Larry ( February 1 , 2008 ) . `` Foreign Affairs : DC 's Best Embassies '' . Washingtonian Magazine . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . American Institute of Architects and Harris Interactive . 2007 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington , D.C. , List of Sites '' . National Park Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Pamela ( 2005 ) . `` Residential Architecture of Washington , D.C. , and Its Suburbs '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Old Stone House '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our Building '' . Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data '' . United States Census Bureau . 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ( June 1998 ) . `` Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Characteristics of the District and Metro Area '' ( PDF ) . DC Office of Planning / State Data Center . ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Keating , Dan ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` D.C. population soars past 600,000 for first time in years '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Population Change for Places With Populations of 50,000 or More in the United States and Puerto Rico : 2000 to 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Austermuhle , Martin ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` D.C. 's Population Grows 79 Percent Every Workday , Outpacing Other Cities '' . WAMU . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 -- United States -- Combined Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolchin , Peter ( 1994 ) . American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Morello , Carol ; Keating , Dan ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Number of black D.C. residents plummets as majority status slips away '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Age and Sex Composition : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . May 2011 . p. 7 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Social Characteristics in the United States '' . American Community Survey 2010 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Singer , Audrey ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The World in a Zip Code : Greater Washington , D.C. as a New Region of Immigration '' . The Brookings Institution . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Abigail M. Cooke ( September 2011 ) . `` District of Columbia Census Snapshot : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . The Williams Institute . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Keith L. ; Anne E. Marimow ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` D.C. begins licensing same - sex marriages '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Study Finds One - Third in D.C. Illiterate '' . Associated Press . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . 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Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vargas , Jose Antonio ; Darryl Fears ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` HIV / AIDS Rate in D.C. Hits 3 % '' . The Washington Post . pp. A01 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Religious composition of adults in the District of Columbia '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cahill , Meagan ; John K. Roman ( November 2010 ) . `` Small Number of Blocks Account for Lots of Crime in D.C. '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Crime Policy Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierre , Robert ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` Ex-Offenders Protest Dearth of Jobs , Services '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mollenbeck , Andrew ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` District celebrates historically low homicide rate '' . WTOP . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . 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Attorney General : All Guns Must Be Registered '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Park Police Authority and Jurisdiction '' . National Park Service . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` What Housing Crisis ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product by State '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . June 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Analysis , US Department of Commerce , BEA , Bureau of Economic . `` Bureau of Economic Analysis '' . www.bea.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Economic Analysis . `` Per capita real GDP by state ( chained 2009 dollars ) '' . www.bea.gov . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History by Decades '' . Washington Redskins . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. United History & Tradition '' . D.C. United . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : All - Time Champions '' . National Basketball Association . 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Khurshudyan , Isabelle ; Stubbs , Roman ; Dougherty , Jesse ; Allen , Scott ; Greenberg , Neil ; Steinberg , Dan ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Capitals win Stanley Cup , Washington 's first major sports championship since 1992 '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` MCM History '' . Marine Corps Marathon . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emergence of the Bowl '' ( PDF ) . D.C. Bowl Committee . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Post '' . 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Watergate Story Timeline '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edmonds , Rick ; Emily Guskin ; Tom Rosenstiel ; Amy Mitchell . `` Newspapers : By the Numbers '' . The State of the News Media 2012 . Pew Research Center . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Sr. To Celebrate Rev. Sun Myung Moon -- Again '' . Jump up ^ `` Times circulation climbs to buck trend '' . The Washington Times . May 18 , 2005 . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Washington City Paper '' . Association of Alternative Newsweeklies . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia , 2010 -- 2011 '' . Chronicling America : Historic American Newspapers . Library of Congress . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US TV Households Up 1.5 % -- Asian , Hispanic Households Triple That '' . Nielsen Media Research . September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . 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Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DC Tuition Assistance Grant '' . Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Inci A. `` Historic Medical Sites in the Washington , DC Area '' . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Public Road Length '' . Highway Statistics 2006 . Federal Highway Administration . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schrag , Zachary ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The Bridge '' . The Great Society Subway . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8906 - 6 . Jump up ^ I - 66 : Kozel , Scott M. ( May 31 , 2000 ) . `` Interstate 66 in Virginia '' . Roads to the Future . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . I - 395 : BMI ( February 1999 ) . I - 95 / i - 395 Hov Restriction Study ( PDF ) . Virginia Department of Transportation . p. 70 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metro launches Silver Line , largest expansion of region 's rail system in more than two decades '' ( Press release ) . Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority . July 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Christie R. ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Estimated Unliked Transit Passenger Trips '' ( PDF ) . American Public Transport Association . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` About DC Circulator '' . DC Circulator . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Amtrak Fact Sheet FY 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . November 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Union Station gets new bus depot '' . WJLA - TV . November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . 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Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category Capitals of North America Dependent territories are in italics Basse - Terre , Guadeloupe ( France ) Basseterre , St. Kitts and Nevis Belmopan , Belize Bridgetown , Barbados Castries , St. Lucia Charlotte Amalie , U.S. Virgin Islands ( US ) Cockburn Town , Turks and Caicos ( UK ) Fort - de-France , Martinique ( France ) George Town , Cayman Islands ( UK ) Guatemala City , Guatemala Gustavia , St. Barthélemy ( France ) Hamilton , Bermuda ( UK ) Havana , Cuba Kingston , Jamaica Kingstown , St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kralendijk , Bonaire ( Netherlands ) Managua , Nicaragua Marigot , St. Martin ( France ) Mexico City , Mexico Nassau , The Bahamas Nuuk , Greenland ( Denmark ) Oranjestad , Aruba ( Netherlands ) Oranjestad , Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) Ottawa , Canada Panama City , Panama Philipsburg , Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) Plymouth ( de jure ) Brades ( de facto ) , Montserrat ( UK ) Port - au - Prince , Haiti Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago Road Town , British Virgin Islands ( UK ) Roseau , Dominica Saint - Pierre , St. Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) San José , Costa Rica San Juan , Puerto Rico ( US ) San Salvador , El Salvador Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic St. George 's , Grenada St. John 's , Antigua and Barbuda Tegucigalpa , Honduras The Bottom , Saba ( Netherlands ) The Valley , Anguilla ( UK ) Washington , D.C. , United States Willemstad , Curaçao ( Netherlands ) Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. 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About Wikipedia	what does the dc in washington dc stand for	[ "Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.[4] Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country, Washington was named after George Washington, first President of the United States and Founding Father.[5] Washington is the principal city of the Washington metropolitan area, which has a population of 6,131,977.[6] As the seat of the United States federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital.[7] Washington is one of the most visited cities in the world, with more than 20 million annual tourists.[8][9]\n" ]	[ "District of Columbia" ]
9174646170831578919	Webbed toes	Webbed toes - wikipedia Webbed toes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Webbed toes Human foot with partial simple syndactyly . Classification and external resources Specialty medical genetics ICD - 10 Q70. 3 ICD - 9 - CM 755.13 MedlinePlus 003289 ( edit on Wikidata ) The feet of a gull showing webbed toes . Webbed toes is the common name for syndactyly affecting the feet . It is characterised by the fusion of two or more digits of the feet . This is normal in many birds , such as ducks ; amphibians , such as frogs ; and mammals , such as kangaroos . In humans it is considered unusual , occurring in approximately one in 2,000 to 2,500 live births . There are various levels of webbing , from partial to complete . For example , the rare Hose 's civet , a viverrid endemic to northern Borneo , has partially webbed feet . Most commonly the second and third toes are webbed or joined by skin and flexible tissue . This can reach either part way up or nearly all the way up the toe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diagnosis 2 Cause 3 Consequences 4 Surgery 5 Famous webbed feet 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 References Diagnosis ( edit ) This condition is normally discovered at birth . If other symptoms are present , a specific syndrome may be indicated . Diagnosis of a specific syndrome is based on family history , medical history , and a physical exam . Webbed toes are also known as `` twin toes , '' `` duck toes , '' `` turkey toes '' and `` tiger toes . '' Cause ( edit ) The exact cause of the condition is unknown . In some cases , close family members may share this condition . In other cases , no other related persons have this condition . The scientific name for the condition is syndactyly , although this term covers both webbed fingers and webbed toes . Syndactyly occurs when apoptosis or programmed cell death during gestation is absent or incomplete . Webbed toes occur most commonly in the following circumstances : Syndactyly or Familial Syndactyly Down syndrome It is also associated with a number of rare conditions , notably : Aarskog -- Scott syndrome Acrocallosal syndrome Apert 's syndrome Bardet - Biedl syndrome Carpenter syndrome Cornelia de Lange syndrome Edwards syndrome Jackson -- Weiss syndrome Fetal hydantoin syndrome Miller syndrome Pfeiffer syndrome Smith - Lemli - Opitz syndrome Timothy syndrome Ectodermal Dysplasia Klippel - Feil Syndrome Consequences ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Webbed toes in humans are a purely cosmetic condition . This condition does not impair the ability to perform any activity , including walking , running , or swimming . People with webbed toes may have a slight disadvantage for activities that benefit from prehensile toes . Although not scientifically proven , some believe that this condition can possibly allow for a slight advantage , specifically , in athletics . Considering your big toe is a main source for balance , having your second and third toe webbed could virtually be seen as having two big toes . Thus , allowing for better balance in athletics such as running or dance . Psychological stress may arise from the fear of negative reactions to this condition from people who do not have webbed toes . However a disadvantage would be a difficulty in wearing flip - flops or other such footwear in warm countries . People with webbed toes may be unable to wear Toe socks or Vibram FiveFingers shoes . Surgery ( edit ) Partial simple syndactyly before surgery Partial simple syndactyly , 4 months post-op Webbed toes can be separated through surgery . Surgical separation of webbed toes is an example of body modification . As with any form of surgery , there are risks of complications . The end results depend on the extent of the webbing and underlying bone structure . There is usually some degree of scarring , and skin grafts may be required . In rare instances , nerve damage may lead to loss of feeling in the toes and a tingling sensation . There are also reports of partial web grow - back . The skin grafts needed to fill in the space between the toes can lead to additional scars in the places where the skin is removed . Famous webbed feet ( edit ) Dan Aykroyd -- Canada , actor Tricia Helfer -- Canada , actress Jacqui Hurley -- Ireland , sports broadcaster Ashton Kutcher -- United States , actor Joseph Stalin -- Soviet Union , General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Danielle Panabaker -- United States , actress See also ( edit ) Bird feet and legs - webbing and lobation Further reading ( edit ) Man LX , Chang B ( January 2006 ) . `` Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of having a child with a congenital digital anomaly '' . Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . 117 ( 1 ) : 301 -- 8 . PMID 16404282 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. prs. 0000194904.81981. 71 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saner , Emine ( 2007 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Soul survivor '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tricia Trivia '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tubridy , Ryan ( 31 August 2011 ) . `` Here 's what happened on today 's show ... '' . Tubridy . RTÉ 2fm . Archived from the original on 6 April 2012 . RTÉ 's sports presenter Jacqui Hurley called in to tell Ryan that she also as webbed toes ! Jacqui has two webbed toes on each foot . When Jacqui was younger she tried to cut them to make ' normal toes ' ! Now Jacqui has come to love her toes ! Her Brother and Dad also have webbed feet . Jump up ^ `` Star Tracks ( People magazine ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` '' Among the Dead `` , MississippiReview.com '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` famous people webbed toes '' . ( hide ) Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system / musculoskeletal abnormality ( Q65 -- Q76 , 754 -- 756.3 ) Appendicular limb / dysmelia Arms clavicle / shoulder : Cleidocranial dysostosis Sprengel 's deformity Wallis -- Zieff -- Goldblatt syndrome hand deformity : Madelung 's deformity Clinodactyly Oligodactyly Polydactyly Leg hip : Dislocation of hip / Hip dysplasia Upington disease Coxa valga Coxa vara knee : Genu valgum Genu varum Genu recurvatum Discoid meniscus Congenital patellar dislocation Congenital knee dislocation foot deformity : varus Club foot Pigeon toe valgus Flat feet Pes cavus Rocker bottom foot Hammer toe Either / both fingers and toes Polydactyly / Syndactyly webbed toes Arachnodactyly Cenani -- Lenz syndactylism Ectrodactyly Brachydactyly Clubbed thumb reduction deficits / limb : Acheiropodia ectromelia Phocomelia Amelia Hemimelia multiple joints : Arthrogryposis Larsen syndrome Rapadilino syndrome Axial Skull and face Craniosynostosis : Scaphocephaly Oxycephaly Trigonocephaly Craniofacial dysostosis : Crouzon syndrome Hypertelorism Hallermann -- Streiff syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome other : Macrocephaly Platybasia Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia Dolichocephaly Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome Plagiocephaly Saddle nose Vertebral column spinal curvature Scoliosis Klippel -- Feil syndrome Spondylolisthesis Spina bifida occulta Sacralization Thoracic skeleton ribs : Cervical Bifid sternum : Pectus excavatum Pectus carinatum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webbed_toes&oldid=801229780 '' Categories : Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system Toes Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Magyar Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the medical term for webbed toes	[ "Webbed toes is the common name for syndactyly affecting the feet. It is characterised by the fusion of two or more digits of the feet. This is normal in many birds, such as ducks; amphibians, such as frogs; and mammals, such as kangaroos. In humans it is considered unusual, occurring in approximately one in 2,000 to 2,500 live births." ]	[ "syndactyly" ]
-8550855167065400003	History of cartography	History of cartography - wikipedia History of cartography This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2017 ) The Fra Mauro map , one great medieval European map , was made around 1450 by the Venetian monk Fra Mauro . It is a circular world map drawn on parchment and set in a wooden frame , about two meters in diameter Cartography , or mapmaking , has been an integral part of the human history for thousands of years . From cave paintings to ancient maps of Babylon , Greece , and Asia , through the Age of Exploration , and on into the 21st century , people have created and used maps as essential tools to help them define , explain , and navigate their way through the world . Maps began as two - dimensional drawings but can also adopt three - dimensional shapes ( globes , models ) and be stored in purely numerical forms . The term cartography is modern , loaned into English from French cartographie in the 1840s , based on Middle Latin carta `` map '' . Contents 1 Earliest known maps 2 Ancient Near East 3 Ancient Greece 3.1 Early Greek literature 3.2 Spherical Earth and meridians 4 Roman Empire 4.1 Pomponius Mela ( c. 43 ) 4.2 5th - century Roman road map 5 China 5.1 Earliest extant maps from the Qin State 5.2 Earliest geographical writing 5.3 Earliest known reference to a map , or ' tu ' 5.4 Han Dynasty and period of division 5.5 Pei Xiu , the ' Ptolemy of China ' 5.6 Sui and Tang dynasties 5.7 Song Dynasty 5.8 Ming and Qing dynasties 5.9 People 's Republic of China era 6 Mongol Empire 7 India 8 Islamic cartographic schools 8.1 Arab and Persian cartography 8.1. 1 Regional cartography 8.1. 2 Book on the appearance of the Earth 8.1. 3 Tabula Rogeriana 8.2 Piri Reis map of the Ottoman Empire 9 Polynesian stick charts 10 Early modern cartography 10.1 Medieval maps and the Mappa Mundi 10.2 Italian cartography and the birth of portolan charts 10.3 Iberian cartographic schools 10.3. 1 The Majorcan cartographic school and the `` normal '' portolan chart 10.3. 2 Iberian cartography in the Age of Exploration 10.3. 2.1 First maps of the Americas 10.3. 2.2 Padrón Real of the Spanish Empire 10.4 German cartography 10.5 Netherlandish cartography ( Dutch and Flemish cartography ) 10.5. 1 Flanders , Habsburg Netherlands 10.5. 1.1 Gerardus Mercator , Mercator projection , and the concept of atlas 10.5. 1.2 Abraham Ortelius and the era of modern world atlases 10.5. 2 United Netherlands ( Dutch Republic & Dutch Empire ) 10.5. 2.1 Gemma Frisius , Willebrord Snell , and the rise of triangulation as a mapmaking method 10.5. 2.2 Lucas Waghenaer and the rise of Dutch maritime cartography 10.5. 2.3 Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Exploration 10.5. 2.4 Competing mapmaking firms in the age of corporate cartography 10.6 French cartography 10.6. 1 Dieppe school of cartographers 10.6. 2 Nicolas - Louis de Lacaille and the charting of far southern skies 10.6. 3 First modern topographic map of France 11 Further developments in modern cartography 11.1 Eighteenth century 11.2 Nineteenth century 11.3 Twentieth century 11.4 Contemporary 11.4. 1 Software development 11.4. 2 Historical map collections 11.4. 3 Self - publishing tools and collaborative mapping 12 History of cartography 's technological changes 13 See also 13.1 Related histories 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Earliest known maps ( edit ) The earliest known maps are of the stars , not the earth . Dots dating to 14,500 BC found on the walls of the Lascaux caves map out part of the night sky , including the three bright stars Vega , Deneb , and Altair ( the Summer Triangle asterism ) , as well as the Pleiades star cluster . The Cuevas de El Castillo in Spain contain a dot map of the Corona Borealis constellation dating from 12,000 BC . Cave painting and rock carvings used simple visual elements that may have aided in recognizing landscape features , such as hills or dwellings . A map - like representation of a mountain , river , valleys and routes around Pavlov in the Czech Republic has been dated to 25,000 BC , and a 14,000 BC polished chunk of sandstone from a cave in Spanish Navarre may represent similar features superimposed on animal etchings , although it may also represent a spiritual landscape , or simple incisings . Another ancient picture that resembles a map was created in the late 7th millennium BC in Çatalhöyük , Anatolia , modern Turkey . This wall painting may represent a plan of this Neolithic village ; however , recent scholarship has questioned the identification of this painting as a map . Ancient near East ( edit ) Clay tablet with map of the Babylonian city of Nippur ( ca . 1400 BC ) Maps in Ancient Babylonia were made by using accurate surveying techniques . For example , a 7.6 × 6.8 cm clay tablet found in 1930 at Ga - Sur , near contemporary Kirkuk , shows a map of a river valley between two hills . Cuneiform inscriptions label the features on the map , including a plot of land described as 354 iku ( 12 hectares ) that was owned by a person called Azala . Most scholars date the tablet to the 25th to 24th century BC ; Leo Bagrow dissents with a date of 7000 BC . Hills are shown by overlapping semicircles , rivers by lines , and cities by circles . The map also is marked to show the cardinal directions . An engraved map from the Kassite period ( 14th -- 12th centuries BC ) of Babylonian history shows walls and buildings in the holy city of Nippur . In contrast , the Babylonian World Map , the earliest surviving map of the world ( c. 600 BC ) , is a symbolic , not a literal representation . It deliberately omits peoples such as the Persians and Egyptians , who were well known to the Babylonians . The area shown is depicted as a circular shape surrounded by water , which fits the religious image of the world in which the Babylonians believed . Examples of maps from ancient Egypt are quite rare . However , those that have survived show an emphasis on geometry and well - developed surveying techniques , perhaps stimulated by the need to re-establish the exact boundaries of properties after the annual Nile floods . The Turin Papyrus Map , dated c. 1160 BC , shows the mountains east of the Nile where gold and silver were mined , along with the location of the miners ' shelters , wells , and the road network that linked the region with the mainland . Its originality can be seen in the map 's inscriptions , its precise orientation , and the use of colour . Ancient Greece ( edit ) Early Greek literature ( edit ) In reviewing the literature of early geography and early conceptions of the earth , all sources lead to Homer , who is considered by many ( Strabo , Kish , and Dilke ) as the founding father of Geography . Regardless of the doubts about Homer 's existence , one thing is certain : he never was a mapmaker . The depiction of the Earth conceived by Homer , which was accepted by the early Greeks , represents a circular flat disk surrounded by a constantly moving stream of Ocean , an idea which would be suggested by the appearance of the horizon as it is seen from a mountaintop or from a seacoast . Homer 's knowledge of the Earth was very limited . He and his Greek contemporaries knew very little of the Earth beyond Egypt as far south as the Libyan desert , the south - west coast of Asia Minor , and the northern boundary of the Greek homeland . Furthermore , the coast of the Black Sea was only known through myths and legends that circulated during his time . In his poems there is no mention of Europe and Asia as geographical concepts . That is why the big part of Homer 's world that is portrayed on this interpretive map represents lands that border on the Aegean Sea . It is worth noting that even though Greeks believed that they were in the middle of the earth , they also thought that the edges of the world 's disk were inhabited by savage , monstrous barbarians and strange animals and monsters ; Homer 's Odyssey mentions a great many of them . Additional statements about ancient geography may be found in Hesiod 's poems , probably written during the 8th century BC . Through the lyrics of Works and Days and Theogony he shows to his contemporaries some definite geographical knowledge . He introduces the names of such rivers as Nile , Ister ( Danube ) , the shores of the Bosporus , and the Euxine ( Black Sea ) , the coast of Gaul , the island of Sicily , and a few other regions and rivers . His advanced geographical knowledge not only had predated Greek colonial expansions , but also was used in the earliest Greek world maps , produced by Greek mapmakers such as Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus , and Ptolemy using both observations by explorers and a mathematical approach . Early steps in the development of intellectual thought in ancient Greece belonged to Ionians from their well - known city of Miletus in Asia Minor . Miletus was placed favourably to absorb aspects of Babylonian knowledge and to profit from the expanding commerce of the Mediterranean . The earliest ancient Greek who is said to have constructed a map of the world is Anaximander of Miletus ( c. 611 -- 546 BC ) , pupil of Thales . He believed that the earth was a cylindrical form , like a stone pillar and suspended in space . The inhabited part of his world was circular , disk - shaped , and presumably located on the upper surface of the cylinder . Anaximander was the first ancient Greek to draw a map of the known world . It is for this reason that he is considered by many to be the first mapmaker . A scarcity of archaeological and written evidence prevents us from giving any assessment of his map . What we may presume is that he portrayed land and sea in a map form . Unfortunately , any definite geographical knowledge that he included in his map is lost as well . Although the map has not survived , Hecataeus of Miletus ( 550 -- 475 BC ) produced another map fifty years later that he claimed was an improved version of the map of his illustrious predecessor . The world according to Hekatæus , 500 BC Hecatæus 's map describes the earth as a circular plate with an encircling Ocean and Greece in the centre of the world . This was a very popular contemporary Greek worldview , derived originally from the Homeric poems . Also , similar to many other early maps in antiquity his map has no scale . As units of measurements , this map used `` days of sailing '' on the sea and `` days of marching '' on dry land . The purpose of this map was to accompany Hecatæus 's geographical work that was called Periodos Ges , or Journey Round the World . Periodos Ges was divided into two books , `` Europe '' and `` Asia '' , with the latter including Libya , the name of which was an ancient term for all of the known Africa . The work follows the assumption of the author that the world was divided into two continents , Asia and Europe . He depicts the line between the Pillars of Hercules through the Bosporus , and the Don River as a boundary between the two . Hecatæus is the first known writer who thought that the Caspian flows into the circumference ocean -- an idea that persisted long into the Hellenic period . He was particularly informative on the Black Sea , adding many geographic places that already were known to Greeks through the colonization process . To the north of the Danube , according to Hecatæus , were the Rhipæan ( gusty ) Mountains , beyond which lived the Hyperboreans -- peoples of the far north . Hecatæus depicted the origin of the Nile River at the southern circumference ocean . His view of the Nile seems to have been that it came from the southern circumference ocean . This assumption helped Hecatæus solve the mystery of the annual flooding of the Nile . He believed that the waves of the ocean were a primary cause of this occurrence . It is worth mentioning that a similar map based upon one designed by Hecataeus was intended to aid political decision - making . According to Herodotus , it was engraved upon a bronze tablet and was carried to Sparta by Aristagoras during the revolt of the Ionian cities against Persian rule from 499 to 494 BC . The world according to Anaximenes , c. 500 BC Anaximenes of Miletus ( 6th century BC ) , who studied under Anaximander , rejected the views of his teacher regarding the shape of the earth and instead , he visualized the earth as a rectangular form supported by compressed air . Pythagoras of Samos ( c. 560 -- 480 BC ) speculated about the notion of a spherical earth with a central fire at its core . He is sometimes incorrectly credited with the introduction of a model that divides a spherical earth into five zones : one hot , two temperate , and two cold -- northern and southern . This idea , known as the zonal theory of climate , is more likely to have originated at the time of Aristotle . Scylax , a sailor , made a record of his Mediterranean voyages in c. 515 BC . This is the earliest known set of Greek periploi , or sailing instructions , which became the basis for many future mapmakers , especially in the medieval period . The way in which the geographical knowledge of the Greeks advanced from the previous assumptions of the Earth 's shape was through Herodotus and his conceptual view of the world . This map also did not survive and many have speculated that it was never produced . A possible reconstruction of his map is displayed below . The world according to Herodotus , 440 BC Herodotus traveled very extensively , collecting information and documenting his findings in his books on Europe , Asia , and Libya . He also combined his knowledge with what he learned from the people he met . Herodotus wrote his Histories in the mid-5th century BC . Although his work was dedicated to the story of long struggle of the Greeks with the Persian Empire , Herodotus also included everything he knew about the geography , history , and peoples of the world . Thus , his work provides a detailed picture of the known world of the 5th century BC . Herodotus rejected the prevailing view of most 5th century BC maps that the earth is a circular plate surrounded by Ocean . In his work he describes the earth as an irregular shape with oceans surrounding only Asia and Africa . He introduces names such as the Atlantic Sea and the Erythrean Sea . He also divided the world into three continents : Europe , Asia , and Africa . He depicted the boundary of Europe as the line from the Pillars of Hercules through the Bosporus and the area between Caspian Sea and Indus River . He regarded the Nile as the boundary between Asia and Africa . He speculated that the extent of Europe was much greater than was assumed at the time and left Europe 's shape to be determined by future research . In the case of Africa , he believed that , except for the small stretch of land in the vicinity of Suez , the continent was in fact surrounded by water . However , he definitely disagreed with his predecessors and contemporaries about its presumed circular shape . He based his theory on the story of Pharaoh Necho II , the ruler of Egypt between 609 and 594 BC , who had sent Phoenicians to circumnavigate Africa . Apparently , it took them three years , but they certainly did prove his idea . He speculated that the Nile River started as far west as the Ister River in Europe and cut Africa through the middle . He was the first writer to assume that the Caspian Sea was separated from other seas and he recognised northern Scythia as one of the coldest inhabited lands in the world . Similar to his predecessors , Herodotus also made mistakes . He accepted a clear distinction between the civilized Greeks in the centre of the earth and the barbarians on the world 's edges . In his Histories we can see very clearly that he believed that the world became stranger and stranger when one traveled away from Greece , until one reached the ends of the earth , where humans behaved as savages . Spherical earth and meridians ( edit ) Whereas a number of previous Greek philosophers presumed the earth to be spherical , Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) is the one to be credited with proving the Earth 's sphericity . Those arguments may be summarized as follows : The lunar eclipse is always circular Ships seem to sink as they move away from view and pass the horizon Some stars can be seen only from certain parts of the Earth . A vital contribution to mapping the reality of the world came with a scientific estimate of the circumference of the earth . This event has been described as the first scientific attempt to give geographical studies a mathematical basis . The man credited for this achievement was Eratosthenes ( 275 -- 195 BC ) . As described by George Sarton , historian of science , `` there was among them ( Eratosthenes 's contemporaries ) a man of genius but as he was working in a new field they were too stupid to recognize him '' . His work , including On the Measurement of the Earth and Geographica , has only survived in the writings of later philosophers such as Cleomedes and Strabo . He was a devoted geographer who set out to reform and perfect the map of the world . Eratosthenes argued that accurate mapping , even if in two dimensions only , depends upon the establishment of accurate linear measurements . He was the first to calculate the circumference of the Earth ( within 0.5 percent accuracy ) by calculating the heights of shadows at different points in Egypt at a given time . The first in Alexandria , the other further up the Nile , in the Ancient Egyptian city of Swenet ( known in Greek as Syene ) where reports of a well into which the sun shone only on the summer solstice , long existed . Proximity to the Tropic of Cancer being the dynamics creating the effect . He had the distance between the two shadows calculated and then their height . From this he determined the difference in angle between the two points and calculated how large a circle would be made by adding in the rest of the degrees to 360 . His great achievement in the field of cartography was the use of a new technique of charting with meridians , his imaginary north -- south lines , and parallels , his imaginary west -- east lines . These axis lines were placed over the map of the earth with their origin in the city of Rhodes and divided the world into sectors . Then , Eratosthenes used these earth partitions to reference places on the map . He also divided Earth into five climatic regions : a torrid zone across the middle , two frigid zones at extreme north and south , and two temperate bands in between . He was also the first person to use the word `` geography '' . Claudius Ptolemy ( 90 -- 168 ) thought that , with the aid of astronomy and mathematics , the earth could be mapped very accurately . Ptolemy revolutionized the depiction of the spherical earth on a map by using perspective projection , and suggested precise methods for fixing the position of geographic features on its surface using a coordinate system with parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude . Ptolemy 's eight - volume atlas Geographia is a prototype of modern mapping and GIS . It included an index of place - names , with the latitude and longitude of each place to guide the search , scale , conventional signs with legends , and the practice of orienting maps so that north is at the top and east to the right of the map -- an almost universal custom today . Yet with all his important innovations , however , Ptolemy was not infallible . His most important error was a miscalculation of the circumference of the earth . He believed that Eurasia covered 180 ° of the globe , which convinced Christopher Columbus to sail across the Atlantic to look for a simpler and faster way to travel to India . Had Columbus known that the true figure was much greater , it is conceivable that he would never have set out on his momentous voyage . Roman empire ( edit ) Pomponius mela ( c. 43 ) ( edit ) Reconstruction of Pomponius Melas world map . Main article : Pomponius Mela Pomponius is unique among ancient geographers in that , after dividing the earth into five zones , of which two only were habitable , he asserts the existence of antichthones , inhabiting the southern temperate zone inaccessible to the folk of the northern temperate regions from the unbearable heat of the intervening torrid belt . On the divisions and boundaries of Europe , Asia and Africa , he repeats Eratosthenes ; like all classical geographers from Alexander the Great ( except Ptolemy ) he regards the Caspian Sea as an inlet of the Northern Ocean , corresponding to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea on the south . The Roman Tabula Peutingeriana . 5th - century Roman road map ( edit ) In 2007 , the Tabula Peutingeriana , a 12th - century replica of a 5th - century map , was placed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register and displayed to the public for the first time . Although well preserved and believed to be an accurate copy of an authentic original , the scroll media it is on is so delicate now it must be protected at all times from exposure to daylight . China ( edit ) Main article : Chinese geography See also : Early Chinese cartography Earliest extant maps from the Qin State ( edit ) The earliest known maps to have survived in China date to the 4th century BC . In 1986 , seven ancient Chinese maps were found in an archeological excavation of a Qin State tomb in what is now Fangmatan , in the vicinity of Tianshui City , Gansu province . Before this find , the earliest extant maps that were known came from the Mawangdui Han tomb excavation in 1973 , which found three maps on silk dated to the 2nd century BC in the early Han Dynasty . The 4th century BC maps from the State of Qin were drawn with black ink on wooden blocks . These blocks fortunately survived in soaking conditions due to underground water that had seeped into the tomb ; the quality of the wood had much to do with their survival . After two years of slow - drying techniques , the maps were fully restored . The territory shown in the seven Qin maps overlap each other . The maps display tributary river systems of the Jialing River in Sichuan province , in a total measured area of 107 by 68 km . The maps featured rectangular symbols encasing character names for the locations of administrative counties . Rivers and roads are displayed with similar line symbols ; this makes interpreting the map somewhat difficult , although the labels of rivers placed in order of stream flow are helpful to modern day cartographers . These maps also feature locations where different types of timber can be gathered , while two of the maps state the distances in mileage to the timber sites . In light of this , these maps are perhaps the oldest economic maps in the world since they predate Strabo 's economic maps . In addition to the seven maps on wooden blocks found at Tomb 1 of Fangmatan , a fragment of a paper map was found on the chest of the occupant of Tomb 5 of Fangmatan in 1986 . This tomb is dated to the early Western Han , so the map dates to the early 2nd century BC . The map shows topographic features such as mountains , waterways and roads , and is thought to cover the area of the preceding Qin Kingdom . Earliest geographical writing ( edit ) In China , the earliest known geographical Chinese writing dates back to the 5th century BC , during the beginning of the Warring States ( 481 -- 221 BC ) . This was the Yu Gong or Tribute of Yu chapter of the Shu Jing or Book of Documents . The book describes the traditional nine provinces , their kinds of soil , their characteristic products and economic goods , their tributary goods , their trades and vocations , their state revenues and agricultural systems , and the various rivers and lakes listed and placed accordingly . The nine provinces in the time of this geographical work were very small in size compared to their modern Chinese counterparts . The Yu Gong 's descriptions pertain to areas of the Yellow River , the lower valleys of the Yangtze , with the plain between them and the Shandong Peninsula , and to the west the most northern parts of the Wei River and the Han River were known ( along with the southern parts of modern - day Shanxi province ) . Earliest known reference to a map , or ' tu ' ( edit ) The oldest reference to a map in China comes from the 3rd century BC . This was the event of 227 BC where Crown Prince Dan of Yan had his assassin Jing Ke visit the court of the ruler of the State of Qin , who would become Qin Shi Huang ( r . 221 -- 210 BC ) . Jing Ke was to present the ruler of Qin with a district map painted on a silk scroll , rolled up and held in a case where he hid his assassin 's dagger . Handing to him the map of the designated territory was the first diplomatic act of submitting that district to Qin rule . Instead he attempted to kill Qin , an assassination plot that failed . From then on maps are frequently mentioned in Chinese sources . Han Dynasty and period of division ( edit ) An early Western Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 9 AD ) silk map found in tomb 3 of Mawangdui Han tombs site , depicting the Kingdom of Changsha and Kingdom of Nanyue in southern China ( note : the south direction is oriented at the top , north at the bottom ) . The three Han Dynasty maps found at Mawangdui differ from the earlier Qin State maps . While the Qin maps place the cardinal direction of north at the top of the map , the Han maps are orientated with the southern direction at the top . The Han maps are also more complex , since they cover a much larger area , employ a large number of well - designed map symbols , and include additional information on local military sites and the local population . The Han maps also note measured distances between certain places , but a formal graduated scale and rectangular grid system for maps would not be used -- or at least described in full -- until the 3rd century ( see Pei Xiu below ) . Among the three maps found at Mawangdui was a small map representing the tomb area where it was found , a larger topographical map showing the Han 's borders along the subordinate Kingdom of Changsha and the Nanyue kingdom ( of northern Vietnam and parts of modern Guangdong and Guangxi ) , and a map which marks the positions of Han military garrisons that were employed in an attack against Nanyue in 181 BC . An early text that mentioned maps was the Rites of Zhou . Although attributed to the era of the Zhou Dynasty , its first recorded appearance was in the libraries of Prince Liu De ( c. 130 BC ) , and was compiled and commented on by Liu Xin in the 1st century AD . It outlined the use of maps that were made for governmental provinces and districts , principalities , frontier boundaries , and even pinpointed locations of ores and minerals for mining facilities . Upon the investiture of three of his sons as feudal princes in 117 BC , Emperor Wu of Han had maps of the entire empire submitted to him . From the 1st century AD onwards , official Chinese historical texts contained a geographical section ( Diliji ) , which was often an enormous compilation of changes in place - names and local administrative divisions controlled by the ruling dynasty , descriptions of mountain ranges , river systems , taxable products , etc . From the time of the 5th century BC Shu Jing forward , Chinese geographical writing provided more concrete information and less legendary element . This example can be seen in the 4th chapter of the Huainanzi ( Book of the Master of Huainan ) , compiled under the editorship of Prince Liu An in 139 BC during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 202 AD ) . The chapter gave general descriptions of topography in a systematic fashion , given visual aids by the use of maps ( di tu ) due to the efforts of Liu An and his associate Zuo Wu . In Chang Chu 's Hua Yang Guo Chi ( Historical Geography of Szechuan ) of 347 , not only rivers , trade routes , and various tribes were described , but it also wrote of a ' Ba June Tu Jing ' ( ' Map of Szechuan ' ) , which had been made much earlier in 150 . Local mapmaking such as the one of Szechuan mentioned above , became a widespread tradition of Chinese geographical works by the 6th century , as noted in the bibliography of the Sui Shu . It is during this time of the Southern and Northern Dynasties that the Liang Dynasty ( 502 -- 557 ) cartographers also began carving maps into stone steles ( alongside the maps already drawn and painted on paper and silk ) . Pei Xiu , the ' Ptolemy of China ' ( edit ) In the year 267 , Pei Xiu ( 224 -- 271 ) was appointed as the Minister of Works by Emperor Wu of Jin , the first emperor of the Jin Dynasty . Pei is best known for his work in cartography . Although map making and use of the grid existed in China before him , he was the first to mention a plotted geometrical grid and graduated scale displayed on the surface of maps to gain greater accuracy in the estimated distance between different locations . Pei outlined six principles that should be observed when creating maps , two of which included the rectangular grid and the graduated scale for measuring distance . Historians compare him to the Greek Ptolemy for his contributions in cartography . However , Howard Nelson states that , although the accounts of earlier cartographic works by the inventor and official Zhang Heng ( 78 -- 139 ) are somewhat vague and sketchy , there is ample written evidence that Pei Xiu derived the use of the rectangular grid reference from the maps of Zhang Heng . Later Chinese ideas about the quality of maps made during the Han Dynasty and before stem from the assessment given by Pei Xiu , which was not a positive one . Pei Xiu noted that the extant Han maps at his disposal were of little use since they featured too many inaccuracies and exaggerations in measured distance between locations . However , the Qin State maps and Mawangdui maps of the Han era were far superior in quality than those examined by Pei Xiu . It was not until the 20th century that Pei Xiu 's 3rd century assessment of earlier maps ' dismal quality would be overturned and disproven . The Qin and Han maps did have a degree of accuracy in scale and pinpointed location , but the major improvement in Pei Xiu 's work and that of his contemporaries was expressing topographical elevation on maps . Sui and Tang Dynasties ( edit ) In the year 605 , during the Sui Dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) , the Commercial Commissioner Pei Ju ( 547 -- 627 ) created a famous geometrically gridded map . In 610 Emperor Yang of Sui ordered government officials from throughout the empire to document in gazetteers the customs , products , and geographical features of their local areas and provinces , providing descriptive writing and drawing them all onto separate maps , which would be sent to the imperial secretariat in the capital city . The Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) also had its fair share of cartographers , including the works of Xu Jingzong in 658 , Wang Mingyuan in 661 , and Wang Zhongsi in 747 . Arguably the greatest geographer and cartographer of the Tang period was Jia Dan ( 730 -- 805 ) , whom Emperor Dezong of Tang entrusted in 785 to complete a map of China with her recently former inland colonies of Central Asia , the massive and detailed work completed in 801 , called the Hai Nei Hua Yi Tu ( Map of both Chinese and Barbarian Peoples within the ( Four ) Seas ) . The map was 30 ft long ( 9.1 m ) and 33 ft high ( 10 m ) in dimension , mapped out on a grid scale of 1 - inch ( 25 mm ) equaling 100 li ( unit ) ( the Chinese equivalent of the mile / kilometer ) . Jia Dan is also known for having described the Persian Gulf region with great detail , along with lighthouses that were erected at the mouth of the Persian Gulf by the medieval Iranians in the Abbasid period ( refer to article on Tang Dynasty for more ) . Song Dynasty ( edit ) The Yu Ji Tu , or Map of the Tracks of Yu Gong , carved into stone in 1137 , located in the Stele Forest of Xian . This 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) squared map features a graduated scale of 100 li for each rectangular grid . China 's coastline and river systems are clearly defined and precisely pinpointed on the map . Yu Gong is in reference to the Chinese deity described in the geographical chapter of the Classic of History , dated 5th century BC . During the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) Emperor Taizu of Song ordered Lu Duosun in 971 to update and ' re-write all the Tu Jing in the world ' , which would seem to be a daunting task for one individual , who was sent out throughout the provinces to collect texts and as much data as possible . With the aid of Song Zhun , the massive work was completed in 1010 , with some 1566 chapters . The later Song Shi historical text stated ( Wade - Giles spelling ) : `` Yuan Hsieh ( d . + 1220 ) was Director - General of governmental grain stores . In pursuance of his schemes for the relief of famines he issued orders that each pao ( village ) should prepare a map which would show the fields and mountains , the rivers and the roads in fullest detail . The maps of all the pao were joined together to make a map of the tu ( larger district ) , and these in turn were joined with others to make a map of the hsiang and the hsien ( still larger districts ) . If there was any trouble about the collection of taxes or the distribution of grain , or if the question of chasing robbers and bandits arose , the provincial officials could readily carry out their duties by the aid of the maps . '' Like the earlier Liang Dynasty stone - stele maps ( mentioned above ) , there were large and intricately carved stone stele maps of the Song period . For example , the 3 ft ( 0.91 m ) squared stone stele map of an anonymous artist in 1137 , following the grid scale of 100 li squared for each grid square . What is truly remarkable about this map is the incredibly precise detail of coastal outlines and river systems in China ( refer to Needham 's Volume 3 , Plate LXXXI for an image ) . The map shows 500 settlements and a dozen rivers in China , and extends as far as Korea and India . On the reverse , a copy of a more ancient map uses grid coordinates in a scale of 1 : 1,500,000 and shows the coastline of China with great accuracy . The famous 11th century scientist and polymath statesman Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) was also a geographer and cartographer . His largest atlas included twenty three maps of China and foreign regions that were drawn at a uniform scale of 1 : 900,000 . Shen also created a three - dimensional raised - relief map using sawdust , wood , beeswax , and wheat paste , while representing the topography and specific locations of a frontier region to the imperial court . Shen Kuo 's contemporary , Su Song ( 1020 -- 1101 ) , was a cartographer who created detailed maps in order to resolve a territorial border dispute between the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty . Ming and qing Dynasties ( edit ) The Da Ming Hun Yi Tu map , dating from about 1390 , is in multicolour . The horizontal scale is 1 : 820,000 and the vertical scale is 1 : 1,060,000 . The Da Ming hunyi tu map , dating from about 1390 , is in multicolour . The horizontal scale is 1 : 820,000 and the vertical scale is 1 : 1,060,000 . In 1579 , Luo Hongxian published the Guang Yutu atlas , including more than 40 maps , a grid system , and a systematic way of representing major landmarks such as mountains , rivers , roads and borders . The Guang Yutu incorporates the discoveries of naval explorer Zheng He 's 15th century voyages along the coasts of China , Southeast Asia , India and Africa . The Mao Kun map published in 1628 is thought to be based on a strip map dated to the voyages of Zheng He . From the 16th and 17th centuries , several examples survive of maps focused on cultural information . Gridlines are not used on either Yu Shi 's Gujin xingsheng zhi tu ( 1555 ) or Zhang Huang 's Tushu bian ( 1613 ) ; instead , illustrations and annotations show mythical places , exotic foreign peoples , administrative changes and the deeds of historic and legendary heroes . Also in the 17th century , an edition of a possible Tang Dynasty map shows clear topographical contour lines . Although topographic features were part of maps in China for centuries , a Fujian county official Ye Chunji ( 1532 -- 1595 ) was the first to base county maps using on - site topographical surveying and observations . The Korean made Kangnido based on two Chinese maps , which describes the Old World . People 's Republic of China era ( edit ) After the 1949 revolution , the Institute of Geography under the aegis of the Chinese Academy of Sciences became responsible for official cartography and emulated the Soviet model of geography throughout the 1950s . With its emphasis on fieldwork , sound knowledge of the physical environment and the interrelation between physical and economic geography , the Russian influence counterbalanced the many pre-liberation Western - trained Chinese geography specialists who were more interested in the historical and culture aspects of cartography . As a consequence , China 's main geographical journal , the Dili Xuebao ( 地理学报 ) featured many articles by Soviet geographers . As Soviet influence waned in the 1960s , geographic activity continued as part of the process of modernisation until it came to a stop with the 1967 Cultural Revolution . Mongol empire ( edit ) In the Mongol Empire , the Mongol scholars with the Persian and Chinese cartographers or their foreign colleagues created maps , geographical compendium as well as travel accounts . Rashid - al - Din Hamadani described his geographical compendium , `` Suvar al - aqalim '' , constituted volume four of the Collected chronicles of the Ilkhanate in Persia . His works says about the borders of the seven climes ( old world ) , rivers , major cities , places , climate , and Mongol yams ( relay stations ) . The Great Khan Khubilai 's ambassador and minister , Bolad , had helped Rashid 's works in relation to the Mongols and Mongolia . Thanks to Pax Mongolica , the easterners and the westerners in Mongol dominions were able to gain access to one another 's geographical materials . The Mongols required the nations they conquered to send geographical maps to the Mongol headquarters . One of medieval Persian work written in northwest Iran can clarify the historical geography of Mongolia where Genghis Khan was born and united the Mongol and Turkic nomads as recorded in native sources , especially the Secret History of the Mongols . Map of relay stations , called `` yam '' , and strategic points existed in the Yuan Dynasty . The Mongol cartography was enriched by traditions of ancient China and Iran which were now under the Mongols . Because the Yuan court often requested the western Mongol khanates to send their maps , the Yuan Dynasty was able to publish a map describing the whole Mongol world in c. 1330 . This is called `` Hsi - pei pi ti - li tu '' . The map includes the Mongol dominions including 30 cities in Iran such as Ispahan and the Ilkhanid capital Soltaniyeh , and Russia ( as `` Orash '' ) as well as their neighbors , e.g. Egypt and Syria . India ( edit ) The pundit ( explorer ) cartographer Nain Singh Rawat ( 19th century ) received a Royal Geographical Society gold medal in 1876 . Main article : Cartography of India Indian cartographic traditions covered the locations of the Pole star and other constellations of use . These charts may have been in use by the beginning of the Common Era for purposes of navigation . Detailed maps of considerable length describing the locations of settlements , sea shores , rivers , and mountains were also made . The 8th century scholar Bhavabhuti conceived paintings which indicated geographical regions . Italian scholar Francesco Lorenzo Pullè reproduced a number of ancient Indian maps in his magnum opus La Cartografia Antica dell'India . Out of these maps , two have been reproduced using a manuscript of Lokaprakasa , originally compiled by the polymath Ksemendra ( Kashmir , 11th century ) , as a source . The other manuscript , used as a source by Pullè , is titled Samgrahani . The early volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica also described cartographic charts made by the Dravidian people of India . Maps from the Ain - e-Akbari , a Mughal document detailing India 's history and traditions , contain references to locations indicated in earlier Indian cartographic traditions . Another map describing the kingdom of Nepal , four feet in length and about two and a half feet in breadth , was presented to Warren Hastings . In this map the mountains were elevated above the surface , and several geographical elements were indicated in different colors . Islamic cartographic schools ( edit ) Arab and Persian cartography ( edit ) Main article : Geography in medieval Islam In the Middle Ages , Muslim scholars continued and advanced on the mapmaking traditions of earlier cultures . Most used Ptolemy 's methods ; but they also took advantage of what explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Muslim world , from Spain to India to Africa , and beyond in trade relationships with China , and Russia . An important influence in the development of cartography was the patronage of the Abbasid caliph , al - Ma'mun , who reigned from 813 to 833 . He commissioned several geographers to remeasure the distance on earth that corresponds to one degree of celestial meridian . Thus his patronage resulted in the refinement of the definition of the mile used by Arabs ( mīl in Arabic ) in comparison to the stadion used by Greeks . These efforts also enabled Muslims to calculate the circumference of the earth . Al - Mamun also commanded the production of a large map of the world , which has not survived , though it is known that its map projection type was based on Marinus of Tyre rather than Ptolemy . Also in the 9th century , the Persian mathematician and geographer , Habash al - Hasib al - Marwazi , employed spherical trigonometry and map projection methods in order to convert polar coordinates to a different coordinate system centred on a specific point on the sphere , in this the Qibla , the direction to Mecca . Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī ( 973 -- 1048 ) later developed ideas which are seen as an anticipation of the polar coordinate system . Around 1025 , he describes a polar equi - azimuthal equidistant projection of the celestial sphere . However , this type of projection had been used in ancient Egyptian star - maps and was not to be fully developed until the 15 and 16th centuries . In the early 10th century , Abū Zayd al - Balkhī , originally from Balkh , founded the `` Balkhī school '' of terrestrial mapping in Baghdad . The geographers of this school also wrote extensively of the peoples , products , and customs of areas in the Muslim world , with little interest in the non-Muslim realms . The `` Balkhī school '' , which included geographers such as Estakhri , al - Muqaddasi and Ibn Hawqal , produced world atlases , each one featuring a world map and twenty regional maps . Suhrāb , a late 10th - century Muslim geographer , accompanied a book of geographical coordinates with instructions for making a rectangular world map , with equirectangular projection or cylindrical equidistant projection . The earliest surviving rectangular coordinate map is dated to the 13th century and is attributed to Hamdallah al - Mustaqfi al - Qazwini , who based it on the work of Suhrāb . The orthogonal parallel lines were separated by one degree intervals , and the map was limited to Southwest Asia and Central Asia . The earliest surviving world maps based on a rectangular coordinate grid are attributed to al - Mustawfi in the 14th or 15th century ( who used invervals of ten degrees for the lines ) , and to Hafiz - i Abru ( died 1430 ) . Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1368 ? ) wrote `` Rihlah '' ( Travels ) based on three decades of journeys , covering more than 120,000 km through northern Africa , southern Europe , and much of Asia . Regional cartography ( edit ) Islamic regional cartography is usually categorized into three groups : that produced by the `` Balkhī school '' , the type devised by Muhammad al - Idrisi , and the type that are uniquely foundin the Book of curiosities . The maps by the Balkhī schools were defined by political , not longitudinal boundaries and covered only the Muslim world . In these maps the distances between various `` stops '' ( cities or rivers ) were equalized . The only shapes used in designs were verticals , horizontals , 90 - degree angles , and arcs of circles ; unnecessary geographical details were eliminated . This approach is similar to that used in subway maps , most notable used in the `` London Underground Tube Map '' in 1931 by Harry Beck . Al - Idrīsī defined his maps differently . He considered the extent of the known world to be 160 ° in longitude , and divided the region into ten parts , each 16 ° wide . In terms of latitude , he portioned the known world into seven ' climes ' , determined by the length of the longest day . In his maps , many dominant geographical features can be found . The Tabula Rogeriana , drawn by Muhammad al - Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154 . Note that the north is at the bottom , and so the map appears `` upside down '' compared to modern cartographic conventions . Surviving fragment of the first World Map of Piri Reis ( 1513 ) showing parts of the Americas . Book on the appearance of the earth ( edit ) Muhammad ibn Mūsā al - Khwārizmī 's Kitāb ṣūrat al - Arḍ ( `` Book on the appearance of the Earth '' ) was completed in 833 . It is a revised and completed version of Ptolemy 's Geography , consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction . Al - Khwārizmī , Al - Ma'mun 's most famous geographer , corrected Ptolemy 's gross overestimate for the length of the Mediterranean Sea ( from the Canary Islands to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean ) ; Ptolemy overestimated it at 63 degrees of longitude , while al - Khwarizmi almost correctly estimated it at nearly 50 degrees of longitude . Al - Ma'mun's geographers `` also depicted the Atlantic and Indian Oceans as open bodies of water , not land - locked seas as Ptolemy had done . '' Al - Khwarizmi thus set the Prime Meridian of the Old World at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean , 10 -- 13 degrees to the east of Alexandria ( the prime meridian previously set by Ptolemy ) and 70 degrees to the west of Baghdad . Most medieval Muslim geographers continued to use al - Khwarizmi 's prime meridian . Other prime meridians used were set by Abū Muhammad al - Hasan al - Hamdānī and Habash al - Hasib al - Marwazi at Ujjain , a centre of Indian astronomy , and by another anonymous writer at Basra . Tabula Rogeriana ( edit ) Main article : Tabula Rogeriana The Arab geographer , Muhammad al - Idrisi , produced his medieval atlas , Tabula Rogeriana or The Recreation for Him Who Wishes to Travel Through the Countries , in 1154 . He incorporated the knowledge of Africa , the Indian Ocean and the Far East gathered by Arab merchants and explorers with the information inherited from the classical geographers to create the most accurate map of the world in pre-modern times . With funding from Roger II of Sicily ( 1097 -- 1154 ) , al - Idrisi drew on the knowledge collected at the University of Cordoba and paid draftsmen to make journeys and map their routes . The book describes the earth as a sphere with a circumference of 22,900 miles ( 36,900 km ) but maps it in 70 rectangular sections . Notable features include the correct dual sources of the Nile , the coast of Ghana and mentions of Norway . Climate zones were a chief organizational principle . A second and shortened copy from 1192 called Garden of Joys is known by scholars as the Little Idrisi . On the work of al - Idrisi , S.P. Scott commented : The compilation of Edrisi marks an era in the history of science . Not only is its historical information most interesting and valuable , but its descriptions of many parts of the earth are still authoritative . For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration . The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile , as delineated in his work , does not differ greatly from that established by Baker and Stanley more than seven hundred years afterwards , and their number is the same . The mechanical genius of the author was not inferior to his erudition . The celestial and terrestrial planisphere of silver which he constructed for his royal patron was nearly six feet in diameter , and weighed four hundred and fifty pounds ; upon the one side the zodiac and the constellations , upon the other -- divided for convenience into segments -- the bodies of land and water , with the respective situations of the various countries , were engraved . -- S.P. Scott , History of the Moorish Empire in Europe Piri Reis map of the Ottoman empire ( edit ) Main article : Piri Reis map The Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis published navigational maps in his Kitab - ı Bahriye . The work includes an atlas of charts for small segments of the mediterranean , accompanied by sailing instructions covering the sea . In the second version of the work , he included a map of the Americas . The Piri Reis map drawn by the Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis in 1513 , is one of the oldest surviving maps to show the Americas . Polynesian stick charts ( edit ) Main article : Marshall Islands stick chart The Polynesian peoples who explored and settled the Pacific islands in the first two millennia AD used maps to navigate across large distances . A surviving map from the Marshall Islands uses sticks tied in a grid with palm strips representing wave and wind patterns , with shells attached to show the location of islands . Other maps were created as needed using temporary arrangements of stones or shells . Early modern cartography ( edit ) The Gough Map , a road map of 14th century Britain Medieval maps and the Mappa mundi ( edit ) Map of the Holy Land , Pietro Vesconte , 1321 . Described by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld as `` the first non-Ptolemaic map of a definite country '' Medieval maps of the world in Europe were mainly symbolic in form along the lines of the much earlier Babylonian World Map . Known as Mappa Mundi ( clothes of the world ) these maps were circular or symmetrical cosmological diagrams representing the Earth 's single land mass as disk - shaped and surrounded by ocean . Italian cartography and the birth of portolan charts ( edit ) Main article : Portolan charts Roger Bacon 's investigations of map projections and the appearance of portolano and then portolan charts for plying the European trade routes were rare innovations of the period . The Majorcan school is contrasted with the contemporary Italian cartography school . The Carta Pisana portolan chart , made at the end of the 13th century ( 1275 -- 1300 ) , is the oldest surviving nautical chart ( that is , not simply a map but a document showing accurate navigational directions ) . Iberian cartographic schools ( edit ) The Majorcan cartographic school and the `` Normal '' portolan chart ( edit ) Detail of Catalan Atlas , the first compass rose depicted on a map . Notice the Pole Star set on N . Main article : Majorcan cartographic school The Majorcan cartographic school was a predominantly Jewish cooperation of cartographers , cosmographers and navigational instrument - makers in late 13th to the 14th and 15th Century Majorca . With their multicultural heritage unstressed by fundamentalistic academic Christian traditions , the Majorcan cartographic school experimented and developed unique cartographic techniques , as it can be seen in the Catalan Atlas . The Majorcan school was ( co - ) responsible for the invention ( c. 1300 ) of the `` Normal Portolan chart '' . It was a contemporary superior , detailed nautical model chart , gridded by compass lines . Catalan Atlas drawn and written in 1375 saved in the Bibliothèque nationale de France Iberian cartography in the Age of Exploration ( edit ) World Map by Juan de la Cosa , the first map showing the Americas . Main article : Iberian cartography , 1400 -- 1600 In the Renaissance , with the renewed interest in classical works , maps became more like surveys once again , while the discovery of the Americas by Europeans and the subsequent effort to control and divide those lands revived interest in scientific mapping methods . Peter Whitfield , the author of several books on the history of maps , credits European mapmaking as a factor in the global spread of western power : `` Men in Seville , Amsterdam or London had access to knowledge of America , Brazil , or India , while the native peoples knew only their own immediate environment '' ( Whitfield ) . Jordan Branch and his advisor , Steven Weber , propose that the power of large kingdoms and nation states of later history are an inadvertent byproduct of 15th - century advances in map - making technologies . During the 15th and 16th centuries , Iberian powers ( Kingdom of Spain and Kingdom of Portugal ) were at the vanguard of European overseas exploration , discovering and mapping the coasts of the Americas , Africa , and Asia , in what became known as the Age of Discovery ( also known as the Age of Exploration ) . Spain and Portugal were magnets for the talent , science and technology from the Italian city - states . Portugal 's methodical expeditions started in 1419 along West Africa 's coast under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator , with Bartolomeu Dias reaching the Cape of Good Hope and entering the Indian Ocean in 1488 . Ten years later , in 1498 , Vasco da Gama led the first fleet around Africa to India , arriving in Calicut and starting a maritime route from Portugal to India . Soon , after Pedro Álvares Cabral reaching Brazil ( 1500 ) , explorations proceed to Southeast Asia , having sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to Ming China and to Japan ( 1542 ) . In 1492 , when a Spanish expedition headed by Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently found the Americas . Columbus 's first two voyages ( 1492 -- 93 ) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands , including Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and Cuba . The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals , plants , culture , human populations ( including slaves ) , communicable disease , and ideas between the American and Afro - Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus 's voyages to the Americas . The Magellan - Elcano circumnavigation was the first known voyage around the world in human history . It was a Spanish expedition that sailed from Seville in 1519 under the command of Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan in search of a maritime path from the Americas to the East Asia across the Pacific Ocean . Following Magellan 's death in Mactan ( Philippines ) in 1521 , Juan Sebastián Elcano took command of the expedition , sailing to Borneo , the Spice Islands and back to Spain across the Indian Ocean , round the Cape of Good Hope and north along the west coast of Africa . They arrived in Spain three years after they left , in 1522 . c. 1485 : Portuguese cartographer Pedro Reinel made the oldest known signed Portuguese nautical chart . 1492 : Cartographer Jorge de Aguiar made the oldest known signed and dated Portuguese nautical chart . 1537 : Much of Portuguese mathematician and cosmographer Pedro Nunes ' work related to navigation . He was the first to understand why a ship maintaining a steady course would not travel along a great circle , the shortest path between two points on Earth , but would instead follow a spiral course , called a loxodrome . These lines -- also called rhumb lines -- maintain a fixed angle with the meridians . In other words , loxodromic curves are directly related to the construction of the Nunes connection -- also called navigator connection . In his Treatise in Defense of the Marine Chart ( 1537 ) , Nunes argued that a nautical chart should have its parallels and meridians shown as straight lines . Yet he was unsure how to solve the problems that this caused : a situation that lasted until Mercator developed the projection bearing his name . The Mercator Projection is the system which is still used . Nautical chart by Pedro Reinel ( c. 1504 ) , one of the first based on astronomical observations and to depict a scale of latitudes . First maps of the Americas ( edit ) The Spanish cartographer and explorer Juan de la Cosa sailed with Christopher Columbus . He created the first known cartographic representations showing both the Americas as well as Africa and Eurasia . 1502 : Unknown Portuguese cartographer made the Cantino planisphere , the first nautical chart to implicitly represent latitudes . 1504 : Portuguese cartographer Pedro Reinel made the oldest known nautical chart with a scale of latitudes . 1519 : Portuguese cartographers Lopo Homem , Pedro Reinel and Jorge Reinel made the group of maps known today as the Miller Atlas or Lopo Homem -- Reinéis Atlas . 1530 : Alonzo de Santa Cruz , Spanish cartographer , produced the first map of magnetic variations from true north . He believed it would be of use in finding the correct longitude . Santa Cruz also designed new nautical instruments , and was interested in navigational methods . Padrón real of the Spanish empire ( edit ) Main article : Padrón Real World Map by Diogo Ribeiro . The Spanish House of Trade , founded 1504 in Seville , had a large contingent of cartographers , as Spain 's overseas empire expanded . The master map or Padrón Real was mandated by the Spanish monarch in 1508 and updated subsequently as more information became available with each ship returning to Seville . Diogo Ribeiro , a Portuguese cartographer working for Spain , made what is considered the first scientific world map : the 1527 Padrón real . The layout of the map ( Mapamundi ) is strongly influenced by the information obtained during the Magellan - Elcano trip around the world . Diogo 's map delineates very precisely the coasts of Central and South America . The map shows , for the first time , the real extension of the Pacific Ocean . It also shows , for the first time , the North American coast as a continuous one ( probably influenced by the Esteban Gómez 's exploration in 1525 ) . It also shows the demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas . Two prominent cosmographers ( as mapmakers were then known ) of the House of Trade were Alonso de Santa Cruz and Juan López de Velasco , who directed mapmaking under Philip II , without ever going to the New World . Their maps were based on information they received from returning navigators . Using repeatable principles that underpin mapmaking , their map making techniques could be employed anywhere . Philip II sought extensive information about his overseas empire , both in written textual form and in the production of maps . German cartography ( edit ) Martin Behaim 's Erdapfel ( 1492 ) is considered to be the oldest surviving terrestrial globe . Universalis Cosmographia , the Waldseemüller wall map dated 1507 , depicts the Americas , Africa , Europe , Asia , and the Pacific Ocean separating Asia from the Americas , by the Italian Amerigo Vespucci . 15th century : The German monk Nicholas Germanus wrote a pioneering Cosmographia . He added the first new maps to Ptolemy 's Geographica . Germanus invented the Donis map projection where parallels of latitude are made equidistant , but meridians converge toward the poles . 1492 : German merchant Martin Behaim ( 1459 -- 1507 ) made the oldest surviving terrestrial globe , but it lacked the Americas . 1507 : German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller 's World map ( Waldseemüller map ) was the first to use the term America for the Western continents ( after explorer Amerigo Vespucci ) . 1603 : German Johann Bayer 's star atlas ( Uranometria ) was published in Augsburg in 1603 and was the first atlas to cover the entire celestial sphere . Netherlandish cartography ( Dutch and Flemish cartography ) ( edit ) The 1569 Mercator map of the world . World map Theatrum Orbis Terrarum by Ortelius ( 1570 ) . The period of late 16th and much of the 17th century ( approximately 1570 -- 1670s ) has been called the `` Golden Age of Dutch and Flemish cartography '' ( also known as the `` Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography '' ) . The mapmaking firms of Antwerp and Amsterdam , especially , were leaders in supplying maps and charts for almost Europe . Blaeu 's world map , originally prepared by Joan Blaeu for his Atlas Maior , published in the first book of the Atlas Van Loon ( 1664 ) . The Art of Painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1665 -- 1668 ) . There was always a cultural relationship between many Dutch Golden Age artists ( like Vermeer ) and cartographic works . The `` Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography '' ( of the 16th and 17th centuries ) was a period of the unique combination of scientific , artistic , and economic elements in the history of mapmaking . Until the fall of Antwerp ( 1585 ) , the Dutch and Flemish were generally seen as one people , Frisians , specifically . The center for cartographic activities in sixteenth - century Low Countries was Antwerp , a city of printers , booksellers , engravers , and artists . But Leuven was the center of learning and the meeting place of scholars and students at the university . Mathematics , globemaking , and instrumentmaking were practiced in and around the University of Leuven as early as the first decades of the sixteenth century . The university is the oldest in the Low Countries and the oldest center of both scientific and practical cartography . Without the influence of several outstanding scholars of the Leuven University ( such as Gemma Frisius , Gerardus Mercator , and Jacob van Deventer ) , cartography in the Low Countries would not have attained the quality and exerted the influence that it did . Notable representatives of the Netherlandish school of cartography and geography ( 1500s -- 1600s ) include : Franciscus Monachus , Gemma Frisius , Gaspard van der Heyden , Gerard Mercator , Abraham Ortelius , Christophe Plantin , Lucas Waghenaer , Jacob van Deventer , Willebrord Snell , Hessel Gerritsz , Petrus Plancius , Jodocus Hondius , Henricus Hondius II , Hendrik Hondius I , Willem Blaeu , Joan Blaeu , Johannes Janssonius , Andreas Cellarius , Gerard de Jode , Cornelis de Jode , Claes Visscher , Nicolaes Visscher I , Nicolaes Visscher II , and Frederik de Wit . Leuven , Antwerp , and Amsterdam were the main centres of the Netherlandish school of cartography in its golden age ( the 16th and 17th centuries , approximately 1570 -- 1670s ) . The Golden Age of Dutch cartography ( also known as the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography ) that was inaugurated in the Southern Netherlands ( current Belgium ; mainly in Leuven and Antwerp ) by Mercator and Ortelius found its fullest expression during the seventeenth century with the production of monumental multi-volume world atlases in the Dutch Republic ( mainly in Amsterdam ) by competing mapmaking firms such as Lucas Waghenaer , Joan Blaeu , Jan Janssonius , Claes Janszoon Visscher , and Frederik de Wit . In the early modern period , Dutch - speaking cartographers made important contributions to the art of map design . Netherlandish ( Dutch & Flemish ) cartographers ' publications are remarkable milestones in the history of cartography , the extant editions are not only valuable sources of contemporary geographic knowledge but also fine works of art . The main role in this was played by a special artistic atmosphere of the Netherlands ( or the Low Countries ) in the 16th and 17th centuries . The Low Countries experienced cultural and economic booms that was combined with enthusiasm of different classes of people for geography and maps . The unique atmosphere made mapmaking a form of art . Cartography and visual arts were related activities : art and mapmaking interacted with each other : many cartographic elements , such as images , colour , and lettering , were shared with art ; tools and methods used to produce maps and artistic works were very similar in printmaking and in mapmaking : copperplate engravings , which were hand coloured in later , required specific artistic skills ; a significant number of both little - known and the most outstanding artists were involved in decorating maps ; maps and art works were often performed by the same artists , engravers and publishers who worked for both areas ; artists , engravers and mapmakers belonged to the same group of society that determined the development of culture in many areas . As James A. Welu ( 1987 ) notes , `` For roughly a century , from 1570 to 1670 , mapmakers working in the Low Countries brought about unprecedented advances in the art of cartography . The maps , charts , and globes issued during this period , at first mainly in Antwerp and later in Amsterdam , are distinguished not only by their accuracy according to the knowledge of the time , but also by their richness of ornamentation , a combination of science and art that has rarely been surpassed in the history of mapmaking . '' Gemma Frisius was the first to propose the use of a chronometer to determine longitude in 1530 . In his book On the Principles of Astronomy and Cosmography ( 1530 ) , Frisius explains for the first time how to use a very accurate clock to determine longitude . The problem was that in Frisius ' day , no clock was sufficiently precise to use his method . In 1761 , the British clock - builder John Harrison constructed the first marine chronometer , which allowed the method developed by Frisius . Triangulation had first emerged as an efficient method in cartography ( mapmaking ) in the mid sixteenth century when Frisius set out the idea in his Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione ( Booklet concerning a way of describing places ) . Dutch scientists Jacob van Deventer and Willebrord Snell were among the firsts to make systematic use of triangulation in modern surveying , the technique whose theory was described by Frisius in his 1533 book . Gerardus Mercator is considered as one of the founders of modern cartography with his invention of Mercator projection . Mercator was the first to use the term ' atlas ' ( in a geographical context ) to describe a bound collection of maps through his own collection entitled `` Atlas sive Cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mvndi et fabricati figvra '' ( 1595 ) . The hypothesis that continents might have ' drifted ' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 . Some notable scholars / historians of Netherlandish cartography and geography include Cornelis Koeman , Peter van der Krogt , Günter Schilder , Benjamin Schmidt , Elizabeth A. Sutton , Claudia Swan , and Kees Zandvliet . Flanders , habsburg Netherlands ( edit ) Gerardus Mercator , Mercator projection , and the concept of atlas ( edit ) Main articles : Mercator projection , Mercator 's 1569 world map , and Atlas Gerardus Mercator , the German - Netherlandish cartographer and geographer with a vast output of wall maps , bound maps , globes and scientific instruments but his greatest legacy was the mathematical projection he devised for his 1569 world map . The Mercator projection is an example of a cylindrical projection in which the meridians are straight and perpendicular to the parallels . As a result , the map has a constant width and the parallels are stretched east - west as the poles are approached . Mercator 's insight was to stretch the separation of the parallels in a way which exactly compensates for their increasing length , thus preserving shapes of small regions , albeit at the expense of global distortion . Such a conformal map projection necessarily transforms rhumb lines , sailing courses of a constant bearing , into straight lines on the map thus greatly facilitating navigation . That this was Mercator 's intention is clear from the title : Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata which translates as `` New and more complete representation of the terrestrial globe properly adapted for use in navigation '' . Although the projection 's adoption was slow , by the end of the seventeenth century it was in use for naval charts throughout the world and remains so to the present day . It 's later adoption as the all - purpose world map was unfortunate step . Mercator spent the last thirty years of his life working on a vast project , the Cosmographia ; a description of the whole universe including the creation and a description of the topography , history and institutions of all countries . The word atlas makes its first appearance in the title of the final volume : `` Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura '' . This translates as Atlas OR cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe , and the universe as created , thus providing Mercator 's definition of the term atlas . These volumes devote slightly less than one half of their pages to maps : Mercator did not use the term solely to describe a bound collection of maps . His choice of title was motivated by his respect for King Atlas , a mythical king of Mauretania and the son of the globe - bearing Titan of the same name . Abraham Ortelius and the era of modern world atlases ( edit ) Main articles : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ( Theatre of the World ) and World atlas Abraham Ortelius generally recognized as the creator of the world 's first modern atlas , the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ( Theatre of the World ) . Ortelius 's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ( 1570 ) is considered the first true atlas in the modern sense : a collection of uniform map sheets and sustaining text bound to form a book for which copper printing plates were specifically engraved . It is sometimes referred to as the summary of sixteenth - century cartography . United Netherlands ( Dutch Republic & Dutch empire ) ( edit ) See also : Cartography in the Dutch Republic and Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery In the Age of Discovery ( Age of Exploration ) , the Dutch were the first ( non-natives ) to undisputedly explore and map many unknown isolated areas of the world , such as the Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean . Regions of Oceania ( including Australasia , Polynesia , Micronesia , and Melanesia ) . `` The Island Continent '' Australia , sometimes in the role of `` Earth 's largest island but smallest continent '' , was the last human - inhabited continent to be largely known to the civilized world . In the 17th - century the Dutch were the most remarkable navigators and explorers of the world . During the Age of Discovery ( the Dutch Golden Age in particular , approximately 1580s -- 1702 ) , using their expertise in doing business , cartography , shipbuilding , seafaring and navigation , the Dutch traveled to the far corners of the world , leaving their language embedded in the names of many places . Dutch exploratory voyages revealed largely unknown landmasses to the civilized world and put their names on the world map . In the 16th and 17th centuries , Dutch - speaking cartographers helped lay the foundations for the birth and development of modern cartography , including nautical cartography and stellar cartography ( celestial cartography ) . The Dutch - speaking people came to dominate the map making and map printing industry by virtue of their own travels , trade ventures , and widespread commercial networks . The Dutch initiated what we would call today the free flow of geographical information . As Dutch ships reached into the unknown corners of the globe , Dutch cartographers incorporated new discoveries into their work . Instead of using the information themselves secretly , they published it , so the maps multiplied freely . The Dutch were the first ( non-natives ) to undisputedly discover , explore and map many unknown isolated areas of the world such as Svalbard , Australia , New Zealand , Tonga , Sakhalin , and Easter Island . In many cases the Dutch were the first Europeans the natives would encounter . Australia ( originally known as New Holland ) , never became a permanent Dutch settlement , yet the Dutch were the first to undisputedly map its coastline . The Dutch navigators charted almost three - quarters of the Australian coastline , except the east coast . During the Age of Exploration , the Dutch explorers and cartographers were also the first to systematically observe and map ( chart ) the largely unknown far southern skies -- the first significant scientific addition to the celestial cartography since Ptolemy 's time ( 2nd century AD ) . Among the IAU 's 88 modern constellations , there are 15 Dutch - created constellations , including 12 southern constellations . Gemma Frisius , Willebrord Snell , and the rise of triangulation as a mapmaking method ( edit ) See also : Triangulation , Triangulation ( surveying ) , Triangulation network , and Surveying Triangulation had first emerged as a map - making method in the mid sixteenth century when Gemma Frisius set out the idea in his Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione ( Booklet concerning a way of describing places ) . Dutch cartographer Jacob van Deventer was among the first to make systematic use of triangulation , the technique whose theory was described by Gemma Frisius in his 1533 book . The modern systematic use of triangulation networks stems from the work of the Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snell ( born Willebrord Snel van Royen ) , who in 1615 surveyed the distance from Alkmaar to Bergen op Zoom , approximately 70 miles ( 110 kilometres ) , using a chain of quadrangles containing 33 triangles in all . The two towns were separated by one degree on the meridian , so from his measurement he was able to calculate a value for the circumference of the earth -- a feat celebrated in the title of his book Eratosthenes Batavus ( The Dutch Eratosthenes ) , published in 1617 . Snell 's methods were taken up by Jean Picard who in 1669 -- 70 surveyed one degree of latitude along the Paris Meridian using a chain of thirteen triangles stretching north from Paris to the clocktower of Sourdon , near Amiens . Lucas Waghenaer and the rise of Dutch maritime cartography ( edit ) See also : Nautical chart ( sea chart ) , Portolan chart , Rutter ( nautical ) , Pilot guide , and History of navigation Portugal by Waghenaer ( 1584 ) . The publication of Waghenaer 's De Spieghel der Zeevaerdt ( 1584 ) is widely considered as one of the most important developments in the history of nautical cartography . The first printed atlas of nautical charts ( De Spieghel der Zeevaerdt or The Mirror of Navigation / The Mariner 's Mirror ) was produced by Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer in Leiden in 1584 . This atlas was the first attempt to systematically codify nautical maps . This chart - book combined an atlas of nautical charts and sailing directions with instructions for navigation on the western and north - western coastal waters of Europe . It was the first of its kind in the history of maritime cartography , and was an immediate success . The English translation of Waghenaer 's work was published in 1588 and became so popular that any volume of sea charts soon became known as a `` waggoner '' ( an atlas book of engraved nautical charts with accompanying printed sailing directions ) , the Anglicized form of Waghenaer 's surname . Dutch celestial cartography in the Age of Exploration ( edit ) The Dutch celestial cartographers were the first to systematically observe and map ( chart ) the largely unknown far southern skies in the late 16th century . Among the 88 IAU - recognized constellations , there are 15 constellations created by Dutch celestial cartographers in the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery ( c. 1590s -- 1720s ) , including 12 southern constellations . See also : Dutch constellations and Category : Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius See also : First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia See also : Celestial cartography , Star atlas , Star chart ( star map ) , Uranometria , and Harmonia Macrocosmica The constellations around the South Pole were not observable from north of the equator , by the ancient Babylonians , Greeks , Chinese , Indians , or Arabs . During the Age of Exploration , expeditions to the southern hemisphere began to result in the addition of new constellations . The modern constellations in this region were defined notably by Dutch navigators Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman , who in 1595 traveled together to the East Indies ( first Dutch expedition to Indonesia ) . These 12 newly Dutch - created southern constellations ( that including Apus , Chamaeleon , Dorado , Grus , Hydrus , Indus , Musca , Pavo , Phoenix , Triangulum Australe , Tucana and Volans ) first appeared on a 35 - cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 / 1598 in Amsterdam by Dutch cartographers Petrus Plancius and Jodocus Hondius . The first depiction of these constellations in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer 's Uranometria of 1603 . In 1660 , German - born Dutch cartographer Andreas Cellarius ' star atlas ( Harmonia Macrocosmica ) was published by Johannes Janssonius in Amsterdam . Competing mapmaking firms in the Age of corporate cartography ( edit ) See also : Cartography in the Dutch Republic , Mercator - Hondius Atlas , Atlas Maior , and Atlas van Loon See also : Terra incognita and Terra Australis See also : Dutch exploration and mapping of New Holland ( Australia ) See also : Dutch exploration and mapping of Australasia See also : Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company and Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery Australia ( Nova Hollandia ) was the last human - inhabited continent to be explored and mapped ( by non-natives ) . The Dutch were the first to undisputedly explore and map Australia 's coastline . The Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC ) was a major force behind the Golden Age of Dutch exploration ( c. 1590s -- 1720s ) and Netherlandish cartography . In the 17th century , the VOC 's navigators charted almost three - quarters of the Australian coastline , except the east coast . The Dutch dominated the commercial cartography ( corporate cartography ) during the seventeenth century through the publicly traded companies ( such as the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company ) and the competing privately held map - making houses / firms . In the book Capitalism and Cartography in the Dutch Golden Age ( University of Chicago Press , 2015 ) , Elizabeth A. Sutton explores the fascinating but previously neglected history of corporate ( commercial ) cartography during the Dutch Golden Age , from ca . 1600 to 1650 . Maps were used as propaganda tools for both the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) and the Dutch West India Company ( WIC ) in order to encourage the commodification of land and an overall capitalist agenda . In the long run the competition between map - making firms Blaeu and Janssonius resulted in the publication of an ' Atlas Maior ' or ' Major Atlas ' . In 1662 the Latin edition of Joan Blaeu 's Atlas Maior appeared in eleven volumes and with approximately 600 maps . In the years to come French and Dutch editions followed in twelve and nine volumes respectively . Purely judging from the number of maps in the Atlas Maior , Blaeu had outdone his rival Johannes Janssonius . And also from a commercial point of view it was a huge success . Also due to the superior typography the Atlas Maior by Blaeu soon became a status symbol for rich citizens . Costing 350 guilders for a non-coloured and 450 guilders for a coloured version , the atlas was the most precious book of the 17th century . However , the Atlas Maior was also a turning point : after that time the role of Dutch cartography ( and Netherlandish cartography in general ) was finished . Janssonius died in 1664 while a great fire in 1672 destroyed one of Blaeu 's print shops . In that fire a part of the copperplates went up in flames . Fairly soon afterwards Joan Blaeu died , in 1673 . The almost 2,000 copperplates of Janssonius and Blaeu found their way to other publishers . French cartography ( edit ) Main article : French cartography Dieppe school of cartographers ( edit ) Main article : Dieppe maps The Dieppe maps are a series of world maps produced in Dieppe , France , in the 1540s , 1550s and 1560s . They are large hand - produced maps , commissioned for wealthy and royal patrons , including Henry II of France and Henry VIII of England . The Dieppe school of cartographers included Pierre Desceliers , Johne Rotz , Guillaume Le Testu , Guillaume Brouscon and Nicolas Desliens . Nicolas - Louis de Lacaille and the charting of far southern skies ( edit ) First modern topographic map of France ( edit ) In the 1670s the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini began work on the first modern topographic map in France . It was completed in 1789 or 1793 by his grandson Cassini de Thury . Further developments in modern cartography ( edit ) Eighteenth century ( edit ) A general map of the world by Samuel Dunn , 1794 , containing star chart , map of the Solar System , map of the Moon and other features along with Earth 's both hemispheres . The Vertical Perspective projection was first used by the German map publisher Matthias Seutter in 1740 . He placed his observer at ~ 12,750 km distance . This is the type of projection used today by Google Earth . The changes in the use of military maps was also part of the modern Military revolution , which changed the need for information as the scale of conflict increases as well . This created a need for maps to help with `` ... consistency , regularity and uniformity in military conflict . '' The final form of the equidistant conic projection was constructed by the French astronomer Joseph - Nicolas Delisle in 1745 . The Swiss mathematician Johann Lambert invented several hemispheric map projections . In 1772 he created the Lambert conformal conic and Lambert azimuthal equal - area projections . The Albers equal - area conic projection features no distortion along standard parallels . It was invented by Heinrich Albers in 1805 . In 1715 Herman Moll published the Beaver Map , one of the most famous early maps of North America , which he copied from a 1698 work by Nicolas de Fer . In 1763 -- 1767 Captain James Cook mapped Newfoundland . In 1777 Colonel Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres created a monumental four volume atlas of North America , Atlantic Neptune . A survey of Boston Harbor from Atlantic Neptune . In the United States in the 17th and 18th centuries , explorers mapped trails and army engineers surveyed government lands . Two agencies were established to provide more detailed , large - scale mapping . They were the U.S. Geological Survey and the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ( now the National Geodetic Survey under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association ) . Nineteenth century ( edit ) `` Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Méjico by John Distrunell , the 1847 map used during the negotiations of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the Mexican -- American War . During his travels in Spanish America ( 1799 -- 1804 ) Alexander von Humboldt created the most accurate map of New Spain ( now Mexico ) to date . Published as part of his Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle - Espagne ( 1811 ) ( Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain ) , Humboldt 's Carte du Mexique ( 1804 ) was based on existing maps of Mexico , but with Humboldt 's careful attention to latitude and longitude . Landing at the Pacific coast port of Acapulco in 1803 , Humboldt did not leave the port area for Mexico City until he produced a map of the port ; when leaving he drew a map of the east coast port of Veracruz , as well as a map of the central plateau of Mexico . Given royal authorization from the Spanish crown for his trip , crown officials in Mexico were eager to aid Humboldt 's research . He had access to José Antonio de Alzate y Ramírez 's Mapa del Arzobispado de México ( 1768 ) , which he deemed `` very bad '' , as well as the seventeenth - century map of greater Mexico City by savant Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora . John Disturnell , a businessman and publisher of guidebooks and maps , published Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Méjico , which was used in the negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( 1848 ) , following the Mexican -- American War , based on the 1822 map by U.S. cartographer Henry Schenck Tanner . This map has been described as showing U.S. Manifest Destiny ; a copy of the map was offered for sale in 2016 for $65,000 . Map making at that time was important for both Mexico and the United States . The Greenwich prime meridian became the international standard reference for cartographers in 1884 . Twentieth century ( edit ) During the 20th century , maps became more abundant due to improvements in printing and photography that made production cheaper and easier . Airplanes made it possible to photograph large areas at a time . Two - Point Equidistant projection was first drawn up by Hans Maurer in 1919 . In this projection the distance from any point on the map to either of the two regulating points is accurate . The loximuthal projection was constructed by Karl Siemon in 1935 and refined by Waldo Tobler in 1966 . Since the mid-1990s , the use of computers in map making has helped to store , sort , and arrange data for mapping in order to create map projections . Contemporary ( edit ) Software development ( edit ) Nowadays map making heavily relies on computer software to develop and provide a variety of services , a trend that already started at the end of the previous century . For instance , self - location , browser search of places , business , products , and area and distance calculation . At the present time , computer based software is dominated by big companies that offer their services to a worldwide public , such as Google Maps , Bing Maps , National Geographic Maps , ESRI Geographic Information System ( GIS ) , CartoDB , Mapbox , etc . Many other state - based , regional and smaller initiatives and companies offer their services . The list of online map services is quite long and is growing everyday . Historical map collections ( edit ) See also : Historical geographic information system Recent development also include the integration of ancient maps and modern scholar research combined with modern computer software to elaborate periodical history maps . Initiatives such as Euratlas History Maps ( they cover whole Europe from year 1 AD to the present ) , Centennia Historical Atlas ( they cover Europe from year 1000AD to the present ) , Geacron and many others who work in what 's called Historical Cartography . These maps include evolution of countries , provinces and cities , wars and battles , the history of border changes , etc . Today historical cartography is thriving . The specialization of map services is ever growing . New map projections are still being developed , university map collections , such as Perry - Castañeda Library Map Colletction at the University of Texas , offer better and more diverse maps and map tools every day , making available for their students and the broad public ancient maps that in the past were difficult to find . David Rumsey Historical Map Collection is nowadays a worldwide known initiative . Self - publishing tools and collaborative mapping ( edit ) See also : Collaborative mapping Never in the past there were many `` edit - yourself '' map tools and software available for non-specialist . Map blogs and self - publishing are common . In 2004 , Steve Coast created OpenStreetMap , a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world . The creation and growth of OpenStreetMap has been motivated by restrictions on use or availability of map information across much of the world , and the advent of inexpensive portable satellite navigation devices . History of cartography 's technological changes ( edit ) More at Cartography § Technological changes A portrait of a mapmaker looking up intently from his charts and holding a caliper , 1714 . In cartography , technology has continually changed in order to meet the demands of new generations of mapmakers and map users . The first maps were manually constructed with brushes and parchment and therefore varied in quality and were limited in distribution . The advent of the compass , printing press , telescope , sextant , quadrant and vernier allowed for the creation of far more accurate maps and the ability to make accurate reproductions . Professor Steven Weber of the University of California , Berkeley , has advanced the hypothesis that the concept of the `` nation state '' is an inadvertent byproduct of 15th - century advances in map - making technologies . Advances in photochemical technology , such as the lithographic and photochemical processes , have allowed for the creation of maps that have fine details , do not distort in shape and resist moisture and wear . This also eliminated the need for engraving which further shortened the time it takes to make and reproduce maps . In the mid-to - late 20th century , advances in electronic technology have led to further revolution in cartography . Specifically computer hardware devices such as computer screens , plotters , printers , scanners ( remote and document ) and analytic stereo plotters along with visualization , image processing , spatial analysis and database software , have democratized and greatly expanded the making of maps , particularly with their ability to produce maps that show slightly different features , without engraving a new printing plate . See also digital raster graphic and History of web mapping . Aerial photography and satellite imagery have provided high - accuracy , high - throughput methods for mapping physical features over large areas , such as coastlines , roads , buildings , and topography . See also ( edit ) Atlas portal History of geography History of geodesy History of navigation Cartography of India City maps Early world maps Geographic information system Great Trigonometrical Survey ( India ) Here be dragons History of Cartography Project Iberian cartography , 1400 -- 1600 List of cartographers List of historical maps Map projection Mappa mundi Pictorial maps Principal Triangulation of Great Britain Terra incognita The Royal Thai Survey Department Web mapping World map Related histories ( edit ) Surveying # History Cadastre # History Topographic mapping # History Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ice Age star map discovered '' . BBC News . 9 August 2000 . Jump up ^ http://members.optusnet.com.au/gtosiris/page11-1a.html Archived January 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://www.infis.org/0000009a440fb2e03/0000009a4507dc512.html Archived August 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Frenz , Thomas . `` Tutorials in the History of Cartography -- Overview '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wolodtschenko , Alexander ; Forner , Thomas ( 2007 ) . `` Prehistoric and Early Historic Maps in Europe : Conception of Cd - Atlas '' ( PDF ) . E-perimetron. 2 ( 2 ) . ISSN 1790 - 3769 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Choi , Charles ; Catherine Brahic ( 2009 ) . `` Found : a pocket guide to prehistoric Spain '' . New Scientist. 203 ( 2720 ) : 8 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0262 - 4079 ( 09 ) 62055 - 8 . Jump up ^ Utrilla , P ; C. Mazo ; M.C. Sopena ; M. Martínez - Bea ; R. Domingo ( 2009 ) . `` A palaeolithic map from 13,660 calBP : engraved stone blocks from the Late Magdalenian in Abauntz Cave ( Navarra , Spain ) '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 57 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 111 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2009.05. 005 . PMID 19625071 . Jump up ^ `` henrydavis. com - Ancient Images '' . Henry Davis Consulting . Jump up ^ Meece , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . `` A bird 's eye view -- of a leopard 's spots . The Çatalhöyük ' map ' and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory '' . DSpace @ Cambridge . Jump up ^ `` The History of Cartography Book Series '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Slide # 100 : The Earliest Known Map '' . Henry Davis Consulting . Jump up ^ Oriental Institute Www Homepage Archived February 29 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Brown Jump up ^ Thompson , 21 Jump up ^ Kirsh , 1 Jump up ^ Keane , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` henry - davis - image '' . Henry Davis Consulting . ^ Jump up to : Dilke Jump up ^ Goode , 2 Jump up ^ Tozer , 63 Jump up ^ Stallard , Avan Judd ( 2013 ) . `` Origins of the Idea of Antipodes : Errors , Assumptions , and a Bare Few Facts '' . Terrae Incognitae. 42 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 51 . doi : 10.1179 / 008228810x12755564743525 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slide # 219 : World Maps of al - Idrisi '' . Henry Davis Consulting . Jump up ^ Noble , 27 Jump up ^ `` henry davis - ancient images '' . Henry Davis Consulting . Jump up ^ `` Ptolemy 's Map '' . Case Western Reserve University . Jump up ^ Bell , Bethany ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` Ancient Roman road map unveiled '' . BBC News , Vienna . ^ Jump up to : Hsu , Mei - ling ( 1993 ) . `` The Qin Maps : A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development '' . Imago Mundi. 45 . pp. 90 -- 100 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085699308592766 . JSTOR 1151164 . Jump up ^ Behr , Wolfgang ( 2007 ) . `` Placed into the Right Position -- Etymological Notes in Tu and Congeners '' . In Bray , Francesca ; Dorofeeva - Lichtmann , Vera ; Métailié , Georges . Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China : The Warp and the Weft . Brill . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16063 - 7 . Jump up ^ Yi , Xumei ; Liu , Xiuwen ( 2010 ) . `` The calligraphy and printing cultural heritage of Gansu -- the development of the engraved printing process and papermaking : an archaeological approach '' . In Allen , Susan M. ; Lin , Zuzao ; Cheng , Xiaolan ; et al . The History and Cultural Heritage of Chinese Calligraphy , Printing and Library Work . Walter de Gruyter . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 598 - 44179 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ( 1959 ) . `` Science and Civilisation in China '' . Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth . 3 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press -- via Taipei : Caves Books , 1986 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Valerie ( 2000 ) . The Open Empire : A History of China to 1600 . New York , USA & London , UK : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97374 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Howard ( 1974 ) . `` Chinese Maps : An Exhibition at the British Library '' . The China Quarterly ( 58 ) : 357 -- 362 . doi : 10.1017 / S0305741000011346 . JSTOR 652406 . Jump up ^ Hargett , James M. ( 1996 ) . `` Song Dynasty Local Gazetteers and Their Place in The History of Difangzhi Writing '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 56 ( 2 ) : 405 -- 442 . doi : 10.2307 / 2719404 . JSTOR 2719404 . Jump up ^ Jacques Gernet ( 31 May 1996 ) . A History of Chinese Civilization . Cambridge University Press . pp. 339 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 49781 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Richard J. ( October 28 , 1996 ) . `` Mapping China 's World : Cultural Cartography in Late Imperial Times '' . ^ Jump up to : Sivin , Nathan ( 1995 ) . Science in Ancient China . III . Brookfield , USA : Variorum , Ashgate Publishing . p. 22 . Jump up ^ Wright , David Curtis ( 2001 ) . The History of China . Westport : Greenwood Press . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Sally Church ( 2008 ) . by Helaine Selin , ed . Encyclopaedia of the History of Science , Technology , and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . pp. 2354 -- 2355 . ISBN 978 - 1402045592 . Jump up ^ Brook , Timothy ( 1998 ) . The Confusions of Pleasure : Commerce and Culture in Ming China . Berkeley , USA : University of California Press . p. 15 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22154 - 0 . Jump up ^ Zurndorfer , Harriet T. ( 1995 ) . China Bibliography : A Research Guide to Reference Works About China Past and Present ( Handbook of Oriental studies ) . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 10278 - 1 . Jump up ^ Muginov - Persidkaya unikal'naya rukopis , pp. 373 Jump up ^ Jackson , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Mongols and the West , 1221 -- 1410 . Pearson Longman . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 36896 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Allsen , Thomas T. ( 2004 ) . Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60270 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rashid / Boyle , pp. 276 Jump up ^ Herb , G. Henrik ( 1994 ) . `` Mongolian cartography '' . In Harley , J.B. ; Woodward , David . History of Cartography. II -- 2 . University of Chicago Press . pp. 682 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Poppe , Nicholas ( June 1956 ) . `` On Some Geographic Names in The J̌amī ' al - Tawārīx '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 19 ( 1 / 2 ) : 33 -- 41 . doi : 10.2307 / 2718487 . JSTOR 2718487 . Jump up ^ Hedin , Sven ( 1922 ) . Southern Tibet . III . Stockholm . p. 278 . ^ Jump up to : Sircar , D.C.C. ( January 1990 ) . Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0690 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Edson and Savage - Smith ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Edward S. ( 1996 ) . `` Mathematical Geography '' . In Rashed , Roshdi ; Morelon , Régis . Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science . 3 . Routledge . pp. 185 -- 201 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12410 - 7 . Jump up ^ Koetsier , T. ; Bergmans , L. ( 2005 ) . Mathematics and the Divine . Elsevier . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 50328 - 5 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al - Biruni '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 1996 ) . `` Astronomy and Islamic society : Qibla , gnomics and timekeeping '' . In Rashed , Roshdi . Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science . 1 . London , UK and New York , USA : Routledge . pp. 128 -- 184 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Bill ( 2006 ) . `` Projection Reference '' . Radical Cartography . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Cartography '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Jump up ^ Covington , Richard ( 2007 ) . `` Nation , identity and the fascination with forensic science in Sherlock Holmes and CSI '' . Saudi Aramco World , May -- June 2007 . 10 ( 3 ) : 17 -- 21 . doi : 10.1177 / 1367877907080149 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , S.P. ( 1904 ) . History of the Moorish Empire in Europe . Harvard University Press . pp. 461 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Soucek , Svat ( 1987 ) . `` Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean '' . History of Cartography ( PDF ) . II -- 1 . pp. 263 -- 292 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Greg ( 2000 ) . The Piri Reis Map of 1513 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 2157 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hamdani , Abbas ( July -- September 1981 ) . `` Ottoman Response to the Discovery of America and the New Route to India '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 101 ( 3 ) : 327 . doi : 10.2307 / 602594 . JSTOR 602594 . Jump up ^ Papp - Váry , Árpád ( 2005 ) . `` Egy térképészeti rejtély : Piri Reis Dél - Amerika térképe '' ( A cartographic mystery : the Piri Reis map of South America ) . Földrajzi kõzlemények ( in Hungarian ) . Hungary . 53 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 177 -- 187 . Jump up ^ `` A traditional Marshall Islands sea - chart '' . she-philosopher.com . August 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Spirit of Aloha -- Aloha Airlines ' in - flight magazine with information on Hawaii vacations , Hawaiian island maps and the best places to travel in Hawaii Archived January 12 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld ( 1889 ) . Facsimile - atlas to the Early History of Cartography : With Reproductions of the Most Important Maps Printed in the XV and XVI Centuries . Kraus . pp. 51 , 64 . Jump up ^ Aczel , Amir D. ( 2001 ) . The riddle of the compass : the invention that changed the world . Orlando : Harcourt Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 600753 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Maps Made the World '' . Wilson Quarterly . Summer 2011 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Branch , Jordan ( 2011 ) . `` Mapping the Sovereign State : Technology , Authority , and Systemic Change '' . International Organization . University of California , Berkeley . 65 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 36 . doi : 10.1017 / S0020818310000299 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alonso de Santa Cruz , cartógrafo y fabricante de instrumentos náuticos de la Casa de Contratación , Mariano Cuesta Domingo , Revista Complutense de Historia de América , Vol 30 , pages 7 -- 40 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Ursula S. ( 1974 ) . `` The Spanish Cosmographic Juntas of the Sixteenth Century '' . Terrae Incognitae. 6 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 62 . doi : 10.1179 / tin. 1974.6. 1.51 . Jump up ^ Latorre y Setien , Germán ( 1913 ) . `` Los geógrafos españoles del siglo XVI '' . Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Americanistas. 1 ( 2 ) : 29 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Early Spanish Cartography in the New World . '' American Antiquarian Society Proceedings , ( n.s. ) vol. 19 ( 1909 ) 369 -- 419 . Jump up ^ `` Slide # 64 : Carta Universal '' . Henry Davis Consulting . Jump up ^ Barbara Mundy , The Mapping of New Spain : Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geográficas . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1996 , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Koeman , Cornelis ; Schilder , Günter ; van Egmond , M. ; van der Krogt , Peter : Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries , 1500 -- ca . 1672 ( Part 2 : Low Countries ) , pp. 1296 -- 1383 , David Woodward ed . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Carhart , George S. : Frederick de Wit and the First Concise Reference Atlas . ( BRILL , 2016 , ISBN 9789004299030 ) Jump up ^ Welu , James A. ( 1987 ) . The Sources and Development of Cartographic Ornamentation in the Netherlands , in Art and Cartography : Six Historical Essays , edited by David Woodward , University of Chicago Press , p. 147 -- 173 Jump up ^ Allaby , Michael ( 2009 ) . Oceans : A Scientific History of Oceans and Marine Life ( Discovering the Earth ) Jump up ^ Koeman , Cornelis ; van Egmond , M. : Surveying and Official Mapping in the Low Countries , 1500 -- ca . 1670 ( Part 2 : Low Countries ) , pp. 1246 -- 1295 , David Woodward ed . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Schilder , Günter : Australia Unveiled : the Share of Dutch Navigators in the Discovery of Australia ( includes bibliography ) . ( Amsterdam : Thearum Orbis Terrarum , 1976 ) Jump up ^ Schilder , Günter ( 1984 ) The Netherland Nautical Cartography from 1550 to 1650 , RUC , Coimbra : BGUC , 1985 , vol . XXXII , 97 -- 119 ( Lisboa : CEHCA ) Jump up ^ Schilder , Günter ; van Egmond , M. : Maritime Cartography in the Low Countries during the Renaissance , ( Part 2 : Low Countries ) , pp. 1384 -- 1432 , David Woodward ed . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Schilder , Günter ; Kok , Hans ( 2010 ) . Sailing for the East : History and Catalogue of Manuscript Charts on Vellum of the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) , 1602 -- 1799 . BRILL . ISBN 9789061942603 . Jump up ^ Schilder , Günter ( 2017 ) . Early Dutch Maritime Cartography : The North Holland School of Cartography ( c. 1580 -- c. 1620 ) . BRILL . ISBN 9789004338029 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Elizabeth A. : Mapping Meaning : Ethnography and Allegory in Netherlandish Cartography , 1570 -- 1655 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Sutton , Elizabeth A. : Early Modern Dutch Prints of Africa ( Transculturalisms , 1400 -- 1700 ) . ( Ashgate , 2012 , 276 pp ) Jump up ^ Sutton , Elizabeth A. : Capitalism and Cartography in the Dutch Golden Age . ( University of Chicago Press , 2015 , 208 pp ) Jump up ^ Zandvliet , Kees : Mapping for Money : Maps , Plans and Topographic Paintings and their Role in Dutch Overseas Expansion During the 16th and 17th Centuries . ( Batavian Lion International , 1998 , 328 pp ) Jump up ^ Zandvliet , Kees : Mapping the Dutch World Overseas in the Seventeenth Century , ( Part 2 : Low Countries ) , pp. 1433 -- 1462 , David Woodward ed . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ See the discussion in Gerardus Mercator # The question of nationality . Jump up ^ See the discussion in Mercator projection # Uses Jump up ^ See the discussion in Gerardus Mercator # Duisburg 1552 -- 1594 Jump up ^ See the discussion in Gerardus Mercator # atlas1595 . Jump up ^ See the preface to the 1595 posthumous section of Mercator 's atlas as translated in Sullivan ( 2000 ) , pp34 -- 38 ( PDF pp103 -- 108 ) Jump up ^ Thrower , Norman J.W. ( 2008 ) . Maps and Civilization : Cartography in Culture and Society , Third Edition , p. 81 Jump up ^ Harwood , Jeremy ( 2006 ) . To the Ends of the Earth : 100 Maps that Changed the World , p. 83 Jump up ^ Woodward , David ( 1987 ) . Art and Cartography : Six Historical Essays , p. 148 Jump up ^ Goffart , Walter ( 2003 ) . Historical Atlases : The First Three Hundred Years , 1570 -- 1870 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Mark ( 30 August 2006 ) . `` Continental Drifter -- Dutch Treat : An unlikely nation in an unlikely corner of Europe boasts a remarkable record of unlikely achievement '' . IndustryWeek . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCloskey , Deirdre ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Chapter 9 of the Bourgeois Revaluation : The Dutch Preached Bourgeois Virtue '' . Deirdremccloskey.com . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . The Dutch became in the High Middle Ages the tutors of the Northerners in trade and navigation . They taught the English how to say skipper , cruise , schooner , lighter , yacht , wiveling , yaw , yawl , sloop , tackle , hoy , boom , jib , bow , bowsprit , luff , reef , belay , avast , hoist , gangway , pump , buoy , dock , freight , smuggle , and keelhaul . In the last decade of the sixteenth century the busy Dutch invented a broad - bottomed ship ideal for commerce , the fluyt , or fly - boat , and the German Ocean became a new Mediterranean , a watery forum of the Germanic speakers -- of the English , Scots , Norse , Danish , Low German , Frisian , Flemish , and above all the Dutch -- who showed the world how to be bourgeois . Jump up ^ including Southern Netherlands - based ( Zuid - Nederlanders in Dutch ) cartographers and geographers such as Gemma Frisius , Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius Jump up ^ Koeman , Cornelis ; Schilder , Günter ; van Egmond , M. ; van der Krogt , Peter ; Zandvliet , Kees : The History of Cartography , Volume 3 : Cartography in the European Renaissance ( Part 2 : Low Countries ) , pp. 1246 -- 1462 , David Woodward ed . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ that comprising mainland Australia , Tasmania and their surrounding islands Jump up ^ The first European known to visit Sakhalin was Martin Gerritz de Vries , who mapped Cape Patience and Cape Aniva on the island 's east coast in 1643 . The Dutch captain , however , was not aware of their being on an island , and 17th century maps usually showed these points -- and often Hokkaido , too -- as parts of the mainland . Jump up ^ McManamon , Francis ; Cordell , Linda S. ; Lightfoot , Kent ; Milner , George ( 2009 ) . Archaeology in America : An Encyclopedia ( 4 volumes ) , p. 26 Jump up ^ As Peter J. Taylor ( 2002 ) notes : ' The Dutch polity of the seventeenth century was famously unconcerned with territorial expansion : as long as the frontier operated effectively as a defensive shield no extra land was deemed necessary . ' Jump up ^ Knobel , E.B. ( 1917 ) . `` On Frederick de Houtman 's Catalogue of Southern Stars , and the Origin of the Southern Constellations '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 77 ( 5 ) : 414 -- 432 . Bibcode : 1917MNRAS ... 77 ... 414K . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 77.5. 414 . The constellations around the South Pole were not observable from north of the equator , by Babylonians , Greeks , Chinese or Arabs . During the Age of Exploration , expeditions to the southern hemisphere began to result in the addition of new constellations . The modern constellations in this region were defined notably by Dutch navigators Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman , who in 1595 traveled together to the East Indies ( first Dutch expedition to Indonesia ) . These 12 newly Dutch - created southern constellations ( that including Apus , Chamaeleon , Dorado , Grus , Hydrus , Indus , Musca , Pavo , Phoenix , Triangulum Australe , Tucana and Volans ) first appeared on a 35 - cm diameter celestial globe published in 1597 / 1598 in Amsterdam by Dutch cartographers Petrus Plancius and Jodocus Hondius . The first depiction of these constellations in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer 's Uranometria of 1603 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Phil ( 2012 ) : Guidebook to the Constellations : Telescopic Sights , Tales , and Myths , p. 559 -- 561 , p. 599 -- 600 Jump up ^ Among 15 Dutch - created constellations ( recognized by the IAU ) , three constellations including Camelopardalis , Columba , and Monoceros , formed by Petrus Plancius in 1592 and in 1613 , are often erroneously attributed to Jacob Bartsch and Augustin Royer Jump up ^ Swann , G.M. Peter ( 2006 ) . Putting Econometrics in Its Place : A New Direction in Applied Economics , pp. 29 -- 32 Jump up ^ Stachurski , Richard ( 2009 ) . Longitude by Wire : Finding North America , p. 10 Jump up ^ Henzel , Cynthia Kennedy ( 2010 ) . Creating Modern Maps , p. 6 Jump up ^ Bagrow , Leo ( 2010 ) . History of Cartography , p. 159 Jump up ^ Hewitt , Rachel ( 2011 ) . Map of a Nation : A Biography of the Ordnance Survey . `` Triangulation had first emerged as a map - making method in the mid sixteenth century when the Flemish mathematician Gemma Frisius set out the idea in his Libellus de locorum describendorum ratione ( Booklet concerning a way of describing places ) , and by the turn of the eighteenth century it had become the most respected surveying technique in use . '' Jump up ^ Bellos , Alex ( 2014 ) . The Grapes of Math : How Life Reflects Numbers and Numbers Reflect Life , p. 74 Jump up ^ Kirby , Richard Shelton et al. ( 1990 ) . Engineering in History , p. 131 Jump up ^ Harwood , Jeremy ( 2006 ) . To the Ends of the Earth : 100 Maps that Changed the World , p. 107 Jump up ^ Devreese , Jozef T. ; Vanden Berghe , Guido ( 2009 ) . Magic is No Magic : The Wonderful World of Simon Stevin , p. 272 Jump up ^ Struik , Dirk J. ( 1981 ) . The Land of Stevin and Huygens : A Sketch of Science and Technology in the Dutch Republic during the Golden Century , p. 37 Jump up ^ Kirby , David ; Hinkkanen , Merja - Liisa ( 2000 ) . The Baltic and the North Seas , p. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Buisseret , David ( 2003 ) . The Mapmakers ' Quest : Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe Jump up ^ Harwood , Jeremy ( 2006 ) . To the Ends of the Earth : 100 Maps that Changed the World , p. 88 Jump up ^ Lasater , Brian ( 2007 ) . The Dream of the West , Part II , p. 317 Jump up ^ Thrower , Norman J.W. ( 2008 ) . Maps and Civilization : Cartography in Culture and Society , Third Edition , p. 84 Jump up ^ Kieding , Robert B. ( 2011 ) . Scuttlebutt : Tales and Experiences of a Life at Sea , p. 290 Jump up ^ including Apus , Camelopardalis , Chamaeleon , Columba , Dorado , Grus , Hydrus , Indus , Monoceros , Musca , Pavo , Phoenix , Triangulum Australe , Tucana , and Volans . Jump up ^ Knobel , E.B. ( 1917 ) . On Frederick de Houtman 's Catalogue of Southern Stars , and the Origin of the Southern Constellations . ( Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , Vol. 77 , pp. 414 -- 32 ) Jump up ^ Sawyer Hogg , Helen ( 1951 ) . `` Out of Old Books ( Pieter Dircksz Keijser , Delineator of the Southern Constellations ) '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 45 : 215 . Bibcode : 1951JRASC ... 45 ... 215S . Jump up ^ Dekker , Elly ( 1987 ) . Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky . ( Annals of Science 44 , pp. 439 -- 70 ) Jump up ^ Dekker , Elly ( 1987 ) . On the Dispersal of Knowledge of the Southern Celestial Sky . ( Der Globusfreund , 35 -- 37 , pp. 211 -- 30 ) Jump up ^ Verbunt , Frank ; van Gent , Robert H. ( 2011 ) . Early Star Catalogues of the Southern Sky : De Houtman , Kepler ( Second and Third Classes ) , and Halley . ( Astronomy & Astrophysics 530 ) Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Cesar - Francois Cassini de Thury '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Topographic Map '' . How Products are Made . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( January 2009 ) . `` A Revolution in Military Cartography ? : Europe 1650 -- 1815 '' . Journal of Military History . 73 : 49 -- 68 . doi : 10.1353 / jmh. 0.0160 . Jump up ^ Furuti , Carlos A. ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Conic Projections '' . Jump up ^ Magali M. Carrera , Traveling from New Spain to Mexico : Mapping Practices on Nineteenth - century Mexico . Durham : Duke University Press 2011 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Carrera , Traveling from New Spain to Mexico , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Paula Rebert , La Gran Línea : Mapping the United States - Mexico Boundary , 1849 -- 1857 . Austin : University of Texas Press 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Lesson 1 : History of Cartography '' . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Mark ( 18 October 2006 ) . `` Global Positioning Tech Inspires Do - It - Yourself Mapping Project '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( 9 August 2014 ) . `` For the Love of Mapping Data '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . References ( edit ) Bagrow , L. ( 1986 ) . History of Cartography . revised by R.A. Skelton . Transaction Publishers . Crawford , P.V. ( 1973 ) . `` The perception of graduated squares as cartographic symbols '' . The Cartographic Journal . 10 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 88 . doi : 10.1179 / caj. 1973.10. 2.85 . Edney , Matthew H. ; Pedley , Mary S. ( eds . ) . `` Cartography in the European Enlightenment '' . The History of Cartography. 4 . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . ESRI ( 2004 ) . ESRI Cartography : Capabilities and Trends . Redlands . Harley , J.B. ; Woodward , David , eds. ( 1987 ) . `` Cartography in Prehistoric , Ancient , and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean '' . The History of Cartography. 1 . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 31633 - 5 . Harley , J.B. ; Woodward , David , eds. ( 1987 ) . `` Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies '' . The History of Cartography. II -- 1 . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 31635 - 1 . Harley , J.B. ; Woodward , David , eds. ( 1987 ) . `` Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies '' . The History of Cartography. II -- 2 . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 31637 - 8 . Harley , J.B. ; Woodward , David , eds. ( 1987 ) . `` Cartography in the Traditional African , American , Arctic , Australian , and Pacific Societies '' . The History of Cartography. II -- 3 . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 90728 - 7 . `` Harvard Graduate School of Design '' . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 16 . Imus , D. ; Dunlavey , P ( 2002 ) . Back to the Drawing Board : Cartography vs the Digital Workflow . Hood , Oregon : MT . Jeer , S. ( 1997 ) . Traditional Color Coding for Land Uses . American Planning Association . pp. 4 -- 5 . Kain , Roger J. P ( ed . ) . `` Cartography in the 19th century '' . The History of Cartography. 5 . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . MacEachren , A.M. ( 1994 ) . Some Truth with Maps : A Primer on Symbolization & Design . University Park : The Pennsylvania State University . MacEachren , A.M. ( 1995 ) . How Maps Work . New York : The Guilford Press . `` Map Imitations '' . Library and Archives Canada . Monmonier , Mark ( 1991 ) . How to Lie with Maps . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 53421 - 9 . Monmonier , Mark ( 1993 ) . Mapping It Out . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Monmonier , Mark , ed. ( 2015 ) . `` Cartography in the Twentieth Century '' . The History of Cartography. 6 . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 53469 - 5 . Olson , Judy M. ( 1975 ) . `` Experience and the improvement of cartographic communication '' . The Cartographic Journal . 12 ( 2 ) : 94 -- 108 . doi : 10.1179 / caj. 1975.12. 2.94 . Phillips , R. ; De Lucia , A. ; Skelton , A. ( 1975 ) . `` Some Objective Tests of the Legibility of Relief Maps '' . The Cartographic Journal . 12 : 39 -- 46 . doi : 10.1179 / caj. 1975.12. 1.39 . Phillips , R. ; Noyes , L. ( 1980 ) . `` A Comparison of Color and Visual Texture as Codes for use as Area Symbols on Relief Maps '' . Ergonomics. 23 ( 12 ) : 1117 -- 28 . doi : 10.1080 / 00140138008924818 . Pickles , John ( 2003 ) . A History of Spaces : Cartographic Reason , Mapping , and the Geo - Coded World . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14497 - 3 . Rice , M. ; Jacobson , R. ; Golledge , R. ; Jones , D. ; Pallavaram , S. ( 2003 ) . `` Object Size Discrimination and Non-visual Cartographic Symbolization '' . Proceedings , American Congress on Surveying and Mapping ( ACSM ) Annual Conference . 29 : 1 -- 12 . Robinson , A.H. ( 1953 ) . Elements of Cartography . New York : John Wiley & Sons . Robinson , Arthur H. ( 1982 ) . Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . Slocum , T. ( 1999 ) . Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . Sullivan , David ( 2000 ) , A translation of the full text of the Mercator atlas of 1595 ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 10 Wilford , John Noble ( 2000 ) . The Mapmakers . Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70850 - 2 . Woodward , David , ed. ( 1987 ) . `` Cartography in the European Renaissance '' . The History of Cartography. 3 . Chicago and London : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 90733 - 3 . `` A Mathematical Method for Visualizing Ptolemy 's India in Modern GIS Tools '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Historical maps . Imago Mundi journal of History of Cartography The History of Cartography journal published by the University of Chicago Press Euratlas Historical Maps History maps from year zero AD The History of Cartography Project at the University of Wisconsin , a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping Three volumes of The History of Cartography are available free in PDF format The history of cartography at the School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St. Andrews , Scotland Mapping History -- a learning resource from the British Library Modern Medieval Map Myths : The Flat World , Ancient Sea - Kings , and Dragons Concise Bibliography of the History of Cartography , Newberry Library Newberry Library Cartographic Catalog : map catalog and bibliography of the history of cartography American Geographical Society Library Digital Map Collection David Rumsey Historical map collection licensed under a Creative Commons License See Maps for more links to historical maps ; however , most of the largest sites are listed at the sites linked below . Eratosthenes Map of the Earth , and Measuring of its Circumference at Convergence Ancient World Maps A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts , archives , rare books , historical photographs , and other primary sources for the research scholar Historical Atlas in Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library Old Maps Online Atlas Cartography Geography Map Map projection Topography Early world maps History of cartography List of cartographers Cartogram Choropleth map Geologic map Linguistic map Nautical chart Pictorial map Thematic map Topographic map Weather map Category : Maps Portal : Atlas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cartography&oldid=849454509 '' Categories : Cartography History of geography Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing more detailed references CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 04 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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5618874328249479709	Wireless network	Wireless network - wikipedia Wireless network Jump to : navigation , search Wireless icon A wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes . Wireless networking is a method by which homes , telecommunications networks and business installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building , or as a connection between various equipment locations . Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication . This implementation takes place at the physical level ( layer ) of the OSI model network structure . Examples of wireless networks include cell phone networks , wireless local area networks ( WLANs ) , wireless sensor networks , satellite communication networks , and terrestrial microwave networks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Wireless links 3 Types of wireless networks 3.1 Wireless PAN 3.2 Wireless LAN 3.3 Wireless ad hoc network 3.4 Wireless MAN 3.5 Wireless WAN 3.6 Cellular network 3.7 Global area network 3.8 Space network 4 Different uses 5 Properties 5.1 General 5.2 Performance 5.3 Space 5.4 Home 5.5 Wireless Network Elements 5.6 Difficulties 5.6. 1 Interferences 5.6. 2 Absorption and reflection 5.6. 3 Multipath fading 5.6. 4 Hidden node problem 5.6. 5 Shared resource problem 5.7 Capacity 5.7. 1 Channel 5.7. 2 Network 6 Safety 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The first professional wireless network was developed under the brand ALOHAnet in 1969 at the University of Hawaii and became operational in June 1971 . The first commercial wireless network was the WaveLAN product family , developed by NCR in 1986 . 1991 2G cell phone network June 1997 802.11 `` WiFi '' protocol first release 1999 803.11 VoIP integration Wireless links ( edit ) Computers are very often connected to networks using wireless links , e.g. WLANs Terrestrial microwave -- Terrestrial microwave communication uses Earth - based transmitters and receivers resembling satellite dishes . Terrestrial microwaves are in the low gigahertz range , which limits all communications to line - of - sight . Relay stations are spaced approximately 48 km ( 30 mi ) apart . Communications satellites -- Satellites communicate via microwave radio waves , which are not deflected by the Earth 's atmosphere . The satellites are stationed in space , typically in geosynchronous orbit 35,400 km ( 22,000 mi ) above the equator . These Earth - orbiting systems are capable of receiving and relaying voice , data , and TV signals . Cellular and PCS systems use several radio communications technologies . The systems divide the region covered into multiple geographic areas . Each area has a low - power transmitter or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area . Radio and spread spectrum technologies -- Wireless local area networks use a high - frequency radio technology similar to digital cellular and a low - frequency radio technology . Wireless LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple devices in a limited area . IEEE 802.11 defines a common flavor of open - standards wireless radio - wave technology known as . Free - space optical communication uses visible or invisible light for communications . In most cases , line - of - sight propagation is used , which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices . Types of wireless networks ( edit ) Wireless pan ( edit ) Wireless personal area networks ( WPANs ) connect devices within a relatively small area , that is generally within a person 's reach . For example , both Bluetooth radio and invisible infrared light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a laptop . ZigBee also supports WPAN applications . Wi - Fi PANs are becoming commonplace ( 2010 ) as equipment designers start to integrate Wi - Fi into a variety of consumer electronic devices . Intel `` My WiFi '' and Windows 7 `` virtual Wi - Fi '' capabilities have made Wi - Fi PANs simpler and easier to set up and configure . Wireless LAN ( edit ) Wireless LANs are often used for connecting to local resources and to the Internet A wireless local area network ( WLAN ) links two or more devices over a short distance using a wireless distribution method , usually providing a connection through an access point for internet access . The use of spread - spectrum or OFDM technologies may allow users to move around within a local coverage area , and still remain connected to the network . Products using the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards are marketed under the Wi - Fi brand name . Fixed wireless technology implements point - to - point links between computers or networks at two distant locations , often using dedicated microwave or modulated laser light beams over line of sight paths . It is often used in cities to connect networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link . Wireless ad hoc network ( edit ) A wireless ad hoc network , also known as a wireless mesh network or mobile ad hoc network ( MANET ) , is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology . Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes and each node performs routing . Ad hoc networks can `` self - heal '' , automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power . Various network layer protocols are needed to realize ad hoc mobile networks , such as Distance Sequenced Distance Vector routing , Associativity - Based Routing , Ad hoc on - demand Distance Vector routing , and Dynamic source routing . Wireless MAN ( edit ) Wireless metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects several wireless LANs . WiMAX is a type of Wireless MAN and is described by the IEEE 802.16 standard . Wireless wan ( edit ) Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large areas , such as between neighbouring towns and cities , or city and suburb . These networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public Internet access system . The wireless connections between access points are usually point to point microwave links using parabolic dishes on the 2.4 GHz band , rather than omnidirectional antennas used with smaller networks . A typical system contains base station gateways , access points and wireless bridging relays . Other configurations are mesh systems where each access point acts as a relay also . When combined with renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand alone systems . Cellular network ( edit ) Main article : cellular network Example of frequency reuse factor or pattern 1 / 4 A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells , each served by at least one fixed - location transceiver , known as a cell site or base station . In a cellular network , each cell characteristically uses a different set of radio frequencies from all their immediate neighbouring cells to avoid any interference . When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area . This enables a large number of portable transceivers ( e.g. , mobile phones , pagers , etc . ) to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network , via base stations , even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission . Although originally intended for cell phones , with the development of smartphones , cellular telephone networks routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations : Global System for Mobile Communications ( GSM ) : The GSM network is divided into three major systems : the switching system , the base station system , and the operation and support system . The cell phone connects to the base system station which then connects to the operation and support station ; it then connects to the switching station where the call is transferred to where it needs to go . GSM is the most common standard and is used for a majority of cell phones . Personal Communications Service ( PCS ) : PCS is a radio band that can be used by mobile phones in North America and South Asia . Sprint happened to be the first service to set up a PCS . D - AMPS : Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service , an upgraded version of AMPS , is being phased out due to advancement in technology . The newer GSM networks are replacing the older system . Global area network ( edit ) A global area network ( GAN ) is a network used for supporting mobile across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs , satellite coverage areas , etc . The key challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from one local coverage area to the next . In IEEE Project 802 , this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless LANs . Space network ( edit ) Space networks are networks used for communication between spacecraft , usually in the vicinity of the Earth . The example of this is NASA 's Space Network . Different uses ( edit ) Some examples of usage include cellular phones which are part of everyday wireless networks , allowing easy personal communications . Another example , Intercontinental network systems , use radio satellites to communicate across the world . Emergency services such as the police utilize wireless networks to communicate effectively as well . Individuals and businesses use wireless networks to send and share data rapidly , whether it be in a small office building or across the world . Properties ( edit ) General ( edit ) In a general sense , wireless networks offer a vast variety of uses by both business and home users . `` Now , the industry accepts a handful of different wireless technologies . Each wireless technology is defined by a standard that describes unique functions at both the Physical and the Data Link layers of the OSI model . These standards differ in their specified signaling methods , geographic ranges , and frequency usages , among other things . Such differences can make certain technologies better suited to home networks and others better suited to network larger organizations . '' Performance ( edit ) Each standard varies in geographical range , thus making one standard more ideal than the next depending on what it is one is trying to accomplish with a wireless network . The performance of wireless networks satisfies a variety of applications such as voice and video . The use of this technology also gives room for expansions , such as from 2G to 3G and , most recently , 4G and 5G technologies , which stand for the fourth and fifth generation of cell phone mobile communications standards . As wireless networking has become commonplace , sophistication increases through configuration of network hardware and software , and greater capacity to send and receive larger amounts of data , faster , is achieved . Space ( edit ) Space is another characteristic of wireless networking . Wireless networks offer many advantages when it comes to difficult - to - wire areas trying to communicate such as across a street or river , a warehouse on the other side of the premises or buildings that are physically separated but operate as one . Wireless networks allow for users to designate a certain space which the network will be able to communicate with other devices through that network . Space is also created in homes as a result of eliminating clutters of wiring . This technology allows for an alternative to installing physical network mediums such as TPs , coaxes , or fiber - optics , which can also be expensive . Home ( edit ) For homeowners , wireless technology is an effective option compared to Ethernet for sharing printers , scanners , and high - speed Internet connections . WLANs help save the cost of installation of cable mediums , save time from physical installation , and also creates mobility for devices connected to the network . Wireless networks are simple and require as few as one single wireless access point connected directly to the Internet via a router . Wireless network elements ( edit ) The telecommunications network at the physical layer also consists of many interconnected wireline network elements ( NEs ) . These NEs can be stand - alone systems or products that are either supplied by a single manufacturer or are assembled by the service provider ( user ) or system integrator with parts from several different manufacturers . Wireless NEs are the products and devices used by a wireless carrier to provide support for the backhaul network as well as a mobile switching center ( MSC ) . Reliable wireless service depends on the network elements at the physical layer to be protected against all operational environments and applications ( see GR - 3171 , Generic Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks -- Physical Layer Criteria ) . What are especially important are the NEs that are located on the cell tower to the base station ( BS ) cabinet . The attachment hardware and the positioning of the antenna and associated closures and cables are required to have adequate strength , robustness , corrosion resistance , and resistance against wind , storms , icing , and other weather conditions . Requirements for individual components , such as hardware , cables , connectors , and closures , shall take into consideration the structure to which they are attached . Difficulties ( edit ) Interferences ( edit ) Compared to wired systems , wireless networks are frequently subject to electromagnetic interference . This can be caused by other networks or other types of equipment that generate radio waves that are within , or close , to the radio bands used for communication . Interference can degrade the signal or cause the system to fail . Absorption and reflection ( edit ) Some materials cause absorption of electromagnetic waves , preventing it from reaching the receiver , in other cases , particularly with metallic or conductive materials reflection occurs . This can cause dead zones where no reception is available . Aluminium foiled thermal isolation in modern homes can easily reduce indoor mobile signals by 10 dB frequently leading to complaints about the bad reception of long - distance rural cell signals . Multipath fading ( edit ) In multipath fading two or more different routes taken by the signal , due to reflections , can cause the signal to cancel out at certain locations , and to be stronger in other places ( upfade ) . Hidden node problem ( edit ) The hidden node problem occurs in some types of network when a node is visible from a wireless access point ( AP ) , but not from other nodes communicating with that AP . This leads to difficulties in media access control . Shared resource problem ( edit ) The wireless spectrum is a limited resource and shared by all nodes in the range of its transmitters . Bandwidth allocation becomes complex with multiple participating users . Often users are not aware that advertised numbers ( e.g. , for IEEE 802.11 equipment or LTE networks ) are not their capacity , but shared with all other users and thus the individual user rate is far lower . With increasing demand , the capacity crunch is more and more likely to happen . User - in - the - loop ( UIL ) may be an alternative solution to ever upgrading to newer technologies for over-provisioning . Capacity ( edit ) Channel ( edit ) Main article : Channel capacity in wireless communications Understanding of SISO , SIMO , MISO and MIMO . Using multiple antennas and transmitting in different frequency channels can reduce fading , and can greatly increase the system capacity . Shannon 's theorem can describe the maximum data rate of any single wireless link , which relates to the bandwidth in hertz and to the noise on the channel . One can greatly increase channel capacity by using MIMO techniques , where multiple aerials or multiple frequencies can exploit multiple paths to the receiver to achieve much higher throughput -- by a factor of the product of the frequency and aerial diversity at each end . Under Linux , the Central Regulatory Domain Agent ( CRDA ) controls the setting of channels . Network ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2013 ) The total network bandwidth depends on how dispersive the medium is ( more dispersive medium generally has better total bandwidth because it minimises interference ) , how many frequencies are available , how noisy those frequencies are , how many aerials are used and whether a directional antenna is in use , whether nodes employ power control and so on . there are two bands for now 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz . mostly 5 gigahertz band gives better connection and speed . Cellular wireless networks generally have good capacity , due to their use of directional aerials , and their ability to reuse radio channels in non-adjacent cells . Additionally , cells can be made very small using low power transmitters this is used in cities to give network capacity that scales linearly with population density . Safety ( edit ) See also : Wireless electronic devices and health Wireless access points are also often close to humans , but the drop off in power over distance is fast , following the inverse - square law . The position of the United Kingdom 's Health Protection Agency ( HPA ) is that `` ... radio frequency ( RF ) exposures from WiFi are likely to be lower than those from mobile phones . '' It also saw `` ... no reason why schools and others should not use WiFi equipment . '' In October 2007 , the HPA launched a new `` systematic '' study into the effects of WiFi networks on behalf of the UK government , in order to calm fears that had appeared in the media in a recent period up to that time `` . Dr Michael Clark , of the HPA , says published research on mobile phones and masts does not add up to an indictment of WiFi . See also ( edit ) Exposed terminal problem Rendezvous delay Wireless access point Wireless community network Wireless LAN client comparison Wireless site survey Network simulation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A New Clusterings Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Wireless Communications '' . cambridge.org . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology '' . informit.com . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Guowang Miao , Jens Zander , Ki Won Sung , and Ben Slimane , Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 1107143217 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Networks : Bluetooth To Mobile Phones '' . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Network Industry Report '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wi - Fi Personal Area Networks get a boost with Windows 7 and Intel My WiFi '' . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About WiMAX And Why Is It `` The Future of Wireless Broadband '' `` . Jump up ^ `` GSM World statistics '' . GSM Association . 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Broadband Wireless connections ( MBWA ) '' . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dean Tamara ( 2010 ) . Network+ Guide to Networks ( 5th ed . ) . Boston : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4239 - 0245 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wireless LAN Technologies '' . Source Daddy website . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` WLAN Benefits '' . Wireless Center commercial web site . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ GR - 3171 - CORE , Generic Requirements for Network Elements Used in Wireless Networks -- Physical Layer Criteria Jump up ^ Golbon - Haghighi , M.H. ( 2016 ) . Beamforming in Wireless Networks ( PDF ) . InTech Open . pp. 163 -- 199 . doi : 10.5772 / 66.399 . ISBN 9781466557529 . ^ Jump up to : Golbon - Haghighi , M.H. ; B. Mahboobi ; M. Ardebilipour ( July 2014 ) . `` Linear Pre-coding in MIMO - CDMA Relay Networks '' . Wireless Personal Communications ( Springer ) . 79 ( 2 ) : 1321 -- 1341 . Jump up ^ Anadiotis , Angelos - Christos ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Towards Maximising Wireless Testbed Utilization Using Spectrum Slicing '' . In Thomas Magedanz ; Athanasius Gavras ; Huu Thanh Nguyen ; Jeffrey S. Chase . Testbeds and Research Infrastructures , Development of Networks and Communities : 6th International ICST Conference , TridentCom 2010 , Berlin , Germany , May 18 -- 20 , 2010 , Revised Selected Papers . 6th International ICST Conference , TridentCom 2010 , Berlin , Germany , May 18 -- 20 , 2010 . 46 . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 302 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . ( ... ) Central Regulatory Domain Agent ( CRDA ) ( ... ) controls the channels to be set on the system , based on the regulations of each country . Jump up ^ Foster , Kenneth R ( March 2007 ) . `` Radiofrequency exposure from wireless LANs utilizing Wi - Fi technology '' . Health Physics. 92 ( 3 ) : 280 -- 289 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. HP. 0000248117.74843. 34 . PMID 17293700 . Jump up ^ `` WiFi '' . Health Protection Agency . 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Health Protection Agency announces further research into use of WiFi '' . Health Protection Agency . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nicki ( 11 December 2006 ) . `` Wi - fi : should we be worried ? '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 September 2007 . All the expert reviews done here and abroad indicate that there is unlikely to be a health risk from wireless networks. ... When we have conducted measurements in schools , typical exposures from WiFi are around 20 millionths of the international guideline levels of exposure to radiation . As a comparison , a child on a mobile phone receives up to 50 percent of guideline levels . So a year sitting in a classroom near a wireless network is roughly equivalent to 20 minutes on a mobile . If WiFi should be taken out of schools , then the mobile phone network should be shut down , too -- and FM radio and TV , as the strength of their signals is similar to that from WiFi in classrooms ... Further reading ( edit ) Wireless Networking in the Developing World : A practical guide to planning and building low - cost telecommunications infrastructure ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007 . p. 425 . Pahlavan , Kaveh ; Levesque , Allen H ( 1995 ) . Wireless Information Networks . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 10607 - 0 . Geier , Jim ( 2001 ) . Wireless LANs . Sams ; . ISBN 0 - 672 - 32058 - 4 . Goldsmith , Andrea ( 2005 ) . Wireless Communications . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83716 - 2 . Lenzini , L. ; Luise , M. ; Reggiannini , R. ( June 2001 ) . `` CRDA : A Collision Resolution and Dynamic Allocation MAC Protocol to Integrate Date and Voice in Wireless Networks '' . IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications . IEEE Communications Society . 19 ( 6 ) : 1153 -- 1163 . ISSN 0733 - 8716 . Molisch , Andreas ( 2005 ) . Wireless Communications . Wiley - IEEE Press . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84888 - X . Pahlavan , Kaveh ; Krishnamurthy , Prashant ( 2002 ) . Principles of Wireless Networks -- a Unified Approach . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 093003 - 2 . Rappaport , Theodore ( 2002 ) . Wireless Communications : Principles and Practice . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 042232 - 0 . Rhoton , John ( 2001 ) . The Wireless Internet Explained . Digital Press . ISBN 1 - 55558 - 257 - 5 . Tse , David ; Viswanath , Pramod ( 2005 ) . Fundamentals of Wireless Communication . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84527 - 0 . Kostas Pentikousis ( March 2005 ) . `` Wireless Data Networks '' . Internet Protocol Journal . 8 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Pahlavan , Kaveh ; Krishnamurthy , Prashant ( 2009 ) . Networking Fundamentals -- Wide , Local and Personal Area Communications . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 99290 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wireless at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) ( hide ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. 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Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal GND : 4216132 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wireless_network&oldid=843237493 '' Categories : Wireless networking Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles to be expanded from April 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Македонски Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 20 : 37 . 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8422410387474895990	Hurricane Katrina	Hurricane Katrina - wikipedia Hurricane Katrina Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hurricane Catarina . For other storms of the same name , see Tropical Storm Katrina . Hurricane Katrina Category 5 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Katrina at peak intensity in the Gulf of Mexico on August 28 , 2005 Formed August 23 , 2005 Dissipated August 31 , 2005 ( Extratropical after August 30 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) Lowest pressure 902 mbar ( hPa ) ; 26.64 inHg Fatalities 1,245 -- 1,836 total Damage $108 billion ( 2005 USD ) ( Second - costliest tropical cyclone on record ) Areas affected Bahamas , South Florida , Central Florida , Cuba , Louisiana ( especially Greater New Orleans ) , Mississippi , Alabama , Florida Panhandle , most of eastern North America Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Katrina 2005 Atlantic hurricane season General Timeline Meteorological history Tornado outbreak Preparations New Orleans preparedness Impact Economic effects Political effects Criticism of government response Social effects Effects by region Effects on Florida Effects on Mississippi Effects on New Orleans Levee failures New Orleans Hornets New Orleans Saints Superdome Tulane University Infrastructure repairs Reconstruction Relief Disaster relief International response Analysis Global warming Media coverage External links Media related to Hurricane Katrina at Wikimedia Commons News related to Katrina stories at Wikinews Works related to Katrina sources at Wikisource Hurricane Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly tropical cyclone that was one of the costliest natural disasters and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States . As Katrina made landfall , its front right quadrant , which held the strongest winds , slammed into Gulfport , Mississippi , devastating it . This hurricane was the costliest US disaster until 2017 , when Hurricane Harvey hit the United States Gulf Coast . It was the eleventh named storm , the fifth hurricane , and the third major hurricane of the record - breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . The storm originated over the Bahamas on August 23 from the interaction between a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . Early the following day , the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina . The cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25 . After very briefly weakening to a tropical storm , Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and began to rapidly deepen . The storm strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico , but weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 hurricane on August 29 , in southeast Louisiana . The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas , much of it due to the storm surge and levee failure . Severe property damage occurred in coastal areas , such as Mississippi beachfront towns where boats and casino barges rammed buildings , pushing cars and houses inland ; water reached 6 -- 12 miles ( 10 -- 19 km ) from the beach . The storm was the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone , behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille in 1969 . Overall , at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods , making it the deadliest United States hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . Total property damage was estimated at $108 billion ( 2005 USD ) , roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States . Over fifty breaches in New Orleans 's hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29 , 2005 . Eventually 80 % of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded , and the floodwaters lingered for weeks . According to a modeling exercise conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE ) , two - thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure . All of the major studies concluded that the USACE , the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965 , was responsible . This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money . In January 2008 , Judge Stanwood Duval , U.S. District Court , ruled that despite the Corps ' role in the flooding , the agency could not be held financially liable because of sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928 . Exactly ten years after Katrina , J. David Rogers , lead author of a new report in the official journal of the World Water Council concluded that the flooding during Katrina `` could have been prevented had the corps retained an external review board to double - check its flood - wall designs . '' There was also an investigation of the responses from federal , state and local governments , resulting in the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) director Michael D. Brown , and of New Orleans Police Department ( NOPD ) Superintendent Eddie Compass . Many other government officials were criticized for their responses , especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin , Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco , and President George W. Bush . Several agencies including the United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) , National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) , and National Weather Service ( NWS ) were commended for their actions . The NHC provided accurate hurricane forecasts with sufficient lead time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 2.1 Federal government 2.1. 1 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) 2.2 Florida and Gulf Coast 2.2. 1 Louisiana 3 Impact 3.1 Florida , Bahamas , and Cuba 3.2 Louisiana 3.2. 1 New Orleans 3.3 Mississippi 3.4 Southeast United States 3.5 Other U.S. states and Canada 4 Aftermath 4.1 Economic effects 4.2 Environmental effects 4.3 Reestablishing governance 4.4 Government response 4.5 Criticism of government response 4.6 International response 4.7 Non-governmental organization response 4.8 Analysis of New Orleans levee failures 4.9 Media involvement 4.10 Retirement 4.11 Studies concerning post-Katrina victims 5 Reconstruction 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Meteorological history Main article : Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23 , 2005 , as the result of an interaction between a tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten . The storm strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24 . The tropical storm moved towards Florida , and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25 . The storm weakened over land , but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico , and it continued strengthening over open waters . On August 27 , the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir - Simpson hurricane wind scale , becoming the third major hurricane of the season . An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification , but caused the storm to nearly double in size . The storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf , growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours . This rapid growth was due to the storm 's movement over the `` unusually warm '' waters of the Loop Current . Katrina on August 28 , nearing the Gulf Coast . Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day , with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar ( 26.6 inHg ) . The pressure measurement made Katrina the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time , only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season ; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time . However , this record was later broken by Hurricane Rita . The hurricane subsequently weakened , and Katrina made its second landfall at 1110 UTC on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) near Buras - Triumph , Louisiana . At landfall , hurricane - force winds extended outward 120 miles ( 190 km ) from the center and the storm 's central pressure was 920 mbar ( 27 inHg ) . After moving over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound , it made its third landfall near the Louisiana -- Mississippi border with 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) sustained winds , still at Category 3 intensity . Katrina maintained strength well into Mississippi , finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles ( 240 km ) inland near Meridian , Mississippi . It was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville , Tennessee , but its remnants were last distinguishable in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31 , when it was absorbed by a frontal boundary . The resulting extratropical storm moved rapidly to the northeast and affected eastern Canada . Preparations Main article : Preparations for Hurricane Katrina Federal government Flanked by Michael Chertoff , Secretary of Homeland Security , left , and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , President George W. Bush meets with members of the White House Task Force on Hurricane Katrina Recovery on August 31 , 2005 , in the Cabinet Room of the White House . The United States Coast Guard began pre-positioning resources in a ring around the expected impact zone and activated more than 400 reservists . On August 27 , it moved its personnel out of the New Orleans region prior to the mandatory evacuation . Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center , in Mobile , staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida . All aircraft were returning towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29 . Air crews , many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane , began a round - the - clock rescue effort in New Orleans , and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines . President of the United States George W. Bush declared a state of emergency in selected regions of Louisiana , Alabama and Mississippi on August 27 . `` On Sunday , August 28 , President Bush spoke with Governor Blanco to encourage her to order a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans . '' However , during the testimony by former Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) chief Michael Brown before a U.S. House subcommittee on September 26 , Representative Stephen Buyer ( R - IN ) inquired as to why President Bush 's declaration of state of emergency of August 27 had not included the coastal parishes of Orleans , Jefferson , and Plaquemines . The declaration actually did not include any of Louisiana 's coastal parishes , whereas the coastal counties were included in the declarations for Mississippi and Alabama . Brown testified that this was because Louisiana Governor Blanco had not included those parishes in her initial request for aid , a decision that he found `` shocking . '' After the hearing , Blanco released a copy of her letter , which showed she had requested assistance for `` all the southeastern parishes including the City of New Orleans '' as well specifically naming 14 parishes , including Jefferson , Orleans , St. Bernard and Plaquemines . Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama . About 1.2 million residents of the Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) On the afternoon of August 26 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) realized that Katrina had yet to make the turn toward the Florida Panhandle and ended up revising the predicted track of the storm from the panhandle to the Mississippi coast . The National Weather Service 's New Orleans / Baton Rouge office issued a vividly worded bulletin on August 28 predicting that the area would be `` uninhabitable for weeks '' after `` devastating damage '' caused by Katrina , which at that time rivaled the intensity of Hurricane Camille . During video conferences involving the president later that day and on August 29 , NHC director Max Mayfield expressed concern that Katrina might push its storm surge over the city 's levees and flood walls . In one conference , he stated , `` I do not think anyone can tell you with confidence right now whether the levees will be topped or not , but that 's obviously a very , very great concern . '' Additionally , the National Hurricane Center issued many tropical cyclone warnings and watches throughout the duration of Katrina : Summary of tropical cyclone warnings and watches associated with Hurricane Katrina ( hide ) Date Time Warning type Areas August 23 23 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Central and northwest Bahamas August 24 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Seven Mile Bridge to Vero Beach , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Seven Mile Bridge to Florida City , Florida Tropical Storm Warning and Hurricane Watch Florida City to Vero Beach , Florida 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Vero Beach to Titusville , Florida Tropical Storm Warning and Hurricane Watch Lake Okeechobee August 25 03 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Florida City to Vero Beach , Florida , and Lake Okeechobee 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch Florida City to Englewood , Florida , including Florida Bay 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Grand Bahama , Bimini , and the Berry Islands , Bahamas 21 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Florida City to Jupiter Inlet , Florida Tropical Storm Warning Jupiter Inlet to Florida Keys and Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida Tropical Storm Watch Longboat Key to Anclote Key , Florida 23 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Grand Bahama , Bimini , and the Berry Islands , Bahamas August 26 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch discontinued Vero Beach to Titusville , Florida Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Jupiter Inlet to Vero Beach , Florida 05 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Deerfield Beach to Florida City , Florida Hurricane Warning discontinued Deerfield Beach to Jupiter , Florida , and Lake Okeechobee Tropical Storm Warning Florida Keys including Florida Bay and Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Florida City to Longboat Key and all the Florida Keys and Florida Bay 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida August 27 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Key West , Florida Hurricane Watch Morgan City to Pearl River , Louisiana 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warnings discontinued All Hurricane Watch Intracoastal City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border August 28 03 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Morgan City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border , including Lake Pontchartrain Tropical Storm Warning Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida Tropical Storm Warning Intracoastal City to Morgan City , Louisiana Hurricane Watch Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Destin to Indian Pass , Florida , and Intracoastal City to Cameron , Louisiana August 29 15 : 00 UTC Hurricane Watches discontinued All 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Pearl River , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border Tropical Storm and Hurricane Warning discontinued Cameron to Pearl River , Louisiana , and Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida August 30 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All Florida and Gulf Coast In Florida , Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency on August 24 in advance of Hurricane Katrina 's landfall . By the following day , Florida 's Emergency Operations Center was activated in Tallahassee to monitor the progress of the hurricane . Before Katrina moved ashore , schools and businesses were closed in the Miami area . Cruise ships altered their paths due to seaports in southeastern Florida closing . Officials in Miami - Dade County advised residents in mobile homes or with special needs to evacuate . To the north in Broward County , residents east of the Intracoastal Waterway or in mobile homes were advised to leave their homes . Evacuation orders were issued for offshore islands in Palm Beach County , and for residents in mobile homes south of Lantana Road . Additionally , a mandatory evacuation was ordered for vulnerable housing in Martin County . Shelters were opened across the region . Officials closed the Miami International Airport , Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport , Key West International Airport , and Florida Keys Marathon Airport due to the storm . In Monroe and Collier counties , schools were closed , and a shelter was opened in Immokalee . Radar loop of Hurricane Katrina making landfall in Louisiana On August 28 , Alabama Governor Bob Riley declared a state of emergency for the approaching Hurricane Katrina . On the same day , he requested President Bush to declare `` expedited major disaster declaration '' for six counties of south Alabama , which was quickly approved . Three - hundred and fifty national guardsmen were called on duty by August 30 . The state of Mississippi activated its National Guard on August 26 in preparation for the storm 's landfall . Additionally , the state government activated its Emergency Operations Center the next day , and local governments began issuing evacuation orders . By 6 : 00 pm CDT on August 28 , 11 counties and cities issued evacuation orders , a number which increased to 41 counties and 61 cities by the following morning . Moreover , 57 emergency shelters were established on coastal communities , with 31 additional shelters available to open if needed . By Sunday , August 28 , most infrastructure along the Gulf Coast had been shut down , including all freight and Amtrak rail traffic into the evacuation areas as well as the Waterford Nuclear Generating Station . Louisiana See also : Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans Vertical cross-section of New Orleans , showing maximum levee height of 23 feet ( 7 m ) . Vertical scale exaggerated . In Louisiana , the state 's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases , starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds . Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas ( including New Orleans ) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds . Many private caregiving facilities that relied on bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges because they waited too long . Louisiana 's Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C ( Part II , Section II , Paragraph D ) calls for use of school and other public buses in evacuations . Although buses that later flooded were available to transport those dependent upon public transportation , not enough bus drivers were available to drive them as Governor Blanco did not sign an emergency waiver to allow any licensed driver to transport evacuees on school buses . By August 26 , the possibility of unprecedented cataclysm was already being considered . Many of the computer models had shifted the potential path of Katrina 150 miles ( 240 km ) westward from the Florida Panhandle , putting the city of New Orleans directly in the center of their track probabilities ; the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17 % , with strike probability rising to 29 % by August 28 . This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and the metro area are below sea level . Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane 's right - front quadrant ( containing the strongest winds ) was forecast to be 28 feet ( 8.5 m ) , while the levees offered protection to 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) , emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city , causing major flooding . At a news conference at 10 am on August 28 , shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm , New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first - ever mandatory evacuation of the city , calling Katrina `` a storm that most of us have long feared . '' The city government also established several `` refuges of last resort '' for citizens who could not leave the city , including the massive Louisiana Superdome , which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore . Some estimates claimed that 80 % of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated , leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation . Impact Main article : Hurricane Katrina effects by region Play media In Katrina 's Wake -- short film by NASA Deaths by state Alabama Florida 14 Georgia Kentucky Louisiana 986 -- 1,577 * Mississippi 238 Ohio Total 1,245 -- 1,836 Missing 10 -- 66 * Includes out - of - state evacuees counted by Louisiana On August 29 , Katrina 's storm surge caused 53 breaches to various flood protection structures in and around the greater New Orleans area , submerging 80 % of the city . A June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers indicated that two - thirds of the flooding was caused by the multiple failures of the city 's floodwalls . The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama , making Katrina one of the most destructive hurricanes , the second costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States , and the deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane . The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $108 billion ( 2005 U.S. dollars ) . The death toll from Katrina is uncertain , with reports differing by hundreds . According to the National Hurricane Center , 1,836 fatalities can be attributed to the storm : 1 in Kentucky , 2 each in Alabama , Georgia , and Ohio , 14 in Florida , 238 in Mississippi , and 1,577 in Louisiana . However , 135 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana , and many of the deaths are indirect , but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities . A 2008 report by the Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness journal indicates that 966 deaths can be directly attributed to the storm in Louisiana , including out of state evacuees , and another 20 indirectly ( such as firearm related deaths and gas poisoning ) . Due to uncertain causes of death with 454 evacuees , an upper - bound of 1,440 is noted in the paper . A follow - up study by the Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals determined that the storm was directly responsible for 1,170 fatalities in Louisiana . Federal disaster declarations covered 90,000 square miles ( 230,000 km ) of the United States , an area almost as large as the United Kingdom . The hurricane left an estimated three million people without electricity . On September 3 , 2005 , Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff described the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as `` probably the worst catastrophe , or set of catastrophes , '' in the country 's history , referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans . Even in 2010 , debris remained in some coastal communities . Florida , Bahamas , and Cuba Damage to a mobile home in Davie , Florida following Hurricane Katrina Main article : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida Hurricane Katrina first made landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura , Florida on August 25 . The storm dropped heavy rainfall in portions of the Miami metropolitan area , with a peak total of 16.43 in ( 417 mm ) in Perrine . As a result , local flooding occurred in Miami - Dade County , damaging approximately 100 homes . Farther south in the Florida Keys , a tornado was spawned in Marathon on August 26 . The tornado damaged a hangar at the airport there and caused an estimated $5 million in damage . The rains caused flooding , and the combination of rains and winds downed trees and power lines , leaving 1.45 million people without power . Damage in South Florida was estimated at $523 million , mostly as a result of crop damage . Twelve deaths occurred in South Florida , of which three were caused by downed trees in Broward County , three from drowning in Miami - Dade County , three were from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by generators , one was due to a vehicle accident , one occurred during debris cleanup , and one was associated with a lack of electricity . Significant impact was also reported in the Florida Panhandle . Although Katrina moved ashore in Louisiana and Mississippi , its outer periphery produced a 5.37 ft ( 1.64 m ) storm surge in Pensacola . High waves caused beach erosion and closed nearby roadways . There were five tornadoes in the northwestern portion of the state , though none of them caused significant damage . Throughout the Florida Panhandle , the storm resulted in an estimated $100 million in damage . There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident . In the Florida Panhandle , 77,000 customers lost power . Overall , the hurricane killed 14 people and caused at least $623 million in damage . Before striking South Florida , Katrina traversed the Bahamas as a tropical storm . However , minimal impact was reported , with only `` fresh breezes '' on various islands . Although Hurricane Katrina stayed well to the north of Cuba , on August 29 it brought tropical - storm force winds and rainfall of over 8 in ( 200 mm ) to western regions of the island . Telephone and power lines were damaged and around 8,000 people were evacuated in the Pinar del Río Province . According to Cuban television reports the coastal town of Surgidero de Batabanó was 90 % underwater . Louisiana Flooding in Venice , Louisiana On August 29 , Hurricane Katrina made landfall near Buras - Triumph , Louisiana , with 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) winds , a strong Category 3 storm . However , as it had only just weakened from Category 4 strength and the radius of maximum winds was large , it is possible that sustained winds of Category 4 strength briefly impacted extreme southeastern Louisiana . Although the storm surge to the east of the path of the eye in Mississippi was higher , a very significant surge affected the Louisiana coast . The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data , although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) and a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle . Hurricane Katrina made final landfall near the mouth of the Pearl River , with the eye straddling St. Tammany Parish , Louisiana , and Hancock County , Mississippi , on the morning of August 29 at about 9 : 45M CST . Hurricane Katrina also brought heavy rain to Louisiana , with 8 -- 10 inches ( 200 -- 250 mm ) falling on a wide swath of the eastern part of the state . In the area around Slidell , the rainfall was even higher , and the highest rainfall recorded in the state was approximately 15 inches ( 380 mm ) . As a result of the rainfall and storm surge the level of Lake Pontchartrain rose and caused significant flooding along its northeastern shore , affecting communities from Slidell to Mandeville . Several bridges were destroyed , including the I - 10 Twin Span Bridge connecting Slidell to New Orleans . Almost 900,000 people in Louisiana lost power as a result of Hurricane Katrina . Katrina 's storm surge inundated all parishes surrounding Lake Pontchartrain , including St. Tammany , Tangipahoa , St. John the Baptist , and St. Charles Parishes . St. Tammany Parish received a two - part storm surge . The first surge came as Lake Pontchartrain rose and the storm blew water from the Gulf of Mexico into the lake . The second came as the eye of Katrina passed , westerly winds pushed water into a bottleneck at the Rigolets Pass , forcing it farther inland . The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13 -- 16 feet ( 4.0 -- 4.9 m ) , not including wave action . Hard - hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded because of breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet ( MR - GO ) and the breach of the 40 Arpent canal levee that was designed and built by the Orleans Levee Board . The search for the missing was undertaken by the St. Bernard Fire Department because of the assets of the United States Coast Guard being diverted to New Orleans . In the months after the storm , many of the missing were tracked down by searching flooded homes , tracking credit card records , and visiting homes of family and relatives . Hurricane Katrina making landfall in New Orleans , Louisiana . According to the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development , in St. Bernard Parish , 81 % ( 20,229 ) of the housing units were damaged . In St. Tammany Parish , 70 % ( 48,792 ) were damaged and in Placquemines Parish 80 % ( 7,212 ) were damaged . In addition , the combined effect of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita was the destruction of an estimated 562 square kilometres ( 217 sq mi ) of coastal wetlands in Louisiana . New Orleans Main articles : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans Flooded I - 10 / I - 610 / West End Blvd interchange and surrounding area of northwest New Orleans and Metairie , Louisiana As the eye of Hurricane Katrina swept to the northeast , it subjected the city to hurricane conditions for hours . Although power failures prevented accurate measurement of wind speeds in New Orleans , there were a few measurements of hurricane - force winds . From this the NHC concluded that it is likely that much of the city experienced sustained winds of Category 1 or Category 2 strength . Katrina 's storm surge led to 53 levee breaches in the federally built levee system protecting metro New Orleans and the failure of the 40 Arpent Canal levee . Nearly every levee in metro New Orleans was breached as Hurricane Katrina passed just east of the city limits . Failures occurred in New Orleans and surrounding communities , especially St. Bernard Parish . The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet ( MR - GO ) breached its levees in approximately 20 places , flooding much of east New Orleans , most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish . The major levee breaches in the city included breaches at the 17th Street Canal levee , the London Avenue Canal , and the wide , navigable Industrial Canal , which left approximately 80 % of the city flooded . Most of the major roads traveling into and out of the city were damaged . The only routes out of the city were the westbound Crescent City Connection and the Huey P. Long Bridge , as large portions of the I - 10 Twin Span Bridge traveling eastbound towards Slidell , Louisiana had collapsed . Both the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway and the Crescent City Connection only carried emergency traffic . On August 29 , at 7 : 40 am CDT , it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown out , and many other high rise buildings had extensive window damage . The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city , with beds reported to be flying out of the windows . Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel 's glass exterior was completely sheared off . The Superdome , which was sheltering many people who had not evacuated , sustained significant damage . Two sections of the Superdome 's roof were compromised and the dome 's waterproof membrane had essentially been peeled off . Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport was closed before the storm but did not flood . On August 30 , it was reopened to humanitarian and rescue operations . Limited commercial passenger service resumed at the airport on September 13 and regular carrier operations resumed in early October . Levee breaches in New Orleans also caused a significant number of deaths , with over 700 bodies recovered in New Orleans by October 23 , 2005 . Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still - flooded sections , especially in the east of the city . The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses , some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected , hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead . A U.S. Coast Guardsman searches for survivors in New Orleans in the Katrina aftermath . The first deaths reported from the city were reported shortly before midnight on August 28 , as three nursing home patients died during an evacuation to Baton Rouge , most likely from dehydration . An estimated 215 bodies were found in nursing homes and hospitals in New Orleans , the largest number being at the Memorial Medical Center where 45 corpses were recovered . Some 200 patients at the Charity Hospital were n't evacuated until Friday September 2 , having been without power or fresh water for five days . While there were also early reports of fatalities amid mayhem at the Superdome , only six deaths were confirmed there , with four of these originating from natural causes , one from a drug overdose , and one a suicide . At the Convention Center , four bodies were recovered . One of the four is believed to be the result of a homicide . There is evidence that many prisoners were abandoned in their cells during the storm , while the guards sought shelter . Hundreds of prisoners were later registered as `` unaccounted for '' . Mississippi Main article : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Mississippi U.S. Route 90 's Bay St. Louis Bridge on Pass Christian was destroyed as a result of Katrina . The Gulf coast of Mississippi suffered massive damage from the impact of Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , leaving 238 people dead , 67 missing , and billions of dollars in damage : bridges , barges , boats , piers , houses and cars were washed inland . Katrina traveled up the entire state , and afterwards , all 82 counties in Mississippi were declared disaster areas for federal assistance , 47 for full assistance . After making a brief initial landfall in Louisiana , Katrina had made its final landfall near the state line , and the eyewall passed over the cities of Bay St. Louis and Waveland as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . Katrina 's powerful right - front quadrant passed over the west and central Mississippi coast , causing a powerful 27 - foot ( 8.2 m ) storm surge , which penetrated 6 miles ( 10 km ) inland in many areas and up to 12 miles ( 19 km ) inland along bays and rivers ; in some areas , the surge crossed Interstate 10 for several miles . Hurricane Katrina brought strong winds to Mississippi , which caused significant tree damage throughout the state . The highest unofficial reported wind gust recorded from Katrina was one of 135 mph ( 217 km / h ) in Poplarville , in Pearl River County . Damage to Long Beach , Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina The storm also brought heavy rains with 8 -- 10 inches ( 200 -- 250 mm ) falling in southwestern Mississippi and rain in excess of 4 inches ( 100 mm ) falling throughout the majority of the state . Katrina caused eleven tornadoes in Mississippi on August 29 , some of which damaged trees and power lines . Battered by wind , rain and storm surge , some beachfront neighborhoods were completely leveled . Preliminary estimates by Mississippi officials calculated that 90 % of the structures within half a mile of the coastline were completely destroyed , and that storm surges traveled as much as 6 miles ( 10 km ) inland in portions of the state 's coast . One apartment complex with approximately thirty residents seeking shelter inside collapsed . More than half of the 13 casinos in the state , which were floated on barges to comply with Mississippi land - based gambling laws , were washed hundreds of yards inland by waves . A number of streets and bridges were washed away . On U.S. Highway 90 along the Mississippi Gulf Coast , two major bridges were completely destroyed : the Bay St. Louis -- Pass Christian bridge , and the Biloxi -- Ocean Springs bridge . In addition , the eastbound span of the I - 10 bridge over the Pascagoula River estuary was damaged . In the weeks after the storm , with the connectivity of the coastal U.S. Highway 90 shattered , traffic traveling parallel to the coast was reduced first to State Road 11 ( parallel to I - 10 ) then to two lanes on the remaining I - 10 span when it was opened . Surge damage in Pascagoula , Mississippi All three coastal counties of the state were severely affected by the storm . Katrina 's surge was the most extensive , as well as the highest , in the documented history of the United States ; large portions of Hancock , Harrison and Jackson counties were inundated by the storm surge , in all three cases affecting most of the populated areas . Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County , destroying the coastal communities of Clermont Harbor and Waveland , much of Bay St. Louis , and flowed up the Jourdan River , flooding Diamondhead and Kiln . In Harrison County , Pass Christian was completely inundated , along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast , which includes the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport ; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as D'Iberville , which borders Back Bay . Biloxi , on a peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast , was particularly hard hit , especially the low - lying Point Cadet area . In Jackson County , storm surge flowed up the wide river estuary , with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half . Remarkably , over 90 % of Pascagoula , the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi , and about 75 miles ( 120 km ) east of Katrina 's landfall near the Louisiana - Mississippi border , was flooded from surge at the height of the storm . Other large Jackson County neighborhoods such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Hills were severely damaged with large portions being completely destroyed , and St. Martin was hard hit ; Ocean Springs , Moss Point , Gautier and Escatawpa also suffered major surge damage . Mississippi Emergency Management Agency officials also recorded deaths in Forrest , Hinds , Warren and Leake counties . Over 900,000 people throughout the state experienced power outages . Southeast United States Flood waters come up the steps of Mobile 's federal courthouse . Although Hurricane Katrina made landfall well to the west , Alabama and the Florida Panhandle were both affected by tropical - storm force winds and a storm surge varying from 12 to 16 feet ( 3.7 -- 4.9 m ) around Mobile Bay , with higher waves on top . Sustained winds of 67 mph ( 108 km / h ) were recorded in Mobile , Alabama , and the storm surge there was approximately 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) . The surge caused significant flooding several miles inland along Mobile Bay . Four tornadoes were also reported in Alabama . Ships , oil rigs , boats and fishing piers were washed ashore along Mobile Bay : the cargo ship M / V Caribbean Clipper and many fishing boats were grounded at Bayou La Batre . An oil rig under construction along the Mobile River broke its moorings and floated 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) northwards before striking the Cochrane Bridge just outside Mobile . No significant damage resulted to the bridge and it was soon reopened . The damage on Dauphin Island was severe , with the surge destroying many houses and cutting a new canal through the western portion of the island . An offshore oil rig also became grounded on the island . As in Mississippi , the storm surge caused significant beach erosion along the Alabama coastline . More than 600,000 people lost power in Alabama as a result of Hurricane Katrina and two people died in a traffic accident in the state . Residents in some areas , such as Selma , were without power for several days . Bayou La Batre : cargo ship and fishing boats were grounded Northern and central Georgia were affected by heavy rains and strong winds from Hurricane Katrina as the storm moved inland , with more than 3 inches ( 75 mm ) of rain falling in several areas . At least 18 tornadoes formed in Georgia on August 29 , the most on record in that state for one day in August . The most serious of these tornadoes was an F2 tornado which affected Heard County and Carroll County . This tornado caused three injuries and one fatality and damaged several houses . The other tornadoes caused significant damages to buildings and agricultural facilities . In addition to the fatality caused by the F2 tornado , there was another fatality in a traffic accident . Eastern Arkansas received light rain from the passage of Katrina . Gusty winds downed some trees and power lines , though damage was minimal . Katrina also caused a number of power outages in many areas , with over 100,000 customers affected in Tennessee , primarily in the Memphis and Nashville areas . Other U.S. States and Canada This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Total rainfall from Katrina in the United States . Data for the New Orleans area is not available . In Kentucky , a storm that had moved through the weekend before had already produced flooding and the rainfall from Katrina added to this . A 10 - year - old girl drowned in Hopkinsville . Dozens of business were closed and several families evacuated due to rising flood waters . As a result of the flooding , Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher declared three counties disaster areas and a statewide state of emergency . Additionally , wind gusts up to 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) resulted in some damage . Downed trees and power lines were reported in several counties in western Kentucky , especially Calloway and Christian counties . Overall , more than 10,000 utility customers in western Kentucky experienced power outages . The remnants of Katrina spawned a tornado in Virginia , damaging at least 13 homes in Marshall . In addition , approximately 4,000 people lost electricity . Over 3 in ( 76 mm ) of rain fell in portions of West Virginia , causing localized flooding in several counties . At least 103 homes and 7 buildings suffered some degree of water damage . A number of roads and bridges were inundated or washed out . The remnants of Katrina produced locally heavy precipitation in northeast Ohio , ranging from about 2 to 4 in ( 51 to 102 mm ) . Numerous streams and rivers overflowed their banks , forcing the closure of several roads , including Interstate 90 in Cleveland . Two deaths occurred due to a flood - related automobile accident in Huron County . Additionally , hundreds of homes and businesses suffered flood damage . Katrina spawned five tornadoes in Pennsylvania , though none resulted in significant damage . Up to 5 in ( 130 mm ) of rain fell in western New York . Gusty winds also left approximately 4,500 people in Buffalo without electricity . The remnants of Katrina brought 3 to 6 in ( 76 to 152 mm ) of rain to portions of Massachusetts , causing flash flooding in Bristol and Plymouth counties . Several roads were closed due to floodwater inundation in Acushnet , Dartmouth , New Bedford , and Wareham , including Route 18 in New Bedford . Very minimal impact was reported in Rhode Island , with winds downing a tree and two electrical poles in the city of Warwick . In Vermont , 2.5 in ( 64 mm ) of rain in Chittenden County caused cars to hydroplane on Interstate 89 , resulting in many automobile accidents . The storm brought 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) of precipitation to isolated areas of Maine and up to 9 in ( 230 mm ) near Patten . Several roads were inundated or washed out by overflowing brooks and streams , including sections of U.S. Route 1 and Maine routes 11 and 159 . Several structures and one parked vehicle were also affected by the waters . Wind gusts up to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) also impacted parts of Maine , felling trees and causing power outages in Bar Harbor , Blue Hill , Dover - Foxcroft , Sedgwick Ridge , and Sorrento . In Canada , the remnants of Katrina brought rainfall amounts in excess of 3.94 in ( 100 mm ) to many locations between the Niagara Peninsula and the Saint Lawrence River valley . Severe local flooding occurred in Quebec , forcing the evacuations of dozens of homes in some communities as rivers began overflowing their banks and sewage systems were becoming overwhelmed by the influx of precipitation . Inundated and washed out roads , including Route 138 along the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River , Route 172 north of Tadoussac , and Route 385 near Forestville left several communities isolated for at least a week . Aftermath See also : Social effects of Hurricane Katrina , Political effects of Hurricane Katrina , Hurricane Katrina disaster relief , and IDPs in the United States Economic effects Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes Cost refers to total estimated property damage Rank Hurricane Season Damage Harvey 2017 7011198000000000000 ♠ $198 billion Katrina 2005 7011108000000000000 ♠ $108 billion Sandy 2012 7010714000000000000 ♠ $71.4 billion Ike 2008 7010295200000000000 ♠ $29.5 billion 5 Andrew 7010265000000000000 ♠ $26.5 billion 6 Wilma 2005 7010210070000000000 ♠ $21 billion 7 Ivan 7010188200000000000 ♠ $18.8 billion 8 Irene 2011 7010156000000000000 ♠ $15.6 billion 9 Charley 7010151130000000000 ♠ $15.1 billion 10 Rita 2005 7010120370000000000 ♠ $12 billion Source : National Hurricane Center Main article : Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina The economic effects of the storm reached high levels . The Bush Administration sought $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region , which did not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the oil supply , destruction of the Gulf Coast 's highway infrastructure , and exports of commodities such as grain . Katrina damaged or destroyed 30 oil platforms and caused the closure of nine refineries ; the total shut - in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six - month period following Katrina was approximately 24 % of the annual production and the shut - in gas production for the same period was about 18 % . The forestry industry in Mississippi was also affected , as 1.3 million acres ( 5,300 km ) of forest lands were destroyed . The total loss to the forestry industry from Katrina is calculated to rise to about $5 billion . Furthermore , hundreds of thousands of local residents were left unemployed . Before the hurricane , the region supported approximately one million non-farm jobs , with 600,000 of them in New Orleans . It is estimated that the total economic impact in Louisiana and Mississippi may eventually exceed $150 billion . Forensic accountants were involved in the assessment of economic damages resulting from this catastrophe . Katrina displaced over one million people from the central Gulf coast to elsewhere across the United States , becoming the largest diaspora in the history of the United States . Houston , Texas , had an increase of 35,000 people ; Mobile , Alabama , gained over 24,000 ; Baton Rouge , Louisiana , over 15,000 ; and Hammond , Louisiana , received over 10,000 , nearly doubling its size . Chicago , Illinois received over 6,000 people , the most of any non-southern city . By late January 2006 , about 200,000 people were once again living in New Orleans , less than half of the pre-storm population . By July 1 , 2006 , when new population estimates were calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau , the state of Louisiana showed a population decline of 219,563 , or 4.87 % . Additionally , some insurance companies have stopped insuring homeowners in the area because of the high costs from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita , or have raised homeowners ' insurance premiums to cover their risk . Environmental effects See also : Murphy Oil USA refinery spill Large oil spills caused by Hurricane Katrina Spills exceeding 10,000 US gallons ( 38,000 L ) Spill Location Quantity ( US gal ) ( L ) Bass Enterprises ( Cox Bay ) 3,780,000 14,300,000 Shell ( Pilot Town ) 1,050,000 4,000,000 Chevron ( Empire ) 991,000 3,750,000 Murphy Oil ( Meraux and Chalmette ) 819,000 3,100,000 Bass Enterprises ( Pointe à la Hache ) 461,000 1,750,000 Chevron ( Port Fourchon ) 53,000 200,000 Venice Energy Services ( Venice ) 25,000 95,000 Shell Pipeline Oil ( Nairn ) 13,440 50,900 Sundown Energy ( West Potash ) 13,000 49,000 Katrina also had a profound impact on the environment . The storm surge caused substantial beach erosion , in some cases completely devastating coastal areas . In Dauphin Island ( a barrier island ) , approximately 90 mi ( 140 km ) to the east of the point where the hurricane made landfall , the sand that comprised the island was transported across the island into the Mississippi Sound , pushing the island towards land . The storm surge and waves from Katrina also severely damaged the Chandeleur Islands , which had been affected by Hurricane Ivan the previous year . The US Geological Survey has estimated 217 sq mi ( 560 km ) of land was transformed to water by the hurricanes Katrina and Rita . Before the storm , subsidence and erosion caused loss of land in the Louisiana wetlands and bayous . This , along with the canals built in the area , let Katrina keep more of its intensity when it struck . The lands that were lost were breeding grounds for marine mammals , brown pelicans , turtles , and fish , and migratory species such as redhead ducks . Overall , about 20 % of the local marshes were permanently overrun by water as a result of the storm . The damage from Katrina forced the closure of 16 National Wildlife Refuges . Breton National Wildlife Refuge lost half its area in the storm . As a result , the hurricane affected the habitats of sea turtles , Mississippi sandhill cranes , Red - cockaded woodpeckers and Alabama Beach mice . Katrina also produced massive tree loss along the Gulf Coast , particularly in Louisiana'a Pearl River Basin and among bottomland hardwood forests . Before the storm the standard mortality rate for the area 's trees was 1.9 % , but this interval increased to 20.5 % by the end of 2006 . Delayed mortality as an effect of the storm continued with rates up to 5 % until 2011 . This significant loss in biomass caused greater decay and an increase in carbon emissions . For example , by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140 % of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees . The Chandeleur Islands , before Katrina ( left ) and after ( right ) , showing the impact of the storm along coastal areas . The storm caused oil spills from 44 facilities throughout southeastern Louisiana , which resulted in over 7 million US gallons ( 26,000 m ) of oil being leaked . Some spills were only a few hundred gallons and most were contained on - site , though some oil entered the ecosystem and residential areas . After a spill at the Murphy Oil refinery , for example , 1,800 homes were oiled in the towns of Chalmette and Meraux . Unlike Hurricane Ivan no offshore oil spills were officially reported after Hurricane Katrina . However , Skytruth reported some signs of surface oil in the Gulf of Mexico . Finally , as part of the cleanup effort , the flood waters that covered New Orleans were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain , a process that took 43 days to complete . These residual waters contained a mix of raw sewage , bacteria , heavy metals , pesticides , toxic chemicals , and oil , which sparked fears in the scientific community of massive numbers of fish dying . Reestablishing governance Further information : Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans § Civil disturbances U.S. Army Infantry on patrol in New Orleans in an area previously underwater , September 2005 . A Border Patrol Special Response Team searches a hotel room - by - room in New Orleans in response to Hurricane Katrina . Shortly after the hurricane moved away on August 30 , 2005 , some residents of New Orleans who remained in the city began looting stores . Many were in search of food and water that were not available to them through any other means , as well as non-essential items . Additionally , there were reports of carjacking , murders , thefts and rapes in New Orleans . Some sources later determined that many of the reports were inaccurate , greatly exaggerated or completely false , leading news agencies to print retractions . Thousands of National Guard and federal troops were mobilized and sent to Louisiana , with 7,841 in the area on August 29 , to a maximum of 46,838 on September 10 . A number of local law enforcement agents from across the country were temporarily deputized by the state . `` They have M16s and are locked and loaded . These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will , '' Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco said . Congressman Bill Jefferson told ABC News : `` There was shooting going on . There was sniping going on . Over the first week of September , law and order were gradually restored to the city . '' Several shootings occurred between police and New Orleans residents , some involving police misconduct ; including an incident that killed two unarmed civilians and seriously injured other others at Danziger Bridge . Five former police officers pleaded guilty to charges connected to the Danziger Bridge shootings in the aftermath of the hurricane . Six other former or current officers appeared in court in June 2011 . Overall , a number of arrests were made throughout the affected area , including some near the New Orleans Convention Center . A temporary jail was constructed of chain link cages in the New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal , the city 's main train station . In West Virginia , where roughly 350 refugees were located , local officials took fingerprints to run criminal background checks on the refugees . The background checks found that 45 % of the refugees had a criminal record of some nature , and that 22 % had a violent criminal record . Media speculation fueled a popular perception that the displaced New Orleans residents brought a wave of crime into the communities where they relocated , however , detailed studies of crime statistics in these communities did not reveal a significant increase in violent crime . Government response Chart showing some common uses of the FEMA marking system in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina President Bush stands with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao and Secretary of Health and Human Services Mike Leavitt during a press conference from the Rose Garden , regarding the devastation along the Gulf Coast caused by Katrina . Within the United States and as delineated in the National Response Plan , disaster response and planning is first and foremost a local government responsibility . When local government exhausts its resources , it then requests specific additional resources from the county level . The request process proceeds similarly from the county to the state to the federal government as additional resource needs are identified . Many of the problems that arose developed from inadequate planning and back - up communication systems at various levels . Some disaster recovery response to Katrina began before the storm , with Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a mortuary team with refrigerated trucks . A network of volunteers began rendering assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding parishes as soon as the storm made landfall ( even though many were directed to not enter the area ) , and continued for more than six months after the storm Of the 60,000 people stranded in New Orleans , the Coast Guard rescued more than 33,500 . Congress recognized the Coast Guard 's response with an official entry in the Congressional Record , and the Armed Service was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation . The United States Northern Command established Joint Task Force ( JTF ) Katrina based out of Camp Shelby , Mississippi , to act as the military 's on - scene response on Sunday , August 28 , with US Army Lieutenant General Russel L. Honoré as commander . Approximately 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm 's aftermath , with troops coming from all 50 states . The Department of Defense also activated volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol . Michael Chertoff , Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security , decided to take over the federal , state , and local operations officially on August 30 , 2005 , citing the National Response Plan . This was refused by Governor Blanco who indicated that her National Guard could manage . Early in September , Congress authorized a total of $62.3 billion in aid for victims . Additionally , President Bush enlisted the help of former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions , much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . American flags were also ordered to be half - staff from September 2 , 2005 , to September 20 , 2005 , in honor of the victims . FEMA provided housing assistance ( rental assistance , trailers , etc . ) to more than 700,000 applicants -- families and individuals . However , only one - fifth of the trailers requested in Orleans Parish were supplied , resulting in an enormous housing shortage in the city of New Orleans . Many local areas voted to not allow the trailers , and many areas had no utilities , a requirement prior to placing the trailers . To provide for additional housing , FEMA has also paid for the hotel costs of 12,000 individuals and families displaced by Katrina through February 7 , 2006 , when a final deadline was set for the end of hotel cost coverage . After this deadline , evacuees were still eligible to receive federal assistance , which could be used towards either apartment rent , additional hotel stays , or fixing their ruined homes , although FEMA no longer paid for hotels directly . As of March 30 , 2010 , there were still 260 families living in FEMA - provided trailers in Louisiana and Mississippi . Law enforcement and public safety agencies , from across the United States , provided a `` mutual aid '' response to Louisiana and New Orleans in the weeks following the disaster . Many agencies responded with manpower and equipment from as far away as California , Michigan , Nevada , New York , and Texas . This response was welcomed by local Louisiana authorities as their staff were either becoming fatigued , stretched too thin , or even quitting from the job . Two weeks after the storm , more than half of the states were involved in providing shelter for evacuees . By four weeks after the storm , evacuees had been registered in all 50 states and in 18,700 zip codes -- half of the nation 's residential postal zones . Most evacuees had stayed within 250 miles ( 400 km ) , but 240,000 households went to Houston and other cities over 250 miles ( 400 km ) away and another 60,000 households went over 750 miles ( 1,200 km ) away . Criticism of government response Main article : Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina USNS Comfort takes on supplies at Mayport , Florida , en route to the Gulf Coast . The criticisms of the government 's response to Hurricane Katrina primarily consisted of criticism of mismanagement and lack of leadership in the relief efforts in response to the storm and its aftermath . More specifically , the criticism focused on the delayed response to the flooding of New Orleans , and the subsequent state of chaos in the city . The neologism Katrina gate was coined to refer to this controversy , and was a runner - up for `` 2005 word of the year . '' Within days of Katrina 's August 29 landfall , public debate arose about the local , state and federal governments ' role in the preparations for and response to the hurricane . Criticism was initially prompted by televised images of visibly shaken and frustrated political leaders , and of residents who remained stranded by flood waters without water , food , or shelter . Deaths from thirst , exhaustion and violence days after the storm had passed fueled the criticism , as did the dilemma of the evacuees at facilities such as the Louisiana Superdome and the New Orleans Civic Center . Some alleged that race , class , and other factors could have contributed to delays in government response . For example , during A Concert for Hurricane Relief , a benefit concert for victims of the hurricane , rapper Kanye West veered off script and harshly criticized the government 's response to the crisis , stating that `` George Bush does n't care about black people . '' In accordance with federal law , President George W. Bush directed the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security , Michael Chertoff , to coordinate the Federal response . Chertoff designated Michael D. Brown , head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency , as the Principal Federal Official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and forces in the Gulf Coast region . However , the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination . Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful . Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this . Eight days later , Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations . Three days after the recall , Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush . Politicians , activists , pundits , and journalists also directed criticism at the local and state governments headed by Mayor Nagin of New Orleans and Louisiana Governor Blanco . Nagin and Blanco were criticized for failing to implement New Orleans ' evacuation plan and for ordering residents to a shelter of last resort without any provisions for food , water , security , or sanitary conditions . Perhaps the most important criticism of Nagin was that he delayed his emergency evacuation order until 19 hours before landfall , which led to hundreds of deaths of people who could not find any way out of the city . The destruction wrought by Hurricane Katrina raised other , more general public policy issues about emergency management , environmental policy , poverty , and unemployment . The discussion of both the immediate response and of the broader public policy issues may have affected elections and legislation enacted at various levels of government . The storm 's devastation also prompted a Congressional investigation , which found that FEMA and the Red Cross `` did not have a logistics capacity sophisticated enough to fully support the massive number of Gulf coast victims . '' Additionally , it placed responsibility for the disaster on all three levels of government . An ABC News poll conducted on September 2 , 2005 , showed more blame was being directed at state and local governments ( 75 % ) than at the Federal government ( 67 % ) , with 44 % blaming Bush 's leadership directly . A later CNN / USAToday / Gallup poll showed that respondents disagreed widely on who was to blame for the problems in the city following the hurricane -- 13 % said Bush , 18 % said federal agencies , 25 % blamed state or local officials and 38 % said no one was to blame . A 2013 pool of Louisiana Republicans found more ( 29 % ) blamed Barack Obama for the poor federal response to the hurricane than George W. Bush ( 28 % ) , despite the fact that Bush was actually president during the storm and Obama merely a junior senator . International response Main article : International response to Hurricane Katrina United States Navy personnel unload Canadian relief supplies from a Royal Canadian Air Force transport aircraft in Pensacola , Florida . Over seventy countries pledged monetary donations or other assistance . Cuba and Venezuela ( both considered as hostile to US government interest ) were the first countries to offer assistance , pledging over $1 million , several mobile hospitals , water treatment plants , canned food , bottled water , heating oil , 1,100 doctors and 26.4 metric tons of medicine , though this aid was rejected by the U.S. government . Kuwait made the largest single pledge , $500 million ; other large donations were made by Qatar and United Arab Emirates ( each $100 million ) , South Korea ( $30 million ) , Australia ( $10 million ) , India , China ( both $5 million ) , New Zealand ( $2 million ) , Pakistan ( $1.5 million ) , Norway ( $1.8 million ) , and Bangladesh ( $1 million ) . India sent tarps , blankets and hygiene kits . An Indian Air Force IL - 76 aircraft delivered 25 tonnes of relief supplies for the Hurricane Katrina victims at the Little Rock Air Force Base , Arkansas , on September 13 , 2005 . Israel sent an IDF delegation to New Orleans to transport aid equipment including 80 tons of food , disposable diapers , beds , blankets , generators and additional equipment which were donated from different governmental institutions , civilian institutions and the IDF . The Bush Administration announced in mid-September that it did not need Israeli divers and physicians to come to the United States for search and rescue missions , but a small team landed in New Orleans on September 10 to give assistance to operations already under way . The team administered first aid to survivors , rescued abandoned pets and discovered hurricane victims . Countries like Sri Lanka , which was still recovering from the Indian Ocean Tsunami , also offered to help . Countries including Canada , Mexico , Singapore and Germany sent supplies , relief personnel ( like Technisches Hilfswerk ) , troops , ships and water pumps to aid in the disaster recovery . Belgium sent in a team of relief personnel . Britain 's donation of 350,000 emergency meals did not reach victims because of laws regarding mad cow disease . Russia 's initial offer of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later . The French offer was also declined and requested later . Non-governmental organization response Residents of Louisiana , who had to flee their homes because of Hurricane Katrina , are inside the Houston Astrodome and being helped by the Red Cross and other agencies and associations . The American Red Cross , America 's Second Harvest ( now known as Feeding America ) , Southern Baptist Convention , Salvation Army , Oxfam , Common Ground Collective , Burners Without Borders , Emergency Communities , Habitat for Humanity , Catholic Charities , Service International , `` A River of Hope '' , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , and many other charitable organizations provided help to the victims of the storm . They were not allowed into New Orleans proper by the National Guard for several days after the storm because of safety concerns . These organizations raised US $4.25 billion in donations by the public , with the Red Cross receiving over half of the donations . Some smaller organizations and individuals ignored the access restrictions and provided early relief . For example , two privately chartered planes from FasterCures evacuated 200 patents from Charity Hospital in New Orleans . Volunteers from amateur radio 's emergency service wing , the Amateur Radio Emergency Service , provided communications in areas where the communications infrastructure had been damaged or totally destroyed , relaying everything from 911 traffic to messages home . In Hancock County , Mississippi , ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area , and even served as 911 dispatchers . Many corporations also contributed to relief efforts . On September 13 , 2005 , it was reported that corporate donations to the relief effort were $409 million , and were expected to exceed $1 billion . During and after the Hurricanes Katrina , Wilma and Rita , the American Red Cross had opened 1,470 shelters and registered 3.8 million overnight stays . None were allowed in New Orleans however . A total of 244,000 Red Cross workers ( 95 % of which were non-paid volunteers ) were utilized throughout these three hurricanes . In addition , 346,980 comfort kits ( such as toothpaste , soap , washcloths and toys for children ) and 205,360 cleanup kits ( containing brooms , mops and bleach ) were distributed . For mass care , the organization served 68 million snacks and meals to victims of the disasters and to rescue workers . The Red Cross also had its Disaster Health services meet 596,810 contacts , and Disaster Mental Health services met 826,590 contacts . Red Cross emergency financial assistance was provided to 1.4 million families . Hurricane Katrina was the first natural disaster in the United States in which the American Red Cross utilized its `` Safe and Well '' family location website . In the year following Katrina 's strike on the Gulf Coast , The Salvation Army allocated donations of more than $365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in nearly every state . The organization 's immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included more than 5.7 million hot meals and about 8.3 million sandwiches , snacks , and drinks served in and around New Orleans . Its SATERN network of amateur radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors . Salvation Army pastoral care counselors were on hand to comfort the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals . As part of the overall effort , Salvation Army officers , employees , and volunteers contributed more than 900,000 hours of service . Analysis of New Orleans levee failures Main article : 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans View of the eyewall of Hurricane Katrina taken on August 28 , 2005 , as seen from a NOAA WP - 3D hurricane hunter aircraft before the storm made landfall on the United States Gulf Coast . On April 5 , 2006 , months after independent investigators had demonstrated that levee failures were not caused by natural forces beyond intended design strength , Lieutenant General Carl Strock , Chief of Engineers and Commander of the Corps of Engineers , testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water that `` We have now concluded we had problems with the design of the structure . '' A June 2007 report released by the American Society of Civil Engineers determined that the failures of the levees and floodwalls in New Orleans were found to be primarily the result of system design and construction flaws . The US Army Corps of Engineers is federally mandated in the Flood Control Act of 1965 with responsibility for the conception , design and construction of the region 's flood - control system . According to report published in August 2015 in the official journal of the World Water Council , the corps misinterpreted the results of a 1985 study and wrongly concluded that sheet piles in the flood walls needed to be driven to depths of only 17 feet ( 5 m ) instead of between 31 and 46 feet ( 9 and 14 m ) . That decision saved approximately US $100 million , but significantly reduced overall engineering reliability . Other factors may have contributed to the flooding . According to the authors of Catastrophe in the Making ( Island Press , 2009 ) , the straight design and lack of outward flow into the Gulf allowed the Mississippi River - Gulf Outlet Canal to become `` the perfect shortcut for salt - water intrusion '' which damaged buffering cypress forests and wetlands which historically had protected New Orleans from storm surge . The Army Corps of Engineers built and maintained the canal . Furthermore , according to storm surge researcher Hassan Mashriqui : `` Storm surge pushing across shallow Lake Borgne from the east is constrained by these MRGO levees to the south and , to the north , by the long - standing levees of the Intracoastal Waterway ( GIWW ) . Initially ten or more miles apart , these two channels meet , and when they do , the water building between their levees is squeezed into a single channel -- the Funnel -- only 260 yards wide , constrained by levees 14 feet to 16 feet high .... In concert with the denuded marshes , it could increase the local storm surge hitting the Intracoastal Waterway by 20 percent to 40 percent -- a critical and fundamental flaw . '' The Corps of Engineers disputes these causalities . Nonetheless , in June 2008 , the Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans District submitted a Deep - Draft De-authorization Study of the MRGO which stated that `` an economic evaluation of channel navigation use does not demonstrate a Federal interest in continued operation and maintenance of the channel . '' Congress ordered the MRGO closed as a direct result . Many of the levees have been reconstructed since the time of Katrina . In reconstructing them , precautions were taken to bring the levees up to modern building code standards and to ensure their safety . For example , in every situation possible , the Corps of Engineers replaced I - walls with T - walls . T - walls have a horizontal concrete base that protects against soil erosion underneath the floodwalls . However , there are funding battles over the remaining levee improvements . In February 2008 , the Bush administration requested that the state of Louisiana pay about $1.5 billion of an estimated $7.2 billion for Corps of Engineers levee work ( in accordance with the principles of local cost sharing required by Congress as early as the Flood Control Act of 1928 ) , a proposal which angered many Louisiana leaders . On May 2 , 2008 , Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal used a speech to The National Press Club to request that President Bush free up money to complete work on Louisiana 's levees . Bush promised to include the levee funding in his 2009 budget , but rejected the idea of including the funding in a war bill , which would pass sooner . Media involvement Main article : Media coverage of Hurricane Katrina Many representatives of the news media reporting on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina became directly involved in the unfolding events , instead of simply reporting . Because of the loss of most means of communication , such as land - based and cellular telephone systems , field reporters in many cases became conduits for information between victims and authorities . The authorities , who monitored local and network news broadcasts , as well as internet sites , would then attempt to coordinate rescue efforts based on the reports . One illustration was when Geraldo Rivera of Fox News tearfully pleaded for authorities to either send help or evacuate the thousands of evacuees stranded at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center . The role of AM radio was also of importance to the hundreds of thousands of persons with no other ties to news , providing emergency information regarding access to assistance for hurricane victims . Immediately after Katrina , WWL - AM was one of the few area radio stations in the area remaining on the air . This emergency service , simulcasted on shortwave outlet WHRI , was named `` The United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans . '' Their ongoing nighttime broadcasts continued to be available up to 500 mi ( 800 km ) away . Announcers continued to broadcast from improvised studio facilities after the storm damaged their main studios . The cellular phone antenna network was severely damaged and completely inoperable for several months . The storm also brought a dramatic rise in the role of Internet sites -- especially blogging and community journalism . One example was the effort of NOLA.com , the web affiliate of New Orleans ' Times - Picayune . A group of reporters were awarded the Breaking News Pulitzer Prize , and shared the Public Service Pulitzer with the Biloxi - based Sun Herald . The newspaper 's coverage was carried for days only on NOLA 's blogs , as the newspaper lost its presses and evacuated its building as water rose around it on August 30 . The site became an international focal point for news by local media , and also became a vital link for rescue operations and later for reuniting scattered residents , as it accepted and posted thousands of individual pleas for rescue on its blogs and forums . NOLA was monitored constantly by an array of rescue teams -- from individuals to the Coast Guard -- which used information in rescue efforts . Much of this information was relayed from trapped victims via the SMS functions of their cell phones , to friends and relatives outside the area , who then relayed the information back to NOLA.com . The aggregation of community journalism , user photos and the use of the internet site as a collaborative response to the storm attracted international attention , and was called a watershed moment in journalism . In the wake of these online - only efforts , the Pulitzer Committee for the first time opened all its categories to online entries . As the U.S. military and rescue services regained control over the city , there were restrictions on the activity of the media . On September 9 , the military leader of the relief effort announced that reporters would have `` zero access '' to efforts to recover bodies in New Orleans . Immediately following this announcement , CNN filed a lawsuit and obtained a temporary restraining order against the ban . The next day the government backed down and reversed the ban . Retirement See also : List of retired Atlantic hurricane names Because of the large death toll and destruction of property along the Gulf Coast , the name Katrina was officially retired on April 6 , 2006 , by the World Meteorological Organization at the request of the U.S. government . The name will never again be used for another North Atlantic hurricane . It was replaced by Katia on List III of the Atlantic hurricane naming lists , which was used in the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season . Studies concerning post-Katrina victims An article published in the Community Mental Health Journal from January 2016 revealed information about a recent study on the psychosocial needs of Hurricane Katrina evacuees that temporarily resided in Dallas , Texas . More than one - fourth of the sample met the criteria for major depressive disorder ( MDD ) . About one - third of the individuals received a referral to mental health services for meeting symptom criteria for incident MDD and PTSD . In a study published in Maternal and Child Health Journal , five - to seven years after the disaster , 308 New Orleans pregnant women were interviewed about their exposure to Katrina . Researchers found that there were associations between experiencing damage during Katrina and birthweight , thus researchers concluded that natural disasters may have long - term effects on pregnancy outcomes . Furthermore , it was concluded that women who are most vulnerable to disaster may be more vulnerable to poor pregnancy outcome . From a September 2015 journal of Current Psychology , a study examined the attitudes of older , long - term residents of Baton Rouge , Louisiana toward displaced newcomers to their community . After using multiple tests , analyses , and descriptive statistics , the study suggested residents grew to become more patient , tolerant , and friendly towards newcomers . The study also suggests , however , that residents felt more fearful and suspicious of the evacuees , as well as the fact that they were being taken advantage of more . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction of New Orleans Volunteers from AmeriCorps in New Orleans , January 2006 Reconstruction of each section of the southern portion of Louisiana has been addressed in the Army Corps LACPR ( Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration ) Final Technical Report , which identifies areas to not be rebuilt and areas where buildings need to be elevated . The Technical Report includes : locations of possible new levees to be built suggested existing levee modifications `` Inundation Zones '' , `` Water depths less than 14 feet , Raise - In - Place of Structures '' , `` Water depths greater than 14 feet , Buyout of Structures '' , `` Velocity Zones '' and `` Buyout of Structures '' areas for five different scenarios . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers submitted the report to the U.S. Congress for consideration , planning , and response in mid-2009 . See also New Orleans portal Louisiana portal Mississippi portal Tropical cyclones portal 2000s portal Hurricanes and climate change Hurricane Katrina in fiction Hurricane on the Bayou Katrina Aid Today List of Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes List of Florida hurricanes ( 2000 -- present ) List of storms in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Reconstruction of New Orleans Timeline of Hurricane Katrina Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies ( New Orleans ) Wetlands of Louisiana Notes Jump up ^ All damage figures in this table are in the USD amounts of their respective year . References ^ Jump up to : Knabb , Richard D ; Rhome , Jamie R ; Brown , Daniel P ; National Hurricane Center ( December 20 , 2005 ) . Hurricane Katrina : August 23 -- 30 , 2005 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Gibney , Ethan J ; National Hurricane Center ( August 2011 ) . The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zimmermann , Kim Ann ( 2015 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina : Facts , Damage and Aftermath '' . Hurricane Katrina : Facts , Damage and Aftermath . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Heat in the Gulf '' . www.nasa.gov . September 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Rappaport , Edward N ; National Hurricane Center ( December 10 , 1993 ) . Hurricane Andrew : August 16 -- 28 ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plyer , Allison ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Facts for Features : Katrina Impact '' . The Data Center . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Anderson , Jurjen A. Battjes ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : What Went Wrong and Why '' ( PDF ) ) . American Society of Civil Engineers . Retrieved 2016 - 7 - 25 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ( May 23 , 2015 ) . `` Decade after Katrina pointing finger more firmly at Army Corps '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Nossiter , Adam ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` In Court Ruling on Floods , More Pain for New Orleans '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stoltz , Mary Helen ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Flood damage after Katrina could have been prevented , S&T expert says '' . Missouri S&T . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Flood damage after Katrina could have been prevented , S&T expert says '' . August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : United States Congress ( February 19 , 2006 ) . A Failure of Initiative : Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leben , Robert ; Born , George ; Scott , Jim ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` CU - Boulder Researchers Chart Katrina 's Growth In Gulf Of Mexico '' . University of Colorado at Boulder . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters of the Atlantic : The Basin 's Category 5 Hurricanes '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Amanda Ripley ( October 23 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina : How the Coast Guard Got it Right '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruce Jones ; David Callahan . Leadership Talent Emerges During Hurricane Katrina Aviation Rescue Operations ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Mobile , Alabama : United States Coast Guard . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Water Damage Jump up ^ Stephen Barr ( September 6 , 2005 ) . `` Coast Guard 's Response to Katrina a Silver Lining in the Storm '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( August 27 , 2005 ) . `` Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Louisiana '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Reports : S. Rpt. 109 - 322 -- Hurricane Katrina : A Nation Still Unprepared ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Washington , D.C. : Federal Digital System . 2006 . p. 235 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former FEMA Director Testifies Before Congress '' . The New York Times . September 27 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( August 28 , 2005 ) . `` Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Mississippi '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( August 28 , 2005 ) . `` Statement on Federal Emergency Assistance for Alabama '' . White House Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Blanco ( August 28 , 2005 ) . Governor Blanco asks President to Declare an Emergency for the State of Louisiana due to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Government of the State of Louisiana . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stacy R. Stewart ( August 26 , 2005 ) . Hurricane Katrina Discussion Number 14 . National Hurricane Center ( Report ) . Miami , Florida : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Urgent -- Weather Message . National Weather Service New Orleans / Baton Rouge , Louisiana ( Report ) . New Orleans , Louisiana : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . August 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2006 . Retrieved July 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Transcripts , tape show Bush , Brown warned on Katrina '' . CNN . Washington , D.C. March 2 , 2006 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer . `` Hurricane Katrina Situation Report No. 3 . '' Florida State Emergency Response Team . August 26 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Officials Urge Preparedness As Katrina Intensifies ( Report ) . Federal Emergency Management Agency . August 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina drenches Florida '' . Television New Zealand . Reuters. 2005 - 08 - 26 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Shadi Rahimi ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Tropical Storm Becomes a Hurricane as it Nears Florida '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Reeling from hurricane , Florida braces for 2nd hit '' . New York Times . Agence France - Presse. 2005 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Joseph B. Treaster ; Shadi Rahimi ( 2005 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Hurricane Moves Over Gulf After Soaking Southern Florida '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Riley declares state of emergency due to Katrina threat '' . KATC , WorldNow. 2005 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Service Alert : Hurricane Katrina Update -- City of New Orleans , Crescent , Sunset Limited -- Revised Service Information '' . Amtrak . September 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Homeland Security ; Emergency Preparedness . `` Louisiana Citizen Awareness and Disaster Evacuation Guide '' . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Connole , Patrick ( February 2011 ) . `` Long Term Care Providers Tackle Disaster Preparedness In A Post-Katrina World '' . Provider Magazine . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` State Of Louisiana Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C '' ( PDF ) . July 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Todd Litman ( April 13 , 2006 ) . `` Lessons From Katrina and Rita : What Major Disasters Can Teach Transportation Planners '' ( PDF ) . Victoria Transport Policy Institute . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 15 , '' and `` Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 21 . '' National Hurricane Center . August 26 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Drye , Willie . `` Hurricane Katrina Pulls Its Punches in New Orleans . '' National Geographic . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Katrina Heads for New Orleans . '' Fox News / Associated Press . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer. `` 26,000 shelter at Superdome Archived November 12 , 2005 , at Archive - It . '' Times - Picayune . August 28 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Diary From the Dome is a 2008 memoir written by a tourist who was stuck inside the Superdome during Katrina and the levee failures . It offers an overview of the conditions inside the stadium as well as a critique of the media 's coverage of the disaster . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( August 29 , 2005 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina Pummels Three States '' . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : John L. Beven II ; Lixion A Avila ; Eric S. Blake ; Daniel P. Brown ; James L. Franklin ; Richard D. Knabb ; Richard J. Pasch ; Jamie R. Rhome ; Stacy R. Stewart ( March 2008 ) . `` Annual Summary : Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . 136 ( 3 ) : 1131 -- 1141 . Bibcode : 2008MWRv ... 136.1109 B . doi : 10.1175 / 2007MWR2074. 1 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Joan Brunkard ; Gonza Namulanda ; Raoult Ratard ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina deaths , Louisiana , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2 ( 4 ) : 215 -- 223 . doi : 10.1097 / DMP. 0b013e31818aaf55 . PMID 18756175 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 31 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Poppy Markwell ; Raoult Ratard . `` Deaths Directly Caused by Hurricane Katrina '' ( PDF ) . Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Christine F. Andersen ; et al. ( 2007 ) . The New Orleans Hurricane Protection System : What Went Wrong and Why ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Reston , Virginia : American Society of Civil Engineers Hurricane Katrina External Review Panel . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 2 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hurricane Katrina Service Assessment Report ( PDF ) . National Weather Service ( Report ) . Silver Spring , Maryland : National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . June 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reports of Missing and Deceased ( Report ) . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Aftermath of Katrina '' . CNN . September 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesley Clark ( June 20 , 2010 ) . `` Spill colors fabric of Gulf coastal life '' . The McClatchy Company . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Devenas , Andy `` Marathon Tornado Survey Report . '' National Weather Service Forecast Office Key West , Florida Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Katrina at a Glance '' ( August 31 , 2005 ) , page 4A , Mobile Register , web : MobileRegister - 083105 - PDF Archived October 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ RA IV Hurricane Committee Twent - Eight Session ( PDF ) ( Report ) . San Juan , Puerto Rico : World Meteorological Organization . 2006 . p. 58 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Flooding and power outages as ' Katrina ' batters western Cuba . '' ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer . `` Hurricane Katrina Situation Report # 11 . '' Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability ( OE ) United States Department of Energy . August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` FEMA : Louisiana Katrina Surge Inundation Map , January 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cannizaro , Steve . `` List of Missing Residents Down to 47 , and More ... '' St. Bernard Parish Government ( press release ) . December 17 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Current Housing Unit Damage Estimates , Hurricanes Katrina , Rita , and Wilma '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development . February 12 , 2006 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenzweig , C. , G. Casassa , D.J. Karoly , A. Imeson , C. Liu , A. Menzel , S. Rawlins , T.L. Root , B. Seguin , P. Tryjanowski. ( 2007 ) . `` Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems . Climate Change 2007 : Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerability '' . Chapter 1 in Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , ( M.L. Parry , O.F. Canziani , J.P. Palutikof , P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson , Eds . ) , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . ( url : http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter1.pdf ) . Pp 92 . Accessed 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Verity . `` Fixing New Orleans ' thin grey line . '' BBC News . October 4 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Meghan . `` Causeway closed but hardly damaged . '' Times Picayune . August 31 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Transcript from , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer . `` Hurricane Damages Gulf Coast . '' PBS . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Rebecca . `` Evacuations to hotels come with own set of hazards Archived July 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Times - Picayune . August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Christine ( August 1 , 2006 ) . `` Our 10 Greatest Natural Disasters '' . American Heritage . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina from the Airport 's Point of View '' . Web Archive of Fly MSY website . September 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Warner , Coleman ; Travis , Robert . `` Where They Died . '' Times - Picayune . October 23 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Ann . `` Identifying victims a grueling task . '' CNN . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Davis , Robert ; Johnson , Kevin ( 17 October 2005 ) . `` La . looks into 215 Katrina deaths -- Inquiry includes euthanasia report '' . USA Today . Arlington , VA . Jump up ^ Canfield , Sabrina ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Hospital Settles Katrina Deaths Class Action '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patients finally rescued from Charity Hospital '' . cnn.com . Cable News Network . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thevenot , Brian ; Russell , Gordon . `` Reports of anarchy at Superdome overstated Archived October 23 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Seattle Times . September 26 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Left to Die in a New Orleans Prison , Democracy Now / AlterNet , 27 Sept 2005 . Retrieved 28 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ The Fate of Prisoners during Hurricane Katrina , The Society Pages , 27 Aug 2011 . Retrieved 28 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ New Orleans prisoners left to drown after Katrina struck , World Socialist Web Site , 1 Oct 2005 . Retrieved 28 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Abandoned & Abused : Report on the effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans Prisons ( PDF ) ( ( 1 ) ) , American Civil Liberties Union , 9 Aug 2006 . Retrieved 28 Nov 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Haley Babour ( January 6 , 2006 ) . `` Information Relating to the Federal Appropriations for Katrina Recovery '' . Office of the Governor , Mississippi . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer . `` Mississippi Coast Areas Wiped Out . '' CBS News . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency ( November 2005 ) . `` Mississippi Hurricane Katrina Surge Inundation and Advisory Base Flood Elevation Map Panel Overview '' ( PDF ) . FEMA . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Robby ; WFO Peachtree City Staff . `` Katrina Spawns Tornadoes in Georgia -- August 29 , 2005 . '' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . December 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Summary '' . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Hopkinsville Swamped By Floodwaters ; 10 - Year - Old Drowns . '' WAVE ( TV ) . September 6 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Gov. Fletcher Declares Three Kentucky Counties Disaster Areas . '' WKYT . Accessed on April 18 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Blanton , Carla ; Goins , Michael ; Whitaker , Jodi . `` Governor Fletcher declares state of emergency in Kentucky . '' Commonwealth of Kentucky ( Press Release ) . August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Canadian Tropical Cyclone Season Summary for 2005 ( Report ) . Gatineau , Quebec : Environment Canada . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rain from Katrina washes out Quebec north shore roads '' . CBC News . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Gibney , Ethan J ; National Climatic Data Center ; National Hurricane Center ( August 10 , 2011 ) . The deadliest , costliest and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( and other frequently requested hurricane facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . p. 47 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Kimberlain , Todd B ; Berg , Robert J ; Cangialosi , John P ; Beven II , John L ; National Hurricane Center ( February 12 , 2013 ) . Hurricane Sandy : October 22 -- 29 , 2012 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurricane / Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy , October 22 -- 29 , 2012 ( PDF ) ( Service Assessment ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . May 2013 . p. 10 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ St. Onge , Jeff ; Epstein , Victor . `` Ex-chief says FEMA readiness even worse . '' Boston.com. April 1 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fagot , Caryl ; Winbush , Debra . `` Hurricane Katrina / Hurricane Rita Evacuation and Production Shut - in Statistics Report as of Wednesday , February 22 , 2006 Archived May 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' U.S. Government Minerals Management Service Archived November 26 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Sheikh , Pervaze A. ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Biological Resources '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burton , Mark L. ; Hicks , Michael J. `` Hurricane Katrina : Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages Archived October 17 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Marshall University : Center for Business and Economic Research . September 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Insurance Institute . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved on May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony E. Ladd , John Marszalek , and Duane A. Gill . The Other Diaspora : New Orleans Student Evacuation Impacts and Responses Surrounding Hurricane Katrina . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mema Ayi ( August 30 , 2006 ) . `` Katrina evacuees at home in Chicago '' . Chicago Defender . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Greg Stone ; Tim Grant ; Nathaniel Weaver ( 2006 ) . `` Rapid Population Estimate Project : January 28 -- 29 , 2006 Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . Emergency Operations Center , City of New Orleans . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les . `` Growth states : Arizona overtakes Nevada : Texas adds most people overall ; Louisiana population declines nearly 5 % . '' CNN . December 22 , 2006 . Retrieved on December 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` More Bad News Blows In From Katrina . '' CBS News . May 28 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Miguel Llanos ( September 19 , 2005 ) . `` 44 oil spills found in southeast Louisiana '' . MSNBC . MSNBC . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Daupin Island -- Pre - and Post-Storm 3D Topography '' . Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Before and After Photo Comparisons : Chandeleur Islands '' . Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies . USGS . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Reports Latest Land Change Estimates for Louisiana Coast '' , USGS National Wetlands Research Center , Oct 3 , 2006 , accessed May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mike Tidwell ( 2006 ) . The Ravaging Tide : Strange Weather , Future Katrinas , and the Coming Death of America 's Coastal Cities . Free Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 9470 - X . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( September 9 , 2005 ) . `` U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Conducting Initial Damage Assessments to Wildlife and National Wildlife Refuges '' . USFWS . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Elise ( 2008 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina Impacts on Forest Trees of Louisiana 's Pearl River Basin '' . Forest Ecology and Management . 256 : 883 -- 889 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foreco. 2008.05. 057 . Jump up ^ Henkel , Theryn ( 2016 ) . `` Delayed Tree Mortality and Chinese Tallow Explosion in Louisiana Bottomland Hardwood Forest Following Hurricane Katrina '' . Forest and Ecology Management . 378 : 222 -- 232 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foreco. 2016.07. 036 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Jeffrey Q. ; Fisher , Jeremy I. ; Zeng , Hongcheng ; Chapman , Elise L. ; Baker , David B. ; Hurtt , George C. ( January 1 , 2007 ) . `` Hurricane Katrina 's Carbon Footprint on U.S. Gulf Coast Forests '' . Science . 318 ( 5853 ) : 1107 -- 1107 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1148913 . JSTOR 20051600 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Katrina : Aug 31 : Looting in Mississippi '' . KLRT. Little Rock , Arkansas . August 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sarah Rosenblatt ; James Rainey ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Rita 's Aftermath ; Katrina Takes a Toll on Truth , News Accuracy '' . Los Angeles Times . p . A16 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans rocked by huge blasts '' . BBC . 2005 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jake Tapper ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` Amid Katrina Chaos , Congressman Used National Guard to Visit Home '' . ABC News . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police kill at least 5 in New Orleans '' . MSNBC . September 4 , 2005 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-cop gets 8 years for role in post-Katrina shootings '' . CNN . December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` At the Train Station , New Orleans ' Newest Jail is Open For Business '' . KOMO - TV . New Orleans , Louisiana . September 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Schubert ( September 18 , 2005 ) . `` Some Katrina Evacuees at Camp Dawson Have Criminal Records '' . WBOY - TV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Verano , Paul ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` A Tale of Three Cities : Crime and Displacement after Hurricane Katrina '' . Journal of Criminal Justice . Jump up ^ Settles , Tanya ; Lindsay , Bruce ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Crime in post-Katrina Houston : the effects of moral panic on emergency planning '' . Disasters. 35 : 200 -- 219 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7717.2010. 01200. x . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans gang wars spill into Houston area '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina : Lessons Learned '' . The White House . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Government Accountability Office ( July 2006 ) . Coast Guard : Observations on the Preparation , Response , and Recovery Missions Related to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ United States Congress ( September 21 , 2005 ) . Senate Resolution 246 : To express the sense of the Senate regarding the missions and performance of the United States Coast Guard in responding to Hurricane Katrina ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` USCG Message Traffic : Award of the Presidential Unit Citation to the Coast Guard '' . United States Coast Guard . May 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Special Defense Department Briefing with Commander of Joint Task Force Katrina '' . United States Department of Defense , News Transcript . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kyra . `` Bush Discusses Displaced Students ; Department of Defense Briefs Press on Katrina Response ( CNN Live Transcript ) . '' CNN . September 6 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ California Political Desk . `` Pelosi : Davis Report on Katrina Leaves Unfinished Business Archived October 27 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' California Chronicle . February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Goldstein , Amy . `` Congress Approves $51.8 Billion For Victims . '' Washington Post . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. `` President Asks Bush and Clinton to Assist in Hurricane Relief . '' White House , Press Release . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation by the President : Honoring the Memory of the Victims of Hurricane Katrina '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Times - Picayune , September 26 , 2005 , page A-12 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Foster , Mary . `` Judge : FEMA Off Hook For Hotel Costs . '' CBC News . February 13 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Al Showers ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Hancock Co. woman struggles to get out of FEMA trailer '' . WLOX Channel 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Treaster , Joseph B. ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` Law Officers , Overwhelmed , Are Quitting the Force '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Quigley , Bill ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` Six Months After Katrina : Who Was Left Behind Then and Who is Being Left Behind Now ? '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clark , Heather . `` Linguists Vote ' Truthiness ' Word of 2005 . '' ABC News . January 6 , 2006 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( 2005 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Kanye West 's Torrent of Criticism , Live on NBC '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ David Kirkpatrick ; Scott Shane ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` Ex-FEMA Chief Tells of Frustration and Chaos '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Meserve , Jeanne ; Barrett , Ted . `` Admiral takes over Katrina relief . '' CNN . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( September 2 , 2005 ) . `` President Arrives in Alabama , Briefed on Hurricane Katrina '' . The White House . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Langer , Gary . `` Poll : Bush Not Taking Brunt of Katrina Criticism . '' ABC News . September 12 , 2005 . Retrieved on July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Poll : Most Americans believe New Orleans will never recover . '' CNN . September 8 , 2005 . Retrieved on July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kludt , Tom ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Poll : Louisiana GOPers Unsure If Katrina Response Was Obama 's Fault '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Was Barack Obama President During Hurricane Katrina ? '' . Snopes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela and Cuba offer US aid . '' Al Jazeera , September 7 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela and Cuba offer aid to Katrina victims . '' The Free Press , Volume 1 , Issue 4 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` From abroad , offers of aid for Katrina victims . '' People 's Weekly World , September 10 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` France , Cuba , Venezuela among those offering aid . '' USA Today , Sept 2 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Tuesday , September 6 , 2005 , 3 : 47 pm Press Release : New Zealand Government . `` Scoop : Further NZ assistance in wake of Hurricane Katrina '' . Scoop.co.nz . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. Grateful for Pakistan 's Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Victims . '' Embassy of the United States . September 8 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Katastroferammede i USA får hjelp fra Norge på 10 millioner kroner '' . October 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Asian nations offer U.S. assistance . '' BBC News . September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs . `` Israel Aids Hurricane Katrina Victims . '' MFA . September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jewish Virtual Library . `` Israel 's Aid to Hurricane Katrina Victims . '' Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. rejects British Katrina beef . '' BBC News . October 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. receives aid offers from around the world . '' CNN . September 4 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steven T. ( 2006 - 02 - 22 ) . `` From here to Katrina '' . San Francisco Bay Guardian . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Church Providing Relief to Hurricane Katrina Victims '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. 2005 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Latter - day Saints to Mobilize Another 4,000 Volunteers in Chainsaw Brigade 's Second Wave '' . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. 2005 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jared Johnson ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Mormon Helping Hands Make a Difference '' . Meridian Magazine . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2006 ) . `` Where Did The Money Go ? '' . Hurricane Katrina : One Year Later . Charity Navigator . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Al Gore Airlifts Evacuees -- Politics Republican Party Democratic Party Political Spectrum -- FOXNews.com '' . FOXnews.com . September 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 2005 - 09 - 16 ) . `` ARRL President Submits Congressional Testimony on Hams ' Katrina Response '' . 24 ( 36 ) . American Radio Relay League . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rick Palm . `` ARES E-Letter for September 22 , 2005 . '' The American Radio Relay League . September 22 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Katrina gifts could top $1 B . '' CNN . September 13 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` A Year of Healing '' ( PDF ) . American Red Cross . September 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Season 2005 : Facts and Figures '' . American Red Cross . 2006 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Salvation Army Reflects on Largest Disaster Response Ever at One - Year Anniversary of Hurricane Katrina '' . The Salvation Army . August 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Staff Writers `` Problems with the design of levees . '' Unregistered News . September 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ J. David Rogers ; G. Paul Kemp ( 2015 ) . `` Interaction between the US Army Corps of Engineers and the Orleans Levee Board preceding the drainage canal wall failures and catastrophic flooding of New Orleans in 2005 '' . Water Policy . p. 707 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Freudenburg , William R. , Robert Gramling et al. ( 2009 ) . Catastrophe in the Making . Island Press . p. 120 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Heerden , Ivor van ; Bryan , Mike ( May 18 , 2006 ) . `` The Storm : What Went Wrong and Why During Hurricane Katrina -- the Inside Story from One Louisiana Scientist '' . Penguin -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Warrick , Joby ; Grunwald , Michael . `` Investigators Link Levee Failures to Design Flaws . '' Washington Post . October 24 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Crenson , Matt ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Levee Repairs to Be Finished By First Day of Hurricane Season '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Burdeau , Cain ( 2008 - 02 - 12 ) . `` White House Budget for Levee Work Riles Many Louisiana Elected Officials '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Shields , Gerard ( 2008 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Jindal asks Bush for levee cash '' . 2theadvocate.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Geraldo Rivera & Shepard Smith Unleashed '' . Spike.com. 2005 - 09 - 05 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Katy Bachman ; Tony Sanders ( 2005 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Local Media Outlets Struggle to Carry On Post Katrina '' . Billboard Radio Monitor . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Pulitzer Board ( 2006 ) . `` 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners -- Breaking News Reporting '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ The Pulitzer Board ( 2006 ) . `` 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners -- Public Service '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mark Glaser ( September 13 , 2005 ) . `` NOLA.com blogs and forums help save lives after Katrina '' . Online Journalism Review . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Paul Steiger ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Remarks at Pulitzer Prize luncheon '' . The Pulitzer Board . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` U.S. wo n't ban media from New Orleans searches . '' CNN . September 11 , 2005 . Retrieved on 2006 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis , Katrina , Rita , Stan , and Wilma `` Retired '' from List of Storm Names `` . NOAA. April 6 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ King , Richard V. ; Polatin , Peter B. ; Hogan , David ; Downs , Dana L. ; North , Carol S. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Needs Assessment of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees Residing Temporarily in Dallas '' . Community Mental Health Journal . 52 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 24 . doi : 10.1007 / s10597 - 015 - 9938 - 5 . ISSN 1573 - 2789 . PMID 26507550 . Jump up ^ Harville , Emily W. ; Giarratano , Gloria ; Savage , Jane ; Barcelona de Mendoza , Veronica ; Zotkiewicz , TrezMarie ( 2015 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Birth Outcomes in a Disaster Recovery Environment : New Orleans Women After Katrina '' . Maternal and Child Health Journal . 19 ( 11 ) : 2512 -- 2522 . doi : 10.1007 / s10995 - 015 - 1772 - 4 . ISSN 1573 - 6628 . PMC 4596760 . PMID 26122255 . Jump up ^ Kamo , Yoshinori ; Henderson , Tammy L. ; Roberto , Karen A. ; Peabody , Kimberly L. ; White , Jamikka K. ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Perceptions of Older Adults in a Community Accepting Displaced Survivors of Hurricane Katrina '' . Current Psychology . 34 ( 3 ) : 551 -- 563 . doi : 10.1007 / s12144 - 015 - 9356 - 4 . ISSN 1046 - 1310 . Jump up ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers ( 2009 ) . `` The LACPR Home Page '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Further reading Augustson , Alan ( 2008 - 08 - 31 ) . Bernstein , Jonathan , ed . `` Katrina : Three Years Later , The Lessons We Have n't Learned '' . Crisis Manager . Bernstein Crisis Management . ISSN 1528 - 3836 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Brennan , Virginia ( 2009 ) . Natural Disasters and Public Health : Hurricanes Katrina , Rita , and Wilma . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9199 - 1 . Center for Public Integrity , ed. ( 2007 ) . City Adrift : New Orleans Before and After Katrina . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3284 - 5 . Dyson , Michael Eric ( 2006 ) . Come Hell or High Water : Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster . New York : Perseus Books Group . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01761 - 4 . Eggers , Dave ( 2009 ) . Zeitoun . San Francisco : McSweeney 's Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934781 - 63 - 0 . Eyerman , Ron ( 2015 ) . Is This America ? Katrina as Cultural Trauma . The Katrina Bookshelf . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 9781477303689 . OCLC 900609113 . Harris , Paul ( 2008 ) . Diary From the Dome . New York : Vantage Press . ASIN B003M69KSC . Hartman , Chester ; Squires , Gregory D. , eds. ( 2006 ) . There Is No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster : Race , Class , and Hurricane Katrina . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95487 - 8 . Saint - Saens , Alain ( 2010 ) . Ordeal at the Superdome . Escaping Katrina 's Wrath . New Orleans : University Press of the South . ISBN 1 - 889431 - 87 - 7 . Scott , Cathy ( 2008 ) . Pawprints of Katrina : Pets Saved and Lessons Learned . Hoboken : Howell Book House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 22851 - 7 . Spielman , David G. ( 2007 ) . Katrinaville Chronicles : Images and Observations from a New Orleans Photographer . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 3252 - 4 . Taylor , William M. , ed. ( 2015 ) . The `` Katrina Effect '' : On the Nature of Catastrophe . London ; New York : Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 9781472595164 . OCLC 893894307 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was president of the united states when katrina hit louisiana	[ "There was also an investigation of the responses from federal, state and local governments, resulting in the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown, and of New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) Superintendent Eddie Compass. Many other government officials were criticized for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, and President George W. Bush. Several agencies including the United States Coast Guard (USCG), National Hurricane Center (NHC), and National Weather Service (NWS) were commended for their actions. The NHC provided accurate hurricane forecasts with sufficient lead time.[12]" ]	[ "President George W. Bush" ]
8582222672829352310	When Calls the Heart	When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . When Calls the Heart Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 39 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website www.hallmarkchannel.com/whencallstheheart When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season in February 2018 . The season will premiere with a 2 - hour Christmas special , to be broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas season , and continue for a 10 - episode season , beginning in February 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Cast 4.1 Main cast 4.2 Recurring cast 5 Characters 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 44 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) Special December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Special December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) Special December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) As of April 23 , 2017 , 39 episodes of When Calls the Heart have aired , concluding the fourth season . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premier on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and is due to continue until December 12 , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux - Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring cast ( edit ) Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Thatcher is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a landslide . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired the second and third seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Related List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=815768525 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows American romance television series Canadian romance television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 00 : 47 . About Wikipedia	when is the show when calls the heart on tv	[]	[]
3639333311479314895	History of cotton	History of cotton - wikipedia History of cotton Jump to : navigation , search Cotton History Terminology Cash crop Commodity Cottonopolis Cotton Belt Cotton diplomacy King Cotton Types Gossypium hirsutum Gossypium barbadense Gossypium arboreum Gossypium herbaceum Production Cotton - spinning machinery Cotton gin Cotton mill Cotton picker Mercerised cotton Spinning jenny Spinning mule Spinning wheel Water frame Fabric Cambric Chino Corduroy Denim Seersucker Terrycloth The history of cotton can be traced to domestication . Cotton played an important role in the history of India , the British Empire , and the United States , and continues to be an important crop and commodity . The history of the domestication of cotton is very complex and is not known exactly . Several isolated civilizations in both the Old and New World independently domesticated and converted cotton into fabric . All the same tools were invented , including combs , bows , hand spindles , and primitive looms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Americas 1.2 Indian subcontinent 2 Middle Ages 2.1 Eastern world 2.2 Western world 3 Early modern period 3.1 Mughal India 3.2 Western world 3.3 Egypt 4 British Empire 4.1 East India Company 4.2 Britain 5 United States of America 5.1 Pre -- Civil War 6 Modern history 6.1 Boll weevils 6.2 Africa and India 6.3 Decline in the British cotton industry 6.4 Economy 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Early History ( edit ) The oldest cotton textiles were found in graves and city ruins of civilizations from dry climates , where the fabrics did not decay completely . Americas ( edit ) Some of the oldest cotton bolls were discovered in a cave in Tehuacán Valley , Mexico , and were dated to approximately 5500 BCE , but some doubt has been cast on these estimates . Seeds and cordage dating to about 2500 BCE have been found in Peru . By 3000 BCE cotton was being grown and processed in Mexico , and Arizona . Pre-Incan cotton grave cloths were found in Huaca Prieta in Peru , and date back to 2500 BCE . Indian subcontinent ( edit ) The Indus Valley civilization started cultivating cotton by 2500 BCE . Cotton was mentioned in Hindu hymns in 1500 BCE . Herodotus , an ancient Greek historian , mentions Indian cotton in the 5th century BCE as `` a wool exceeding in beauty and goodness that of sheep . '' When Alexander the Great invaded India , his troops started wearing cotton clothes that were more comfortable than their previous woolen ones . Strabo , another Greek historian , mentioned the vividness of Indian fabrics , and Arrian told of Indian -- Arab trade of cotton fabrics in 130 CE . Middle Ages ( edit ) Eastern world ( edit ) Egyptians grew and spun cotton from 6 -- 700 CE . Handheld roller cotton gins had been used in India since the 6th century , and was then introduced to other countries from there . Between the 12th and 14th centuries , dual - roller gins appeared in India and China . The Indian version of the dual - roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century . This mechanical device was , in some areas , driven by water power . The spinning wheel was invented in India , between 500 and 1000 AD . The earliest clear illustrations of the spinning wheel come from the Islamic world in the eleventh century . Western world ( edit ) Cotton was a common fabric during the Middle Ages , and was hand - woven on a loom . Cotton manufacture was introduced to Europe during the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily . The knowledge of cotton weaving was spread to northern Italy in the 12th century , when Sicily was conquered by the Normans , and consequently to the rest of Europe . The spinning wheel , introduced to Europe circa 1350 , improved the speed of cotton spinning . By the 15th century , Venice , Antwerp , and Haarlem were important ports for cotton trade , and the sale and transportation of cotton fabrics had become very profitable . Christopher Columbus , in his explorations of the Bahamas and Cuba , found natives wearing cotton ( `` the costliest and handsomest ... cotton mantles and sleeveless shirts embroidered and painted in different designs and colours '' ) , a fact that may have contributed to his incorrect belief that he had landed on the coast of India . Early modern period ( edit ) Mughal India ( edit ) Main articles : Mughal economy and Muslin trade in Bengal Further information : Economic history of India A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century . Under the Mughal Empire , which ruled in the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th century to the early 18th century , Indian cotton production increased , in terms of both raw cotton and cotton textiles . The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms such as a new revenue system that was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton and indigo , providing state incentives to grow cash crops , in addition to rising market demand . The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was cotton textile manufacturing , which included the production of piece goods , calicos , and muslins , available unbleached and in a variety of colours . The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire 's international trade . India had a 25 % share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century . Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century , consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan . The most important center of cotton production was the Bengal Subah province , particularly around its capital city of Dhaka . Bengal accounted for more than 50 % of textiles imported by the Dutch from Asia , Bengali cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe , Indonesia , and Japan , and Bengali muslin textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia , where they were known as `` daka '' textiles . Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries , were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade , and had a 38 % share of the West African trade in the early 18th century , while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe , and Indian textiles accounted for 20 % of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century . The worm gear roller cotton gin , which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th -- 14th centuries , came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century , and is still used in India through to the present day . Another innovation , the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin , first appeared in India some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire . The production of cotton , which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles , was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era , lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton . The diffusion of the spinning wheel , and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin , led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era . It was reported that , with an Indian cotton gin , which is half machine and half tool , one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day . With a modified Forbes version , one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day . If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines , and a few people 's labour was used to feed them , they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly . Western world ( edit ) Cotton cloth started to become highly sought - after for the European urban markets during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment . Vasco da Gama ( d . 1524 ) , a Portuguese explorer , opened Asian sea trade , which replaced caravans and allowed for heavier cargo . Indian craftspeople had long protected the secret of how to create colourful patterns . However , some converted to Christianity and their secret was revealed by a French Catholic priest , Father Coeurdoux ( 1691 -- 1779 ) . He revealed the process of creating the fabrics in France , which assisted the European textile industry . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for cotton textiles from Mughal India . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles . From the late 17th century to the early 18th century , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient , thus Europeans had very little to offer , except for some woolens , unprocessed metals and a few luxury items . The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports . Egypt ( edit ) Main article : Egypt under Muhammad Ali Egypt under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century had the fifth most productive cotton industry in the world , in terms of the number of spindles per capita . The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources , such as animal power , water wheels , and windmills , which were also the principle energy sources in Western Europe up until around 1870 . It was under Muhammad Ali of Egypt in the early 19th century that steam engines were introduced to the Egyptian cotton industry . British Empire ( edit ) Main article : Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution East India Company ( edit ) Cotton 's rise to global importance came about as a result of the cultural transformation of Europe and Britain 's trading empire . Calico and chintz , types of cotton fabrics , became popular in Europe , and by 1664 the East India Company was importing a quarter of a million pieces into Britain . By the 18th century , the middle class had become more concerned with cleanliness and fashion , and there was a demand for easily washable and colourful fabric . Wool continued to dominate the European markets , but cotton prints were introduced to Britain by the East India Company in the 1690s . Imports of calicoes , cheap cotton fabrics from Kozhikode , then known as Calicut , in India , found a mass market among the poor . By 1721 these calicoes threatened British manufacturers , and Parliament passed the Calico Act that banned calicoes for clothing or domestic purposes . In 1774 the act was repealed with the invention of machines that allowed for British manufacturers to compete with Eastern fabrics . Indian cotton textiles , particularly those from Bengal , continued to maintain a competitive advantage up until the 19th century . In order to compete with India , Britain invested in labour - saving technical progress , while implementing protectionist policies such as bans and tariffs to restrict Indian imports . At the same time , the East India Company 's rule in India contributed to its deindustrialization , opening up a new market for British goods , while the capital amassed from Bengal after its 1757 conquest was used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacturing and greatly increase British wealth . British colonization also forced open the large Indian market to British goods , which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties , compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed , while raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton , giving Britain a monopoly over India 's large market and cotton resources . India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods . Britain eventually surpassed India as the world 's leading cotton textile manufacturer in the 19th century . The cotton industry grew under the British commercial empire . British cotton products were successful in European markets , constituting 40.5 % of exports in 1784 -- 1786 . Britain 's success was also due to its trade with its own colonies , whose settlers maintained British identities , and thus , fashions . With the growth of the cotton industry , manufacturers had to find new sources of raw cotton , and cultivation was expanded to West India . High tariffs against Indian textile workshops , British power in India through the East India Company , and British restrictions on Indian cotton imports transformed India from the source of textiles to a source of raw cotton . Cultivation was also attempted in the Caribbean and West Africa , but these attempts failed due to bad weather and poor soil . The Indian subcontinent was looked to as a possible source of raw cotton , but intra-imperial conflicts and economic rivalries prevented the area from producing the necessary supply . Britain ( edit ) A spinning jenny , originally invented by James Hargreaves Cotton 's versatility allowed it to be combined with linen and be made into velvet . It was cheaper than silk and could be imprinted more easily than wool , allowing for patterned dresses for women . It became the standard fashion and , because of its price , was accessible to the general public . New inventions in the 1770s -- such as the spinning jenny , the water frame , and the spinning mule -- made the British Midlands into a very profitable manufacturing centre . In 1794 -- 1796 , British cotton goods accounted for 15.6 % of Britain 's exports , and in 1804 -- 1806 grew to 42.3 % . The Lancashire textile mills were major parts of the British industrial revolution . Their workers had poor working conditions : low wages , child labour , and 18 - hour work days . Richard Arkwright created a textile empire by building a factory system powered by water , which was occasionally raided by the Luddites , weavers put out of business by the mechanization of textile production . In the 1790s , James Watt 's steam power was applied to textile production , and by 1839 200,000 children worked in Manchester 's cotton mills . Karl Marx , who frequently visited Lancashire , may have been influenced by the conditions of workers in these mills in writing Das Kapital . United States of America ( edit ) Pre -- Civil War ( edit ) Eli Whitney 's patent for the modern cotton gin Anglo - French warfare in the early 1790s restricted access to continental Europe , causing the United States to become an important -- and temporarily the largest -- consumer for British cotton goods . In 1791 , U.S. cotton production was small , at only 900,000 kilograms . Several factors contributed to the growth of the cotton industry in the U.S. : the increasing British demand ; innovations in spinning , weaving , and steam power ; inexpensive land ; and a slave labour force . The modern cotton gin , invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney , enormously grew the American cotton industry , which was previously limited by the speed of manual removal of seeds from the fibre , and helped cotton to surpass tobacco as the primary cash crop of the South . By 1801 the annual production of cotton had reached over 22 million kilograms , and by the early 1830s the United States produced the majority of the world 's cotton . Cotton also exceeded the value of all other United States exports combined . The need for fertile land conducive to its cultivation lead to the expansion of slavery in the United States and an early 19th - century land rush known as Alabama Fever . Cultivation of cotton using black slaves brought huge profits to the owners of large plantations , making them some of the wealthiest men in the U.S. prior to the Civil War . In the non-slave - owning states , farms rarely grew larger than what could be cultivated by one family due to scarcity of farm workers . In the slave states , owners of farms could buy many slaves and thus cultivate large areas of land . By the 1850s , slaves made up 50 % of the population of the main cotton states : Georgia , Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . Slaves were the most important asset in cotton cultivation , and their sale brought profits to slaveowners outside of cotton - cultivating areas . Thus , the cotton industry contributed significantly to the Southern upper class 's support of slavery . Although the Southern small - farm owners did not grow cotton due to its lack of short - term profitability , they were still supportive of the system in the hopes of one day owning slaves . Cotton 's central place in the national economy and its international importance led Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina to make a famous boast in 1858 : Without firing a gun , without drawing a sword , should they make war on us , we could bring the whole world to our feet ... What would happen if no cotton was furnished for three years ? ... England would topple headlong and carry the whole civilized world with her save the South . No , you dare not to make war on cotton . No power on the earth dares to make war upon it . Cotton is king . Cotton diplomacy , the idea that cotton would cause Britain and France to intervene in the Civil War , was unsuccessful . It was thought that the Civil War caused the Lancashire Cotton Famine , a period between 1861 -- 1865 of depression in the British cotton industry , by blocking off American raw cotton . Some , however , suggest that the Cotton Famine was mostly due to overproduction and price inflation caused by an expectation of future shortage . Picking cotton in Oklahoma in the 1890s Prior to the Civil War , Lancashire companies issued surveys to find new cotton - growing countries if the Civil War were to occur and reduce American exports . India was deemed to be the country capable of growing the necessary amounts . Indeed , it helped fill the gap during the war , making up only 31 % of British cotton imports in 1861 , but 90 % in 1862 and 67 % in 1864 . Additionally , the main purchasers of cotton , Britain and France , began to turn to Egyptian cotton . The Egyptian government of Viceroy Isma'il took out substantial loans from European bankers and stock exchanges . After the American Civil War ended in 1865 , British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports , sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876 , a key factor behind Egypt 's occupation by the British Empire in 1882 . The South continued to be a one - crop economy until the 20th century , when the New Deal and World War II encouraged diversification . Many ex-slaves as well as poor whites worked in the sharecropping system in serf - like conditions . Modern History ( edit ) Boll weevils ( edit ) A boll weevil `` The farmer said to the merchant I need some meat and meal . Get away from here , you son - of - a-gun , You got boll weevils in your field . Going to get your home , going to get your home . '' -- Carl Sandburg 's version of `` The Boll Weevil Song '' , 1920 Boll weevils , insects that entered the United States from Mexico in 1892 , created 100 years of problems for the U.S. cotton industry . Many consider the boll weevil almost as important as the Civil War as an agent of change in the South , forcing economic and social changes . In total , the boll weevil is estimated to have caused $22 billion in damages . In the late 1950s , the U.S. cotton industry faced economic problems , and eradication of the boll weevil was prioritized . The Agricultural Research Service built the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory , which came up with detection traps and pheromone lures . The program was successful , and pesticide use reduced significantly while the boll weevil was eradicated in some areas . Africa and India ( edit ) After the Cotton Famine , the European textile industry looked to new sources of raw cotton . The African colonies of West Africa and Mozambique provided a cheap supply . Taxes and extra-market means again discouraged local textile production . Working conditions were brutal , especially in the Congo , Angola , and Mozambique . Several revolts occurred , and a cotton black market created a local textile industry . In recent history , United States agricultural subsidies have depressed world prices , making it difficult for African farmers to compete . India 's cotton industry struggled in the late 19th century because of unmechanized production and American dominance of raw cotton export . India , ceasing to be a major exporter of cotton goods , became the largest importer of British cotton textiles . Mohandas Gandhi believed that cotton was closely tied to Indian self - determination . In the 1920s he launched the Khadi Movement , a massive boycott of British cotton goods . He urged Indians to use simple homespun cotton textiles , khadi . Cotton became an important symbol in Indian independence . During World War II , shortages created a high demand for khadi , and 16 million yards of cloth were produced in nine months . The British Raj declared khadi subversive ; damaging to the British imperial rule . Confiscation , burning of stocks , and jailing of workers resulted , which intensified resistance . In the second half of the 20th century , a downturn in the European cotton industry led to a resurgence of the Indian cotton industry . India began to mechanize and was able to compete in the world market . Decline in the British cotton industry ( edit ) Play media British textile mills in 1913 In 1912 , the British cotton industry was at its peak , producing eight billion yards of cloth . In World War I , cotton could n't be exported to foreign markets , and some countries built their own factories , particularly Japan . By 1933 Japan introduced 24 - hour cotton production and became the world 's largest cotton manufacturer . Demand for British cotton slumped , and during the interwar period 345,000 workers left the industry and 800 mills closed . India 's boycott of British cotton products devastated Lancashire , and in Blackburn 74 mills closed in under four years . In World War II , the British cotton industry saw an upturn and an increase in workers , with Lancashire mills being tasked with creating parachutes and uniforms for the war . In the 1950s and ' 60s , many workers came from the Indian sub-continent and were encouraged to look for work in Lancashire . An increase in the work force allowed mill owners to introduce third ( night ) shifts . This resurgence in the textile industry did not last long , and by 1958 , Britain had become a net importer of cotton cloth . Modernization of the industry was attempted in 1959 with the Cotton Industry Act . Mill closures occurred in Lancashire , and it was failing to compete with foreign industry . During the 1960s and ' 70s , a mill closed in Lancashire almost once a week . By the 1980s , the textile industry of North West Britain had almost disappeared . Economy ( edit ) Textile mills have moved from Western Europe to , more recently , lower - wage areas . Industrial production is currently mostly located in countries like India , Bangladesh , China , and in Latin America . In these regions labour is much less expensive than in the first world , and attracts poor workers . Biotechnology plays an important role in cotton agriculture as genetically modified cotton that can resist Roundup , a herbicide made by the company Monsanto , as well as repel insects . Organically grown cotton is becoming less prevalent in favour of synthetic fibres made from petroleum products . The demand for cotton has doubled since the 1980s . The main producer of cotton , as of December 2016 , is India , at 26 % , past China at 20 % and the United States at 16 % . The leading cotton exporter is the United States , whose production is subsidized by the government , with subsidies estimated at $14 billion between 1995 and 2003 . The value of cotton lint has been decreasing for sixty years , and the value of cotton has decreased by 50 % in 1997 -- 2007 . The global textile and clothing industry employs 23.6 million workers , of which 75 % are women . Max Havelaar , a fair trade association , launched a fair trade label for cotton in 2005 , the first for a non-food commodity . Working with small producers from Cameroon , Mali , and Senegal , the fair trade agreement increases substantially the price paid for goods and increases adherence to World Labour Organization conventions . A two - year period in Mali has allowed farmers to buy new agricultural supplies and cattle , and enroll their children in school . See also ( edit ) Diplomacy of the American Civil War # Cotton and the British economy History of agriculture References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Huckell , Lisa W. ( 1993 ) . `` Plant Remains from the Pinaleño Cotton Cache , Arizona '' . Kiva , the Journal of Southwest Anthropology and History . 59 ( 2 ) : 148 -- 149 . ^ Jump up to : Yafa , Stephen ( 2005 ) . Cotton : The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber . Penguin Group . Jump up ^ Harry Bates Brown and Jacob Osborn Ware ( 1958 ) . Cotton ( third ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Roche , Julian ( 1994 ) . The International Cotton Trade . Cambridge , England : Woodhead Publishing Ltd. p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Volti , Rudi ( 1999 ) . `` cotton '' . The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Science , Technology , and Society . ^ Jump up to : Schoen , Brian ( 2009 ) . The Fragile Fabric of Union : Cotton , Federal Politics , and the Global Origins of the Civil War . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 26 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Lakwete , Angela ( 2003 ) . Inventing the Cotton Gin : Machine and Myth in Antebellum America . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 6 . ISBN 9780801873942 . Jump up ^ Baber , Zaheer ( 1996 ) . The Science of Empire : Scientific Knowledge , Civilization , and Colonial Rule in India . Albany : State University of New York Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2919 - 9 . Jump up ^ Smith , C. Wayne ; Cothren , J. Tom ( 1999 ) . Cotton : Origin , History , Technology , and Production . 4 . John Wiley & Sons . pp. viii . ISBN 978 - 0471180456 . The first improvement in spinning technology was the spinning wheel , which was invented in India between 500 and 1000 A.D. Jump up ^ Pacey , Arnold ( 1991 ) ( 1990 ) . Technology in World Civilization : A Thousand - Year History ( First MIT Press paperback ed . ) . Cambridge MA : The MIT Press . Jump up ^ Backer , Patricia . `` Technology in the Middle Ages '' . History of Technology . Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ John F. Richards ( 1995 ) , The Mughal Empire , page 190 , Cambridge University Press ^ Jump up to : Karl J. Schmidt ( 2015 ) , An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History , page 100 , Routledge Jump up ^ Angus Maddison ( 1995 ) , Monitoring the World Economy , 1820 - 1992 , OECD , p. 30 Jump up ^ Parthasarathi , Prasannan ( 2011 ) , Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not : Global Economic Divergence , 1600 -- 1850 , Cambridge University Press , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49889 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Richard Maxwell Eaton ( 1996 ) , The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier , 1204 - 1760 , page 202 , University of California Press ^ Jump up to : Om Prakash , `` Empire , Mughal '' , History of World Trade Since 1450 , edited by John J. McCusker , vol. 1 , Macmillan Reference USA , 2006 , pp. 237 - 240 , World History in Context , accessed 3 August 2017 Jump up ^ John F. Richards ( 1995 ) , The Mughal Empire , page 202 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Jeffrey G. Williamson & David Clingingsmith , India 's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries , Global Economic History Network , London School of Economics Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 53 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , pages 53 - 54 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 54 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Karl Marx ( 1867 ) . Chapter 16 : `` Machinery and Large - Scale Industry . '' Das Kapital . ^ Jump up to : `` Cotton -- a history '' . New Internationalist. 399 . 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . pp. 193 -- 196 . Jump up ^ `` colonialism , Western '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Broadberry , Stephen ; Gupta , Bishnupriya . `` Cotton textiles and the great divergence : Lancashire , India and shifting competitive advantage , 1600 - 1850 '' ( PDF ) . International Institute of Social History . Department of Economics , University of Warwick . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Junie T. Tong ( 2016 ) , Finance and Society in 21st Century China : Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets , page 151 , CRC Press Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2004 ) , The Islamic World : Past and Present 3 - Volume Set , page 190 , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Ray , Indrajit ( 2011 ) . Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution ( 1757 - 1857 ) , Routledge , ISBN 1136825525 Jump up ^ James Cypher ( 2014 ) . The Process of Economic Development . Routledge . Jump up ^ Paul Bairoch ( 1995 ) . Economics and World History : Myths and Paradoxes . University of Chicago Press . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Henry Yule , A.C. Burnell ( 2013 ) . Hobson - Jobson : The Definitive Glossary of British India . Oxford University Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , Vanessa . `` Gandhi in Britain '' . BBC -- Radio 4 Making History . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Oyangen , Knut . `` The Cotton Economy of the Old South '' . American Agricultural History Primer . Archived from the original on 25 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` cotton gin '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : `` King Cotton '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ LeeAnna Keith ( 13 October 2011 ) . `` Alabama Fever '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas W. Oliver ( 15 August 2007 ) . `` King Cotton in Alabama : A Brief History '' . Alabama Heritage . University of Alabama , et al. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ TeachingAmericanHistory.org `` Cotton is King '' http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1722 Jump up ^ `` The Civil War Era ( 1850 -- 1877 ) '' . Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History : Government and Politics . 2008 . Jump up ^ Brady , Eugene A. ( 1963 ) . `` A Reconsideration of the Lancashire `` Cotton Famine '' `` . Agricultural History . 37 ( 3 ) : 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Logan , Frenise A. ( 1958 ) . `` India -- Britain 's Substitute for American Cotton , 1861 -- 1865 '' . The Journal of Southern History . 24 ( 4 ) : 472 -- 476 . doi : 10.2307 / 2954674 . Jump up ^ `` We Do n't Cotton to Boll Weevil ' Round Here Anymore '' . Agricultural Research Service . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cotton -- history '' . Plant Cultures . Royal Botanical Gardens , Kew . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boom to Bust -- The Decline of the Cotton Industry '' . Nation on Film . BBC . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cotton Chain -- The Facts '' . New Internationalist. 399 . 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cotton : World Markets and Trade '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture , Foreign Agricultural Service . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fair Trade Cotton Market '' . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development . Retrieved 14 June 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Yafa , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Cotton : The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0143037224 . Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : A Global History . Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0375414145 . 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-4409546565232690318	Kathy Najimy	Kathy Najimy - wikipedia Kathy Najimy Kathy Najimy Najimy in August 2007 Kathy Ann Najimy ( 1957 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1957 ( age 61 ) San Diego , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1985 -- present Known for Veronica 's Closet King of the Hill Spouse ( s ) Dan Finnerty ( m . 1998 ) Children Website www.kathynajimy.com Kathy Ann Najimy ( / nəˈdʒɪmi / nə - JIM - ee ; born February 6 , 1957 ) is an American actress . She is best known for voicing Peggy Hill on the animated television series King of the Hill , and her roles as Sister Mary Patrick in the comedy film Sister Act , Mary Sanderson in the comedy - fantasy film Hocus Pocus , and Olive Massery on the comedy series Veronica 's Closet . Prior to her film work , Najimy was best known for two Off - Broadway shows with Mo Gaffney working as the duo Kathy and Mo . One of the shows became an HBO comedy special and garnered Najimy her first nationwide fan base . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Other work 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Najimy was born on February 6 , 1957 in San Diego , California , the daughter of Lebanese American parents Samia ( née Massery ) and Fred Najimy , a postal worker . She was raised Maronite Catholic and attended Crawford High School . Career ( edit ) Najimy 's film career began in the early 1990s , with a number of off - beat minor roles , but her first major role was in the 1992 comedy Sister Act , in the role of Sister Mary Patrick . She reprised this role in 1993 in Sister Act 2 . She also starred in Hocus Pocus with Bette Midler and Sarah Jessica Parker as the Sanderson sisters . She appeared with Ellen Degeneres in three episodes of her sitcom Ellen , playing a different character each time ( including a non-speaking cameo in the iconic `` Puppy Episode '' ) and in the TV movie If These Walls Could Talk 2 . In 1997 , she lent her voice to Warner Bros. Family Entertainment as Tilly the Hippo in the film Cats Do n't Dance , alongside actors Scott Bakula , Jasmine Guy , John Rhys - Davies and Don Knotts , and has also played a role on the Nightmare Ned video game . In 1998 , she made a cameo in Bride of Chucky as the maid who discovers Diane 's and Russ 's bodies . In 1999 , she played the Stepmother in CinderElmo , a primetime special for Sesame Street . In 2001 , she co-starred in the hit comedy film Rat Race alongside John Cleese , Rowan Atkinson , Cuba Gooding , Jr. , Whoopi Goldberg , Jon Lovitz and Seth Green . She guest starred in That 's So Raven . She has made four movies with Goldberg ( Soapdish , Sister Act 1 and 2 , and Rat Race ) . From film , Najimy expanded into television roles , including a dramatic recurring role on Chicago Hope . Najimy was part of the cast of Veronica 's Closet from 1997 to 2000 . She co-created and starred in the hit Off - Broadway show and HBO specials `` Kathy & Mo '' , with friend and actress Mo Gaffney . She appeared as Mae West in the Broadway hit Dirty Blonde . She also portrayed Dr. Mildred Finch on Numbers . Najimy also provided the voice of the drama teacher , Miss Thespius , in the 1998 Disney show Hercules : The Animated Series . In 2003 , Najimy provided the voice of Margalo in Stuart Little : The Animated Series , taking over from Melanie Griffith . She is the co-creator and director of the musical revue Back to Bacharach and David , which ran in New York City in 1992 and 1993 , and which she directed again in Los Angeles in April 2009 . She also appeared in Drop Dead Diva . In October 2009 , Najimy played a police officer investigating an attack on Wisteria Lane on an episode of Desperate Housewives . In March 2010 , she appeared in the Ugly Betty episode `` Million Dollar Smile '' , portraying Betty 's new orthodontist , Dr. Frankel . In July 2011 , Najimy appeared in TNT 's Franklin and Bash episode `` Bangover '' , playing a judge . Premiering in August 2015 , Najimy appeared in Disney 's Descendants as the Evil Queen . In the movie , she makes references to her previous role as Mary Sanderson in Hocus Pocus . Other work ( edit ) Najimy , an outspoken feminist , is also noted as an activist for human rights and gay rights . She uses her celebrity status to donate money to charities by appearing on game shows . She appeared as a contestant on a celebrity version of The Weakest Link where she won $50,000 ( beating Anthony Anderson ) for The Feminist Majority Foundation 's Campaign to Stop Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan . She has appeared three times on Celebrity Poker Showdown and won the season six tournament , donating the $100,000 to V - Day , an organization that helps stop violence against women and girls . She was also crowned Grand Champion on CBS 's Gameshow Marathon in 2006 , donating the $100,000 winnings to Girls Best Friend , a charity that helps empower girls . She 's also worked with PETA on a number of animal welfare issues and posed with Todd Oldham for the `` I 'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur '' campaign . In 2013 , she was a contestant on Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off on Team Rachael where she was playing for PETA , cooking only vegetarian food . She was eliminated on the Feb. 3 episode , reaching third place . PETA awarded her their Compassionate Action Award in 2014 . In 1981 , she was a contestant on Family Feud , which was used as the finale in Gameshow Marathon . Najimy and her family were winners on both shows . In the 1981 Feud episode they won by 230 points , and in the Marathon version they scored 202 points to give Najimy the win . Najimy also appeared on the $25,000 Pyramid as a civilian contestant , on the episode dated July 31 , 1985 . Her celebrity partners were Constance McCashin and LeVar Burton . She failed to reach the bonus round , although she did win a Commodore 64 computer . She claimed , on the Pyramid show , that she also had been on American Bandstand . She returned to the `` Pyramid '' ( The $100,000 Pyramid ) on the June 26 , 2016 , episode as a celebrity guest opposite Rosie O'Donnell . She appeared once again in Season 2 , Episode 7 on July 23 , 2017 to play against Alexandra Wentworth , helping her contestant partner win the $150,000 grand prize . Najimy is also very vocal about issues regarding weight and body imaging among females . In August 2006 Najimy voiced her opinions over a remark made by Heidi Klum on the television series Project Runway after Klum said one model 's outfit made her look plus sized . Personal life ( edit ) In August 1998 , Najimy married actor / singer Dan Finnerty . Gloria Steinem officiated the ceremony . Najimy and Finnerty have one daughter , named Samia , born in 1996 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 The Hard Way Lang 's `` Girl Friday '' 1991 Soapdish Tawny Miller 1991 The Fisher King Crazed Video Customer 1992 Topsy and Bunker : The Cat Killers Marge 1992 This Is My Life Angela Credited as Kathy Ann Najimy 1992 Sister Act Sister Mary Patrick 1993 Hocus Pocus Mary Sanderson 1993 Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Sister Mary Patrick 1994 It 's Pat Tippy 1995 Jeffrey Acolyte 1997 Cats Do n't Dance Tillie Hippo ( voice ) 1997 Nevada Ruth 1998 Hope Floats Toni Post 1998 Zack and Reba Mrs. Simpson 1998 Bride of Chucky Tabby , Motel Maid 1998 The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story Chil ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2000 Attention Shoppers Penelope 2001 The Wedding Planner Geri 2001 Rat Race Beverly ' Bev ' Pear 2006 Say Uncle Maggie Butler 2006 Brother Bear 2 Aunt Taqqiq ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2008 WALL - E Mary ( voice ) Step Up 3D Moose 's Mom 2012 BearCity 2 : The Proposal Rose 2012 The Guilt Trip Gayle 2013 A Madea Christmas Kim 2015 Descendants The Evil Queen Grimhilde 2016 No Letting Go Dr. Nancy Harris 2017 A Change of Heart Ruthie 2017 Dating My Mother Lisa Television ( edit ) Year Work Role Notes 1985 The $25,000 Pyramid Herself ( contestant ) Celebrity Guests : Constance McCashin & LeVar Burton 1985 Walls of Glass 1994 In Search of Dr. Seuss Kathy Lane Television movie 1994 Ellen Theresa / Lorna Irons / Woman in Gay Bar 3 Episodes : `` So Funny '' ( Season 2 ) / `` Go Girlz '' ( Season 3 ) / `` The Puppy Episode , Part 2 '' ( Season 4 ) 1994 ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter Dr. Femus Short Adventures from the Book of Virtues The Old Woman ( voice ) 1 episode 1997 -- 1999 Hey Arnold Madame Blanche ( voice ) 2 episodes 1997 -- 2000 Veronica 's Closet Olive Massery 67 episodes 1997 -- 2010 King of the Hill Peggy Hill ( voice ) 258 episodes 1997 Early Edition Psychic Episode : `` Psychic '' 1997 Shantay Toyota Carter Short 1998 -- 1999 Hercules Thespis the Muse ( voice ) 2 episodes 1998 -- 2000 Pepper Ann Coach Doogan / Margot LaSandre ( voice ) / Additional Voices 5 episodes 1999 The Wild Thornberrys Ostrich # 1 / Sand Grouse ( voices ) Episode : `` Have Yourself a Thornberry Little Christmas '' 1999 The Sissy Duckling Mother Duck # 1 ( voice ) Television film 1999 CinderElmo Elmo 's Stepmother Television movie 2000 If These Walls Could Talk 2 The doctor in the made - for - TV movie 's `` 2000 '' segment Television movie 2000 Leaving Peoria Dr. Albright Short 2000 -- 2001 Little Bill Mrs. Shapiro ( voice ) 2 episodes ; succeeded Madeline Kahn , the original voice of Mrs. Shapiro , shortly after her death in 1999 . 2001 -- 2003 Oswald Bingette Bunny ( voice ) 4 episodes 2001 The Legend of Tarzan Dania ( voice ) 1 episode 2002 The Scream Team Mariah Television movie 2003 The Mummy Calliope / Aglaophone # 2 ( voices ) 1 episode 2003 Stuart Little : The Animated Series Margalo ( voice ) Episode : `` The Meatloaf Bandit '' 2003 Ozzy & Drix Loretta Epstein ( voice ) 1 episode Higglytown Heroes Photographer Hero ( voice ) 1 episode Rocket Power Patsy ( voice ) 1 episode 2005 Wayside Mrs. Jewls ( voice ) Television movie 2005 Getting Played Dr. Heidi Z . Klemmer Television movie 2005 Balto III : Wings of Change Dipsy ( voice ) Video 2006 Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! Sunny St. Cloud ( voice ) Video 2006 Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers Blue Parrot Betty ( voice ) Video 2006 Rugrats Goosey ( voice ) 1 episode 2006 That 's So Raven Lora Stelladora Episode : `` The Dress Is Always Greener '' 2006 -- 2007 Numbers Dr. Mildred Finch 9 episodes 2007 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Principal Episode : `` First Day of High School '' 2008 Tinker Bell Minister of Summer ( voice ) Video 2009 Drop Dead Diva Claire Porter Episode : `` The Magic Bullet '' 2009 Desperate Housewives Detective Denise Lapera Episode : `` Careful the Things You Say '' Ugly Betty Dr. Frankel Episode : `` Million Dollar Smile '' 2010 -- present American Dad ! Barbara `` Barb '' Hanson ( voice ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Herself ( Guest Judge ) Episode : `` Country Queens '' 2011 Mr. Sunshine Myrna Episode : `` Employee of the Year '' 2011 Five Rocky Television movie 2011 -- 2012 Make It or Break It Sheila / Sheila Baboyon / Kelly 's Mom 5 episodes 2012 Men at Work Sasha Ryan Episode : `` Heterotextual Male '' 2012 How to Fall in Love Kim Television movie 2012 Stars in Shorts Sid 's Mother 2013 Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off Herself Season 2 participant ( Team Rachael ) 2013 The Big C Therapist 4 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Inside Amy Schumer Herself 2 episodes 2014 -- present Veep Wendy Keegan 10 episodes 2015 -- present Younger Denise Heller 5 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Unforgettable Sandra Russo Series regular , 10 episodes 2015 A Christmas Melody Sarah Hallmark television movie 2015 Difficult People Carol Donato Episode : `` The Children 's Menu '' 2016 Harvey Beaks Hanzi / Angry Bride 4 episodes 2016 -- present Graves Sylvia Miller 4 episodes 2016 -- 2017 The $100,000 Pyramid Herself ( celebrity guest ) Season 1 , 2 episodes : Kathy Najimy vs. Rosie O'Donnell ; Season 2 , Episode 7 vs. Alexandra Wentworth 2017 Elementary Rayna Carno Episode : `` Rekt in Real Life '' 2017 BoJack Horseman Marcie ( voice ) Episode : `` Commence Fracking '' 2017 The President Show Ivana Trump Episode : `` I Came Up with Christmas : A President Show Christmas '' 2018 Rapunzel 's Tangled Adventure Mother ( voice ) Episode : `` Freebird '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anonymous . `` Celebrity Birthdays - February 6 '' Entertainment '' MuskogeePhoenix.com , Muskogee , OK `` . Muskogeephoenix.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Kathy Najimy Biography ( 1957 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ LEBWA - Lebanese Women 's Awakening Archived September 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bonavoglia , Angela ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Fearless on Abortion '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Crawford High Yearbook '' . classmates.com . Jump up ^ Adam Bryant ( 30 June 2009 ) . `` Kathy Najimy to Guest on Desperate Housewives '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` in May 2014 , she posed in an ad in the San Diego airport bashing the locally favorite Sea World . The ad featured an outdated photograph depicting the actor as much younger than her current age . Naked for a Cause , '' 101.9 Fox , accessed 20 September 2012 . Archived 2009 - 10 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Erdos , Joseph ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` Interview With the Latest Rachael vs. Guy Celebrity Castoff -- A Double Elimination '' . Food Network . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Madeleine Marr , `` Rock the Night Away at Jingle Ball , '' The Miami Herald , 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S1 E01 Sherri Shepherd vs Anthony Anderson and Rosie O'Donnell vs Kathy Najimy '' . ABC . June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S2 E07 Ali Wentworth vs. Kathy Najimy and Cobie Smulders vs. Ryan Eggold '' . ABC . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The $100,000 Pyramid : Kathy Najimy and Alex Gershman Win It All '' . YouTube.com . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Najimy Says Auf Wiedersehen to `` Project Runway '' `` . TMZ . August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Miryam ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` SWC guest Kathy Najimy funny , fierce , and warm '' . Seattle Gay News . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Speers , W. ( August 13 , 1988 ) . `` Newsmakers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Kathy Najimy Official Website '' . Kathynajimy.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kathy Najimy on Pyramid '' . Gameshowforum.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kathy Najimy Kathy Najimy on IMDb Kathy Najimy at the Internet Broadway Database Kathy Najimy at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Kathy Najimy at the TCM Movie Database Kathy Najimy at AllMovie Kathy Najimy at Rotten Tomatoes Official website California portal San Diego portal LGBT portal BIBSYS : 14061817 BNF : cb14210185r ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 6659 1959 LCCN : n93048015 MusicBrainz : 323da9bb - ce68 - 4a27 - 84bb - 460757159c1b VIAF : 88080810 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathy_Najimy&oldid=854025847 '' Categories : 1957 births Living people Activists from California Actresses from San Diego American feminists American film actresses American women comedians American television actresses American voice actresses Contestants on American game shows LGBT rights activists from the United States California Democrats Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 13 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	voice of peggy on king of the hill	[ "Kathy Ann Najimy (/nəˈdʒɪmi/ nə-JIM-ee; born February 6, 1957)[1] is an American actress. She is best known for voicing Peggy Hill on the animated television series King of the Hill, and her roles as Sister Mary Patrick in the comedy film Sister Act, Mary Sanderson in the comedy-fantasy film Hocus Pocus, and Olive Massery on the comedy series Veronica's Closet.\nPrior to her film work, Najimy was best known for two Off-Broadway shows with Mo Gaffney working as the duo Kathy and Mo. One of the shows became an HBO comedy special and garnered Najimy her first nationwide fan base.\n" ]	[ "Kathy Ann Najimy" ]
-8633033260536521596	Western imperialism in Asia	Western imperialism in Asia - wikipedia Western imperialism in Asia Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the New Imperialism History Western imperialism in Asia `` The Great Game '' The `` Scramble for Africa '' Historiography of the British Empire Theory The Expansion of England Gentlemanly capitalism The Imperialism of Free Trade Imperialism : A Study Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism Porter -- MacKenzie debate See also Imperialism Colonialism Decolonization Western imperialism in Asia as presented in this article pertains to Western European entry into what was first called the East Indies . This was sparked early in the 15th century by the search for trade routes to China that led directly to the Age of Discovery , and the introduction of early modern warfare into what was then called the Far East . By the early 16th century the Age of Sail greatly expanded Western European influence and development of the Spice Trade under colonialism . There has been a presence of Western European colonial empires and imperialism in Asia throughout six centuries of colonialism , formally ending with the independence of the Portuguese Empire 's last colony East Timor in 2002 . The empires introduced Western concepts of nation and the multinational state . This article attempts to outline the consequent development of the Western concept of the nation state . The thrust of European political power , commerce , and culture in Asia gave rise to growing trade in commodities -- a key development in the rise of today 's modern world free market economy . In the 16th century , the Portuguese broke the ( overland ) monopoly of the Arabs and Italians of trade between Asia and Europe by the discovery of the sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope . With the ensuing rise of the rival Dutch East India Company , Portuguese influence in Asia was gradually eclipsed . Dutch forces first established independent bases in the East ( most significantly Batavia , the heavily fortified headquarters of the Dutch East India Company ) and then between 1640 and 1660 wrestled Malacca , Ceylon , some southern Indian ports , and the lucrative Japan trade from the Portuguese . Later , the English and the French established settlements in India and established a trade with China and their own acquisitions would gradually surpass those of the Dutch . Following the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , the British eliminated French influence in India and established the British East India Company as the most important political force on the Indian Subcontinent . Before the Industrial Revolution in the mid-to - late 19th century , demand for oriental goods such as ( porcelain , silk , spices and tea ) remained the driving force behind European imperialism , and ( with the important exception of British East India Company rule in India ) the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade . Industrialisation , however , dramatically increased European demand for Asian raw materials ; and the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoked a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa , the Americas , Eastern Europe , and especially in Asia . This scramble coincided with a new era in global colonial expansion known as `` the New Imperialism , '' which saw a shift in focus from trade and indirect rule to formal colonial control of vast overseas territories ruled as political extensions of their mother countries . Between the 1870s and the beginning of World War I in 1914 , the United Kingdom , France , and the Netherlands -- the established colonial powers in Asia -- added to their empires vast expanses of territory in the Middle East , the Indian Subcontinent , and South East Asia . In the same period , the Empire of Japan , following the Meiji Restoration ; the German Empire , following the end of the Franco - Prussian War in 1871 ; Tsarist Russia ; and the United States , following the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , quickly emerged as new imperial powers in East Asia and in the Pacific Ocean area . In Asia , World War I and World War II were played out as struggles among several key imperial powers -- conflicts involving the European powers along with Russia and the rising American and Japanese powers . None of the colonial powers , however , possessed the resources to withstand the strains of both world wars and maintain their direct rule in Asia . Although nationalist movements throughout the colonial world led to the political independence of nearly all of the Asia 's remaining colonies , decolonisation was intercepted by the Cold War ; and South East Asia , South Asia , the Middle East , and East Asia remained embedded in a world economic , financial , and military system in which the great powers compete to extend their influence . However , the rapid post-war economic development of the East Asian Tigers , India , the People 's Republic of China , along with the collapse of the Soviet Union , have loosened European and American influence in Asia , generating speculation today about emergence of modern India and China as potential superpowers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early European exploration of Asia 1.1 Medieval European exploration of Asia 1.2 Oceanic voyages to Asia 2 Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia 2.1 Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean and Asia 2.2 Decline of Portugal 's Asian empire since the 17th century 2.3 Holy wars 3 Dutch trade and colonization in Asia 3.1 Rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century 3.2 Dutch New Imperialism in Asia 4 British in India 4.1 Portuguese , French , and British competition in India ( 1600 -- 1763 ) 4.2 Collapse of Mughal India 4.3 From Company to Crown 4.4 Rise of Indian nationalism 5 France in Indochina 6 Russia and `` The Great Game '' 7 European intrusions into China 8 U.S. imperialism in Asia 9 World War I : Changes in Imperialism 10 Japan 11 Post World War II era 11.1 Decolonisation and the rise of nationalism in Asia 11.1. 1 British in India and the Middle East 11.1. 2 Dutch East Indies 11.1. 3 United States in Asia 11.1. 4 France in Indochina 11.1. 4.1 Post-war resistance to French rule 12 List of European colonies in Asia 12.1 Independent states 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading Early European exploration of Asia ( edit ) European exploration of Asia started in ancient Roman times . Knowledge of lands as distant as China were held by the Romans . Trade with India through the Roman Egyptian Red Sea ports was significant in the first centuries of the Common Era . Medieval European exploration of Asia ( edit ) Illustration of Marco Polo 's arrival in a Chinese city In the 13th and 14th centuries , a number of Europeans , many of them Christian missionaries , had sought to penetrate into China . The most famous of these travelers was Marco Polo . But these journeys had little permanent effect on East - West trade because of a series of political developments in Asia in the last decades of the 14th century , which put an end to further European exploration of Asia . The Yuan dynasty in China , which had been receptive to European missionaries and merchants , was overthrown , and the new Ming rulers were found to be unreceptive of religious proselytism . Meanwhile , the Turks consolidated control over the eastern Mediterranean , closing off key overland trade routes . Thus , until the 15th century , only minor trade and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia continued at certain terminals controlled by Muslim traders . Oceanic voyages to Asia ( edit ) Western European rulers determined to find new trade routes of their own . The Portuguese spearheaded the drive to find oceanic routes that would provide cheaper and easier access to South and East Asian goods . This chartering of oceanic routes between East and West began with the unprecedented voyages of Portuguese and Spanish sea captains . Their voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers , who had journeyed overland to the Far East and contributed to geographical knowledge of parts of Asia upon their return . In 1488 , Bartolomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa under the sponsorship of Portugal 's John II , from which point he noticed that the coast swung northeast ( Cape of Good Hope ) . While Dias ' crew forced him to turn back , by 1497 , Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama made the first open voyage from Europe to India . In 1520 , Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese navigator in the service of the Crown of Castile ( ' Spain ' ) , found a sea route into the Pacific Ocean . Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonization in Asia ( edit ) Further information : Portuguese Empire , Portuguese India Armadas , Manila galleon , Treaty of Tordesillas , and Treaty of Zaragoza Portuguese monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean and Asia ( edit ) Afonso de Albuquerque In 1509 , the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida won the decisive battle of Diu against a joint Mamluk and Arab fleet sent to expel the Portuguese of the Arabian Sea . The victory enabled Portugal to implement its strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean . Early in the 16th century Afonso de Albuquerque ( left ) emerged as the Portuguese colonial viceroy most instrumental in consolidating Portugal 's holdings in Africa and in Asia . He understood that Portugal could wrest commercial supremacy from the Arabs only by force , and therefore devised a plan to establish forts at strategic sites which would dominate the trade routes and also protect Portuguese interests on land . In 1510 , he conquered Goa in India , which enabled him to gradually consolidate control of most of the commercial traffic between Europe and Asia , largely through trade ; Europeans started to carry on trade from forts , acting as foreign merchants rather than as settlers . In contrast , early European expansion in the `` West Indies '' , ( later known to Europeans as a separate continent from Asia that they would call the `` Americas '' ) following the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus , involved heavy settlement in colonies that were treated as political extensions of the mother countries . Lured by the potential of high profits from another expedition , the Portuguese established a permanent base in Cochin , south of the Indian trade port of Calicut in the early 16th century . In 1510 , the Portuguese , led by Afonso de Albuquerque , seized Goa on the coast of India , which Portugal held until 1961 , along with Diu and Daman ( the remaining territory and enclaves in India from a former network of coastal towns and smaller fortified trading ports added and abandoned or lost centuries before ) . The Portuguese soon acquired a monopoly over trade in the Indian Ocean . Portuguese viceroy Albuquerque ( 1509 -- 1515 ) resolved to consolidate Portuguese holdings in Africa and Asia , and secure control of trade with the East Indies and China . His first objective was Malacca , which controlled the narrow strait through which most Far Eastern trade moved . Captured in 1511 , Malacca became the springboard for further eastward penetration , starting with the voyage of António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão in 1512 , ordered by Albuquerque , to the Moluccas . Years later the first trading posts were established in the Moluccas , or `` Spice Islands '' , which was the source for some of the world 's most hotly demanded spices , and from there , in Makassar and some others , but smaller , in the Lesser Sunda Islands . By 1513 - 1516 , the first Portuguese ships had reached Canton on the southern coasts of China . Portuguese expeditions 1415 -- 1542 : arrival places and dates ; Portuguese spice trade routes in the Indian Ocean ( blue ) ; territories of the Portuguese empire under King John III rule ( green ) In 1513 , after the failed attempt to conquer Aden , Albuquerque entered with an armada , for the first time for Europeans by the ocean via , on the Red Sea ; and in 1515 , Albuquerque consolidated the Portuguese hegemony in the Persian Gulf gates , already begun by him in 1507 , with the domain of Muscat and Ormuz . Shortly after , other fortified bases and forts were annexed and built along the Gulf , and in 1521 , through a military campaign , the Portuguese annexed Bahrain . The Portuguese conquest of Malacca triggered the Malayan -- Portuguese war . In 1521 , Ming dynasty China defeated the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen and then defeated the Portuguese again at the Battle of Xicaowan . The Portuguese tried to establish trade with China by illegally smuggling with the pirates on the offshore islands off the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian , but they were driven away by the Ming navy in the 1530s - 1540 's . In 1557 , China decided to lease Macau to the Portuguese as a place where they could dry goods they transported on their ships , which they held until 1999 . The Portuguese , based at Goa and Malacca , had now established a lucrative maritime empire in the Indian Ocean meant to monopolise the spice trade . The Portuguese also began a channel of trade with the Japanese , becoming the first recorded Westerners to have visited Japan . This contact introduced Christianity and fire - arms into Japan . In 1505 ( also possibly before , in 1501 ) , the Portuguese , through Lourenço de Almeida , the son of Francisco de Almeida , reached Ceylon . The Portuguese founded a fort at the city of Colombo in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas and inland . In a series of military conflicts and political manoeuvres , the Portuguese extended their control over the Sinhalese kingdoms , including Jaffna ( 1591 ) , Raigama ( 1593 ) , Sitawaka ( 1593 ) , and Kotte ( 1594 ) - However , the aim of unifying the entire island under Portuguese control faced the Kingdom of Kandy ` s fierce resistance . The Portuguese , led by Pedro Lopes de Sousa , launched a full - scale military invasion of the kingdom of Kandy in the Campaign of Danture of 1594 . The invasion was a disaster for the Portuguese , with their entire army wiped out by Kandyan guerilla warfare . Constantino de Sá , romantically celebrated in the 17th century Sinhalese Epic ( also for its greater humanism and tolerance compared to other governors ) led the last military operation that also ended in disaster . He died in the Battle of Randeniwela , refusing to abandon his troops in the face of total annihilation . The energies of Castile ( later , the unified Spain ) , the other major colonial power of the 16th century , were largely concentrated on the Americas , not South and East Asia , but the Spanish did establish a footing in the Far East in the Philippines . After fighting with the Portuguese by the Spice Islands since 1522 and the agreement between the two powers in 1529 ( in the treaty of Zaragoza ) , the Spanish , led by Miguel López de Legazpi , settled and conquered gradually the Philippines since 1564 . After the discovery of the return voyage to the Americas by Andres de Urdaneta in 1565 , cargoes of Chinese goods were transported from the Philippines to Mexico and from there to Spain . By this long route , Spain reaped some of the profits of Far Eastern commerce . Spanish officials converted the islands to Christianity and established some settlements , permanently establishing the Philippines as the area of East Asia most oriented toward the West in terms of culture and commerce . The Moro Muslims fought against the Spanish for over three centuries in the Spanish -- Moro conflict . Decline of Portugal 's Asian Empire since the 17th century ( edit ) The lucrative trade was vastly expanded when the Portuguese began to export slaves from Africa in 1541 ; however , over time , the rise of the slave trade left Portugal over-extended , and vulnerable to competition from other Western European powers . Envious of Portugal 's control of trade routes , other Western European nations -- mainly the Netherlands , France , and England -- began to send in rival expeditions to Asia . In 1642 , the Dutch drove the Portuguese out of the Gold Coast in Africa , the source of the bulk of Portuguese slave labourers , leaving this rich slaving area to other Europeans , especially the Dutch and the English . Rival European powers began to make inroads in Asia as the Portuguese and Spanish trade in the Indian Ocean declined primarily because they had become hugely over-stretched financially due to the limitations on their investment capacity and contemporary naval technology . Both of these factors worked in tandem , making control over Indian Ocean trade extremely expensive . The existing Portuguese interests in Asia proved sufficient to finance further colonial expansion and entrenchment in areas regarded as of greater strategic importance in Africa and Brazil . Portuguese maritime supremacy was lost to the Dutch in the 17th century , and with this came serious challenges for the Portuguese . However , they still clung to Macau , and settled a new colony on the island of Timor . It was as recent as the 1960s and 1970s that the Portuguese began to relinquish their colonies in Asia . Goa was invaded by India in 1961 and became an Indian state in 1987 ; Portuguese Timor was abandoned in 1975 and was then invaded by Indonesia . It became an independent country in 2002 ; and Macau was handed back to the Chinese as per a treaty in 1999 . Holy wars ( edit ) The arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish and their holy wars against Muslim states in the Malayan -- Portuguese war , Spanish -- Moro conflict and Castilian War inflamed religious tensions and turned Southeast Asia into an arena of conflict between Muslims and Christians . The Brunei Sultanate 's capital at Kota Batu was assaulted by Governor Sande who led the 1578 Spanish attack . The word `` savages '' in Spanish , cafres , was from the word `` infidel '' in Arabic - Kafir , and was used by the Spanish to refer to their own `` christian savages '' who were arrested in Brunei . It was said Castilians are kafir , men who have no souls , who are condemned by fire when they die , and that too because they eat pork by the Brunei Sultan after the term accursed doctrine was used to attack Islam by the Spaniards which fed into hatred between Muslims and Christians sparked by their 1571 war against Brunei . The Sultan 's words were in response to insults coming from the Spanish at Manila in 1578 , other Muslims from Champa , Java , Borneo , Luzon , Pahang , Demak , Aceh , and the Malays echoed the rhetoric of holy war against the Spanish and Iberian Portuguese , calling them kafir enemies which was a contrast to their earlier nuanced views of the Portuguese in the Hikayat Tanah Hitu and Sejarah Melayu . The war by Spain against Brunei was defended in an apologia written by Doctor De Sande . The British eventually partitioned and took over Brunei while Sulu was attacked by the British , Americans , and Spanish which caused its breakdown and downfall after both of them thrived from 1500 - 1900 for four centuries . Dar al - Islam was seen as under invasion by `` kafirs '' by the Atjehnese led by Zayn al - din and by Muslims in the Philippines as they saw the Spanish invasion , since the Spanish brought the idea of a crusader holy war against Muslim Moros just as the Portuguese did in Indonesia and India against what they called `` Moors '' in their political and commercial conquests which they saw through the lens of religion in the 16th century . In 1578 an attack was launched by the Spanish against Jolo , and in 1875 it was destroyed at their hands , and once again in 1974 it was destroyed by the Philippines . The Spanish first set foot on Borneo in Brunei . The Spanish war against Brunei failed to conquer Brunei but it totally cut off the Philippines from Brunei 's influence , the Spanish then started colonizing Mindanao and building fortresses . In response , the Bisayas , where Spanish forces were stationed , were subjected to retaliatory attacks by the Magindanao in 1599 - 1600 due to the Spanish attacks on Mindanao . The Brunei royal family was related to the Muslim Rajahs who in ruled the principality in 1570 of Manila ( Kingdom of Maynila ) and this was what the Spaniards came across on their initial arrival to Manila , Spain uprooted Islam out of areas where it was shallow after they began to force Christianity on the Philippines in their conquests after 1521 while Islam was already widespread in the 16th century Philippines . In the Philippines in the Cebu islands the natives killed the Spanish fleet leader Magellan . Borneo 's western coastal areas at Landak , Sukadana , and Sambas saw the growth of Muslim states in the sixteenth century , in the 15th century at Nanking , the capital of China , the death and burial of the Borneo Bruneian king Maharaja Kama took place upon his visit to China with Zheng He 's fleet . The Spanish were expelled from Brunei in 1579 after they attacked in 1578 . There were half a hundred thousand inhabitants before the 1597 attack by the Spanish in Brunei . During first contact with China , numerous aggressions and provocations were undertaken by the Portuguese They believed they could mistreat the non-Christians because they themselves were Christians and acted in the name of their religion in committing crimes and atrocities . This resulted in the Battle of Xicaowan where the local Chinese navy defeated and captured a fleet of Portuguese caravels . Dutch trade and colonization in Asia ( edit ) Main article : Dutch colonial empire Rise of Dutch control over Asian trade in the 17th century ( edit ) Dutch settlement in the East Indies . Batavia ( now Jakarta ) , Java , c. 1665 . Portuguese decline in Asia was accelerated by the attacks on their commercial empire by the Dutch and the English , which began a global struggle over empire in Asia that lasted until the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763 . The Netherlands revolt against Spanish rule facilitated Dutch encroachment of the Portuguese monopoly over South and East Asian trade . The Dutch looked on Spain 's trade and colonies as potential spoils in war . When the two crowns of the Iberian peninsula were joined in 1581 , the Dutch felt free to attack Portuguese territories in Asia . By the 1590s , a number of Dutch companies were formed to finance trading expeditions in Asia . Because competition lowered their profits , and because of the doctrines of mercantilism , in 1602 the companies united into a cartel and formed the Dutch East India Company , and received from the government the right to trade and colonise territory in the area stretching from the Cape of Good Hope eastward to the Strait of Magellan . In 1605 , armed Dutch merchants captured the Portuguese fort at Amboyna in the Moluccas , which was developed into the first secure base of the company . Over time , the Dutch gradually consolidated control over the great trading ports of the East Indies . Control over the East Indies trading ports allowed the company to monopolise the world spice trade for decades . Their monopoly over the spice trade became complete after they drove the Portuguese from Malacca in 1641 and Ceylon in 1658 . Colombo , Dutch Ceylon , based on an engraving of circa 1680 Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were later established in Atjeh ( Aceh ) , 1667 ; Macassar , 1669 ; and Bantam , 1682 . The company established its headquarters at Batavia ( today Jakarta ) on the island of Java . Outside the East Indies , the Dutch East India Company colonies or outposts were also established in Persia ( Iran ) , Bengal ( now Bangladesh and part of India ) , Mauritius ( 1638 - 1658 / 1664 - 1710 ) , Siam ( now Thailand ) , Guangzhou ( Canton , China ) , Taiwan ( 1624 -- 1662 ) , and southern India ( 1616 -- 1795 ) . Ming dynasty China defeated the Dutch East India Company in the Sino - Dutch conflicts . The Chinese first defeated and drove the Dutch out of the Pescadores in 1624 . The Ming navy under Zheng Zhilong defeated the Dutch East India Company 's fleet at the 1633 Battle of Liaoluo Bay . In 1662 , Zheng Zhilong 's son Zheng Chenggong ( also known as Koxinga ) expelled the Dutch from Taiwan after defeating them in the Siege of Fort Zeelandia . ( see History of Taiwan ) Further , the Dutch East India Company trade post on Dejima ( 1641 -- 1857 ) , an artificial island off the coast of Nagasaki , was for a long time the only place where Europeans could trade with Japan . The Vietnamese Nguyễn lords defeated the Dutch in a naval battle in 1643 . The Cambodians defeated the Dutch in the Cambodian -- Dutch War in 1644 . In 1652 , Jan van Riebeeck established an outpost at the Cape of Good Hope ( the southwestern tip of Africa , currently in South Africa ) to restock company ships on their journey to East Asia . This post later became a fully - fledged colony , the Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) . As Cape Colony attracted increasing Dutch and European settlement , the Dutch founded the city of Kaapstad ( Cape Town ) . By 1669 , the Dutch East India Company was the richest private company in history , with a huge fleet of merchant ships and warships , tens of thousands of employees , a private army consisting of thousands of soldiers , and a reputation on the part of its stockholders for high dividend payments . Dutch new imperialism in Asia ( edit ) Main article : Dutch East Indies The Dutch Governor - General , highest authority in the colony and the Sultan of Jogjakarta . The company was in almost constant conflict with the English ; relations were particularly tense following the Amboyna Massacre in 1623 . During the 18th century , Dutch East India Company possessions were increasingly focused on the East Indies . After the fourth war between the United Provinces and England ( 1780 -- 1784 ) , the company suffered increasing financial difficulties . In 1799 , the company was dissolved , commencing official colonisation of the East Indies . During the era of New Imperialism the territorial claims of the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) expanded into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies . Partly driven by re-newed colonial aspirations of fellow European nation states the Dutch strived to establish unchallenged control of the archipelago now known as Indonesia . Six years into formal colonisation of the East Indies , in Europe the Dutch Republic was occupied by the French forces of Napoleon . The Dutch government went into exile in England and formally ceded its colonial possessions to Great Britain . The pro-French Governor General of Java Jan Willem Janssens , resisted a British invasion force in 1811 until forced to surrender . British Governor Raffles , who the later founded the city of Singapore , ruled the colony the following 10 years of the British interregnum ( 1806 -- 1816 ) . After the defeat of Napoleon and the Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 colonial government of the East Indies was ceded back to the Dutch in 1817 . The loss of South Africa and the continued scramble for Africa stimulated the Dutch to secure unchallenged dominion over its colony in the East Indies . The Dutch started to consolidate its power base through extensive military campaigns and elaborate diplomatic alliances with indigenous rulers ensuring the Dutch tricolor was firmly planted in all corners of the Archipelago . These military campaigns included : the Padri War ( 1821 -- 1837 ) , the Java War ( 1825 -- 1830 ) and the Aceh War ( 1873 -- 1904 ) . This raised the need for a considerable military buildup of the colonial army ( KNIL ) . From all over Europe soldiers were recruited to join the KNIL . The Dutch concentrated their colonial enterprise in the Dutch East Indies ( Indonesia ) throughout the 19th century . The Dutch lost control over the East Indies to the Japanese during much of World War II . Following the war , the Dutch fought Indonesian independence forces after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945 . In 1949 most of what was known as the Dutch East Indies was ceded to the independent Republic of Indonesia . In 1962 also Dutch New Guinea was annexed by Indonesia de facto ending Dutch imperialism in Asia . British in India ( edit ) Portuguese , French , and British competition in India ( 1600 -- 1763 ) ( edit ) Robert Clive , 1st Baron Clive . The English sought to stake out claims in India at the expense of the Portuguese dating back to the Elizabethan era . In 1600 , Queen Elizabeth I incorporated the English East India Company ( later the British East India Company ) , granting it a monopoly of trade from the Cape of Good Hope eastward to the Strait of Magellan . In 1639 it acquired Madras on the east coast of India , where it quickly surpassed Portuguese Goa as the principal European trading centre on the Indian Subcontinent . Through bribes , diplomacy , and manipulation of weak native rulers , the company prospered in India , where it became the most powerful political force , and outrivaled its Portuguese and French competitors . For more than one hundred years , English and French trading companies had fought one another for supremacy , and , by the middle of the 18th century , competition between the British and the French had heated up . French defeat by the British under the command of Robert Clive during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) marked the end of the French stake in India . Collapse of Mughal India ( edit ) Main article : Company rule in India The British East India Company , although still in direct competition with French and Dutch interests until 1763 , was able to extend its control over almost the whole of India in the century following the subjugation of Bengal at the 1757 Battle of Plassey . The British East India Company made great advances at the expense of a Mughal dynasty . The reign of Aurangzeb had marked the height of Mughal power , By 1690 . Mughal territorial expansion reached its greatest extent , Aurangzeb 's Empire encompassed the entire Indian Subcontinent . But this period of power was followed by one of decline . Fifty years after the death of Aurangzeb , the great Mughal empire had crumbled . Meanwhile , marauding warlords , nobles , and others bent on gaining power left the Subcontinent increasingly anarchic . Although the Mughals kept the imperial title until 1858 , the central government had collapsed , creating a power vacuum . From Company to Crown ( edit ) Main article : British Raj The British Empire in 1920 . Aside from defeating the French during the Seven Years ' War , Robert Clive , the leader of the Company in India , defeated a key Indian ruler of Bengal at the decisive Battle of Plassey ( 1757 ) , a victory that ushered in the beginning of a new period in Indian history , that of informal British rule . While still nominally the sovereign , the Mughal Indian emperor became more and more of a puppet ruler , and anarchy spread until the company stepped into the role of policeman of India . The transition to formal imperialism , characterised by Queen Victoria being crowned `` Empress of India '' in the 1870s was a gradual process . The first step toward cementing formal British control extended back to the late 18th century . The British Parliament , disturbed by the idea that a great business concern , interested primarily in profit , was controlling the destinies of millions of people , passed acts in 1773 and 1784 that gave itself the power to control company policies and to appoint the highest company official in India , the Governor - General . ( This system of dual control lasted until 1858 . ) By 1818 the East India Company was master of all of India . Some local rulers were forced to accept its overlordship ; others were deprived of their territories . Some portions of India were administered by the British directly ; in others native dynasties were retained under British supervision . The First Anglo - Sikh War , 1845 - 46 Until 1858 , however , much of India was still officially the dominion of the Mughal emperor . Anger among some social groups , however , was seething under the governor - generalship of James Dalhousie ( 1847 -- 1856 ) , who annexed the Punjab ( 1849 ) after victory in the Second Sikh War , annexed seven princely states using the doctrine of lapse , annexed the key state of Oudh on the basis of misgovernment , and upset cultural sensibilities by banning Hindu practices such as sati . The 1857 Sepoy Rebellion , or Indian Mutiny , an uprising initiated by Indian troops , called sepoys , who formed the bulk of the Company 's armed forces , was the key turning point . Rumour had spread among them that their bullet cartridges were lubricated with pig and cow fat . The cartridges had to be bit open , so this upset the Hindu and Muslim soldiers . The Hindu religion held cows sacred , and for Muslims pork was considered haraam . In one camp , 85 out of 90 sepoys would not accept the cartridges from their garrison officer . The British harshly punished those who would not by jailing them . The Indian people were outraged , and on May 10 , 1857 , sepoys marched to Delhi , and , with the help of soldiers stationed there , captured it . Fortunately for the British , many areas remained loyal and quiescent , allowing the revolt to be crushed after fierce fighting . One important consequence of the revolt was the final collapse of the Mughal dynasty . The mutiny also ended the system of dual control under which the British government and the British East India Company shared authority . The government relieved the company of its political responsibilities , and in 1858 , after 258 years of existence , the company relinquished its role . Trained civil servants were recruited from graduates of British universities , and these men set out to rule India . Lord Canning ( created earl in 1859 ) , appointed Governor - General of India in 1856 , became known as `` Clemency Canning '' as a term of derision for his efforts to restrain revenge against the Indians during the Indian Mutiny . When the Government of India was transferred from the Company to the Crown , Canning became the first viceroy of India . The Company initiated the first of the Anglo - Burmese wars in 1824 , which led to total annexation of Burma by the Crown in 1885 . The British ruled Burma as a province of British India until 1937 , then administered her separately under the Burma Office except during the Japanese occupation of Burma , 1942 -- 1945 , until granted independence on 4 January 1948 . ( Unlike India , Burma opted not to join the Commonwealth of Nations . ) Rise of Indian nationalism ( edit ) Main article : Indian independence movement The denial of equal status to Indians was the immediate stimulus for the formation in 1885 of the Indian National Congress , initially loyal to the Empire but committed from 1905 to increased self - government and by 1930 to outright independence . The `` Home charges '' , payments transferred from India for administrative costs , were a lasting source of nationalist grievance , though the flow declined in relative importance over the decades to independence in 1947 . Although majority Hindu and minority Muslim political leaders were able to collaborate closely in their criticism of British policy into the 1920s , British support for a distinct Muslim political organisation , the Muslim League from 1906 and insistence from the 1920s on separate electorates for religious minorities , is seen by many in India as having contributed to Hindu - Muslim discord and the country 's eventual Partition . France in Indochina ( edit ) Main article : French Indochina The capture of Lạng Sơn in 1885 France , which had lost its empire to the British by the end of the 18th century , had little geographical or commercial basis for expansion in Southeast Asia . After the 1850s , French imperialism was initially impelled by a nationalistic need to rival the United Kingdom and was supported intellectually by the notion that French culture was superior to that of the people of Annam ( Vietnam ) , and its mission civilisatrice -- or its `` civilizing mission '' of the Annamese through their assimilation to French culture and the Catholic religion . The pretext for French expansionism in Indochina was the protection of French religious missions in the area , coupled with a desire to find a southern route to China through Tonkin , the European name for a region of northern Vietnam . French religious and commercial interests were established in Indochina as early as the 17th century , but no concerted effort at stabilizing the French position was possible in the face of British strength in the Indian Ocean and French defeat in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century . A mid-19th century religious revival under the Second Empire provided the atmosphere within which interest in Indochina grew . Anti-Christian persecutions in the Far East provided the pretext for the bombardment of Tourane ( Da Nang ) in 1847 , and invasion and occupation of Da Nang in 1857 and Saigon in 1858 . Under Napoleon III , France decided that French trade with China would be surpassed by the British , and accordingly the French joined the British against China in the Second Opium War from 1857 to 1860 , and occupied parts of Vietnam as its gateway to China . By the Treaty of Saigon in 1862 , on June 5 , the Vietnamese emperor ceded France three provinces of southern Vietnam to form the French colony of Cochinchina ; France also secured trade and religious privileges in the rest of Vietnam and a protectorate over Vietnam 's foreign relations . Gradually French power spread through exploration , the establishment of protectorates , and outright annexations . Their seizure of Hanoi in 1882 led directly to war with China ( 1883 -- 1885 ) , and the French victory confirmed French supremacy in the region . France governed Cochinchina as a direct colony , and central and northern Vietnam under the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin , and Cambodia as protectorates in one degree or another . Laos too was soon brought under French `` protection '' . By the beginning of the 20th century , France had created an empire in Indochina nearly 50 percent larger than the mother country . A Governor - General in Hanoi ruled Cochinchina directly and the other regions through a system of residents . Theoretically , the French maintained the precolonial rulers and administrative structures in Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina , Cambodia , and Laos , but in fact the governor - generalship was a centralised fiscal and administrative regime ruling the entire region . Although the surviving native institutions were preserved in order to make French rule more acceptable , they were almost completely deprived of any independence of action . The ethnocentric French colonial administrators sought to assimilate the upper classes into France 's `` superior culture . '' While the French improved public services and provided commercial stability , the native standard of living declined and precolonial social structures eroded . Indochina , which had a population of over eighteen million in 1914 , was important to France for its tin , pepper , coal , cotton , and rice . It is still a matter of debate , however , whether the colony was commercially profitable . Russia and `` the great Game '' ( edit ) Main article : The Great Game See also : Russian conquest of Siberia and Russian conquest of Turkestan Russian troops taking Samarkand in 1868 . Tsarist Russia is not often regarded as a colonial power such as the United Kingdom or France because of the manner of Russian expansions : unlike the United Kingdom , which expanded overseas , the Russian empire grew from the centre outward by a process of accretion , like the United States . In the 19th century , Russian expansion took the form of a struggle of an effectively landlocked country for access to a warm water port . Qing China defeated Russia in the Sino - Russian border conflicts . While the British were consolidating their hold on India , Russian expansion had moved steadily eastward to the Pacific , then toward the Middle East . In the early 19th century it succeeded in conquering the South Caucasus and Dagestan from Qajar Persia following the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) , the Russo - Persian War ( 1826 -- 28 ) and the out coming treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay , giving Russia direct borders with both Persia 's as well as Ottoman Turkey 's heartlands . Later , they eventually reached the frontiers of Afghanistan as well ( which had the largest foreign border adjacent to British holdings in India ) . In response to Russian expansion , the defense of India 's land frontiers and the control of all sea approaches to the Subcontinent via the Suez Canal , the Red Sea , and the Persian Gulf became preoccupations of British foreign policy in the 19th century . Anglo - Russian rivalry in the Middle East and Central Asia led to a brief confrontation over Afghanistan in the 1870s . In Persia ( Iran ) , both nations set up banks to extend their economic influence . The United Kingdom went so far as to invade Tibet , a land subordinate to the Chinese empire , in 1904 , but withdrew when it became clear that Russian influence was insignificant and when Chinese resistance proved tougher than expected . In 1907 , the United Kingdom and Russia signed an agreement which -- on the surface -- ended their rivalry in Central Asia . ( see Anglo - Russian Entente ) As part of the entente , Russia agreed to deal with the sovereign of Afghanistan only through British intermediaries . In turn , the United Kingdom would not annex or occupy Afghanistan . Chinese suzerainty over Tibet also was recognised by both Russia and the United Kingdom , since nominal control by a weak China was preferable to control by either power . Persia was divided into Russian and British spheres of influence and an intervening `` neutral '' zone . The United Kingdom and Russia chose to reach these uneasy compromises because of growing concern on the part of both powers over German expansion in strategic areas of China and Africa . Following the entente , Russia increasingly intervened in Persian domestic politics and suppressed nationalist movements that threatened both St. Petersburg and London . After the Russian Revolution , Russia gave up its claim to a sphere of influence , though Soviet involvement persisted alongside the United Kingdom 's until the 1940s . In the Middle East , in Persia ( Iran ) and the Ottoman Empire , a German company built a railroad from Constantinople to Baghdad and the Persian Gulf in the latter , while it built a railroad from the north of the country to the south , connecting the Caucasus with the Persian Gulf in the former . Germany wanted to gain economic influence in the region and then , perhaps , move on to India . This was met with bitter resistance by the United Kingdom , Russia , and France who divided the region among themselves . European intrusions into China ( edit ) A shocked mandarin in Manchu robe in the back , with Queen Victoria ( UK ) , William II ( Germany ) , Nicholas II ( Russia ) , Marianne ( France ) , and Mutsuhito ( Japan ) cutting up a king cake with Chine ( `` China '' in French ) written on it . Main article : List of foreign enclaves in China The 16th century brought many Jesuit missionaries to China , such as Matteo Ricci , who established missions where Western science was introduced , and where Europeans gathered knowledge of Chinese society , history , culture , and science . During the 18th century , merchants from Western Europe came to China in increasing numbers . However , merchants were confined to Guangzhou and the Portuguese colony of Macau , as they had been since the 16th century . European traders were increasingly irritated by what they saw as the relatively high customs duties they had to pay and by the attempts to curb the growing import trade in opium . By 1800 , its importation was forbidden by the imperial government . However , the opium trade continued to boom . Early in the 19th century , serious internal weaknesses developed in the Qing dynasty that left China vulnerable to Western , Meiji period Japanese , and Russian imperialism . In 1839 , China found itself fighting the First Opium War with Britain . China was defeated , and in 1842 , signed the provisions of the Treaty of Nanjing which were first of the unequal treaties signed during the Qing Dynasty . Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain , and certain ports , including Shanghai and Guangzhou , were opened to British trade and residence . In 1856 , the Second Opium War broke out . The Chinese were again defeated , and now forced to the terms of the 1858 Treaty of Tientsin . The treaty opened new ports to trade and allowed foreigners to travel in the interior . In addition , Christians gained the right to propagate their religion . The United States Treaty of Wanghia and Russia later obtained the same prerogatives in separate treaties . Toward the end of the 19th century , China appeared on the way to territorial dismemberment and economic vassalage -- the fate of India 's rulers that played out much earlier . Several provisions of these treaties caused long - standing bitterness and humiliation among the Chinese : extraterritoriality ( meaning that in a dispute with a Chinese person , a Westerner had the right to be tried in a court under the laws of his own country ) , customs regulation , and the right to station foreign warships in Chinese waters , including its navigable rivers . Jane E. Elliott criticized the allegation that China refused to modernize or was unable to defeat Western armies as simplistic , noting that China embarked on a massive military modernization in the late 1800s after several defeats , buying weapons from Western countries and manufacturing their own at arsenals , such as the Hanyang Arsenal during the Boxer Rebellion . In addition , Elliott questioned the claim that Chinese society was traumatized by the Western victories , as many Chinese peasants ( 90 % of the population at that time ) living outside the concessions continued about their daily lives , uninterrupted and without any feeling of `` humiliation '' . Historians have judged the Qing dynasty 's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land , the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that `` China 's nineteenth - century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea . At the start of the Opium War , China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea ; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go ... In the Arrow War ( 1856 - 60 ) , the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo - French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing . Meanwhile , new but not exactly modern Chinese armies suppressed the midcentury rebellions , bluffed Russia into a peaceful settlement of disputed frontiers in Central Asia , and defeated the French forces on land in the Sino - French War ( 1884 - 85 ) . But the defeat of the fleet , and the resulting threat to steamship traffic to Taiwan , forced China to conclude peace on unfavorable terms . '' During the Sino - French War , Chinese forces defeated the French at the Battle of Cầu Giấy ( Paper Bridge ) , Bắc Lệ ambush , Battle of Phu Lam Tao , Battle of Zhenhai , the Battle of Tamsui in the Keelung Campaign and in the last battle which ended the war , the Battle of Bang Bo ( Zhennan Pass ) , which triggered the French Retreat from Lạng Sơn and resulted in the collapse of the French Jules Ferry government in the Tonkin Affair . The Qing dynasty forced Russia to hand over disputed territory in Ili in the Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1881 ) , in what was widely seen by the west as a diplomatic victory for the Qing . Russia acknowledged that Qing China potentially posed a serious military threat . Mass media in the west during this era portrayed China as a rising military power due to its modernization programs and as a major threat to the western world , invoking fears that China would successfully conquer western colonies like Australia . The British observer Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger suggested a British - Chinese alliance to check Russian expansion in Central Asia . During the Ili crisis when Qing China threatened to go to war against Russia over the Russian occupation of Ili , the British officer Charles George Gordon was sent to China by Britain to advise China on military options against Russia should a potential war break out between China and Russia . The Russians observed the Chinese building up their arsenal of modern weapons during the Ili crisis , the Chinese bought thousands of rifles from Germany . In 1880 massive amounts of military equipment and rifles were shipped via boats to China from Antwerp as China purchased torpedoes , artillery , and 260,260 modern rifles from Europe . The Russian military observer D.V. Putiatia visited China in 1888 and found that in Northeastern China ( Manchuria ) along the Chinese - Russian border , the Chinese soldiers were potentially able to become adept at `` European tactics '' under certain circumstances , and the Chinese soldiers were armed with modern weapons like Krupp artillery , Winchester carbines , and Mauser rifles . Compared to Russian controlled areas , more benefits were given to the Muslim Kirghiz on the Chinese controlled areas . Russian settlers fought against the Muslim nomadic Kirghiz , which led the Russians to believe that the Kirghiz would be a liability in any conflict against China . The Muslim Kirghiz were sure that in an upcoming war , that China would defeat Russia . Russian sinologists , the Russian media , threat of internal rebellion , the pariah status inflicted by the Congress of Berlin , the negative state of the Russian economy all led Russia to concede and negotiate with China in St Petersburg , and return most of Ili to China . Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives . Sino - Japanese War of 1894 -- 5 The rise of Japan since the Meiji Restoration as an imperial power led to further subjugation of China . In a dispute over China 's longstanding claim of suzerainty in Korea , war broke out between China and Japan , resulting in humiliating defeat for the Chinese . By the Treaty of Shimonoseki ( 1895 ) , China was forced to recognize effective Japanese rule of Korea and Taiwan was ceded to Japan until its recovery in 1945 at the end of the WWII by the Republic of China . China 's defeat at the hands of Japan was another trigger for future aggressive actions by Western powers . In 1897 , Germany demanded and was given a set of exclusive mining and railroad rights in Shandong province . Russia obtained access to Dairen and Port Arthur and the right to build a railroad across Manchuria , thereby achieving complete domination over a large portion of northwestern China . The United Kingdom and France also received a number of concessions . At this time , much of China was divided up into `` spheres of influence '' : Germany dominated Jiaozhou ( Kiaochow ) Bay , Shandong , and the Yellow River valley ; Russia dominated the Liaodong Peninsula and Manchuria ; the United Kingdom dominated Weihaiwei and the Yangtze Valley ; and France dominated the Guangzhou Bay and several other southern provinces . British and Japanese forces engage Boxers in battle , 1900 China continued to be divided up into these spheres until the United States , which had no sphere of influence , grew alarmed at the possibility of its businessmen being excluded from Chinese markets . In 1899 , Secretary of State John Hay asked the major powers to agree to a policy of equal trading privileges . In 1900 , several powers agreed to the U.S. - backed scheme , giving rise to the `` Open Door '' policy , denoting freedom of commercial access and non-annexation of Chinese territory . In any event , it was in the European powers ' interest to have a weak but independent Chinese government . The privileges of the Europeans in China were guaranteed in the form of treaties with the Qing government . In the event that the Qing government totally collapsed , each power risked losing the privileges that it already had negotiated . The erosion of Chinese sovereignty and seizures of land from Chinese by foreigners contributed to a spectacular anti-foreign outbreak in June 1900 , when the `` Boxers '' ( properly the society of the `` righteous and harmonious fists '' ) attacked foreigners around Beijing . The Imperial Court was divided into anti-foreign and pro-foreign factions , with the pro-foreign faction led by Ronglu and Prince Qing hampering any military effort by the anti-foreign faction led by Prince Duan and Dong Fuxiang . The Qing Empress Dowager ordered all diplomatic ties to be cut off and all foreigners to leave the legations in Beijing to go to Tianjin . The foreigners refused to leave . Fueled by entirely false reports that the foreigners in the legations were massacred , the Eight - Nation Alliance decided to launch an expedition on Beijing to reach the legations but they underestimated the Qing military . The Qing and Boxers defeated the foreigners at the Seymour Expedition , forcing them to turn back at the Battle of Langfang . In response to the foreign attack on Dagu Forts the Qing responded by declaring war against the foreigners . the Qing forces and foreigners fought a fierce battle at the Battle of Tientsin before the foreigners could launch a second expedition . On their second try Gaselee Expedition , with a much larger force , the foreigners managed to reach Beijing and fight the Battle of Peking ( 1900 ) . British and French forces looted , plundered and burned the Old Summer Palace to the ground for the second time ( the first time being in 1860 , following the Second Opium War ) . German forces were particularly severe in exacting revenge for the killing of their ambassador due to the orders of Kaiser Wilhelm II , who held anti-Asian sentiments , while Russia tightened its hold on Manchuria in the northeast until its crushing defeat by Japan in the war of 1904 -- 1905 . The Qing court evacuated to Xi'an and threatened to continue the war against foreigners , until the foreigners tempered their demands in the Boxer Protocol , promising that China would not have to give up any land and gave up the demands for the execution of Dong Fuxiang and Prince Duan . The correspondent Douglas Story observed Chinese troops in 1907 and praised their abilities and military skill . Extraterritorial jurisdiction was abandoned by the United Kingdom and the United States in 1943 . Chiang Kai - shek forced the French to hand over all their concessions back to China control after World War II . Foreign political control over leased parts of China ended with the incorporation of Hong Kong and the small Portuguese territory of Macau into the People 's Republic of China in 1997 and 1999 respectively . U.S. imperialism in Asia ( edit ) Main article : History of United States overseas expansion One of the New York Journal 's most infamous cartoons , depicting Philippine -- American War General Jacob H. Smith 's order `` Kill Everyone over Ten , '' from the front page on May 5 , 1902 . Some Americans in the Nineteenth Century advocated for the annexation of Taiwan from China . Aboriginals on Taiwan often attacked and massacred shipwrecked western sailors . In 1867 , during the Rover incident , Taiwanese aborigines attacked shipwrecked American sailors , killing the entire crew . They subsequently defeated a retaliatory expedition by the American military and killed another American during the battle . As the United States emerged as a new imperial power in the Pacific and Asia , one of the two oldest Western imperialist powers in the regions , Spain , was finding it increasingly difficult to maintain control of territories it had held in the regions since the 16th century . In 1896 , a widespread revolt against Spanish rule broke out in the Philippines . Meanwhile , the recent string of U.S. territorial gains in the Pacific posed an even greater threat to Spain 's remaining colonial holdings . As the U.S. continued to expand its economic and military power in the Pacific , it declared war against Spain in 1898 . During the Spanish -- American War , U.S. Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila and U.S. troops landed in the Philippines . Spain later agreed by treaty to cede the Philippines in Asia and Guam in the Pacific . In the Caribbean , Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the U.S. The war also marked the end of Spanish rule in Cuba , which was to be granted nominal independence but remained heavily influenced by the U.S. government and U.S. business interests . One year following its treaty with Spain , the U.S. occupied the small Pacific outpost of Wake Island . The Filipinos , who assisted U.S. troops in fighting the Spanish , wished to establish an independent state and , on June 12 , 1898 , declared independence from Spain . In 1899 , fighting between the Filipino nationalists and the U.S. broke out ; it took the U.S. almost fifteen years to fully subdue the insurgency . The U.S. sent 70,000 troops and suffered thousands of casualties . The Filipinos insurgents , however , suffered considerably higher casualties than the Americans . Most casualties in the war were civilians dying primarily from disease . U.S. attacks into the countryside often included scorched earth campaigns where entire villages were burned and destroyed , and concentrated civilians into camps known as `` protected zones . '' Most of these civilian casualties resulted from disease and famine . Reports of the execution of U.S. soldiers taken prisoner by the Filipinos led to disproportionate reprisals by American forces . The Moro Muslims fought against the Americans in the Moro Rebellion . In 1914 , Dean C. Worcester , U.S. Secretary of the Interior for the Philippines ( 1901 -- 1913 ) described `` the regime of civilisation and improvement which started with American occupation and resulted in developing naked savages into cultivated and educated men . '' Nevertheless , some Americans , such as Mark Twain , deeply opposed American involvement / imperialism in the Philippines , leading to the abandonment of attempts to construct a permanent U.S. naval base and using it as an entry point to the Chinese market . In 1916 , Congress guaranteed the independence of the Philippines by 1945 . World War I : changes in imperialism ( edit ) World War I brought about the fall of several empires in Europe . This had repercussions around the world . The defeated Central Powers included Germany and the Turkish Ottoman Empire . Germany lost all of its colonies in Asia . German New Guinea , a part of Papua New Guinea , became administered by Australia . German possessions and concessions in China , including Qingdao , became the subject of a controversy during the Paris Peace Conference when the Beiyang government in China agreed to cede these interests to Japan , to the anger of many Chinese people . Although the Chinese diplomats refused to sign the agreement , these interests were ceded to Japan with the support of the United States and the United Kingdom . Turkey gave up her provinces ; Syria , Palestine , and Mesopotamia ( now Iraq ) came under French and British control as League of Nations Mandates . The discovery of petroleum first in Iran and then in the Arab lands in the interbellum provided a new focus for activity on the part of the United Kingdom , France , and the United States . Japan ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese imperialism and Japanese expansionism Europeans in Dejima , the Dutch trading colony in the harbor of Nagasaki , early 19th century . In 1641 , all Westerners were thrown out of Japan . For the next two centuries , Japan was free from Western influence , except for at the port of Nagasaki , which Japan allowed Dutch merchant vessels to enter on a limited basis . Japan 's freedom from Western penetration ended on 8 July 1853 , when Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy sailed a squadron of black - hulled warships into Edo ( modern Tokyo ) harbor . The Japanese told Perry to sail to Nagasaki but he refused . Perry sought to present a letter from U.S. President Millard Fillmore to the emperor which demanded concessions from Japan . Japanese authorities responded by stating that they could not present the letter directly to the emperor , but scheduled a meeting on July 14 with a representative of the emperor . On 14 July , the squadron sailed towards the shore , giving a demonstration of their cannon 's firepower thirteen times . Perry landed with a large detachment of Marines and presented the emperor 's representative with Fillmore 's letter . Perry said he would return , and did so , this time with even more war ships . The U.S. show of force led to Japan 's concession to the Convention of Kanagawa on 31 March 1854 . This treaty conferred extraterritoriality on American nationals , as well as , opening up further treaty ports beyond Nagasaki . This treaty was followed up by similar treaties with the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Russia and France . These events made Japanese authorities aware that the country was lacking technologically and needed the strength of industrialism in order to keep their power . This realisation eventually led to a civil war and political reform known the Meiji Restoration . The Meiji Restoration of 1868 led to administrative overhaul , deflation and subsequent rapid economic development . Japan had limited natural resources of her own and sought both overseas markets and sources of raw materials , fuelling a drive for imperial conquest which began with the defeat of China in 1895 . Three Koreans shot for pulling up rails as a protest against seizure of land without payment by Japanese . Taiwan , ceded by Qing Dynasty China , became the first Japanese colony . In 1899 , Japan won agreements from the great powers ' to abandon extraterritoriality for their citizens , and an alliance with the United Kingdom established it in 1902 as an international power . Its spectacular defeat of Russia 's navy in 1905 gave it the southern half of the island of Sakhalin ; exclusive Japanese influence over Korea ( propinquity ) ; the former Russian lease of the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur ( Lüshunkou ) ; and extensive rights in Manchuria ( see the Russo - Japanese War ) . The Empire of Japan and the Joseon Dynasty in Korea formed bilateral diplomatic relations in 1876 . China lost its suzerainty of Korea after defeat in the Sino - Japanese War in 1894 . Russia also lost influence on the Korean peninsula with the Treaty of Portsmouth as a result of the Russo - Japanese war in 1904 . The Joseon Dynasty became increasingly dependent on Japan . Korea became a protectorate of Japan with the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 . Korea was then de jure annexed to Japan with the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 . Japan was now one of the most powerful forces in the Far East , and in 1914 , it entered World War I on the side of the Allies , seizing German - occupied Kiaochow and subsequently demanding Chinese acceptance of Japanese political influence and territorial acquisitions ( Twenty - One Demands , 1915 ) . Mass protests in Peking in 1919 coupled with Allied ( and particularly U.S. ) opinion led to Japan 's abandonment of most of the demands and Joseon 's 1922 return to China . Japan received the German territory from the Treaty of Versailles , 1919 , sparking widespread Chinese nationalism . Tensions with China increased over the 1920s , and in 1931 Japanese army units based in Manchuria seized control of the region without direction from Tokyo . Intermittent conflict with China led to full - scale war in mid-1937 , drawing Japan toward an overambitious bid for Asian hegemony ( Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ) , which ultimately led to defeat and the loss of all its overseas territories after World War II ( see Japanese expansionism and Japanese nationalism ) . Post World War II era ( edit ) Decolonisation and the rise of nationalism in Asia ( edit ) In the aftermath of World War II , European colonies , controlling more than one billion people throughout the world , still ruled most of the Middle East , South East Asia , and the Indian Subcontinent . However , the image of European pre-eminence was shattered by the wartime Japanese occupations of large portions of British , French , and Dutch territories in the Pacific . The destabilisation of European rule led to the rapid growth of nationalist movements in Asia -- especially in Indonesia , Malaya , Burma , and French Indochina . British Army 's counter-insurgency campaign in the British controlled territories of South Arabia , 1967 The war , however , only accelerated forces already in existence undermining Western imperialism in Asia . Throughout the colonial world , the processes of urbanisation and capitalist investment created professional merchant classes that emerged as new Westernised elites . While imbued with Western political and economic ideas , these classes increasingly grew to resent their unequal status under European rule . British in India and the Middle East ( edit ) In India , the westward movement of Japanese forces towards Bengal during World War II had led to major concessions on the part of British authorities to Indian nationalist leaders . In 1947 , the United Kingdom , devastated by war and embroiled in economic crisis at home , granted British India its independence as two nations : India and Pakistan . The following year independence was granted to Burma and Ceylon . In the Middle East , the United Kingdom granted independence to Jordan in 1946 and two years later ended its mandate of Palestine . Dutch East Indies ( edit ) Dutch soldiers control the papers of Javanese women , 1946 Following the end of the war , nationalists in Indonesia demanded complete independence from the Netherlands . A brutal conflict ensued , and finally , in 1949 , through United Nations mediation , the Dutch East Indies achieved independence , becoming the new nation of Indonesia . Dutch imperialism moulded this new multi-ethnic state comprising roughly 3,000 islands of the Indonesian archipelago with a population at the time of over 100 million . The end of Dutch rule opened up latent tensions between the roughly 300 distinct ethnic groups of the islands , with the major ethnic fault line being between the Javanese and the non-Javanese . Netherlands New Guinea was under the Dutch administration until 1962 ( see also West New Guinea dispute ) . United States in Asia ( edit ) In the Philippines , the U.S. remained committed to its previous pledges to grant the islands their independence , and the Philippines became the first of the Western - controlled Asian colonies to be granted independence post-World War II . However , the Philippines remained under pressure to adopt a political and economic system similar to their old imperial master . This aim was greatly complicated by the rise of new political forces . During the war , the Hukbalahap ( People 's Army ) , which had strong ties to the Communist Party of the Philippines ( PKP ) , fought against the Japanese occupation of the Philippines and won strong popularity among many sectors of the Filipino working class and peasantry . In 1946 , the PKP participated in elections as part of the Democratic Alliance . However , with the onset of the Cold War , its growing political strength drew a reaction from the ruling government and the United States , resulting in the repression of the PKP and its associated organisations . In 1948 , the PKP began organizing an armed struggle against the government and continued U.S. military presence . In 1950 , the PKP created the People 's Liberation Army ( Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan ) , which mobilised thousands of troops throughout the islands . The insurgency lasted until 1956 , when the PKP gave up armed struggle . In 1968 , the PKP underwent a split , and in 1969 the Maoist faction of the PKP created the New People 's Army . Maoist rebels re-launched an armed struggle against the government and the U.S. military presence in the Philippines , which continues to this day . France in Indochina ( edit ) Post-war resistance to French rule ( edit ) French Marine commandos wade ashore off the Annam coast in July 1950 France remained determined to retain its control of Indochina . However , in Hanoi , in 1945 , a broad front of nationalists and communists led by Ho Chi Minh declared an independent Republic of Vietnam , commonly referred to as the Viet Minh regime by Western outsiders . France , seeking to regain control of Vietnam , countered with a vague offer of self - government under French rule . France 's offers were unacceptable to Vietnamese nationalists ; and in December 1946 the Việt Minh launched a rebellion against the French authority governing the colonies of French Indochina . The first few years of the war involved a low - level rural insurgency against French authority . However , after the Chinese communists reached the Northern border of Vietnam in 1949 , the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United States and the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the France granted the State of Vietnam based in Saigon independence in 1949 whilst Laos and Cambodia received independence in 1953 . The US recognized the regime in Saigon , and provided the French military effort with military aid . Meanwhile , in Vietnam , the French war against the Viet Minh continued for nearly eight years . The French were gradually worn down by guerrilla and jungle fighting . The turning point for France occurred at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 , which resulted in the surrender of ten thousand French troops . Paris was forced to accept a political settlement that year at the Geneva Conference , which led to a precarious set of agreements regarding the future political status of Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam . List of European colonies in Asia ( edit ) British Burma ( 1824 -- 1948 , merged with India by the British from 1886 to 1937 ) Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) : Portuguese Ceylon ( 1505 -- 1658 ) Dutch Ceylon ( 1656 -- 1796 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) Portuguese Timor ( 1702 -- 1975 , now East Timor ) British Hong Kong ( 1842 -- 1997 ) Colonial India ( includes the territory of present - day India , Pakistan and Bangladesh ) : Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) French India ( 1769 -- 1954 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Dutch Bengal Danish India ( 1696 -- 1869 ) British India ( 1613 -- 1947 ) British East India Company ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) French Indochina ( 1887 -- 1953 ) , including : French Laos ( 1893 - 1953 ) French Cambodia ( 1863 - 1953 ) Annam ( now Vietnam ) ( 1883 - 1953 ) Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) -- Dutch colony from 1602 -- 1949 ( included Netherlands New Guinea until 1962 ) Portuguese Macau -- Portuguese colony , the first European colony in China ( 1557 -- 1999 ) , longest European occupation in Asia , 442 years . Malaya ( now part of Malaysia ) : Portuguese Malacca ( 1511 -- 1641 ) Dutch Malacca ( 1641 -- 1824 ) British Malaya , included : Straits Settlements ( 1826 -- 1946 ) Federated Malay States ( 1895 -- 1946 ) Unfederated Malay States ( 1885 - 1946 ) Federation of Malaya ( under British rule , 1948 -- 1963 ) British Borneo ( now part of Malaysia ) , including : Labuan ( 1848 -- 1946 ) North Borneo ( 1882 -- 1941 ) Crown Colony of North Borneo ( 1946 -- 1963 ) Crown Colony of Sarawak ( 1946 -- 1963 ) Brunei British Brunei ( 1888 -- 1984 ) ( British protectorate ) Outer Manchuria -- ceded to Russian Empire through Treaty of Aigun ( 1858 ) and Treaty of Peking ( 1860 ) Philippines : Spanish Philippines ( 1565 -- 1898 , 2nd longest European occupation in Asia , 333 years ) , British Manila ( 1762 - 1764 , Shortly British occupation in Philippines , 2 years ) Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and Commonwealth of the Philippines , United States colony ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Singapore -- British colony ( 1819 -- 1959 ) Taiwan : Spanish Formosa ( 1626 -- 1642 ) Dutch Formosa ( 1624 -- 1662 ) Bahrain Portuguese Bahrain ( 1521 - 1602 ) Iraq Mandatory Iraq ( 1920 - 1932 ) ( British protectorate ) Kingdom of Iraq ( 1932 - 1958 ) Israel and Palestine Mandatory Palestine ( 1920 - 1948 ) ( British Mandate ) Jordan Emirate of Transjordan ( 1921 - 1946 ) ( British protectorate ) Kuwait Sheikhdom of Kuwait ( 1899 - 1961 ) ( British protectorate ) Lebanon and Syria French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon ( 1923 - 1946 ) Oman Portuguese Oman ( 1507 to 1650 ) Muscat and Oman ( 1892 - 1971 ) ( British protectorate ) Qatar British protectorate of Qatar ( 1916 - 1971 ) United Arab Emirates Trucial States ( 1820 - 1971 ) ( British protectorate ) Yemen Aden Protectorate ( 1869 - 1963 ) Colony of Aden ( 1937 - 1963 ) Federation of South Arabia ( 1962 - 1967 ) Protectorate of South Arabia ( 1963 - 1967 ) Independent States ( edit ) Afghanistan -- founded by the Anglo - Afghan Treaty of 1919 of the United Kingdom and declared independence in 1919 . China -- Independent but had European spheres of influence . Bhutan Iran -- Had Russian sphere of influence in the north and Britain in the south . Japan -- was a Great power and had its own colonial empire ( including Korea and Taiwan ) . Korea - is independent state , Joseon Dynasty control Korea territory until Japanese Empire annexed and conquered Korea in 1905 . After Japan surrendered to the Allied victory after World War II , North Korea was under Soviet occupation while South Korea was under U.S. occupation . Mongolia - Had Russian sphere of influence and Soviet controlled Nepal Thailand -- was the only independent state in Southeast Asia , but had Britain sphere of influence in the north and south and France in the Northeast and East . Turkey -- succession to the Ottoman Empire in 1923 , the Ottoman Empire itself could be considered a colonial empire . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For fifty or sixty years , the Portuguese enjoyed the exclusive trade to China and Japan . In 1717 , and again in 1732 , the Chinese government offered to make Macao the emporium for all foreign trade , and to receive all duties on imports ; but , by a strange infatuation , the Portuguese government refused , and its decline is dated from that period . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M. Weisner - Hanks , Early Modern Europe 1450 -- 1789 ( Cambridge , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( Digitized 12 October 2007 ) ( First published in 1837 ) . Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat : in the U.S. sloop - of - war Peacock ... during the years 1832 - 3 - 4 . Harper & brothers . image 173 , p. 166 . OCLC 12212199 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jude Lal Fernando ( 11 June 2013 ) . Religion , Conflict and Peace in Sri Lanka : The Politics of Interpretation of Nationhoods . LIT Verlag Münster . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 90428 - 7 . Jump up ^ C. Gaston Perera ( 2007 ) . Kandy fights the Portuguese : a military history of Kandyan resistance . Vijitha Yapa Publications . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 955 - 1266 - 77 - 6 . Jump up ^ Donald Obeyesekere ( 1999 ) . Outlines of Ceylon History . Asian Educational Services . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1363 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rasin Deviyo - Chandra Tilake Edirisuriya ( Ceylon Today ) Accessed 2015 - 12 - 13 Jump up ^ Philippine Studies . Ateneo de Manila University Press . 1986 . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Brunei Museum journal . 1985 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ The Brunei Museum Journal . The Museum . 1986 . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Barbara Watson Andaya ; Leonard Y . Andaya ( 19 February 2015 ) . A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia , 1400 - 1830 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 145 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88992 - 6 . Jump up ^ Anthony Reid ( 1 January 1993 ) . Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce , 1450 - 1680 : Expansion and crisis . Yale University Press . pp. 148 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05412 - 5 . Jump up ^ Anthony Reid ( 1993 ) . Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era : Trade , Power , and Belief . Cornell University Press . pp. 166 -- . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robert Nicholl ( 1975 ) . European Sources for the History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the 16th Century . Muzium Brunei . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Eric Casiño ; Eric S. Casiño ( 1976 ) . The Jama Mapun : a changing Samal society in the southern Philippines . Ateneo de Manila University Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Stephen Frederic Dale ( 1980 ) . Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier : The Māppiḷas of Malabar , 1498 - 1922 . Clarendon Press . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 821571 - 4 . Jump up ^ Keat Gin Ooi ( 1 January 2004 ) . Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor . ABC - CLIO . pp. 1705 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Frederick Albion Ober ( 1907 ) . Ferdinand Magellan. Harper and brothers . pp. 295 -- . Jump up ^ Filipino Heritage : The Spanish colonial period ( 16th century ) . Lahing Pilipino Pub . ; ( Manila ) . 1977 . p. 1083 . Jump up ^ The Criterion . K. Siddique. 1971 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Junaidi Payne ( 2000 ) . This is Borneo . New Holland . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85974 - 106 - 1 . Jump up ^ Trudy Ring ; Robert M. Salkin ; Sharon La Boda ( 1994 ) . International Dictionary of Historic Places : Asia and Oceania . Taylor & Francis . pp. 158 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 884964 - 04 - 6 . Jump up ^ Trudy Ring ; Noelle Watson ; Paul Schellinger ( 12 November 2012 ) . Asia and Oceania : International Dictionary of Historic Places . Routledge . pp. 158 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 63979 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Tarling ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Tarling ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66370 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Brill Archive . pp. 48 -- . GGKEY : 0671BSWDRPY . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Late E.J. Brill Limited . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Brill Archive . pp. 67 -- . GGKEY : 0671BSWDRPY . Jump up ^ Tianze Zhang ( 1934 ) . Sino - Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644 : A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources . Late E.J. Brill Limited . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Note : In 1819 the standing army consisted of over 7,000 European and 5,000 indigenous troops . See : Willems , Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden ( 1600 - 1942 ) . ( COMT , Leiden , 1994 ) . Chapter I , P. 24 ISBN 90 - 71042 - 44 - 8 Jump up ^ Klemen , L. `` Forgotten Campaign : The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941 - 1942 '' . Jump up ^ Allen F. Chew . An Atlas of Russian History : Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders . Yale University Press , 1967 . pp 74 . Jump up ^ Mohammad Gholi Majd . August 1941 : The Anglo - Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs . pp 239 -- 240 University Press of America , 2012 ISBN 0761859403 Jump up ^ Jane E. Elliott ( 2002 ) . Some did it for civilisation , some did it for their country : a revised view of the boxer war . Chinese University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 962 - 996 - 066 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ PO , Chung - yam ( 28 June 2013 ) . Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier : The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . Ruprecht - Karls - Universität Heidelberg . p. 11 . Jump up ^ John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China : Late Chʻing , 1800 - 1911 , pt. 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 96 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22029 - 3 . Jump up ^ David Scott ( 7 November 2008 ) . China and the International System , 1840 - 1949 : Power , Presence , and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation . SUNY Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7742 - 7 . Jump up ^ David Scott ( 7 November 2008 ) . China and the International System , 1840 - 1949 : Power , Presence , and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation . SUNY Press . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 7742 - 7 . Jump up ^ John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China : Late Chʻing , 1800 - 1911 , pt. 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 94 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22029 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 78 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 79 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 80 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alex Marshall ( 22 November 2006 ) . The Russian General Staff and Asia , 1860 - 1917 . Routledge . pp. 85 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 25379 - 1 . Jump up ^ John King Fairbank ( 1978 ) . The Cambridge History of China : Late Chʻing , 1800 - 1911 , pt. 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 95 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22029 - 3 . Jump up ^ Douglas Story ( 1907 ) . To - morrow in the East . Chapman & Hall , Limited . pp. 224 -- . Jump up ^ Leonard H.D. Gordon ( 2009 ) . Confrontation Over Taiwan : Nineteenth - Century China and the Powers . Lexington Books . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1869 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shiyuan Hao ( 15 December 2015 ) . How the Communist Party of China Manages the Issue of Nationality : An Evolving Topic . Springer . pp. 165 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 662 - 48462 - 3 . Jump up ^ Harris Inwood Martin ( 1949 ) . The Japanese Demand for Formosa in the Treaty of Shimonoseki , 1895 . Stanford Univ . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Ronald Stone Anderson ( 1946 ) . Formosa Under the Japanese : A Record of Fifty Years ' Occupation ... Stanford University . p. 63 . Jump up ^ Andrew Jonah Grad ( 1942 ) . Formosa Today : An Analysis of the Economic Development and Strategic Importance of Japan 's Tropical Colony . AMS Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 404 - 59526 - 5 . Jump up ^ John Fisher ; Antony Best ( 2011 ) . On the Fringes of Diplomacy : Influences on British Foreign Policy , 1800 - 1945 . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . pp. 185 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 0120 - 9 . Jump up ^ Japan Weekly Mail . Jappan Meru Shinbunsha. 1874 . pp. 263 -- . Jump up ^ The Nation . J.H. Richards . 1889 . pp. 256 -- . Jump up ^ John M. Gates . `` The Pacification of the Philippines '' . The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare . wooster.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fall , Street Without Joy , p. 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colonial Asia . Ringmar , Erik ( 2013 ) . Liberal Barbarism : The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China ( PDF ) . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Senaka Weeraratna , Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese ( 1505 - 1658 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_imperialism_in_Asia&oldid=810851126 '' Categories : European colonisation in Asia New Imperialism The Great Game Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français हिन्दी Қазақша Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 21 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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8207922443409970162	Mechanics	Mechanics - wikipedia Mechanics Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an area of scientific study . For other uses , see Mechanic ( disambiguation ) . Mechanics ( Greek μηχανική ) is an area of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements , and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment . The scientific discipline has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes ( see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics ) . During the early modern period , scientists such as Galileo , Kepler , and Newton , laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics . It is a branch of classical physics that deals with particles that are either at rest or are moving with velocities significantly less than the speed of light . It can also be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion of and forces on objects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classical versus quantum mechanics 2 Relativistic versus Newtonian mechanics 3 General relativistic versus quantum 4 History 4.1 Antiquity 4.2 Medieval age 4.3 Early modern age 4.4 Modern age 5 Types of mechanical bodies 6 Sub-disciplines in mechanics 6.1 Classical mechanics 6.2 Quantum mechanics 7 Professional organizations 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Classical versus quantum mechanics ( edit ) Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( hide ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy Quantum mechanics H ^ ψ ( t ) ⟩ = i ħ ∂ ∂ t ψ ( t ) ⟩ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( H ) ) \ psi ( t ) \ rangle = i \ hbar ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial t ) ) \ psi ( t ) \ rangle ) Schrödinger equation Introduction Glossary History Background ( hide ) Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Bra -- ket notation Hamiltonian Interference Fundamentals ( show ) Complementarity Decoherence Entanglement Energy level Measurement Nonlocality Quantum number State Superposition Symmetry Tunnelling Uncertainty Wave function ( collapse ) Experiments ( show ) Afshar Bell 's inequality Davisson -- Germer Double - slit Elitzur -- Vaidman Franck -- Hertz Leggett -- Garg inequality Mach -- Zehnder Popper Quantum eraser ( delayed - choice ) Schrödinger 's cat Stern -- Gerlach Wheeler 's delayed - choice Formulations ( show ) Overview Heisenberg Interaction Matrix Phase - space Schrödinger Sum - over-histories ( path integral ) Equations ( show ) Dirac Klein -- Gordon Pauli Rydberg Schrödinger Interpretations ( show ) Overview Consistent histories Copenhagen de Broglie -- Bohm Ensemble Hidden - variable Many - worlds Objective collapse Bayesian Quantum logic Relational Stochastic Scale relativity Transactional Advanced topics ( show ) Relativistic quantum mechanics Quantum field theory Quantum information science Quantum computing Quantum chaos Density matrix Fractional quantum mechanics Scattering theory Quantum statistical mechanics Quantum machine learning Scientists ( show ) Aharonov Bell Blackett Bloch Bohm Bohr Bose de Broglie Candlin Compton Dirac Davisson Debye Ehrenfest Einstein Everett Fock Fermi Feynman Glauber Gutzwiller Heisenberg Hilbert Jordan Kramers Pauli Lamb Landau Laue Moseley Millikan Onnes Planck Rabi Raman Rydberg Schrödinger Sommerfeld von Neumann Weyl Wien Wigner Zeeman Zeilinger Historically , classical mechanics came first , while quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent invention . Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newton 's laws of motion in Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ; Quantum Mechanics was discovered in the early 20th century . Both are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature . Classical mechanics has especially often been viewed as a model for other so - called exact sciences . Essential in this respect is the extensive use of mathematics in theories , as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing them . Quantum mechanics is of a bigger scope , as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances . According to the correspondence principle , there is no contradiction or conflict between the two subjects , each simply pertains to specific situations . The correspondence principle states that the behavior of systems described by quantum theories reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers . Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at the foundation level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at the molecular , atomic , and sub-atomic level . However , for macroscopic processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are unmanageably difficult in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful and well used . Modern descriptions of such behavior begin with a careful definition of such quantities as displacement ( distance moved ) , time , velocity , acceleration , mass , and force . Until about 400 years ago , however , motion was explained from a very different point of view . For example , following the ideas of Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle , scientists reasoned that a cannonball falls down because its natural position is in the Earth ; the sun , the moon , and the stars travel in circles around the earth because it is the nature of heavenly objects to travel in perfect circles . Often cited as the father of modern science , Galileo brought together the ideas of other great thinkers of his time and began to analyze motion in terms of distance traveled from some starting position and the time that it took . He showed that the speed of falling objects increases steadily during the time of their fall . This acceleration is the same for heavy objects as for light ones , provided air friction ( air resistance ) is discounted . The English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton improved this analysis by defining force and mass and relating these to acceleration . For objects traveling at speeds close to the speed of light , Newton 's laws were superseded by Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity . For atomic and subatomic particles , Newton 's laws were superseded by quantum theory . For everyday phenomena , however , Newton 's three laws of motion remain the cornerstone of dynamics , which is the study of what causes motion . Relativistic versus Newtonian mechanics ( edit ) In analogy to the distinction between quantum and classical mechanics , Einstein 's general and special theories of relativity have expanded the scope of Newton and Galileo 's formulation of mechanics . The differences between relativistic and Newtonian mechanics become significant and even dominant as the velocity of a massive body approaches the speed of light . For instance , in Newtonian mechanics , Newton 's laws of motion specify that F = ma , whereas in Relativistic mechanics and Lorentz transformations , which were first discovered by Hendrik Lorentz , F = γma ( where γ is the Lorentz factor , which is almost equal to 1 for low speeds ) . General relativistic versus quantum ( edit ) Relativistic corrections are also needed for quantum mechanics , although general relativity has not been integrated . The two theories remain incompatible , a hurdle which must be overcome in developing a theory of everything . History ( edit ) Main articles : History of classical mechanics and History of quantum mechanics Antiquity ( edit ) Main article : Aristotelian mechanics The main theory of mechanics in antiquity was Aristotelian mechanics . A later developer in this tradition is Hipparchus . Medieval age ( edit ) Main article : Theory of impetus Arabic Machine Manuscript . Unknown date ( at a guess : 16th to 19th centuries ) . In the Middle Ages , Aristotle 's theories were criticized and modified by a number of figures , beginning with John Philoponus in the 6th century . A central problem was that of projectile motion , which was discussed by Hipparchus and Philoponus . This led to the development of the theory of impetus by 14th - century French priest Jean Buridan , which developed into the modern theories of inertia , velocity , acceleration and momentum . This work and others was developed in 14th - century England by the Oxford Calculators such as Thomas Bradwardine , who studied and formulated various laws regarding falling bodies . On the question of a body subject to a constant ( uniform ) force , the 12th - century Jewish - Arab Nathanel ( Iraqi , of Baghdad ) stated that constant force imparts constant acceleration , while the main properties are uniformly accelerated motion ( as of falling bodies ) was worked out by the 14th - century Oxford Calculators . Early modern age ( edit ) Two central figures in the early modern age are Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton . Galileo 's final statement of his mechanics , particularly of falling bodies , is his Two New Sciences ( 1638 ) . Newton 's 1687 Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica provided a detailed mathematical account of mechanics , using the newly developed mathematics of calculus and providing the basis of Newtonian mechanics . There is some dispute over priority of various ideas : Newton 's Principia is certainly the seminal work and has been tremendously influential , and the systematic mathematics therein did not and could not have been stated earlier because calculus had not been developed . However , many of the ideas , particularly as pertain to inertia ( impetus ) and falling bodies had been developed and stated by earlier researchers , both the then - recent Galileo and the less - known medieval predecessors . Precise credit is at times difficult or contentious because scientific language and standards of proof changed , so whether medieval statements are equivalent to modern statements or sufficient proof , or instead similar to modern statements and hypotheses is often debatable . Modern age ( edit ) Two main modern developments in mechanics are general relativity of Einstein , and quantum mechanics , both developed in the 20th century based in part on earlier 19th - century ideas . The development in the modern continuum mechanics , particularly in the areas of elasticity , plasticity , fluid dynamics , electrodynamics and thermodynamics of deformable media , started in the second half of the 20th century . Types of Mechanical bodies ( edit ) The often - used term body needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects , including particles , projectiles , spacecraft , stars , parts of machinery , parts of solids , parts of fluids ( gases and liquids ) , etc . Other distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics , concern the nature of the bodies being described . Particles are bodies with little ( known ) internal structure , treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics . Rigid bodies have size and shape , but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle , adding just a few so - called degrees of freedom , such as orientation in space . Otherwise , bodies may be semi-rigid , i.e. elastic , or non-rigid , i.e. fluid . These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of study . For instance , the motion of a spacecraft , regarding its orbit and attitude ( rotation ) , is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics , while the analogous movements of an atomic nucleus are described by quantum mechanics . Sub-disciplines in mechanics ( edit ) The following are two lists of various subjects that are studied in mechanics . Note that there is also the `` theory of fields '' which constitutes a separate discipline in physics , formally treated as distinct from mechanics , whether classical fields or quantum fields . But in actual practice , subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven . Thus , for instance , forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields ( electromagnetic or gravitational ) , and particles generate fields by acting as sources . In fact , in quantum mechanics , particles themselves are fields , as described theoretically by the wave function . Classical mechanics ( edit ) Play media Prof. Walter Lewin explains Newton 's law of gravitation in MIT course 8.01 The following are described as forming classical mechanics : Newtonian mechanics , the original theory of motion ( kinematics ) and forces ( dynamics ) . Analytical mechanics is a reformulation of Newtonian mechanics with an emphasis on system energy , rather than on forces . There are two main branches of analytical mechanics : Hamiltonian mechanics , a theoretical formalism , based on the principle of conservation of energy . Lagrangian mechanics , another theoretical formalism , based on the principle of the least action . Classical statistical mechanics generalizes ordinary classical mechanics to consider systems in an unknown state ; often used to derive thermodynamic properties . Celestial mechanics , the motion of bodies in space : planets , comets , stars , galaxies , etc . Astrodynamics , spacecraft navigation , etc . Solid mechanics , elasticity , the properties of deformable bodies . Fracture mechanics Acoustics , sound ( = density variation propagation ) in solids , fluids and gases . Statics , semi-rigid bodies in mechanical equilibrium Fluid mechanics , the motion of fluids Soil mechanics , mechanical behavior of soils Continuum mechanics , mechanics of continua ( both solid and fluid ) Hydraulics , mechanical properties of liquids Fluid statics , liquids in equilibrium Applied mechanics , or Engineering mechanics Biomechanics , solids , fluids , etc. in biology Biophysics , physical processes in living organisms Relativistic or Einsteinian mechanics , universal gravitation . Quantum mechanics ( edit ) The following are categorized as being part of quantum mechanics : Schrödinger wave mechanics , used to describe the movements of the wavefunction of a single particle . Matrix mechanics is an alternative formulation that allows considering systems with a finite - dimensional state space . Quantum statistical mechanics generalizes ordinary quantum mechanics to consider systems in an unknown state ; often used to derive thermodynamic properties . Particle physics , the motion , structure , and reactions of particles Nuclear physics , the motion , structure , and reactions of nuclei Condensed matter physics , quantum gases , solids , liquids , etc . Professional organizations ( edit ) Applied Mechanics Division , American Society of Mechanical Engineers Fluid Dynamics Division , American Physical Society Society for Experimental Mechanics Institution of Mechanical Engineers is the United Kingdom 's qualifying body for Mechanical Engineers and has been the home of Mechanical Engineers for over 150 years . International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics See also ( edit ) Applied mechanics Dynamics Engineering Index of engineering science and mechanics articles Kinematics Kinetics Non-autonomous mechanics Statics Wiesen Test of Mechanical Aptitude ( WTMA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dugas , Rene . A History of Classical Mechanics . New York , NY : Dover Publications Inc , 1988 , pg 19 . Jump up ^ Rana , N.C. , and Joag , P.S. Classical Mechanics . West Petal Nagar , New Delhi . Tata McGraw - Hill , 1991 , pg 6 . Jump up ^ Renn , J. , Damerow , P. , and McLaughlin , P. Aristotle , Archimedes , Euclid , and the Origin of Mechanics : The Perspective of Historical Epistemology . Berlin : Max Planck Institute for the History of Science , 2010 , pg 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` A history of mechanics '' . René Dugas ( 1988 ) . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65632 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` A Tiny Taste of the History of Mechanics '' . The University of Texas at Austin . Jump up ^ Walter Lewin ( October 4 , 1999 ) . Work , Energy , and Universal Gravitation . MIT Course 8.01 : Classical Mechanics , Lecture 11 . ( ogg ) ( videotape ) . Cambridge , MA US : MIT OCW . Event occurs at 1 : 21 - 10 : 10 . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Robert Stawell Ball ( 1871 ) Experimental Mechanics from Google books . Landau , L.D. ; Lifshitz , E.M. ( 1972 ) . Mechanics and Electrodynamics , Vol. 1 . Franklin Book Company , Inc . ISBN 0 - 08 - 016739 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Look up mechanics in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . iMechanica : the web of mechanics and mechanicians Mechanics Definition Mechanics Blog by a Purdue University Professor The Mechanics program at Virginia Tech Physclips : Mechanics with animations and video clips from the University of New South Wales U.S. National Committee on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Interactive learning resources for teaching Mechanics The Archimedes Project Engineering Fundamental Solid & Fluid Mechanics ( hide ) Branches of physics Divisions Applied Experimental Theoretical Energy Motion Thermodynamics Mechanics Classical Ballistics Lagrangian Hamiltonian Continuum Celestial Statistical Solid Fluid Quantum Waves Fields Gravitation Electromagnetism Optics Geometrical Physical Nonlinear Quantum Quantum field theory Relativity Special General By speciality Accelerator Acoustics Astrophysics Nuclear Stellar Heliophysics Solar Space Astroparticle Atomic -- molecular -- optical ( AMO ) Communication Computational Condensed matter Mesoscopic Solid - state Soft Digital Engineering Material Mathematical Molecular Nuclear Particle Phenomenology Plasma Polymer Statistical Physics in life science Biophysics Virophysics Biomechanics Medical physics Cardiophysics Health physics Laser medicine Medical imaging ‎ Nuclear medicine Neurophysics Psychophysics Physics with other sciences Agrophysics Soil Atmospheric Cloud Chemical Econophysics Geophysics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mechanics&oldid=797131999 '' Categories : Mechanics Concepts in physics Subfields of physics Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing video clips Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 04 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	applications of physics in the field of mechanics	[]	[]
7464104065627623856	Chinese New Year	Chinese New Year - wikipedia Chinese New Year Jump to : navigation , search Chinese New Year Fireworks are a classic element of Chinese New Year celebrations Also called Spring Festival Observed by China , East Asia , and Chinese global diaspora Type Cultural , religious ( Chinese folk religion , Buddhist , Confucian , Daoism ) Celebrations Lion dances , dragon dances , fireworks , family gathering , family meal , visiting friends and relatives , giving red envelopes , decorating with chunlian couplets Date Chinese lunar new year 2019 date Tuesday , 5 February , Pig 2020 date Saturday , 25 January , Rat Frequency Annual Related to Lantern Festival , which concludes the celebration of the Chinese New Year . Mongol New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) , Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) , Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) , Korean New Year ( Seollal ) , Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Chinese New Year `` Spring Festival ( Chinese New Year ) '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Traditional Chinese 春節 Simplified Chinese 春节 Literal meaning `` Spring Festival '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chūn jié Wade -- Giles Ch'un chieh IPA ( ʈʂhwə́n tɕjě ) Wu Suzhounese Tshen tsìh Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Chēun jit IPA ( tshɵ́n tsīːt̚ ) Jyutping Ceon1 zit3 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chhun cheh Tâi - lô Tshun tseh Chinese New Year , , usually known as the Spring Festival in modern China , is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar . It is one of several Lunar New Years in Asia . Celebrations traditionally run from the evening preceding the first day , to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first calendar month . The first day of the New Year falls on the new moon between January 21 and February 20 In 2018 , the first day of the Lunar New Year was on Friday , 16 February , initiating the year of the Dog . It is one of the world 's most prominent and celebrated festivals , and involves the largest annual mass human migration in the world . It is a major holiday in Greater China and has strongly influenced the lunar new year celebrations of China 's neighbouring cultures , including the Korean New Year ( seol ) , the Tết of Vietnam , and the Losar of Tibet . It is also celebrated worldwide in countries with significant Overseas Chinese populations , including Singapore , Indonesia , Malaysia , Thailand , Cambodia , Australia , the Philippines and Mauritius , as well as many countries in North America and Europe . The New Year festival is centuries old and associated with several myths and customs . Traditionally , the festival was a time to honour deities as well as ancestors . Within China , regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Lunar New Year vary widely . Often , the evening preceding Lunar New Year 's Day is an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner . It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house , in order to sweep away any ill - fortune and to make way for incoming good luck . Windows and doors are decorated with red colour paper - cuts and couplets with popular themes of `` good fortune '' or `` happiness '' , `` wealth '' , and `` longevity '' . Other activities include lighting firecrackers and giving money in red paper envelopes . In about one third of the Mainland population , or 500 million Northerners , dumplings ( especially those of vegetarian fillings ) feature prominently in the meals celebrating the festival . Offerings to the gods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar 2 Mythology 3 Public holiday 4 Festivities 4.1 Preceding days 4.2 New Year 's Eve 4.3 First day 4.4 Second day 4.5 Third day 4.6 Fourth day 4.7 Fifth day 4.8 Seventh day 4.9 Eighth day 4.10 Ninth day 4.11 Tenth day 4.12 Fifteenth day 5 Traditional food 6 Practices 6.1 History 6.2 Red envelopes 6.3 Gift exchange 6.4 Markets 6.5 Fireworks 6.5. 1 Firecracker ban 6.6 Music 6.7 Clothing 6.8 Family portrait 6.9 Symbolism 6.10 Nianhua 6.11 Flowers 6.12 Icons and ornaments 6.13 Spring travel 7 Festivities outside Greater China 7.1 Southeast Asia 7.1. 1 Indonesia 7.2 Australia and New Zealand 7.3 North America 7.3. 1 New York 7.3. 2 California 7.4 Europe 7.5 India and Pakistan 8 Greetings 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar ( edit ) Chinese New Year in Singapore Chinatown . Chinese New Year eve in Meizhou on 8 February 2005 . Chinese New Year in Kobe , Japan Southeast Asia 's largest temple -- Kek Lok Si near George Town in Penang , Malaysia -- illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year . Interactive chart of the dates of Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 . In the SVG graphic , hover over or click a year on the left to highlight an almost - repeating block of 19 years starting with that year . Main article : Chinese calendar The lunisolar Chinese calendar determines the date of Lunar New Year . The calendar is also used in countries that have been influenced by , or have relations with , China -- such as Korea , Japan and Vietnam , though occasionally the date celebrated may differ by one day or even one moon cycle due to using a meridian based on a different capital city in a different time zone or different placements of intercalary months . Chinese calendar defines the lunar month with winter solstice as the 11th month , which means that Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice ( rarely the third if an intercalary month intervenes ) . In more than 96 % of the years , the Chinese New Year 's Day is the closest new moon to lichun ( Chinese : 立春 ; `` start of spring '' ) on 4 or 5 February , and the first new moon after Dahan ( Chinese : 大寒 ; `` major cold '' ) . In the Gregorian calendar , the Lunar New Year begins at the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February . The Gregorian Calendar dates for Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 are below , along with the year 's presiding animal zodiac and its Stem - branch . The traditional Chinese calendar follows a Metonic cycle ( like the modern Jewish Calendar ) , and returns to the same date in Gregorian calendar roughly . The names of the Earthly Branches have no English counterparts and are not the Chinese translations of the animals . Alongside the 12 - year cycle of the animal zodiac there is a 10 - year cycle of heavenly stems . Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology , namely : Wood , Fire , Earth , Metal , and Water . The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year . The elements are thus distinguished : Yang Wood , Yin Wood , Yang Fire , Yin Fire , etc . These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years . For example , the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996 , 60 years apart . Many people inaccurately calculate their Chinese birth - year by converting it from their Gregorian birth - year . As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February , the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year , remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year . For example , the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989 . The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake . However , the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989 . This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the Snake . Many online Chinese Sign calculators do not account for the non-alignment of the two calendars , using Gregorian - calendar years rather than official Chinese New Year dates . One scheme of continuously numbered Chinese - calendar years assigns 4709 to the year beginning , 2011 , but this is not universally accepted ; the calendar is traditionally cyclical , not continuously numbered . Although the Chinese calendar traditionally does not use continuously numbered years , outside China its years are sometimes numbered from the purported reign of the mythical Yellow Emperor in the 3rd millennium BCE . But at least three different years numbered 1 are now used by various scholars , making the year beginning CE 2015 the `` Chinese year '' 4712 , 4713 , or 4652 . Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 24 Jan Snake Wednesday 2026 17 Feb Horse Tuesday 2002 12 Feb Horse Tuesday 2027 6 Feb Goat Saturday 2003 1 Feb Goat Saturday 2028 26 Jan Monkey Wednesday 22 Jan Monkey Thursday 2029 13 Feb Rooster Tuesday 2005 9 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2030 3 Feb Dog Sunday 2006 29 Jan Dog Sunday 2031 23 Jan Pig Thursday 2007 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2032 11 Feb Rat Wednesday 2008 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2033 31 Jan Ox Monday 2009 26 Jan Ox Monday 2034 19 Feb Tiger Sunday 14 Feb Tiger Sunday 2035 8 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2011 3 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2036 28 Jan Dragon Monday 2012 23 Jan Dragon Monday 2037 15 Feb Snake Sunday 2013 10 Feb Snake Sunday 2038 4 Feb Horse Thursday 2014 31 Jan Horse Friday 2039 24 Jan Goat Monday 2015 19 Feb Goat Thursday 2040 12 Feb Monkey Sunday 2016 8 Feb Monkey Monday 2041 1 Feb Rooster Friday 2017 28 Jan Rooster Saturday 2042 22 Jan Dog Wednesday 2018 16 Feb Dog Friday 2043 10 Feb Pig Tuesday 2019 5 Feb Pig Tuesday 2044 30 Jan Rat Saturday 2020 25 Jan Rat Saturday 2045 17 Feb Ox Friday 2021 12 Feb Ox Friday 2046 6 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2022 1 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2047 26 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2023 22 Jan Rabbit Sunday 2048 14 Feb Dragon Friday 2024 10 Feb Dragon Saturday 2049 2 Feb Snake Tuesday 2025 29 Jan Snake Wednesday 2050 23 Jan Horse Sunday Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 2051 11 Feb Goat Saturday 2076 5 Feb Monkey Wednesday 2052 1 Feb Monkey Thursday 2077 24 Jan Rooster Sunday 2053 19 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2078 12 Feb Dog Saturday 2054 8 Feb Dog Sunday 2079 2 Feb Pig Thursday 2055 28 Jan Pig Thursday 2080 22 Jan Rat Monday 2056 15 Feb Rat Tuesday 2081 9 Feb Ox Sunday 2057 4 Feb Ox Sunday 2082 29 Jan Tiger Thursday 2058 24 Jan Tiger Thursday 2083 17 Feb Rabbit Wednesday 2059 12 Feb Rabbit Wednesday 2084 6 Feb Dragon Sunday 2060 2 Feb Dragon Monday 2085 26 Jan Snake Friday 2061 21 Jan Snake Friday 2086 14 Feb Horse Thursday 2062 9 Feb Horse Thursday 2087 3 Feb Goat Monday 2063 29 Jan Goat Monday 2088 24 Jan Monkey Saturday 2064 17 Feb Monkey Sunday 2089 10 Feb Rooster Thursday 2065 5 Feb Rooster Thursday 2090 30 Jan Dog Monday 2066 26 Jan Dog Tuesday 2091 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2067 14 Feb Pig Monday 2092 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2068 3 Feb Rat Friday 2093 27 Jan Ox Tuesday 2069 23 Jan Ox Wednesday 2094 15 Feb Tiger Monday 2070 11 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2095 5 Feb Rabbit Saturday 2071 31 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2096 25 Jan Dragon Wednesday 2072 19 Feb Dragon Friday 2097 12 Feb Snake Tuesday 2073 7 Feb Snake Tuesday 2098 1 Feb Horse Saturday 2074 27 Jan Horse Saturday 2099 21 Jan Goat Wednesday 2075 15 Feb Goat Friday 2100 9 Feb Monkey Tuesday The date of Chinese New Year 's Day ( 1912 -- 2101 ) Year Date 1 - 19AM 20 - 38AM 39 - 57AM 58 - 76AM 77 - 95AM 96 - 114AM 115 - 133AM 134 - 152AM 153 - 171AM 172 - 190AM 1912 -- 1930 1931 -- 1949 1950 -- 1968 1969 -- 1987 1988 -- 2006 2007 -- 2025 2026 -- 2044 2045 -- 2063 2064 -- 2082 2083 -- 2101 17 Feb Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu Dragon Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì + Horse Bíngwǔ Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo 6 Feb Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu − Dragon Jiǎchén 26 Jan Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén + Pig Xīnhaì + Horse Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì 14 Feb Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì Rat Rènzǐ + Goat Xīnwèi + Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − Dragon ' Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ 3 Feb Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì + Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì − Rat Wùzǐ Goat Dīngwèi 23 Jan Snake Dīngsì Rat Bíngzǐ + Goat Yǐwèi + Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì Horse Gēngwǔ Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + 11 Feb Horse Wùwǔ Ox Dīngchǒu Monkey Bíngshēn + Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū − Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − 31 Jan Goat Jǐwèi + Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū − 19 Feb Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū − Snake Dīngsì − Rat Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì − 8 Feb Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ − 28 Jan Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ − Ox Guìchǒu − 15 Feb Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo + Dog Wùxū + Snake Dīngsì Rat ' Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín 5 Feb Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo 24 Jan Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn + Rabbit Guìmǎo + Dog Rènxū + Snake Xīnsì Rat Gēngzǐ + Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén + 12 Feb Tiger Bíngyín + Rooster Yǐyǒu + Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū Snake Dīngsì 2 Feb Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi − Tiger Rènyín − Rooster Xīnyǒu − Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − 22 Jan Dragon Wùchén + Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ − Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi − 9 Feb Snake Jǐsì + Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn 29 Jan Horse Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ + Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu − Note : a day later ; Note : a day earlier . Note : The New Year 's Day of 1985 is 20 Feb , a month later . Note : AM = anno Mínguó Mythology ( edit ) Hand - written Chinese New Year 's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people 's homes , Lijiang , Yunnan According to tales and legends , the beginning of the Chinese New Year started with a mythical beast called the Nian . Nian would eat villagers , especially children . One year , all the villagers decided to go hide from the beast . An old man appeared before the villagers went into hiding and said that he 's going to stay the night , and decided to get revenge on the Nian . All the villagers thought he was insane . The old man put red papers up and set off firecrackers . The day after , the villagers came back to their town to see that nothing was destroyed . They assumed that the old man was a deity who came to save them . The villagers then understood that the Nian was afraid of the color red and loud noises . When the New Year was about to come , the villagers would wear red clothes , hang red lanterns , and red spring scrolls on windows and doors . People also used firecrackers to frighten away the Nian . From then on , Nian never came to the village again . The Nian was eventually captured by Hongjun Laozu , an ancient Taoist monk . After that , Nian retreated to a nearby mountain . The name of the mountain has long been lost over the years . Public holiday ( edit ) Chinese New Year is observed as a public holiday in a number of countries and territories where there is a sizable Chinese population . Since Chinese New Year falls on different dates on the Gregorian calendar every year on different days of the week , some of these governments opt to shift working days in order to accommodate a longer public holiday . In some countries , a statutory holiday is added on the following work day when the New Year falls on a weekend , as in the case of 2013 , where the New Year 's Eve ( 9 February ) falls on Saturday and the New Year 's Day ( 10 February ) on Sunday . Depending on the country , the holiday may be termed differently ; common names are `` Chinese New Year '' , `` Lunar New Year '' , `` New Year Festival '' , and `` Spring Festival '' . For New Year celebrations that are lunar but not based on the Chinese New Year ( such as Korea 's Seollal and Vietnam 's Tết ) , see the article on Lunar New Year . For other countries where Chinese New Year is celebrated but not an official holiday , see the section below on Festivities outside China . Country and region Official name Description Number of days Brunei Tahun Baru Cina New Year 's Eve ( half - day ) and New Year 's Day . Hong Kong Lunar New Year The first three days . Indonesia Tahun Baru Imlek ( Sin Cia ) New Year 's Day . Macau Chinese New Year The first three days . Mainland China Spring Festival ( Chūn Jié ) The first 3 days . Usually , the Saturday before and the Sunday after Chinese New Year are declared working days , and the 2 additionally gained holidays are added to the official 3 days of holiday , so that people have 7 consecutive days , including weekends . 7 ( de jure ) 3 ( de facto ) Malaysia Tahun Baru Cina The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Philippines Bagong Taón ng mga Tsino New Year 's Day . Taiwan Spring Festival New Year 's Eve and the first 3 working days . Singapore Chinese New Year The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Vietnam Lunar New Year The first 3 days . Suriname Lunar New Year New Year 's Day . Festivities ( edit ) `` Red couplets and red lanterns are displayed on the door frames and light up the atmosphere . The air is filled with strong Chinese emotions . In stores in Beijing , Shanghai , Wuhan , and other cities , products of traditional Chinese style have started to lead fashion trend ( s ) . Buy yourself a Chinese - style coat , get your kids tiger - head hats and shoes , and decorate your home with some beautiful red Chinese knots , then you will have an authentic Chinese - style Spring Festival . '' -- Xinwen Lianbo , January 2001 , quoted by Li Ren , Imagining China in the Era of Global Consumerism and Local Consciousness During the festival , people around China will prepare different gourmet for families and guests . Influenced by the flourished cultures , foods from different places look and taste totally different . Among them , the most well - known ones are dumplings from northern China and Tangyuan from southern China . Preceding days ( edit ) On the eighth day of the lunar month prior to Chinese New Year , the Laba holiday ( simplified Chinese : 腊八 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八 ; pinyin : làbā ) , a traditional porridge , Laba porridge ( simplified Chinese : 腊八粥 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八粥 ; pinyin : làbā zhōu ) , is served in remembrance of an ancient festival , called La , that occurred shortly after the winter solstice . Pickles such as Laba garlic , which turns green from vinegar , are also made on this day . For those that believe in Buddhism , the Laba holiday is also considered Bodhi Day . Layue ( simplified Chinese : 腊月 ; traditional Chinese : 臘月 ; pinyin : Làyuè ) is a term often associated with Chinese New Year as it refers to the sacrifices held in honor of the gods in the twelfth lunar month , hence the cured meats of Chinese New Year are known as larou ( simplified Chinese : 腊肉 ; traditional Chinese : 臘肉 ; pinyin : làròu ) . The porridge was prepared by the women of the household at first light , with the first bowl offered to the family 's ancestors and the household deities . Every member of the family was then served a bowl , with leftovers distributed to relatives and friends . It 's still served as a special breakfast on this day in some Chinese homes . The concept of the `` La month '' is similar to Advent in Christianity . Many families eat vegetarian on Chinese New Year eve , the garlic and preserved meat are eaten on Chinese New Year day . Receive the Gods in Chinese New Year , ( 1900s ) On the days immediately before the New Year celebration , Chinese families give their homes a thorough cleaning . There is a Cantonese saying `` Wash away the dirt on nin ya baat '' ( Chinese : 年廿八 , 洗邋遢 ; pinyin : nián niàn bā , xǐ lātà ; Jyutping : nin4 jaa6 baat3 , sai2 laap6 taap3 ( laat6 taat3 ) ) , but the practice is not restricted to nin ya baat ( the 28th day of month 12 ) . It is believed the cleaning sweeps away the bad luck of the preceding year and makes their homes ready for good luck . Brooms and dust pans are put away on the first day so that the newly arrived good luck can not be swept away . Some people give their homes , doors and window - frames a new coat of red paint ; decorators and paper - hangers do a year - end rush of business prior to Chinese New Year . Homes are often decorated with paper cutouts of Chinese auspicious phrases and couplets . Purchasing new clothing and shoes also symbolize a new start . Any hair cuts need to be completed before the New Year , as cutting hair on New Year is considered bad luck due to the homonymic nature of the word `` hair '' ( fa ) and the word for `` prosperity '' . Businesses are expected to pay off all the debts outstanding for the year before the new year eve , extending to debts of gratitude . Thus it is a common practice to send gifts and rice to close business associates , and extended family members . In many households where Buddhism or Taoism is prevalent , home altars and statues are cleaned thoroughly , and decorations used to adorn altars over the past year are taken down and burned a week before the new year starts , to be replaced with new decorations . Taoists ( and Buddhists to a lesser extent ) will also `` send gods back to heaven '' ( Chinese : 送神 ; pinyin : sòngshén ) , an example would be burning a paper effigy of Zao Jun the Kitchen God , the recorder of family functions . This is done so that the Kitchen God can report to the Jade Emperor of the family household 's transgressions and good deeds . Families often offer sweet foods ( such as candy ) in order to `` bribe '' the deities into reporting good things about the family . Prior to the Reunion Dinner , a prayer of thanksgiving is held to mark the safe passage of the previous year . Confucianists take the opportunity to remember their ancestors , and those who had lived before them are revered . Some people do not give a Buddhist prayer due to the influence of Christianity , with a Christian prayer offered instead . New Year 's Eve ( edit ) The biggest event of any Chinese New Year 's Eve is the annual reunion dinner . Dishes consisting of special meats are served at the tables , as a main course for the dinner and offering for the New Year . This meal is comparable to Thanksgiving dinner in the U.S. and remotely similar to Christmas dinner in other countries with a high percentage of Christians . In northern China , it is customary to make dumplings ( jiaozi ) after dinner to eat around midnight . Dumplings symbolize wealth because their shape resembles a Chinese sycee . In contrast , in the South , it is customary to make a glutinous new year cake ( niangao ) and send pieces of it as gifts to relatives and friends in the coming days . Niángāo ( Pinyin ) literally means `` new year cake '' with a homophonous meaning of `` increasingly prosperous year in year out '' . After dinner , some families go to local temples hours before the new year begins to pray for a prosperous new year by lighting the first incense of the year ; however in modern practice , many households hold parties and even hold a countdown to the new year . Traditionally , firecrackers were lit to scare away evil spirits with the household doors sealed , not to be reopened until the new morning in a ritual called `` opening the door of fortune '' ( simplified Chinese : 开财门 ; traditional Chinese : 開財門 ; pinyin : kāicáimén ) . Beginning in 1982 , the CCTV New Year 's Gala is broadcast in China four hours before the start of the New Year and lasts until the succeeding early morning . A tradition of going to bed late on New Year 's Eve , or even keeping awake the whole night and morning , known as shousui ( 守岁 ) , is still practised as it is thought to add on to one 's parents ' longevity . First day ( edit ) The first day is for the welcoming of the deities of the heavens and earth , officially beginning at midnight . It is a traditional practice to light fireworks , burn bamboo sticks and firecrackers and to make as much of a din as possible to chase off the evil spirits as encapsulated by nian of which the term Guo Nian was derived . Many Buddhists abstain from meat consumption on the first day because it is believed to ensure longevity for them . Some consider lighting fires and using knives to be bad luck on New Year 's Day , so all food to be consumed is cooked the days before . On this day , it is considered bad luck to use the broom , as good fortune is not to be `` swept away '' symbolically . Most importantly , the first day of Chinese New Year is a time to honor one 's elders and families visit the oldest and most senior members of their extended families , usually their parents , grandparents and great - grandparents . For Buddhists , the first day is also the birthday of Maitreya Bodhisattva ( better known as the more familiar Budai Luohan ) , the Buddha - to - be . People also abstain from killing animals . Some families may invite a lion dance troupe as a symbolic ritual to usher in the Chinese New Year as well as to evict bad spirits from the premises . Members of the family who are married also give red envelopes containing cash known as lai see ( Cantonese dialect ) or angpow ( Hokkien dialect / Fujian ) , or hongbao ( Mandarin ) , a form of blessings and to suppress the aging and challenges associated with the coming year , to junior members of the family , mostly children and teenagers . Business managers also give bonuses through red packets to employees for good luck , smooth - sailing , good health and wealth . While fireworks and firecrackers are traditionally very popular , some regions have banned them due to concerns over fire hazards . For this reason , various city governments ( e.g. , Kowloon , Beijing , Shanghai for a number of years ) issued bans over fireworks and firecrackers in certain precincts of the city . As a substitute , large - scale fireworks display have been launched by governments in such city - states as Hong Kong and Singapore . However , it is a tradition that the indigenous peoples of the walled villages of New Territories , Hong Kong are permitted to light firecrackers and launch fireworks in a limited scale . Second day ( edit ) Incense is burned at the graves of ancestors as part of the offering and prayer rituals . The second day of the Chinese New Year , known as `` beginning of the year '' ( simplified Chinese : 开年 ; traditional Chinese : 開年 ; pinyin : kāinián ) , was when married daughters visited their birth parents , relatives and close friends . ( Traditionally , married daughters did n't have the opportunity to visit their birth families frequently . ) During the days of imperial China , `` beggars and other unemployed people circulate ( d ) from family to family , carrying a picture ( of the God of Wealth ) shouting , `` Cai Shen dao ! '' ( The God of Wealth has come ! ) . '' Householders would respond with `` lucky money '' to reward the messengers . Business people of the Cantonese dialect group will hold a ' Hoi Nin ' prayer to start their business on the 2nd day of Chinese New Year so they will be blessed with good luck and prosperity in their business for the year . As this day is believed to be The Birthday of Che Kung , a deity worshipped in Hong Kong , worshippers go to Che Kung Temples to pray for his blessing . A representative from the government asks Che Kung about the city 's fortune through kau cim . Third day ( edit ) The third day is known as `` red mouth '' ( Chinese : 赤口 ; pinyin : Chìkǒu ) . Chikou is also called `` Chigou 's Day '' ( Chinese : 赤狗日 ; pinyin : Chìgǒurì ) . Chigou , literally `` red dog '' , is an epithet of `` the God of Blazing Wrath '' ( Chinese : 熛怒之神 ; pinyin : Biāo nù zhī shén ) . Rural villagers continue the tradition of burning paper offerings over trash fires . It is considered an unlucky day to have guests or go visiting . Hakka villagers in rural Hong Kong in the 1960s called it the Day of the Poor Devil and believed everyone should stay at home . This is also considered a propitious day to visit the temple of the God of Wealth and have one 's future told . Fourth day ( edit ) In those communities that celebrate Chinese New Year for 15 days , the fourth day is when corporate `` spring dinners '' kick off and business returns to normal . Other areas that have a longer Chinese New Year holiday will celebrate and welcome the gods that were previously sent on this day . Fifth day ( edit ) This day is the god of Wealth 's birthday . In northern China , people eat jiaozi , or dumplings , on the morning of powu ( Chinese : 破五 ; pinyin : pòwǔ ) . In Taiwan , businesses traditionally re-open on the next day ( the sixth day ) , accompanied by firecrackers . It is also common in China that on the 5th day people will shoot off firecrackers to get Guan Yu 's attention , thus ensuring his favor and good fortune for the new year . Seventh day ( edit ) Main article : Renri The seventh day , traditionally known as Renri ( the common person 's birthday ) , is the day when everyone grows one year older . In some overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia , such as Malaysia and Singapore , it is also the day when tossed raw fish salad , yusheng , is eaten for continued wealth and prosperity . For many Chinese Buddhists , this is another day to avoid meat , the seventh day commemorating the birth of Sakra , lord of the devas in Buddhist cosmology who is analogous to the Jade Emperor . Chinese New Year 's celebrations , on the eighth day , in the Metro Vancouver suburb of Richmond , British Columbia , Canada . Eighth day ( edit ) Another family dinner is held to celebrate the eve of the birth of the Jade Emperor , the ruler of heaven . People normally return to work by the eighth day , therefore the Store owners will host a lunch / dinner with their employees , thanking their employees for the work they have done for the whole year . Approaching 12 midnight on this day , Hokkien people prepare for the `` Jade Emperor ritual '' ( Hokkien : 拜天公 Pài Thin - kong ) during which incense is burnt and food offerings made to the Jade Emperor and also to Zao Jun , the Kitchen god who reports on each family to the Jade Emperor . Some people will hold a ritual prayer after midnight on the eighth day . In Malaysia , especially , people light fireworks , often more than on the first day . This practice of Bai Ti Gong can also be seen in Singapore and Indonesia , especially in Hokkien - speaking Chinese areas like Sumatra . Ninth day ( edit ) The ninth day of the New Year is a day for Chinese to offer prayers to the Jade Emperor of Heaven in the Daoist Pantheon . The ninth day is traditionally the birthday of the Jade Emperor . This day , called Ti Kong Dan ( Hokkien : 天公诞 Thin - kong Tan ) , Ti Kong Si ( Hokkien : 天公生 Thin - kong Sin ) or Pai Ti Kong ( Hokkien : 拜天公 Pài Thin - kong ) , is especially important to Hokkiens , even more important than the first day of the Chinese New Year . Come midnight of the eighth day of the new year , Hokkiens will offer thanks to the Emperor of Heaven . A prominent requisite offering is sugarcane . Legend holds that the Hokkien were spared from a massacre by Japanese pirates by hiding in a sugarcane plantation during the eighth and ninth days of the Chinese New Year , coinciding with the Jade Emperor 's birthday . Since `` sugarcane '' ( Hokkien : 甘蔗 kam - chià ) is a near homonym to `` thank you '' ( Hokkien : 感謝 kám - siā ) in the Hokkien dialect , Hokkiens offer sugarcane on the eve of his birthday , symbolic of their gratitude . In the morning of this birthday ( traditionally anytime from midnight to 7 am ) , Taiwanese households set up an altar table with 3 layers : one top ( containing offertories of six vegetables ( Chinese : 六齋 ; pinyin : liù zhāi ) , noodles , fruits , cakes , tangyuan , vegetable bowls , and unripe betel , all decorated with paper lanterns ) and two lower levels ( containing the five sacrifices and wines ) to honor the deities below the Jade Emperor . The household then kneels three times and kowtows nine times to pay obeisance and wish him a long life . Incense , tea , fruit , vegetarian food or roast pig , and gold paper is served as a customary protocol for paying respect to an honored person . Tenth day ( edit ) The Jade Emperor 's party is celebrated on this day . Fifteenth day ( edit ) The fifteenth day of the new year is celebrated as `` Yuanxiao Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 元宵节 ; traditional Chinese : 元宵節 ; pinyin : Yuán xiāo jié ) , also known as `` Shangyuan Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 上元节 ; traditional Chinese : 上元節 ; pinyin : Shàng yuán jié ) or the Lantern Festival ( otherwise known as Chap Goh Mei Chinese : 十五暝 ; pinyin : Shíwǔmíng ; literally : `` the fifteen night '' in Fujian dialect ) . Rice dumplings tangyuan ( simplified Chinese : 汤圆 ; traditional Chinese : 湯圓 ; pinyin : tang yuán ) , a sweet glutinous rice ball brewed in a soup , are eaten this day . Candles are lit outside houses as a way to guide wayward spirits home . This day is celebrated as the Lantern Festival , and families walk the street carrying lighted lanterns . In China , Malaysia , and Singapore , this day is celebrated by individuals seeking a romantic partner , akin to Valentine 's Day . Nowadays , single women write their contact number on mandarin oranges and throw them in a river or a lake after which single men collect the oranges and eat them . The taste is an indication of their possible love : sweet represents a good fate while sour represents a bad fate . This day often marks the end of the Chinese New Year festivities . Traditional food ( edit ) One version of niangao , Chinese New Year cake A reunion dinner , named as `` Nian Ye Fan '' , is held on New Year 's Eve during which family members gather for a celebration . The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family . The New Year 's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat ( namely , pork and chicken ) and fish . Most reunion dinners also feature a communal hot pot as it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal . Most reunion dinners ( particularly in the Southern regions ) also prominently feature specialty meats ( e.g. wax - cured meats like duck and Chinese sausage ) and seafood ( e.g. lobster and abalone ) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year . In most areas , fish ( traditional Chinese : 魚 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 ; pinyin : yú ) is included , but not eaten completely ( and the remainder is stored overnight ) , as the Chinese phrase `` may there be surpluses every year '' ( traditional Chinese : 年年有餘 ; simplified Chinese : 年年有余 ; pinyin : niánnián yǒu yú ) sounds the same as `` let there be fish every year . '' Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number . If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family , seven dishes are served . Red packets for the immediate family are sometimes distributed during the reunion dinner . These packets often contain money in certain numbers that reflect good luck and honorability . Several foods are consumed to usher in wealth , happiness , and good fortune . Several of the Chinese food names are homophones for words that also mean good things . Like many other New Year dishes , certain ingredients also take special precedence over others as these ingredients also have similar - sounding names with prosperity , good luck , or even counting money . Food item Description Buddha 's delight An elaborate vegetarian dish served by Chinese families on the eve and the first day of the New Year . A type of black hair - like algae , pronounced `` fat choy '' in Cantonese , is also featured in the dish for its name , which sounds like `` prosperity '' . Hakkas usually serve kiu nyuk ( Chinese : 扣肉 ; pinyin : kòuròu ) and ngiong teu fu . Chicken Boiled chicken is served because it is figured that any family , no matter how humble their circumstances , can afford a chicken for Chinese New Year . Fish Is usually eaten or merely displayed on the eve of Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of fish ( 魚 yú ) makes it a homophone for `` surpluses '' ( 餘 yú ) . Leek Is usually served in a dish with rondelles of Chinese sausage or Chinese cured meat during Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of leek ( 蒜苗 / 大蒜 Suàn miáo / Dà suàn ) makes it a homophone for `` calculating ( money ) '' ( 算 Suàn ) . The Chinese cured meat is so chosen because it is traditionally the primary method for storing meat over the winter and the meat rondelles resemble coins . Jau gok The main Chinese new year dumpling for Cantonese families . It is believed to resemble a sycee or yuánbǎo , the old Chinese gold and silver ingots , and to represent prosperity for the coming year . Jiaozi The common dumpling eaten in northern China , also believed to resemble sycee . Mandarin oranges Oranges , particularly mandarin oranges , are a common fruit during Chinese New Year . They are particularly associated with the festival in southern China , where its name is a homophone of the word for `` luck '' in dialects such as Teochew ( in which 橘 , jú , and 吉 , jí , are both pronounced gik ) . Melon seed / Guazi ( Chinese : 瓜子 ; pinyin : guāzi ) Other variations include sunflower , pumpkin and other seeds . It symbolizes fertility and having many children . Niangao Most popular in eastern China ( Jiangsu , Zhejiang and Shanghai ) because its pronunciation is a homophone for `` a more prosperous year ( 年高 lit . year high ) '' . Niangao is also popular in the Philippines because of its large Chinese population and is known as tikoy ( Chinese : 甜粿 , from Min Nan ) there . Known as Chinese New Year pudding , niangao is made up of glutinous rice flour , wheat starch , salt , water , and sugar . The color of the sugar used determines the color of the pudding ( white or brown ) . Noodles Families may serve uncut noodles ( making them as long as they can ) , which represent longevity and long life , though this practice is not limited to the new year . Sweets Sweets and similar dried fruit goods are stored in a red or black Chinese candy box . Rougan ( Yok Gon ) Chinese salty - sweet dried meat , akin to jerky , which is trimmed of the fat , sliced , marinated and then smoked for later consumption or as a gift . Taro cakes ( Chinese : 芋頭糕 , yùtougāo ) Made from the vegetable taro , the cakes are cut into squares and often fried . Turnip cakes ( Chinese : 蘿蔔糕 , luóbogāo ) A dish made of shredded radish and rice flour , usually fried and cut into small squares . Yusheng or Yee sang ( traditional Chinese : 魚生 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼生 ; pinyin : yúshēng ) Raw fish salad . Eating this salad is said to bring good luck . This dish is usually eaten on the seventh day of the New Year , but may also be eaten throughout the period . Practices ( edit ) History ( edit ) In 1928 , the ruling Kuomintang party in China decreed that Chinese New Year will fall on 1 Jan of the Gregorian Calendar , but this was abandoned due to overwhelming opposition from the populace . In 1967 during the Cultural Revolution , official Chinese New Year celebrations were banned in China . The State Council of the People 's Republic of China announced that the public should `` Change Customs '' , have a `` revolutionized and fighting Spring Festival '' , and since people needed to work on Chinese New Year Eve , they did n't have holidays during Spring Festival day . The public celebrations were reinstated by the time of the Chinese economic reform . Red envelopes ( edit ) Red packets for sale in a market in Taipei , Taiwan , before the Year of the Rat Shoppers at a New Year market in Chinatown , Singapore Traditionally , red envelopes or red packets ( Cantonese : lai sze or lai see ; 利是 , 利市 or 利事 ; Pinyin : lìshì ; Mandarin : hóngbāo 红包 ; Hokkien : ang pow ; POJ : âng - pau ; Hakka : fung bao ) are passed out during the Chinese New Year 's celebrations , from married couples or the elderly to unmarried juniors . It is also common for adults or young couples to give red packets to children . During this period , red packets are also known as 壓歲錢 / 压岁钱 ( yàsuìqián , which was evolved from 壓祟錢 / 压祟钱 , literally , `` the money used to suppress or put down the evil spirit '' ) . Red packets almost always contain money , usually varying from a couple of dollars to several hundred . Per custom , the amount of money in the red packets should be of even numbers , as odd numbers are associated with cash given during funerals ( 帛金 : báijīn ) . The number 8 is considered lucky ( for its homophone for `` wealth '' ) , and $8 is commonly found in the red envelopes in the US . The number six ( 六 , liù ) is also very lucky as it sounds like `` smooth '' ( 流 , liú ) , in the sense of having a smooth year . The number four ( 四 ) is the worst because its homophone is `` death '' ( 死 ) . Sometimes chocolate coins are found in the red packets . Odd and even numbers are determined by the first digit , rather than the last . Thirty and fifty , for example , are odd numbers and are thus appropriate as funeral cash gifts . However , it is common and quite acceptable to have cash gifts in a red packet using a single bank note -- with ten or fifty yuan bills used frequently . It is customary for the bills to be brand new printed money . Everything regarding the New Year has to be new in order to have good luck and fortune . The act of asking for red packets is normally called ( Mandarin ) : 讨紅包 tǎo - hóngbāo , 要利是 or ( Cantonese ) : 逗利是 . A married person would not turn down such a request as it would mean that he or she would be `` out of luck '' in the new year . Red packets are generally given by established married couples to the younger non-married children of the family . It is custom and polite for children to wish elders a happy new year and a year of happiness , health and good fortune before accepting the red envelope . Red envelopes are then kept under the pillow and slept on for seven nights after Chinese New Year before opening because that symbolizes good luck and fortune . In Taiwan in the 2000s , some employers also gave red packets as a bonus to maids , nurses or domestic workers from Southeast Asian countries , although whether this is appropriate is controversial . The Japanese have a similar tradition of giving money during the New Year , called Otoshidama . Gift exchange ( edit ) Chinese candy box In addition to red envelopes , which are usually given from older people to younger people , small gifts ( usually food or sweets ) are also exchanged between friends or relatives ( of different households ) during Chinese New Year . Gifts are usually brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes . Common gifts include fruits ( typically oranges , but never trade pears ) , cakes , biscuits , chocolates , and candies . Certain items should not be given , as they are considered taboo . Taboo gifts include : items associated with funerals ( i.e. handkerchiefs , towels , chrysanthemums , items colored white and black ) items that show that time is running out ( i.e. clocks and watches ) sharp objects that symbolize cutting a tie ( i.e. scissors and knives ) items that symbolize that you want to walk away from a relationship ( examples : shoes and sandals ) mirrors homonyms for unpleasant topics ( examples : `` clock '' sounds like `` the funeral ritual '' , green hats because `` wear a green hat '' sounds like `` cuckold '' , `` handkerchief '' sounds like `` goodbye '' , `` pear '' sounds like `` separate '' , and `` umbrella '' sounds like `` disperse '' ) . Markets ( edit ) Markets or village fairs are set up as the New Year is approaching . These usually open - air markets feature new year related products such as flowers , toys , clothing , and even fireworks and firecrackers . It is convenient for people to buy gifts for their new year visits as well as their home decorations . In some places , the practice of shopping for the perfect plum tree is not dissimilar to the Western tradition of buying a Christmas tree . Hong Kong filmmakers also release `` New Year celebration films '' ( 賀歲片 ) , mostly comedies , at this time of year . Fireworks ( edit ) A Chinese man setting off fireworks during Chinese New Year in Shanghai . Bamboo stems filled with gunpowder that was burnt to create small explosions were once used in ancient China to drive away evil spirits . In modern times , this method has eventually evolved into the use of firecrackers during the festive season . Firecrackers are usually strung on a long fused string so it can be hung down . Each firecracker is rolled up in red papers , as red is auspicious , with gunpowder in its core . Once ignited , the firecracker lets out a loud popping noise and , as they are usually strung together by the hundreds , the firecrackers are known for their deafening explosions that are thought to scare away evil spirits . The burning of firecrackers also signifies a joyful time of year and has become an integral aspect of Chinese New Year celebrations . Firecracker ban ( edit ) The use of firecrackers , although a traditional part of the celebration , has over the years led to many unfortunate outcomes . There have been reported incidents every year of users of fireworks being blinded , losing body parts , or suffering other grievous injuries , especially during the Chinese New Year season . But , many governments and authorities eventually enacted laws completely banning the use of firecrackers privately , primarily because of safety issues . Taiwan -- Beginning 2008 , firecrackers are banned in urban areas , but still allowed in rural areas . Mainland China -- As of 2008 , most urban areas in mainland China permit firecrackers . In the first three days of the traditional New Year , it is a tradition that people compete with each other by playing with firecrackers . However , many urban areas banned them in the 1990s . For example , they were banned in Beijing 's urban districts from 1993 to 2005 . In 2004 , 37 people were killed in a stampede when four million people gathered for a rumoured Lantern Festival firework display in nearby Miyun . Since the ban was lifted , the firecracker barrage has been tremendous . In Beijing , firecrackers are typically not allowed inside the 5th ring road . But this is overlooked by authorities for the holiday , provided there are no government buildings nearby ; some residents in major cities look down on street - level fireworks from their tower blocks . Bans are rare in rural areas . Vietnam -- 1996 , fireworks were banned across the country because of its dangers . Hong Kong -- Fireworks are banned for security reasons -- some speculate a connection between firework use and the 1967 Leftist Riot . However , the government would put on a fireworks display in Victoria Harbour on the second day of the Chinese New Year for the public . Similar displays are also held in many other cities in and outside China . Singapore -- a partial ban on firecrackers was imposed in March 1970 after a fire killed six people and injured 68 . This was extended to a total ban in August 1972 , after an explosion that killed two people and an attack on two police officers attempting to stop a group from letting off firecrackers in February 1972 . As a result of this ban , the Chingay Parade was set up to preserve the spirit and culture . However , in 2003 , the government allowed firecrackers to be set off during the festive season . At the Chinese New Year light - up in Chinatown , at the stroke of midnight on the first day of the Chinese New Year , firecrackers are set off under controlled conditions by the Singapore Tourism Board with assistance from demolition experts from the Singapore Armed Forces . Other occasions where firecrackers are allowed to be set off are determined by the tourism board or other government organizations . However , they are not allowed to be commercially sold . Malaysia -- firecrackers are banned for the similar reasons as in Singapore . However , many Malaysians manage to smuggle them from Thailand and the Philippines to meet their private needs . Indonesia -- Firecrackers and fireworks are forbidden in public during the Chinese New Year , especially in areas with a significant non-Chinese population in order to avoid any conflict between the two . However , there were some exceptions . The usage of firecrackers is legal in some metropolitan areas such as Jakarta and Medan , where the degree of racial and cultural tolerance is higher . United States -- In 2007 , New York City lifted its decades - old ban on firecrackers , allowing a display of 300,000 firecrackers to be set off in Chinatown 's Chatham Square . Under the supervision of the fire and police departments , Chinatown , Los Angeles regularly lights firecrackers every New Year 's Eve , mostly at temples and the shrines of benevolent associations . The San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade , the largest outside China , is accompanied by numerous firecrackers , both officially sanctioned and illicit . Australia -- Australia , except the Northern Territory , does not allow use of fireworks at all , except when used by a licensed pyrotechnician . These rules also need a permit from local government , and from any relevant local bodies such as maritime or aviation authorities ( as relevant to the types of fireworks being used ) and hospitals , schools , etc. , within a certain range . Philippines -- Despite the rise in firecracker - related injuries in 2009 , the Department of Health has acknowledged that a total ban on firecrackers in the country will be hard to implement . Davao City , the first city in the country to impose a firecracker ban , has enjoyed injury - free celebrations for at least the last 15 years . Their ban has been in effect since 2002 . Music ( edit ) `` Happy New Year ! '' ( Chinese : 新年好呀 ; pinyin : Xīn Nián Hǎo Ya ; literally : `` New Year 's Good , Ya '' ) is a popular children 's song for the New Year holiday . The melody is similar to the American folk song , Oh My Darling , Clementine . Chorus : Happy New Year ! Happy New Year ! ( Chinese : 新年好呀 ! 新年好呀 ! ; pinyin : Xīnnián hǎo ya ! Xīnnián hǎo ya ! ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺大家新年好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) We are singing ; we are dancing . ( Chinese : 我们唱歌 , 我们跳舞. ; pinyin : Wǒmen chànggē , wǒmen tiàowǔ . ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺大家新年好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) Clothing ( edit ) Girls dressed in red ( Hong Kong ) . Clothing mainly featuring the color red or bright colors is commonly worn throughout the Chinese New Year because it was once believed that red could scare away evil spirits and bad fortune . In addition , people typically wear new clothes from head to toe to symbolize a new beginning in the new year . Wearing new clothes also symbolizes having more than enough things to use and wear in the new year . Red is a color of good luck . Family portrait ( edit ) In some places , the taking of a family portrait is an important ceremony after the relatives are gathered . The photo is taken at the hall of the house or taken in front of the house . The most senior male head of the family sits in the center . Symbolism ( edit ) See also : Fu character An inverted character fu is a sign of arriving blessings . As with all cultures , Chinese New Year traditions incorporate elements that are symbolic of deeper meaning . One common example of Chinese New Year symbolism is the red diamond - shaped fu characters ( Chinese : 福 ; pinyin : fú ; Cantonese Yale : fuk1 ; literally : `` blessings , happiness '' ) , which are displayed on the entrances of Chinese homes . This sign is usually seen hanging upside down , since the Chinese word dao ( Chinese : 倒 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` upside down '' ) , is homophonous or nearly homophonous with ( Chinese : 到 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` arrive '' ) in all varieties of Chinese . Therefore , it symbolizes the arrival of luck , happiness , and prosperity . For the Cantonese - speaking people , if the fu sign is hung upside down , the implied dao ( upside down ) sounds like the Cantonese word for `` pour '' , producing `` pour the luck ( away ) '' , which would usually symbolize bad luck ; this is why the fu character is not usually hung upside - down in Cantonese communities . Red is the predominant color used in New Year celebrations . Red is the emblem of joy , and this color also symbolizes virtue , truth and sincerity . On the Chinese opera stage , a painted red face usually denotes a sacred or loyal personage and sometimes a great emperor . Candies , cakes , decorations and many things associated with the New Year and its ceremonies are colored red . The sound of the Chinese word for `` red '' ( simplified Chinese : 红 ; traditional Chinese : 紅 ; pinyin : hóng ; Cantonese Yale : hung4 ) is in Mandarin homophonous with the word for `` prosperous '' . Therefore , red is an auspicious color and has an auspicious sound . Nianhua ( edit ) Chinese New Year festival in Chinatown , Boston Nianhua can be a form of Chinese colored woodblock printing , for decoration during Chinese New Year . Flowers ( edit ) The following are popular floral decorations for the New Year and are available at new year markets . Floral Decor Meaning Plum Blossom symbolizes luckiness Kumquat symbolizes prosperity Narcissus symbolizes prosperity Bamboo a plant used for any time of year Sunflower means to have a good year Eggplant a plant to heal all of your sicknesses Chom Mon Plant a plant which gives you tranquility Icons and ornaments ( edit ) Icons Meaning Illustrations Lanterns These lanterns that differ from those of Mid-Autumn Festival in general . They will be red in color and tend to be oval in shape . These are the traditional Chinese paper lanterns . Those lanterns , used on the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year for the Lantern Festival , are bright , colorful , and in many different sizes and shapes . Decorations Decorations generally convey a New Year greeting . They are not advertisements . Fai Chun -- Chinese calligraphy of auspicious Chinese idioms on typically red posters -- are hung on doorways and walls . Other decorations include a New year picture , Chinese knots , and papercutting and couplets . Dragon dance and Lion dance Dragon and lion dances are common during Chinese New Year . It is believed that the loud beats of the drum and the deafening sounds of the cymbals together with the face of the Dragon or lion dancing aggressively can evict bad or evil spirits . Lion dances are also popular for opening of businesses in Hong Kong and Macau . Fortune gods Cai Shen Ye , Che Kung , etc . Spring travel ( edit ) Scene of the 2009 Chunyun period inside Beijing West Railway Station Main article : Chunyun Traditionally , families gather together during the Chinese New Year . In modern China , migrant workers in China travel home to have reunion dinners with their families on Chinese New Year 's Eve . Owing to a large number of interprovincial travelers , special arrangements were made by railways , buses and airlines starting from 15 days before the New Year 's Day . This 40 - day period is called chunyun , and is known as the world 's largest annual migration . More interurban trips are taken in mainland China in this period than the total population of China . In Taiwan , spring travel is also a major event . The majority of transportation in western Taiwan is in a north - south direction : long distance travel between urbanized north and hometowns in the rural south . Transportation in eastern Taiwan and that between Taiwan and its islands is less convenient . Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in 2003 as part of Three Links , mostly for `` Taiwanese businessmen '' to return to Taiwan for the new year . Festivities outside Greater China ( edit ) Decorations on the occasion of Chinese New Year - River Hongbao 2016 , Singapore Chinese New Year is also celebrated annually in many countries with significant Chinese populations . These include countries throughout Asia , Oceania , and North America . Sydney , London , and San Francisco claim to host the largest New Year celebration outside of Asia and South America . Southeast Asia ( edit ) In some countries of Southeast Asia , Chinese New Year is a national public holiday and considered to be one of the most important holidays of the year . Chinese New Year 's Eve is typically a half - day holiday for Malaysia and Singapore . The biggest celebrations take place in Malaysia ( notably in Kuala Lumpur , George Town and Klang ) and Singapore . Gaya Street in Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia filled with Chinese lanterns during the New Year celebration . In Singapore , Chinese New Year is accompanied by various festive activities . One of the main highlights is the Chinatown celebrations . In 2010 , this included a Festive Street Bazaar , nightly staged shows at Kreta Ayer Square and a lion dance competition . The Chingay Parade also features prominently in the celebrations . It is an annual street parade in Singapore , well known for its colorful floats and wide variety of cultural performances . The highlights of the Parade for 2011 include a Fire Party , multi-ethnic performances and an unprecedented travelling dance competition . Lanterns hanged around Senapelan street , the Pekanbaru Chinatown In Philippines , Chinese New Year is considered to be the most important festival for Filipino - Chinese , and its celebration has also extended to the non-Chinese majority Filipinos . In 2012 , Chinese New Year was included in public holidays in the Philippines , which is only the New Year 's Day itself . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , the Chinese New Year is officially named as Hari Tahun Baru Imlek , or Sin Cia in Hokkien . It was celebrated as one of the official national religious holiday by Chinese - Indonesians since 18 June 1946 to 1 January 1953 through government regulation signed by President Sukarno on 18 June 1946 . It was unofficially celebrated by ethnic Chinese from 1953 to 1967 based on government regulation signed by Vice President Muhammad Hatta in 5 February 1953 which annul the previous regulation , among others , the Chinese New Year as a national religious holiday , . Effectively from 6 December 1967 , until 1998 , the spiritual practice to celebrate the Chinese New Year by Chinese families was restricted specifically only inside of the Chinese house . This restriction is made by Indonesian government through a Presidential Instruction , Instruksi Presiden No. 14 Tahun 1967 , signed by President Suharto . This restriction is ended when the regime has changed and the President Suharto was overthrown . The celebration is conducted unofficially by Chinese community from 1999 to 2000 . On 17 January 2000 , the President Abdurrahman Wahid issued a Presidential Decree through Keputusan Presiden RI No 6 Tahun 2000 to annul Instruksi Presiden No. 14 Tahun 1967 . On 19 January 2001 , the Ministry of Religious Affairs ( Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia ) issued a Decree through Keputusan Menteri Agama RI No 13 Tahun 2001 tentang Imlek sebagai Hari Libur Nasional to set of Hari Tahun Baru Imlek as a Facultative Holiday for Chinese Community . Through the Presidential Decree it was officially declared as a 1 ( one ) day public religious holiday as of 9 April 2002 by President Megawati . The Indonesian government authorize only the first day of the Chinese New Year as a public religious holiday and it is specifically designated only for Chinese people . In Indonesia , the first day of the Chinese New Year is recognized as a part of the celebration of the Chinese religion and tradition of Chinese community . There are no other official or unofficial of the Chinese New Year as a public holiday . The remaining 14 days are celebrated only by ethnic Chinese families . In Indonesia , the Chinese Year is named as a year of Kǒngzǐ ( 孔子 ) or Kongzili in Bahasa Indonesia . Every year , the Ministry of Religious Affairs ( Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia ) set the specific date of religious holiday based on input from religious leaders . The Chinese New Year is the only national religious holiday in Indonesia that was enacted specifically with the Presidential Decree , in this case with the Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia ( Keppres RI ) No 19 Tahun 2002 dated on 9 April 2002 . The celebration of the Chinese New Year as a religious holiday is specifically intended only for Chinese People in Indonesia ( tradisi masyarakat Cina yang dirayakan secara turun temurun di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia , dan umat Agama Tionghoa ) and it is not intended to be celebrated by Indonesian Indigenous Peoples or Masyarakat Pribumi Indonesia . Oddly and funny , most Chinese - Indonesian who are not adhere to Chinese religion thinks and believes that the Chinese New Year is only for one day , in this case is on the first day , and the remaining day especially on the fifteenth day is not considered as a part of Chinese New Year . The same things is happening to Indonesian Indigenous peoples who insists that the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year is a kind of jamboree or carnival and thinks it has not related with Chinese New Year at all . It is believed that this behaviour occurs because of the religion dilemma where mostly a majority of Indigenous peoples in Indonesia are religious thus by denying that the Chinese New Year activities are not related with any of religion then they can make a justification to participate and celebrate the Chinese New Year especially on the fifteenth day of the celebration . Their primary motives to participate the Chinese New Year festival and Chinese religion activities are money from carrying the Chinese gods statues , playing the lion and dragon dance and free foods , and the opportunity to meet and seeking a Chinese partner for marriages . Some are even trying to find a mate to have a sexual intercourse during the festival . A large number of Non-Chinese men are even continue to come to the Chinese temple on a regular basis to pray to the Chinese deities and wishing to get for an ethnic Chinese woman as a wife . Some have succeed in marrying with ethnic Chinese . Sadly , all of the descendant of this mix - marriages claim that they have a pure blood of Chinese descendant . By marrying a Chinese , and actively participate as a follower of Chinese religion and thus to get into the deep of the inside environment of ethnic Chinese family inner - circle , the Non-Chinese people believed that they can upgrade their social and financial status instantly . To disguise their identity many changed their Indonesian name into Chinese look - alike name and falsified their ancestral history family tree . A lot of Non-Chinese people who have married also put in their children to Chinese temple and Chinese school with the hope that as they grow - up they have the first opportunity to marry with the Chinese . After marrying with Chinese people , most of the Non-Chinese people , if not all , including their children are always claiming and insists that they have a pure blood of a Chinese descendant , consequently , mostly , if not all , the Chinese people itself in Indonesia , because of lack of comparisons , can not differentiate who is a Chinese and who is not . Furthermore , because of this ignorance , more and more of Chinese people in Indonesia thinks they are already marrying with a Chinese because they have met at the Chinese temple . They assume that only Chinese people goes to the Chinese temple , but the truth is not . No wonder that at least 90 % , if not all , of Chinese - Indonesian who claimed that they have a pure blood of Chinese have a very different skin complexion , and a different physical characteristics with an odd facial features compares with the other Chinese people in the world . Everyone even want to claim that they are a Chinese descendant even though their DNA is not a Chinese at all . This phenomenon explains why there are crowds on every Chinese New Year events and roughly 90 % of Chinese temple visitors in some places are Indonesian Indigenous peoples and a descendant of a mix - marriages even though the Chinese community only accounted for 1 , 2 % , of Indonesian population . Some of Non-Chinese and Chinese people are also celebrated Chinese New Year inside a Church with dragon dance , incense for praying and food offerings to Mary , Mother of Jesus and Jesus Christ . Because of the majority of Chinese temple congregation are Non-Chinese people , consequently they are also bringing their own culture , customs , beliefs and ritual of worship of their gods to be practiced inside the Chinese temple , thus in some parts of Indonesia the practice of Chinese religion and Chinese New Year would be totally different with the other Chinese community in the other parts of the world . Some of Non-Chinese people who have a deep knowledge of Chinese religion is becoming the Chinese religious leaders and routinely gives preaching to Chinese community . Some are even becoming the chairman and the leaders of the Chinese religious association . There are tons of evidence supporting the above statements , anyone who want to pursue further about this matter is encouraged to go to Facebook.com and do research using the keywords , such as : kelenteng indonesia , klenteng indonesia , bio indonesia , vihara indonesia and to study carefully in detail about the social changes of the Chinese community in Indonesia especially in relation with the identity as a Chinese , the practice of Chinese religion and the practice of Chinese New Year celebration . Big Chinese population cities and towns like Jakarta , Medan , Singkawang , Pangkal Pinang , Binjai , Bagansiapiapi , Tanjungbalai , Pematangsiantar , Selat Panjang , Tanjung Pinang , Batam , Ketapang and Pontianak always have its own New Year 's celebration every years with parade and fireworks . A lot shopping malls decorated its building with lantern , Chinese words and lion or dragon with red and gold as main color . Lion dance is a common sight around Chinese houses , temples and its shophouses . Usually , the Buddhist , Confucian and Taoist Chinese will burn a big incense made by aloeswood with dragon - decorated at front of their house. The temple is open 24 hours at the first day , their also distributes a red envelopes and sometimes rice , fruits or sugar to the poor around . Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Melbourne : Chinese New Year in Chinatown With one of the largest Chinese populations outside of Asia , Sydney also claims to have the largest Chinese New Year Celebrations outside of Asia with over 600,000 people attending the celebrations in Chinatown annually . The events there span over three weeks including the launch celebration , outdoor markets , evening street food stalls , Chinese top opera performances , dragon boat races , a film festival and multiple parades that incorporate Chinese , Japanese , Korean people and Vietnamese performers . More than 100,000 people attend notably the main parade with over 3,500 performers . The festival also attracts international media coverage , reaching millions of viewers in Asia . The festival in Sydney is organized in partnership with a different Chinese province each year . Apart from Sydney , other state capital cities in Australia also celebrate Chinese New Year due to large number of Chinese residents . The cities include : Brisbane , Adelaide , Melbourne Box Hill and Perth . The common activities are lion dance , dragon dance , New Year market , and food festival . In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray , Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Chinese New Year as well as the April New Year celebrations of the Thais , Cambodians , Laotians and other Asian Australian communities who celebrate the New Year in either January / February or April . The city of Wellington hosts a two - day weekend festival for Chinese New Year , and a one - day festival is held in Dunedin , centred on the city 's Chinese gardens . North America ( edit ) Play media Chinese lunar new year in Washington DC Many cities in North America sponsor official parades for Chinese New Year . Among the cities with such parades are San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York City , Boston , Chicago , Mexico City , Toronto , and Vancouver . However , even smaller cities that are historically connected to Chinese immigration , such as Butte , Montana , have recently hosted parades . New York ( edit ) Multiple groups in New York City cooperate to sponsor a week - long Lunar New Year celebration . The festivities include cultural festival , music concert , fireworks on the Hudson River near the Chinese Consulate , and special exhibits . In June 2015 , New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio declared that the Lunar New Year would be made a public school holiday . California ( edit ) Lion costume for New Year parade , Los Angeles , 1953 The San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade is the oldest and largest event of its kind outside of Asia , and the largest Asian cultural event in North America . The festival incorporates Grant and Kearny Streets into its street festival and parade route , respectively . The use of these streets traces its lineage back to early parades beginning the custom in San Francisco . In 1849 , with the discovery of gold and the ensuing California Gold Rush , over 50,000 people had come to San Francisco to seek their fortune or just a better way of life . Among those were many Chinese , who had come to work in the gold mines and on the railroad . By the 1860s , the residents of San Francisco 's Chinatown were eager to share their culture with their fellow San Francisco residents who may have been unfamiliar with ( or hostile towards ) it . The organizers chose to showcase their culture by using a favorite American tradition -- the parade . They invited a variety of other groups from the city to participate , and they marched down what today are Grant Avenue and Kearny Street carrying colorful flags , banners , lanterns , drums , and firecrackers to drive away evil spirits . In San Francisco , over 100 units participate in the annual Chinese New Year Parade held since 1958 . The parade is attended by some 500,000 people along with another 3 million TV viewers . Europe ( edit ) London : Chinatown with Chinese New Year decoration In London , the celebrations take place throughout Chinatown , Leicester Square and Trafalgar Square . Festivities include a parade , cultural feast , fireworks , concerts and performances . The celebration attracts between 300,000 and 500,000 people yearly according to the organisers . In Paris , the celebrations have been held since the 1980s in several districts during one month with many performances and the main of the three parades with 40 groups and 4,000 performers is attended alone by more than 200,000 people in the 13th arrondissement . India and Pakistan ( edit ) Chinese New Year 2014 Celebration in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata Many celebrate the festival in Chinatown , Kolkata , India where a significant community of people of Chinese origin exists . In Kolkata , Chinese New Year is celebrated with lion and dragon dance . In Pakistan , the Chinese New Year is also celebrated among the sizable Chinese expatriate community that lives in the country . During the festival , the Chinese embassy in Islamabad arranges various cultural events in which Pakistani arts and cultural organizations and members of the civil society also participate . Greetings ( edit ) The Chinese New Year is often accompanied by loud , enthusiastic greetings , often referred to as 吉祥話 ( jíxiánghuà ) in Mandarin or 吉利說話 ( Kat Lei Seut Wa ) in Cantonese , loosely translated as auspicious words or phrases . New Year couplets printed in gold letters on bright red paper , referred to as chunlian ( 春聯 ) or fai chun ( 揮春 ) , is another way of expressing auspicious new year wishes . They probably predate the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , but did not become widespread until then . Today , they are ubiquitous with Chinese New Year . Some of the most common greetings include : simplified Chinese : 新年快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年快樂 ; pinyin : Xīnniánkuàilè ; Jyutping : san1 nin4 faai3 lok6 ; Pe̍h - ōe - jī : Sin - nî khòai - lo̍k ; Hakka : Sin Ngen Kai Lok ; Taishanese : Slin Nen Fai Lok . A more contemporary greeting reflective of Western influences , it literally translates from the greeting `` Happy new year '' more common in the west . But in northern parts of China , traditionally people say simplified Chinese : 过年好 ; traditional Chinese : 過年好 ; pinyin : Guònián Hǎo instead of simplified Chinese : 新年快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年快樂 ( Xīnniánkuàile ) , to differentiate it from the international new year . And 過年好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) can be used from the first day to the fifth day of Chinese New Year . However , 過年好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) is considered very short and therefore somewhat discourteous . Gong Hei Fat Choi at Lee Theatre Plaza , Hong Kong simplified Chinese : 恭喜发财 ; traditional Chinese : 恭喜發財 ; pinyin : Gōngxǐfācái ; Hokkien : Kiong hee huat chai ( POJ : Kiong - hí hoat - châi ) ; Cantonese : Gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 ; Hakka : Gung hee fatt choi , which loosely translates to `` Congratulations and be prosperous '' . Often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with `` Happy New Year '' , its usage dates back several centuries . While the first two words of this phrase had a much longer historical significance ( legend has it that the congratulatory messages were traded for surviving the ravaging beast of Nian , in practical terms it may also have meant surviving the harsh winter conditions ) , the last two words were added later as ideas of capitalism and consumerism became more significant in Chinese societies around the world . The saying is now commonly heard in English speaking communities for greetings during Chinese New Year in parts of the world where there is a sizable Chinese - speaking community , including overseas Chinese communities that have been resident for several generations , relatively recent immigrants from Greater China , and those who are transit migrants ( particularly students ) . Numerous other greetings exist , some of which may be exclaimed out loud to no one in particular in specific situations . For example , as breaking objects during the new year is considered inauspicious , one may then say 歲歲平安 ( Suìsuì - píng'ān ) immediately , which means `` everlasting peace year after year '' . Suì ( 歲 ) , meaning `` age '' is homophonous with 碎 ( suì ) ( meaning `` shatter '' ) , in the demonstration of the Chinese love for wordplay in auspicious phrases . Similarly , 年年有餘 ( niánnián yǒu yú ) , a wish for surpluses and bountiful harvests every year , plays on the word yú that can also refer to 魚 ( yú meaning fish ) , making it a catch phrase for fish - based Chinese new year dishes and for paintings or graphics of fish that are hung on walls or presented as gifts . The most common auspicious greetings and sayings consist of four characters , such as the following : 金玉滿堂 Jīnyùmǎntáng -- `` May your wealth ( gold and jade ) come to fill a hall '' 大展鴻圖 Dàzhǎnhóngtú -- `` May you realize your ambitions '' 迎春接福 Yíngchúnjiēfú -- `` Greet the New Year and encounter happiness '' 萬事如意 Wànshìrúyì -- `` May all your wishes be fulfilled '' 吉慶有餘 Jíqìngyǒuyú -- `` May your happiness be without limit '' 竹報平安 Zhúbàopíng'ān -- `` May you hear ( in a letter ) that all is well '' 一本萬利 Yīběnwànlì -- `` May a small investment bring ten - thousandfold profits '' 福壽雙全 Fúshòushuāngquán -- `` May your happiness and longevity be complete '' 招財進寶 Zhāocáijìnbǎo -- `` When wealth is acquired , precious objects follow '' These greetings or phrases may also be used just before children receive their red packets , when gifts are exchanged , when visiting temples , or even when tossing the shredded ingredients of yusheng particularly popular in Malaysia and Singapore . Children and their parents can also pray in the temple , in hopes of getting good blessings for the new year to come . Children and teenagers sometimes jokingly use the phrase 恭喜發財 , 紅包拿來 ( in Traditional Chinese ; Simplified Chinese : 恭喜发财 , 红包拿来 ; Pinyin : gōngxǐfācái , hóngbāo nálái ; Cantonese : 恭喜發財 , 利是逗來 ; Jyutping : gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 , lei6 si6 dau6 loi4 ) , roughly translated as `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope ! '' . In Hakka the saying is more commonly said as ' Gung hee fatt choi , hung bao diu loi ' which would be written as 恭喜發財 , 紅包逗來 -- a mixture of the Cantonese and Mandarin variants of the saying . Back in the 1960s , children in Hong Kong used to say 恭喜發財 , 利是逗來 , 斗零唔愛 ( Cantonese , Gung Hei Fat Choy , Lai Si Tau Loi , Tau Ling M Ngoi ) , which was recorded in the pop song Kowloon Hong Kong by Reynettes in 1966 . Later in the 1970s , children in Hong Kong used the saying : 恭喜發財 , 利是逗來 , 伍毫嫌少 , 壹蚊唔愛 ( Cantonese ) , roughly translated as , `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope , fifty cents is too little , do n't want a dollar either . '' It basically meant that they disliked small change -- coins which were called `` hard substance '' ( Cantonese : 硬嘢 ) . Instead , they wanted `` soft substance '' ( Cantonese : 軟嘢 ) , which was either a ten dollar or a twenty dollar note . See also ( edit ) Overseas Chinese Lunar New Year fireworks display in Hong Kong The Birthday of Che Kung Celebrations of Lunar New Year in other parts of Asia : Korean New Year ( Seollal ) Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) Mongolian New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Similar Asian Lunisolar New Year celebrations that occur in April : Burmese New Year ( Thingyan ) Cambodian New Year ( Chaul Chnam Thmey ) Lao New Year ( Pii Mai ) Sri Lankan New Year ( Aluth Avuruddu ) Thai New Year ( Songkran ) Chinese New Year Gregorian Holiday in Malaysia Malaysia Chinese New Year Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ simplified Chinese : 农历新年 ; traditional Chinese : 農曆新年 ; pinyin : nóng lì xīn nián Jump up ^ simplified Chinese : 春节 ; traditional Chinese : 春節 ; pinyin : Chūn Jié References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Asia welcomes lunar New Year '' . BBC . 1 February 2003 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . 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Jump up ^ `` London 's Chinese New Year is More Chinese than Ever Before '' . londonnet.co.uk. 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois à Paris 2013 '' . sortiraparis.com. 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le grand défilé du Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Myra ( 15 February 2013 ) . `` Chinese New Year : Celebrating spring and all it brings '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese new year : Pakistan in photo show '' . The Express Tribune . 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CELEBRATING THE CHINESE NEW YEAR WITH THE PAKISTAN - CHINA INSTITUTE '' . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year celebrated in Islamabad '' . CCTV English . 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 22 Further reading ( edit ) Welch , Patricia Bjaaland ( 1997 ) . Chinese New Year . Oxford University Press . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chinese New Year at Wikimedia Commons Public holidays in China Golden weeks Spring Festival National Day Other holidays New Year 's Day Lantern Festival Qingming Festival Workers ' Day Duanwu Festival Mid-Autumn Festival Public holidays in Hong Kong New Year 's Day Lunar New Year ( first 3 days of the period ) Ching Ming Festival Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Monday Buddha 's Birthday Labour Day Tuen Ng Festival Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day Mid-Autumn Festival PRC National Day Chung Yeung Festival Christmas Day Boxing Day Cancelled Queen 's Birthday Liberation Day Double Ten Day Remembrance Day Chinese New Year Culture of China Topics Nian Lion dance Dragon dance New Year picture Red envelope Reunion dinner Fireworks Firecracker Chinese dragon Fu Food Nian gao Spring pancake Jiaozi Bakkwa Buddha 's delight Fa gao Fat choy Yau gok Kralan Kuih Lotus seed Pineapple tart Squab Taro cake Turnip cake Yusheng Melon seed Mandarin orange Fish Other CCTV New Year 's Gala Chinese calendar Chunyun Color in Chinese culture San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade Golden Week China portal Holidays portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_New_Year&oldid=843594565 '' Categories : Buddhist holidays Chinese New Year Chinese - Australian culture Non-Gregorian January observances Non-Gregorian February observances New Year celebrations Public holidays in China Public holidays in Malaysia Observances set by the Chinese calendar Winter events in China Winter holidays ( Northern Hemisphere ) Summer holidays ( Southern Hemisphere ) Hidden categories : Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Malay - language sources ( ms ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing Chinese - language text All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语粵語中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 55 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the chinese new year start 2018	[ "\nThe date of Chinese New Year's Day (1912–2101)\n\n\nYear\nDate\n\n1-19AM#\n20-38AM\n39-57AM\n58-76AM\n77-95AM\n96-114AM\n115-133AM\n134-152AM\n153-171AM\n172-190AM\n\n\n1912–1930\n1931–1949\n1950–1968\n1969–1987\n1988–2006\n2007–2025\n2026–2044\n2045–2063\n2064–2082\n2083–2101\n\n\n17 Feb\nRat\nRènzǐ\nGoat\nXīnwèi\nTiger\nGēngyín\nRooster\nJǐyǒu\nDragon\nWùchén\nPig\nDīnghaì +\nHorse\nBíngwǔ\nOx\nYǐchǒu\nMonkey\nJiǎshēn\nRabbit\nGuìmǎo\n\n\n6 Feb\nOx\nGuìchǒu\nMonkey\nRènshēn\nRabbit\nXīnmǎo\nDog\nGēngxū\nSnake\nJǐsì\nRat\nWùzǐ +\nGoat\nDīngwèi\nTiger\nBíngyín\nRooster\nYǐyǒu −\nDragon\nJiǎchén\n\n\n26 Jan\nTiger\nJiǎyín\nRooster\nGuìyǒu\nDragon\nRènchén +\nPig\nXīnhaì +\nHorse\nGēngwǔ +\nOx\nJǐchǒu\nMonkey\nWùshēn\nRabbit\nDīngmǎo\nDog\nBíngxū\nSnake\nYǐsì\n\n\n14 Feb\nRabbit\nYǐmǎo\nDog\nJiǎxū\nSnake\nGuìsì\nRat\nRènzǐ +\nGoat\nXīnwèi +\nTiger\nGēngyín\nRooster\nJǐyǒu −\nDragon\n'Wùchén\nPig\nDīnghaì\nHorse\nBíngwǔ\n\n\n3 Feb\nDragon\nBíngchén\nPig\nYǐhaì +\nHorse\nJiǎwǔ\nOx\nGuìchǒu\nMonkey\nRènshēn +\nRabbit\nXīnmǎo\nDog\nGēngxū\nSnake\nJǐsì −\nRat\nWùzǐ\nGoat\nDīngwèi\n\n\n23 Jan\nSnake\nDīngsì\nRat\nBíngzǐ +\nGoat\nYǐwèi +\nTiger\nJiǎyín\nRooster\nGuìyǒu\nDragon\nRènchén\nPig\nXīnhaì\nHorse\nGēngwǔ\nOx\nJǐchǒu\nMonkey\nWùshēn +\n\n\n11 Feb\nHorse\nWùwǔ\nOx\nDīngchǒu\nMonkey\nBíngshēn +\nRabbit\nYǐmǎo\nDog\nJiǎxū −\nSnake\nGuìsì −\nRat\nRènzǐ\nGoat\nXīnwèi\nTiger\nGēngyín\nRooster\nJǐyǒu −\n\n\n31 Jan\nGoat\nJǐwèi +\nTiger\nWùyín\nRooster\nDīngyǒu\nDragon\nBíngchén\nPig\nYǐhaì\nHorse\nJiǎwǔ\nOx\nGuìchǒu\nMonkey\nRènshēn +\nRabbit\nXīnmǎo\nDog\nGēngxū −\n\n\n19 Feb\nMonkey\nGēngshēn +\nRabbit\nJǐmǎo\nDog\nWùxū −\nSnake\nDīngsì −\nRat\nBíngzǐ\nGoat\nYǐwèi\nTiger\nJiǎyín\nRooster\nGuìyǒu\nDragon\nRènchén\nPig\nXīnhaì −\n\n\n8 Feb\nRooster\nXīnyǒu\nDragon\nGēngchén\nPig\nJǐhaì\nHorse\nWùwǔ −\nOx\nDīngchǒu −\nMonkey\nBíngshēn\nRabbit\nYǐmǎo\nDog\nJiǎxū\nSnake\nGuìsì −\nRat\nRènzǐ −\n\n\n28 Jan\nDog\nRènxū\nSnake\nXīnsì −\nRat\nGēngzǐ\nGoat\nJǐwèi\nTiger\nWùyín\nRooster\nDīngyǒu\nDragon\nBíngchén\nPig\nYǐhaì\nHorse\nJiǎwǔ −\nOx\nGuìchǒu −\n\n\n15 Feb\nPig\nGuìhaì +\nHorse\nRènwǔ\nOx\nXīnchǒu\nMonkey\nGēngshēn +\nRabbit\nJǐmǎo +\nDog\nWùxū +\nSnake\nDīngsì\nRat\n'Bíngzǐ\nGoat\nYǐwèi\nTiger\nJiǎyín\n\n\n5 Feb\nRat\nJiǎzǐ\nGoat\nGuìwèi\nTiger\nRènyín\nRooster\nXīnyǒu\nDragon\nGēngchén\nPig\nJǐhaì\nHorse\nWùwǔ −\nOx\nDīngchǒu −\nMonkey\nBíngshēn\nRabbit\nYǐmǎo\n\n\n24 Jan\nOx\nYǐchǒu\nMonkey\nJiǎshēn +\nRabbit\nGuìmǎo +\nDog\nRènxū +\nSnake\nXīnsì\nRat\nGēngzǐ +\nGoat\nJǐwèi\nTiger\nWùyín\nRooster\nDīngyǒu\nDragon\nBíngchén +\n\n\n12 Feb\nTiger\nBíngyín +\nRooster\nYǐyǒu +\nDragon\nJiǎchén +\nPig\nGuìhaì +\nHorse\nRènwǔ\nOx\nXīnchǒu\nMonkey\nGēngshēn\nRabbit\nJǐmǎo\nDog\nWùxū\nSnake\nDīngsì\n\n\n2 Feb\nRabbit\nDīngmǎo\nDog\nBíngxū\nSnake\nYǐsì\nRat\nJiǎzǐ\nGoat\nGuìwèi −\nTiger\nRènyín −\nRooster\nXīnyǒu −\nDragon\nGēngchén\nPig\nJǐhaì\nHorse\nWùwǔ −\n\n\n22 Jan\nDragon\nWùchén +\nPig\nDīnghaì\nHorse\nBíngwǔ −\nOx\nYǐchǒu1\nMonkey\nJiǎshēn\nRabbit\nGuìmǎo\nDog\nRènxū\nSnake\nXīnsì −\nRat\nGēngzǐ\nGoat\nJǐwèi −\n\n\n9 Feb\nSnake\nJǐsì +\nRat\nWùzǐ +\nGoat\nDīngwèi\nTiger\nBíngyín\nRooster\nYǐyǒu\nDragon\nJiǎchén +\nPig\nGuìhaì +\nHorse\nRènwǔ\nOx\nXīnchǒu\nMonkey\nGēngshēn\n\n\n29 Jan\nHorse\nGēngwǔ +\nOx\nJǐchǒu\nMonkey\nWùshēn +\nRabbit\nDīngmǎo\nDog\nBíngxū\nSnake\nYǐsì\nRat\nJiǎzǐ +\nGoat\nGuìwèi\nTiger\nRènyín\nRooster\nXīnyǒu −\n\n\nNote+: a day later; Note−: a day earlier. Note1: The New Year's Day of 1985 is 20 Feb, a month later. Note#: AM=anno Mínguó\n\n" ]	[ "15 Feb" ]
-8245905257336642120	Bering Sea Gold	Bering Sea Gold - wikipedia Bering Sea Gold Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice . It has been suggested that Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2016 . Bering Sea Gold Narrated by Thom Beers ( season 1 -- 2 ) Mike Rowe ( season 3 -- 9 ) Opening theme Gold In These Hills by Brandon Michael Kinder Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 80 Production Executive producer ( s ) Thom Beers Running time approx. 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Original Productions Release Original network Discovery Channel Picture format 1080i 16 : 9 Original release January 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 27 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Gold Rush Followed by Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice Related shows Gold Rush , Prospectors , Jungle Gold , Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice , Ice Cold Gold , Flying Wild Alaska , Yukon Gold External links Website dsc.discovery.com/tv/bering-sea-gold/ Bering Sea Gold is a reality television series set in Nome , Alaska , on Norton Sound , that airs on Discovery Channel . It is from the creators of the Deadliest Catch reality TV show . The show follows boats equipped with various setups to achieve gold mining in a summertime , cold northern latitude , shallow water , ocean environment . The fleet each typically consists of a sluicing apparatus , a means of paydirt collection ( dredge ) , and a cold - water - diving life support system . Conflict issues include choppy seas , poor underwater visibility , inconsistent fuel delivery , personnel issues , mining location rights , sufficient paydirt discovery , diver safety , and ocean - damaging equipment failures . Each season of episodes follow the current fleet of dredges . The show is divided into the summer dredging season ( aired in the spring ) , under the title Bering Sea Gold , and the spring dredging season ( aired in the fall ) , under the title Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice . For the first three seasons , this distinction held , in the 2015 4th season of the spring ice dredging season , the title card changed to `` Bering Sea Gold '' , making the title identical to the original summer dredging season show . This continued with the 2016 5th seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 2 Dredges 3 Series Overview 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2013 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2014 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2015 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2016 ) 5 Gold Totals 5.1 Season 1 5.2 Season 2 5.3 Season 3 5.4 Season 4 6 Syndication 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Cast ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Name Dredge Details Steve Pomrenke Christine Rose Co-Owner of the Christine Rose and father of Shawn Pomrenke . Shawn Pomrenke Christine Rose Co-Owner and Captain of the Christine Rose , son of Steve Pomrenke . Cody Moen Christine Rose Deckhand on the Christine Rose . Robbi Wade Christine Rose Deckhand on the Christine Rose . Ian Foster Sluicey Owner and Captain of the Sluicey . Scott Foster Sluicey Diver on the Sluicey . Ezekial ' Zeke ' Tenhoff The Clark Owner and Captain of The Clark , who built the dredge from scratch in 2008 . Emily Riedel The Clark Deckhand on The Clark . Daughter of Steve Riedel and childhood friend of Zeke Tenhoff . Vernon Adkison Wild Ranger Owner of the Wild Ranger . Scott Meisterheim Wild Ranger Captain of the Wild Ranger . Jason Walker Wild Ranger Diver on the Wild Ranger . Steve Riedel Wild Ranger Diver on the Wild Ranger . Father of Emily Riedel . Season 2 ( edit ) Name Dredge Details Steve Pomrenke Christine Rose Co-Owner of the Christine Rose and father of Shawn Pomrenke . Shawn Pomrenke Christine Rose Co-Owner and Captain of the Christine Rose , son of Steve Pomrenke . Cody Moen Christine Rose Deckhand on the Christine Rose . Doug Graham Christine Rose Deckhand on the Christine Rose . Vernon Adkison Wild Ranger Captain of the Wild Ranger , Owner of the Wild Ranger , the Bering Booty and four other , unnamed dredges . Daryl Galipeau Wild Ranger Diver on the Wild Ranger . Steve Riedel Wild Ranger / The Clark Diver on the Wild Ranger and The Clark ; fired from the Wild Ranger , moved to The Clark . Dave Thompson Wild Ranger Diver on the Wild Ranger , an experienced oil diver and only lasted just one day on the Wild Ranger , ( when he was called - in after Steve Riedel failed to turn - up for work one day ) , because he could n't work in the sea , as he did n't feel safe with all the technical problems on board the dredge . Elaine Adkison Bering Booty / Wild Ranger Captain of the Bering Booty and Deckhand on the Wild Ranger . Daughter of Vernon Adkison . Girlfriend of Flint Collins . Brought over to her father 's dredge with her boyfriend after Steve Riedel was sacked . Flint Collins Bering Booty / Wild Ranger Diver on the Bering Booty and Wild Ranger . Boyfriend of Elaine Adkison . Brought over to Elaine 's father 's dredge with her after Steve Riedel was sacked . Zeke Tenhoff The Clark / The Edge Owner of The Clark , Captain of The Edge , Older brother of Gabe Tenhoff and Best friend of John Bunce . Emily Riedel The Edge Deckhand on The Edge . John Bunce The Edge Diver on The Edge , Best friend of Zeke Tenhoff , 2012 Gold Panning Champion of Nome and committed suicide during the TV season , by gunshot to the head from a . 44 Magnum via two - pulls of Russian Roulette ( 1985 - 2012 , age 27 ) . Gabriel ' Gabe ' Tenhoff The Edge Diver on The Edge , Younger brother of Zeke Tenhoff , Bought on to the dredge as a diver , after John Bunce 's sudden death by suicide . Scott Meisterheim Anchor Management Captain of Anchor Management , Best friend of Todd Allen . Todd Allen Anchor Management Diver on Anchor Management , Best friend of Scott Meisterheim . Left mid-way through the season after Scott Meisterheim 's drinking binge , forced the captain to check himself into rehab . Dan Fogel Anchor Management Diver on Anchor Management . Left mid-way through the season after Scott Meisterheim 's drinking binge , forced the captain to check himself into rehab . Dan Larsen Anchor Management Diver on Anchor Management . Left mid-way through the season after Scott Meisterheim 's drinking binge , forced the captain to check himself into rehab . Joe Dehring Anchor Management Diver on Anchor Management . Bought on before the end of the season after Scott Meisterheim 's drinking binge , made his old crew abandon the dredge , so consequently he had to find a new diver . Grant Wilkins The Clark Captain of The Clark . Season 3 ( edit ) Name Dredge Details Steve Pomrenke Christine Rose Co-Owner of the Christine Rose and father of Shawn Pomrenke . Shawn Pomrenke Christine Rose Co-Owner and Captain of the Christine Rose , son of Steve Pomrenke . Cody Moen Christine Rose Deckhand on the Christine Rose . Jesse Virnig Christine Rose Deckhand on the Christine Rose . Hank Schimschat AU Grabber Owner and Captain of the AU Grabber . Scott Meisterheim AU Grabber Deckhand on the AU Grabber , fired mid-way through the season after repeated failure to turn - up for work and not following the captain 's orders . Nathan Makowski AU Grabber Deckhand on the AU Grabber . John Parks AU Grabber Deckhand on the AU Grabber , the other excavator operative on the dredge and a very experienced one at that , taking over shifts from Hank Schimschat when he 's not working . Jason Higa AU Grabber Deckhand on the AU Grabber , bought on mid-way through the season after Scott Meisterheim 's sacking . Emily Riedel The Eroica Captain of The Eroica ( formerly The Edge ) and daughter of Steve Riedel . Derek McLarty The Eroica Diver on The Eroica and left mid-way through the season after the captain failed to turn - up for work over two consecutive weeks . Spencer McCleskey The Eroica Diver on The Eroica and left mid-way through the season after the captain failed to turn - up for work over two consecutive weeks . Shem Fogelman The Eroica Diver on The Eroica and left mid-way through the season after the captain failed to turn - up for work over two consecutive weeks . Vernon Adkison Wild Ranger Captain of the Wild Ranger , owner of six dredges . Kevin Jupina Wild Ranger / The Eroica Diver on the Wild Ranger and The Eroica . Left the Wild Ranger mid-way through the season , then moved to The Eroica . Daryl Valle Wild Ranger / The Eroica Diver on the Wild Ranger and The Eroica . Left the Wild Ranger mid-way through the season , then moved to The Eroica . Tony Mann Wild Ranger / The Eroica Diver on the Wild Ranger and The Eroica . Left the Wild Ranger mid-way through the season , then moved to The Eroica . Glen LeBaron Dragon / Miss Nomer / Minnow Inventor of the sub-surface dredge the Dragon , Owner and Captain of the Miss Nomer . Diver on the Minnow . Boyfriend of Jasmin George . Jasmin George Miss Nomer / Minnow Deckhand on the Miss Nomer and Minnow . Girlfriend of Glen LeBaron . Zeke Tenhoff The Clark / Miss Nomer Owner and Captain of The Clark , Diver on the Miss Nomer . Steve Riedel Minnow Captain of the Minnow and father of Emily Riedel . Brad Kelly Minnow / Reaper Diver on the Minnow , Captain of the Reaper ( formerly the Minnow ) . Father to Kris and Andy Kelly . Kris Kelly Minnow / Reaper Diver on the Minnow and the Reaper , Oldest son of Brad Kelly and brother to Andy Kelly . Andy Kelly Minnow / Reaper Diver on the Minnow and the Reaper , Youngest son of Brad Kelly and brother to Kris Kelly . Season 4 ( edit ) Name Dredge Details Shawn Pomrenke Christine Rose Co-Owner and Captain of the Christine Rose . Cody Moen Christine Rose Deckhand on the Christine Rose . Jesse Virnig Christine Rose Deckhand on the Christine Rose . Jacob Musich Christine Rose Deckhand on the Christine Rose . Hank Schimschat AU Grabber Owner and Captain of the AU Grabber . Nathan Makowski AU Grabber Deckhand on the AU Grabber . John Parks AU Grabber Deckhand on the AU Grabber , the other excavator operative on the dredge and a very experienced one at that , taking over shifts from Hank Schimschat when he 's not working . Jason Higa AU Grabber Deckhand on the AU Grabber . Vernon Adkison Wild Ranger Owner of the Wild Ranger . Justin Cooke Wild Ranger Captain of the Wild Ranger . Spencer McCleskey Wild Ranger Diver on the Wild Ranger . Left the dredge mid-way through the season to honour his close friendship with Shem and Elaine . Shem Fogelman Wild Ranger Diver on the Wild Ranger . Elaine Adkison 's boyfriend . Left the dredge mid-way through the season with Elaine after she had an argument with her father over her role on the dredge . Flint Collins Wild Ranger Diver on the ' Wild Ranger , Left the dredge at the start of the season after splitting up with his now ex-girlfriend Elaine Adkison . Bobby Lowe Wild Ranger Diver on the ' Wild Ranger , Bought on to the dredge at the start of the season to replace one of Vernon 's divers who had left . Kelsy Lessing Wild Ranger Diver on the ' Wild Ranger , Bought on to the dredge at mid-way through the season to replace one of Vernon 's divers who had left . Lucas Wolf Wild Ranger Diver on the ' Wild Ranger , Bought on to the dredge at mid-way through the season to replace one of Vernon 's divers who had left . Elaine Adkison Wild Ranger Deckhand on the Wild Ranger , Shem Fogelman 's girlfriend and oldest daughter of Vernon Adkison . Left the dredge mid-way through the season with Shem after an argument with her father over her role on the dredge . Came back at the end of the season and agreed to work for her father on the dredge next season after apologising to him and announcing she was pregnant expecting her first child with Shem . Yvonne Adkison Wild Ranger Deckhand on the Wild Ranger and youngest daughter of Vernon Adkison . Emily Riedel The Eroica Owner and Captain of The Eroica . Kevin Jupina The Eroica Diver on The Eroica . Left the dredge mid-way through the season after an argument with Emily Riedel . Jonathan Ruppe The Eroica Diver on The Eroica . Left the dredge mid-way through the season after realising he was too broke to carry on living in Nome . Daryl Galipeau The Eroica Diver on The Eroica . Bought on to the dredge mid-way through the season after Emily Riedel was left with no crew after both of her divers left . Zeke Tenhoff The Clark Owner and Captain of The Clark , Sarah Dunn 's boyfriend . Sarah Dunn The Clark Deckhand on The Clark and Zeke Tenhoff 's girlfriend . Brad Kelly Reaper Captain of the Reaper . Father to Kris and Andy Kelly . Kris Kelly Reaper / Loko Diver on the Reaper , Co-Owner of Loko , oldest son of Brad Kelly and brother to Andy Kelly . Andy Kelly Reaper Diver on the Reaper , youngest son of Brad Kelly and brother to Kris Kelly . Dave Magliocca Loko Co-Owner of Loko . Dredges ( edit ) Dredge Type Seasons Details Christine Rose Bucket dredge 1 - Both owned and built by the Pomrenkes , until Season 3 , the largest dredge in Nome . Sluicey Suction dredge Both owned and built by Ian Foster , a simple set of floats with suction dredge equipment . The Clark Suction dredge 1 - 2 , 4 - Both owned and built by Zeke Tenhoff , a basic average suction dredge . Wild Ranger Suction dredge 1 - Owned by Vernon Atkinson , a simple set of floats with suction dredge equipment . The Edge ( for Season 2 ) The Eroica ( from Season 3 onwards ) Suction dredge 2 - Both owned and built by Andrew Lee and Rob Hehnlin , captained by Zeke Tenhoff as `` The Edge '' in Season 2 , bought by Emily Reidel in season 3 and renamed `` The Eroica '' , a simple set of floats with suction dredge equipment . Anchor Management Suction dredge Both captained and built by Scott Meisterheim , a sub par suction dredge ( currently sitting at the bottom of the Bering Sea , incurring fines like Mr. Meisterheim 's child support ) . Bering Booty Suction dredge Owned by Vernon Atkinson and captained by Elaine Adkison , a basic average suction dredge . AU Grabber Bucket dredge 3 - 4 Both owned and built by Hank Schimschat , largest dredge in Nome as of Season 3 . Miss Nomer / The Dragon Suction dredge Both owned and built by Glenn LeBaron , the Miss Nomer is a simple set of floats with suction dredge equipment . The Dragon was lost before the season started , washed away by sea ice . Having an underwater sluicebox makes this dredge unusual . Minnow ( for the start of Season 3 ) Reaper ( from the end of Season 3 onwards ) Suction dredge 3 - A basic average suction dredge . Built and captained by Steve Riedel as the Minnow ; Later acquired by Brad Kelly and run as the Reaper Loko Suction dredge 4 - Both owned and built by Dave Magliocca and Kris Kelly . A basic average suction dredge . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Special ( s ) Average U.S. viewers ( million ) Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 8 3.04 January 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 27 ) March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 12 2.20 January 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) March 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) 11 0 2.36 January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) 11 0 March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) May 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) 5 6 0 September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) 6 10 0 March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) June 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) 7 7 0 August 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) See also Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice to follow gold miners during the ice season . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Paydirt '' January 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 27 ) 3.66 In Nome , Alaska , the gold rush is on . Meet the dredgers , driven by gold fever and sometimes desperate need , who pilot their ragtag dredges and dig with buckets or dive with hoses to suck up gold from the bottom of the frigid , unpredictable Bering Sea . `` One Bad Deal '' February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) 3.73 A bar brawl threatens not only Shawn 's health but the Christine Rose 's future . The Wild Ranger 's luck is getting worse as they 're down a man and have sprung a leak . The Sluicey 's Ian calls in a friend who offers both experience and criticism . `` Suction '' February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) 3.48 The weather may be perfect , but storms are brewing onboard the dredges as egos clash and tempers flare . Emily 's first dive is almost her last when she learns the dangers of dredging first - hand . `` A Viking Funeral '' February 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 17 ) 3.05 The season is halfway over , and tensions are running high as the dredgers search for new sweet spots . An accident with the 15 ton excavator threatens to end one deckhand 's season . 5 5 `` Captaincy '' February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) 3.12 A season of simmering grievances comes to a boil . Wild Ranger owner Vern fires one of his crew . Emily falling overboard and a blocked sluice box test Zeke 's patience . Rocks falling out of a faulty sluice box rain down on solo - diving Scott F 's head . 6 6 `` Eureka '' March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) 2.77 Bad luck and bad vibes . The crews have a car accident on the way home from some hot springs R&R . A hastily welded winch roller gives way , releasing a cable that lashes Cody 's leg and sends him overboard . Scott M. dives with an injured leg out of stubbornness . 7 7 `` Bad Vibrations '' March 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) 2.24 The dredging season is quickly coming to an end , and so are once trusted relationships between Zeke and Emily as well as Scott F. and Ian . Shawn sends crewmember Robbi packing while Scott M. swallows his pride and invites Steve R. back . But will he accept ? 8 8 `` The Bitter End '' March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 2.28 Winter sets in . The now short - staffed crews try to go out once more before the ice blocks them in . Each on their own , Emily salvages and Scott M. finds salvation . The crews take their earnings and face off at an auction for next year 's dredging grounds . Post-Season Specials 9 -- `` After The Dredge - Risks and Relations '' March 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) 1.49 The Bering Sea Gold crews gather and sound off about life in Nome during and after the show . Wild Ranger 's Scott M. and Vern 's reunion is explosive . Emily and Zeke answer about the exact nature of their relationship . Meet the mysterious white - bearded dredger . 10 -- `` After The Dredge - Gains and Losses '' March 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) 1.04 The Bering Sea Gold crews gather and sound off about gold gained and relationships strained . Christine Rose 's Shawn talks about his being stabbed . The Clark 's Zeke drops a bombshell on the Sluicey crew . Wild Ranger 's Scott M. responds to Vern 's accusations . Season 2 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) Pre-Season Special 11 -- `` Back To The Dredge '' December 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 28 ) TBA Preview of the new season . Regular Season 12 `` Point of No Return '' January 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 04 ) 2.90 The Pomrenkes get off to a bad start with family squabbles and a $25 K bill . Zeke and Scott have powerful new dredges , but can they rely on their crew of friends ? Vernon goes all in , gambling all his savings and his deckhand daughter . 13 `` Dead Men Gather No Gold '' January 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) 2.61 Edge dredger John is out of the hospital and on the gold , but Zeke may lose it all when accused of claim jumping . Scott puts the crew at risk taking the dredge out during a storm . The DNR shuts the Pomrenkes down . ' Hurricane Dave 's ' antics test Vernon . 14 `` Nice Guys Finish Last '' January 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) 2.61 Summer storms keep the miners off the water ; losing time and money shortens tempers . Steve R. takes out a restraining order against Scott and later finds gold . Zeke proves he was n't claim jumping but gets shut down any way . Steve P. works his `` voodoo '' . 15 `` Gold Gettin ' Hound Dog '' January 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) 2.91 Big swells and bigger tempers take over the Bering Sea . Inexperience and equipment problems cause more than a few tantrums , while big swells and bad conditions make some miners lose their lunch . 16 5 `` Greedy People '' February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 2.57 The weather sours , crew members drop like flies , and captains ' tempers rage . Scott goes out without his crew but hits a honey hole . Zeke goes back to The Clark and gets too close to a neighbor 's lease . The Christine Rose is close to toppling over in a gale . 17 6 `` No Snivelin '' February 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) 2.69 Pressure mounts as the fleet reaches the season 's halfway mark . The Edge is hampered by toxic fumes and diving phobia . The Wild Ranger enters a turf war . The Pomrenkes face the law . Will Scott 's binge finally bring about his breakdown ? 18 7 `` Dirtville '' February 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 15 ) 2.39 The season 's end is steadily approaching , and every miner 's back is against the wall . With debts mounting and feuds escalating , one deckhand has a near miss , a skipper loads his rifle , another blows his stack , and yet another abandons his crew before hightailing it out of Nome . 19 8 `` Go Big or Go Home '' March 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) 1.78 Scott disappears out of Nome , leaving his crew in the lurch . Vernon 's own crew and daughter go missing . Emily 's joke to Zeke sets off their powder keg of frustrations . The Pomrenkes train their third generation dredger . 20 9 `` Do n't Tell Me to Chillax ! '' March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) 1.81 Shawn surrenders to the big house while his dad marathons to make $90 K for the land payment deadline . Nome crowns the fastest gold panner . Steve R. finds himself in a competition to save his job . Despairing Zeke watches the gold season and his equipment drift away . 21 10 `` Gold Stress '' March 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) 2.14 Only the most desperate mine as bad weather shadows the close of the season . The importance of adequate topside deckhands is undervalued . Verne 's deckhand skills prove weak while Emily 's are discounted , meanwhile all of the Anchor Management crew have had enough for the season and end up leaving Nome . 22 11 `` And No More Shall We Part '' March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 2.09 The psychological toll of hazardous mining claims a victim . Vernon alters his staff roster . Scott returns , needing to also find a new diver as well . The Pomrenke 's delivery is near the threshold of breakeven but deckhands hope for more good weather to increase their shares . 23 12 `` The American Dream '' March 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) 1.86 Season finale . Nome harbor ice deters most from venturing out . For those that brave the poor weather , inadequate underwater mining visibility ends the summer production . The Pomrenke 's crew take their earnings . Post-Season Specials 24 -- `` Getting to the Bottom '' April 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 05 ) 1.35 Behind the scenes for the entire season , pre-season setup and post-season wrap - up and pack - up . Season 3 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 25 `` Fire and Icebergs '' January 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) 2.21 The summer dredging season begins . The Pomrenkes compete with a new megadredge named AU Grabber owned by Hank Schimschat . The Pomrenkes ' gold gain is overshadowed by exhausted equipment . Hank labors with assembly . Emily , the dredge owner , purchases a faulty motor . Zeke seems oblivious to returning to production . Steve R. is the first out , but employee attitude and behavior & underwater visibility hamper his yield . Vernon has no deckhands or divers . Glen LeBaron plays hide and seek . 26 `` Off the Deep End '' January 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) 2.25 Steve R. 's only appearance is to worry about Zeke . Steve P. has to call for help when rough seas and rusting equipment break the Christine Rose , pinning it to the ocean floor . Emily 's comments during her short inaugural dive provoke her crew to question her aptitude . Vernon initiates a new crew as he laments his financial woes . Hank 's operation begins , but he wonders if tardy Scott can be useful . Rumors swirl , but Zeke tells the full story of his disturbing night in jail and the hospital . 27 `` Burn It Down '' January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) 1.86 It 's beautiful dredging weather , but things are getting ugly . The Pomrenkes get help from the sea in unpinning their barge , then get help from fellow megadredger Hank who lends them a spud and sweats the small details of clean - up , while Scott again demonstrates his vanishing act . Zeke 's recent incarceration leaves him in financial drought and he demands Emily pay up or give up her dredge . The Minnow 's crew fights off claim jumpers in the public mining area , but face a setback when a compressor design flaw impedes diver safety . Steve R. and Glen search for The Dragon . 28 `` Let the Games Begin '' January 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) 2.28 An unexpected visit from the Coast Guard does n't go well for two dredges . Hank 's megadredge is close to claim jumping on the Christine Rose 's honey hole but the Pomrenkes ' GPS says that the area is paydirtless tailings . 29 5 `` Who 's the Captain ? ! '' January 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) 2.51 The weather is n't all that cooperative , which slows some operations down . Emily thinks she 's on the gold , however one of her divers get injured . The Pomrenkes gets a decent cleanout , and they also get to laugh at the AU Grabber trying to find the gold . Zeke continues to wrestle with his issues , and Steve continues to deal with mutiny amongst the Minnow 's crew . Vernon continues to avoid the gold . 30 6 `` 10 Lbs of Gold '' February 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) 2.38 The weather is good and almost everyone is dredging . Emily complains of not making enough and needing to get on the gold ; most of her income this year has been to pay off Zeke . Glen still ca n't find his Dragon and reluctantly begins working on the Minnow . Vernon is facing the end of the line , while the Pomrenkes crew stays solidly on the gold . Scott gets back to work on the AU Grabber , but his return may be short - lived . 31 7 `` Backhoe Wars '' February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 2.69 While Hank tests Mother Nature by staying out dredging in the storm , Shawn races to bring his dredge home . Scott manages to get fired ... again . Emily and Glen head far inland to river dredge . Left on their own back in Nome , her crew sows seeds of mutiny . Kris almost drowns from faulty equipment and Steve R. 's inattention . 32 8 `` Money Money Money '' February 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 21 ) 2.70 With the new backhoe fully operational , Shawn is out to prove he is ' Mr Gold ' . Vernon 's promises and Emily 's apologies do nothing to convince their crews to return . Zeke returns with a tasty new way to make it rich in Nome . He also puts an end to his friendship with the Riedel family . 33 9 `` Mr Gold & the New Kid '' February 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 28 ) 2.14 The two megadredges race to reach a contested claim site . Hank wins the race , but Shawn gets the last laugh . Emily heads out with her new , poached crew . The Kellys almost come to blows when accused of claim jumping . Glen 's engineering genius pays off big . 34 10 `` The Rescue and the Repo '' March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) 2.20 Late summer 's worsening weather drives the dredges reluctantly off their honey holes and finally breaks the Kellys , who tell Steve R. they quit , while he loses Minnow to the repo man , Glen finally finds his Dragon . Hank wagers Shawn an ounce of gold . 35 11 `` The Final Showdown '' March 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 14 ) 2.37 As Nome Harbor freezes over , the crews head out for one last chance at success . It 's the battle of the barges as Hank 's wager with Shawn sees its conclusion . Zeke returns to the water . Can Emily pay him off once and for all ? The Kellys return with their Reaper . Season 4 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36 `` Good Morning , Viet - Nome '' March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) 2.01 The summer season kicks off as the Captains race to reclaim the gold the melting ice forced them to leave behind . One miner returns with a dastardly plan , while a rocky father and son relationship turns explosive . 37 `` Escape Goat '' March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) 1.76 As a storm closes in on Nome , tensions rise in the fleet . While the dredgers battle rough seas to get the gold , Shawn disagrees with Steve 's dream to go mining inland . 38 `` Namby - Pamby Mugwumps '' March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) TBA The summer mining season heats up and everyone is feeling the pressure to get gold . A near - fatal mishap and personnel problems plague the fleet , proving once again that the Bering Sea does n't give up her gold easily . 39 `` No Man Left Behind '' April 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 03 ) TBA The summer season is well underway , but pressure to get gold is turning the miners against each other . Steve 's inland mining plan may lead to breaking up the Pomrenkes ' family business . 40 5 `` Daddy Driving a Caddy '' April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) TBA At midseason , the self - proclaimed best dredger in Nome is quitting the fleet . And although Brad welcomes a baby girl into his family , complications of the birth may claim the life of her mother . 41 6 `` Brokedown City '' April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) TBA Rough conditions on the Bering Sea are taking their toll on men and machines . A breakdown strands the AU Grabber at sea , whilst one of Emily 's divers realises he 's too broke to continue dredging . 42 7 `` I Quit ! '' April 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) TBA Bonds are tested and broken as two family teams split up . On the Eroica , Emily struggles to discipline her only diver and it backfires on her . But disaster turns into opportunity as Kris buys half of a dredge . 43 8 `` Smoke ' Em Out '' May 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) TBA The gloves are coming off as the fleet fights for their season goals . Captains Vernon Adkison and Captain Emily Riedel look for last - minute new hires to get them the gold as the summer starts to come to an end . 44 9 `` The Battle for Tomcod '' May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) TBA Four crews rush to clean out the gold - rich Tomcod claim and an all - out gold war ensues . Meanwhile , Captain Emily Riedel and her new diver face a battle all their own . 45 10 `` Payback '' May 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) TBA The season freezes to a halt as the dredges rush out for their final push for gold . One family reunites , as another falls apart and revenge , like the beginning of winter , is served cold . Season 5 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Digging Deep '' March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) TBA After five seasons on the Bering Sea , we recap the struggles and triumphs of the Pomrenke family , the star - crossed lovers Zeke and Emily , Vernon 's various crew issues , and the chaos that is the Fightin ' Kellys . 47 `` The Gamble '' March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) TBA With the mining grounds picked clean , the fleet bets it all on new tech , new claims , and new opportunities . Shawn must deal with dad before hitting the Bluff , Brad attempts to bring his family back together with the promise of an adventure . 48 `` Pressure '' April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) TBA With the season in full swing , every dredge must quickly adjust to new situations in order to stay on the gold . Shawn brings in family to help reach his goal before heading to the Bluff , the Kellys try to get familiar with their new claims . 49 `` Golden Dreams '' April 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 13 ) TBA Before Shawn can head to the Bluff , he must contend with another setback on the Christine Rose . While Derek finds out what the baddest dredge in Alaska can really do , Vernon hatches a plan to steal a boat from an old enemy . 50 5 `` Father 's Day '' April 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) TBA Mining is a family business , which means Father 's Day in Nome has a whole new meaning . While Shawn looks to give his dad a golden gift for the inland mining operation , he pauses to pass on a dive lesson to his own son . 51 6 `` Rock Bottom '' April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) TBA Corporate bosses force Zeke into an unlikely partnership . Shawn is desperate for gold , torn between his father 's inland dreams and his venture on the bluff . The Kellys hope to salvage their season . Vern finally sinks his dredge . 52 7 `` Breaking Point '' May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) TBA A lack of gold has everyone on edge . Shawn 's dad breaks his word , leading to a massive family eruption . Emily gets news that could end her season . On the brink of financial ruin , Vern and Derrick risk everything to keep dredging . 53 8 `` Teamwork '' May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) TBA After a blowup at the inland mining site has father and son on the outs , the Pomrenkes must reunite or risk losing the operation . Over at the High Noon , a grave mistake puts Derek and the dredge in danger , forcing him to call for help . 54 9 `` Turf War '' May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) TBA While Shawn Pomrenke prepares to head to the Bluff , his old rival , Derek McLarty , attempts to pull one over on Mr. Gold . As for Steve Pomrenke , the first cleanup of the inland mining operation will finally prove the old man right or wrong . 55 10 `` All In '' May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 1.359 After a season of waiting , Shawn finally takes the Christine Rose down to the Bluff . Back in Nome , Vernon needs to hit it big or risk losing his $200,000 investment , while Zeke and Emily manage to find common ground . 56 11 `` Jackpot '' 1 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) 1.467 Season Finale . After a bust at the Bluff , Shawn returns to Nome early to find Derek on his spot , setting up a showdown at the High Noon . As the final gold hauls are tallied , Steve finds out whether or not his inland dream was worth the work . 57 12 `` The Gold Bar '' 8 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) TBA The epic 2015 summer mining season has come to an end . We 've brought Steve & Shawn Pomrenke , the Kellys , Zeke Tenhoff and Emily Riedel , Derek McLarty & Vernon Adkison to the historic Gold Dust Saloon to air their grievances and share their memories . Gold Totals ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Christine Rose Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 45.00 oz . $72,000.00 2 . 50.00 oz . $78,000.00 3 . 75.00 oz . $125,000.00 4 . 96.00 oz . $155,238.00 5 . 98.00 oz . $166,000.00 6 . 112.00 oz . $196,000.00 7 . 110.00 oz . $192,500.00 8 . 166.00 oz . $283,220.00 Total 766.00 oz . $1,302,200.00 Sluicey Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 3.00 oz . $4,700.00 3 . 3.00 oz . $5,200.00 4 . 4.00 oz . $6,400.00 5 . 2.00 oz . $3,400.00 6 . 3.60 oz . $6,400.00 7 . 3.00 oz . $5,250.00 8 . 19.00 oz . $36,000.00 Total 44.60 oz . $75,820.00 The Clark Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 5.00 oz . $8,225.00 2 . 1.50 oz . $2,175.00 3 . 9.50 oz . $16,000.00 4 . 7.00 oz . $11,300.00 5 . 3.40 oz . $5,780.00 6 . 4.00 oz . $7,000.00 7 . 8.00 oz . $14,000.00 8 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 Total 38.40 oz . $65,280.00 Wild Ranger Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.25 oz . $400.00 3 . 0.25 oz . $425.00 4 . 0.25 oz . $425.00 5 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 6 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 7 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 8 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 Total 0.75 oz . $1,250.00 Season 2 ( edit ) Christine Rose Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 33.00 oz . $55,202.24 2 . 54.00 oz . $90,331.20 3 . 34.20 oz . $57,209.76 4 . 23.12 oz . $38,675.14 5 . 63.21 oz . $105,737.69 6 . 12.50 oz . $20,910.00 7 . 24.22 oz . $40,515.22 8 . 30.70 oz . $51,354.96 9 . 120.00 oz . $200,736.00 10 . 115.21 oz . $192,723.29 11 . 113.45 oz . $189,779.16 12 . 102.34 oz . $171,194.35 Total 725.95 oz . $1,214,369.16 Wild Ranger Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 0.85 oz . $1,421.88 4 . 7.45 oz . $12,462.36 5 . 7.70 oz . $12,880.56 6 . 4.30 oz . $7,193.04 7 . 2.00 oz . $3,345.60 8 . 1.20 oz . $2,007.36 9 . 10.30 oz . $17,229.84 10 . 19.82 oz . $33,154.90 11 . 18.04 oz . $30,177.31 12 . 12.34 oz . $20,642.35 Total 84.00 oz . $140,515.20 The Edge Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 5.10 oz . $8,531.28 3 . 2.20 oz . $3,680.16 4 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 5 . 2.20 oz . $3,680.16 6 . 2.30 oz . $3,847.44 7 . 1.70 oz . $2,843.76 8 . 7.50 oz . $12,546.00 9 . 1.60 oz . $2,676.48 10 . 8.70 oz . $14,553.36 11 . 7.65 oz . $12,796.92 12 . 7.05 oz . $11,793.24 Total 46.00 oz . $76,948.80 Anchor Management Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 4 . 0.25 oz . $418.20 5 . 2.25 oz . $3,763.80 6 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 7 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 8 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 9 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 10 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 11 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 12 . 0.50 oz . $836.40 Total 3.00 oz . $5,018.40 Season 3 ( edit ) Christine Rose Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 21.00 oz . $27,000.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 4 . 56.00 oz . $73,000.00 5 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 6 . 225.00 oz . $292,500.00 7 . 150.00 oz . $195,000.00 8 . 112.50 oz . $146,250.00 9 . 110.03 oz . $143,039.00 10 . 85.75 oz . $111,475.00 11 . 87.90 oz . $114,270.00 Total 848.18 oz . $1,102,634.00 AU Grabber Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 3.60 oz . $4,680.00 4 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 5 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 6 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 7 . 16.00 oz . $20,800.00 8 . 13.50 oz . $17,550.00 9 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 10 . 48.80 oz . $63,440.00 11 . 90.10 oz . $117,130.00 Total 172.00 oz . $223,600.00 The Eroica Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 12.36 oz . $16,068.00 4 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 5 . 10.00 oz . $13,000.00 6 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 7 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 8 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 9 . 25.00 oz . $32,500.00 10 . 24.00 oz . $31,200.00 11 . 33.10 oz . $43,030.00 Total 104.46 oz . $135,798.00 Wild Ranger Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 6.50 oz . $8,450.00 3 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 4 . 1.20 oz . $910.00 5 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 6 . 1.67 oz . $2,171.00 7 . 3.80 oz . $4,940.00 8 . 7.08 oz . $9,209.00 9 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 10 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 11 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 Total 20.25 oz . $26,330.00 Miss Nomer Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 4 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 5 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 6 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 7 . 0.03 oz . $125.76 8 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 9 . 11.76 oz . $15.288. 00 10 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 11 . 5.04 oz . $6,552.00 Total 16.83 oz . $21,965.76 Minnow Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 0.75 oz . $975.00 4 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 5 . 2.50 oz . $3,250.00 6 . 1.00 oz . $1,300.00 7 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 8 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 9 . 4.77 oz . $6,201.00 10 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 11 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 Total 9.02 oz . $11,726.00 Reaper Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 4 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 5 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 6 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 7 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 8 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 9 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 10 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 11 . 2.00 oz . $2,600.00 Total 2.00 oz . $2,600.00 Season 4 ( edit ) Christine Rose Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 62.50 oz . $75,000.00 2 . 92.00 oz . $110,400.00 3 . 104.00 oz . $124,800.00 4 . 181.00 oz . $217,200.00 5 . 167.00 oz . $200,400.00 6 . 44.80 oz . $53,760.00 7 . 176.50 oz . $211,800.00 8 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 9 . 104.00 oz . $124,800.00 10 . 214.00 oz . $256,800.00 Total 1,145.80 oz . $1,374,960.00 AU Grabber Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 12.00 oz . $14,400.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 33.40 oz . $40,080.00 4 . 23.70 oz . $28,440.00 5 . 34.60 oz . $41,520.00 6 . 29.70 oz . $35,640.00 7 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 8 . 108.60 oz . $130,320.00 9 . 159.80 oz . $191,760.00 10 . 91.20 oz . $109,440.00 Total 493.00 oz . $591,600.00 Wild Ranger Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 19.85 oz . $23,820.00 2 . 8.30 oz . $9,960.00 3 . 9.13 oz . $10,956.00 4 . 5.00 oz . $6,000.00 5 . 12.50 oz . $15,000.00 6 . 10.40 oz . $12,480.00 7 . 2.00 oz . $2,400.00 8 . 6.65 oz . $7,980.00 9 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 10 . 43.50 oz . $52,200.00 Total 189.50 oz . $227,400.00 The Eroica Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 7.20 oz . $8,640.00 3 . 13.80 oz . $16,560.00 4 . 7.90 oz . $9,480.00 5 . 9.00 oz . $10,800.00 6 . 4.90 oz . $5,880.00 7 . 9.97 oz . $11,964.00 8 . 30.73 oz . $36,876.00 9 . 22.90 oz . $27,480.00 10 . 43.95 oz . $52,740.00 Total 150.30 oz . $180,420.00 The Clark Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 6.40 oz . $7,680.00 3 . 5.25 oz . $6,200.00 4 . 5.00 oz . $6,000.00 5 . 12.50 oz . $15,000.00 6 . 10.40 oz . $12,480.00 7 . 2.00 oz . $2,400.00 8 . 6.65 oz . $7,980.00 9 . 5.00 oz . $6,000.00 10 . 2.00 oz . $2,400.00 Total 55.20 oz . $66,240.00 Reaper Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 4 . 2.72 oz . $3,264.00 5 . 3.50 oz . $4,200.00 6 . 4.67 oz . $5,604.00 7 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 8 . 2.01 oz . $2,412.00 9 . 11.20 oz . $13,440.00 10 . 24.10 oz . $28,920.00 Total 48.20 oz . $57,936.00 Loko Ep . Oz . Dollar value 1 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 2 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 3 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 4 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 5 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 6 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 7 . 0.00 oz . $0.00 8 . 5.00 oz . $6,000.00 9 . 5.00 oz . $6,000.00 10 . 17.93 oz . $21,516.00 Total 27.93 oz . $33,516.00 Syndication ( edit ) Season 1 Discovery Channel Bering Sea Gold Discovery Channel Gold Divers : Discovery Channel Morze złota : DMAX Goldtaucher der Beringsee Season 2 Discovery Channel Bering Sea Gold Discovery Channel Gold Divers : Discovery Channel Morze złota : DMAX Goldtaucher der Beringsee Legacy ( edit ) With the popularity of the show , it has inspired many people to head to Nome , and suction dredge in Norton Bay . In 2015 , over 100 gold dredges operated in the summer sea mining season , significantly more than before the TV show started . See also ( edit ) Moonshiners ( TV series ) Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice Gold mining in Alaska References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bering Sea Gold ; season 2 episode 11 Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Still Tops + ' Spartacus : Vengeance ' Premiere , ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Bering Sea Gold , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Still Tops + ' Bering Sea Gold , ' ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Still Tops + ' Bering Sea Gold , ' ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Still Tops + ' Bering Sea Gold , ' ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' Merlin , Smackdown ! ' ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' & ' Bering Sea Gold ' Stay On Top + ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' ' Merlin , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' & ' Robot Chicken ' & ' UFC Fight Night ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' on Top Again , ' SmackDown ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' Round out Original Programming '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball on TNT Wins the Night , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' In Plain Sight ' And More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Dominates Cable , + ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Ultimate Fighter Live ' , & ' Tangled Ever After ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Robot Chicken ' Wins Night ; ' The Boondocks , ' ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' WWE Friday Night Smackdown ' & More ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Friday Night SmackDown ' Wins Night + ' Yukon Men ' , ' Storage Wars ' , NBA Basketball & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 176874 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Friday Night Smackdown ' , NBA Basketball & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 222719 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' The First 48 ' & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 224207 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : College Football Bowl Game Coverage Leads Night + ' Friday Night SmackDown ' & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 225415 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2013 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : Orange Bowl Wins Night , ' Gold Rush ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' WWE Smackdwn ' & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 226837 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night + NBA Basketball , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Friday Night Smackdown ' & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 228737 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Cloud 9 ' , ' WWE Smackdown ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Helix ' & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 230518 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night + ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Friday Night Smackdown ' & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 232145 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , WWE Smackdown , ' Dead Files ' & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 233852 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Friday Night SmackDown ' Leads Night +'Bering Sea Gold ' , NBA Basketball , ' Helix ' & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 235691 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , ' NBA All Star Event ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' WWE Smackdown , ' ' Helix ' & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 237527 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Night + ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Gold Rush : The Dirt ' , NBA Basketball & More TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 239452 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2014 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Preachers ' Daughters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NCAA Basketball Dominates Night + ' Bring It ! ' , ' Children 's Hospital ' , ' Newsreaders ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- bering sea gold on discovery '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Go : Bering Sea Gold '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Tally '' . Discovery Channel . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Casey Conley ( October -- November 2015 ) ( 2 October 2015 ) . `` Diver 's death prompts Coast Guard to regulate Nome gold dredges '' . Professional Mariner . 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-7644911423249944694	Primogeniture	Primogeniture - wikipedia Primogeniture Jump to : navigation , search Look up primogeniture in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Part of a series of articles on Monarchy Central concepts ( show ) Monarch Monarchism Divine right of kings Mandate of Heaven Types ( show ) Absolute Composite Constitutional Diarchy Dual Elective Emirate Ethnarch Federal Hereditary Legalist ( Chinese ) Non-sovereign Popular Regency Tetrarch Universal History ( show ) Birth of the Roman Empire Magna Carta Foundation of the Ottoman Empire Glorious Revolution French Revolution Trienio Liberal First French Empire Liberal Wars Second French Empire Italian unification Meiji Restoration German unification 5 October 1910 Revolution Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution Siamese revolution of 1932 Birth of the Italian Republic Spanish transition to democracy Iranian Revolution Modern Cambodia Nepalese Civil War Related topics ( show ) Aristocracy Autocracy Crowned republic Conservatism Thomas Hobbes Legitimists Oligarchy Philosopher king Primogeniture Royalism Regicide Regnal number Royal family Ultra-royalist Politics portal Primogeniture ( English : / praɪməˈdʒɛnɪtʃər / ) is the right , by law or custom , of the paternally acknowledged , firstborn son to inherit his parent 's entire or main estate , in preference to daughters , elder illegitimate sons , younger sons and collateral relatives . The son of a deceased elder brother inherits before a living younger brother by right of substitution for the deceased heir . In the absence of any children , brothers succeed , individually , to the inheritance by seniority of age ( subject to substitution ) . Among siblings , sons inherit before daughters . In the absence of male descendants in the male - line , there are variations of primogeniture which allocate the inheritance to a daughter or a brother or , in the absence of either , to another collateral relative , in a specified order ( e.g. male - preference primogeniture , Salic primogeniture , semi-Salic primogeniture ) . The principle has applied in history to inheritance of real property ( land ) as well as inherited titles and offices , most notably monarchies , continuing until modified or abolished . Variations on primogeniture modify the right of the first - born son to the entirety of a family 's inheritance ( see appanage ) or , in the West since World War II , eliminate the preference for males over females ( absolute primogeniture ) . Most monarchies in Europe have eliminated male preference in succession : Belgium , Denmark , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Some monarchies have succession rules contrasting greatly with primogeniture . Currently , succession to the Saudi Arabian throne uses a form of lateral agnatic seniority , as did the Kievan Rus ' ( see Rota system ) , the early Kingdom of Scotland ( see Tanistry ) , the Mongol Empire ( see lateral succession ) or the later Ottoman Empire ( see succession practices ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Variations 1.1 Absolute primogeniture 1.2 Agnatic primogeniture 1.3 Male - preference primogeniture 2 Salic law 3 Semi-Salic law 3.1 Uterine primogeniture 3.1. 1 Matrilineal primogeniture 4 History 4.1 Biblical 4.2 Roman law 4.3 Reemergence in medieval and modern times 4.4 Historical examples 4.4. 1 United States and Canada 5 Noble titles 5.1 Spain 5.2 United Kingdom 6 See also 7 References Variations ( edit ) See also : List of monarchies by order of succession World monarchies by succession . Absolute primogeniture Elective and Agnatic primogeniture Agnatic primogeniture Elective Male - preference primogeniture Agnatic seniority European monarchies by succession . Absolute primogeniture Agnatic primogeniture Elective Male - preference primogeniture African monarchies by succession . Agnatic primogeniture Elective Male - preference primogeniture Southeast Asian monarchies by succession . Absolute primogeniture Elective and Agnatic primogeniture Agnatic primogeniture Elective Male - preference primogeniture Middle Eastern monarchies by succession . Absolute primogeniture Elective and Agnatic primogeniture Agnatic primogeniture Agnatic seniority Male - preference primogeniture Absolute primogeniture ( edit ) Absolute , equal , or lineal primogeniture is a form of primogeniture in which sex is irrelevant for inheritance . No modern monarchy before 1980 practiced this form of primogeniture . However , according to Poumarede ( 1972 ) , the Basques of the Kingdom of Navarre transmitted title and property to the firstborn regardless of sex . The higher nobility and free families of the early and high middle ages followed this custom . The Navarrese monarchy , however , was inherited by dynasties from outside of Navarre , which followed different successional laws , usually male preference primogeniture . Eventually only the Basque lower nobility and free families of the Basque country and other regions continued to follow this custom , which persisted as late as the 19th century . An ancient and alternative way in which women succeeded to power , especially without displacing the direct male line descendants of the first monarchs , is the historical consortium or coregency between husband , and wife or other relatives . The most notable of these are the Egyptian cases of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III , and the kings and queens of the Ptolemaic Dynasty . In 1980 , Sweden amended its constitution to adopt royal succession by absolute primogeniture , displacing King Carl XVI Gustaf 's infant son , Prince Carl Philip , in favor of his elder daughter , Princess Victoria , in the process . Several monarchies have since followed suit : the Netherlands in 1983 , Norway in 1990 , Belgium in 1991 , Denmark in 2009 , Luxembourg in 2011 , and the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms in 2015 . Monaco , the Netherlands , and Norway also deviated from traditional primogeniture in the late 20th or early 21st century by restricting succession to the crown to relatives within a specified degree of kinship to the most recent monarch . Recently , other monarchies have changed or considered changing to absolute primogeniture : With the birth of Infanta Leonor of Spain on 31 October 2005 to the then heir apparent Felipe , Prince of Asturias and Princess Letizia , the Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero reaffirmed the intention of the government to institute , by amendment of the Spanish constitution , absolute primogeniture . Zapatero 's proposal was supported by the leader of the main opposition party , the conservative Partido Popular , making its passage probable . However , Zapatero 's administration ended before an amendment was drafted , and the succeeding government has not pursued it . The Prince counseled reformers that there was plenty of time before any constitutional amendment would need to be enacted because the expectation was to leave him next in line to succeed his father despite his elder sisters ' continued status as dynasts ; equal primogeniture was expected to apply first to his children . Felipe succeeded to the throne as Felipe VI upon his father 's abdication in 2014 , by which time he had two daughters . Felipe VI has no son that would , absent the constitutional amendment , displace Leonor as heir apparent . In July 2006 , the Nepalese government proposed adopting absolute primogeniture , but the monarchy was abolished in 2008 before the change could be effected . In 2011 , the governments of the 16 Commonwealth realms which have a common monarch announced the Perth Agreement , a plan to legislate changes to absolute primogeniture . This was implemented when the necessary legislation came into effect on 26 March 2015 . In Japan , whether to adopt absolute primogeniture has been debated , as Princess Aiko is the only child of Crown Prince Naruhito . However , the birth of Prince Hisahito , a son of Prince Akishino ( the younger brother of Crown Prince Naruhito , and next in line to the Chrysanthemum Throne following Naruhito ) has suspended the debate . Agnatic primogeniture ( edit ) Under agnatic primogeniture , or patrilineal primogeniture , the degree of kinship ( of males and females ) is determined by tracing shared descent from the nearest common ancestor through male ancestors . Those who share agnatic kinship are termed `` agnates '' , those who share descent from a common ancestor through males and females or through females only are `` cognates '' . There were different types of succession based on agnatic primogeniture , all sharing the principle that inheritance is according to seniority of birth among siblings ( compare to ultimogeniture ) and seniority of lineage among the agnatic kin , firstly , among the sons of a monarch or head of family , with sons and their male - line issue inheriting before brothers and their issue . Females and female - line descendants are excluded from succession . Male - preference primogeniture ( edit ) Male - preference primogeniture accords succession to the throne to a female member of a dynasty if she has no living brothers and no deceased brothers who left surviving legitimate descendants . A dynast 's sons and their lines of descent all come before that dynast 's daughters and their lines . Older sons and their lines come before younger sons and their lines . Older daughters and their lines come before younger daughters and their lines . It was practiced in the succession to the thrones of England and Scotland and then the United Kingdom from the Norman Conquest in 1066 until 2015 , when an act of parliament changed it to absolute primogeniture . Male - preference primogeniture is currently practiced in succession to the thrones of Monaco and Spain . With respect to hereditary titles , it is usually the rule for Scotland and baronies by writ in the United Kingdom , but baronies by writ go into abeyance when the last male titleholder dies leaving more than one surviving sister or more than one descendant in the legitimate female line of the original titleholder . Salic law ( edit ) An agnatic primogeniture system that excludes any female from inheritance of a monarch 's principal possessions is generally known in western Europe as an application of the `` Salic law '' ( see Terra salica ) . This rule of succession developed in the course of a series of successions in France in the later Middle Ages . In 1316 , Joan , the only surviving child of Louis X of France was debarred from the throne in favor of her uncle , Philip , Count of Poitiers . After this it was declared that women could not inherit the French throne . Then in 1328 , after the death of Charles IV , Philip , Count of Valois ( Charles IV 's paternal cousin ) became king , notwithstanding the claims of Edward III of England . By proximity of blood , Edward was the closest relative to the dead king , as he was the son of the king 's sister Isabella . The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris resolved that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded . This ruling became a key point of contention in the subsequent Hundred Years War . Over the following century , French jurists adopted a clause from the 6th century Pactus Legis Salicae , which asserted that no female or her descendants could inherit the French throne , as a governing rule for the French succession . By the start of the 19th century , the royal houses of Bourbon ( France , Spain , Sicily and Parma ) and Savoy ( Kingdom of Sardinia ) , had adopted this system of exclusively male hereditary succession . Napoleon Bonaparte 's conquests subsequently nudged the adoption of the law in Sweden ( beginning in 1810 ) and in princely states of the Confederation of the Rhine . Other states adopted strict agnatic primogeniture as well , including Denmark ( beginning in 1853 ) and the new kingdoms of Albania , Belgium , Bulgaria , Montenegro , Romania , and Serbia . During this era , Spain ( in the Carlist conflicts ) fought a civil war which pitted the Salic and female - line heirs of the ruling dynasty against one another for possession of the crown . A variation of Salic primogeniture allowed the sons of women to inherit , but not women themselves , an example being the Francoist succession to the throne of Spain that was applied in 1947 - 1978 . Most British and French titles of nobility descend to the senior male by primogeniture , to the exclusion of females , and agnatic cadets may bear courtesy or subsidiary titles . Notable exceptions in England include the Duchy of Lancaster , which is merged with the British Crown ( which has included women in inheritance since the 16th century ) , and the Dukedom of Marlborough , which has included women in inheritance since its establishment in 1702 . Semi-Salic law ( edit ) For a clearer explanation of the differences between Salic , Semi-Salic laws and male - preference primogeniture , see Salic law . Another variation on agnatic primogeniture is the so - called semi-Salic law , or `` agnatic - cognatic primogeniture '' , which allows women to succeed only at the extinction of all the male descendants in the male line . Such were the cases of Bourbon Spain until 1833 and the dominions of Austria - Hungary , as well as most realms within the former Holy Roman Empire , i.e. most German monarchies . This was also the law of Russia under the Pauline Laws of 1797 and of Luxembourg until equal primogeniture was introduced on 20 June 2011 . There are various versions of semi-Salic law also , although in all forms women do not succeed by application of the same kind of primogeniture as was in effect among males in the family . Rather , the female who is nearest in kinship to the last male monarch of the family inherits , even if another female agnate of the dynasty is senior by primogeniture . Among sisters ( and the lines of descendants issuing from them ) , the elder are preferred to the younger . In reckoning consanguinity or proximity of blood the dynasty 's house law defines who among female relatives is `` nearest '' to the last male . Uterine primogeniture ( edit ) Under uterine primogeniture , succession to the throne or other property is passed to the male most closely related to the previous titleholder through female kinship . A male may also inherit a right of succession through a female ancestor or spouse , to the exclusion of any female relative who might be older or of nearer proximity of blood ( see above for Spain 's mid-twentieth century dynastic succession law ) . In such cases , inheritance depends on uterine kinship , so a king would typically be succeeded by his sister 's son . This particular system of inheritance applied to the thrones of the Picts of Northern Britain and the Etruscans of Italy . Some kingdoms and ethnic groups in Africa follow the same practice . This usage may stem in part from the certainty of the relationship to the previous king and kings : sons and daughters of a sister are his relations ( mater semper certa est ) , even if they do not have the same father . Matrilineal primogeniture ( edit ) Matrilineal primogeniture , or female - preference uterine primogeniture , is a form of succession practised in some societies in which the eldest female child inherits the throne , to the total exclusion of males . The order of succession to the position of the Rain Queen is an example in an African culture of matrilineal primogeniture : not only is dynastic descent reckoned through the female line , but only females are eligible to inherit . History ( edit ) In Christian Europe , the Roman Catholic Church originally had a monopoly on the authority to sanction marriage . It forbade polygamy and taught that divorce was an impossibility per se , as it still does . Consequently , in Europe , it was very difficult to ensure succession solely by direct male descendants or even direct male or female progeny . In Islamic and Asian cultures , religious officials and customs either sanctioned polygyny , use of consorts , or both , or they had no authority of marriage ; monarchs could consequently ensure sufficient numbers of male offspring to assure succession . In such cultures , female heads of state were rare . Biblical ( edit ) Main article : Bechor Esau Sells His Birthright for Pottage of Lentils , a 1728 engraving by Gerard Hoet . The earliest account of primogeniture to be known widely in modern times is that of Isaac 's sons Esau , who was born first , and Jacob , who was born second . Esau was entitled to the `` birthright '' ( bekhorah בְּכוֹרָה ) , but he sold the right to Jacob for a mess of pottage , i.e. a small amount of food . Although the veracity of this account is not corroborated by other sources , its widespread acceptance demonstrates that primogeniture was sufficiently common in the Middle East for the account to seem plausible to the people living there prior to the Roman Empire . Roman law ( edit ) During the Roman Empire , Roman law governed much of Europe , and the laws pertaining to inheritance made no distinction between the oldest or youngest , male or female , if the decedent left no will . Although admission to the two highest ordines ( orders ) , i.e. the senators and equestrians , potentially brought lifelong privileges that the next generation could inherit , the principle of inherited rank in general was little used . Rather , Roman aristocracy was based on competition , and a Roman family could not maintain its position in the ordines merely by hereditary succession or title to land . Although the eldest son typically carried his father 's name in some form , he was expected to construct his own career based on competence as an administrator or general and on remaining in favor with the emperor and his council at court . Other than meeting requirements for personal wealth , the qualifications for belonging to the senatorial or equestrian orders varied from generation to generation , and in the later Empire , the dignitas ( `` esteem '' ) that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with additional titles , such as vir illustris , that were not inherited . Most Roman emperors indicated their choice of successor , usually a close family member or adopted heir , and the presumption that the eldest or even a natural son would inherit was not enshrined . The death of an emperor led to a critical period of uncertainty and crisis . In theory , the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor , but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or the Praetorian Guard . Thus , neither an emperor nor his heir had an inherent `` right '' to rule , and did so through military power and the Senate 's symbolic consent . Reemergence in medieval and modern times ( edit ) The law of primogeniture in Europe has its origins in Medieval Europe ; which due to the feudal system necessitated that the estates of land - owning feudal lords be kept as large and united as possible to maintain social stability as well as the wealth , power and social standing of their families . Adam Smith , in his book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations , explains the origin of primogeniture in Europe in the following way : ( W ) hen land was considered as the means , not of subsistence merely , but of power and protection , it was thought better that it should descend undivided to one . In those disorderly times , every great landlord was a sort of petty prince . His tenants were his subjects . He was their judge , and in some respects their legislator in peace and their leader in war . He made war according to his own discretion , frequently against his neighbours , and sometimes against his sovereign . The security of a landed estate , therefore , the protection which its owner could afford to those who dwelt on it , depended upon its greatness . To divide it was to ruin it , and to expose every part of it to be oppressed and swallowed up by the incursions of its neighbours . The law of primogeniture , therefore , came to take place , not immediately indeed , but in process of time , in the succession of landed estates , for the same reason that it has generally taken place in that of monarchies , though not always at their first institution . Historical examples ( edit ) A case of agnatic primogeniture is exemplified in the French royal milieu , where the Salic Law ( attributed to the Salian Franks ) forbade any inheritance of a crown through the female line . This rule was adopted to solve the dispute over the legitimate successor of John I of France , the short - lived son of deceased Louis X of France in favour of Philip V of France ( brother of Louis and uncle of John ) over Joan II of Navarre ( daughter of Louis and sister of John ) , the Estates - General of 1317 ( fr ) ruling that `` Women do not succeed the kingdom of France '' . In 1328 , it was further elaborated , with the statement that `` Women can not transmit a right which they do not possess '' , to solve the dispute over the legitimate successor of Philip V 's brother Charles IV of France ( Edward III of England or Philip VI of France ) , though the former would have a stronger claim should proximity of blood be considered , which had never been the case in France since 987 , instead as well of both agnatic - cognatic primogeniture or male - preference cognatic primogeniture and the resulting heirs . This dispute was among the factors behind the Hundred Years ' War , which broke out in 1337 . Conflict between the Salic law and the male - preferred system was also the genesis of Carlism in Spain . The crowns of Hanover and Great Britain , which had been in personal union since 1714 , were separated in 1837 upon the death of King William IV : his niece Victoria inherited the British crown under male - preference primogeniture but , because of semi-Salic law , was not the heir to that of Hanover , which passed to William 's eldest surviving brother , Ernest I . The divergence in the late 19th century of the thrones of Luxembourg and the Netherlands , both ruled by semi-Salic law , resulted from the fact that the Luxembourg line of succession went back more generations than did the Dutch line . The Luxembourg succession was set by the Nassau House Treaty of 1783 , which declared each prince of the House of Nassau to be a potential heir to the territories of every branch of the dynasty . Insofar as the succession is concerned , the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is the successor state to the Principality of ( Orange - ) Nassau - Dietz , which was given in exchange to William VI of Nassau , Prince of Orange in 1813 . Succession to the new Kingdom of the Netherlands was recognised by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as belonging exclusively to the descendants of Prince William VI , who became King William I of the Netherlands . In 1890 , William I 's agnatic line of male descendants died out , leaving the Netherlands to his female descendant Queen Wilhelmina , whereas Luxembourg still had an agnatic heir from a distant branch of the dynasty left to succeed ; ex-Duke Adolf of Nassau , who became reigning Grand Duke , thus ending the personal union of the Netherlands and Luxembourg . Since the Middle Ages , the semi-Salic principle was prevalent for the inheritance of feudal land in the Holy Roman Empire : inheritance was allowed through females when the male line expired . Females themselves did not inherit , but their male issue could . For example , a grandfather without sons was succeeded by his grandson , the son of his daughter , although the daughter still lived . Likewise , an uncle without sons of his own was succeeded by his nephew , a son of his sister , even if the sister still lived . Common in feudal Europe outside of Germany was land inheritance based on a form of primogeniture : A lord was succeeded by his eldest son but , failing sons , either by daughters or sons of daughters . In most medieval Western European feudal fiefs , females ( such as daughters and sisters ) were allowed to succeed , brothers failing . But usually the husband of the heiress became the real lord , assuming his wife 's title ( jure uxoris ) . In more complex medieval cases , the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity of blood and primogeniture competed , and outcomes were at times unpredictable . Proximity meant that an heir closer in degree of kinship to the lord in question was given precedence although that heir was not necessarily the heir by primogeniture . The Burgundian succession in 1361 was resolved in favor of King John II , son of a younger daughter , on basis of blood proximity , being a nearer cousin of the dead duke than Charles II of Navarre , grandson of the elder daughter and son of Jeanne . John was only one generation of consanguinity removed from the late duke instead of two for Charles . In dispute over the Scottish succession , 1290 -- 92 , the Bruce family pleaded tanistry and proximity of blood , whereas Balliol argued his claim based on primogeniture . The arbiter , Edward I of England , decided in favor of primogeniture . But later , the Independence Wars reverted the situation in favor of the Bruce , due to political exigency . The Earldom of Gloucester ( in the beginning of 14th century ) went to full sisters of the dead earl , not to his half - sisters , though they were elder , having been born of the father 's first marriage , while the earl himself was from second marriage . Full siblings were considered higher in proximity than half - siblings . However , primogeniture increasingly won legal cases over proximity in later centuries . Later , when lands were strictly divided among noble families and tended to remain fixed , agnatic primogeniture ( practically the same as Salic Law ) became usual : succession going to the eldest son of the monarch ; if the monarch had no sons , the throne would pass to the nearest male relative in the male line . Some countries , however , accepted female rulers early on , so that if the monarch had no sons , the throne would pass to the eldest daughter . For example , in 1632 Christina , Queen of Sweden succeeded to the throne after the death of her father , King Gustav II Adolf . In England , primogeniture was mandatory for inheritance of land . Until the Statute of Wills was passed in 1540 , a will could control only the inheritance of personal property . Real estate ( land ) passed to the eldest male descendant by operation of law . The statute added a provision that a landowner could `` devise '' land by the use of a new device called a `` testament '' . The rule of primogeniture in England was not changed until the Administration of Estates Act in 1925 . In law , primogeniture is the rule of inheritance whereby land descends to the oldest son . Under the feudal system of medieval Europe , primogeniture generally governed the inheritance of land held in military tenure ( see knight ) . The effect of this rule was to keep the father 's land for the support of the son who rendered the required military service . When feudalism declined and the payment of a tax was substituted for military service , the need for primogeniture disappeared . In England , consequently , there was enacted the Statute of Wills ( 1540 ) , which permitted the oldest son to be entirely cut off from inheriting , and in the 17th century military tenure was abolished ; primogeniture is , nevertheless , still customary in England . United states and canada ( edit ) In the United States , the colonies followed English primogeniture laws . Carole Shammas argues that issues of primogeniture , dower , curtesy , strict family settlements in equity , collateral kin , and unilateral division of real and personal property were fully developed in the colonial courts . The Americans differed little from English policies regarding the status of widow , widower , and lineal descendants . The primogeniture laws were repealed at the time of the American Revolution . Thomas Jefferson took the lead in repealing the law in Virginia , where nearly three - fourths of Tidewater land and perhaps a majority of western lands were entailed . Canada had the same law but repealed it in 1851 . When Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt met at Placentia Bay in August 1941 , FDR said he could n't understand the British aristocracy 's concept of primogeniture , and he intended to divide his estate equally between his five children , Churchill explained that an equal distribution was nicknamed the `` Spanish Curse '' by the British upper classes : `` We give everything to the eldest and the others strive to duplicate it and found empires . While the oldest , having it all , marries for beauty . Which accounts , Mr President , for my good looks '' . But as Churchill 's father was a younger son , there may have been more modesty than mock - vanity than FDR realised . Noble titles ( edit ) Spain ( edit ) In 2006 , King Juan Carlos I of Spain decreed a reform of the succession to noble titles from male - preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture . The order of succession for all noble dignities is determined in accordance with the title of concession and , if there is none , with that traditionally applied in these cases . When the order of succession to the title is not specified in the nobility title creation charter , the following rules apply : Absolute preference is given to the direct descending line over the collateral and ascending line , and , within the same line , the closest degree takes precedence over the more remote and , within the same degree , the elder over the younger , combined with the principles of firstborn and representation . Men and women have an equal right of succession to grandeeship and to titles of nobility in Spain , and no person may be given preference in the normal order of succession for reasons of gender . United Kingdom ( edit ) Since 2013 , there has been a revived movement to reform hereditary peerage inheritance law for equal primogeniture . The Equality ( Titles ) Bill and its successive legislation have been referred to as the `` Downton law '' in reference to the British television drama Downton Abbey where the Earl 's eldest daughter is unable to inherit the family seat because it can only be passed to a male heir . See also ( edit ) Law portal Order of succession Contrasting systems of succession : Proximity of blood Agnatic seniority , Rota system and Tanistry Elective monarchy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SOU 1977 : 5 Kvinnlig tronföljd , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Succession strategies in the Pyrenees in the 19th century : The Basque case '' . The History of the Family . 10 : 271 -- 292 . doi : 10.1016 / j. hisfam. 2005.03. 002 . Jump up ^ `` New Kerala '' . Jump up ^ Watt , Nicholas ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Royal equality act will end succession of firstborn male -- rather than older sister '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Michael Dean . `` A Kinship Glossary : Symbols , Terms , and Concepts '' . Retrieved 5 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Nordisk familjebok , Tronföljd , 1920 ; SOU 1977 : 5 Kvinnlig tronföljd . Jump up ^ Genesis 25 : 25 Jump up ^ Genesis 25 : 26 Jump up ^ Genesis 25 : 31 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : HN.psu.edu Smith , Adam , ( 1776 ) , Penn State Electronic Classics edition , republished 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 1983 ) . `` Empire and City , Augustus to Julian : Obligations , Excuses and Status '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 73 : 87 -- 88 . doi : 10.2307 / 300073 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Keith ( 2000 ) . `` The Political Economy of the Roman Empire , '' in The Dynamics of Ancient Empires : State Power from Assyria to Byzantium ( Oxford University Press ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , The Political Economy of the Roman Empire , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Millar . `` Empire and City '' . p. 90 , calls them `` status - appellations '' . Jump up ^ Winterling , Aloys . Politics and Society in Imperial Rome . ( John Wiley & Sons , 2009 , originally published 1988 in German ) . p. 16 . Jump up ^ HN.psu.edu Smith , Adam ( 1776 ) , Penn State Electronic Classics edition , republished 2005 , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Shammas , Carole ( 1987 ) . `` English inheritance law and its transfer to the colonies '' . American Journal of Legal History . 31 : 145 . doi : 10.2307 / 845880 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Holly ( 1997 ) . `` Entailing Aristocracy in Colonial Virginia : '' Ancient Feudal Restraints '' and Revolutionary Reform `` . William and Mary Quarterly . 54 ( 2 ) : 307 -- 346 . JSTOR 2953276 . Jump up ^ Gerald Hallowell , ed. , The Oxford Companion to Canadian History ( 2004 ) , p 502 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Andrew ( 2009 ) . Masters and Commanders : The Military Geniuses who Led the West to Victory in World War II . London : Penguin . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 02926 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nobility and Grandee Titles , Spanish Ministry of Justice extracted 05 / 31 / 09 Jump up ^ According to the Spanish Ministry of Justice , the default custom of succession is absolute primogeniture , but the titleholder may designate his or her successor or distribute titles among children , provided that the eldest inherits the highest title unless he waives that right . Jump up ^ Graham , Georgia ( 29 December 2013 ) . `` Ladies who could soon be a leaping '' . The Telegraph . Property By owner Common Common land Communal land Community Cooperative Private Public State Crown property Crown land By nature Croft Intangible Intellectual indigenous Personal Tangible immovable real Common resources Common - pool resource Digital Global Information Knowledge Theory Bundle of rights Commodity fictitious commodities Common good ( economics ) Excludability First possession appropriation homestead principle Free rider problem Game theory Georgism Gift economy Labor theory of property Law of rent rent - seeking Legal plunder Natural rights Ownership common customary self state Property rights primogeniture usufruct women 's Right to property Rivalry Tragedy of the commons anticommons Applications Acequia ( watercourse ) Ejido ( agrarian land ) Forest types Inheritance Land tenure Property law alienation easement restraint on alienation real estate title Rights Air Fishing Forest - dwelling ( India ) Freedom to roam Grazing pannage Hunting Land aboriginal indigenous squatting Littoral Mineral Bergregal Right of way Water prior - appropriation riparian Disposession / redistribution Bioprospecting Collectivization Eminent domain Enclosure Eviction Expropriation Farhud Forced migration population transfer Illegal fishing Illegal logging Land reform Legal plunder Piracy Poaching Primitive accumulation Privatization Regulatory taking Slavery bride - buying human trafficking wage wife selling Tax inheritance poll progressive property Theft Scholars ( key work ) Frédéric Bastiat Ronald Coase Henry George Garrett Hardin David Harvey John Locke Two Treatises of Government Karl Marx Marcel Mauss The Gift John Stuart Mill Elinor Ostrom Karl Polanyi The Great Transformation Pierre - Joseph Proudhon What Is Property ? 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Rothbard The Ethics of Liberty Jean - Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Categories : Property Property law by country Monarchies List of current sovereign monarchs List of current constituent monarchs Type Absolute Constitutional Diarchy Elective Federal Hereditary By region or entity Africa Lesotho Morocco Swaziland Asia Bahrain Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Japan Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Thailand United Arab Emirates Europe Andorra Belgium Denmark Luxembourg Liechtenstein Monaco Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Vatican City United Kingdom Oceania Australia Tonga New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tuvalu Americas Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primogeniture&oldid=814462203 '' Categories : Inheritance Legal history Real property law Succession Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 23 : 35 . 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3371221561610693519	Postal Clause	Postal Clause - wikipedia Postal Clause This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2015 ) Article I , Section 8 , Clause 7 of the United States Constitution , known as the Postal Clause or the Postal Power , empowers Congress `` To establish Post Offices and post Roads '' . Contents 1 History 2 Interpretation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Postal Clause was added to the Constitution to facilitate interstate communication as well as to create a source of revenue for the early United States . There were some early disagreements as to the boundaries of the Postal Power . John Jay , in a letter to George Washington , opined that the postal service should not be burdened with the responsibility for handling newspaper delivery , and also suggested that the Post Office be placed under the supervision of the executive branch ( a suggestion which later led to the creation of the Post Office Department ) . Thomas Jefferson feared that the postal service would become a source of patronage and a waste of money . Jefferson also expressed doubt at granting Congress the power to designate post roads , as he considered road building to be a state responsibility . Interpretation ( edit ) The Clause has been construed to give Congress the enumerated power to designate mail routes and construct or designate post offices , with the implied authority to carry , deliver , and regulate the mails of the United States as a whole . An early controversy was whether Congress had the power to actually build post roads and post offices , or merely designate which lands and roads were to be used for this purpose , and to what extent that power could be delegated to the Postmaster General . The U.S. Supreme Court construed the power narrowly during the early part of the 19th century , holding that the power consisted mostly of designation of roads and sites , but gradually gave way later on , allowing appropriation of land for postal purposes . The Postal Power also includes the power to designate certain materials as non-mailable , and to pass statutes criminalizing abuses of the postal system ( such as mail fraud and armed robbery of post offices ) . This power has been used by Congress and the Postmaster General to exclude obscene materials from the mails , beginning with an act in 1872 to ban lottery circulars from the mails , as well as the Comstock laws in 1873 . These attempts at limiting the content of the mails were upheld by the Supreme Court , but in the 20th century , the Court took a more assertive approach in striking down postal laws which limited free expression , particularly as it related to political materials . The First Amendment thus provided a check on the Postal Power . See also ( edit ) United States Postal Service United States Postmaster General References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention Jump up ^ Commentaries on Blackstone by St. George Tucker Jump up ^ Letter from John Jay to George Washington , 21 September 1788 Jump up ^ Letter from Thomas Jefferson to James Madison , 6 March 1796 Jump up ^ Minutes of House of Representatives debate on the Post Office Bill , 6 December 1791 ^ Jump up to : Analysis and Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution , from the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress ( hosted by Justia.com ) ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ed . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Second Edition . Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511883 - 9 pp. 765 - 766 . 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-657692270350659922	Rukmini Devi Arundale	Rukmini Devi Arundale - wikipedia Rukmini Devi Arundale Jump to : navigation , search This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rukmini Devi Arundale Rukmani Arundale ( 1904 - 02 - 29 ) 29 February 1904 Madurai , Madras Presidency , British India 24 February 1986 ( 1986 - 02 - 24 ) ( aged 81 ) Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India Years active 1920 - 1986 Spouse ( s ) George Arundale ( m 1920 ) Awards Padma Bhushan : 1956 Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship : 1967 Rukmini Devi Arundale ( 29 February 1904 -- 24 February 1986 ) was an Indian theosophist , dancer and choreographer of the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam , and an activist for animal rights and welfare . She also is the first ever woman in Indian History to be nominated as the Rajya Sabha member . She is considered the most important revivalist in the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam from its original ' sadhir ' style , prevalent amongst the temple dancers , Devadasis , she also worked for the re-establishment of traditional Indian arts and crafts . Though she belonged to the Indian upper - caste she espoused the cause of Bharata Natyam , which was considered a low and vulgar art in the early 1920s . Recognising the beauty and the spiritual value of this art form , she not only learned the dance , but also presented it on stage despite strong public protests . Rukmini Devi features in India Today 's list of ' 100 People Who Shaped India ' . She was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1956 , and Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship in 1967 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and marriage 1.2 Revivalism 1.3 Later years 2 Legacy 3 Awards and honours 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life and marriage ( edit ) Rukmini Devi was born on 29 February 1904 in a Brahmin family in Madurai . Her father Neelakanta Sastri was an engineer with the Public Works Department and a scholar , and Seshammal was a music enthusiast . He had a transferable job and the family moved frequently . He was introduced to the Theosophical Society in 1901 . Deeply influenced by the Theosophical Movement as a follower of Dr Annie Besant , Neelakanta Sastri moved to Adyar , Chennai upon retirement , where he built his home near the headquarters of the Theosophical Society Adyar . It was here that young Rukmini was exposed to not just theosophical thought , but also to new ideas on culture , theatre , music and dance . Her meeting with the prominent British theosophist Dr George Arundale -- a close associate of Annie Besant and later the principal of the Central Hindu College in Varanasi -- led to her building a lasting bond with him . They married in 1920 , much to the shock of the then conservative society . After marriage , she travelled all over the world , meeting fellow theosophists and also forging friendships with the educator Maria Montessori , and the poet James Cousins . In 1923 , she became the President of the All - India Federation of Young Theosophists , and the President of the World Federation of Young Theosophists in 1925 . In 1928 , the famous Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova visited Bombay and the Arundale couple went to her performance , and later happened to travel on the same ship as her , to Australia where she was to perform next ; over the course of the journey their friendship grew , and soon Rukmini Devi started learning dance from one of Anna 's leading solo dancers , Cleo Nordi . It was later at the behest of Anna that Rukmini Devi turned her attention to discovering traditional Indian dance forms , which had fallen to disrepute and dedicated the rest of her life into their revival . Revivalism ( edit ) In 1933 , at the Annual Conference of Madras Music Academy , she saw for the first time , a performance of the dance form called Sadhir . Later she learnt the dance from ' Mylapore Gowri Amma ' , and finally with help of E Krishna Iyer from ' Pandanallur Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai ' . In 1935 , Rukmini Devi gave her first public performance at the ' Diamond Jubilee Convention of the Theosophical Society . Office of Kalakshetra Academy at Besant Nagar In January 1936 , she along with her husband , established Kalakshetra , an academy of dance and music , built around the ancient Indian Gurukul system , at Adyar , near Chennai . Today the academy is a deemed university under the Kalakshetra Foundation and is situated in its new in 100 - acre ( 0.40 km ) campus in Tiruvanmiyur , Chennai , where it shifted , in 1962 . Amongst its noted students are Radha Burnier , Sarada Hoffman , Anjali Mehr , Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay , Sanjukta Panigrahi , CV Chandrasekhar , Yamini Krishnamurthy and Leela Samson . Originally known as sadhir , the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam owes its current name , to E Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi Arundale , who has been instrumental in modifying mainly the Pandanallur style of Bharatanatyam and bringing it to the global attention , and removing the extraneous sringaar and erotic elements from the dance , which were the legacy of its Devadasi association in the past . Soon she changed the very face of the dance , by introducing musical instruments , like violin , set and lighting design elements , and innovative costumes , and jewellery inspired by the temple sculptures . Just as for her teacher she approached noted gurus in various arts and classical dances , for her productions , Rukmini Devi approached noted scholars for inspiration and classical musicians and artists , for collaboration , the result was the creation some of pioneering dance dramas - based on Indian epics like the Valmiki 's Ramayana and Jayadeva 's Gita Govinda . Starting with famous dance dramas like , ' Sita Swayamvaram ' , ' Sri Rama Vanagamanam ' , ' Paduka Pattabhishekam ' and ' Sabari Moksham ' , followed by ' Kutrala Kuruvanji ' , ' Ramayana ' , ' Kumara Sambhavam ' , ' Gita Govindam ' and ' Usha Parinayam ' . Schools based on the Montessori method were first started in India , when Dr George Arundale invited Dr Maria Montessori to start courses in the ' Besant Theosophical High School ' in 1939 , and later also established , the ' Besant Arundale Senior Secondary School ' , The College of Fine Arts , The Besant Theosophical High School , The Maria Montessori School for Children , The Craft Education and Research Centre and the UV Swaminatha Iyer Library , within the Kalakshetra campus . Later years ( edit ) Rukmini Devi was nominated as a member of the Indian Parliament 's Council of States ( the Rajya Sabha ) in April 1952 , and re-nominated in 1956. She was the first Indian woman to be nominated in Rajya Sabha . Keenly interested in animal welfare , she was associated with various humanitarian organisations , and as a member of the Rajya Sabha , was instrumental for the legislation for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act and for later setting up of the Animal Welfare Board of India , under her chairmanship in 1962 . She remained on the board until her demise in 1986 . She was a strict vegetarian and did much work to promote vegetarianism in the country . She was Vice-President of International Vegetarian Union for 31 years from 1955 , until her death . In 1977 , Morarji Desai offered to nominate her for the post of President of India , which she turned down . In 1978 , ' Kalamkari Centre ' ( pencraft ) was set up at Kalakshetra to revitalise the ancient Indian craft of textile printing . Rukmini Devi Arundale died on 24 February 1986 in Chennai . Legacy ( edit ) In January 1994 , an Act of the Indian Parliament recognised the Kalakshetra Foundation as an ' Institute of National Importance ' . Year long celebrations , including lectures , seminars and festivals marked her 100th birth anniversary , on 29 February , in 2004 at Kalakshetra and elsewhere in many parts of the world , At the campus the day was marked by special function in which old students gathered from across India and the world , in a day of songs and recitals . Also on 29 February , a photo exhibition on her life opened at the Lalit Kala Gallery in New Delhi , and on the same day , then President APJ Abdul Kalam released a photo - biography , written and compiled by Dr Sunil Kothari with a foreword by former president R Venkataraman . In 2016 , Google honored Rukmini Devi on her 112th birthday with a doodle. , and later in the month marking the 80th year of the Kalakshetra Foundation held , ' Remembering Rukmini Devi ' festival of music and dance . Google also featured her in the 2017 Google Doodle for International Women 's Day . Awards and honours ( edit ) Padma Bhushan ( 1956 ) Sangeet Natak Akademi Award ( 1957 ) Desikothama ( 1972 ) , Viswa Bharati University 1967 Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Prani Mitra ( 1968 ) , Friend of All Animals , ( Animal Welfare Board of India ) Queen Victoria Silver Medal , Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , London Kalidas Samman ( 1984 ) , Govt of Madhya Pradesh Addition to the roll of honour by The World Federation for the Protection of animals , The Hague Honorary Doctorate , Wayne State University , United States Scrolls of Honour , County and City of Los Angeles See also ( edit ) Part of a series on Theosophy Theosophy Traditional Theosophy ( show ) Traditional Theosophy topics Active imagination Esoteric Christianity Hermeticism Imagination Kabbalah Nous Traditional and Christian Theosophy contributors William Walker Atkinson Franz von Baader Nikolai Berdyaev Jakob Boehme Johann Jakob Brucker Sergei Bulgakov Henry Corbin Karl von Eckartshausen Florence Farr Wassily Kandinsky G.R.S. Mead Paracelsus Ammonius Saccas Louis Claude de Saint - Martin Vladimir Solovyov Emanuel Swedenborg Related topics Alchemy Astrology Divinatory , esoteric and occult tarot Emanationism Esotericism Gnosticism Mysticism Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Occultism Spiritualism Transcendentalism Modern Theosophy ( show ) Theosophical Society Founders Helena Blavatsky William Quan Judge Henry Steel Olcott Theosophists Annie Besant Robert Crosbie Abner Doubleday Geoffrey Hodson Wassily Kandinsky Archibald Keightley C.W. Leadbeater G.R.S. Mead Isabel Cooper - Oakley Subba Row William Scott - Elliot Alfred Percy Sinnett Rudolf Steiner Brian Stonehouse Katherine Tingley Ernest Wood Theosophical philosophical concepts Root races Round Seven rays Theosophical mysticism Theosophical organizations Theosophical Society Theosophical Society Adyar Theosophical Society in America ( Hargrove ) Theosophical Society Pasadena Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse United Lodge of Theosophists Theosophical texts Isis Unveiled Secret Doctrine The Key to Theosophy Theosophical Masters Master Hilarion Master Jesus Maitreya Morya Kuthumi Paul the Venetian Sanat Kumara Serapis Bey St. Germain Related topics Agni Yoga Alice Bailey Anthroposophy Ascended Master Teachings Book of Dzyan Buddhism and Theosophy Emanationism Esotericism Glossary Initiation Jiddu Krishnamurti Liberal Catholic Church Lucifer magazine Masters of the Ancient Wisdom Mysticism Neo-Theosophy Order of the Star in the East The Theosophist Theosophy portal Bharatanatyam Indian women in dance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Centenary Celebrations , 2004 Jump up ^ India Today Jump up ^ `` Padma Awards '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rukmini Devi Arundale : A life dedicated to Art '' . Rediff.com . March 2004 . Jump up ^ Biography at naatya.org Jump up ^ The Hindu , 2 March 2001 Jump up ^ The Tribune , 22 September 2002 Jump up ^ Rukmini Devi Biography at thinkquest.org Jump up ^ Kalakshetra and Rukmini at katinkahesselink.net Jump up ^ profile at sawnet.org Jump up ^ Profile at nartaki.com Jump up ^ personalities at chennaibest.com Jump up ^ livemint.com , Fri , 18 May 2007 Jump up ^ Noted students of Kalakshetra Archived 12 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bharatnatyam at indeembassyathens.gr Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Rukmini Devi at encarta Jump up ^ The Hindu , 27 January 2003 Jump up ^ The Hindu , 16 March 2003 Jump up ^ The Rediff , 27 February 2004 Jump up ^ Great indians at whereincity.com Jump up ^ Indian heroes at iloveindia.com Jump up ^ Profile at International Vegetarian Union ( IVU ) Jump up ^ 100 Tamils Jump up ^ November 1993 , hinduismtoday.com Archived 12 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kalakshetra Foundation Act 1993 Archived 15 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Ministry of Law And Justice . Jump up ^ chennaibest.com Jump up ^ `` Another centenary celebration '' . The Hindu . 27 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` A legend lives on ... It was time to pay tribute to Rukmini Devi Arundale , the czarina of dance '' . The Hindu . 4 March 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Her spirit still reigns '' . The Hindu . 22 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Time to celebrate '' . The Hindu . 27 February 2003 . Jump up ^ Centenary celebrations nartaki.com Jump up ^ `` Google Pays Tribute To Famous Bharatanatyam Dancer Rukmini Devi Arundale On Her Birthday '' . NDTV. 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived Google Doodle honouring Rukmini Devi '' . Google . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santhanam , Radhika ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Kalakshetra celebrates its 80th year '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ https://www.google.com/doodles/international-womens-day-2017 Further reading ( edit ) Art and culture in Indian life . Kerala University Press , Trivandrum 1975 Sarada , S. : Kalakshetra - Rukmini Devi , reminiscences . Kala Mandir Trust , Madras 1985 India 's 50 Most Illustrious Women by Indra Gupta . Icon Publications , 2003 . ISBN 81 - 88086 - 19 - 3 . Selections , Some selected speeches & writings of Rukmini Devi Arundale . Kalakshetra Foundation , Chennai 2003 . Rukmini Devi Arundale : Birth Centenary Volume , edited by Shakuntala Ramani . Chennai , Kalakshetra Foundation , 2003 , Kalakshetra Foundation ( Hrsg . ) : Shraddanjali , brief pen portraits of a galaxy of great people who laid the foundations of Kalakshetra . Kalakshetra Foundation , Chennai 2004 Photo Biography of Rukmini Devi , Sunil Kothari . Chennai , The Kalakshetra Foundation , 2004 . Meduri , Avanthi ( Hrsg . ) : Rukmini Devi Arundale ( 1904 - 1986 ) , A Visionary Architect of Indian Culture and the Performing Arts . Motilal Banarsidass , Delhi 2005 ; ISBN 81 - 208 - 2740 - 6 . Samson , Leela ( 2010 ) . Rukmini Devi : A Life , Delhi : Penguin Books , India , ISBN 0 - 670 - 08264 - 3 External links ( edit ) Official website of Kalakshetra Photograph of Rukmini Devi Trans - national biography of Rukmini Devi Rukmini Devi and Kalakshetra http://www.crossart.com.au/index.php/Archive/axel-poignant-photographer-the-early-years-1929-1942.html VIAF : 33079086 LCCN : n85103826 ISNI : 0000 0001 0653 7093 GND : 129514705 BNF : cb143594178 ( data ) IATH : w6tc1g3k Theosophy Theosophical Society founders Helena Blavatsky William Quan Judge Henry Steel Olcott People Alice Bailey Annie Besant Jiddu Krishnamurti C.W. Leadbeater Gottfried de Purucker Helena Roerich Nicholas Roerich A.P. Sinnett Rukmini Devi Arundale Walter Evans - Wentz Bertram Keightley Constance Wachtmeister More ... Theosophical texts Isis Unveiled The Key to Theosophy Mahatma Letters The Secret Doctrine Theosophical Glossary The Voice of the Silence More ... Philosophical concepts Astral body Astral plane Mental body Mental plane Round ( Theosophy ) Septenary ( Theosophy ) Universal Brotherhood More ... Institutions , publications Blavatsky Lodge Theosophical Society Theosophical Society Adyar Theosophical Society Pasadena United Lodge of Theosophists Lucifer Sunrise The Theosophist The Theosophical Movement More ... Related Agni Yoga Buddhism and Theosophy Christianity and Theosophy Esotericism Maitreya Neo-Theosophy Plane ( cosmology ) Spiritual evolution Padma Bhushan award recipients ( 1954 -- 1959 ) 1954 Homi J. Bhabha Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati Jnan Chandra Ghosh Maithili Sharan Gupt Amarnath Jha Ajudhiya Nath Khosla Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan Husain Ahmad Madani Josh Malihabadi Vaikunthbhai Mehta Vallathol Narayana Menon A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar Palden Thondup Namgyal V. Narahari Rao Jamini Roy Sukumar Sen M.S. Subbulakshmi Kodandera Subayya Thimayya 1955 Fateh Chand Badhwar Lalit Mohan Banerjee Suniti Kumar Chatterji Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay V.R. Khanolkar Sunder Das Khungar Rameshwari Nehru Prana Krushna Parija Madapati Hanumantha Rao Maneklal Sankalchand Thacker 1956 Rukmini Devi Arundale Rajshekhar Basu Dhyan Chand Nawab Alam yar jung Bahadur C.K. Nayudu Muthulakshmi Reddi Kanwar Sen Vir Singh K. Srinivasan Mahadevi Varma 1957 Bhikhan Lal Atreya Balasaraswati Alagappa Chettiar Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Abid Hussain Mushtaq Hussain Khan Lakshmi N. Menon Radha Kumud Mukherjee Andal Venkatasubba Rao Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar Shyam Nandan Sahay Govind Sakharam Sardesai K.A. Nilakanta Sastri Basiswar Sen Siddheshwar Varma 1958 Salim Ali Vijaya Anand D.P. Roy Choudhury Jeahangir Ghandy N.S. Hardikar Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar Allauddin Khan K.P.S. Menon A.C.N. Nambiar Kuvempu Poola Tirupati Raju Kamalendumati Shah Rao Raja Hanut Singh Rustom Jal Vakil Surya Narayan Vyas Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia 1959 Sisir Bhaduri Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Ali Yavar Jung Hansa Jivraj Mehta Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar Tiruppattur R. Venkatachala Murthi Tenzing Norgay Bhaurao Patil Dhanvanthi Rama Rau Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta Mysore Vasudevachar Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar Ghulam Yazdani # Posthumous conferral 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows 1954 -- 1960 Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar ( 1954 ) Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer ( 1954 ) Prithviraj Kapoor ( 1954 ) Anjanibai Malpekar ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Gopeshwar Banerjee ( 1962 ) D. Annaswami Bhagavathar ( 1962 ) Uday Shankar ( 1962 ) Papanasam Sivan ( 1962 ) Swami Prajnanananda ( 1963 ) Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar ( 1963 ) Pichu Sambamoorthi ( 1963 ) Mama Warerkar ( 1963 ) T.L. Venkatarama Aiyar ( 1964 ) C. Saraswathi Bai ( 1964 ) Birendra Kishore Roy Choudhury ( 1964 ) B.R. Deodhar ( 1964 ) V. Raghavan ( 1964 ) P.V. Rajamannar ( 1964 ) Vinayak Narayan Patwardhan ( 1965 ) Ganesh Hari Ranade ( 1965 ) Dilipkumar Roy ( 1965 ) Jaideva Singh ( 1965 ) D.G. Vyas ( 1965 ) Ashutosh Bhattacharya ( 1966 ) E. Krishna Iyer ( 1966 ) Sombhu Mitra ( 1966 ) Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar ( 1966 ) Ebrahim Alkazi ( 1967 ) Rukmini Devi Arundale ( 1967 ) Musiri Subramania Iyer ( 1967 ) Bade Ghulam Ali Khan ( 1967 ) P.K. Kunju Kurup ( 1967 ) Shambhu Maharaj ( 1967 ) V. Satyanarayana Sarma ( 1967 ) Adya Rangacharya ' Shriranga ' ( 1967 ) Kali Charan Patnaik ( 1968 ) K.C.D. Brahaspati ( 1970 ) Kapila Vatsyayan ( 1970 ) Dilip Chandra Vedi ( 1970 ) Tarapada Chakraborty ( 1972 ) Krishnarao Phulambrikar ( 1972 ) Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma ( 1972 ) K. Shivaram Karanth ( 1973 ) Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay ( 1974 ) Jnan Prakash Ghosh ( 1974 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi ( 1974 ) T. Balasaraswati ( 1975 ) Zubin Mehta ( 1975 ) Rasiklal Chhotalal Parikh ( 1975 ) Ravi Shankar ( 1975 ) Embar S. Vijayaraghavachariar ( 1975 ) Santidev Ghosh ( 1976 ) Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer ( 1976 ) Hirjibhai Rustomji Doctor ( 1977 ) Tinuvengadu Subramania Pillai ( 1978 ) B. Puttaswamayya ( 1978 ) P.L. Deshpande ( 1979 ) D.T. Joshi ( 1979 ) Sumati Mutatkar ( 1979 ) T.P. Kuppiah Pillai ( 1979 ) V.K. Narayana Menon ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Mani Madhava Chakyar ( 1982 ) Mallikarjun Mansur ( 1982 ) M. Kirupanandawari ( 1984 ) Chandravadan Mehta ( 1984 ) Siyaram Tiwari ( 1984 ) V.V. Swarna Venkatesa Deekshithar ( 1986 ) Komal Kothari ( 1986 ) S. Ramanathan ( 1986 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1986 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1989 ) Utpal Dutt ( 1990 ) Ram Gopal ( 1990 ) Alain Daniélou ( 1991 ) Kelucharan Mohapatra ( 1991 ) T.S. Parthasarathy ( 1991 ) Ali Akbar Khan ( 1992 ) D.K. Pattammal ( 1992 ) Prem Lata Sharma ( 1992 ) Girish Karnad ( 1993 ) Mrinalini Sarabhai ( 1993 ) Bismillah Khan ( 1994 ) Yehudi Menuhin ( 1994 ) Maheswar Neog ( 1994 ) Vilayat Khan ( 1995 ) Ammannur Madhava Chakyar ( 1996 ) Gangubai Hangal ( 1996 ) Habib Tanvir ( 1996 ) Badal Sarkar ( 1997 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 1998 ) Birju Maharaj ( 1998 ) K.P. Kittappa Pillai ( 1998 ) Vijay Tendulkar ( 1998 ) 2001 -- present M. Balamuralikrishna ( 2001 ) B.V. Karanth ( 2001 ) Vempati Chinna Satyam ( 2001 ) Shanno Khurana ( 2002 ) Kavalam Narayana Panicker ( 2002 ) Chandralekha ( 2004 ) Annapurna Devi ( 2004 ) Bindhyabasini Devi ( 2004 ) Ramankutty Nair ( 2004 ) Zohra Sehgal ( 2004 ) Tapas Sen ( 2004 ) Rohini Bhate ( 2006 ) T.N. Krishnan ( 2006 ) Kishan Maharaj ( 2006 ) Gursharan Singh ( 2006 ) N. Khelchandra Singh ( 2006 ) Sushil Kumar Saxena ( 2007 ) Khaled Choudhury ( 2008 ) Sitara Devi ( 2008 ) Bhupen Hazarika ( 2008 ) R.C. Mehta ( 2008 ) Kishori Amonkar ( 2009 ) Jasraj ( 2009 ) Lalgudi Jayaraman ( 2009 ) Yamini Krishnamurthy ( 2009 ) Shriram Lagoo ( 2009 ) Kamlesh Dutt Tripathi ( 2009 ) Girija Devi ( 2010 ) T.K. Murthy ( 2010 ) Nataraja Ramakrishna ( 2010 ) M. Chandrasekaran ( 2011 ) Hariprasad Chaurasia ( 2011 ) Kalamandalam Gopi ( 2011 ) Chandrashekhara Kambara ( 2011 ) Heisnam Kanhailal ( 2011 ) Mukund Lath ( 2011 ) Shivkumar Sharma ( 2011 ) Rajkumar Singhajit Singh ( 2011 ) Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman ( 2011 ) Padma Subrahmanyam ( 2011 ) N. Rajam ( 2012 ) Ratan Thiyam ( 2012 ) T.H. Vinayakram ( 2012 ) Mahesh Elkunchwar ( 2013 ) Kanak Rele ( 2013 ) R. Sathyanarayana ( 2013 ) Tulsidas Borkar ( 2014 ) S.R. Janakiraman ( 2014 ) Vijay Kumar Kichlu ( 2014 ) M.S. Sathyu ( 2014 ) C.V. Chandrasekhar ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rukmini_Devi_Arundale&oldid=817929520 '' Categories : Artists from Madurai Indian Theosophists 1904 births 1986 deaths Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Bharatanatyam exponents Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Indian female classical dancers Performers of Indian classical dance Animal rights activists Animal welfare and rights in India Indian arts administrators Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha 20th - century Indian dancers Dancers from Tamil Nadu 20th - century Indian women artists Women artists from Tamil Nadu Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia references cleanup from March 2017 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം Nederlands ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 11 : 23 . 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-5619138446686788946	Buc-ee's	Buc - ee 's - wikipedia Buc - ee 's Jump to : navigation , search Buc - ee 's Type Private Industry Retail ( Convenience store ) Founded 1982 Founder Arch `` Beaver '' Aplin III and Don Wasek Headquarters Lake Jackson , Texas , U.S. Number of locations 32 Products Fuel , coffee , beverages , beef jerky , snacks , car wash , prepared foods , and specialty gifts Website www.buc-ees.com Buc - ee 's is a chain of convenience stores located in the Central , North , South , and Southeast regions of Texas . The company is owned by Arch `` Beaver '' Aplin III and Don Wasek and has its headquarters in Lake Jackson , Texas . The chain is famous for its logo depicting a beaver . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Products 3 Lawsuits 4 Advertising 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Co-Founders `` Beaver '' Aplin and Don Wasek opened the first store , which is still open as of 2017 , in Lake Jackson , Texas in 1982 . Aplin formed the name Buc - ee 's by combining his childhood nickname and the name of his Labrador Retriever , Buck . Buc - ee 's expanded and opened their first travel center in Luling , Texas in 2001 . Buc - ee 's are large stores ( no 18 wheelers allowed ) with fuel pumps that range from 80 - 120 fueling positions for gas and diesel ( some stores include Ethanol Free and DEF ) and a huge selection of beef jerky , pastries , fresh sandwiches , tacos , Dippin ' Dots and homemade fudge . In 2012 , Buc - ee 's opened its largest travel center in New Braunfels , Texas on Interstate 35 . The New Braunfels store is the largest convenience store in the world at 68,000 square feet . The store features 120 fueling positions , 83 toilets , 31 cash registers , 4 Icee machines , and 80 fountain dispensers . It also offers tubing and water gear for enjoying the nearby Guadalupe River . The New Braunfels , Texas store was named the 2012 `` Best Restroom in America '' by Cintas . The first Buc - ee 's in North Texas Metroplex opened in Terrell , Texas on June 22 , 2015 . The travel center is located across the street from Tanger Outlets . The second Buc - ee 's in the Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex area opened on May 23 , 2016 . The location is located in far northern Fort Worth , across the street from Texas Motor Speedway . The third DFW location is scheduled to open in Denton , Texas in 2018 . On March 8th , 2016 , Buc - ee 's announced a possible first location outside of the state of Texas would be located in Baton Rouge , LA . The location was expected to open in early 2017 , however , on October 4 , 2016 , Buc - ee 's announced that the plans for the Baton Rouge location had been terminated . On April 12 , 2017 , Buc - ee 's announced that it will open their first convenience store / gas station outside of Texas in Daytona Beach , Florida . The travel center is scheduled to open in 2018 and will be located on the north side of LPGA Boulevard across from Tanger Outlets , just east of Interstate 95 and immediately west of Stonewood Grill & Tavern ( formerly Vince Carter 's ) . At 50,000 square feet with 120 fueling positions the Daytona Beach travel center will be the largest in Florida and the largest outside of Texas . Buc - ee 's in Terrell , Texas Products ( edit ) Buc - ee 's offers products found at most convenience stores such as fuel , cigarettes , tobacco , chips , drinks , and soft drinks at their smaller neighborhood stores . Travel centers include a deli , coffee shop , exterior tunnel car washes , Texas - themed specialty gifts and food , and products catering to hunters and river rafters . All Buc - ee 's are open 24 hours per day , 365 days per year . Buc - ee 's offers private labeled beef jerky , novelty candy , trail mixes , granola , pralines , jarred vegetables , preserves , and salsa . Their # 1 branded product is caramel and butter - glazed corn puffs known as ' Beaver Nuggets . ' Lawsuits ( edit ) In recent years , during the company 's rapidly growing success , Buc - ee 's has filed numerous lawsuits against other convenience store chains , most of them based out of Texas , for alleged logo infringement . In 2014 , Buc - ee 's filed a lawsuit against Texas based convenience store chain `` Frio Beaver . Frio Beaver , a company with a logo also depicting a beaver in a yellow circle with a black outline , was accused of attempting to copy the iconic Buc - ee 's beaver head logo , which the company is widely known for in Texas . In 2016 , Buc - cee 's sued `` Choke Canyon BBQ '' , another Texas convenience store , for logo infringement . Choke Canyon uses a logo of a grinning alligator in the middle of a yellow circle , which Buc - ee 's claims is an attempt by the chain to resemble the Buc - ee 's logo . In 2017 , Buc - cee 's again filed a lawsuit for logo infringement , this time against a Nebraska based convenience store chain known as `` Bucky 's '' . There was also a non-logo related lawsuit filed in 2013 against `` Chicks '' , a convenience store located in Bryan Texas , for allegedly copying Buc - ee 's mega convenience store designs and layout . The case was settled out of court . Advertising ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Buc - ee 's is known for posting billboards by Texas ( and beginning in 2018 , Florida ) interstate highways with simple and humorous slogans . `` If It Harms Beavers , We 're Against It ! '' `` Clean Restrooms , We Guaranpee It '' `` No dancing the two - step in our restroom '' `` It 's A Beaver ! '' `` Restrooms So Clean , We Leave Mints on the Urinals '' `` Ice , Beer , Jerky : The 3 Food Groups '' `` The Top Two Reasons to Stop at Buc - ee 's : # 1 and # 2 '' `` A Bigger Kolache I Never Sausage a Thing '' `` Do n't worry , P happy '' `` Epic Flush '' `` Do n't stay thirsty my friends . '' `` Worth the Wait '' `` The Eyes of Buc - ee 's Are Upon You '' `` Buy a gift , leave a gift . '' `` Do n't pass our gas ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Made In Texas : The Buc - ee 's Success Story '' . TexasMonthly.com. 2013 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buc - ee 's New Braunfels Bathroom is America 's Best EON : Enhanced Online News Jump up ^ Cokely , Kevin ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Buc - ee 's Fort Worth to Open Monday NBC 5 Dallas - Fort Worth '' . Nbcdfw.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Park , Clayton ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Texas - sized Buc - ee 's to put 1st Florida gas station in Daytona '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Buc-ees-sues-rival-Texas-convenience-store-5625832.php Jump up ^ http://austin.blog.statesman.com/2016/07/21/buc-ees-is-suing-a-rival-chain-for-copying-its-beaver-logo/ , Jump up ^ http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/Buc-ee-s-sues-long-time-rival-for-expansion-to-11005165.php Jump up ^ http://www.cspdailynews.com/industry-news-analysis/corporate-news/articles/chicks-hatching-plot-be-buc-ees Jump up ^ http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/texas/article/Buc-ees-sues-rival-Texas-convenience-store-5625832.php External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buc - ee 's . Company website Buc - ee 's Facebook page Buc - ee 's in New Braunfels vying for best restrooms in America , KHOU.com , September 2 , 2012 . Miguel Bustillo , Roadside Stopper : Can Something Be Too Big in Texas ? , Wall Street Journal , September 12 , 2012 . Convenience stores Major convenience stores in Africa Eastern Africa National Oil Northern Africa Mini-Brahim Southern Africa Sasol SPAR SPAR Express Major convenience stores in Asia East 759 Store 7 - Eleven Circle K Circle K Sunkus CU Daily Yamazaki FamilyMart GS25 Hi - Life Lawson Ministop OK Mart PARKnSHOP Express Poplar SPAR Storyway VanGO With me Southeast 108 Shop 7 - Eleven All Day Alfamart B 's mart Choices Co. op Food Cheers Circle K FairPrice Xpress Fresh Mart Jiffy Lawson Lawson 108 FamilyMart Indomaret Mini Big C Ministop Mesra Shop&Go Star Mart Tesco Lotus Express Tops Daily VanGO South SPAR West Circle K SPAR Former ampm Buy the Way BP Connect Daily Stop On the Run Major convenience stores in Europe Northern 7 - Eleven Bargain Booze Best - One BP Connect Budgens Centra The Co-operative Food Costcutter David Sands Deli de Luca Happy Shopper Jones Convenience Stores Kwik Save Londis ( Ireland ) Londis ( United Kingdom ) Mace Narvesen Nisa On the Run One Stop Pressbyrån R - Kioski McColl 's Sainsbury 's Local Scotmid SPAR Tesco Express Waitrose WHSmith Southern Couche - Tard Mac 's On the Run Opencor Provi - Soir SPAR Eastern Billa CBA Groszek Małpka Express SPAR Żabka Western Albert Heijn Carrefour City Delhaize Franprix Marché Plus Monoprix On the Run Petit Casino SPAR Former Jacksons Stores Local Plus Mills Morrisons M Local Somerfield Ugo Major convenience stores in North America Canada 7 - Eleven Circle K CST Couche - Tard Irving Mac 's Needs On the Run Pioneer Provi - Soir Quickie Honduras Circle K Mexico 7 - Eleven Circle K OXXO Super City Tiendas United States 7 - Eleven A-Plus ABC Alimentation Couche - Tard Circle K CST Holiday Allsup 's ampm Andeavor Giant SuperAmerica USA Gasoline Buc - ee 's Byrne Dairy Casey 's Cenex Chevron Convenient Cumberland Farms Dairy Barn Dari Mart Exxon Gate Petroleum GetGo Global GPM Investments Village Pantry Go - Mart High 's Dairy Store Jr . Food Mart Jr . Food Stores Kroger Convenience Stores Kwik Shop Loaf ' N Jug Quik Stop Smith 's Express Tom Thumb Turkey Hill Kum & Go Kwik Fill / Red Apple / Country Fair Kwik Trip / Kwik Star Lawson Love 's MAPCO Express Mobil Mart Murphy USA On the Go On the Run PDQ Food Stores Pilot Flying J Plaid Pantry Quality Dairy Company Quick Chek QuikTrip RaceTrac / RaceWay Road Ranger Roady 's Truck Stops Royal Farms Rutter 's Sheetz Speedway Stewart 's Shops Stripes Convenience Stores Stuckey 's Tedeschi Thorntons Inc . Tom 's Town Pump TravelCenters of America Minit Mart United Dairy Farmers Wawa Weigel 's Former Becker 's BP Connect Getty Town & Country Uni-Mart UtoteM White Hen Wilco Major convenience stores in Oceania Australia 7 - Eleven BP Connect NewsLink NightOwl Convenience Stores SPAR Express New Zealand BP Connect Night ' n Day Woolworths @ Gull List of convenience stores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buc-ee%27s&oldid=800763871 '' Categories : Retail companies established in 1982 Companies based in Texas Brazoria County , Texas 1982 establishments in Texas Convenience stores of the United States Gas stations in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 14 : 34 . About Wikipedia	how much does it cost to build a buc ee's	[]	[]
1469313759709180189	Whipping boy	Whipping boy - wikipedia Whipping boy For other uses , see Whipping boy ( disambiguation ) . `` Edward VI and his Whipping Boy '' by Walter Sydney Stacey from his 1882 oil painting . A whipping boy was , supposedly , a boy educated alongside a prince ( or boy monarch ) in early modern Europe , who received corporal punishment for the prince 's transgressions in his presence . The prince was not punished himself because his royal status exceeded that of his tutor ; seeing a friend punished would provide an equivalent motivation not to repeat the offence . An archaic proverb which captures a similar idea is `` to beat a dog before a lion '' . Whipping was a common punishment of tutors at that time . There is little contemporary evidence for the existence of whipping boys , and evidence that some princes were indeed whipped by their tutors , although Nicholas Orme suggests that nobles might have been beaten less often than other pupils . Some historians regard whipping boys as entirely mythical ; others suggest they applied only in the case of a boy king , protected by divine right , and not to mere princes . In Renaissance humanism , Erasmus ' treatises `` The Education of a Christian Prince '' ( 1516 ) and `` Declamatio de pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis '' ( 1530 ) mention the inappropriateness of physical chastisement of princes , but do not mention proxy punishment . Hartley Coleridge wrote in 1852 , `` to be flogged by proxy was the exclusive privilege of royal blood ... It was much coveted for the children of the poorer gentry , as the first step in the ladder of preferment . '' John Gough Nichols wrote in 1857 , `` the whole matter is somewhat legendary , and though certain vicarious or rather minatory punishments may have been occasionally adopted , it does not seem likely that any one individual among the King 's schoolfellows should have been uniformly selected , whether he were in fault or not , as the victim or scape - goat of the royal misdemeanours '' . In current English , a `` whipping boy '' is a metaphor which may have a similar meaning to scapegoat , fall guy , or sacrificial lamb ; alternatively it may mean a perennial loser or a victim of group bullying . Contents 1 Putative historical examples 2 In later literature 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Sources 4.2 Citations 5 External links Putative Historical examples ( edit ) Young royals alleged to have had whipping boys include : Conrad , King of Jerusalem and later of Italy ( 1228 -- 1254 ) had twelve companions beaten in his stead by his tutors , according to the Cento Novelle Antiche ( c. 1300 ) , so that `` King Conrad took great heed not to act wrongly , for of pity them '' . Alessandro d'Ancona sees an antecedent of the Conrad novella in Phaedrus ' fable `` The Bullock and the Old Ox '' . Henry FitzRoy , 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset ( 1519 -- 1536 ) , whose tutor Richard Croke complained in 1527 that Richmond 's usher , George Cotton , was undermining Croke 's authority ; among the charges were withdrawing `` those boys whose punishment it was necessary to deter his princely pupil from the repetition of his faults '' , and claiming it was unseemly for Croke to whip them in Richmond 's presence . Edward VI of England ( 1537 -- 1553 ) to whose court Barnaby Fitzpatrick , later 2nd Baron Upper Ossory ( c. 1535 -- 1581 ) was sent as a hostage by his father the 1st baron . Thomas Fuller 's Church - History of Britain ( 1655 ) calls Fitzpatrick Edward 's `` proxy for correction '' . John Guy calls this a myth , since their tutor Richard Cox wrote of beating Edward with his staff . Konrad Heresbach in De Educandis Erudiendisque Principum Liberis ( 1592 ) recounted that he was told in London in 1547 that , when the young king uttered profanities learnt from an ( unnamed ) playmate , the friend was whipped in his presence and Edward warned that he deserved similar punishment . The future Frederick IV of Liegnitz ( 1552 -- 96 ) , for whom Hans von Schweinichen ( de ) ( 1552 -- 1616 ) was described in 1856 as the `` Prügeljunge '' by Gustav Freytag , popularising the concept in Germany . Freytag 's claim is not supported by other accounts of Schweinichen . The future Charles I of England ( 1600 -- 49 ) , to whom William Murray , later 1st Earl of Dysart ( c. 1600 -- 55 ) was `` page and whipping -- boy '' according to Gilbert Burnet 's History of my own time ( 1723 ) . William 's uncle Thomas Murray tutored both boys . As king , Charles appointed William Groom of the Bedchamber . The young Louis XV of France ( 1710 -- 1774 ) was supplied by his governess Madame de Ventadour with playmates of his own age , including a Versailles cobbler 's son nicknamed le hussard ( `` the hussar '' ) from a costume he wore . Marie , marquise du Deffand wrote in 1769 that this boy would be punished in the king 's stead , whence the victim of any bully was colloquially called their hussard . Jacques - Antoine Dulaure ( fr ) in 1825 called the method `` strange '' , `` rather barbarous '' , and `` iniquitous '' , and said Louis continued to neglect his studies regardless . Spanish royal princes had Francisco Alphonso de la Torre , an illegitimate son of Manuel Godoy , as proxy to receive `` either slaps or the whip '' , according to the 1898 memoirs of François Certain de Canrobert , who served in the French Army under de la Torre in 1842 in Algeria and ascribed his irascibility to this education . Chinese imperial princes of the Qing Dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) had banner attendants denoted by the Manchu term haha juse ( Chinese transcription 哈哈珠子 ) ; at first this meant youths educated alongside the prince , and later his special `` reading partner '' and bodyguard . These were influential in the Kangxi reign ( 1661 -- 1722 ) but subsequently lost status . In 1876 , the North - China Herald commented on the announcement in the Peking Gazette of the start of the education of the five - year - old Guangxu Emperor : `` The next appointment to be made ( though not gazetted ) will probably be that of the child who , according to the Manchu Imperial custom , shares his Majesty 's studies under the name of ' ha'hachutsze , in the capacity of a souffre - douleur or `` whipping - boy . '' Whenever the Son of Heaven is naughty or inattentive , the ' ha'hachutsze is beaten or disgraced `` . An adult example often included in discussions of whipping boys is provided by the French Catholic prelates Arnaud d'Ossat ( 1537 -- 1604 ) and Jacques Davy Duperron ( 1556 -- 1618 ) , who were symbolically whipped by Pope Clement VIII in 1593 in proxy expiation on behalf of Henry IV of France ( 1553 -- 1610 ) , who had renounced Protestantism . In later literature ( edit ) Samuel Rowley 's 1604 play When You See Me You Know Me depicts the childhood of the future Edward VI . When he skips class to play tennis , Edward `` Ned '' Browne is sent to the chapel to be whipped by the master of children . Cranmer says , `` Since he was whipped thus for the prince 's faults . / His grace hath got more knowledge in a month . / Than he attained in a year before , / For still the fearful boy , to save his breech , / Doth hourly haunt him , wheresoe'er he goes . '' The prince persuades king Henry VIII to knight Ned : `` the poor gentleman was pitifully wounded in the back parts , as may appear by the scar , if his knightship would but untruss there '' . Ned hopes the tutors will refrain from whipping a knight , to which the fool retorts , `` If they do , he shall make thee a lord , and then they dare not . '' This work may have helped the idea of a whipping boy to take root . John Donne alluded to proxy whipping in a sermon he preached in 1628 : `` Sometimes , when the children of great persons offend at school , another person is whipped for them , and that affects them , and works upon a good nature ; but if that person should take physic for them in a sickness , it would do them no good : God 's corrections upon others may work by way of example upon thee ; but because thou art sick for physic , take it thyself . '' The earliest attestation of the word `` whipping boy '' in the Oxford English Dictionary is from a 1647 Bible commentary by John Trapp on 1 Tim 5 : 20 : `` Those Presbyters that sin publikely ... and those who were convicted by two or three witnesses ... : Rebuke before all , yet not as if they were whipping boyes '' . In Book V of Gil Blas ( 1715 ) by Alain - René Lesage , when the Marquis of Leganez forbids his son 's tutors from beating him , Don Raphael is flogged in his stead : `` a most ingenious device , by which to keep this troublesome young lordling in awe , without trenching on his foolish father 's injunctions '' . The Fortunes of Nigel ( 1822 ) by Walter Scott describes Malagrowther , the fictional whipping boy of the young James VI of Scotland ( later also James I of England ) : `` Under the stern rule , indeed , of George Buchanan , who did not approve of the vicarious mode of punishment , James bore the penance of his own faults , and Mungo Malagrowther enjoyed a sinecure ; but James 's other pedagogue , Master Patrick Young , went more ceremoniously to work , and appalled the very soul of the youthful King by the floggings which he bestowed on the whipping - boy , when the royal task was not suitably performed . '' In Mark Twain 's 1881 novel , The Prince and the Pauper , the pauper 's masquerade as Edward VI is aided by information from the prince 's whipping boy , son and namesake of the late Sir Humphrey Marlow , a `` Head Lieutenant '' in Henry VIII 's Household . Twain wrote , `` James I. and Charles II. had whipping - boys , when they were little fellows , to take their punishment for them when they fell short in their lessons ; so I have ventured to furnish my small prince with one , for my own purposes . '' The Whipping Boy by Sid Fleischman , which won the 1987 Newbery Medal for children 's books , tells of the brattish Prince Horace who learns humility on an adventure with his whipping boy , a rat - catcher named Jemmy . In George R.R. Martin 's fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire , published from 1991 , the characters Tommen Baratheon and Joffrey Baratheon have a whipping boy named Pate . In David Belbin 's 2002 children 's novel Boy King , Barnaby FitzPatrick is whipped by John Cheke for teaching Edward VI swear - words ; when Edward protests that nobody has whipping boys anymore , Cheke says `` the Duke of Richmond had one '' . Cheke relents from giving FitzPatrick the whipping owed to Edward . Sarah Ruhl 's 2016 play `` Scenes from Court Life , or The Whipping Boy and His Prince '' includes whipping boys in its depictions of Charles I and Charles II of England . See also ( edit ) Fall guy Scapegoat References ( edit ) Sources ( edit ) Bauer , Matthias ; Zirker , Angelika ( 2015 ) . `` Whipping Boys Explained : Literary Annotation and Digital Humanities '' . Literary Studies in the Digital Age . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Bushnell , Rebecca W. ( 1996 ) . `` The Sovereign Master and the Scholar Prince '' . A Culture of Teaching : Early Modern Humanism in Theory and Practice . Cornell University Press . pp. 23 -- 72 : 50 -- 59 . ISBN 9780801483561 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . de Lisle , Leanda ( 2 November 2017 ) . `` Fake History & the Story of the Whipping Boy '' . The Seventeenth Century Lady . Andrea Zuvich . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Orme , Nicholas ( 29 September 2017 ) ( 1984 ) . From Childhood to Chivalry : The Education of the English Kings and Aristocracy 1066 -- 1530 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 9781138304130 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Thiselton Dyer , Thomas Firminger ( 1903 ) . `` Royalty Whipt and Married by Proxy '' . Royalty in all ages ; the amusements , eccentricities , accomplishments , superstitions , and frolics of the kings and queens of Europe . London : Nimmo . pp. 306 -- 312 . Twain , Mark ( 18 August 2016 ) ( 1882 ) . The Prince and The Pauper . Project Gutenberg . Wesselski , Albert ( 1928 ) . `` Der Prügelknabe '' . Erlesenes ( in German ) . Prague : Gesellschaft Deutscher Bücherfreunde in Böhmen . pp. 126 -- 128 . `` Current Art '' . The magazine of art . 6 : 133 , 170 -- 171 . 1883 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The magazine of art vol. 6 p. 133 Jump up ^ Wesselski 1928 , p. 127 ( German equivalent : `` den Hund vor dem Löwen schlagen '' ) ; Chaucer , Geoffrey ( 1990 ) . Donald C. Baker , ed . The Squire 's Tale . Variorum Edition of the works of Chaucer . Part 2 : The Canterbury Tales ; Volume 12 . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 215 -- 216 , fn. 490 -- 91 . ISBN 9780806121543 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Orme 2017 pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Ridley , Jasper ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . A Brief History of the Tudor Age . Little , Brown Book Group . p. 137 . ISBN 9781472107954 . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Bushnell 1996 p. 50 Jump up ^ Coleridge , Hartley ; Coleridge , Derwent ; Coleridge , Samuel Taylor ( 1852 ) . Lives of northern worthies . Edward Moxon . p. 172 , fn . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nichols , John Gough ( 1857 ) . `` Biographical Memoir of King Edward the Sixth '' . Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth : Edited from His Autograph Manuscripts , with Historical Notes and a Biographical Memoir . J.B. Nichols . pp. lxx -- lxxiii . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Wesselski 1928 pp. 126 -- 127 Jump up ^ `` XLVIII : Here it is told of King Conrad , father of Conradin '' . Il novellino , the Hundred old tales . Broadway Translations . Translated by Storer , Edward . New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. 1925 . pp. 119 -- 120 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ d'Ancona , Alessandro ( 1880 ) . Studj di critica e storia letteraria ( in Italian ) . Bologna : N. Zanichelli . pp. 318 -- 319 . ; Babrius ; Phaedrus ( 1965 ) . `` Phaedrus No. 12 : The Bullock and the Old Ox '' . Fables . Loeb Classical Library ( in English and Latin ) . 436 . Translated by Perry , Ben Edwin . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 388 -- 389 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) `` Fable 50 . De patre et filio . ( Walter of England - Nevelet ) '' . Aesopica ( in Latin ) . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ; McKenzie , Kenneth ; Oldfather , William Abbott ( 1919 ) . `` 67 . D'un père et d'un enfant . '' . Ysopet - Avionnet : the Latin and French texts . Urbana : University of Illinois . pp. 10 , 46 , 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Nichols , John Gough ( 1855 ) . `` Biographical Memoir of Henry Fitzroy , Duke of Richmond '' . Inventories of the wardrobes , plate , chapel stuff , etc. of Henry Fitzroy , Duke of Richmond , and of the wardrobe stuff at Baynard 's Castle of Katharine , Princess Dowager . Camden Miscellany . Vol. 3 No. 4 . London : Camden Society . pp. xxxvii -- xlv . Jump up ^ Guy , John ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Ruling from the Grave '' . The Children of Henry VIII . OUP Oxford . p. 94 . ISBN 9780191655944 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Heresbach , Conrad ( 1592 ) . `` Cap . 19 . De Continentia '' . De Educandis Erudiendisque Principum Liberis ( in Latin ) . Frankfurt . pp. 117 -- 118 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . ; Cited and translated in Bushnell 1996 p. 54 Jump up ^ `` Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit : die Schlesier und ihr toller Herzog Heinrich. 2 '' . Die Grenzboten : Zeitschrift für Politik , Literatur und Kunst ( in German ) . Leipzig : Friedrich Ludwig Herbig. 15 ( II Semester , IV Band ) : 106 -- 121 : 116 . 1856 . Als Knabe Page des eingesperrten Herzog Friedrich des Vaters und Prügeljunge Friedrich des Sohns , hatte er das wilde Treiben des Liegnitzer Fürstenhofs schon früh aus dem Grunde kennen gelernt und sich in alle Mysterien desselben eingelebt . ^ Jump up to : Wesselski 1928 p. 126 Jump up ^ Burnet , Gilbert ( 1850 ) ( 1723 ) . Bishop Burnet 's history of his own time : from the restoration of King Charles the second to the treaty of peace at Utrecht , in the reign of Queen Anne . 1 ( New ed . ) . London : W.S. Orr . p. 39 . Mr. Murray , of the bed -- chamber , had been page and whipping -- boy to king Charles the First ; and had great credit with him , not only in procuring private favours , but in all his counsels . Jump up ^ Beddard , Robert ( January 1995 ) . `` Ham House '' . History Today . 45 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Evelyn ( 2007 ) . Ham House and its owners through five centuries 1610 - 2006 . Richmond Local History Society . ISBN 9781955071727 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Peter ; Lawton , Denis ( 2003 ) . Royal Education : Past , Present , and Future . Psychology Press . p. 58 . ISBN 9780714683867 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunneyball , Paul ( 2010 ) . Thrush , Andrew ; Ferris , John P. , eds . `` Murray , William ( c. 1600 -- 1655 ) , of St. Martin - in - the - Fields , Westminster and Ham , Surr '' . The History of Parliament . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Petitfils , Jean - Christian ( 6 November 2014 ) . `` La première formation du roi '' . Louis XV . edi8 . p. 52 . ISBN 9782262050078 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . ; Antoine , Michel ( 11 October 1989 ) . `` Caprices et chagrins '' . Louis XV ( in French ) . Fayard . p. 29 . ISBN 9782213647814 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Deffand , Marie Du ( 1813 ) . `` Letter 73 : 2 November 1769 '' . Lettres de la marquise du Deffand à Horace Walpole , depuis comte d'Orford , écrites dans les années 1766 à 1780 ; auquelles sont jointes des lettres de madame Du Deffand à Voltaire , écrites dans les années 1775 : publiées d'après les originaux déposés à Strawberry - Hill ( in French ) . Vol. 1 . Paris : Treustel et Wurtz . p. 348 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . c'est son hussard ; je ne sais pas si vous entendez cela ; le roi dans son enfance avait un petit hussard qu'on fouettait quand le roi n'avait pas bien dit sa leçon . ; Maugras , Gaston ( 1907 ) . Le duc de Lauzun et la cour intime de Louis XV ( in French ) . Paris : Plon . p. 286 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dulaure , Jacques - Antoine ( 1825 ) . `` Paris sous Louis XV '' . Histoire civile , physique et morale de Paris ( in French ) . Vol. 7 ( 3rd ed . ) . Baudouin Frères . p. 395 -- 396 , fn ( 1 ) . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Bapst , Germain ( 1909 ) . `` VI : Le Général Bugeaud et la Conquête du Dahra '' . Le Maréchal Canrobert , souvenirs d'un siècle. 389 ( in French ) . Vol. 1 . Paris : Plon . ^ Jump up to : Li , Wenyi ( 15 February 2016 ) . `` Some Explanations of the ' Haha Juse ' in the Qing Dynasty '' . The Qing History Journal ( in Chinese ) . 0 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 62 . ISSN 1002 - 8587 . Jump up ^ Translations of the `` Peking Gazette '' 1876 , reprinted from the `` North China Herald '' . April 1877 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Mentioned in : Thiselton Dyer 1903 p. 307 ; Butler , Samuel ; Grey , Zachary ( 1819 ) . Hudibras. 1 . London : Charles & Henry Baldwyn . p. 120 , fn 2 . ; The magazine of art vol. 6 pp. 170 -- 171 ; Brewer , E. Cobham ( 1898 ) . Whipping Boy . Dictionary of Phrase & Fable . Philadelphia : Henry Altemus . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Samuel ( 1874 ) . Elze , Karl , ed . When you see me , you know me . A chronicle - history . Dessau : E. Barth . pp. 46 -- 50 . ; Mark H. , Lawhorn ( 2002 ) . `` Taking Pains for the Prince : age , Patronage , and Penal Surrogacy in Samuel Rowley 's When You See Me , You Know Me '' . In Eisenbichler , Konrad . The Premodern Teenager : Youth in Society , 1150 - 1650 . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies , Victoria University . pp. 131 -- 150 . ISBN 9780772720184 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Donne , John ( November 2013 ) . `` Commentaries : Sermon 7 '' . In Colclough , David . The Oxford Edition of the Sermons of John Donne. 3 : Sermons Preached at the Court of Charles I. Oxford : OUP . p. 367 , lines 802 -- 4 . ISBN 9780199565481 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` sv whipping - boy '' . A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles . vol. X pt. II . 17 May 1923 . Wh -- Worling p. 57 col. 3 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . ; the 1647 citation is reprinted in Trapp , John ( 1656 ) . `` 1 Timothy '' . A Commentary Or Exposition Upon All the Books of the New Testament . London : R.W. for Nath . Ekins . p. 836 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lesage , Alain - René ( 1913 ) ( 1748 ) . `` Book V ; Chapter I : History of Don Raphael '' . In Fullerton , William Morton . Gil Blas . Translated by Smollett , Tobias . George Routledge & Sons . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Walter ( 25 July 2014 ) ( 1822 ) . `` Chapter VI '' . The Fortunes of Nigel . Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Bauer & Zirker 2015 , ¶ 41 ; Twain 2016 Ch. XIV : ' Le Roi est mort ' -- ' vive le Roi . ' Jump up ^ Bauer & Zirker 2015 , ¶ 41 ; Twain 2016 , Ch. XXIX : To London `` ' good old Sir Humphrey , Head Lieutenant of the late King 's kitchen , or stables , or something ' -- Miles could not remember just what or which ... '' Ch. XXXIII : Edward as King . `` Know you Sir Humphrey Marlow ? '' The boy started , and said to himself , `` Lord ! mine old departed father ! '' Jump up ^ Bauer & Zirker 2015 , ¶ 41 ; Twain 2016 , Notes : No. 8 Jump up ^ Fleischman , Sid ( 1986 ) . The Whipping Boy . Green Willow Books . ISBN 0688062164 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . A Feast for Crows . United States : Bantam Spectra . pp. 344 -- 363 . ISBN 055358202X . Jump up ^ Belbin , David ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` Whipping Boy '' . Boy King . Bloomsbury . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 9781472904218 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Theater : Scenes from Court Life or the whipping boy and his prince By Sarah Ruhl '' . Calendar . Yale College . 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of whipping boy at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whipping_boy&oldid=843576505 '' Categories : Metaphors referring to people Royal Households Obsolete occupations School punishments Whipping History of education Historical controversies Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing German - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Manchu - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 01 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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3787260675980992288	List of Major Crimes episodes	List of Major Crimes episodes - wikipedia List of Major Crimes episodes Jump to : navigation , search Major Crimes is an American police procedural starring Mary McDonnell on the TNT network . A spin - off of The Closer , Major Crimes follows the activities of the LAPD Major Crimes squad , charged with solving high - profile crimes in the city of Los Angeles , along with the members of the squad . The show features an ensemble cast including G.W. Bailey as Lt. Provenza , Anthony Denison as Lt. Flynn , Michael Paul Chan as Lt. Tao and Raymond Cruz as Det . Sanchez . Major Crimes , created by James Duff and produced by Greer Sheppard and Michael M. Robin , was the highest rated scripted cable drama of 2012 . As of April 12 , 2017 , 92 episodes of Major Crimes have aired , concluding the fifth season . A 13 - episode sixth and final season was announced on January 18 , 2017 and scheduled to premiere on October 31 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Season 5 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 19 June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 19 June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 23 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 5 21 June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) 6 13 October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) The theme for the first season is fairness . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Reloaded '' Michael M. Robin James Duff August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) 3X7251 7.18 The Major Crimes Division ( MCD ) is still in shock over Chief Johnson 's departure ; Captain Sharon Raydor , their new leader , now has to gain the trust of the team . With little time to adjust , MCD must reach a plea bargain after a death during a rash of grocery store robberies . Detective Amy Sykes joins Major Crimes after helping with the case . Raydor decides to look after Rusty Beck , a teenaged witness in the Phillip Stroh case ( see The Closer episode , `` The Last Word '' ) who has run away from his foster family . `` Before and After '' Steve Robin Steven Kane August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) 3X7252 5.40 Raydor mentions to Taylor that part of the internal problems at MCD is her rank , noting that she barely outranks Provenza . Taylor tells her that there is a freeze on all positions . The unit works to solve a brutal complicated homicide case . `` Medical Causes '' Paul McCrane Michael Alaimo August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) 3X7253 5.74 The facts become blurry in a case involving a fatal car crash at a nightclub . Meanwhile , Rusty is forced to face a harsh reality when Raydor fulfills her promise to track down his mother . `` The Ecstasy and the Agony '' Arvin Brown Adam Belanoff September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 3X7254 5.87 A life strategist is enlisted to help MCD along with the FBI to solve a case having to do with the Israeli mob that could lead to trouble for major crimes . Provenza displays rare emotion with a suspect who is in a vulnerable state . Rusty has a bad day at school . 5 5 `` Citizen 's Arrest '' David McWhirter Duppy Demetrius September 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) 3X7255 4.96 MCD 's latest case gets help from ADA Hobbs . A DNA test reveals something about Rusty that surprises everybody . 6 6 `` Out of Bounds '' Rick Wallace Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore September 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) 3X7256 4.67 After a gang shooting turns fatal , Sharon Raydor makes an unexpected move that could end her career and harm a team member . Rusty expresses a lack of interest in meeting his biological father . 7 7 `` The Shame Game '' Leo Geter Leo Geter September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 3X7257 4.30 MCD tries to close a case with political ties , but confidential information keeps getting leaked . Captain Raydor 's decision to be temporary guardian of Rusty gets more complicated as children and family services finds out some information that may cause Rusty to be removed from her home . 8 8 `` Dismissed with Prejudice '' Jon Tenney Jim Leonard October 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) 3X7258 4.17 Det . Tao has to question his actions due to a murder conviction being overturned eight years later . Rusty meets his father and must learn to control his emotions as he spends some time with him . 9 9 `` Cheaters Never Prosper '' Stacey K. Black Mike Berchem October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 3X7259 4.33 The team investigates the murder of a Las Vegas police officer , found dead in a men 's room stall . Captain Raydor 's fears about the irresponsibility of Rusty 's father are realized . 10 10 `` Long Shot '' Sheelin Choksey Michael Alaimo October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 3X7260 5.13 When an important figure is shot , similarities to other cases lead MCD to cede the case to the FBI , but the team has to race against the killer to save a witness . Dealings with Rusty 's father are resolved in an unusual manner . Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Jonathan Del Arco ( Deputy Medical Examiner Dr. Morales ) and Robert Gossett ( Assistant Chief Russell Taylor ) , previously recurring cast members , are now series regulars . Nadine Velazquez joins the cast as DDA Emma Rios , the prosecutor in charge of the Phillip Stroh case . Originally scheduled for 15 episodes , the season order was increased to 19 . According to creator James Duff , the theme for season two is identity . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Final Cut '' Roxann Dawson Leo Geter June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) 3X7901 5.02 After a director 's wife is found murdered in her home 's swimming pool , the team investigates the director 's pattern of adultery . DA Rios puts Rusty on edge as she grills him in preparation for the Stroh trial . 12 `` False Pretenses '' Arvin Brown Michael Alaimo June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) 3X7902 3.90 Major Crimes investigates a puzzling murder - suicide . Meanwhile , Rusty receives a threatening letter , triggering DA Rios 's demand that he be relocated . 13 `` Under the Influence '' David McWhirter Duppy Demetrius June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) 3X7903 4.55 A TV writer , consulting with Tao , follows the team as they investigate a man ( Luis Jose Lopez ) , caught in a high - speed pursuit , with dried blood all over his clothes . After Rusty 's told to redo an essay , Sharon makes sure he writes what 's true to himself . 14 `` I , Witness '' Steve Robin Adam Belanoff July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) 3X7904 4.73 Flynn and Provenza drop off a witness at his hotel room , only to return and find him charged with murder ; the team must scramble to prove his innocence . Rusty 's friend proves to be a little different from what Sharon and others expected . 15 5 `` D.O.A. '' Paul McCrane Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) 3X7905 4.62 The team investigates a shooting homicide on Mulholland Drive . Sharon 's husband Jack surprises her and Rusty in the apartment . 16 6 `` Boys Will Be Boys '' Anthony Hemingway Jim Leonard July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) 3X7906 5.05 The team looks for a transgender girl , gone missing soon after a humiliating video of her was posted online by bullies . 17 7 `` Rules of Engagement '' David McWhirter Mike Berchem & James Duff July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) 3X7907 5.38 A drive - by shooting at a gas station turns out not to be gang - related ; Sharon suggests to Jack that he act as a witness 's attorney . 18 8 `` The Deep End '' Rick Wallace Michael Alaimo July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) 3X7908 4.99 A media frenzy begins after an Olympic swimming coach kills a young Latino whom he claims broke into his home . Flynn wo n't attend his daughter 's wedding . 19 9 `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Leo Geter Duppy Demetrius August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) 3X7909 5.12 The squad investigates the death of a landlord hated by all his tenants , former workers on a ' 70s TV medical examiner show . As in their show , Deputy Medical Examiner Morales comes up with the extra ( beyond autopsy ) evidence that solves the crime . Provenza faces desk duty if he ca n't improve his target practice results ; Rusty tries to tell Kris he ca n't date her . Note : the retired television co-workers were played by an actual quintet of predominantly octogenarian actors from various popular television shows from the 1960s onwards -- Tim Conway , Paul Dooley , Ron Glass , Doris Roberts , and Marion Ross . 20 10 `` Backfire '' Sheelin Choksey Adam Belanoff August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) 3X7910 5.31 When the team must reopen its investigation into a young woman 's murder , it turns out that she was a FBI informant . Rusty , still waiting to give his witness testimony , is shaken up by her fate . 21 11 `` Poster Boy '' Michael M. Robin Leo Geter August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) 3X7911 5.29 The team goes on the trail of a serial killer who lives in the homes of his victims after he murders them . Rusty is still receiving threatening letters . 22 12 `` Pick Your Poison '' Steve Robin Jim Leonard November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 3X7912 3.65 The team investigates the murder of two immigrant high - school students by cyanide - laced drugs . Rusty bitterly agrees to his new around - the - clock protection . Meanwhile , Provenza tries to convince Sharon there 's a better way to protect Rusty . 23 13 `` Jailbait '' Michael M. Robin Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 3X7913 4.21 When the team gets called in to track down a parolee , they find him dead under a bridge . Sharon brings in a therapist for Rusty , Dr. Joe ( Bill Brochtrup ) . 24 14 `` All In '' Anthony Hemingway James Duff & Mike Berchem December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) 3X7914 3.72 After a man 's found at the bottom of a pond on a golf course , bludgeoned to death , the team has six suspects to consider . Rusty 's upset that his therapy sessions will likely be brought up in court . 25 15 `` Curve Ball '' Jon Tenney Michael Alaimo December 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) 3X7915 4.36 Flynn and Provenza , off - duty , happen upon a RV break - in and discover a murder victim inside . Dr. Joe pushes Rusty to talk about life with his mom . 26 16 `` Risk Assessment '' Stacey K. Black Duppy Demetrius December 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 23 ) 3X7916 4.47 Just before Christmas , the team catches the case of a murder victim wrapped up in a rug ; the victim turns out to be both a congressman 's son and a FBI witness . 27 17 `` Year - End Blowout '' David McWhirter Leo Geter & Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore December 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 30 ) 3X7917 5.21 The team investigates the bombing of an SUV at a car dealership that killed the owner 's son . Rusty struggles in his training for the undercover operation meant to draw out the writer of the letters threatening him . 28 18 `` Return to Sender '' Rick Wallace Michael Alaimo January 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) 3X7918 4.95 A body turns up that the team connects to the letter - writer ( Augustus Prew ) but they do n't realize he 's infiltrated the undercover protection around Rusty and is moving in for the kill . 29 19 `` Return to Sender Part 2 '' James Duff Adam Belanoff January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 3X7919 5.43 Rusty takes the stand in the case against Philip Stroh and matches wits with Stroh 's lawyer ( Jeri Ryan ) . Meanwhile the team closes in on the letter - writer , still at large . Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Recurring guest stars will include Jon Tenney as Special Agent Fritz Howard , Tom Berenger as Sharon 's husband Jack , Bill Brochtrup as Rusty 's therapist Dr. Joe Bowman , Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Lt. Chuck Cooper , Ransford Doherty as Coroner Investigator Kendall , Kathe Mazur as Deputy DA Andrea Hobbs and Laurie Holden as SWAT Commander Ann McGinnis . The theme for the season is expectations . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Flight Risk '' David McWhirter Michael Alaimo June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) 4X5751 5.16 The team uncovers a family 's secrets when a father and his two young children go missing . Meanwhile , Raydor must trust Rusty when he starts to venture out on his own . 31 `` Personal Day '' Rick Wallace Duppy Demetrius June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 4X5752 4.64 A self - proclaimed innocent man is found murdered after his release from prison . The seventeen - year - old murder case is reopened . Rusty admits to Raydor his reason for the suspicious visits . 32 `` Frozen Assets '' Paul McCrane Adam Belanoff June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 4X5753 4.91 The murder of a dog that was left a 20 - million - dollar estate by his deceased owner , an heiress , forces the team to suspect foul play in the owner 's death . Wannabe detective Jonathan `` Dick Tracy '' Baird ( Andrew Daly ) , returns ( The Closer episode `` Tapped Out '' ) to assist the Major Crimes unit with the case . 33 `` Letting It Go '' Steve Robin Jim Leonard & Damani Johnson June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 4X5754 5.06 An alleged rapist 's murder prompts an emotional investigation of suspects . Meanwhile , Rusty questions his mother 's motives when he catches her in a lie . 34 5 `` Do Not Disturb '' Sheelin Choksey Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 4X5755 4.86 A foreigner is found murdered in his hotel room , and the squad must quickly find the killer before an Indian diplomat 's involvement in the case causes international repercussions . Meanwhile , Rusty must decide on how to share a secret with the squad . 35 6 `` Jane Doe # 38 '' Steve Robin Michael Alaimo & Kendall Sherwood July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 4X5756 5.25 When a young runaway is found murdered in a trash can , the team is doubly tasked with learning her identity and finding her killer . Meanwhile , Raydor and her husband Jack discuss Rusty 's future . 36 7 `` Two Options '' Michael M. Robin James Duff & Mike Berchem July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 4X5757 5.56 SWAT officers discover an elderly couple shot dead in their own home . Major Crimes teams up with the Special Operations Bureau ( SOB ) and FBI Agent Howard to find the killer , who also took hostages from the home . Howard is suggested for consideration as the new Deputy Chief for SOB . note : The LAPD Special Operations Bureau includes SWAT , SIS and Air Support Division -- all featured in this episode . Actual LAPD helicopter pilot Steve Roussell makes his first of six appearances as an unnamed LAPD pilot in this Major Crimes episode , following his six episodes `` in flight '' on The Closer . 37 8 `` Cutting Loose '' Roxann Dawson Duppy Demetrius July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 4X5758 5.85 Lt. Tao has double duty when the star ( Luke Perry ) of the failing cop show on which he consults becomes the prime suspect in the murder of a stalker - fan . 38 9 `` Sweet Revenge '' David McWhirter Adam Belanoff August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 4X5759 5.24 The team investigates the murder of an entrepreneur with questionable morals and possible mob connections . Meanwhile , Rusty tries to win over Raydor 's son Ricky who comes home to visit , and Fritz Howard prepares to assume command of the Special Operations Bureau . 39 10 `` Zoo Story '' Michael M. Rouibin Leo Geter & Jim Leonard August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 4X5760 5.73 A female police officer , with a physical resemblance to a series of kidnapped girls , is abducted from an under - 21 night club . Rusty 's biological mother is arrested for shoplifting and asks Rusty to help bail her out , even if it means returning to his old ways . Newly appointed Deputy Chief Howard suffers a cardiac event and must secretly wear a pacemaker , if he wishes to continue working . 40 11 `` Down the Drain '' Steve Robin Duppy Demetrius November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 4X5761 2.94 The body of a young , recently pregnant woman is found in a storm drain and it 's discovered that she had been working a surrogacy scam on three families ; the team must figure out who murdered her and find the baby . Rusty tries to find a way to tell his mother about his upcoming adoption . 41 12 `` Party Foul '' Rick Wallace Michael Alaimo December 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) 4X5762 4.02 The bloody bodies of a first - year college student and her murdered boyfriend , stabbed with the same pair of scissors , are found in the garage during a raucous , crowded birthday party ; Provenza tries to get answers from the girl , in critical condition at the hospital , and her grandmother . Rusty becomes interested in a colleague . 42 13 `` Acting Out '' Sheelin Choksey Adam Belanoff December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 4X5763 3.59 A former child star , trying to make his comeback in an indie film , is found dead on the streets , where he was researching his role as an addict . Flynn 's daughter has the wrong idea about her father and Sharon 's relationship . 43 14 `` Trial by Fire '' Stacy K. Black Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 4X5764 3.53 Soon after a gang member who killed an innocent boy in a drive - by is found not guilty because a witness was too scared to testify , the accused 's body is found burned in the trunk of his car . The team investigates but must deal with Jack , the lawyer for one suspect , and Deputy Chief Howard 's concerns about a gang war . 44 15 `` Chain Reaction '' David McWhirter Kendall Sherwood December 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 22 ) 4X5765 3.82 One bad Santa takes advantage of a Kris Kringle flashmob right outside to rob a bank ; alerted too late , the security guard shoots and kills the wrong Father Christmas in the Claus - chaotic getaway . Rusty 's uneasy about Sharon 's son and daughter , home for the holidays , keeping a secret from her . 45 16 `` Leap of Faith '' Jon Tenney Damani Johnson December 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 29 ) 4X5766 4.43 After Flynn stops a man from jumping off an overpass , he discovers the body of a girl with autism under a tarp in the back of the man 's truck and the team learns that he 's a registered sex offender . Rusty is asked to write a victim impact statement . 46 17 `` Internal Affairs '' Anthony Hemingway Michael Alaimo January 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 4X5767 4.31 The caregiver of Sanchez 's mother is found dead , just hours after Sanchez attacks him , believing he stole from her . As Sharon does her best to help Sanchez with Internal Affairs , Rusty finds Jack drunk at her condo . 47 18 `` Special Master Part One '' Steve Robin Story by : Mike Berchem Teleplay by : Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 4X5768 3.74 Via his special master , Philip Stroh , in return for a new deal , tells DA Rios that three women will soon die . After the first is found dead in a burned - down house , the team tries to uncover who the next will be and how Stroh knows about these murders even as Rusty , per a term in the new deal , must endure an interview with Stroh . 48 19 `` Special Master Part Two '' Leo Geter Story by : Mike Berchem Teleplay by : Leo Geter & Jim Leonard January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 4X5769 3.49 After the team barely escapes a house rigged to go up in flames , their search for the serial rapist and murderer they dub `` Burning Man '' narrows when Sharon realizes that Philip Stroh has n't been communicating with the culprit but has detected the pattern of his killings . But Stroh has one more trick left . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) The theme for the season is courage . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` A Rose Is a Rose '' David McWhirter Duppy Demetrius June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 4X6101 3.99 As Sanchez returns from leave , the team investigates a murder that seems to be linked to a recent series of home invasions . Rusty gives up covering the investigation for his journalism class and instead reconsiders the murdered runaway whom the team was n't able to identify ( `` Jane Doe # 38 '' ) . 50 `` Sorry I Missed You '' Sheelin Choksey Kendall Sherwood June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 4X6102 3.81 The team has to look into a carjacking after the speeding driver , pursued by police , makes it to LA , fatally crashing only for the trunk to pop open and the car 's owner , shot to death , falling out onto the road . Rusty visits the accused in jail in his effort to discover Alice 's real name . 51 `` Open Line '' Rick Wallace Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 4X6103 4.24 The team looks into the brutal beating and murder of a supermodel who was cyber stalked ; the LAPD 's servers are soon infected with spyware . Meanwhile , Rusty and Sharon are subpoenaed because of Rusty 's prison visit . 52 `` Turn Down '' Paul McCrane Adam Belanoff June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 4X6104 4.39 On Buzz 's first night as a reserve officer , on a ridealong with Flynn and Provenza , he insists on treating the death of a wedding guest in a hotel bathtub as suspicious . The team soon finds itself investigating a pre-nuptial homicide . Rusty continues his search for Alice 's true identity , trying to crack her voicemail password . 53 5 `` Snitch '' Steve Robin Damani Johnson July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 4X6105 4.02 As the team investigates the latest in a series of gang killings , Sykes tries to protect a young eyewitness by not revealing her existence . Flynn tries to get up the courage to take the next step in his relationship with Sharon . Rusty turns to Dr. Joe for advice on his journalistic pursuit of Alice 's identity . 54 6 `` Personal Effects '' Sylvain White Michael Alaimo July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 4X6106 4.19 A bullet - holed skeleton is found off a trail in Mulholland and quickly determined to be the remains of a rapist . Provenza pays Rusty to secretly move his stuff into storage while Provenza 's girlfriend Patrice cleans house . 55 7 `` Targets of Opportunity '' Michael M. Robin Jim Leonard July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 4X6107 4.31 The team investigates a case involving two murdered cops and a young man on the run . Rusty takes advantage of the situation to continue his pursuit of Alice 's identity . 56 8 `` Hostage to Fortune '' Paul McCrane Adam Belanoff July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 4X6108 4.39 The team investigates a kidnapping with the help of an obnoxious , possibly corrupt FBI agent ( Alan Ruck ) . Rusty sets up a meeting with Alice 's brother , Gustavo , but at the expense of his relationship with newfound friend T.J. Gus tells Rusty that Alice 's real name was Marianna . 57 9 `` Wish You Were Here '' Paul McCrane Adam Belanoff August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 4X6109 4.57 The team investigates when the death of a man goes viral on YouTube . Hobbs tries to make a deal with Marianna 's brother Gus , with the help of Rusty and Flynn . 58 10 `` Fifth Dynasty '' Michael M. Robin Kendall Sherwood August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 4X6110 4.47 The team investigates the death of the son of a Superior Court Judge and a possible link to the Aryan Brotherhood . Flynn 's search for Marianna 's sister Paloma turns up something , leaving her brother Gus with a hard decision . 59 11 `` Four of a Kind '' Rick Wallace Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 4X6111 2.22 The team investigates the shooting of four rich people , dumped in the back of an SUV and then dropped off at a hospital . Rusty wants his next journalism story to be about Marianna 's accused killer . Flynn is injured while trying to arrest a suspect . 60 12 `` Blackout '' David McWhirter Damani Johnson November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 4X6112 2.60 When a man on trial for killing his wife tries to withdraw his confession , the team hurries to re-investigate the case and outwit the defense attorney , Sharon 's ex-husband Jack ( Tom Berenger ) . During a jailhouse interview with Slider , Marianna 's accused killer , Rusty begins to suspect that his lawyer has been withholding information from him . 61 13 `` Reality Check '' Sheelin Choksey Michael Alaimo November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 4X6113 2.55 The team investigates the suspicious death of a wife participating in a dysfunctional - couple reality - TV show ; Flynn convalesces at Sharon 's apartment . 62 14 `` Taking the Fall '' Stacey K. Black Jim Leonard & Nick Zayas November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 4X6114 2.49 The team investigates the murder of a stockbroker soon after he was confronted by a driver seemingly consumed with road - rage . Flynn suffers a setback in his convalescence and requires surgery to remove a migrating blood clot . 63 15 `` The Jumping Off Point '' Nzingha Stewart Leo Geter & Michael Zara November 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) 4X6115 3.69 A young man is pushed off a parking structure and the investigation reveals he should not have been able to afford a high - end apartment without any visible means of support . Meanwhile , Flynn must endure an overly cheerful physical therapist . 64 16 `` Thick as Thieves '' Jon Tenney Kendall Sherwood December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 4X6116 3.29 Flynn returns to work but is limited to desk duty , while the team investigates a fugitive diamond thief 's body found by his bail bondsmen . Marianna 's brother Gus learns of Rusty 's relationship with Slider who goes on trial for her murder . 65 17 `` # FindKaylaWeber '' David Harp Duppy Demetrius December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 4X6117 3.00 The daughter of a pro baseball player goes missing , leading to a surprising conclusion . Slider faces sentencing in Marianna 's murder while Rusty has to deal with the fallout of Gus ' discovery of his friendship with Slider . 66 18 `` Penalty Phase '' Michael M. Robin Adam Belanoff December 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 21 ) 4X6118 3.69 The squad pursues a man who includes people in a film he is making before he murders them . Rusty must deal with the possibility of his relationship with Marianna 's brother Gus becoming romantic . 67 19 `` Hindsight , Part 1 '' Michael Robin James Duff & Mike Berchem February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 4X6119 3.08 The squad investigates the fatal shooting of a woman and her young son in gang territory , with the gun linked to high - profile murders years earlier . Sykes begins an uneasy alliance with a disgraced former LAPD detective . They find the gun during a search of the church of reformed cop killer , linked to one of the early murders . Rusty and Gus deal with the return of Rusty 's mom 's ex-boyfriend , who is a suspect in an armed robbery . 68 20 `` Hindsight , Part 2 '' Stacey K. Black Damani Johnson February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 4X6120 3.19 A recently released prisoner linked to the high profile murders ends up dead after being questioned by the police . Meanwhile Rusty 's mom goes missing . 69 21 `` Hindsight , Part 3 '' Patrick G. Duffy Ralph Gifford & Carson Moore February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X6121 2.94 The husband of the dead mother and son is released on bail to attend the funeral . It appears he lashed out at a rival Latino gang killing a number of them . So the squad has to pull out all stops to prevent a gang war from starting at the funeral . Meanwhile Rusty 's mom is arrested across town for driving in a car flagged as a getaway car . 70 22 `` Hindsight , Part 4 '' Leo Geter Michael Alaimo March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 4X6122 3.49 The brother of the Reverend cop killer is arrested after a shootout at a motel killing the husband that was released on bail . It turns out he is the kingpin in the drug trade out of the church without his brother knowing . But this brother does n't believe the cops and is convinced he should talk to his brother with a button camera . The ex-boyfriend of Rusty 's mom is arrested on the information she provides . 71 23 `` Hindsight , Part 5 '' Michael Robin Duppy Demetrius & Mike Berchem March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X6123 3.41 The squad closes in on the killer leading to a surprising ending . Provenza prepares for his wedding , while Rusty works to prove his biological mother 's innocence . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) The theme for the season is balance . The final eight episodes focus on connections . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 72 `` Present Tense '' Sheelin Choksey Damani Johnson June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) 4X7751 3.62 The squad investigates the disappearance of a fifteen year old girl leading to a surprising family connection . Meanwhile , Andy considers selling his home , Buzz looks into the murders of his father and uncle . Rusty experiences relationship troubles with Gus . 73 `` N.S.F.W. '' Sylvain White Kendall Sherwood June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 4X7752 3.66 A police detective , who is privately conducting an investigation of a porn studio , is found murdered in one of the studio 's properties . Buzz continues working on his father and uncle 's murders . Rusty 's biological mother is pregnant , and Sharon urges the two of them to talk . 74 `` Foreign Affairs '' Nzingha Stewart Carson Moore June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 4X7753 3.99 A beheaded body is found along with a video of the ISIS - style execution . The team clashes with federal investigators over jurisdiction . Sharon , Rusty and Gus discuss family issues . Buzz views the video of his father and uncle 's murder . 75 `` Skin Deep '' Steve Robin Adam Belanoff July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 4X7754 3.92 While looking at a potential home to buy , Flynn ( with Provenza and Buzz ) discover a murdered woman , a real estate agent , floating in the pool . Suspects include her plastic surgeon and dentist . Provenza gives Buzz some case files of crimes similar to his father and uncle 's murder at an ATM . Flynn , Sharon and Rusty review the house together and decide against it . 76 5 `` Cashed Out '' Paul McCrane Ralph Gifford July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 4X7755 3.72 As Julio works to become a foster father , he comes under investigation by a social worker for his surprising method of taking down the killer in a brutal murder . 77 6 `` Tourist Trap '' Rick Wallace Duppy Demetrius July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 4X7756 3.65 The team investigates a seemingly random mugging and murder of the husband of a vacationing British couple . Provenza gives advice to Buzz on how to investigate his father and uncle 's murders . Rusty and his mother reconcile . 78 7 `` Moral Hazard '' David McWhirter Nick Zayas August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 4X7757 3.65 A down - on - his - luck man ( Jere Burns ) begins a killing spree against people from his past who he believes have wronged him . Rusty works on fingerprint evidence for Buzz 's investigation . 79 8 `` Off the Wagon '' Stacey K. Black Michael Zara August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 4X7758 3.18 A former child star restarting his career dies and Flynn investigates as a favor to his daughter ; Buzz contemplates how to proceed in his investigation into his father and uncle 's killers while Rusty makes a decision regarding his mother 's pregnancy and reaches a new milestone in his relationship with Gus . Stephanie Courtney has a cameo appearance as an unethical doctor . 80 9 `` Family Law '' David Harp Mike Berchem August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 4X7759 3.94 The team investigates the murder of a divorce attorney with suspects ranging from his wife to a prostitute who possessed a surprising connection to the victim ; Buzz 's efforts to find his father 's killer finally hit a breakthrough ; Julio is assigned to foster Mark Jarvis , a troublesome child . 81 10 `` Dead Zone '' Patrick G. Duffy Kendall Sherwood August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 4X7760 3.98 The team 's investigation of the murder of Mark 's mother leads to a crime organization ( the Zyklon Brotherhood ) planning to start a race war . Buzz and Provenza interview one of the two men suspected of murdering Buzz 's father and uncle . 82 11 `` White Lies Part 1 '' Michael M. Robin James Duff September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 4X7761 4.14 The murder trial of a white supremacist takes a horrifying turn when he grabs a ( supposedly unloaded ) gun entered into evidence and kills several people , including Deputy Chief Taylor , before Sharon kills him in return . The team races to determine who might have conspired to make the shootings possible and bring down the Zyklon Brotherhood . Buzz continues to investigate the murders of his father and uncle by interviewing an alibi witness . 83 12 `` White Lies Part 2 '' Sheelin Choksey Damani Johnson September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 4X7762 3.29 The squad continues its investigation into the conspiracy surrounding the courtroom shooting and a possible family connection to Dwight Darnell ; Buzz 's investigation turns up the name of his father and uncle 's killer . 84 13 `` White Lies Part 3 '' Michael M. Robin Carson Moore September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 4X7763 3.10 The team is able to shut down the Zyklon Brotherhood but must still track down the true mastermind behind the courtroom shooting ; Julio 's new foster son Mark is taken to his grandparents , leading to a tearful goodbye ; with the help of Rusty , Buzz is able to identify and arrest his father and uncle 's killer who confesses ; however , the man has a family , leaving Buzz disturbed ; Fritz Howard contemplates taking Taylor 's job ; at the end of the episode , Andy collapses from an apparent heart attack . 85 14 `` Heart Failure '' Nzingha Stewart Ralph Gifford February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 4X7764 1.93 Andy has survived his heart incident and has returned to light duty . The squad investigates a brutal murder with a new Deputy Chief ( Camryn Manheim ) breathing down their necks ; meanwhile Buzz receives a distressing letter , Sharon receives distressing news about an old enemy and Rusty worries about his future with Gus . 86 15 `` Cleared History '' Jennifer Phang Adam Belanoff March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 4X7765 2.28 The squad investigates a murder that leads them to a child pornography ring . Rusty has to deal with the fallout of his decision regarding Gus and the implications of why he made that decision . 87 16 `` Quid Pro Quo '' Sylvain White Michael Zara March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 4X7766 2.48 A murder case goes sideways at trial when defense attorney Linda Rothman is able to destroy Det . Amy Sykes 's credibility on the stand . Helping Rothman as a defense investigator is Amy 's old nemesis , Mark Hickman . 88 17 `` Dead Drop '' Stacey K. Black Nick Zayas March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 4X7767 2.26 The squad finds a very heavy body forty feet up a tree surrounded by loose marijuana when Dr. Morales shows up to the crime scene with his father , a retired detective from Uruguay . Meanwhile , Julio Sanchez works to become the legal guardian of Mark Jarvis while Andy Flynn prepares a special surprise for Sharon . 89 18 `` Bad Blood '' Steve Robin Kendall Sherwood March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 4X7768 2.37 Sharon 's son , Ricky , comes home for a surprise visit while Major Crimes investigates what looks like the `` follow home '' murder of a retired LAPD fraud detective , who may have been murdered for an arrest she made decades ago . 90 19 `` Intersection '' Rick Wallace Damani Johnson March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 4X7769 2.44 As the war between bikes and cars escalates in the streets of L.A. , Acting Assistant Chief Fritz Howard deploys Major Crimes to solve a tragic hit - and - run . Lt. Provenza , frustrated by the never - ending contest to succeed Russell Taylor , contemplates retirement . 91 20 `` Shockwave , Part 1 '' Patrick G. Duffy Ralph Gifford April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 4X7770 2.43 An explosion with C - 4 at a crime scene brings the division between new deputy chief of operations Winnie Davis and Major Crimes to a head . Rusty faces a major decision in his relationship with Gus . 92 21 `` Shockwave , Part 2 '' Michael M. Robin Duppy Demetrius April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) 4X7771 2.89 The squad works to capture the bomber who turns out to be the key witness in another murder . As Rusty makes a decision about his future with Gus , the competition for the rank of Assistant Chief ends . Season 6 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Sanctuary City : Part 1 '' Michael M. Robin James Duff October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) TBA TBD 94 `` Sanctuary City : Part 2 '' TBA TBA November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) Rank per week on Cable `` Reloaded '' August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) 7.18 # 2 `` Before and After '' August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) 5.40 0.9 # 1 `` Medical Causes '' August 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) 5.74 0.9 # 8 `` The Ecstasy and the Agony '' September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 5.87 1.0 # 2 5 `` Citizen 's Arrest '' September 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) 4.96 0.9 # 6 6 `` Out of Bounds '' September 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) 4.67 0.8 # 3 7 `` The Shame Game '' September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 4.30 0.8 # 4 8 `` Dismissed with Prejudice '' October 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) 4.17 0.7 # 21 9 `` Cheaters Never Prosper '' October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 4.33 0.7 # 21 10 `` Long Shot '' October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 5.13 0.9 # 11 Season 2 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) Rank per week on Cable `` Final Cut '' June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) 5.02 0.9 # 1 `` False Pretenses '' June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) 3.90 0.7 # 12 `` Under the Influence '' June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) 4.55 0.8 # 5 `` I , Witness '' July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) 4.73 0.8 # 3 5 `` D.O.A. '' July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) 4.62 0.8 # 4 6 `` Boys Will Be Boys '' July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) 5.05 0.8 # 5 7 `` Rules of Engagement '' July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) 5.38 0.9 # 3 8 `` The Deep End '' July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) 4.99 0.9 # 3 9 `` There 's No Place Like Home '' August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) 5.12 0.7 # 3 10 `` Backfire '' August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) 5.31 0.9 # 3 11 `` Poster Boy '' August 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) 5.31 0.8 # 5 12 `` Pick Your Poison '' November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 3.65 0.7 # 22 13 `` Jailbait '' December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 4.21 0.7 # 5 14 `` All In '' December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) 3.72 0.7 # 18 15 `` Curve Ball '' December 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) 4.36 0.7 # 6 16 `` Risk Assessment '' December 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 23 ) 4.47 0.7 # 8 17 `` Year - End Blowout '' December 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 30 ) 5.21 0.7 # 11 18 `` Return to Sender '' January 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) 4.95 0.8 # 5 19 `` Return to Sender Part 2 '' January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 5.43 0.8 # 4 Season 3 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) Rank per week on Cable `` Flight Risk '' June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) 5.16 0.9 # 2 `` Personal Day '' June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 4.64 0.7 # 7 `` Frozen Assets '' June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 4.91 0.8 # 8 `` Letting It Go '' June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 5.06 0.8 # 6 5 `` Do Not Disturb '' July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 4.86 0.8 # 4 6 `` Jane Doe # 38 '' July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 5.25 0.9 # 2 7 `` Two Options '' July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 5.56 0.9 # 1 8 `` Cutting Loose '' July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 5.85 1.0 # 1 9 `` Sweet Revenge '' August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 5.24 0.8 # 1 10 `` Zoo Story '' August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 5.73 0.8 # 1 11 `` Down the Drain '' November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 2.94 0.5 TBA 12 `` Party Foul '' December 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) 4.02 0.6 # 10 13 `` Acting Out '' December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 3.59 0.6 # 7 14 `` Trial by Fire '' December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 3.53 0.6 # 10 15 `` Chain Reaction '' December 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 22 ) 3.82 0.6 # 11 16 `` Leap of Faith '' December 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 29 ) 4.43 0.7 # 17 17 `` Internal Affairs '' January 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 4.31 0.7 # 1 18 `` Special Master Part One '' January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 3.74 0.6 # 9 19 `` Special Master Part Two '' January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 3.49 0.5 # 12 Season 4 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) Rank per week on Cable `` A Rose Is a Rose '' June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 3.99 0.5 # 2 `` Sorry I Missed You '' June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 3.81 0.5 # 6 `` Open Line '' June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 4.24 0.6 # 4 `` Turn Down '' June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 4.39 0.7 # 1 5 `` Snitch '' July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 4.02 0.5 # 2 6 `` Personal Effects '' July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 4.19 0.6 # 2 7 `` Targets of Opportunity '' July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 4.31 0.7 # 2 8 `` Hostage to Fortune '' July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 4.39 0.6 # 3 9 `` Wish You Were Here '' August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 4.57 0.7 # 6 10 `` Fifth Dynasty '' August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 4.47 0.6 # 1 11 `` Four of a Kind '' November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 2.22 0.4 TBA 12 `` Blackout '' November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 2.60 0.5 TBA 13 `` Reality Check '' November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 2.55 0.3 TBA 14 `` Taking the Fall '' November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 2.49 0.4 TBA 15 `` The Jumping Off Point '' November 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) 3.69 0.5 # 13 16 `` Thick as Thieves '' December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 3.29 0.4 # 12 17 `` # FindKaylaWeber '' December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 3.00 0.4 # 23 18 `` Penalty Phase '' December 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 21 ) 3.69 0.5 # 7 19 `` Hindsight Part 1 '' February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 3.08 0.4 # 13 20 `` Hindsight Part 2 '' February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 3.19 0.5 # 14 21 `` Hindsight Part 3 '' February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 2.94 0.4 # 25 22 `` Hindsight Part 4 '' March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 3.49 0.5 TBA 23 `` Hindsight Part 5 '' March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 3.41 0.5 TBA Season 5 ( edit ) No . Title Original air date Viewers ( in millions ) Rating ( Adults 18 -- 49 ) `` Present Tense '' June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) 3.62 0.4 `` N.S.F.W. '' June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 3.66 0.5 `` Foreign Affairs '' June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 3.99 0.5 `` Skin Deep '' July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 3.92 0.5 5 `` Cashed Out '' July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 3.72 0.5 6 `` Tourist Trap '' July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 3.65 0.5 7 `` Moral Hazard '' August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 3.65 0.5 8 `` Off the Wagon '' August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 3.18 0.4 9 `` Family Law '' August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 3.94 0.5 10 `` Dead Zone '' August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 3.98 0.5 11 `` White Lies Part 1 '' September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 4.14 0.5 12 `` White Lies Part 2 '' September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 3.29 0.4 13 `` White Lies Part 3 '' September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 3.10 0.4 14 `` Heart Failure '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 1.93 0.2 15 `` Cleared History '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 2.28 0.3 16 `` Quid Pro Quo '' March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 2.48 0.3 17 `` Dead Drop '' March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 2.26 0.3 18 `` Bad Blood '' March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 2.37 0.3 19 `` Intersection '' March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 2.44 0.3 20 `` Shockwave , Part 1 '' April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 2.43 0.3 21 `` Shockwave , Part 2 '' April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) 2.89 0.3 See also ( edit ) Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Major Crimes Renewed for Sixth Season at TNT '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Major Crimes Gets Season 6 Premiere Date at TNT : Watch New Trailer '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reloaded '' . Major Crimes Blog . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Pre-Season Football Rules Night , + ' Love And Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' The Closer ' , ' Pawn Stars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' & Pre-Season Football Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' , ' Bunheads ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Monday Night Football Rules Night , + ' Monday Night Raw ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Bad Girls Club ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Rules Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Chrissy & Mr. Jones ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Alphas ' , ' WWE Raw ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , MLB , ' American Chopper ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Alphas ' , ' T.I. and Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Major Crimes Creator James Duff Previews `` Rules of Engagement '' `` . TVGuide.com. 2013 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Wins Night + NHL Stanley Cup , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Hit The Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Real Housewives of OC ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Hit the Floor ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. & Tiny ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NFL Preseason Wins Night + ' RAW ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' TI & Tiny ' , ' Marrying the Game ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Love and Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Fast N ' Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Chrissy & Mr. Jones ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Street Outlaws ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' BCS Championship ' Dominates Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' & ' Love & Hip Hop ' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jon Tenney , Tom Berenger , Bill Brochtrup and Malcolm - Jamal Warner Returning to Guest - Star in Season Three of TNT 's Major Crimes '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2014/06/08/major-crimes-season-3-preview-sharon-rusty-flynn-big-fritz-episode/ ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . Airborne Law Enforcement Association . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back ' , ' Monster Hammerhead ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Wins Night ' WWE Raw ' , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' K. Michelle : My Life ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop Hollywood ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' Love and Hip - Hop ' , ' SportsCenter ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 11 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' College Football Playoff Championship ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 18 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Major Crimes Season 4 : Who Will Need Courage ? Plus : An ' Amazing ' Showcase ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' & Stanley Cup Final Win Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' TI & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Women 's World Cup Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Street Outlaws ' , ' WWE Raw ' ' T.I. & Tiny ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , Shark Week , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Tut ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 7 - 27 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' UnReal ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' She 's Got Game ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' leads , plus ' Black Ink Crew , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Fargo ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' down but still on top , plus ' Love & Hip Hop , ' ' WWE Raw ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' even with last week , plus ' Street Outlaws , ' ' Love & Hip Hop ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' rises , plus ' WWE Raw , ' ' Love & Hip Hop ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Season low for ' Monday Night Football ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' rebounds , plus ' Vanderpump Rules , ' ' WWE Raw ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' The Expanse ' premiere not that expansive , ' Monday Night Football ' leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' stays steady , ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' stays steady , ' Better Call Saul ' premieres low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads the night , `` Street Outlaws '' falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Major Crimes Season 5 : Sharon 's Big Problem , a Beheading and More Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2017/04/11/major-crimes-season-5-finale-preview/ ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 601 ) Sanctuary City : Part 1 '' . The Futon Critic . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Major Crimes on TNT '' . The Futon Critic . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' The Closer ' Series Finale Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 19 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 26 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : FOX News Channel 's Republican National Convention Coverage Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 2 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' The 2012 Video Music Awards ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 9 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 16 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 23 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending September 30 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending October 7 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending October 14 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending October 21 , 2012 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 16 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Skywire Live ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 23 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' BET Awards ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 30 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 7 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 14 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Teen Beach Movie ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 21 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 28 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Again Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 4 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Breaking Bad ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 11 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 18 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 25 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 1 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 8 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 15 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 22 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 29 , 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rose Bowl ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 5 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' BCS Championship ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 12 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 19 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 15 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : World Cup Soccer Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 22 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : World Cup Soccer Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 7 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Home Run Derby Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 20 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 27 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 3 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 10 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 17 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 7 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 14 , 2014 '' . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 21 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . December 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending December 28 , 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : College Football Playoff Semifinals Top Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 4 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 11 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Baron , Steve ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' College Football Playoff Championship ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending January 18 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 6 - 8 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baron , Steve ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 14 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 6 - 15 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 21 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 6 - 22 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : BET Awards Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 28 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 6 - 29 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 5 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' True Detective ' & ' Teen Mom II ' Lead Adults 18 - 49 Gains , ' Masters of Sex ' Tops Percentage Increases + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Rises Most in Viewers in Live + 7 Cable Ratings for Week Ending July 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 12 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 7 - 13 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : Home Run Derby Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 19 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ShowbuzzDaily 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals 7 - 21 - 15 '' . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : NASCAR Sprint Cup Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending July 26 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Descendants ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 2 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : Republican Presidential Debate Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 9 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Cable Top 25 : ' Major Crimes ' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending August 16 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' slips but still on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : ' Monday Night Football ' scores a big win for the week of Dec. 7 - 13 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : Republican debate and ' Monday Night Football ' tie for No. 1 for Dec. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : Down ' Monday Night Football ' still tops the week of Dec. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : ' The Walking Dead ' stays on top for Feb. 15 - 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : ' Walking Dead ' and Republican debate top the week of Feb. 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cable weekly Top 25 : Zombies and politics rise to the top again for Feb. 29 - March 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Major Crimes episode guide at TNT.com List of Major Crimes episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_Crimes_episodes&oldid=804786479 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 04 : 04 . About Wikipedia	when does the new season of major crimes start 2015	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n49\n1\n\"A Rose Is a Rose\"\nDavid McWhirter\nDuppy Demetrius\nJune 8, 2015 (2015-06-08)\n4X6101\n3.99[56]\n\n\nAs Sanchez returns from leave, the team investigates a murder that seems to be linked to a recent series of home invasions. Rusty gives up covering the investigation for his journalism class and instead reconsiders the murdered runaway whom the team wasn't able to identify (\"Jane Doe #38\").\n\n\n50\n2\n\"Sorry I Missed You\"\nSheelin Choksey\nKendall Sherwood\nJune 15, 2015 (2015-06-15)\n4X6102\n3.81[57]\n\n\nThe team has to look into a carjacking after the speeding driver, pursued by police, makes it to LA, fatally crashing only for the trunk to pop open and the car's owner, shot to death, falling out onto the road. Rusty visits the accused in jail in his effort to discover Alice's real name.\n\n\n51\n3\n\"Open Line\"\nRick Wallace\nRalph Gifford & Carson Moore\nJune 22, 2015 (2015-06-22)\n4X6103\n4.24[58]\n\n\nThe team looks into the brutal beating and murder of a supermodel who was cyber stalked; the LAPD's servers are soon infected with spyware. Meanwhile, Rusty and Sharon are subpoenaed because of Rusty's prison visit.\n\n\n52\n4\n\"Turn Down\"\nPaul McCrane\nAdam Belanoff\nJune 29, 2015 (2015-06-29)\n4X6104\n4.39[59]\n\n\nOn Buzz's first night as a reserve officer, on a ridealong with Flynn and Provenza, he insists on treating the death of a wedding guest in a hotel bathtub as suspicious. The team soon finds itself investigating a pre-nuptial homicide. Rusty continues his search for Alice's true identity, trying to crack her voicemail password.\n\n\n53\n5\n\"Snitch\"\nSteve Robin\nDamani Johnson\nJuly 6, 2015 (2015-07-06)\n4X6105\n4.02[60]\n\n\nAs the team investigates the latest in a series of gang killings, Sykes tries to protect a young eyewitness by not revealing her existence. Flynn tries to get up the courage to take the next step in his relationship with Sharon. Rusty turns to Dr. Joe for advice on his journalistic pursuit of Alice's identity.\n\n\n54\n6\n\"Personal Effects\"\nSylvain White\nMichael Alaimo\nJuly 13, 2015 (2015-07-13)\n4X6106\n4.19[61]\n\n\nA bullet-holed skeleton is found off a trail in Mulholland and quickly determined to be the remains of a rapist. Provenza pays Rusty to secretly move his stuff into storage while Provenza's girlfriend Patrice cleans house.\n\n\n55\n7\n\"Targets of Opportunity\"\nMichael M. Robin\nJim Leonard\nJuly 20, 2015 (2015-07-20)\n4X6107\n4.31[62]\n\n\nThe team investigates a case involving two murdered cops and a young man on the run. Rusty takes advantage of the situation to continue his pursuit of Alice's identity.\n\n\n56\n8\n\"Hostage to Fortune\"\nPaul McCrane\nAdam Belanoff\nJuly 27, 2015 (2015-07-27)\n4X6108\n4.39[63]\n\n\nThe team investigates a kidnapping with the help of an obnoxious, possibly corrupt FBI agent (Alan Ruck). Rusty sets up a meeting with Alice's brother, Gustavo, but at the expense of his relationship with newfound friend T. J. Gus tells Rusty that Alice's real name was Marianna.\n\n\n57\n9\n\"Wish You Were Here\"\nPaul McCrane\nAdam Belanoff\nAugust 3, 2015 (2015-08-03)\n4X6109\n4.57[64]\n\n\nThe team investigates when the death of a man goes viral on YouTube. Hobbs tries to make a deal with Marianna's brother Gus, with the help of Rusty and Flynn.\n\n\n58\n10\n\"Fifth Dynasty\"\nMichael M. Robin\nKendall Sherwood\nAugust 10, 2015 (2015-08-10)\n4X6110\n4.47[65]\n\n\nThe team investigates the death of the son of a Superior Court Judge and a possible link to the Aryan Brotherhood. Flynn's search for Marianna's sister Paloma turns up something, leaving her brother Gus with a hard decision.\n\n\n59\n11\n\"Four of a Kind\"\nRick Wallace\nRalph Gifford & Carson Moore\nNovember 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)\n4X6111\n2.22[66]\n\n\nThe team investigates the shooting of four rich people, dumped in the back of an SUV and then dropped off at a hospital. Rusty wants his next journalism story to be about Marianna's accused killer. Flynn is injured while trying to arrest a suspect.\n\n\n60\n12\n\"Blackout\"\nDavid McWhirter\nDamani Johnson\nNovember 9, 2015 (2015-11-09)\n4X6112\n2.60[67]\n\n\nWhen a man on trial for killing his wife tries to withdraw his confession, the team hurries to re-investigate the case and outwit the defense attorney, Sharon's ex-husband Jack (Tom Berenger). During a jailhouse interview with Slider, Marianna's accused killer, Rusty begins to suspect that his lawyer has been withholding information from him.\n\n\n61\n13\n\"Reality Check\"\nSheelin Choksey\nMichael Alaimo\nNovember 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)\n4X6113\n2.55[68]\n\n\nThe team investigates the suspicious death of a wife participating in a dysfunctional-couple reality-TV show; Flynn convalesces at Sharon's apartment.\n\n\n62\n14\n\"Taking the Fall\"\nStacey K. Black\nJim Leonard & Nick Zayas\nNovember 23, 2015 (2015-11-23)\n4X6114\n2.49[69]\n\n\nThe team investigates the murder of a stockbroker soon after he was confronted by a driver seemingly consumed with road-rage. Flynn suffers a setback in his convalescence and requires surgery to remove a migrating blood clot.\n\n\n63\n15\n\"The Jumping Off Point\"\nNzingha Stewart\nLeo Geter & Michael Zara\nNovember 30, 2015 (2015-11-30)\n4X6115\n3.69[70]\n\n\nA young man is pushed off a parking structure and the investigation reveals he should not have been able to afford a high-end apartment without any visible means of support. Meanwhile, Flynn must endure an overly cheerful physical therapist.\n\n\n64\n16\n\"Thick as Thieves\"\nJon Tenney\nKendall Sherwood\nDecember 7, 2015 (2015-12-07)\n4X6116\n3.29[71]\n\n\nFlynn returns to work but is limited to desk duty, while the team investigates a fugitive diamond thief's body found by his bail bondsmen. Marianna's brother Gus learns of Rusty's relationship with Slider who goes on trial for her murder.\n\n\n65\n17\n\"#FindKaylaWeber\"\nDavid Harp\nDuppy Demetrius\nDecember 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)\n4X6117\n3.00[72]\n\n\nThe daughter of a pro baseball player goes missing, leading to a surprising conclusion. Slider faces sentencing in Marianna's murder while Rusty has to deal with the fallout of Gus' discovery of his friendship with Slider.\n\n\n66\n18\n\"Penalty Phase\"\nMichael M. Robin\nAdam Belanoff\nDecember 21, 2015 (2015-12-21)\n4X6118\n3.69[73]\n\n\nThe squad pursues a man who includes people in a film he is making before he murders them. Rusty must deal with the possibility of his relationship with Marianna's brother Gus becoming romantic.\n\n\n67\n19\n\"Hindsight, Part 1\"\nMichael Robin\nJames Duff & Mike Berchem\nFebruary 15, 2016 (2016-02-15)\n4X6119\n3.08[74]\n\n\nThe squad investigates the fatal shooting of a woman and her young son in gang territory, with the gun linked to high-profile murders years earlier. Sykes begins an uneasy alliance with a disgraced former LAPD detective. They find the gun during a search of the church of reformed cop killer, linked to one of the early murders. Rusty and Gus deal with the return of Rusty's mom's ex-boyfriend, who is a suspect in an armed robbery.\n\n\n68\n20\n\"Hindsight, Part 2\"\nStacey K. Black\nDamani Johnson\nFebruary 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)\n4X6120\n3.19[75]\n\n\nA recently released prisoner linked to the high profile murders ends up dead after being questioned by the police. Meanwhile Rusty's mom goes missing.\n\n\n69\n21\n\"Hindsight, Part 3\"\nPatrick G. Duffy\nRalph Gifford & Carson Moore\nFebruary 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)\n4X6121\n2.94[76]\n\n\nThe husband of the dead mother and son is released on bail to attend the funeral. It appears he lashed out at a rival Latino gang killing a number of them. So the squad has to pull out all stops to prevent a gang war from starting at the funeral. Meanwhile Rusty's mom is arrested across town for driving in a car flagged as a getaway car.\n\n\n70\n22\n\"Hindsight, Part 4\"\nLeo Geter\nMichael Alaimo\nMarch 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)\n4X6122\n3.49[77]\n\n\nThe brother of the Reverend cop killer is arrested after a shootout at a motel killing the husband that was released on bail. It turns out he is the kingpin in the drug trade out of the church without his brother knowing. But this brother doesn't believe the cops and is convinced he should talk to his brother with a button camera. The ex-boyfriend of Rusty's mom is arrested on the information she provides.\n\n\n71\n23\n\"Hindsight, Part 5\"\nMichael Robin\nDuppy Demetrius & Mike Berchem\nMarch 14, 2016 (2016-03-14)\n4X6123\n3.41[78]\n\n\nThe squad closes in on the killer leading to a surprising ending. Provenza prepares for his wedding, while Rusty works to prove his biological mother's innocence.\n\n" ]	[ "June 8, 2015" ]
3642056486249454353	System call	System call - wikipedia System call Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with system command . A high - level overview of the Linux kernel 's system call interface , which handles communication between its various components and the userspace In computing , a system call is the programmatic way in which a computer program requests a service from the kernel of the operating system it is executed on . This may include hardware - related services ( for example , accessing a hard disk drive ) , creation and execution of new processes , and communication with integral kernel services such as process scheduling . System calls provide an essential interface between a process and the operating system . In most systems , system calls can only be made from userspace processes , while in some systems , OS / 360 and successors for example , privileged system code also issues system calls . Contents ( hide ) 1 Privileges 2 The library as an intermediary 3 Examples and tools 4 Typical implementations 5 Categories of system calls 6 Processor mode and context switching 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Privileges ( edit ) The architecture of most modern processors , with the exception of some embedded systems , involves a security model . For example , the rings model specifies multiple privilege levels under which software may be executed : a program is usually limited to its own address space so that it can not access or modify other running programs or the operating system itself , and is usually prevented from directly manipulating hardware devices ( e.g. the frame buffer or network devices ) . However , many normal applications obviously need access to these components , so system calls are made available by the operating system to provide well defined , safe implementations for such operations . The operating system executes at the highest level of privilege , and allows applications to request services via system calls , which are often initiated via interrupts . An interrupt automatically puts the CPU into some elevated privilege level , and then passes control to the kernel , which determines whether the calling program should be granted the requested service . If the service is granted , the kernel executes a specific set of instructions over which the calling program has no direct control , returns the privilege level to that of the calling program , and then returns control to the calling program . The library as an intermediary ( edit ) Generally , systems provide a library or API that sits between normal programs and the operating system . On Unix - like systems , that API is usually part of an implementation of the C library ( libc ) , such as glibc , that provides wrapper functions for the system calls , often named the same as the system calls they invoke . On Windows NT , that API is part of the Native API , in the ntdll. dll library ; this is an undocumented API used by implementations of the regular Windows API and directly used by some system programs on Windows . The library 's wrapper functions expose an ordinary function calling convention ( a subroutine call on the assembly level ) for using the system call , as well as making the system call more modular . Here , the primary function of the wrapper is to place all the arguments to be passed to the system call in the appropriate processor registers ( and maybe on the call stack as well ) , and also setting a unique system call number for the kernel to call . In this way the library , which exists between the OS and the application , increases portability . The call to the library function itself does not cause a switch to kernel mode ( if the execution was not already in kernel mode ) and is usually a normal subroutine call ( using , for example , a `` CALL '' assembly instruction in some Instruction set architectures ( ISAs ) ) . The actual system call does transfer control to the kernel ( and is more implementation - dependent and platform - dependent than the library call abstracting it ) . For example , in Unix - like systems , fork and execve are C library functions that in turn execute instructions that invoke the fork and exec system calls . Making the system call directly in the application code is more complicated and may require embedded assembly code to be used ( in C and C++ ) as well as knowledge of the low - level binary interface for the system call operation , which may be subject to change over time and thus not be part of the application binary interface ; the library functions are meant to abstract this away . On exokernel based systems , the library is especially important as an intermediary . On exokernels , libraries shield user applications from the very low level kernel API , and provide abstractions and resource management . IBM operating systems descended from OS / 360 and DOS / 360 , including z / OS and z / VSE , implement system calls through a library of assembly language macros . This reflects their origin at a time when programming in assembly language was more common than high - level language usage . IBM system calls are therefore not directly executable by high - level language programs , but require a callable assembly language wrapper subroutine . Examples and tools ( edit ) On Unix , Unix - like and other POSIX - compliant operating systems , popular system calls are open , read , write , close , wait , exec , fork , exit , and kill . Many modern operating systems have hundreds of system calls . For example , Linux and OpenBSD each have over 300 different calls , NetBSD has close to 500 , FreeBSD has over 500 , Windows 7 has close to 700 , while Plan 9 has 51 . Tools such as strace and truss allow a process to execute from start and report all system calls the process invokes , or can attach to an already running process and intercept any system call made by said process if the operation does not violate the permissions of the user . This special ability of the program is usually also implemented with a system call , e.g. strace is implemented with ptrace or system calls on files in procfs . Typical implementations ( edit ) Implementing system calls requires a control transfer from user space to kernel space , which involves some sort of architecture - specific feature . A typical way to implement this is to use a software interrupt or trap . Interrupts transfer control to the operating system kernel so software simply needs to set up some register with the system call number needed , and execute the software interrupt . This is the only technique provided for many RISC processors , but CISC architectures such as x86 support additional techniques . For example , the x86 instruction set contains the instructions SYSCALL / SYSRET and SYSENTER / SYSEXIT ( these two mechanisms were independently created by AMD and Intel , respectively , but in essence they do the same thing ) . These are `` fast '' control transfer instructions that are designed to quickly transfer control to the kernel for a system call without the overhead of an interrupt . Linux 2.5 began using this on the x86 , where available ; formerly it used the INT instruction , where the system call number was placed in the EAX register before interrupt 0x80 was executed . An older x86 mechanism is the call gate . It allows a program to call a kernel function directly using a safe control transfer mechanism , which the operating system sets up in advance . This approach has been unpopular , presumably due to the requirement of a far call ( a call to a procedure located in a different segment than the current code segment ) which uses x86 memory segmentation and the resulting lack of portability it causes , and existence of the faster instructions mentioned above . For IA - 64 architecture , EPC ( Enter Privileged Code ) instruction is used . The first eight system call arguments are passed in registers , and the rest are passed on the stack . In the IBM System / 360 mainframe family , a Supervisor Call instruction implements a system call for legacy facilities ; the Program Call ( PC ) instruction is used for newer facilities . In particular , PC is used when the caller might be in SRB mode . Categories of system calls ( edit ) System calls can be roughly grouped into five major categories : Process Control load execute end , abort create process ( for example , fork on Unix - like systems , or NtCreateProcess in the Windows NT Native API ) terminate process get / set process attributes wait for time , wait event , signal event allocate , free memory File management create file , delete file open , close read , write , reposition get / set file attributes Device Management request device , release device read , write , reposition get / set device attributes logically attach or detach devices Information Maintenance get / set time or date get / set system data get / set process , file , or device attributes Communication create , delete communication connection send , receive messages transfer status information attach or detach remote devices Processor mode and context switching ( edit ) System calls in most Unix - like systems are processed in kernel mode , which is accomplished by changing the processor execution mode to a more privileged one , but no process context switch is necessary -- although a privilege context switch does occur . The hardware sees the world in terms of the execution mode according to the processor status register , and processes are an abstraction provided by the operating system . A system call does not generally require a context switch to another process ; instead , it is processed in the context of whichever process invoked it . In a multithreaded process , system calls can be made from multiple threads . The handling of such calls is dependent on the design of the specific operating system kernel and the application runtime environment . The following list shows typical models followed by operating systems : Many - to - one model : All system calls from any user thread in a process are handled by a single kernel - level thread . This model has a serious drawback -- any blocking system call ( like awaiting input from user ) can freeze all the other threads . Also , since only one thread can access the kernel at a time , this model can not utilize multiple cores of processor . One - to - one model : Every user thread gets attached to a distinct kernel - level thread during a system call . This model solves the above problem of blocking system calls . It is found in all major distribution of Linux , recent Windows and Solaris versions . Many - to - many model : In this model a pool of user threads is mapped to a pool of kernel threads . All system calls from a user thread pool are handled by the threads in their corresponding kernel thread pool Hybrid model : This model implements both many to many and one to one model depending upon choice made by the kernel . This is found in old versions of IRIX , HP - UX and Solaris . See also ( edit ) Linux kernel API Supervisor Call instruction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IBM ( March 1967 ) . `` Writing SVC Routines '' . IBM System / 360 Operating System System Programmer 's Guide ( PDF ) . Third Edition . pp. 32 -- 36 . C28 - 6550 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` syscalls ( 2 ) - Linux manual page '' . Jump up ^ OpenBSD ( 2013 - 09 - 14 ) . `` System call names ( kern / syscalls. c ) '' . BSD Cross Reference . Jump up ^ NetBSD ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) . `` System call names ( kern / syscalls. c ) '' . BSD Cross Reference . Jump up ^ `` FreeBSD syscalls. c , the list of syscall names and IDs '' . Jump up ^ `` Plan 9 sys. h , the list of syscall names and IDs '' . Jump up ^ `` SYSENTER ( OSDev wiki ) '' . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 2002 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Linux 2.5 gets vsyscalls , sysenter support '' . KernelTrap . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Manu Garg ( 2006 ) . `` Sysenter Based System Call Mechanism in Linux 2.6 '' . Jump up ^ `` Liberation : x86 Instruction Set Reference '' . renejeschke.de . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Bach , Maurice J. ( 1986 ) , The Design of the UNIX Operating System , Prentice Hall , pp. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Elliot , John ( 2011 ) . `` Discussion of system call implementation at ProgClub including quote from Bach 1986 '' . Jump up ^ `` Threads '' . Jump up ^ `` Threading Models '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Linux system call reference Updated system call reference for Linux kernel 2.6 , includes register and data structure references A list of modern Unix - like system calls A list of x86_64 system calls , as used in the strace tool Interactive map of Linux kernel Linux system calls -- system calls for Linux kernel 2.2 , with IA - 32 calling conventions How System Calls Work on Linux / i86 ( 1996 , based on the 1993 0.99. 2 kernel ) Sysenter Based System Call Mechanism in Linux 2.6 ( 2006 ) Kernel command using Linux system calls , IBM developerWorks Choudhary , Amit ; HOWTO for Implementing a System Call on Linux 2.6 Modular system programming on Minix 3 A simple open Unix Shell in C language -- examples on System Calls under Unix Inside the Native API -- Windows NT Native API , including system calls Gulbrandsen , John ; System Call Optimization with the SYSENTER Instruction , CodeGuru.com , 8 October 2004 This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . ( hide ) Application binary interface ( ABI ) Parts and conventions Alignment Calling convention Call stack Library static Machine code Memory segmentation Name mangling Object code Opaque pointer Position - independent code Relocation System call Virtual method table Related topics Binary code compatibility Foreign function interface Language binding Linker dynamic Loader Year 2038 problem Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System_call&oldid=800281670 '' Categories : Operating system technology Application programming interfaces System calls Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 15 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are interrupts when do they occur and how it is handled by the operating system cite examples	[]	[]
6743152552782851843	United States Senate elections, 2016	United States Senate Elections , 2016 - wikipedia United States Senate Elections , 2016 Jump to : navigation , search United States Senate elections , 2016 ← 2014 November 8 , 2016 2018 → Class 3 ( 34 of the 100 ) seats in the United States Senate 51 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Mitch McConnell Harry Reid ( Retiring ) Party Republican Democratic Leader 's seat Kentucky Nevada Seats before 54 44 Seats after 52 46 Seat change Popular vote 40,402,790 51,496,682 Percentage 42.4 % 53.8 % Swing 9.3 % 10.0 % Seats up 24 10 Races won 22 12 Third party Party Independent Seats before Seats after Seat change Popular vote 562,935 Percentage 0.5 % Seats up 0 Races won 0 Results of the 2016 general elections : Democratic gain Republican gain Democratic hold Republican hold Majority Leader before election Mitch McConnell Republican Elected Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Republican Elections to the United States Senate were held November 8 , 2016 . The presidential election , House elections , 14 gubernatorial elections , and many state and local elections were held on the same date . In the 2016 Senate elections , 34 of the 100 seats -- all class 3 Senate seats -- were contested in regular elections ; the winners will serve six - year terms until January 3 , 2023 . Class 3 was last up for election in 2010 , when Republicans won a net gain of six seats . In 2016 , Democrats defended 10 seats , while Republicans defended 24 seats . Republicans , having won a majority of seats in the Senate in 2014 , held the Senate majority with 54 seats before this election . Democrats won a net gain of two seats . Republicans retained control of the Senate for the 115th United States Congress . Only two incumbents lost their seats , Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire and Mark Kirk of Illinois , to Democrats Maggie Hassan and Tammy Duckworth , respectively . Despite Republicans retaining control of the Senate , 2016 marks the first time since 1986 that Democrats made a net gain of seats in class 3 . This is the first and only election since the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 where the winning party in every Senate election mirrored the winning party for their state in the presidential election . This election marks the first time since 2000 in which the party in opposition to the elected or reelected presidential candidate made net gains in the Senate , with both cases being a Republican president and Democratic gains in the Senate . Also in both cases , the president won in the electoral college but lost the popular vote . With the retirement of Harry Reid , Chuck Schumer became the Democratic leader after the elections , while Mitch McConnell retained his position as Senate Majority Leader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Results summary 2 Change in composition 2.1 Before the elections 2.2 After the general elections 3 Final predictions of competitive seats in the general elections 4 Close races 5 Primary dates 6 Race summary 6.1 Elections leading to the next Congress 7 Alabama 8 Alaska 9 Arizona 10 Arkansas 11 California 12 Colorado 13 Connecticut 14 Florida 15 Georgia 16 Hawaii 17 Idaho 18 Illinois 19 Indiana 20 Iowa 21 Kansas 22 Kentucky 23 Louisiana 24 Maryland 25 Missouri 26 Nevada 27 New Hampshire 28 New York 29 North Carolina 30 North Dakota 31 Ohio 32 Oklahoma 33 Oregon 34 Pennsylvania 35 South Carolina 36 South Dakota 37 Utah 38 Vermont 39 Washington 40 Wisconsin 41 See also 42 References Results Summary ( edit ) All 34 Class 3 Senators were up for election in 2016 ; Class 3 consisted of 10 Democrats and 24 Republicans . Of the Senators not up for election , 34 Senators were Democrats , 30 Senators were Republicans and two Senators are independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats . Parties Total Democratic Republican Independent Libertarian Other Before these elections 44 54 -- -- 100 Not up 34 30 -- -- 66 Class 1 ( 2012 → 2018 ) 23 8 -- -- 33 Class 2 ( 2014 → 2020 ) 11 22 0 -- -- 33 Up 10 24 0 -- -- 34 Class 3 ( 2010 → 2016 ) 10 24 0 -- -- 34 Special : All classes 0 0 0 -- -- 0 General election Incumbent retired -- -- -- 5 Held by same party -- -- -- 5 Replaced by other party 0 0 -- -- -- 0 Result -- -- -- 5 Incumbent ran 7 22 -- -- -- 29 Won re-election 7 20 -- -- -- 27 Lost re-election 2 Republicans replaced by 2 Democrats -- -- -- Lost renomination but held by same party 0 0 -- -- -- 0 Result 9 20 -- -- -- 29 Total elected 12 22 -- -- -- 34 Net gain / loss Nationwide vote 51,269,434 40,761,406 562,935 1,950,641 1,918,756 96,103,172 Share 53.54 % 42.41 % 0.58 % 1.65 % 2.00 % 100 % Result 46 52 -- -- 100 Change in composition ( edit ) Before the elections ( edit ) Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Retired Retired Retired Retired Retired Ran Ran Majority → Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran Ran After the general elections ( edit ) Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Hold Hold Hold Gain Gain Hold Hold Majority → Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Re-elected Final predictions of competitive seats in the General Elections ( edit ) Several sites and individuals publish predictions of competitive seats . These predictions look at factors such as the strength of the incumbent ( if the incumbent is running for re-election ) , the strength of the candidates , and the partisan leanings of the state ( reflected in part by the state 's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating ) . The predictions assign ratings to each seat , with the rating indicating the predicted advantage that a party has in winning that seat . Most election predictors use `` tossup '' to indicate that neither party has an advantage , `` lean '' to indicate that one party has a slight advantage , `` likely '' or `` favored '' to indicate that one party has a significant but not insurmountable advantage , and `` safe '' or `` solid '' to indicate that one party has a near - certain chance of victory . Some predictions also include a `` tilt '' rating that indicates that one party has an advantage that is not quite as strong as the `` lean '' rating would indicate . Where a site gives a percentage probability as its primary indicator of expected outcome , the chart below classifies a race as follows : Tossup : 50 - 55 % Tilt : 56 - 60 % Lean : 61 - 75 % Likely : 76 - 93 % Safe : 94 - 100 % The New York Times ' Upshot gave the Democrats a 60 % chance of winning the Senate on August 24 , 2016 ; on September 23 , their model gave Republicans a 58 % chance to maintain control . All seats classified with at least one rating of anything other than `` safe '' or `` solid '' are listed below . State PVI Incumbent result Cook Nov. 2 2016 Sabato Nov. 7 2016 Roth . Nov. 3 2016 Kos Nov. 7 2016 RCP Nov. 2 2016 538 Nov. 7 2016 NYT Nov. 7 2016 TPM Nov. 5 2016 Winner Alaska 112 ! R + 12 Lisa Murkowski ( R ) 39.5 % 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! 98 % R 104 ! 99 + % R 104 ! Safe R Murkowski Arizona 107 ! R + 7 John McCain ( R ) 59.2 % 102 ! Lean R 103 ! Likely R 103 ! Likely R 103 ! Likely R 102 ! Lean R 104 ! 97 % R 104 ! 99 % R 104 ! Safe R McCain Colorado 099 ! D + 1 Michael Bennet ( D ) 3 ! 47.7 % 097 ! Likely D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 098 ! Lean D 096 ! 95 % D 096 ! 96 % D 097 ! Likely D Bennet Florida 102 ! R + 2 Marco Rubio ( R ) 48.9 % 102 ! Lean R 102 ! Lean R 102 ! Lean R 103 ! Likely R 100 ! Tossup 103 ! 87 % R 103 ! 85 % R 102 ! Lean R Rubio Georgia 106 ! R + 6 Johnny Isakson ( R ) 58.1 % 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 104 ! 97 % R 104 ! 99 % R 104 ! Safe R Isakson Illinois 092 ! D + 8 Mark Kirk ( R ) 48.2 % 098 ! Lean D 097 ! Likely D 098 ! Lean D 096 ! Safe D 097 ! Likely D 096 ! 97 % D 096 ! 98 % D 096 ! Safe D Duckworth Indiana 105 ! R + 5 Dan Coats ( R ) ( Retiring ) 56.4 % 100 ! Tossup 102 ! Lean R 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 102 ! 61 % R 100 ! 53 % D 102 ! Lean R Young Iowa 099 ! D + 1 Chuck Grassley ( R ) 64.5 % 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! 99 + % R 104 ! 99 + % R 104 ! Safe R Grassley Kentucky 113 ! R + 13 Rand Paul ( R ) 55.7 % 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 103 ! 93 % R 104 ! 97 % R 104 ! Safe R Paul Louisiana 112 ! R + 12 David Vitter ( R ) ( Retiring ) 56.6 % 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 103 ! 86 % R 104 ! 96 % R 103 ! Likely R Kennedy Missouri 105 ! R + 5 Roy Blunt ( R ) 54.3 % 100 ! Tossup 102 ! Lean R 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 102 ! 55 % R 102 ! 65 % R 100 ! Tossup Blunt Nevada 098 ! D + 2 Harry Reid ( D ) ( Retiring ) 2 ! 50.2 % 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 099 ! 57 % D 099 ! 60 % D 100 ! Tossup Cortez Masto New Hampshire 099 ! D + 1 Kelly Ayotte ( R ) 60.2 % 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! 53 % D 100 ! 55 % R 100 ! Tossup Hassan North Carolina 103 ! R + 3 Richard Burr ( R ) 55.0 % 100 ! Tossup 102 ! Lean R 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 102 ! 69 % R 102 ! 67 % R 100 ! Tossup Burr Ohio 101 ! R + 1 Rob Portman ( R ) 57.3 % 102 ! Lean R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R 104 ! 98 % R 104 ! 97 % R 104 ! Safe R Portman Pennsylvania 099 ! D + 1 Pat Toomey ( R ) 51.0 % 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 098 ! 68 % D 098 ! 66 % D 098 ! Lean D Toomey Wisconsin 098 ! D + 2 Ron Johnson ( R ) 51.9 % 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D 097 ! Tilt D 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 097 ! 87 % D 098 ! 72 % D 098 ! Lean D Johnson Cook , Sabato , Rothenberg , Daily Kos Elections , FiveThirtyEight , Real Clear Politics , Talking Points Memo , and the New York Times consider the states listed below to be safe seats for the party currently holding the seat . Safe Republican Safe Democratic Alabama California Arkansas Connecticut Idaho Hawaii Kansas Maryland North Dakota New York Oklahoma Oregon South Carolina Vermont South Dakota Washington Utah indicates an open seat Close Races ( edit ) Red denotes Senate races won by Republicans ; Blue denotes those won by Democrats . States where the margin of victory was under 1 % : New Hampshire , 0.14 % States where the margin of victory was between 1 % and 5 % : Pennsylvania , 1.43 % Nevada , 2.43 % Missouri , 2.79 % Wisconsin , 3.36 % States where the margin of victory was between 5 % and 10 % : Colorado , 5.66 % North Carolina , 5.70 % Florida , 7.67 % Indiana , 9.70 % Primary dates ( edit ) This table shows the primary dates for regularly - scheduled elections . It also shows the type of primary . `` Open '' primary : any registered voter can vote in any party 's primary `` Closed '' primary , only voters registered with a specific party can vote in that party 's primary . `` Top - two '' primary , all candidates run against each other regardless of party affiliation , and the top two candidates advance to the second round of voting . ( In Louisiana , a candidate can win the election by winning a majority of the vote in the first round . ) All of the various other primary types are classified as `` hybrid . '' Alaska in 2008 provides one example of a hybrid primary : The Democratic Party allowed unaffiliated voters to vote in its primary , while the Republican Party only allowed party members to vote in its primary . State Date Type Alabama Mar. 1 Open Arkansas Mar. 1 Open Illinois Mar 15 Hybrid North Carolina Mar 15 Hybrid Ohio Mar 15 Hybrid Maryland April 26 Hybrid Pennsylvania April 26 Closed Indiana May 3 Open Idaho May 17 Hybrid Kentucky May 17 Closed Oregon May 17 Hybrid Georgia May 24 Open California June 7 Top - two Iowa June 7 Hybrid South Dakota June 7 Hybrid Nevada June 14 Closed North Dakota June 14 Open South Carolina June 14 Hybrid Colorado June 28 Hybrid New York June 28 Closed Oklahoma June 28 Hybrid Utah June 28 Hybrid Kansas Aug 2 Closed Missouri Aug 2 Open Washington Aug 2 Top - two Connecticut Aug 9 Hybrid Vermont Aug 9 Open Wisconsin Aug 9 Open Hawaii Aug 13 Open Alaska Aug 16 Hybrid Arizona Aug 30 Hybrid Florida Aug 30 Closed New Hampshire Sep 13 Hybrid Louisiana Nov 8 Top - two Indicates a state that requires primary run - off elections under certain conditions . Race Summary ( edit ) Elections leading to the next Congress ( edit ) In these general elections , the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3 , 2017 ; ordered by state . All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Alabama Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby Republican 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Richard Shelby ( Republican ) 64.0 % Ron Crumpton ( Democratic ) 35.8 % Others ( write - in ) 0.2 % Alaska Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski Republican 2002 ! 2002 ( Appointed ) Incumbent re-elected . √ Lisa Murkowski ( Republican ) 44 % Joe Miller ( Libertarian ) 29 % Margaret Stock ( Independent ) 13 % Ray Metcalfe ( Democratic ) 12 % Arizona McCain , John John McCain Republican 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ John McCain ( Republican ) 53 % Ann Kirkpatrick ( Democratic ) 41 % Pat Quinn ( independent / Write - in ) Gary Swing ( Green / Write - in ) 5 % Arkansas Boozman , John John Boozman Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ John Boozman ( Republican ) 59.7 % Conner Eldridge ( Democratic ) 36.3 % Frank Gilbert ( Libertarian ) 4.0 % California Boxer , Barbara Barbara Boxer Democratic 1992 1998 Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Democratic hold . √ Kamala Harris ( Democratic ) 61.8 % Loretta Sanchez ( Democratic ) 38.2 % Colorado Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet Democratic 2009 ! 2009 ( Appointed ) Incumbent re-elected . √ Michael Bennet ( Democratic ) 50.0 % Darryl Glenn ( Republican ) 44.3 % Lily Tang Williams ( Libertarian ) 3.6 Arn Menconi ( Green ) 1.3 Connecticut Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal Democratic Incumbent re-elected . √ Richard Blumenthal ( Democratic ) 63.2 % Dan Carter ( Republican ) 34.6 % Richard Lion ( Libertarian ) 1.1 Jeff Russell ( Green ) 1.0 Florida Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Marco Rubio ( Republican ) 52.0 % Patrick Murphy ( Democratic ) 44.3 % Paul Stanton ( Libertarian ) 2.1 Georgia Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Johnny Isakson ( Republican ) 54.8 % Jim Barksdale ( Democratic ) 41 % Allen Buckley ( Libertarian ) 4.16 % Hawaii Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz Democratic 2012 ! 2012 ( Appointed ) 2014 ( Special ) Incumbent re-elected . √ Brian Schatz ( Democratic ) 73.6 % John Carroll ( Republican ) 22.2 % Idaho Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo Republican 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Mike Crapo ( Republican ) 66.1 % Jerry Sturgill ( Democratic ) 27.8 % Ray Writz ( Constitution ) 6.0 % Illinois Kirk , Mark Mark Kirk Republican Incumbent lost re-election . New senator elected . Democratic gain . √ Tammy Duckworth ( Democratic ) 54.9 % Mark Kirk ( Republican ) 39.8 % Kent McMillen ( Libertarian ) 3.2 % Scott Summers ( Green ) 2.1 Indiana Coats , Dan Dan Coats Republican 1989 ( Appointed ) 1990 ( Special ) 1992 1998 ( Retired ) Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Republican hold . √ Todd Young ( Republican ) 52.1 % Evan Bayh ( Democratic ) 42.4 % Lucy Brenton ( Libertarian ) 5.5 % Iowa Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley Republican 1980 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Chuck Grassley ( Republican ) 60.1 % Patty Judge ( Democratic ) 35.7 % John Heiderscheit ( Libertarian ) 2.7 Kansas Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Jerry Moran ( Republican ) 62.1 % Patrick Wiesner ( Democratic ) 32.2 % Robert Garrard ( Libertarian ) 5.5 % Kentucky Paul , Rand Rand Paul Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Rand Paul ( Republican ) 57.27 % Jim Gray ( Democratic ) 42.73 % Louisiana Vitter , David David Vitter Republican Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Republican hold . √ John N. Kennedy ( Republican ) 60.65 % Foster Campbell ( Democratic ) 39.35 % Maryland Mikulski , Barbara Barbara Mikulski Democratic 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Democratic hold . √ Chris Van Hollen ( Democratic ) 60.9 % Kathy Szeliga ( Republican ) 35.7 % Margaret Flowers ( Green ) Missouri Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Roy Blunt ( Republican ) 49.3 % Jason Kander ( Democratic ) 46.2 % Jonathan Dine ( Libertarian ) Nevada Reid , Harry Harry Reid Democratic 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent retired . New senator elected . Democratic hold . √ Catherine Cortez Masto ( Democratic ) 47.1 % Joe Heck ( Republican ) 44.7 % Tom Jones ( Independent American ) Tony Gumina ( unaffiliated ) Tom Sawyer ( unaffiliated ) Jarrod Michael Williams ( unaffiliated ) ( None of these candidates ) New Hampshire Ayotte , Kelly Kelly Ayotte Republican Incumbent lost re-election . New senator elected . Democratic gain . √ Maggie Hassan ( Democratic ) 47.97 % Kelly Ayotte ( Republican ) 47.87 % Brian Chabot ( Libertarian ) New York Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer Democratic 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Chuck Schumer ( Democratic ) 70.4 % Wendy Long ( Republican ) 27.4 % Alex Merced ( Libertarian ) Robin Wilson ( Green ) North Carolina Burr , Richard Richard Burr Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Richard Burr ( Republican ) 51.1 % Deborah Ross ( Democratic ) 45.3 % Sean Haugh ( Libertarian ) North Dakota Hoeven , John John Hoeven Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ John Hoeven ( Republican ) 78.4 % Eliot Glassheim ( Democratic ) 17.0 % Robert Marquette ( Libertarian ) Ohio Portman , Rob Rob Portman Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Rob Portman ( Republican ) 58.0 % Ted Strickland ( Democratic ) 37.1 % Joseph DeMare ( Green ) Oklahoma Lankford , James James Lankford Republican 2014 ( Special ) Incumbent re-elected . √ James Lankford ( Republican ) 67.7 % Mike Workman ( Democratic ) 24.5 % Robert Murphy ( Libertarian ) Oregon Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden Democratic 1996 ( Special ) 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Ron Wyden ( Democratic ) 56.1 % Mark Callahan ( Republican ) 33.35 % Jim Lindsay ( Libertarian ) Eric Navickas ( Green ) Pennsylvania Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Pat Toomey ( Republican ) 48.9 % Katie McGinty ( Democratic ) 47.2 % Edward Clifford ( Libertarian ) South Carolina Scott , Tim Tim Scott Republican 2013 ! 2013 ( Appointed ) 2014 ( Special ) Incumbent re-elected . √ Tim Scott ( Republican ) 60.5 % Thomas Dixon ( Democratic ) 37.0 % Bill Bledsoe ( Libertarian ) South Dakota Thune , John John Thune Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ John Thune ( Republican ) 71.8 % Jay Williams ( Democratic ) 28.2 % Utah Lee , Mike Mike Lee Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Mike Lee ( Republican ) 68.1 % Misty K. Snow ( Democratic ) 27.1 % Stoney Fonua ( Independent American ) Bill Barron ( unaffiliated ) Vermont Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy Democratic 1980 1986 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Patrick Leahy ( Democratic ) 59.9 % Scott Milne ( Republican ) 32.3 % Pete Diamondstone ( Liberty Union ) Cris Ericson ( Marijuana ) Jerry Trudell ( unaffiliated ) Washington Murray , Patty Patty Murray Democratic 1992 1998 Incumbent re-elected . √ Patty Murray ( Democratic ) 59.04 % Chris Vance ( Republican ) 40.96 % Wisconsin Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson Republican Incumbent re-elected . √ Ron Johnson ( Republican ) 50.19 % Russ Feingold ( Democratic ) 46.84 % Phil Anderson ( Libertarian ) 2.7 % Alabama ( edit ) Alabama election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Richard Shelby Ron Crumpton Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,335,104 748,709 Percentage 63.9 % 35.8 % County results U.S. Senator before election Richard Shelby Republican Elected U.S. Senator Richard Shelby Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Alabama , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Alabama Incumbent Republican Richard Shelby won re-election to a sixth term in office . The primaries were held on March 1 . Ron Crumpton , a marijuana legalization activist , was the Democratic nominee . Shelby won re-election with 63.9 % of the vote . Shelby was first elected to the Senate in 1986 as a Democrat and was easily re-elected in 1992 as such . He switched his party affiliation to Republican on November 9 , 1994 , one day after the Republicans won control of both houses in the midterm elections . He won his first full term as a Republican in 1998 by a large margin and faced no significant opposition in 2004 or 2010 . Following the divisive Republican primary in Mississippi ahead of the 2014 election in which Senator Thad Cochran was almost defeated , it had been speculated that Shelby could also face a Tea Party primary challenger , due to his lengthy tenure and support for federal largesse . However , that did n't happen , in part due to his large campaign war chest , which stood at $19.4 million as of September 2015 . If Shelby had decided to retire , numerous high - profile Alabama Republicans were speculated to run , including U.S. Representatives Robert Aderholt , Mo Brooks , Bradley Byrne , Gary Palmer , Martha Roby , and Mike Rogers , State Treasurer Young Boozer , State Speaker Mike Hubbard , Lieutenant Governor Kay Ivey , State Senate President Pro Tempore Del Marsh , Secretary of State John Merrill , U.S. Appeals Court Judge William H. Pryor , Jr. , former Governor Bob Riley , and Attorney General Luther Strange . Shelby announced in January 2015 that he would run for re-election . Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Richard Shelby 505,586 64.91 % Republican Jonathan McConnell 214,770 27.58 % Republican John Martin 23,558 3.02 % Republican Marcus Bowman 19,707 2.53 % Republican Shadrack McGill 15,230 1.96 % Total votes 778,851 100.00 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ron Crumpton 145,681 55.97 % Democratic Charles Nana 114,617 44.03 % Total votes 260,298 100.00 % United States Senate election in Alabama , 2016 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Richard Shelby ( incumbent ) 1,335,104 63.96 % Democratic Ron Crumpton 748,709 35.87 % Write - in Others 3,631 0.17 % Total votes 2,087,444 100.00 % Republican hold Alaska ( edit ) Alaska election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Lisa Murkowski Joe Miller Party Republican Libertarian Popular vote 138,149 90,825 Percentage 44.3 % 29.1 % Nominee Margaret Stock Ray Metcalfe Party Independent Democratic Popular vote 41,194 36,200 Percentage 13.2 % 11.6 % Results by state house district : Murkowski : 30 - 40 % 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % Miller : 40 - 50 % U.S. Senator before election Lisa Murkowski Republican Elected U.S. Senator Lisa Murkowski Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Alaska , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Alaska Two - term Senator Lisa Murkowski ( Republican ) was appointed in 2002 and elected to a full term in 2004 . She was defeated in the Republican primary in 2010 by Joe Miller . She later ran as a write - in candidate in the 2010 general election and was re-elected to a second full term with 40 % of the vote , making her one of two senators in US history to win election via write - in votes . She was 59 years old in 2016 . She ran for re-election . Thomas Lamb , a candidate for the State House in 2006 , and Bob Lochner filed to run against Murkowski . Other potential Republican primary challengers included 2010 nominee and 2014 candidate Joe Miller , State Senator Mike J. Dunleavy , former Lieutenant Governor Mead Treadwell , and former Mayor of Anchorage Dan Sullivan . The only person to file for the Democratic primary as of May 20 was writer and satirist Richard Grayson , who previously sought election to Wyoming 's House seat in 2014 . Potential Democratic candidates included State Senator Dennis Egan , State Representative Andy Josephson , State Senator Bill Wielechowski , State Senator Hollis French and State Senate Minority Leader Johnny Ellis . Former Senator Mark Begich was mentioned as a possible candidate , but he declined to run . Murkowski won her primary on August 16 , 2016 with 72 percent of the vote . Joe Miller received the Libertarian nomination and will run against Murkowski in the general election . Anchorage attorney and veteran Margaret Stock ran as an Independent candidate . Murkowski won re-election with 44 % of the vote compared to Miller with 30 % and Metcalfe with 11 % . 15 % went to other candidates . Murkowski has been re-elected three times now with 48 % in 2004 , 39.5 % in 2010 and 44 % in 2016 , never having won a majority . Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lisa Murkowski ( Incumbent ) 39,545 71.52 % Republican Bob Lochner 8,480 15.34 % Republican Paul Kendall 4,272 7.73 % Republican Thomas Lamb 2,996 5.42 % Total votes 55,293 100.00 % Other primary elections Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ray Metcalfe 15,228 50.06 % Democratic Edgar Blatchford 10,090 33.17 % Libertarian Cean Stevens 5,102 16.77 % Total votes 30,420 100.00 % General election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lisa Murkowski ( Incumbent ) 138,149 44.36 % Libertarian Joe Miller 90,825 29.16 % Independent Margaret Stock 41,194 13.23 % Democratic Ray Metcalfe 36,200 11.62 % Independent Breck A. Craig 2,609 0.84 % Independent Ted Gianoutsos 1,758 0.56 % Write - in Other write - in votes 706 0.23 % Total votes 311,441 100.00 % Republican hold Arizona ( edit ) Arizona election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee John McCain Ann Kirkpatrick Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,359,267 1,031,245 Percentage 53.7 % 40.8 % Nominee Gary Swing Party Green Popular vote 138,634 Percentage 5.5 % County results U.S. Senator before election John McCain Republican Elected U.S. Senator John McCain Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Arizona , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Arizona Five - term Senator and Republican presidential candidate in 2008 John McCain was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 80 years old in 2016 . Despite speculation that he might retire , McCain ran for re-election . McCain faced primary challenges from Fair Tax activist Alex Meluskey , businessman David Pizer , talk radio host Clair Van Steenwyk , and State Senator Kelli Ward . David Pizer later dropped out of the race . Representatives Matt Salmon and David Schweikert were both mentioned as possible candidates , but both chose not to run . Other potential Republican candidates included former Governor Jan Brewer , businesswoman and 2014 gubernatorial candidate Christine Jones , former Governor of Alaska and 2008 vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin , former U.S. Representative John Shadegg , and former Arizona Attorney General Grant Woods . Congresswoman Ann Kirkpatrick and teacher Lennie Clark ran for the Democratic nomination . Lennie Clark dropped out and Ann Kirkpatrick became the Democratic nominee . Other potential Democratic candidates included U.S. Representative Ruben Gallego , former Surgeon General and 2012 nominee Richard Carmona , 2014 gubernatorial nominee Fred DuVal , Phoenix Mayor Greg Stanton , and retired astronaut Mark Kelly , who is the husband of ex-Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords . Arizona Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican John McCain 302,532 51.7 % Republican Kelli Ward 235,988 39.2 % Republican Alex Meluskey 31,159 5.5 % Republican Clair Van Steenwyk 21,476 3.6 % Republican Sean Webster ( Write - In ) 175 0.0 % Total votes 591,330 100.00 % Arizona Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ann Kirkpatrick 333,586 99.85 % Democratic Alex Bello ( Write - In ) 508 0.15 % Total votes 334,094 100.00 % Arizona Green primary election Party Candidate Votes % Green Gary Swing ( Write - In ) 238 100.00 % Total votes 238 100.00 % Arizona Libertarian primary election Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Merissa Hamilton ( Write - In ) 1,286 100.00 % Total votes 1,286 100.00 % Sen. McCain won re-election with 53 % to Kirkpatrick 's 41 % . Arizona general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican John McCain ( Incumbent ) 1,359,267 53.74 % - 5.33 % Democratic Ann Kirkpatrick 1,031,245 40.77 % + 5.99 % Green Gary Swing 138,634 5.48 % + 4.03 % Plurality 328,022 12.97 % Total votes 2,529,146 100.00 % Turnout 3,588,466 74.17 % ? Republican hold Swing Arkansas ( edit ) Arkansas election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee John Boozman Conner Eldridge Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 661,984 400,602 Percentage 59.8 % 36.2 % County results U.S. Senator before election John Boozman Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Boozman Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Arkansas , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Arkansas One - term Senator John Boozman ( Republican ) defeated two - term Senator Blanche Lincoln with 58 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 65 years old in 2016 . Despite speculation that he might retire following health problems , Boozman ran for re-election . Fellow Republican Curtis Coleman , who ran against Boozman in 2010 but came in fifth place , ran again . Conner Eldridge , the former U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Arkansas , is the only Democrat who met the filing deadline . Frank Gilbert was the candidate for the Libertarian Party , and Jason Tate was running a write - in campaign . Arkansas Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Boozman 298,039 76.45 % Republican Curtis Coleman 91,795 23.55 % Total votes 389,834 100.00 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Conner Eldridge 214,228 100.00 % Total votes 214,228 100.00 % Sen. Boozman won re-election with 60 % to Eldridge 's 36 % . Arkansas general election < Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Boozman ( Incumbent ) 661,984 59.77 % Democratic Conner Eldridge 400,602 36.17 % Libertarian Frank Gilbert 43,866 3.96 % Write - ins Others 1,070 0.10 % Total votes 1,107,522 100.00 % Republican hold California ( edit ) California election ← 2010 2022 → Candidate Kamala Harris Loretta Sanchez Party Democratic Democratic Popular vote 7,542,753 4,701,417 Percentage 61.6 % 38.4 % County Results Harris 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % Sanchez 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % U.S. Senator before election Barbara Boxer Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Kamala Harris Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in California , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from California Four - term Senator Barbara Boxer ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 52 % of the vote in 2010 . Boxer declined to run for re-election . California Attorney General Kamala Harris and U.S. Representative Loretta Sanchez , both Democrats , finished first and second , respectively , in California 's nonpartisan blanket primary , and will contest the general election . As such , Boxer 's successor is guaranteed to be a Democrat . This marks a historic first such occasion in California , ever since the Senate elections began in 1914 . Other Democrats on the primary ballot included `` President '' Cristina Grappo , Massie Munroe , Herbert Peters , Emory Rogers , and Steve Stokes . Among the potential candidates who declined to run were Governor Jerry Brown , Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom , U.S. Representatives Xavier Becerra and Adam Schiff , and Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti . Former state Republican Party chairs Tom Del Beccaro and Duf Sundheim , and former State Senator Phil Wyman ran , along with Don Krampe , Tom Palzer , Karen Roseberry , Greg Conlon , Von Huogo , Jerry Laws , Ron Unz , Jarrell Williamson , and George Yang . State Assemblymen Rocky Chavez was running as well , but withdrew from the race . Republicans who were once considered potential candidates but ruled out runs included San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer , former Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability and 2014 gubernatorial nominee Neel Kashkari , U.S. Representative Darrell Issa , and businesswoman and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2010 Carly Fiorina . Independent Mike Beitiks ran on a single - issue climate change platform . Polling conducted by the SurveyUSA from March 30 , 2016 to April 3 , 2016 indicated that Harris was ahead with 26 % , compared to Rep. Sánchez with 22 % , Del Beccaro with 8 % , Wyman with 8 % , and Sundheim with 3 % ; 7 % of those polled were supporting other candidates , and 24 % were undecided . Harris won the election with 62 % of the vote to Sanchez 's 38 % . California Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kamala Harris 3,000,689 39.9 % Democratic Loretta Sanchez 1,416,203 18.9 % Republican Duf Sundheim 584,251 7.8 % Republican Phil Wyman 352,821 4.7 % Republican Tom Del Beccaro 323,614 4.3 % Republican Greg Conlon 230,944 3.1 % Democratic Steve Stokes 168,805 2.2 % Republican George C. Yang 112,055 1.5 % Republican Karen Roseberry 110,557 1.5 % Libertarian Gail K. Lightfoot 99,761 1.3 % Democratic Massie Munroe 98,150 1.3 % Green Pamela Elizondo 95,677 1.3 % Republican Tom Palzer 93,263 1.2 % Republican Ron Unz 92,325 1.2 % Republican Don Krampe 69,635 0.9 % No party preference Eleanor García 65,084 0.9 % Republican Jarrell Williamson 64,120 0.9 % Republican Von Hougo 63,609 0.8 % Democratic President Cristina Grappo 63,330 0.8 % Republican Jerry J. Laws 53,023 0.7 % Libertarian Mark Matthew Herd 41,344 0.6 % Peace and Freedom John Thompson Parker 35,998 0.5 % No party preference Ling Ling Shi 35,196 0.5 % Democratic Herbert G. Peters 32,638 0.4 % Democratic Emory Peretz Rodgers 31,485 0.4 % No party preference Mike Beitiks 31,450 0.4 % No party preference Clive Grey 29,418 0.4 % No party preference Jason Hanania 27,715 0.4 % No party preference Paul Merritt 24,031 0.3 % No party preference Jason Kraus 19,318 0.3 % No party preference Don J. Grundmann 15,317 0.2 % No party preference Scott A. Vineberg 11,843 0.2 % No party preference Tim Gildersleeve 9,798 0.1 % No party preference Gar Myers 8,726 0.1 % Write - in Billy Falling 87 0.0 % Write - in Ric M. Llewellyn 32 0.0 % Write - in Alexis Stuart 10 0.0 % Total votes 7,512,322 100.0 % California general election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Kamala Harris 7,542,753 61.6 % Democratic Loretta Sanchez 4,701,417 38.4 % Total votes 12,244,170 100.0 % Democratic hold Colorado ( edit ) Colorado election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Michael Bennet Darryl Glenn Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,370,710 1,215,318 Percentage 50.0 % 44.3 % County results U.S. Senator before election Michael Bennet Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Michael Bennet Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Colorado , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Colorado One - term Senator Michael Bennet ( Democrat ) was appointed in 2009 and elected to a full term with 48 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 51 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Businessman Robert Blaha , former Aurora councilman Ryan Frazier , El Paso County Commissioners Darryl Glenn , and Peggy Littleton , former Colorado State University Athletic Director Jack Graham , State Representative Jon Keyser , former SBA director Greg Lopez , State Senator Tim Neville , and Jefferson County Commissioner Donald Rosier ran for the Republican nomination . Glenn , Graham , Blaha , Keyser , and Frazier actually competed in the primary . Darryl Glenn won the Republican nomination with 37 % of the vote against four other opponents . Bennet won re-election with 50 % of the vote to Glenn 's 44 % . Colorado Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Michael Bennet ( Incumbent ) 262,344 100.00 % Total votes 262,344 100.00 % Colorado Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Darryl Glenn 131,125 37.74 % Republican Jack Graham 85,400 24.58 % Republican Robert Blaha 57,196 16.46 % Republican Jon Keyser 43,509 12.52 % Republican Ryan Frazier 30,241 8.70 % Total votes 347,471 100.00 % Colorado general election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Michael Bennet ( Incumbent ) 1,370,710 49.97 % Republican Darryl Glenn 1,215,318 44.31 % Libertarian Lily Tang Williams 99,277 3.62 % Green Arn Menconi 36,805 1.34 % Unity Bill Hammons 9,336 0.34 % Independent Dan Chapin 8,361 0.30 % Independent Paul Fiorino 3,216 0.12 % Total votes 2,743,023 100.00 % Democratic hold Connecticut ( edit ) Connecticut election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Richard Blumenthal Dan Carter Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,008,714 552,621 Percentage 63.2 % 34.6 % County results U.S. Senator before election Richard Blumenthal Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Connecticut , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Connecticut One - term Senator Richard Blumenthal ( Democrat ) was elected with 55 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 70 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . State Representative Dan Carter , apparel company CEO and 2004 Senate nominee Jack Orchulli , and former Olympic athlete August Wolf ran for the Republican nomination . Another potential candidate was former West Hartford Town Councilor Joe Visconti , who ran for CT - 01 in 2008 and ran as an Independent for Governor in 2014 . Former U.S. Comptroller General and 2014 candidate for Lieutenant Governor David M. Walker , former U.S. Representative and 2010 candidate Rob Simmons , and economist and former CNBC television host Lawrence Kudlow declined to run . Blumenthal won re-election with 63 % of the vote to Carter 's 35 % . Connecticut general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Richard Blumenthal 920,766 57.68 % Working Families Richard Blumenthal 87,948 5.51 % Total Richard Blumenthal ( Incumbent ) 1,008,714 63.19 % + 7.95 % Republican Dan Carter 552,621 34.62 % - 8.53 % Libertarian Richard Lion 18,190 1.14 % Green Jeffery Russell 16,713 1.05 % Write - In Andrew Rule 26 0.00 % Write - In John M. Traceski 12 0.00 % Majority 449,973 28.42 % Total votes 1,596,276 100.00 % Democratic hold Florida ( edit ) Florida election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Marco Rubio Patrick Murphy Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 4,835,191 4,122,088 Percentage 52.0 % 44.3 % County results U.S. Senator before election Marco Rubio Republican Elected U.S. Senator Marco Rubio Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Florida , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Florida One - term Senator Marco Rubio ( Republican ) was elected in a three - way race with 49 % of the vote in 2010 . In April 2014 , Rubio stated that he would not run for both the Senate and President in 2016 , as Florida law prohibits a candidate from appearing twice on a ballot . In April 2015 , he announced that he would run for President and would not seek re-election . After suspending his campaign on March 15 , 2016 , Rubio announced on June 22 , 2016 that he changed his mind and will run for re-election . U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis , combat veteran Todd Wilcox , real estate developer Carlos Beruff , retired college lecturer Ilya Katz , and Donald J. DeRenzo ran for the Republican nomination . Ben Carson , retired neurosurgeon and candidate for President in 2016 is also mentioned as a potential candidate . On June 17 , 2016 , U.S. Representative David Jolly withdrew from the race to run for re-election to his House seat , four days after Rubio began openly considering reversing his decision to not run for re-election . U.S. Representative Patrick Murphy defeated fellow representative Alan Grayson , as well as Pam Keith , Lateresa Jones , Richard Coleman , Sam Brian Gibbons , and Josh Larose , for the Democratic nomination . Murphy lost to incumbent Marco Rubio in the November general election on November 8 . Sen. Rubio won re-election with 52 % of the vote compared to Murphy 's 44 % . Florida Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Marco Rubio ( Incumbent ) 1,029,830 71.99 % Republican Carlos Beruff 264,427 18.49 % Republican Dwight Young 91,082 6.37 % Republican Ernie Rivera 45,153 3.16 % Total votes 1,430,492 100.00 % Florida Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patrick Murphy 665,985 58.92 % Democratic Alan Grayson 199,929 17.72 % Democratic Pam Keith 173,919 15.40 % Democratic Rocky De La Fuente 60,810 5.38 % Democratic Reginald Luster 29,138 2.58 % Total votes 1,129,781 100.00 % Georgia ( edit ) Georgia election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Johnny Isakson Jim Barksdale Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,135,806 1,599,726 Percentage 54.8 % 41.0 % County results U.S. Senator before election Johnny Isakson Republican Elected U.S. Senator Johnny Isakson Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Georgia , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Georgia Two - term Senator Johnny Isakson ( Republican ) was re-elected with 58 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 71 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . In 2015 , Isakson announced he was being treated for Parkinson 's disease , but stated that his treatment would not interfere with his re-election campaign or his ability to serve another term . Mary Kay Bacallao , college professor , former Fayette County Board of Education member , and candidate for State Superintendent of Schools in 2014 and Derrick Grayson , candidate for the state 's other Senate seat in 2014 , challenged Isakson for the Republican nomination . Isakson won the Republican nomination with more than three quarters of the vote . Investment firm executive Jim Barksdale , project manager Cheryl Copeland , and businessman John Coyne ran for the Democratic nomination . USAF veteran Jim Knox was running but dropped out of the race . Barksdale defeated Copeland in a close race to win the Democratic nomination . Sen. Isakson won re-election with 55 % to Barksdale 's 41 % . Georgia Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Johnny Isakson ( Incumbent ) 447,661 77.50 % Republican Derrick Grayson 69,101 11.96 % Republican Mary Kay Bacallao 60,898 10.54 % Total votes 577,660 100.00 % Georgia Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jim Barksdale 166,627 53.74 % Democratic Cheryl Copeland 130,822 42.19 % Democratic John Coyne 12,604 4.07 % Total votes 310,053 100.00 % Georgia general election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Johnny Isakson ( Incumbent ) 2,135,806 54.80 % Democratic Jim Barksdale 1,599,726 41.04 % Libertarian Allen Buckley 162,260 4.16 % Total votes 3,897,792 100.00 % Republican hold Hawaii ( edit ) Hawaii election ← 2014 2022 → Nominee Brian Schatz John Carroll Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 306,604 92,653 Percentage 70.1 % 21.2 % County results U.S. Senator before election Brian Schatz Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Brian Schatz Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Hawaii , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Hawaii In 2012 , Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie appointed Lieutenant Governor Brian Schatz ( Democrat ) to take the place of deceased nine - term Senator Daniel Inouye . Schatz won a 2014 special election to serve the remainder of Inouye 's term . Schatz ran for re-election . Former U.S. Representative and 2014 Senate candidate Colleen Hanabusa may challenge Schatz in the primary again , while U.S. Representative Tulsi Gabbard declined to seek the Democratic nomination for the seat . Charles Collins , a Republican who ran for the Senate in 2012 and for Governor in 2014 , was seeking the nomination again , but withdrew from the race . Sen. Schatz won re-election with 74 % of the vote compared to Carroll 's 22 % . Hawaii Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Brian Schatz ( Incumbent ) 162,891 86.17 % Democratic Makani Christensen 11,898 6.29 % Democratic Miles Shiratori 8,620 4.56 % Democratic Arturo Reyes 3,819 2.02 % Democratic Tutz Honeychurch 1,815 0.96 % Total votes 189,043 100.00 % Hawaii Constitution primary election Party Candidate Votes % Constitution Joy Allison 217 100.00 % Total votes 217 100.00 % Hawaii American Shopping primary election Party Candidate Votes % Independent John Giuffre 111 100.00 % Total votes 111 100.00 % Hawaii general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Brian Schatz ( Incumbent ) 306,604 70.1 % N / A Republican John Carroll 92,653 21.2 % N / A Constitution Joy Allison 9,103 2.1 % N / A Libertarian Michael Kokowski 6,809 1.6 % N / A Independent John Giuffre 1,393 0.3 % Blank votes 20,763 4.7 % Over votes 339 0.0 % Majority 213,951 48.88 % Total votes 437,664 100.0 % Democratic hold Swing Idaho ( edit ) Idaho election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Mike Crapo Jerry Sturgill Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 449,017 188,249 Percentage 66.1 % 27.7 % Nominee Ray Writz Party Constitution Popular vote 41,677 Percentage 6.1 % County results U.S. Senator before election Mike Crapo Republican Elected U.S. Senator Mike Crapo Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Idaho , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Idaho Three - term Senator Mike Crapo ( Republican ) was re-elected with 71 % of the vote in 2010 . Crapo was 65 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . U.S Representative Raul Labrador declined to challenge Crapo in the Republican primary . Jerry Sturgill ran for the Democratic nomination . Perennial candidate Pro-Life ran as an independent . He was defeated in the Constitution Party primary on May 17 , 2016 to Ray J. Writz . Sen. Crapo was re-elected . Idaho Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mike Crapo 119,633 100.00 % Total votes 119,633 100.00 % Idaho Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jerry Sturgill 26,471 100.00 % Total votes 26,471 100.00 % Idaho Constitution primary election Party Candidate Votes % Constitution Ray J. Writz 131 59.5 % Constitution Pro-Life 89 40.5 % Total votes 220 100.0 % Idaho general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Mike Crapo ( Incumbent ) 449,017 66.13 % - 5.06 % Democratic Jerry Sturgill 188,249 27.73 % N / A Constitution Ray J. Writz 41,677 6.14 % N / A Majority 260,768 38.40 % Total votes 678,943 100.0 % + 51.06 % Republican hold Swing Illinois ( edit ) Illinois election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Tammy Duckworth Mark Kirk Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 3,012,940 2,184,693 Percentage 54.9 % 39.8 % Duckworth : 40 - 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % Kirk : 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % U.S. Senator before election Mark Kirk Republican Elected U.S. Senator Tammy Duckworth Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Illinois , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Illinois One - term Senator Mark Kirk ( Republican ) was elected with 48 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 57 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Kirk suffered a stroke in January 2012 that kept him away from the Senate until January 2013 . In June 2013 , he confirmed that he was planning to run for re-election , but speculation he might retire persisted . In November 2014 , Kirk reiterated that he was going to run for re-election , saying : `` No frickin ' way am I retiring . '' Joe Walsh , a former U.S. Representative and conservative talk radio host , declined to challenge Kirk in the Republican primary . Two others filed for the right to challenge Senator Kirk in the primary : businessman James Marter , and Elizabeth Pahlke , but Pahlke was disqualified , so only Marter was on the ballot running against Kirk . On March 15 , Kirk won the primary with 71 % of the vote . U.S. Representative Tammy Duckworth , President and CEO of the Chicago Urban League Andrea Zopp , and State Senator Napoleon Harris ran for the Democratic nomination . On March 15 , Duckworth won the primary with 64 % of the vote . In December 2015 , Jim Brown , a teacher and former businessman , announced he was running as an independent . Chris Aguayo , an Iraq / Afghan war Veteran and Veterans Party State Chair , announced he was running representing the Veterans Party . Rep. Duckworth unseated Sen. Kirk with 55 % compared to his 40 % . United States Senate election in Illinois Republican Primary , 2016 Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Mark Kirk ( Incumbent ) 931,619 70.6 + 14.0 Republican James T. Marter 388,571 29.4 N / A Majority 543,048 41.2 + 3.9 Turnout 1,320,191 + 77.9 Illinois Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Tammy Duckworth 1,220,128 64.38 % Democratic Andrea Zopp 455,729 24.05 % Democratic Napoleon Harris 219,286 11.57 % Total votes 1,859,257 100.00 % Illinois general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Tammy Duckworth 3,012,940 54.9 + 8.5 Republican Mark Kirk ( Incumbent ) 2,184,692 39.8 - 8.2 Libertarian Kenton McMillen 175,988 3.2 + 0.8 Green Scott Summers 117,619 2.1 - 1.1 Write - in Chad Koppie 408 . 007 N / A Write - in Jim Brown 106 . 002 N / A Write - in Christopher Aguayo 77 . 001 N / A Write - in Susana Sandoval 42 . 0008 N / A Write - in Eric Kufi James Stewart 5 . 00009 N / A Write - in Patricia Beard . 00002 N / A Majority 828,248 15.1 + 13.5 Turnout 5,491,878 + 48.2 Democratic gain from Republican Swing Indiana ( edit ) Indiana election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Todd Young Evan Bayh Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,423,991 1,158,974 Percentage 52.1 % 42.4 % Nominee Lucy Brenton Party Libertarian Popular vote 149,481 Percentage 5.5 % County results U.S. Senator before election Dan Coats Republican Elected U.S. Senator Todd Young Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Indiana , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Indiana Three - term Senator Dan Coats ( Republican ) was elected with 55 % of the vote in 2010 ; Coats served in the Senate from 1989 to 1999 and then returned to serve another term from 2011 to 2017 . Coats did not run for re-election . Republican candidates include U.S. Representatives Marlin Stutzman and Todd Young . Coats 's chief of Staff Eric Holcomb was a candidate , but withdrew from the race . Former U.S. Representative Baron Hill won the Democratic nomination on May 3 , but withdrew in July 2016 in favor of Evan Bayh . Bayh held the seat from 1999 until his retirement in 2011 , and also served as Governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997 . Former non-profit director John Dickerson also announced he was going to run , but suspended his campaign in early 2016 . Former Sen. Bayh lost his bid to regain his seat to Rep. Young . Rep Young garnered 52 % to Bayh 's 42 % Indiana Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Todd Young 661,136 67.0 % Republican Marlin Stutzman 324,429 33.0 % Total votes 985,565 100.0 % Indiana Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Baron Hill 516,183 100.00 % Total votes 516,183 100.00 % Indiana general election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Todd Young 1,423,991 52.11 % Democratic Evan Bayh 1,158,947 42.41 % Libertarian Lucy Brenton 149,481 5.47 % Write - in James L. Johnson , Jr . 127 0.01 % Majority 265,044 9.70 % Total votes 2,732,573 100.00 % Republican hold Iowa ( edit ) Iowa election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Chuck Grassley Patty Judge Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 926,007 549,460 Percentage 60.1 % 35.7 % County Results Grassley 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Judge 50 - 60 % U.S. Senator before election Chuck Grassley Republican Elected U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Iowa , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Iowa Six - term Senator Chuck Grassley was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 83 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Talk radio host Robert Rees announced he was going to challenge Grassley for the nomination , but later withdrew . Former Lt Governor Patty Judge earned the Democratic nomination by defeating State Senator Rob Hogg , former state Senator Tom Fiegen , and former state representative Bob Krause . Former state representative Ray Zirkelbach briefly ran but ended his campaign soon after . Sen. Grassley won re-election with 60 % to Judge 's 36 % . Iowa Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Chuck Grassley ( Incumbent ) 90,089 98.36 % Republican Write - ins 1,500 1.64 % Total votes 91,589 100.00 % Iowa Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patty Judge 46,322 47.62 % Democratic Rob Hogg 37,801 38.86 % Democratic Tom Fiegen 6,573 6.76 % Democratic Bob Krause 6,425 6.60 % Democratic Write - ins 154 0.16 % Total votes 97,275 100.00 % Iowa general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Chuck Grassley ( Incumbent ) 926,007 60.09 % - 4.26 % Democratic Patty Judge 549,460 35.66 % + 2.36 % Libertarian John Heiderscheit 41,794 2.71 % + 0.44 % Independent Jim Hennager 17,649 1.15 % N / A Independent Michael Luick - Thrams 4,441 0.29 % N / A Write - ins 1,685 0.11 % + 0.03 % Majority 376,547 24.43 % - 6.62 % Turnout 1,541,036 Republican hold Swing Kansas ( edit ) Kansas election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Jerry Moran Patrick Wiesner Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 732,376 379,740 Percentage 62.2 % 32.2 % Nominee Robert Garrard Party Libertarian Popular vote 65,760 Percentage 5.6 % County results U.S. Senator before election Jerry Moran Republican Elected U.S. Senator Jerry Moran Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Kansas , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Kansas One - term Senator Jerry Moran ( Republican ) was elected with 70 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 62 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Radiologist and 2014 Senate candidate Milton R. Wolf and U.S. Representative Tim Huelskamp declined to run . Patrick Wiesner , an attorney and a candidate for the Senate in 2010 and 2014 , defeated Monique Singh - Bey for the Democratic nomination . Potential candidates who declined to run included Wichita Mayor Carl Brewer , 2014 Governor nominee Paul Davis , former Kansas City Mayor Joe Reardon , former U.S. Representative and 2008 nominee Jim Slattery , and 2014 KS - 02 nominee Margie Wakefield . Sen. Moran won re-election with 62 % to Wiesner 's 32 % . Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jerry Moran 230,907 79.09 % Republican D.J. Smith 61,056 20.91 % Total votes 291,963 100.00 % Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patrick Wiesner 59,522 62.94 % Democratic Monique Singh - Bey 35,042 37.06 % Total votes 94,564 100.00 % Libertarian primary results Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Robert Garrard 100.00 % Total votes 100.00 % Kansas general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Jerry Moran 732,376 62.18 % - 8.16 % Democratic Patrick Wiesner 379,740 32.24 % + 6.08 % Libertarian Robert D. Garrard 65,760 5.58 % + 3.46 % Independent ( United States ) DJ Smith 46 0.00 % N / A Majority 352,636 29.94 % Total votes 1,177,922 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Kentucky ( edit ) Kentucky election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Rand Paul Jim Gray Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,090,177 813,246 Percentage 57.3 % 42.7 % County results U.S. Senator before election Rand Paul Republican Elected U.S. Senator Rand Paul Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Kentucky , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Kentucky One - term Senator Rand Paul ( Republican ) was elected with 56 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 53 years old in 2016 . Paul filed for re-election , although he was also running for President of the United States in 2016 . Although Kentucky law did not allow for a candidate to appear twice on the same ballot , Paul successfully convinced the Kentucky GOP to adopt a caucus system for 2016 , allowing Paul to run for president and for the Senate simultaneously . Kentucky law still bars Paul from appearing twice on the ballot in the general election . However , on February 3 , 2016 , Paul ended his campaign for the presidency and ran for reelection . James Gould and Stephen Slaughter filed to run against Paul . Paul won the Republican primary , receiving 169,180 votes ( about 85 % ) ; James R. Gould received 16,611 ( about 8 % ) and Stephen Howard Slaughter received 13,728 ( about 7 % ) . Lexington Mayor Jim Gray , Rory Houlihan , Ron Leach , Sellus Wilder Jeff Kender , Tom Recktenwald ( who was a candidate in 2014 ) , and Grant Short ran for the Democratic nomination . Gray won the nomination . Paul won re-election with 57 % of the vote to Gray 's 43 % . Kentucky Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Rand Paul 169,180 84.79 % Republican James Gould 16,611 8.33 % Republican Stephen Slaughter 13,728 6.88 % Total votes 199,519 100.00 % Kentucky Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jim Gray 240,613 58.73 % Democratic Sellus Wilder 52,728 12.87 % Democratic Ron Leach 39,026 9.53 % Democratic Tom Recktenwald 21,910 5.35 % Democratic Grant Short 21,558 5.26 % Democratic Jeff Kender 20,239 4.94 % Democratic Rory Houlihan 13,585 3.32 % Total votes 409,659 100.00 % Kentucky general electionref name = KYGeneralresults > `` Official Results '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Secretary of State . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . < / ref > Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Rand Paul ( Incumbent ) 1,090,177 57.27 % + 1.58 % Democratic Jim Gray 813,246 42.73 % - 1.53 % Write - ins 42 0.00 % N / A Majority 276,931 14.55 % Total votes 1,903,465 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Louisiana ( edit ) Louisiana election ← 2010 November 8 and December 10 , 2016 2022 → Nominee John Kennedy Foster Campbell Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 536,191 347,816 Percentage 60.7 % 39.3 % Parish Results Kennedy 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Campbell 50 - 60 % 80 - 90 % U.S. Senator before election David Vitter Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Kennedy Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Louisiana , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Louisiana Two - term Senator David Vitter ( Republican ) was re-elected with 57 % of the vote in 2010 . After losing the 2015 gubernatorial race , Vitter chose to retire from the Senate at the end of his term . Republicans who ran for the seat included U.S. Representatives Charles Boustany and John Fleming , former U.S. Representative Joseph Cao , State Treasurer John Kennedy , retired U.S. Air Force Colonel Rob Maness , and former Louisiana State Representative David Duke . Other potential Republican candidates included Public Service Commissioner Erik Skrmetta , 2014 candidate for LA - 05 Zach Dasher , state representative Paul Hollis , and former President of Jefferson Parish John Young . Democratic candidates included Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell , attorney Derrick Edwards , Caroline Fayard , an attorney and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2010 , and businessman Josh Pellerin . Other potential Democratic candidates included state legislators Robert Johnson , Eric LaFleur , and Gary Smith , Jr. , and Mayor of Alexandria Jacques Roy . Former U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu and her brother , New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu , declined to run . As no candidate won a majority of the vote in the `` jungle primary '' , a runoff election was held on December 10 to choose between Kennedy and Campbell ( the 2 candidates with the most votes in the primary ) . John Kennedy was declared the winner of the runoff election with 61 % of the vote to Campbell 's 39 % . Louisiana general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican John Kennedy 536,191 60.65 % + 4.09 % Democratic Foster Campbell 347,816 39.35 % + 1.68 % Majority 188,375 21.30 % Total votes 884,007 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Maryland ( edit ) Maryland election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Chris Van Hollen Kathy Szeliga Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,659,907 972,557 Percentage 60.9 % 35.7 % County results U.S. Senator before election Barbara Mikulski Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Maryland , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Maryland Five - term U.S. Senator Barbara Mikulski of the Democratic Party was re-elected with 62 % of the vote in 2010 . She is the longest - serving female Senator and the longest - serving woman in the history of the U.S. Congress . She is not seeking re-election . The candidates who filed for the Democratic nomination were : U.S. Representatives Donna Edwards and Chris Van Hollen , Freddie Donald Dickson , Jr. , Ralph Jaffe , Theresa Scaldaferri , Charles Smith , Violate Staley , Blaine Taylor , Ed Tinus , and Lih Young . Van Hollen won the April 26 primary . The Republican candidates who filed were former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense and Senate candidate in 2012 Richard Douglas , Chrys Kefalas , State Delegate Kathy Szeliga , Chris Chaffee , Sean Connor , John Graziani , Greg Holmes , Joseph David Hooe , Mark McNicholas , Lynn Richardson , Anthony Seda , Richard Shawver , Dave Walle , and Garry T. Yarrington . Szeliga won the primary and will face Van Hollen in the general election . Rep. Van Hollen won election to the Senate with 61 % of the vote to Szeliga 's 36 % . Maryland Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Chris Van Hollen 470,320 53.2 % Democratic Donna Edwards 343,620 38.9 % Democratic Freddie Dickson 14,856 1.7 % Democratic Theresa Scaldaferri 13,178 1.5 % Democratic Violet Staley 10,244 1.2 % Democratic Lih Young 8,561 1.0 % Democratic Charles Smith 7,912 0.9 % Democratic Ralph Jaffe 7,161 0.8 % Democratic Blaine Taylor 5,932 0.7 % Democratic Ed Tinus 2,560 0.3 % Total votes 884,344 100.00 % Maryland Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kathy Szeliga 135,337 35.6 % Republican Chris Chaffee 52,066 13.7 % Republican Chrys Kefalas 36,340 9.6 % Republican Richard Douglas 29,007 7.6 % Republican Dave Wallace 23,226 6.1 % Republican Sean Connor 21,727 5.7 % Republican Lynn Richardson 20,792 5.5 % Republican John Graziani 16,722 4.4 % Republican Greg Holmes 16,148 4.3 % Republican Mark McNicholas 9,988 2.6 % Republican Joe Hooe 8,282 2.2 % Republican Anthony Seda 3,873 1.0 % Republican Richard Shawver 3,155 0.8 % Republican Garry Yarrington 2,988 0.8 % Total votes 379,651 100.00 % Maryland Green primary election Party Candidate Votes % Green Margaret Flowers 125 98.0 % Green None of the above 2.0 % Total votes 128 100.00 % Maryland general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Chris Van Hollen 1,659,907 60.89 % - 1.30 % Republican Kathy Szeliga 972,557 35.67 % - 0.08 % Green Margaret Flowers 89,970 3.30 % + 2.06 % Write - ins 3,736 0.14 % + 0.03 % Majority 687,350 25.21 % Total votes 2,726,170 100.00 % Democratic hold Swing Missouri ( edit ) Missouri election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Roy Blunt Jason Kander Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,378,458 1,300,200 Percentage 49.18 % 46.39 % County results U.S. Senator before election Roy Blunt Republican Elected U.S. Senator Roy Blunt Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Missouri , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Missouri One - term Senator Roy Blunt ( Republican ) was elected with 54 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 66 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Former U.S. Representative and 2012 Senate nominee Todd Akin was rumored to be a possible candidate , but declined to run . Three candidates ran against Blunt for the Republican nomination , the best - known being sales manager , tea party activist , and 2010 candidate Kristin Nichols , but Blunt won decisively with 72 % of the vote . For the Democrats , Secretary of State Jason Kander easily won the nomination , defeating Robert Mack , Pastor Cori Bush and activist Chief Wana Dubie . Governor Jay Nixon and State Treasurer Clint Zweifel chose not to seek election to the Senate . Sen. Blunt won re-election with 49 % of the vote to Kander 's 46 % . Missouri Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Roy Blunt 481,444 72.55 % Republican Kristi Nichols 134,025 20.20 % Republican Ryan Luethy 29,328 4.42 % Republican Bernie Mowinski 18,789 2.83 % Total votes 663,586 100.00 % Missouri Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jason Kander 223,492 69.87 % Democratic Cori Bush 42,453 13.27 % Democratic Chief Wana Dubie 30,432 9.51 % Democratic Robert Mack 23,509 7.35 % Total votes 319,886 100.00 % Missouri Libertarian primary election Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Jonathan Dine 2,002 54.90 % Libertarian Herschel Young 1,642 45.06 % Total votes 3,644 100.00 % Missouri Constitution primary election Party Candidate Votes % Constitution Fred Ryman 545 100.00 % Total votes 545 100.00 % Missouri general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Roy Blunt 1,378,458 49.18 % - 5.05 % Democratic Jason Kander 1,300,200 46.39 % + 5.76 % Libertarian Jonathan Dine 67,738 2.42 % - 0.60 % Green Johnathan McFarland 30,743 1.10 % N / A Constitution Fred Ryman 25,407 0.91 % - 1.22 % Write - ins 95 0.03 % N / A Plurality 78,258 2.79 % Total votes 2,802,641 100.00 % Republican hold Nevada ( edit ) Nevada election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Catherine Cortez Masto Joe Heck Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 521,994 495,079 Percentage 47.1 % 44.7 % County results U.S. Senator before election Harry Reid Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Catherine Cortez Masto Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Nevada , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Nevada Five - term Senator and Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 50 % of the vote in 2010 . Reid is not seeking re-election . Former Nevada Attorney General Catherine Cortez Masto earned the Democratic nomination , defeating Bobby Mahendra , Liddo Susan O'Briant , and Allen Rheinhart in the primary on June 14 , 2016 . Congressman Joe Heck defeated eight candidates , including 2010 nominee Sharron Angle , who ran against Reid in 2010 , for the Republican nomination . Jarrod M. Williams , an independent candidate ran for the seat . He describes himself as a Democratic Socialist , a supporter of Bernie Sanders , and is a member of the Socialist Party USA , although the party does n't have a chapter in the State of Nevada . Cortez Masto was elected with 47.1 % of the vote to Heck 's 44.7 % . Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Catherine Cortez Masto 81,944 81.0 % Democratic Allen Rheinhart 5,645 6.0 % Democratic None of these candidates 5,498 5.0 % Democratic Liddo Susan O'Briant 4,834 5.0 % Democratic Bobby Mahendra 3,760 3.0 % Total votes 101,681 100.0 % Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Joe Heck 74,517 65.0 % Republican Sharron Angle 26,142 23.0 % Republican None of these candidates 3,902 3.0 % Republican Thomas Heck 3,570 3.0 % Republican Eddie Hamilton 2,507 2.0 % Republican D'Nese Davis 1,937 1.8 % Republican Bill Tarbell 1,179 1.0 % Republican Robert Leeds 662 0.6 % Republican Juston Preble 582 0.5 % Republican Carlo Poliak 279 0.2 % Total votes 114,827 100.0 % Nevada general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Catherine Cortez Masto 521,994 47.10 % - 3.19 % Republican Joe Heck 495,079 44.67 % + 0.12 % None of These Candidates -- 42,257 3.81 % + 1.56 % Independent American ( Nev . ) Tom Jones 17,128 1.55 % + 1.11 % Independent Tony Guinta 10,740 0.97 % N / A Independent Jarrod Williams 6,888 0.62 % N / A Plurality 26,231 2.37 % Total votes 1,108,294 100.00 % + 53.64 % Democratic hold Swing Democratic hold New Hampshire ( edit ) New Hampshire election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Maggie Hassan Kelly Ayotte Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 354,649 353,632 Percentage 48.0 % 47.8 % Hassan : 40 - 50 % 50 -- 60 % Ayotte : 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % U.S. Senator before election Kelly Ayotte Republican Elected U.S. Senator Maggie Hassan Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in New Hampshire , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from New Hampshire One - term Senator Kelly Ayotte ( Republican ) was elected with 60 % of the vote in 2010 . She was 48 years old in 2016 . Ayotte ran for re-election . Jim Rubens , a former state senator , candidate for Governor in 1998 and for the Senate in 2014 , announced a challenge to Ayotte in the primary , but Ayotte won the nomination . Brian Chabot is the Libertarian candidate for US Senate in 2016 . He is a relative newcomer to politics , having run for US Senate in 2010 and US Representative in 2014 . Governor Maggie Hassan ran for the Democratic nomination . Other potential candidates include Executive Councilor Chris Pappas , State Senators Dan Feltes and Donna Soucy , Portsmouth City Councilor and daughter of U.S. Senator Jeanne Shaheen Stefany Shaheen , and campaign manager for Senator Shaheen Mike Vlacich . A series of polls taken by WMUR / UNH in February , April , and July 2016 , as well as WBUR polls taken in May and July / August , show Hassan gaining support over time and now leading Ayotte . Gov. Hassan won a very close election , 353,978 or 47.97 % , to Sen. Ayotte 's 353,262 or 47.87 % , a difference of 716 votes . Sen. Ayotte conceded the race to Gov. Hassan around noon Wednesday November 9 , 2016 . New Hampshire Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kelly Ayotte 86,558 78.55 % Republican Jim Rubens 19,139 17.37 % Republican Tom Alciere 1,586 1.44 % Republican Gerald Beloin 1,252 1.14 % Republican Stanley Emanuel 1,187 1.08 % Democratic Maggie Hassan ( write - in ) 301 0.27 % Scatter 167 0.15 % Total votes 110,190 100.00 % New Hampshire general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Margaret Wood Hassan 354,649 47.98 % + 11.28 % Republican Kelly Ann Ayotte ( Incumbent ) 353,632 47.84 % - 12.28 % Independent Aaron Day 17,742 2.40 % N / A Libertarian Brian Chabot 12,597 1.70 % + 0.65 % Plurality 1,017 0.14 % Turnout 738,620 100.00 % Democratic gain from Republican Swing New York ( edit ) New York election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Chuck Schumer Wendy Long Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 5,221,945 2,009,355 Percentage 70.6 % 27.2 % Schumer : 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % Long : 50 -- 60 % U.S. Senator before election Chuck Schumer Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Chuck Schumer Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in New York , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from New York Three - term Senator Chuck Schumer ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 66 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 66 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Chuck Schumer has been elected leader of the Senate Democrats succeeding Harry Reid . Wendy Long , the Republican nominee in 2012 , ran as the nominee of Republican , Conservative , and Reform Parties . Other potential Republican candidates included U.S. Representatives Chris Gibson and Peter T. King . U.S. Representative Richard L. Hanna , Manhattan Republican Party Chairwoman Adele Malpass , and former CNBC television host Larry Kudlow were also mentioned as possible candidates , but all have declined to run . Robin Laverne Wilson , the Green Party of New York nominee , received 1.5 % of the vote . Alex Merced , the Libertarian Party candidate , received 0.7 % of the vote . New York general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Chuck Schumer 4,784,218 61.34 % N / A Working Families Chuck Schumer 241,672 3.10 % N / A Independence Chuck Schumer 150,654 1.93 % N / A Women 's Equality Chuck Schumer 45,401 0.58 % N / A Total Chuck Schumer 5,221,945 66.95 % + 2.97 % Republican Wendy Long 1,723,920 22.10 % N / A Conservative ( N.Y. ) Wendy Long 267,622 3.43 % N / A Reform Wendy Long 17,813 0.23 % N / A Total Wendy Long 2,009,335 25.76 % - 0.58 % Green Robin Laverne Wilson 113,413 1.45 % + 0.45 % Libertarian Alex Merced 48,120 0.62 % + 0.02 % None Blank / Void / Scattering 407,786 5.22 % N / A Total votes 7,800,619 100.00 % Democratic hold Swing North Carolina ( edit ) North Carolina election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Richard Burr Deborah K. Ross Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,395,376 2,128,165 Percentage 51.1 % 45.4 % County results U.S. Senator before election Richard Burr Republican Elected U.S. Senator Richard Burr Republican Main article : United States Senate election in North Carolina , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from North Carolina Two - term Senator Richard Burr ( Republican ) was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 61 years old in 2016 . There had been speculation that Burr might retire , but he ran for re-election . Three Republicans challenged Burr in the primary : Greg Brannon , Larry Holmquist , and former Superior Court Judge Paul Wright . On March 15 , Burr won the primary with 61 % of the vote . Former state representative Deborah Ross , Spring Lake Mayor Chris Rey , businessman Kevin Griffin , and retired U.S. Army Captain Ernest Reeves ran for the Democratic nomination . Former U.S. Senator Kay Hagan , state treasurer Janet Cowell , and Anthony Foxx , the United States Secretary of Transportation and former Mayor of Charlotte , declined to run . On March 15 , Ross won the primary with 62 % of the vote . Burr won re-election 51 % to 45 % for Ross . North Carolina Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Richard Burr 622,074 61.41 % Republican Greg Brannon 255,030 25.17 % Republican Paul Wright 85,944 8.48 % Republican Larry Holmquist 50,010 4.94 % Total votes 1,013,058 100.00 % North Carolina Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Deborah Ross 614,414 62.32 % Democratic Chris Rey 162,869 16.52 % Democratic Kevin Griffin 115,618 11.73 % Democratic Ernest Reeves 93,005 9.43 % Total votes 985,906 100.00 % North Carolina general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Richard Burr ( Incumbent ) 2,395,376 51.06 % - 3.75 % Democratic Deborah Ross 2,128,165 45.37 % + 2.32 % Libertarian Sean Haugh 167,592 3.57 % + 1.48 % Majority 267,208 5.69 % 6.07 % Total votes 4,691,133 100.00 % + 76.35 % Republican hold Swing North Dakota ( edit ) North Dakota election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee John Hoeven Eliot Glassheim Party Republican Democratic - NPL Popular vote 268,788 58,116 Percentage 78.5 % 17.0 % County results U.S. Senator before election John Hoeven Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Hoeven Republican Main article : United States Senate election in North Dakota , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from North Dakota One - term Senator John Hoeven ( Republican ) was elected with 76 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 59 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Democrats endorsed state representative Eliot Glassheim On November 7 , 2015 , the Libertarian party nominated Robert Marquette . Hoeven defeated Glassheim 78 % to 17 % . North Dakota Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Hoeven 103,677 99.57 % Republican Write - in 445 0.43 % Total votes 104,122 100.00 % Democratic - NPL primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic - NPL Eliot Glassheim 17,243 99.72 % Democratic - NPL Write - in 48 0.28 % Total votes 17,291 100.00 % Libertarian primary election Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Robert Marquette 1,089 99.54 % Libertarian Write - in 5 0.46 % Total votes 1,094 100.00 % North Dakota general election < Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican John Hoeven 268,788 78.48 % + 2.40 % Democratic - NPL Eliot Glassheim 58,116 16.97 % - 5.20 % Libertarian Robert Marquette 10,556 3.08 % + 1.45 % Independent James Germalic 4,675 1.36 % N / A Write - ins 366 0.11 % N / A Majority 210,672 61.51 % Turnout 342,501 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Ohio ( edit ) Ohio election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Rob Portman Ted Strickland Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 3,118,567 1,996,908 Percentage 58.0 % 37.2 % County Results Portman 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % 60 - 70 % 70 - 80 % 80 - 90 % Strickland 40 - 50 % 50 - 60 % U.S. Senator before election Rob Portman Republican Elected U.S. Senator Rob Portman Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Ohio , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Ohio One - term Senator Rob Portman ( Republican ) was elected with 57 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 60 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . He had considered running for President , but decided not to . Two candidates filed to challenge him : Don Elijah Eckhart , who ran for OH - 15 as an independent in 2008 , and Melissa Strzala , but Strzala was disqualified . On March 15 , Portman won the primary with 82 % of the vote . Former Governor and Congressman Ted Strickland , Cincinnati City Councilman P.G. Sittenfeld , and occupational therapist Kelli Prather ran for the Democratic nomination . Former State Representative Bob Hagan had filed papers to run , but later withdrew from the race . On March 15 , Strickland won the primary with 65 % of the vote . Joseph DeMare , a machinist from Bowling Green , is the Green Party candidate . He ran unopposed in the March 15 , 2016 primary , and received enough votes to substantially increase the number of enrolled Green Party members . In Ohio , the only way to join a political party is to vote in that Party 's primary . Ohio Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Rob Portman 1,336,686 82.16 % Republican Don Elijah Eckhart 290,268 17.84 % Total votes 1,626,954 100.00 % Ohio Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ted Strickland 742,676 65.04 % Democratic P.G. Sittenfeld 254,232 22.26 % Democratic Kelli Prather 144,945 12.69 % Total votes 1,141,853 100.00 % Green primary election Party Candidate Votes % Green Joe DeMare 3,123 100.00 % Total votes 3,123 100.00 % Ohio general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Rob Portman ( Incumbent ) 3,118,567 58.03 % + 1.18 % Democratic Ted Strickland 1,996,908 37.16 % - 2.24 % Independent Tom Connors 93,041 1.73 % N / A Green Joseph R. DeMare 88,246 1.64 % N / A Independent Scott Rupert 77,291 1.44 % N / A Independent James Stahl ( Write - in ) 111 0.00 % N / A Total votes 5,374,164 100.00 % Republican hold Swing NA Oklahoma ( edit ) Oklahoma election ← 2014 2022 → Nominee James Lankford Mike Workman Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 980,892 355,911 Percentage 67.7 % 24.6 % Lankford : 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % U.S. Senator before election James Lankford Republican Elected U.S. Senator James Lankford Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Oklahoma , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Oklahoma Two - term Senator Tom Coburn ( Republican ) was re-elected with 71 % of the vote in 2010 , but chose to leave office before the end of his term after being diagnosed with prostate cancer . James Lankford won the 2014 special election to serve the remainder of Coburn 's term . Lankford ran for re-election . Former Congressman Dan Boren was viewed by some Oklahoma political operatives as the only Democrat who could make the 2016 race competitive , but was seen as unlikely to run . Lankford 's 2014 special election opponent Constance N. Johnson has said that she plans to run again . Libertarian primary election Party Candidate Votes % Libertarian Robert Murphy 1,537 58.89 % Libertarian Dax Ewbank 1,073 41.11 % Total votes 2,610 100.00 % Oklahoma general election Party Candidate Votes % Republican James Lankford ( Incumbent ) 980,892 67.74 % Democratic Mike Workman 355,911 24.58 % Libertarian Robert T. Murphy 43,421 3.00 % Independent Sean Braddy 40,405 2.79 % Independent Mark T. Beard 27,418 1.89 % Majority 624,981 43.16 % Total votes 1,448,047 100.00 % Republican hold Oregon ( edit ) Oregon election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Ron Wyden Mark Callahan Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,105,119 651,106 Percentage 56.6 % 33.4 % County results U.S. Senator before election Ron Wyden Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Ron Wyden Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Oregon , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Oregon Three - term Senator Ron Wyden ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 57 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 67 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . Medford City Councilor Kevin Stine and retired locomotive engineer Paul Weaver challenged Wyden for the Democratic nomination . Wyden won the Democratic nomination . Information technology consultant and 2014 candidate Mark Callahan , businessman Sam Carpenter , business consultant Dan Laschober , Steven Reynolds , and Lane County commissioner Faye Stewart ran for the Republican nomination . Callahan won the Republican nomination . Oregon Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ron Wyden 501,903 83.20 % Democratic Kevin Stine 78,287 12.98 % Democratic Paul Weaver 20,346 3.37 % write - ins 2,740 0.45 % Total votes 603,276 100.00 % Oregon Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mark Callahan 123,473 38.24 % Republican Sam Carpenter 104,494 32.36 % Republican Faye Stewart 57,399 17.78 % Republican Dan Laschober 34,157 10.58 % write - ins 3,357 1.04 % Total votes 322,880 100.00 % Independent primary election Party Candidate Votes % Independent Steven Reynolds 10,497 40.80 % Independent Marvin Sandnes 4,733 18.40 % write - ins 10,496 40.80 % Total votes 25,726 100.00 % Oregon general election < Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ron Wyden ( Incumbent ) 1,105,119 56.60 % Republican Mark Callahan 651,106 33.35 % Working Families Shanti Lewallen 61,915 3.17 % Independent Steven Reynolds 59,516 3.05 % Pacific Green Eric Navickas 48,823 2.50 % Libertarian Jim Lindsay 23,941 1.23 % Write - Ins 2,058 0.10 % Total votes 1,952,478 100.00 % Democratic hold Pennsylvania ( edit ) Pennsylvania election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Pat Toomey Katie McGinty Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 2,951,702 2,865,012 Percentage 48.8 % 47.3 % County results Toomey 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % 70 -- 80 % 80 -- 90 % McGinty 40 -- 50 % 50 -- 60 % 80 -- 90 % U.S. Senator before election Pat Toomey Republican Elected U.S. Senator Pat Toomey Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Pennsylvania , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania One - term Senator Pat Toomey ( Republican ) was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 54 years old in 2016 . Toomey ran for re-election . Everett Stern , a security intelligence consultant and whistleblower of the HSBC money laundering scandal , announced that he would challenge Toomey for the Republican nomination , but has missed the filing deadline , so Toomey was unopposed in the primary . Democratic candidates included Katie McGinty , former Chief of Staff to Governor Tom Wolf and former Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection , former Congressman Joe Sestak , who defeated incumbent Senator Arlen Specter ( a Democrat turned Republican turned back to Democrat ) for the 2010 Democratic nomination , but lost to Toomey in the general election , the current mayor of Braddock , Pennsylvania , John Fetterman , who is an AmeriCorps alum and Harvard University graduate , and small businessman and senate candidate in 2010 and 2012 Joseph Vodvarka . Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski announced his candidacy for the seat but suspended his campaign due to an FBI investigation of Allentown . McGinty won the primary and faced Toomey in the general election on November 8 , 2016 . Toomey defeated McGinty and retained the seat . Pennsylvania Republican primary election Party Candidate Votes % Republican Pat Toomey 1,342,941 100.00 % Total votes 1,342,941 100.00 % Pennsylvania Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Katie McGinty 669,774 42.50 % Democratic Joe Sestak 513,221 32.57 % Democratic John Fetterman 307,090 19.49 % Democratic Joseph Vodvarka 85,837 5.45 % Total votes 1,575,922 100.00 % Pennsylvania general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Pat Toomey ( Incumbent ) 2,951,702 48.77 % - 2.24 % Democratic Katie McGinty 2,865,012 47.34 % - 1.65 % Libertarian Edward T. Clifford III 235,142 3.89 % N / A Total votes 6,051,941 100.00 % Republican hold Swing NA South Carolina ( edit ) South Carolina election ← 2014 2022 → Nominee Tim Scott Thomas Dixon Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,241,609 757,022 Percentage 60.6 % 36.9 % County results U.S. Senator before election Tim Scott Republican Elected U.S. Senator Tim Scott Republican Main article : United States Senate election in South Carolina , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from South Carolina Two - term Republican Senator Jim DeMint ( Republican ) was re-elected with 61 % of the vote in 2010 . He resigned at the start of 2013 to become President of The Heritage Foundation and U.S. Representative Tim Scott ( Republican ) of South Carolina 's 1st congressional district was appointed to replace DeMint by Governor Nikki Haley . Scott subsequently won the special election in 2014 for the remaining two years of the term . Scott ran for re-election and he was a potential Republican vice presidential nominee . Other potential Republican candidates include Congressmen Mick Mulvaney , Jeff Duncan and Mark Sanford , along with State Senator Tom Davis , State Treasurer Curtis Loftis and State Attorney General Alan Wilson . Darla Moore was mentioned as a potential candidate for either party . On the Democratic side , pastor Thomas Dixon ran in the general primary on November 8 , 2016 but was defeated by the incumbent , Scott . South Carolina general election < Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Tim Scott ( Incumbent ) 1,241,609 60.57 % - 0.55 % Democratic Thomas Dixon 757,022 36.93 % - 0.16 % Libertarian Bill Bledsoe 37,482 1.83 % N / A American Michael Scarborough 11,923 0.58 % N / A Other Write - Ins 1,857 0.09 % + 0.05 % Majority 484,587 23.62 % - 0.41 % Turnout 2,049,893 65.75 % + 22.75 % Republican hold Swing South Dakota ( edit ) South Dakota election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee John Thune Jay Williams Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 265,516 104,140 Percentage 71.8 % 28.2 % U.S. Senator before election John Thune Republican Elected U.S. Senator John Thune Republican Main article : United States Senate election in South Dakota , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from South Dakota Two - term Senator John Thune ( Republican ) ran unopposed and was re-elected with 100 % in 2010 . Jay Williams , Chair of the Yankton County Democratic Party , and candidate for the State House in 2010 and 2014 , is running for the Democratic nomination . Other potential Democratic candidates include State Senator Bernie Hunhoff and filmmaker and former television news producer Sam Hurst . Former U.S. Representative Stephanie Herseth Sandlin , Sioux Falls Mayor Mike Heuther , and 2014 nominee Rick Weiland all declined to run . South Dakota general election Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Thune ( Incumbent ) 265,494 71.83 % Democratic Jay Williams 104,125 28.17 % Majority 161,369 43.66 % Total votes 369,619 100.00 % Republican hold Utah ( edit ) Utah election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Mike Lee Misty Snow Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 760,241 301,860 Percentage 68.2 % 27.1 % County results U.S. Senator before election Mike Lee Republican Elected U.S. Senator Mike Lee Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Utah , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Utah One - term Senator Mike Lee ( Republican ) was elected with 62 % of the vote in 2010 . He was 45 years old in 2016 . He ran for re-election . State party chair Thomas Wright , former State Senator Dan Liljenquist , State Senator Aaron Osmond , Congressman Jason Chaffetz , Congressman Chris Stewart , former Governor of Utah Mike Leavitt , and Mitt Romney 's son Josh Romney were mentioned as potential primary challengers , but all declined to run . Lee ran unopposed at the Utah Republican convention and is the Republican nominee . Marriage therapist Jonathan Swinton and grocery store clerk Misty Snow , a transgender woman , ran for the Democratic nomination . Snow defeated Swinton by more than 20 percentage points , running to the left of Swinton , criticizing him for supporting limitations on abortion rights . She became the first transgender woman to become a major party 's nominee for the Senate . Utah Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Misty K. Snow 28,928 59.40 % Democratic Jonathan Swinton 19,774 40.60 % Total votes 48,702 100.00 % Utah general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Mike Lee 760,241 68.15 % + 6.59 % Democratic Misty Snow 301,860 27.06 % - 5.71 % Independent American ( Nev . ) Stoney Fonua 27,340 2.45 % N / A Unaffiliated Bill Barron 26,167 2.34 % N / A Majority 458,381 Total votes 1,115,608 100.00 % Republican hold Swing Vermont ( edit ) Vermont election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Patrick Leahy Scott Milne Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 192,243 103,637 Percentage 60.0 % 32.3 % Leahy : 50 -- 60 % 60 -- 70 % Milne : 40 -- 50 % U.S. Senator before election Patrick Leahy Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Vermont , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Vermont Seven - term Democratic Senator Patrick Leahy was re-elected with 64 % of the vote in 2010 . Leahy won re-election in 2016 , aged 76 . Scott Milne , the Republican nominee who narrowly lost the 2014 Vermont gubernatorial election , ran unsuccessfully against Leahy . Vermont Democratic primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patrick Leahy ( Incumbent ) 62,412 89.15 % Democratic Cris Ericson 7,595 10.85 % Total votes 70,007 100.00 % Vermont general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic Patrick Leahy ( Incumbent ) 192,243 59.99 % - 3.05 % Republican Scott Milne 103,637 32.34 % + 2.08 % Marijuana Cris Ericson 9,156 2.86 % + 1.76 % Independent Jerry Trudell 5,223 1.63 % N / A Liberty Union Peter Diamondstone 3,241 1.01 % 0.40 % Write - ins 309 0.10 % N / A Spoiled votes 466 0.15 % N / A Blank votes 6,192 1.93 % N / A Majority 88,606 27.65 % Total votes 320,467 100.00 % Democratic hold Swing Washington ( edit ) Washington election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Patty Murray Chris Vance Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,913,979 1,329,338 Percentage 59.0 % 41.0 % County results U.S. Senator before election Patty Murray Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Patty Murray Democratic Main article : United States Senate election in Washington , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Washington Four - term Senator Patty Murray ( Democrat ) was re-elected with 52 % of the vote in 2010 . She ran successfully for re-election against Republican candidate Chris Vance . Congressman Dave Reichert was considered a potential Republican candidate but chose to run for reelection . Washington Blanket primary election Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Patty Murray ( Incumbent ) 745,421 53.82 % Republican Chris Vance 381,004 27.51 % Republican Eric John Makus 57,825 4.18 % Democratic Phil Cornell 46,460 3.35 % Republican Scott Nazarino 41,542 3.00 % Libertarian Mike Luke 20,988 1.52 % Democratic Mohammad Said 13,362 0.96 % Independent Donna Rae Lands 11,472 0.83 % Independent Ted Cummings 11,028 0.80 % Independent Sam Wright 10,751 0.78 % Republican Uncle Mover 8,569 0.62 % Independent Jeremy Teuton 7,991 0.58 % Democratic Thor Amundson 7,906 0.57 % Independent Chuck Jackson 6,318 0.46 % Independent Pano Churchill 5,150 0.37 % Independent Zach Haller 5,092 0.37 % Independent Alex Tsimerman 4,117 0.30 % Total votes 1,384,996 100.00 % Washington general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Democratic ( Wash . ) Patty Murray ( Incumbent ) 1,913,979 59.01 % + 6.65 % Republican ( Wash . ) Chris Vance 1,329,338 40.99 % - 6.65 % Majority 584,641 18.02 % + 13.30 % Total votes 3,243,317 100.00 % 29.16 % Democratic hold Swing Wisconsin ( edit ) Wisconsin election ← 2010 2022 → Nominee Ron Johnson Russ Feingold Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,479,471 1,380,335 Percentage 50.2 % 46.8 % County results U.S. Senator before election Ron Johnson Republican Elected U.S. Senator Ron Johnson Republican Main article : United States Senate election in Wisconsin , 2016 See also : List of United States Senators from Wisconsin One - term Senator Ron Johnson ( Republican ) defeated three - term Senator Russ Feingold ( Democrat ) with 52 % of the vote in 2010 . On May 14 , 2015 , Feingold announced that he would seek a rematch against Johnson for his former Senate seat . Immediately after his announcement , the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee endorsed Feingold 's candidacy . Businesswoman and 2014 gubernatorial nominee Mary Burke has declared that she is not seeking statewide office in 2016 . Johnson and Feingold faced each other again , and Johnson again defeated Feingold , in what many observers and pundits considered to be a surprising and uphill victory . Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Russ Feingold 303,282 90.14 Democratic Scott Harbach 33,185 9.86 Total votes 336,467 100.00 Wisconsin general election Party Candidate Votes % ± Republican Ron Johnson ( Incumbent ) 1,479,471 50.2 - 1.7 Democratic Russ Feingold 1,380,335 46.8 - 0.2 Libertarian Phillip Anderson 87,531 3.0 N / A Write - In Votes 8 0.0 N / A Majority 99,136 3.4 - 1.5 Turnout 2,947,345 100.0 Republican hold See also ( edit ) United States elections , 2016 ( other elections being held at the same time ) United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 United States presidential election , 2016 United States gubernatorial elections , 2016 United States Senate elections , 2010 ( the previous election for this class of Senators ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WaunaKeegan Results '' . WaunaKeegan . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ There Were No Purple * States On Tuesday . FiveThirtyEight . November 10 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` Joe Miller files to run against Murkowski for Senate seat - KTVA 11 '' . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Devin ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Anchorage attorney Margaret Stock challenging Lisa Murkowski for Senate '' . Alaska Dispatch News . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` November 8 , 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . State of Alaska Division of Elections . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Primary Election Results 2016 '' . Politico.com . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Alexis ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Moving Parts Complicate Democratic Challenge to McCain ) ( Updated ) '' . Roll Call . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cahn , Emily ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kirkpatrick to Challenge McCain in Arizona '' . Roll Call . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ArtLabs . `` Vote Pat Quinn to the United States Senate as an Independent for Arizona '' . 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Loretta Sanchez enters race for Barbara Boxer 's Senate seat '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles . May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hobbs , Stephen ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Glenn : Early announcement for U.S. Senate run shows he is ' very serious ' '' . The Gazette . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Darryl Glenn will run against Sen. Bennet '' . Colorado Springs Independent . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In a first , Libertarian candidate in Colorado 's U.S. Senate race qualifies for major debate '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election Candidate List '' . Sos.state.co.us . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emily Cahn ; Alexis Levinson ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Senators Confirm Re-Election Bids for 2016 '' . Roll Call . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pazniokas , Mark ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` GOP 's Dan Carter announces for U.S. Senate nomination '' . the CT Mirror . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Lion '' . Ballotpedia.org . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut 2016 General Election '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DeBonis , Mike ; O'Keefe , Ed ; Sullivan , Sean ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio will seek Senate reelection , reversing pledge not to run '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Caputo , Marc ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Florida 's Patrick Murphy running for Marco Rubio 's Senate seat '' . Politico . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siple , Jeremy . `` Paul Stanton Announces Campaign for Florida U.S. Senate Seat '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Isakson to announce he will seek a third term '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bluestein , Greg ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Party - backed Georgia Democrat qualifies for U.S. Senate seat '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Isakson to debate Senate challengers once before Election Day Political Insider blog '' . Politics.blog.ajc.com . August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Caleb ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Incumbent US Sen. Brian Schatz wins Hawaii primary '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sen. Mike Crapo will seek re-election in 2016 for 4th term '' . KBOI . Associated Press . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaration for 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tammy Duckworth running for Senate '' . Politico . March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Edward . `` Kirk Running for Re-Election , Says Pat Brady '' . nbcchicago.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schoenburg , Bernard . `` Libertarians seeking Illinois posts including U.S. Senate , state comptroller '' . Jump up ^ `` Candidates Name List '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Life Story '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Democrat Evan Bayh may get into Indiana Senate race '' . Fox News . July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE WTHR / HPI Poll : Bayh , Young locked in close Senate race - 13 WTHR Indianapolis '' . Wthr.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa 's Chuck Grassley : I am running for re-election '' . The Des Moines Register . September 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's official : Patty Judge challenges Chuck Grassley '' . March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump and Clinton Tied , Grassley Far Ahead In Latest Quinnipiac Poll '' . Iowa Public Radio . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Alexis ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Huelskamp Open to Moran Primary Challenge '' . Roll Call . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clarkin , Mary ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Democrat Patrick Wiesner files for Jerry Moran 's Senate seat '' . The Hutchinson News . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Libertarians hope election bolsters future prospects '' . The Kansas City Star . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jennifer Epstein ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Rand Paul files for reelection race five years away '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : `` Lexington Mayor Jim Gray running against U.S. Sen. Rand Paul '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasurer Kennedy joins fray to succeed Vitter '' . WDSU News . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crisp , Elizabeth ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Public Service Commissioner Foster Campbell running for U.S. Senate '' . The Advocate . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Van Hollen To Run For Senate '' . Huffington Post . March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kathy Szeliga joins Senate race , seeking Mikulski 's seat '' . Baltimore Sun . November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maryland State Board of Elections. `` 2016 Candidate Listing '' . 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Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Matthew ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Ex-Wake lawmaker Ross enters US Senate race '' . WRAL.com . Raleigh , North Carolina . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ybarramybarra , Maggie ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` NC Senate candidates richard Burr , Deborah Ross , Sean Haugh disagree over filling Supreme Court vacancy left by Antonin Scalia 's death '' . Newsobserver.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Easley , Jonathan ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Is Heitkamp eyeing a run for governor ? '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Rep. Marvin Nelson to join race for governor '' . Inforum . March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nick . `` Libertarian U.S. Senate candidate launches campaign '' . ^ Jump up to : Haberman , Maggie ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Portman wo n't run for president in 2016 '' . Politico . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . 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WCAX - TV . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former Red Sox Pitcher Running for Vermont Governor '' . necn . May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shabad , Rebecca . `` Sen. Murray to seek her fifth term in 2016 '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pathe , Simone ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Former Washington GOP Chairman to Challenge Patty Murray '' . Roll Call . ^ Jump up to : Bolton , Alexander . `` Sen. Johnson tells ' kitchen cabinet ' he will run for reelection in 2016 '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russ Feingold Announces Senate Run , Setting Up Rematch '' . NBC News . May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mitch . `` A Libertarian looking to make waves in Senate race with Johnson , Feingold '' . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Farm Team : Long Line Forming for GOP Hopefuls Looking to Move Up in Alabama '' . Roll Call . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cheney , Kyle ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` 16 in ' 16 : The new battle for the Senate '' . Politico . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jim Stinson ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Who is next ? Five people who could be governor after the 2018 election '' . AL.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gore , Leada ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sen. Richard Shelby is in for 2016 and that changes Alabama 's political landscape '' . AL.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Primary Election Official Results , March 1 , 2016 '' . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canvass of Results for the General Election held on November 8 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Secretary of State . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` August 16 , 2016 Primary Candidate List '' . State of Alaska Division of Elections . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pathe , Simone ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Murkowski Facing a Primary Puzzle '' . Roll Call . Jump up ^ Neary , Ben ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Only Democrat Running For Congress In Wyoming Might Host A ' Campaign Rave ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Tom ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` EDITORIAL : Lessons we learned from Election Day '' . Powell Tribune . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John , Arit ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wyoming 's Democratic ' Hip Hop Candidate ' Just Launched the PPLZ 4 GRAYSON CREW '' . The Wire . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trygstad , Kyle ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Farm Team : Absence of Opportunity Means Long Alaska Pipeline '' . Roll Call . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Sean ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Why Mark Begich could run for the Senate again '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bohrer , Becky ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Begich says he wo n't run for any office this year '' . Alaska Dispatch News . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Devin ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Anchorage attorney Margaret Stock challenging Lisa Murkowski for Senate '' . Alaska Dispatch News . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 PRIMARY ELECTION Election Summary Report August 16 , 2016 Official Results '' ( PDF ) . Alaska Secretary of State . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election November 8 , 2016 Official Results '' . elections.alaska.gov . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trujillo , Mario ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` McCain hints at retirement in 2016 '' . The Hill . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rose , Shannon ( February 21 , 2015 ) . `` Alex Meluskey Runs for US Senate in Arizona '' . Jump up ^ `` Pizer , known for upholstery , cryonics , is latest McCain foe '' . Arizona Daily Star . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Letters to the Editor : Why I 'm Running for US Senate '' . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Havasu 's Kelli Ward confirms Senate challenge against John McCain '' . Havasu News . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ; Joseph , Cameron ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tea Party lawmakers may take on McCain '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Salmon tells McCain : I wo n't primary you '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Nowicki , Dan ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Maricopa County GOP slams McCain again , but Schweikert wo n't run '' . The Arizona Republic . Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Arizona Governor Jan Brewer Will Not Run For Re-election '' . Outside the Beltway . Jump up ^ `` Schweikert , Jones possible McCain primary foes in 2016 ? '' . AZ Central . November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` After Obama 's Immigration Action , a Blast of Energy for the Tea Party '' . The New York Times . November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nowicki , Dan ( February 16 , 2013 ) . `` Is this Sen. McCain 's last term ? '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ millansingh ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Pro-Bernie Candidate for Senate ... in Arizona '' . Jump up ^ Sanders , Rebekah L. ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gosar wo n't challenge McCain '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arizona Primary Election Results 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Secretary of State . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election November 8 , 2016 Unofficial Results '' . azsos.gov . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas US Sen. John Boozman Having Surgery '' . ABC News . April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Democrats look to next elections '' . The Hill . March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Coleman indicates he 'll take on incumbent Sen. John Boozman '' . Arkansas Times . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Max ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Conner Eldridge announces plans to run for U.S. Senate '' . Arkansas Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Libertarians nominate twenty - three candidates , including Frank Gilbert for U.S. Senate '' . Independent Political Report . October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Information '' . Arkansas Secretary of State . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Gilbert , U.S. Senate '' . Libertarian Party of Arkansas . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Information '' . Arkansas Secretary of State . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preferential Primary and Nonpartisan General Election official Results '' . Arkansas Secretary of State . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election and Nonpartisan Runoff Election Unofficial County Results '' . Arkansas Secretary of State . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Everett , Burgess ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Barbara Boxer : Wo n't run again in 2016 '' . Politico . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate - Statewide Results '' . California Secretary of State . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ; Medina , Jennifer ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Just How Bad an Election Night Was It for California Republicans ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified List of Candidates for Voter - Nominated Offices '' ( PDF ) . Secretary of State of California . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Tom Del Beccaro announces U.S. Senate run '' . The Sacramento Bee . Jump up ^ `` Duf Sundheim enters race for Barbara Boxer 's Senate seat '' . Los Angeles Times . September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hrabe , John ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` US Senate 2016 : Wyman joins list of GOP longshot candidates '' . CalNewsroom.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Wyman for United States Senate '' . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horseman , Jeff ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. SENATE : Done Krampe of Murrieta to seek Barbara Boxer 's seat '' . The Press Enterprise . Jump up ^ Provost , Lee ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Palzer , former Kankakeean , makes run for US Senate in his new home of Calif '' . Jump up ^ Roseberry , Karen ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Karen Roseberry for U.S. Senate 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Rocky Chavez launches bid for U.S. Senate seat '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Chaves withdraws from U.S. Senate race , will seek re-election to Assembly '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Carla ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Carly Fiorina wo n't rule out run for White House '' . SF Gate . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Heather ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` California Senate candidate : `` We 're all going to die '' `` . Grist . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Results of SurveyUSA Election Poll # 22817 '' . SurveyUSA. April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CSV Files - Voter Nominated '' . California Secretary of State . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) . California Secretary of State . November 13 , 2016 http://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2016-general/sov/2016-complete-sov.pdf . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Frank , John ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Blaha announces U.S. Senate bid , makes campaign pledge '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Aurora councilman Ryan Frazier joins GOP Senate race in Colorado '' . Aurora Sentinel . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Mark ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` El Paso County 's Peg Littleton joins U.S. Senate race '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyell , Kelly ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Former CSU AD Jack Graham enters U.S. Senate race '' . Fort Collins Coloradoan . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Keyser announces 2016 Senate bid amid crowded Colorado field '' . The Denver Post . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bartels , Lynn ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Republican Greg Lopez , former SBA director , to run for U.S. Senate '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank , John ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tim Neville to announce U.S. Senate bid as GOP race heats up '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bunch , Joey ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jefferson County commissioner to join race for U.S. Senate Thursday '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Rosier - Timeline Photos '' . December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , John ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Darryl Glenn takes Colorado Republican nomination for U.S. Senate '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` June 28 , 2016 Primary Election Official Results '' . Colorado Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results November 8 , 2016 General Election '' . Colorado Secretary of State . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Darien fashion label founder Orchulli to run for Senate '' . The Connecticut Post . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radelat , Ana ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stamford Republican steps up to challenge Blumenthal '' . the CT Mirror . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Visconti exploring 2016 Senate run '' . Connecticut Post . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Dustin ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Democratic Seats up for Re-Election in 2016 '' . About News . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Walker wo n't challenge Blumenthal for Senate '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Simmons rules out 2016 challenge of Blumenthal '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Everett , Burgess ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kudlow said to be ' very interested ' in Senate run '' . Politico . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byers , Dylan ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` CNBC 's Larry Kudlow will not run for Senate '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election November 8 , 2016 Official Results '' . ct.gov . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Matt ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Marco Rubio Wo n't Run for Senate in 2016 if He Runs for President '' . National Journal . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Rubio tells donors he 's running for president in 2016 '' . CBS News . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Entrepreneur and combat veteran Todd Wilcox enters Florida 's U.S. Senate race '' . Saint Peters Blog . Jump up ^ Wallace , Jeremy ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cuban - American developer Carlos Beruff launching campaign for U.S. Senate in Miami '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katz for US Congress '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Elections -- Florida '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Florida Elections '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bash , Dana ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` GOP operatives to pitch Ben Carson on Florida Senate run '' . CNN . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kopan , Tal ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` David Jolly drops out of Florida Senate race , possibly clearing way for Marco Rubio '' . CNN . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rubio defeats Murphy to retain Senate seat '' . November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida Department of State , Division of Elections , August 30 , 2016 Primary Election , Official Results '' . Florida Secretary of State . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Isakson , Georgia Senator , Says He Has Parkinson 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foody , Kathleen ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifying for Georgia 's May primaries ends '' . WSB TV . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malloy , Daniel ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` It looks like Johnny Isakson has his first challenger '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bluestein , Greg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Johnny Isakson trounces rivals to win Georgia GOP Senate nod '' . The Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Georgia 's congressional delegation qualifies for re-election '' . The Albany Herald . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bluestein , Greg ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` More Democrats come out of woodwork for Georgia Senate race '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hankerson , Jazmyne ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Candidate changes affects May primary ballot '' . WXFL . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Results '' . Georgia Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` General Election November 8 , 2016 '' . Georgia Secretary of State . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen O'Harrow ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Dan Inouye and Brian Schatz : A Lesson in Hawaii Politics '' . Honolulu Civil Beat . Jump up ^ Blair , Chad ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tulsi Gabbard Looks to Be Running for Re-election '' . Honolulu Civil Beat . Jump up ^ `` Charles Collins for US Senate '' . January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Collins '' . January 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statewide Results '' ( PDF ) . Hawaii Office of Elections . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii Senate Races Results '' . Politico . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://results.elections.hawaii.gov/2016/primary/summary.txt Jump up ^ `` Office of Elections -- State of Hawaii -- Statewide '' . State of Hawaii Office of Elections . August 16 , 2016 . p. 1 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crapo 's Message To Labrador '' . The Spokesman - Review . August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Easley , Jonathan ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Labrador wo n't run for Senate '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Nathan ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Federal Land , Refugees , and Regulations Drive Crapo Town Hall in Castleford '' . Twin Falls Times - News . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pro-Life For Governor of Idaho -- 2014 , also US Senate -- 2016 '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Primary Election Statewide Totals '' . Idaho Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Primary Election Statewide Totals '' . Idaho Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nov 08 , 2016 General Election Results '' . Idaho Secretary of State . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Kirk makes dramatic return to the Senate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Matthew ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Kirk Survived a Stroke -- Now He 's Picking Fights in Congress '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cahn , Emily ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Illinois Options Depend on Chicago Turnover Farm Team '' . Roll Call . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cahn , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Mark Kirk : ' No Frickin ' Way Am I Retiring ' '' . Roll Call . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Riopell ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's in , who 's out in congressional primaries '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greg Hinz ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Kirk picks up primary challenger from the right '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Jump up ^ Rick Pearson ; Hal Dardick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Senate , state 's attorney races take shape on the last day of filing '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 of Sen. Kirk 's GOP primary opponents does n't make ballot '' . KTVI . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Illinois Primary Election Results '' . WBEZ 91.5 Chicago . March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skiba , Katherine ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Duckworth to Challenge Kirk for U.S. Senate '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneed , Michael ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Andrea Zopp is all in for Senate race '' . Jump up ^ Hinz , Greg ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` State Sen. Napoleon Harris to enter race against Mark Kirk '' . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Illinois Election , Primary , Candidates , Races , and Voting '' . USElections . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Brown Independent for U.S. Senate '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Aguayo for United States Senate '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results GENERAL PRIMARY - 3 / 2 / 2016 '' . Illinois State Board of Elections . March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results -- General Primary -- 3 / 15 / 2016 '' . Illinois State Board of Elections . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election Results GENERAL ELECTION - 11 / 8 / 2016 '' . Illinois State Board of Elections . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Kyle ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Democrats see glimmer of hope in Dan Coats ' retirement '' . Politico . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Marlin Stutzman declares Senate bid '' . Real Clear Politics . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Cameron ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Chief of staff launches Senate bid for Coats 's seat '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ `` Eric Holcomb drops out of Senate race '' . WRTV . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baron Hill says he will run for U.S. Senate in 2016 '' . The Republic . Columbus , Indiana . May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Groppe , Maureen ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` John Dickerson to seek nod for U.S. Senate '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Dickerson Drops Out of Race For U.S. Senate '' . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Primary Election , May 3 , 2016 '' . Indiana Secretary of State . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana General Election , November 8 , 2016 '' . Indiana Secretary of State . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Grassley Planning to Run Again in 2016 '' . Roll Call . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Jennifer ; Noble , Jason ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` And he 's off : Event kicks off Grassley 's re-election campaign '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Jake ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Primary Challenger Announces Against Grassley '' . Iowa Free Press . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IA - Sen : Robert Rees ends GOP primary challenge to Chuck Grassley '' . Bleeding Heartland . March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cedar Rapids State Sen. Rob Hogg running for U.S. Senate '' . KCRG 9 . Cedar Rapids , Iowa . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Fiegen for US Senate , Iowa '' . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Krause for Iowa 's Future '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , James Q. ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Zirkelbach is fourth candidate in Democratic U.S. Senate race '' . The Gazette . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Results '' ( PDF ) . Iowa Secretary of State . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results General Election '' . Iowa Secretary of State . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Alexis ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` In Kansas , Conservatives Suffer From Mississippi Hangover '' . Roll Call . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Alexis ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Congressman Says Wife Nixed Senate Run '' . Roll Call . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mason , Tori ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Topeka native announces candidacy for U.S. Senate '' . WIBW . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Official Primary Results '' . Kansas Secretary of State . August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 General Election Official Results '' ( PDF ) . Kansas Secretary of State . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy W. ; Rappeport , Alan ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Rand Paul Announces Presidential Run '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Theodoric ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` Kentucky GOP greenlights joint Senate , presidential run for Rand Paul '' . Politico . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN , John King , Manu Raju and Mark Preston . `` Rand Paul dropping out of presidential race '' . cnn.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candidate Filings with the Office of the Secretary of State '' . Secretary of State of Kentucky . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official 2016 Primary Election Results '' ( PDF ) . Kentucky Secretary of State . May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic mayor to challenge GOP 's Rand Paul in Senate race '' . Associated Press . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Leach Will Run For U.S. Senate In Kentucky '' . Hillbilly Report . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lexington Mayor Jim Gray running against U.S. Sen. Rand Paul '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unofficial Results '' . Kentucky Secretary of State . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Vitter Says Wo n't Run for US Senate in 2016 '' . ABC News . November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berry , Deborah ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Rep. Charles Boustany will run for Senate '' . The Advertiser . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , Julia ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Louisiana Congressman John Fleming launches bid for David Vitter 's Senate seat '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Rainey ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Joseph Cao enters Senate race for Vitter 's seat , tells supporters by email '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maness officially joins Senate race '' . WWL AM870 . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alford , Jeremy ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` More possibilities surface for Louisiana 's US Senate race '' . Greater Baton Rouge Business Report . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alford , Jeremy ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Names floating in , out of developing US Senate race '' . Houma Today . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tidmore , Christopher ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Young , Cazayoux and Hebert consider Vitter 's U.S. Senate seat '' . The Louisiana Weekly . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alford , Jeremy ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` New names still hover over Senate race '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crisp , Elizabeth ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Democrat Caroline Fayard launches U.S. Senate bid '' . The Advocate . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stickney , Ken ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pellerin announcement comes April 5 '' . The Daily Advertiser . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stickney , Ken ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pellerin to explore Senate campaign '' . The Daily Advertiser . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hilburn , Greg ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Alexandria Mayor , state Rep. Johnson consider Senate run '' . The News - Star . Jump up ^ Ballard , Mark ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` Political Horizons : Despite campaign fatigue , a crowded , close Senate race looms '' . The Advocate . Jump up ^ Rainey , Richard ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Louisiana Senate race : who 's in , who 's out in the early going '' . 2015 NOLA Media Group . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mettler , Katie ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Republican , Democrat head to runoff in Louisiana Senate race '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://voterportal.sos.la.gov/Graphical Jump up ^ Bolton , Alexander ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` 2016 retirements could complicate Dems ' comeback plans '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Edwards jumps into Maryland Senate race '' . Politico . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maryland : The State Board of Election , 2016 candidate listing '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Richard Douglas first Republican to enter Md . Senate race '' . Baltimore Sun . Jump up ^ `` Openly gay Republican explores bid for Senate seat from Md '' . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official 2016 Presidential Primary Election results for U.S. Senator '' . State Board of Elections . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Maryland Green Party primary results '' . Green Party Watch . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official 2016 Presidential General Election results for U.S. Senator '' . Maryland Secretary of State . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Jim ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Akin wo n't rule out 2016 run against Blunt '' . Springfield News - Leader . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breitman , Kendall ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Akin : I 'm not running for Senate '' . Politico . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rivas , Rebecca ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Black challengers of Democrat incumbents fight with party over access '' . The St. Louis American . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cori Bush for U.S. Senate '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheeley , Andrew ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wana Dubie officially first US Senate candidate from Salem '' . The Salem News . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cillizilla , Chris ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon steps forward , but toward what ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Treasurer Zweifel wo n't run for office '' . Kansas City Star . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri Senate Primary Results '' . Missouri Secretary of State . August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results : 2016 General Election '' . Missouri Secretary of State . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Harry Reid Says He Wo n't Seek Re-election '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kudialis , Chris ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Angle to make another bid for Reid 's Senate seat '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silver State Election Night Results 2016 '' . Nevada Secretary of State . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ayotte Faces Primary Challenge From Former GOP State Senator '' . nhpr . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Rubens to challenge incumbent Sen. Ayotte in GOP primary '' . New Hampshire Union - Leader . March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DiSasto , John ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` Analysis : NH Democrats already have deep bench for top races in 2016 '' . NHJournal . Jump up ^ `` 2016 United States Senate - Republican Primary '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate - 2016 General Election '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State Elections Division . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ed O ' ' eefe and Mike DeBonis ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats shake up Senate leadership '' . Bostonglobe.com . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dicker , Fredric U. ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Top Republican candidates to challenge Chuck Schumer '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Eliana ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Larry Kudlow and NRSC Renew Discussions on Senate Run '' . National Review . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Mark ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Rep. Richard Hanna says he wo n't run against Chuck Schumer in 2016 NY senate race '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Election Results 2016 '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. SENATE RACE : Schumer , Long square off '' . Press & Sun - Bulletin . November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Official Election Night Results '' ( PDF ) . New York Board of Elections . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cahn , Emily ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Opportunities Now and Later in North Carolina '' . Roll Call . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Burr confirms he will run in 2016 '' . WNCN . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Democrats ' Senate hopes take a hit with Kay Hagan 's no - go decision '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Craig ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Cowell seeking third term as NC treasurer '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Kelly ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Foxx wo n't run for Senate in 2016 '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NC SBE Contest Results '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ NC State Board of Elections Jump up ^ NC State Board of Elections Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Official General Election Results '' . North Carolina State Board of Elections . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nowatzki , Mike ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` ND Democrat Glassheim says he 's healthy and ready to run for US Senate '' . The Forum of Fargo - Moorhead . Forum Communications . 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Jump up ^ Rowland , Darrell ; Ludlow , Randy ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kasich joins GOP competitors in filing for Ohio primary '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Ohio legislator to challenge Portman in ' 16 '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who will face Portman in ' 16 ? '' . The Columbus Dispatch . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Results for 2016 Primary Election '' . Ohio Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ohio State Official Election Results , retrieved December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Taylor , Jessica ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Crowded primary likely in race for Coburn seat '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate seat goes to Republican James Lankford '' . Roll Call . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dallas Franklin ; Leslie Rangel ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. Senate seat goes to Republican James Lankford '' . KFOR . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Senate Races Results '' . Politico . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Results - General Election -- November 8 , 2016 '' . Oklahoma Secretary of State . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mann , Damian ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Medford Councilor Stine to challenge Sen. Ron Wyden '' . Mail Tribune . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's running for president , Oregon governor , other seats ? The latest on 2016 candidates '' . The Oregonian . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammers , Scott ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Bend businessman Carpenter to run for Senate '' . The Bend Bulletin . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laschober for U.S. Senate '' . Jump up ^ Dubois , Steven ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Oregon county commissioner Faye Stewart to run for US Senate '' . KATU . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` May 17 , 2016 Primary Election Official Results '' . Oregon Secretary of State . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` November 8 , 2016 , General Election Abstract of Votes '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Secretary of State . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stern , Everett ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` After serious consideration , I have made the decision to run for the PA United States Senate seat ... '' Facebook . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Rachel . `` Joe Sestak planning Senate campaign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maher , Chris ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Steel Town Mayor John Fetterman Enters Pennsylvania Senate Race '' . WSJ . Jump up ^ `` John fetterman '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Vodvarka for US Senate 2016 '' . Montco Area 4 Democrats . December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tamari , Jonathan ; Roebuck , Jeremy ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Pawlowski halts Senate bid , Democrats seek options '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` April 26 , 2016 Primary Election Official Returns '' . Pennsylvania Secretary of State . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.electionreturns.pa.gov/ENR_NEW Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Rep. Tim Scott Chosen to Replace Jim DeMint as South Carolina Senator '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Livingston , Abby ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` South Carolina Republicans Will Have to Ride the Bench '' . Roll Call . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Tim Scott and the changing face of the Republican party '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Greg ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` As budget cuts hit S.C. , a congressman is surprised at constituents ' reactions '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Statewide General Election official results '' . South Carolina State Election Commission . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 South Carolina Senatorial Election Turnout Data '' . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Tom ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Will anyone take on Thune in 2016 ? '' . Prairie Perspective . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woster , Kevin ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Hurst for U.S. Senate in 2016 ? Well ... '' KELO - TV . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tupper , Seth ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Thune frolicking through another opponent-less election season '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Weiland returns with new nonpartisan political group '' . Rapid City Journal . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ South Dakota State Unofficial Election Results , retrieved December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gehrke , Robert ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Most Utahns disapprove of Sen. Mike Lee , want him to compromise '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rucker , Philip ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` In Utah , tea party favorite Sen. Lee faces GOP backlash over government shutdown '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Next Utah Races to Watch Are for Senate '' . Roll Call . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Canham , Matt ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Lee could be a lock for re-election to the Senate '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roche , Lisa Riley ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Romney : I wo n't run against Sen. Mike Lee , but another Republican should '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ Price , Michelle ( April 23 , 2016 ) . `` Utah Gov. Herbert fails to secure nomination at convention '' . SunHerald . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canham , Matt ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sen. Mike Lee 's first challenger is marriage therapist Jonathan Swinton , an untested Democrat '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ( June 2016 ) . `` Two transgender candidates named ' Misty ' win primaries '' . Politico.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Election Official Results '' . Utah Secretary of State . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Election Official Results '' ( PDF ) . Utah Secretary of State . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heintz , Paul ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Scott Milne Considers Challenging Patrick Leahy '' . Seven Days . Jump up ^ Gram , Dave ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Milne hopes to unseat Sen. Leahy '' . The Burlington Free Press . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vermont Results '' . Politico . 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United States Senate elections Multiple - date elections 1788 / 89 1790 / 91 1792 / 93 1794 / 95 1796 / 97 1798 / 99 1800 / 01 1802 / 03 1804 / 05 1806 / 07 1808 / 09 1810 / 11 1812 / 13 1814 / 15 1816 / 17 1818 / 19 1820 / 21 1822 / 23 1824 / 25 1826 / 27 1828 / 29 1830 / 31 1832 / 33 1834 / 35 1836 / 37 1838 / 39 1840 / 41 1842 / 43 1844 / 45 1846 / 47 1848 / 49 1850 / 51 1852 / 53 1854 / 55 1856 / 57 1858 / 59 1860 / 61 1862 / 63 1864 / 65 1866 / 67 1868 / 69 1870 / 71 1872 / 73 1874 / 75 1876 / 77 1878 / 79 1880 / 81 1882 / 83 1884 / 85 1886 / 87 1888 / 89 1890 / 91 1892 / 93 1894 / 95 1896 / 97 1898 / 99 1900 / 01 1902 / 03 1904 / 05 1906 / 07 1908 / 09 1910 / 11 1912 / 13 Single - date elections 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1992 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of elections in the United States House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections ( 2015 ← ) 2016 United States elections ( → 2017 ) U.S. President Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands U.S. Senate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington Wisconsin U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii 1st , special Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky 1st , special Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 8th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 2nd , special Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors American Samoa Delaware Indiana Missouri Montana New Hampshire North Carolina North Dakota Oregon ( special ) Puerto Rico Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Mayors Augusta , GA Baltimore , MD Cheyenne , WY Fresno , CA Honolulu , HI Huntsville , AL Juneau , AK Miami - Dade County , FL Mesa , AZ Milwaukee , WI Portland , OR Richmond , VA Sacramento , CA San Diego , CA San Juan , PR Scottsdale , AZ Virginia Beach , VA Wilmington , DE States Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_elections,_2016&oldid=842147372 '' Categories : United States Senate elections , 2016 United States Senate elections , 2017 November 2016 events in the United States Elections not won by the popular vote winner Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with hCards All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 15 : 18 . 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About Wikipedia	how many seats do the democrats hold in the senate	[ "\nUnited States Senate elections, 2016\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2014\nNovember 8, 2016\n2018 →\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClass 3 (34 of the 100) seats in the United States Senate\n51 seats needed for a majority\n\n\n\n\n\n \nMajority party\nMinority party\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\nLeader\nMitch McConnell\nHarry Reid\n(Retiring)\n\n\nParty\nRepublican\nDemocratic\n\n\nLeader's seat\nKentucky\nNevada\n\n\nSeats before\n54\n44\n\n\nSeats after\n52\n46\n\n\nSeat change\n 2\n 2\n\n\nPopular vote\n40,402,790\n51,496,682\n\n\nPercentage\n42.4%\n53.8%\n\n\nSwing\n 9.3%\n 10.0%\n\n\nSeats up\n24\n10\n\n\nRaces won\n22\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \nThird party\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\nParty\nIndependent\n\n\n\nSeats before\n2\n\n\n\nSeats after\n2\n\n\n\nSeat change\n\n\n\n\nPopular vote\n562,935\n\n\n\nPercentage\n0.5%\n\n\n\nSeats up\n0\n\n\n\nRaces won\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nResults of the 2016 general elections:\n Democratic gain Republican gain\n Democratic hold Republican hold\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMajority Leader before election\nMitch McConnell\nRepublican\n\nElected Majority Leader\nMitch McConnell\nRepublican\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "46" ]
8353032878731031871	Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa	Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa - wikipedia Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa Theatrical release poster Japanese 劇場版鋼の錬金術師シャンバラを征く者 Hepburn Gekijōban Hagane no Renkinjutsushi : Shanbara o Yuku Mono Directed by Seiji Mizushima Produced by Masahiko Minami Hirō Maruyama Ryo Ōyama Nobuyuki Kurashige Tsuyoshi Yoshida Arimasa Okada Yukio Yoshimura Kenji Komatsu Haruhito Yamazaki Screenplay by Shō Aikawa Story by Shō Aikawa Based on Fullmetal Alchemist by Hiromu Arakawa Starring Romi Park Rie Kugimiya Megumi Toyoguchi Tōru Ōkawa Kenji Utsumi Michiko Neya Keiji Fujiwara Kotono Mitsuishi Masashi Ebara Unshō Ishizuka Hidekatsu Shibata Miyoko Asō Masane Tsukayama Shun Oguri Miyuu Sawai Kazuko Katō Music by Michiru Oshima Cinematography Susumu Fukushi Edited by Hiroaki Itabe Production company Bones Distributed by Shochiku Release date July 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 23 ) ( Japan ) Running time 105 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Box office ¥ 1.22 billion ( Japan ) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( Japanese : 劇場版鋼の錬金術師シャンバラを征く者 , Hepburn : Gekijōban Hagane no Renkinjutsushi : Shanbara o Yuku Mono ) is a 2005 Japanese animated film directed by Seiji Mizushima and written by Sho Aikawa . A sequel to the first Fullmetal Alchemist television series which adapted from the manga of the same name by Hiromu Arakawa and published by Square Enix , the film follows the story of alchemist Edward Elric as he attempts to return to his homeworld , having lived for two years in a parallel universe , while his younger brother Alphonse is also trying to reunite with him by any means necessary . Edward 's search attracts the attention of the Thule Society , which seeks to enter his homeworld , believing it to be Shamballa , to obtain new weapons to help them in World War II . Conqueror of Shamballa premiered in Japan on July 23 , 2005 . A CD soundtrack has also been published featuring music from the film developed by Michiru Oshima and L'Arc - en - Ciel . In Japan , it has been edited in a standard DVD , as well as in a limited edition . It was later licensed in North America by Funimation that featured the film in cinemas for a short time , and also released it on DVD and Blu - ray . Most of the staff from the first Fullmetal Alchemist anime started development on Conqueror of Shamballa shortly after the anime 's ending . The original script had to be shortened to fit the film 's length of 105 minutes . During its premiere in Japan , Conqueror of Shamballa remained as one of the most popular films in the year . Critical reaction to the film has commonly been positive , with reviews praising the film 's story and animation used . Contents 1 Plot 2 New characters 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Release and distribution 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Plot of Fullmetal Alchemist After Edward Elric recovers his arm and his brother Alphonse 's body , Edward is dragged from his homeworld through the Gate of Alchemy -- the source of alchemical energy -- to a parallel world of Earth in 1923 . The world is fundamentally governed by the laws of modern science instead of alchemy . When Edward arrives there , he discovers that he has been stripped of his alchemical powers and his newly restored arm and leg . Two years later , in Munich , Germany , Edward researches rocketry with his friend Alfons Heiderich , a young man who resembles Alphonse , in the hopes of returning to his world . Edward rescues a persecuted Romani woman named Noah from being sold . Noah is taken in by Edward to live with him and Alfons , and begins having visions concerning Edward 's life in his world . The next day , Edward meets Fritz Lang , a Jewish film director resembling King Bradley , who persuades Edward into helping him hunt down a dragon he has been seeking for inspiration for his next film . The dragon , which turns out to be homunculus Envy , attacks Edward , but is then weakened and captured by members of the Thule Society . The Thule Society , led by Karl Haushofer and Dietlinde Eckhart , use Envy and Edward 's kidnapped father Hohenheim as catalysts to open a portal to Edward 's world , believing it to be the utopia Shamballa after learning about it from Hohenheim . A number of armored soldiers are sent through the portal , only to emerge on the other side in the city of Liore as mutated zombie - like creatures . Alphonse , who is visiting Liore , fights off the armored soldiers and merges parts of his soul to three of their suits to aid him in combat . Meanwhile , Edward breaks into the Thule Society headquarters and accidentally reopens the portal , returning the dead armored soldiers to Earth and allowing Alphonse 's armored form to briefly reunite with his brother before his soul returns to his body , increasing Edward 's determination to return to his world . Alphonse is guided by the homunculus Wrath to the underground city beneath Amestris ' Central City to reopen the Gate of Alchemy . There , they are attacked by the homunculus Gluttony , who fights and mortally wounds Wrath . At Wrath 's insistence , Alphonse transmutes and sacrifices the two homunculi to use as material to open the Gate . Meanwhile , in Munich , the Thule Society persuades Noah into guiding them on how to correctly open the Gate based on what she had learned from reading Edward 's mind . Edward learns from Lang that the Thule Society plans to use the weapons from his world to help Adolf Hitler in his attempt to start a revolution , and heads to stop them . Hohenheim and Envy are both transmuted at the same time that Alphonse transmutes Gluttony and Wrath . With the Gate opened , Eckhart leads a fleet into the other world , where she gains the ability to use alchemy . However , she begins to go mad with power and fear of her new surroundings and launches an attack on Central City . Alfons launches Edward in a rocket - powered plane to return him to his world before being gunned down . Edward appears in his world , reunited with Alphonse and their friend Winry Rockbell , who fits Edward with new automail limbs . The Amestris military manages to stop most of Eckhart 's soldiers with the help of Roy Mustang . Edward battles Eckhart before Alphonse transmutes parts of his soul to a group of armors , which attack her and force her to retreat . Upon reappearing in her own world , Eckhart is covered with shadow creatures from the Gate and killed by an officer out of alarm of her new , monstrous appearance . Understanding the danger posed by the connection between the two worlds , Edward returns to Earth to seal the Gate on the other side , knowing he will be trapped there forever . Instead of sealing the Gate on the other world 's side as per Edward 's request , however , Alphonse has Mustang seal the Gate and follows Edward to remain with his brother . Following Alfons ' funeral , the Elric brothers leave Munich with Noah , intending to close the gate and destroy the weapons meant to be used in Hitler 's attack . New characters ( edit ) See also : List of Fullmetal Alchemist characters Alfons Heiderich ( アルフォンス・ハイデリヒ , Arufonsu Haiderihi ) Voiced by : Shun Oguri ( Japanese ) ; Jason Liebrecht ( English ) A young German rocket scientist who Edward befriends some time after arriving in Munich . He is similar in name and appearance to Edward 's brother , Alphonse . He is easygoing and enjoys listening to Edward 's stories of his homeworld , and while he doubts whether or not they are true and is hurt by how distant Edward behaves , he is nonetheless supportive of his efforts . He suffers from a fatal lung disease and hopes to make a difference for the world before he dies . His wish is granted when he helps Edward return to his world through the opened Gate on a rocket before he is fatally shot by Rudolf Hess of the Thule Society . Dietlinde Eckhart ( デートリンデ・エッカルト , Dētorinde Ekkaruto ) Voiced by : Kazuko Katō ( Japanese ) ; Kelly Manison ( English ) A member of the Thule Society and the main antagonist of the film who is based loosely on real - life Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart . She is an ambitious young woman who desires to open the gate to Edward 's world , believing it to be the utopia `` Shamballa '' , so that she may harness the powers and weapons of that world and overthrow Hitler in contrast to her organization 's goal to support the Nazi Party . Upon seizing leadership of the Thule Society and entering the other world , however , her lust for power and shallow understanding of alchemy cause her to gradually go mad with fear of her new surroundings and try to destroy Amestris 's capital of Central City . When she is forced back into her world , she is covered with shadow creatures from the Gate of Truth and takes on a fearsome appearance , leading her to be shot to death by an officer resembling Maes Hughes . Noah ( ノーア , Nōa ) Voiced by : Miyū Sawai ( Japanese ) ; Leah Clark ( English ) A young traveling Romani girl who Edward saves from being sold to the Thule Society . On the surface , she is proud of her heritage and lifestyle , but is unable to bear being discriminated for it . She has the ability to read the minds of others , and becomes fascinated with Edward 's world after witnessing his memories of it . Believing she would n't be discriminated in Edward 's world , Noah assists the Thule Society in opening the Gate based on information from Edward 's memories , but relents once Edward points out that his home is no utopia , and leaves Munich together with the Elric brothers . She is also similar in appearance to Rose , a character from the original anime . Several historic figures appear in supporting roles including Fritz Lang ( physically based on King Bradley ) , Rudolf Hess , Karl Haushofer , and Adolf Hitler . The Earth counterparts of Maes Hughes and his wife Gracia appear in supporting roles , along with cameos from other characters . Production ( edit ) Production of the film began shortly after the television series finishing its original broadcasting on Japanese channels , although pre-production started during the show 's run in March 2004 . The film 's production was led by director Seiji Mizushima , who also had directed the series as well . Mizushima allowed a camera crew and interviewers into the show 's conference room at the Bones studios where he described how production went , as seen in a special feature on the DVD release of the film . The conference room was filled with every cut and drawing created for the show and movie , but it was eventually cleared out to make room for other projects . The original draft of the film 's script was written by Sho Aikawa at a hundred pages long , making the film over three hours long . Mizushima and others had to cut a third of the script 's scenes out in order to make the film an appropriate length . Some scenes and characters were removed from the final cut , including a character named Steiner who could see auras , having a role similar to Noah 's . A scene which was cut involved characters Roy Mustang and Winry Rockbell meeting in front of the late Maes Hughes ' grave . By October 2004 , the script was completed and the pre-check storyboards were produced . The pre-check storyboards showed the movements of objects and characters in each shot along with the characters ' lines . Production on the proper storyboards began in November of the same year , but the schedule in producing the film was immensely busy , so the directors of the film split the storyboards into six sections , one for each of the directors to create . The opening and ending scenes were drawn by Mizushima ; the scene involving the debut of the film 's villain was drawn by Soichi Masui ; the middle section of the film was drawn by Shingo Kaneko ; Edward Elric 's return to his homeworld was drawn by Masahiro Ando ; action scenes were drawn by Shinji Aramaki ; and the battle between Wrath and Gluttony was drawn by Yutaka Nakamura . Mizushima was repeatedly harassed by the head employees at Aniplex to speed up work on the storyboards . The artwork for the film was produced once Kaneko was finished and cel - animation was used to produce several characters or items in the film . Seven hundred of the film 's animated frames had to be redone with only two weeks to the film 's release . A trailer was produced for the film in December 2004 with Romi Park , the voice actor for Edward Elric , narrating it . Three posters were produced for the film , two teaser posters and a third for the release of the film . A `` Fullmetal Festival '' was held on December 26 , 2004 to celebrate the show and film . Most of the directors finished their assigned storyboards by February 2005 except Shingo Kaneko , who was taking longest due to the general slow process , but his storyboards were nevertheless impressive . Music ( edit ) The film score was composed by Michiru Oshima . L'Arc - en - Ciel gave two of their new songs for the film 's opening and closing credits , `` Link '' and `` LOST HEAVEN '' , respectively . The film 's orchestral music was performed by the Moscow Orchestra . `` KELAS ( LET 'S - DANCE ) , '' the song performed by the Romani women while Edward and Heiderich hitch a ride , was composed by Ferenc Snétberger ( who also played guitar for the song ) , with vocals by Tayo Awosusi . A soundtrack CD of the film , Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie Conqueror Of Shamballa OST , which contained forty - six tracks , was released on July 20 , 2005 . Single CDs of the songs `` Link '' and `` LOST HEAVEN '' have also been released by L'Arc - en - Ciel near the film 's premier . Release and distribution ( edit ) The film premiered in Japan on July 23 , 2005 . The Japanese DVD as well as the Universal Media Disc were released on January 25 , 2006 . A limited edition including with a special box , English subtitles and a series of other extras was published on the same date . Some promotional activity was done before the film was already gone from theaters . The movie trailer was shown to a group of about 300 persons at Shiokazecon in Houston , Texas on April 27 , 2006 . Vic Mignogna , the English voice actor for Edward Elric , also promoted the film at anime conventions . On February 27 , 2006 , Funimation announced that they licensed the film . The movie premiered at Montreal Fantasia 's Festival on July 22 , 2006 . The movie had its American premiere on July 3 at Anime Expo , and was later premiered on September 8 in 40 theaters by Funimation Films . It was announced on the movie 's MySpace that the movie was going to be shown again in select theaters on September 20 , 2007 , but only for one day . During the 2006 Nan Desu Kan anime convention , the film was screened . Seiji Mizushima , director from the film , attended the screening . Funimation released the English DVD on September 12 , 2006 , while the limited edition was published on November 14 , 2006 . Similar to the Japanese version , the English limited edition features several extras such as interviews with the Japanese cast , a video explanation of the film 's creation , and an 18 - page guidebook featuring character sketches . A special edition featuring extras , a book and cards was published on June 23 , 2009 . In May 2009 , Funimation announced that the film would be released in Blu - ray format . It was released on November 17 , 2009 , and features the same special features on the limited edition except for the 18 - page guidebook . On February 1 , 2016 , it was announced from the official Funimation blog mentioning that the company lost its home video and streaming rights by March 31 , 2016 , and will be not be reprinting anymore copies from Funimation after March 31 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) During its premiere , Conqueror of Shamballa ranked 3rd at the Japanese box office . In the second week , it fell to 7th . By next week , it ranked 10th , but it did not appear in the top ten from the following weeks . In the Japanese market , the film 's gross revenue summed up to $ 9,712,635 during 2005 . Overseas , it grossed to $10,197,984 during 2005 . As of 2007 , it grossed to ¥ 1.22 billion ( $10.8 million ) in the Japanese box office . It became the seventh most popular anime film released in Japan during 2005 . In a theatrical chart from the same year , Conqueror of Shamballa ranked as the seventh best anime film from 2005 , and as the 47th best film in overall . During the `` 9th Japanese Media Arts Festival Winners '' , the film was listed as `` recommendable anime '' . In the Tokyo Anime Fair , the film won in the categories `` Animation of the Year '' , `` Best Original Story '' ( Hiromu Arakawa ) and `` Best Music '' ( Michiru Oshima ) . In an Oricon 's survey from 2005 , the film 's theme song , `` Link '' by L'Arc - en - Ciel , sold 235,751 copies , ranking as fourth in the `` Top 10 Anime Theme Songs of 2005 '' . It also won the `` 2005 Animation Grand Award '' prize in Mainichi Film Awards , and `` Best Animated Film '' prize in Fantasia International Film Festival ( Montreal , Quebec , Canada ) . During the American Anime Awards , the film was nominated in the category of `` Best Anime Feature '' . The first English DVD was the third bestselling Japanese anime DVD in the United States in 2006 with a sale ratio of 31 compared to the sales of the # 1 title as 100 . During 2007 the limited edition DVD from the film ranked 23rd with a sales ratio of 23 . In the NEO Awards 2007 from Neo , Conqueror of Shamballa won in the category `` Best Anime Movie . '' Critical response to the film has generally been positive . Theron Martin from Anime News Network found Conqueror of Shamballa as a very entertaining film `` as it has all of the action , flashy magic , comedy , snappy dialogue , drama , and intrigue that made the TV series so great . '' The few negative points he found about the plot were lack of discussions of morality which were featured in the anime series and that `` the writing and plotting just do n't feel as sharp as they were for the series . '' He praised the additional content from the limited edition DVD as well as the English dub , but criticized the subtitles for having grammatical mistakes . Although Dani Moure from Mania Entertainment did not find the story to be very original , he still favored it due to its mix of themes , turning it into an entertaining film . He also praised the staff from the series , commenting they have done an `` admirable job , '' making the film a `` sequel well worthy of bearing the series ' name . '' Chris Johnston of Newtype USA praised it is as `` a perfect way '' to conclude the TV series , saying it is `` a rousing , action - packed and heartrending close . '' It also received praise by IGN 's Jeremy Mullin , who gave it an overall 9 over 10 , having had good opinion of the graphics used during the film and how the film expands Fullmetal Alchemist 's story . The film was compared to The End of Evangelion due to how both titles expand their anime 's endings , resulting in a `` proper ending '' due to the characters ' development featured in the film . Mullin also liked the audio from Conqueror of Shamballa , but added that some of the English voice actors lacked accents . DVD Talk writer Todd Douglass Jr. also liked the film as he was `` pleased to report that the story was handled nigh - flawlessly . The inclusion of real world events helps ground the fact that Edward is in our world , but there was just something surreal about that after seeing it . '' He found the film 's ending to be fitting for Fullmetal Alchemist and said it will be well received by fans from the series . While reviewing the special edition DVD , Douglass commented the extras featured in the DVD `` are worth the price . '' However , he also added that `` some people just do n't care about the extras '' and concluded that `` this is a strong reissue that could have possibly been better , but is fine just the same . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Box Office : Top 10 Anime Movies of 2007 '' . Anime News Network . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hirakida , Daisuke et al. `` Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa . '' Newtype USA 5 ( 11 ) 58 -- 59 . November 2006 . ISSN 1541 - 4817 ^ Jump up to : Mullin , Jeremy ( October 6 , 2006 ) . `` IGN : Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa review ( page 1 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mizushima , Seiji ( 2006 ) . The Making of Fullmetal Alchemist : The Movie ( DVD ) . Funimation . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Feature Fullmetal Alchemist The Conqueror of Shambala - Original Soundtrack '' . CDJapan . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Link Single Maxi '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awake '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overseas Total Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場版鋼の錬金術師シャンバラを征く者 ( UMD Video ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場版鋼の錬金術師シャンバラを征く者 ( DVD ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 劇場版鋼の錬金術師シャンバラを征く者完全生産限定版プレミアム DVD BOX '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Movie in Houston '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2006 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FUNimation Licenses FMA Movie '' . ICv2 . February 27 , 2006 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film + Schedule : Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa '' . Fantasia Festival . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Expo and FUNimation Announce the U.S. Premiere of Fullmetal Alchemist - The Movie '' . Anime News Network . June 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment - Anime Expo 2006 '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist Theater List '' . Anime News Network . August 19 , 2006 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Anime Bento Film Showings Hosted by Guests '' . Anime News Network . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Movie at NDK '' . Anime News Network . September 18 , 2006 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie - The Conqueror of Shamballa ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie - The Conqueror of Shamballa ( Limited Edition ) ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie - The Conqueror of Shamballa ( Special Edition ) ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist Movie Coming to Blu - ray '' . Blu - ray . May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie - The Conqueror of Shamballa ( Blu - ray ) '' . Rightstuf . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood and Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie -- Conqueror of Shamballa Streaming / Home Video Rights To Expire -- Binge and Buy Before This Classic is Gone for Good ! '' . Funimation official blog . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Box Office : Fullmetal Alchemist movie Debut '' . Anime News Network . July 27 , 2005 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Box Office : Fullmetal Alchemist movie Debut '' . Anime News Network . August 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office August 20 -- 21 , 2005 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office August 27 -- 28 , 2005 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office : 2005 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top Anime Movies of 2005 '' . Anime News Network . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Japanese Media Arts Festival Winners '' . Anime News Network . December 22 , 2005 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Anime Fair : Award Winners '' . Anime News Network . March 27 , 2006 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Anime Theme Songs of 2005 '' . Anime News Network . December 20 , 2005 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 第 60 回 - 毎日 jp '' . Mainichi Film Awards . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Anime Award Winners '' . ICv2 . February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` American Anime Awards Finalists Announced '' . Anime News Network . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` N. America 's 2007 Anime Market Pegged at US $2.8 Billion ( Update 3 ) '' . Anime News Network . April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NEO Awards 2007 '' . NEO Magazine . Uncooked Media ( 40 ) : 06 -- 11 . January 2007 . ISSN 1744 - 9596 . Jump up ^ Martin , Theron ( September 23 , 2006 ) . `` Anime News Network : Fullmetal Alchemist : The Movie - Conqueror of Shamballa review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moure , Dani ( October 17 , 2007 ) . `` Mania Entertainment : Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( October 2006 ) . `` Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa '' . Newtype USA . A.D. Vision . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mullin , Jeremy ( October 6 , 2006 ) . `` IGN : Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa review ( page 2 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass Jr. , Todd ( October 6 , 2006 ) . `` DVD Talk : Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie - The Conqueror of Shamballa '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Douglass Jr. , Todd ( November 14 , 2006 ) . `` DVD Talk : Fullmetal Alchemist The Movie - The Conqueror of Shamballa Special Edition '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Sony Music 's official website at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 18 , 2007 ) ( in Japanese ) Funimation 's official website at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 12 , 2008 ) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa on IMDb Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Links to related articles Fullmetal Alchemist by Hiromu Arakawa Media Chapters Light novels 2003 anime Episodes Conqueror of Shamballa Brotherhood Episodes The Sacred Star of Milos Live action film Video games Broken Angel Curse of the Crimson Elixir Kami o Tsugu Shōjo Dream Carnival Dual Sympathy Characters Edward Elric Alphonse Elric Roy Mustang Scar Winry Rockbell Works directed by Seiji Mizushima Films Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( 2005 ) Mobile Suit Gundam 00 the Movie : A Wakening of the Trailblazer ( 2010 ) Un-Go episode : 0 Inga chapter ( 2011 ) Expelled from Paradise ( 2014 ) TV Series Slayers Next Generator Gawl Chikyū Bōei Kigyō Dai - Guard Shaman King Fullmetal Alchemist Oh ! 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( 2016 ) Mob Psycho 100 ( 2016 -- present ) Show by Rock ! ! ♯ ( 2016 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront & Beyond ( 2017 ) Dragon Pilot : Hisone and Masotan ( 2018 ) Carol & Tuesday ( 2019 ) OVAs / ONAs RahXephon Interlude : Her and Herself / Thatness and Thereness ( 2003 ) Wolf 's Rain ( 2004 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Premium Collection ( 2006 ) Ayashi Divine Comedy ( 2007 ) Darker than Black : Beneath the Fully Bloomed Cherry Blossoms ( 2008 ) Xam 'd : Lost Memories ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Halo Legends ( animated sequence ) ( 2010 ) Darker than Black : Gaiden ( 2010 ) Chaika - The Coffin Princess ( 2015 ) Snow White with the Red Hair ( 2016 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront ( 2016 ) My Hero Academia ( 2017 ) Bungo Stray Dogs ( 2017 ) A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - ( 2018 ) Mob Psycho 100 Reigen - The Miraculous Unknown Psychic - ( 2018 ) Blood Blockade Battlefront & Beyond ( 2018 ) Films Escaflowne ( 2000 ) Cowboy Bebop : The Movie ( 2001 ) RahXephon : Pluralitas Concentio ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( 2005 ) Sword of the Stranger ( 2007 ) Eureka Seven : Pocketful of Rainbows ( 2009 ) Towa no Quon ( film series ) ( 2011 ) Fullmetal Alchemist : The Sacred Star of Milos ( 2011 ) Un-Go episode : 0 Inga chapter ( 2011 ) Star Driver : The Movie ( 2013 ) Eureka Seven : Hi - Evolution ( film series ) ( 2017 -- 2019 ) Bungo Stray Dogs : Dead Apple ( 2018 ) My Hero Academia : Two Heroes ( 2018 ) Video games Robot Alchemic Drive ( 2002 ) Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel ( 2003 ) Fullmetal Alchemist 2 : Curse of the Crimson Elixir ( 2004 ) Fullmetal Alchemist 3 : Kami o Tsugu Shōjo ( 2005 ) Liberation Maiden ( 2012 ) Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney ( 2012 ) Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Dual Destinies ( 2013 ) Persona 4 : Dancing All Night ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fullmetal_Alchemist_the_Movie:_Conqueror_of_Shamballa&oldid=849747101 '' Categories : 2005 films Japanese - language films 2000s fantasy films 2000s science fiction films 2005 anime films Alchemy in fiction Animated films based on animated series Animated films based on manga Aniplex Bones ( studio ) Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler Films about brothers Films directed by Seiji Mizushima Films set in 1923 Films set in Munich Fullmetal Alchemist Funimation Japanese fantasy films Japanese films Japanese science fiction films Madman Entertainment anime Parallel universes in fiction Shochiku films Steampunk anime and manga Toonami Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Good articles Articles containing Japanese - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 02 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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-1627352689727153696	Once Upon a Time (season 7)	Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) Promotional poster Starring Lana Parrilla Colin O'Donoghue Andrew J. West Dania Ramirez Gabrielle Anwar Alison Fernandez Robert Carlyle Mekia Cox Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network ABC Original release October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Once Upon a Time episodes The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It will consist of 22 episodes , airing on Fridays , having premiered on October 6 , 2017 . This season marks a significant change for the series , as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7 . Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle will be the only ones remaining . Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017 . Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017 . In August 2017 , it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring . The storyline is softly rebooted with a main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills , set several years after last season 's events . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Years after the Final Battle , Henry leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story only to find himself in New Fairy Tale Land , where a conflict between Lady Tremaine and her stepdaughter Cinderella culminates in the casting of yet another curse . As Henry 's daughter tries to make him believe in the curse , the enchantress Gothel sets out to revive a cult with sinister intentions . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters Regular ( edit ) Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers Andrew J. West as Henry Mills Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey Alison Fernandez as Lucy Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine Recurring ( edit ) Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly Emma Booth as Mother Gothel / Eloise Gardener Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena / Kelly Meegan Warner as young Rapunzel Tiera Skovbye as Robin Nathan Parsons as Jack / Nick Branson Yael Yurman as Anastasia Kip Pardue as Chad Jeff Pierre as Prince Naveen Guest ( edit ) Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills Jillian Fargey as the Fairy Godmother Liam Hall as the Prince Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan Emilie de Ravin as Belle Giles Matthey as Gideon Robin Givens as Eudora Kevin Ryan as Robert Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier Chris Gauthier as William Smee Matty Finochio as Marcus Tremaine Cindy Luna as Cecilia Anna Cathcart as tween Drizella Alejandra Perez as young Ella Sophia Reid - Gantzert as young Anastasia Lula Mae Melench as young Drizella Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily Chad Rook as Captain Ahab Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Once Upon a Time episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 134 `` Hyperion Heights '' Ralph Hemecker Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 3.26 In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms , in hopes of finding his own story . Many years later , Henry runs into Cinderella 's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball , he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke , as he is due to return through a portal that evening . When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot , he decides to stay behind . In present - day Seattle , an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy , whom he does not remember because of a curse . In hopes of breaking it , Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda , Lucy 's down - on - her - luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria . Others include Roni , a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria , and Rogers , a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner , Weaver . 135 `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.74 In flashback to Storybrooke , Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on . She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own . In order to comfort her , Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble . Many years later , as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine , he uses the bottle to call on Emma , Hook , and Regina for help . In the present , Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood . Rogers does not agree with Weaver 's methods and helps Henry instead . Rogers , Henry , and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria . Meanwhile , Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy 's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her . 136 `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' Ron Underwood David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.49 In a flashback , Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry , but does not find him there . She then meets Princess Tiana , who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine . She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find . A short while later , Henry , Regina , and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts . Later , Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine 's castle alone , where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost - deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her `` death '' at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her . She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry 's , since he has the heart of the truest believer . In the present day , Jacinda tries to save Lucy 's beloved community garden from Victoria , while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone 's fairytale pasts . Meanwhile , Henry , Roni , and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria . Rogers captures the man working with her , but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection . Also , it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers . 137 `` Beauty '' Mick Garris Dana Horgan & Leah Fong October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 2.44 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a flashback to Gideon 's first birthday , Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world . Years later , Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her . Over the years , they search for ways to get rid of his darkness . When Gideon is 18 , Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms , where they must wait for the sun 's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness . They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur . However , an aging Belle eventually admits that the `` sun '' of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey . When Belle dies , Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle . In the present day , Tilly , who is actually Alice , begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria . In her new state of clarity , she tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity . Meanwhile , Ivy is tasked with taking Lucy trick - or - treating and loses her in the streets . She ends up bonding with Henry and defies her mother to give Jacinda and Lucy time together . 138 5 `` Greenbacks '' Geofrey Hildrew Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 2.29 In the flashbacks , Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert . She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog . In the present day , Tiana decides to run a pop - up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck 's with Jacinda 's help . Victoria sends someone to burn the place down , which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener , the missing girl he 's trying to find . Meanwhile , Roni decides to investigate Ivy 's interest in helping Henry . Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke . However , it is later revealed that Ivy has n't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware . 139 6 `` Wake Up Call '' Sharat Raju Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 2.37 In a flashback , Regina comes across Drizella , who is looking for magic to escape from her mother . When she reveals that she was actually born with magic , Regina begins to train her . However after Regina runs into Rumple , who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons , the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella 's heart to revive Anastasia . Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince , making it unusable for revival , and vows to cast a Curse like Regina 's to make her mother suffer . In the present day , Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo , which is complicated by newly discovered information about `` Regina Mills '' into which Lucy encouraged her to look . Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and , when she serves its essence to Roni , she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina . Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart , reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would force her to comply . 140 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' Alex Kalymnios David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her curse , Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch . When he arrives at the witch 's tower , he finds Rapunzel instead . She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch 's garden . When he returns with it to help her , they spend the night together . The next morning , it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby , whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower . Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter , who is unable to leave due to the tower 's spell . He names her Alice after his own mother . In the present day , Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly . Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died , but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case . Weaver warns Rogers that Eloise is not the person he thinks she is . When Rogers finds Gothel , he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria , who gets locked up for kidnapping . Meanwhile , Tremaine has discovered that Drizella is awake and Regina tries to put some distance between Henry and Jacinda . 141 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' Ralph Hemecker Dana Horgan & Leah Fong November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 2.28 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In flashbacks , Hook is reunited with Alice , who claims that they have been cured of their curse . However , when they try to embrace , Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear . Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland , a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather . She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry , heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers . She finds Alice , who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart . Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry , but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him . Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss . In the present day , Jacinda contacts Nick ( Jack in Fairy Tale Land ) , a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy 's father . He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy , to Henry 's dismay , and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda . Meanwhile , Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but , when they open her coffin , her body is missing . After Regina confronts Rumple , who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse , she announces to Henry that she 's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria . He agrees to join her on the trip . 142 9 `` One Little Tear '' Steve Pearlman Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.45 Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia . In flashbacks , Rapunzel takes from Mother Gothel 's garden to save her family and is trapped in a tower in exchange . After 6 years of captivity , Rapunzel escapes using her hair but finds her husband Marcus has remarried to Cecilia , gaining a stepdaughter , Ella . Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom , which she uses to poison Cecilia 's heart . One day , Anastasia and Ella falls through thin ice , but to Rapunzel 's disbelief , their father only manages to save Ella . Rapunzel seeks Gothel 's help , who magically seals Anastasia 's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower . However , Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place . In the present day , Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda , claiming to be a changed person . Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel and convinces Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings . As Lucy sheds a tear , Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia , while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness . 143 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' Ralph Hemecker Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 2.29 In a flashback , baby Lucy is born , just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse . The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone . Eight years later , everyone is celebrating Lucy 's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches , recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed . With the curse looming , Regina heads off to get help from Zelena . Later , when the heroes confront the witches , Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry , and Regina is forced into casting Drizella 's curse to save his life . In the present day , Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco , who is now known as Kelly . Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle , knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy would only hurt Henry instead . Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian . However , Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her , deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven . Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches . 144 11 `` Secret Garden '' TBA Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) TBD 145 12 `` A Taste of the Heights '' TBA David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBD 146 13 `` Knightfall '' TBA Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBD 147 14 `` The Girl in the Tower '' TBA Dana Horgan & Leah Fong March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBD 148 15 `` Sisterhood '' TBA Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBD 149 16 `` Breadcrumbs '' TBA Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) TBD 150 17 `` Chosen '' Lana Parrilla Paul Karp & Brian Ridings April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) TBD 151 18 `` The Guardian '' Geofrey Hildrew David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) TBD 152 19 `` Flower Child '' TBA Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) TBD The seventh season finale , which will serve as the series finale , is set to broadcast on May 18 , 2018 . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017 , while season 6 was still in production , ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible `` reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order . After much speculation , executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind . Despite the major changes from seasons past , the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show . Horowitz said : `` I hesitate to use the word `` reboot . '' We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things . We 're paying homage to the original premise , but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not . It 's a combination of a lot of things , but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been . '' In July 2017 , the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , which was created under a new and darker curse . Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest , as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic . This differs from Storybrooke in season 1 , which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine . The initial villain is Lady Tremaine , who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to `` gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents . Meanwhile , Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse . Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was announced that Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7 . It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities , similar to the circumstances in season 1 . In July , the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers , who is living with an unexplained sense of loss . In August , it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni , who is more dressed down and is `` no longer in charge . '' Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode , later revealed to be the second episode of the season . Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19 , 2017 . On July 22 , it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season . In March 2017 , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale . During the episode , it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills , while Fernandez portrayed his daughter , Lucy . After that episode 's airing , they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7 . West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore , who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season . On July 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7 . Additionally , Adelaide Kane , Mekia Cox , and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season . On July 15 , it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella , albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons . On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con , it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella , respectively . Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog , while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice , a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In August 2017 , Cox was promoted to series regular . On August 1 , it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode . The episode , also featuring Emilie de Ravin , would be centered around Rumple . On that same day , it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch , whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season . On August 25 , Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season . On August 30 , it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother , Eudora . On September 8 , it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel , a character previously featured in one episode of season 3 . It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc . On September 20 , it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena , who will also have a cursed identity . On October 2 , it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season , later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode . On October 3 , it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a `` tweenage '' Anastasia , Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter . On November 1 , it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin , the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood . On November 2 , it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick , a lawyer and potential love interest for another character . On November 3 , it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog , who will be recurring in the second half of the season . It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre , who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season . On November 16 , actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role . On January 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad , Zelena 's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly . He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Hyperion Heights '' October 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.26 0.7 1.72 1.4 4.98 `` A Pirate 's Life '' October 13 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.74 0.6 N / A 1.3 N / A `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' October 20 , 2017 0.5 / 3 2.49 0.6 N / A N / A `` Beauty '' October 27 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.44 0.5 N / A 1.0 N / A 5 `` Greenbacks '' November 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 0.5 1.27 1.0 3.56 6 `` Wake Up Call '' November 10 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.37 0.5 1.32 1.0 3.69 7 `` Eloise Gardener '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 8 `` Pretty in Blue '' November 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.28 0.5 1.30 1.0 3.58 9 `` One Little Tear '' December 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.45 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 10 `` The Eighth Witch '' December 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 2.29 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 : Get Fresh Details on Henry 's ' Epic Quest ' -- Plus , New Identities for Regina & Co. ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The reboot comes as Once remains a valuable property for ABC . Jump up ^ Times , Music ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Soft Reboot : Emma Swan Reunites With Hook & Finds Closure in Their Story '' . MusicTimes . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The coming seventh season of `` Once Upon a Time '' will have a soft reboot and will embark on a new chapter . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time is back -- but is it still magical ? '' . DigitalSpy . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . There was understandably some scepticism and worry when ABC announced that Once Upon a Time 's seventh season would be a soft reboot , set many years after last spring 's finale and featuring a mostly new cast . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time to end after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Rebecca Mader previews Zelena 's return '' . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Dania Ramirez Is Playing ' New ' Cinderella -- Photo '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 701 ) `` Hyperion Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' One Little Tear ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Adelaide Kane talks millennial meanie Drizella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Rose Reynolds introduces streetwise , enigmatic Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Emma Booth Joins ABC Fairytale Drama As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time officially confirms identity of Hook 's daughter -- and her mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 710 ) `` The Eighth Witch '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts TURN Alum Meegan Warner as the New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Riverdale 's Tiera Skovbye as ( Spoiler ) 's Daughter '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books The Originals star as potential love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 707 / 708 ) `` Eloise Gardener / Pretty in Blue '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 709 ) `` One Little Tear '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Runaways star as Zelena 's fiancé '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Tiana 's Prince Naveen With Beyond 's Jeff Pierre '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses drop new clues on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time : Hyperion Heights ( 10 / 6 ) '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Giles Matthey to return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Robin Givens as Tiana 's mom '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 705 ) `` Greenbacks '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vick , Megan ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Rapunzel 's Cursed Identity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Just found out that I will be joining the cast of # OnceUponATime ! ! ! Ca n't wait for you all to see my character . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Just saw some AMAZING pics from my episode of # OnceUponATime ! ! I ca n't wait for you all to see this episode ! Wow ! @ OnceABC # OUAT # CaptainAhabIsComing '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - once upon a time on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # scripttease -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya Friday ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya for our return on Friday , December 8th ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya March 2nd ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya March 2nd ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya 3 / 2 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya 3 / 2 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Geofrey Hildrew ( @ GeofreyHildrew ) ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 in the can ! So many talented people ... # OnceUponATime # directing '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's another # OnceUponATime # titlespoiler -- hope to see ya 3 / 2 ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses explain new curse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals Hook , Regina , Rumple alt - identities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators / Cast Tease Rumple 's Menacing New Identity , Regina / Henry Reunion and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jennifer ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Movie magic . Emma 's long locks are back for one last day :) # steveston # onceuponatime # emmaswan '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time EPs Talk About The New `` Book , '' `` Roni '' & Returning Faces `` . KSite TV . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( @ NatalieAbrams ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Booth joins Once Upon a Time as a witch whose identity will be revealed later in the season bit.ly/2tv8t4F @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kevin J Ryan ( @ KevinRyanII ) ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lov'in da # keithrichards inspired get up 4 da new prince in town . Fairytale land does n't know wats comin @ OnceABC # onceuponatime # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' First Look : Rapunzel Returns '' . TV Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Explain Season 7 Premiere 's Biggest Mysteries and Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 7 Is ' Hopeful ' and ' Sentimental , ' EP Says '' . TV Insider . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on This Is Us , Flash , New Girl , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy , The Blacklist , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on New Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Little Lies , Flash , Walking Dead , Will & Grace and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Once Upon a Time episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Thing You Love Most '' `` Snow Falls '' `` The Price of Gold '' `` That Still Small Voice '' `` The Shepherd '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` Desperate Souls '' `` True North '' `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' `` Skin Deep '' `` What Happened to Frederick '' `` Dreamy '' `` Red - Handed '' `` Heart of Darkness '' `` Hat Trick '' `` The Stable Boy '' `` The Return '' `` The Stranger '' `` An Apple Red as Blood '' `` A Land Without Magic '' Season 2 `` Broken '' `` We Are Both '' `` Lady of the Lake '' `` The Crocodile '' `` The Doctor '' `` Tallahassee '' `` Child of the Moon '' `` Into the Deep '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Cricket Game '' `` The Outsider '' `` In the Name of the Brother '' `` Tiny '' `` Manhattan '' `` The Queen Is Dead '' `` The Miller 's Daughter '' `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' `` Selfless , Brave and True '' `` Lacey '' `` The Evil Queen '' `` Second Star to the Right '' `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' Season 3 `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' `` Lost Girl '' `` Quite a Common Fairy '' `` Nasty Habits '' `` Good Form '' `` Ariel '' `` Dark Hollow '' `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' `` Save Henry '' `` The New Neverland '' `` Going Home '' `` New York City Serenade '' `` Witch Hunt '' `` The Tower '' `` Quiet Minds '' `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' `` The Jolly Roger '' `` Bleeding Through '' `` A Curious Thing '' `` Kansas '' `` Snow Drifts '' `` There 's No Place Like Home '' Season 4 `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` Unforgiven '' `` Enter the Dragon '' `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' `` Best Laid Plans '' `` Heart of Gold '' `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' `` Lily '' `` Mother '' `` Operation Mongoose '' Season 5 `` The Dark Swan '' `` The Price '' `` Siege Perilous '' `` The Broken Kingdom '' `` Dreamcatcher '' `` The Bear and the Bow '' `` Nimue '' `` Birth '' `` The Bear King '' `` Broken Heart '' `` Swan Song '' `` Souls of the Departed '' `` Labor of Love '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` The Brothers Jones '' `` Our Decay '' `` Her Handsome Hero '' `` Ruby Slippers '' `` Sisters '' `` Firebird '' `` Last Rites '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season 6 `` The Savior '' `` A Bitter Draught '' `` The Other Shoe '' `` Strange Case '' `` Street Rats '' `` Dark Waters '' `` Heartless '' `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' `` Changelings '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Tougher Than the Rest '' `` Murder Most Foul '' `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' `` Page 23 '' `` A Wondrous Place '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` Awake '' `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' `` The Black Fairy '' `` The Song in Your Heart '' `` The Final Battle '' Season 7 `` Hyperion Heights '' `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` The Garden of Forking Paths `` `` Beauty '' `` Greenbacks '' `` Wake Up Call '' `` Eloise Gardener '' `` Pretty in Blue '' `` One Little Tear '' `` The Eighth Witch '' Wonderland `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' `` Trust Me '' `` Forget Me Not '' `` The Serpent '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` Who 's Alice '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Home '' `` Nothing to Fear '' `` Dirty Little Secrets '' `` Heart of the Matter '' `` To Catch a Thief '' `` And They Lived ... '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_7)&oldid=826214910 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does once upon a time season 7 episode 11 come on	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date [38]\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n134\n1\n\"Hyperion Heights\"\nRalph Hemecker\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nOctober 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)\n3.26[39]\n\n\nIn a flashback, an 18-year-old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms, in hopes of finding his own story. Many years later, Henry runs into Cinderella's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball, he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke, as he is due to return through a portal that evening. When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot, he decides to stay behind. In present-day Seattle, an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy, whom he does not remember because of a curse. In hopes of breaking it, Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda, Lucy's down-on-her-luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria. Others include Roni, a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria, and Rogers, a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner, Weaver.\n\n\n135\n2\n\"A Pirate's Life\"\nTara Nicole Weyr\nJane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz\nOctober 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)\n2.74[40]\n\n\nIn flashback to Storybrooke, Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on. She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own. In order to comfort her, Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble. Many years later, as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine, he uses the bottle to call on Emma, Hook, and Regina for help. In the present, Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood. Rogers does not agree with Weaver's methods and helps Henry instead. Rogers, Henry, and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria. Meanwhile, Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her.\n\n\n136\n3\n\"The Garden of Forking Paths\"\nRon Underwood\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nOctober 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)\n2.49[41]\n\n\nIn a flashback, Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry, but does not find him there. She then meets Princess Tiana, who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine. She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find. A short while later, Henry, Regina, and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts. Later, Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine's castle alone, where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost-deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her \"death\" at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her. She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry's, since he has the heart of the truest believer. In the present day, Jacinda tries to save Lucy's beloved community garden from Victoria, while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone's fairytale pasts. Meanwhile, Henry, Roni, and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria. Rogers captures the man working with her, but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection. Also, it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers.\n\n\n137\n4\n\"Beauty\"\nMick Garris\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\n2.44[42]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nIn a flashback to Gideon's first birthday, Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world. Years later, Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her. Over the years, they search for ways to get rid of his darkness. When Gideon is 18, Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms, where they must wait for the sun's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness. They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur. However, an aging Belle eventually admits that the \"sun\" of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey. When Belle dies, Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle. In the present day, Tilly, who is actually Alice, begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria. In her new state of clarity, she tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity. Meanwhile, Ivy is tasked with taking Lucy trick-or-treating and loses her in the streets. She ends up bonding with Henry and defies her mother to give Jacinda and Lucy time together.\n\n\n138\n5\n\"Greenbacks\"\nGeofrey Hildrew\nChristopher Hollier & Adam Karp\nNovember 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)\n2.29[43]\n\n\nIn the flashbacks, Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert. She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog. In the present day, Tiana decides to run a pop-up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck's with Jacinda's help. Victoria sends someone to burn the place down, which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener, the missing girl he's trying to find. Meanwhile, Roni decides to investigate Ivy's interest in helping Henry. Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke. However, it is later revealed that Ivy hasn't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware.\n\n\n139\n6\n\"Wake Up Call\"\nSharat Raju\nJerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson\nNovember 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)\n2.37[44]\n\n\nIn a flashback, Regina comes across Drizella, who is looking for magic to escape from her mother. When she reveals that she was actually born with magic, Regina begins to train her. However after Regina runs into Rumple, who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons, the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella's heart to revive Anastasia. Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince, making it unusable for revival, and vows to cast a Curse like Regina's to make her mother suffer. In the present day, Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo, which is complicated by newly discovered information about \"Regina Mills\" into which Lucy encouraged her to look. Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and, when she serves its essence to Roni, she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina. Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart, reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would force her to comply.\n\n\n140\n7\n\"Eloise Gardener\"\nAlex Kalymnios\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)\n2.28[45]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nIn a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her curse, Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch. When he arrives at the witch's tower, he finds Rapunzel instead. She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch's garden. When he returns with it to help her, they spend the night together. The next morning, it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby, whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower. Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter, who is unable to leave due to the tower's spell. He names her Alice after his own mother. In the present day, Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly. Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died, but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case. Weaver warns Rogers that Eloise is not the person he thinks she is. When Rogers finds Gothel, he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria, who gets locked up for kidnapping. Meanwhile, Tremaine has discovered that Drizella is awake and Regina tries to put some distance between Henry and Jacinda.\n\n\n141\n8\n\"Pretty in Blue\"\nRalph Hemecker\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nNovember 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)\n2.28[45]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nIn flashbacks, Hook is reunited with Alice, who claims that they have been cured of their curse. However, when they try to embrace, Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear. Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland, a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather. She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry, heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers. She finds Alice, who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry, but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him. Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss. In the present day, Jacinda contacts Nick (Jack in Fairy Tale Land), a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy's father. He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy, to Henry's dismay, and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda. Meanwhile, Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but, when they open her coffin, her body is missing. After Regina confronts Rumple, who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse, she announces to Henry that she's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria. He agrees to join her on the trip.\n\n\n142\n9\n\"One Little Tear\"\nSteve Pearlman\nChristopher Hollier & Adam Karp\nDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)\n2.45[46]\n\n\nVictoria strikes a deal with Weaver in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia. In flashbacks, Rapunzel takes from Mother Gothel's garden to save her family and is trapped in a tower in exchange. After 6 years of captivity, Rapunzel escapes using her hair but finds her husband Marcus has remarried to Cecilia, gaining a stepdaughter, Ella. Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom, which she uses to poison Cecilia's heart. One day, Anastasia and Ella falls through thin ice, but to Rapunzel's disbelief, their father only manages to save Ella. Rapunzel seeks Gothel's help, who magically seals Anastasia's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower. However, Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place. In the present day, Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda, claiming to be a changed person. Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel and convinces Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings. As Lucy sheds a tear, Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia, while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness.\n\n\n143\n10\n\"The Eighth Witch\"\nRalph Hemecker\nJane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz\nDecember 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)\n2.29[47]\n\n\nIn a flashback, baby Lucy is born, just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse. The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone. Eight years later, everyone is celebrating Lucy's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches, recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed. With the curse looming, Regina heads off to get help from Zelena. Later, when the heroes confront the witches, Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry, and Regina is forced into casting Drizella's curse to save his life. In the present day, Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco, who is now known as Kelly. Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle, knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy would only hurt Henry instead. Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian. However, Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her, deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven. Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches.\n\n\n144\n11\n\"Secret Garden\"[48]\nTBA\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nMarch 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)\nTBD\n\n\n145\n12\n\"A Taste of the Heights\"[49]\nTBA\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nMarch 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)\nTBD\n\n\n146\n13\n\"Knightfall\"[50]\nTBA\nJerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya\nMarch 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)\nTBD\n\n\n147\n14\n\"The Girl in the Tower\"[51]\nTBA\nDana Horgan & Leah Fong\nMarch 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)\nTBD\n\n\n148\n15\n\"Sisterhood\"[52]\nTBA\nChristopher Hollier & Adam Karp\nMarch 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)\nTBD\n\n\n149\n16\n\"Breadcrumbs\"[53]\nTBA\nJane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz\nApril 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)\nTBD\n\n\n150\n17\n\"Chosen\"[54]\nLana Parrilla\nPaul Karp & Brian Ridings\nApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)\nTBD\n\n\n151\n18\n\"The Guardian\"[55]\nGeofrey Hildrew[56]\nDavid H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales\nApril 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)\nTBD\n\n\n152\n19\n\"Flower Child\"[57]\nTBA\nEdward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz\nApril 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "March 2, 2018" ]
2849288937300593772	History of advertising	History of advertising - wikipedia History of advertising Jump to : navigation , search The history of advertising can be traced to ancient civilizations . It became a major force in capitalist economies in the mid-19th century , based primarily on newspapers and magazines . In the 20th century , advertising grew rapidly with new technologies such as direct mail , radio , television , the internet and mobile devices . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-modern history 2 19th century 2.1 Advertising agencies 2.1. 1 Great Britain 2.1. 2 United States 2.1. 3 France 3 Since 1900 : Global 4 Since 1900 : United States and Canada 4.1 Canadian media market 4.2 Sex and psychology 4.3 Nudity 4.4 Psychology 4.5 Albert Lasker : Salesmanship in print 4.6 On the radio from the 1920s 4.7 1930s and World War II 4.8 Postwar era 4.8. 1 Racial themes 4.8. 2 Tobacco 4.9 Cable television from the 1980s 4.10 On the Internet from the 1990s 4.10. 1 Restrictions on advertising 5 Since 1900 : Europe 5.1 France 5.2 Britain 5.3 Germany 5.4 Italy 6 Since 1900 : Asia and Africa 6.1 Japan 6.2 China 6.3 India 6.4 Developing world 6.4. 1 Mexico 7 See also 7.1 Agencies 7.2 Personalities 8 Notes 9 Further reading 9.1 Asia - Pacific 9.2 Developing countries 9.3 Europe 9.4 United States and Canada 9.4. 1 Primary sources for U.S. and Canada 9.5 Historiography 10 External links Pre-modern History ( edit ) Bronze plate for printing an advertisement for the Liu family needle shop at Jinan , Song dynasty China . It is considered the world 's earliest identified printed advertising medium . Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters . Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and Arabia . Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome . Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form , which is present to this day in many parts of Asia , Africa , and South America . The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC . In ancient China , the earliest advertising known was oral , as recorded in the Classic of Poetry ( 11th to 7th centuries BC ) of bamboo flutes played to sell candy . Advertisement usually takes in the form of calligraphic signboards and inked papers . A copper printing plate dated back to the Song dynasty used to print posters in the form of a square sheet of paper with a rabbit logo with `` Jinan Liu 's Fine Needle Shop '' and `` We buy high quality steel rods and make fine quality needles , to be ready for use at home in no time '' written above and below is considered the world 's earliest identified printed advertising medium . Edo period LEL flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called Kinseitan In Europe , as the towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow , and the general populace was unable to read , instead of signs that read `` cobbler '' , `` miller '' , `` tailor '' , or `` blacksmith '' would use an image associated with their trade such as a boot , a suit , a hat , a clock , a diamond , a horse shoe , a candle or even a bag of flour . Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers ( town criers ) to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers . The first compilation of such advertisements was gathered in `` Les Crieries de Paris '' , a thirteenth - century poem by Guillaume de la Villeneuve . Three forms of advertising existed during the pre-printing period ( before the 15 century ) ; those forms were trademarks ( moon , stars etc . ) , town criers and sign boards . 19th century ( edit ) In the 19th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England . These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers , which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press ; and medicines , which were increasingly sought after as modern people rejected traditional cures . However , false advertising and `` Quackery '' became common . British newspapers in the 1850s and 1860s appealed to the increasingly affluent middle - class that sought out a variety of new products . The advertisements announced new health remedies as well as fresh foods and beverages . The latest London fashions were featured in the regional press . The availability of repeated advertising permitted manufacturers to develop nationally known brand names that had a much stronger appeal than generic products . A leadership position in British advertising was held by Cope Bros & Co tobacco company , founded in Liverpool in 1848 by Thomas and George Cope . Smoking , of course , had been common for centuries , but the innovations consisted in brand names , heavy advertising , and market segmentation according to class . An innovative appeal was to health consciousness ; the ads directed at the middle - class men promised that `` smoke not only checks disease but preserves the lungs . '' A rugged heavy taste was pitched to working men , soldiers and sailors , while `` delicately fragrant '' was part of the appeal to the upper - class . The packaging was attractive , posters were omnipresent to show that smoking was a normal part of English life ; lobbying was used to undercut the anti-tobacco lobby . In June 1836 , the French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages , allowing it to lower its price , extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles . Advertising agencies ( edit ) Great Britain ( edit ) Main article : History of advertising in Britain In Britain , outdoor advertising was based on hoardings ( billboards ) : England 1835 , by John Orlando Parry In London Thomas J. Barratt was hailed as `` the father of modern advertising '' . Working for the Pears Soap company , Barratt created an effective advertising campaign for the company products , which involved the use of targeted slogans , images and phrases . One of his slogans , `` Good morning . Have you used Pears ' soap ? '' was famous in its day and into the 20th century . An advertising tactic that he used was to associate the Pears brand with high culture and quality . Most famously , he used the painting Bubbles by John Everett Millais as an advertisement by adding a bar of Pears soap into the foreground . Barratt continued this theme with a series of adverts of well groomed middle - class children , associating Pears with domestic comfort and aspirations of high society . A 1900 British ad for soap Barratt introduced many of the crucial ideas that lie behind successful advertising and these were widely circulated in his day . He constantly stressed the importance of a strong and exclusive brand image for Pears and of emphasizing the product 's availability through saturation campaigns . He also understood the importance of constantly reevaluating the market for changing tastes and mores , stating in 1907 that `` tastes change , fashions change , and the advertiser has to change with them . An idea that was effective a generation ago would fall flat , stale , and unprofitable if presented to the public today . Not that the idea of today is always better than the older idea , but it is different -- it hits the present taste . '' United States ( edit ) In the United States around 1840 , Volney B. Palmer set up the first advertising agency in Philadelphia . In 1842 Palmer bought large amounts of space in various newspapers at a discounted rate then resold the space at higher rates to advertisers . The actual ad -- the copy , layout , and artwork -- was still prepared by the company wishing to advertise ; in effect , Palmer was a space broker . The situation changed in the late 19th century when the advertising agency of N.W. Ayer & Son was founded in New York . It planned , created , and executed complete advertising campaigns for its customers . It created a number of memorable slogans for firms such as De Beers , AT&T and the U.S. Army . J. Walter Thompson Co. promotes high - powered advertisement , 1903 By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning , and advertising was firmly established as a profession . At first , agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers . N.W. Ayer & Son was the first full - service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content . N.W. Ayer opened in 1869 , and was located in Philadelphia . The amount of space available in newspapers grew rapidly . The Boston Transcript published in 19,000 `` agate lines '' Of advertising in 1860 , 87,000 in 1900 , and 237,000 in 1918 . In 1893 , 104 companies spent over $50,000 each on national advertising ; most sold patent medicines , which faded away after the federal food and drug legislation of the early 20th century . Seven innovators had emerged in the big time : Quaker Oats , Armour meat , Cudahy meat , American Tobacco Company , P. Lorillard tobacco , Remington Typewriters , and Procter & Gamble soap . By 1914 , two thirds of the top advertisers came from just five industries : 14 food producers , 13 in automobiles and tires , nine in soap and cosmetics , and four in tobacco . Agencies were forever breaking up and reforming , especially when one executive would split taking with him a major client and his team of copywriters . France ( edit ) In the late 19th century in France , Charles - Louis Havas extended the services of his news agency , Havas to include advertisement brokerage , making it the first French group to organize . Since 1900 : global ( edit ) Advertising the developing world was dominated by agencies in the imperial powers , especially from London and Paris . J. Walter Thompson became the first American agency to expand internationally with the opening of J. Walter Thompson London in 1899 . It expanded across the globe , becoming one of the first American agencies in Egypt , South Africa and Asia . Much of the pressure to expand came from General Motors , which wanted to export its automobiles worldwide . Ford turned to N.W. Ayer , which began its expansion in Europe and Latin America in the 1930s . The typical policy was to put an American manager in charge , and hire a staff drawn from locals who had a better understanding of the language and the culture . In 1941 - 42 , however , Ayer closed its foreign offices and decided to concentrate on the American market . In 2011 , spending on advertising reached $143 billion in the United States and $467 billion worldwide Today , internationally , the largest ( `` big four '' ) advertising conglomerates are Interpublic , Omnicom , Publicis , and WPP . Since 1900 : United States and Canada ( edit ) An American magazine ad for the 1913 issue of the Encyclopædia Britannica . Although this encyclopedia was edited and printed in the United States , it featured the British name and spelling to gain prestige Advertising increased dramatically in the United States after 1870 as industrialization expanded the supply of manufactured products to a very large market . In order to profit from this higher rate of production , industry needed to recruit workers as consumers of factory products . It did so through the invention of mass marketing designed to influence the population 's economic behavior on a larger scale . Total advertising volume in the United States grew from about $200 million in 1880 to nearly $3 billion in 1920 . In the 1910s and 1920s , many ad men believed that human instincts could be targeted and harnessed -- `` sublimated '' into the desire to purchase commodities . Edward Bernays , a nephew of Sigmund Freud , promoted the approach making him a pioneer of modern cigarette advertising . Glantz argues , `` it was really the tobacco industry , from the beginning , that was at the forefront of the development of modern , innovative , advertising techniques . '' In the 1920s , under Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover , the American government promoted advertising . Hoover himself delivered an address to the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World in 1925 called ' Advertising Is a Vital Force in Our National Life . '' In October 1929 , the head of the U.S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce , Julius Klein , stated `` Advertising is the key to world prosperity . '' This was part of the `` unparalleled '' collaboration between business and government in the 1920s , according to a 1933 European economic journal . Advertising was a vehicle for cultural assimilation , encouraging immigrants to exchange their traditional habits and tastes in favor of a modern American lifestyle . An important tool for influencing immigrant workers was the American Association of Foreign Language Newspapers ( AAFLN ) . The AAFLN was primarily an advertising agency but also gained heavily centralized control over much of the immigrant press . Canadian media market ( edit ) In 1900 , most Canadian newspapers were local affairs , designed primarily to inform local partisans about the provincial and national political scene . The publishers depended on loyal partisan subscribers , as well as contracts for public printing controlled by the political parties . With the rise of national advertising agencies after 1900 , a major transformation was underway . The advertisers wanted them to reach the maximum possible circulation , regardless of partisanship . The result was a series of consolidations yielding much larger , largely nonpartisan newspapers , which depended more heavily on advertising revenue than on subscriptions from loyal party members . By 1900 , three - fourths of the revenue of Toronto newspapers came from advertising . About two thirds of the newspapers ' editorial pages loyally supported either the Conservative or the Liberal party , while the remainder were more independent . Across the board , the news pages increasingly featured more objectivity and bipartisanship , and the publishers were mostly focused on advertising revenues that were proportionate to overall circulation . A newspaper that appealed only to one party cut its potential audience in half . Simultaneously , the rapid growth of industry in Ontario and Quebec , coupled with the rapid settlement of the prairies , produced a large more affluent newspaper - reading population . The result was a golden age for Canadian newspapers peaking about 1911 . Many papers failed during the war era . Advertising agencies in 1915 gained a major advantage with the arrival of the Audit Bureau of Circulations , which for the first - time provided reliable data on circulation , as opposed to the partisan boasting and exaggeration that had been the norm . the agencies now had a stronger hand in bargaining for lower advertising rates . The 1920s became a time of consolidation , budget - cutting and dropping of traditional party affiliation . By 1930 only 24 % of Canada 's dailies were partisan , 17 % were `` independent '' partisan , and the majority , 50 % , had become fully independent . Sex and psychology ( edit ) Main article : Sex in advertising 1916 Ladies ' Home Journal version of the famous ad At the turn of the 20th century , there were few career choices for women in business ; however , advertising was one of the few . Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in their household , advertisers and agencies recognized the value of women 's insight during the creative process . Helen Lansdowne Resor at J. Walter Thompson Agency , was one of the pioneers . In 1911 , the Woodbury Soap Company became the first to use images of sexual contact to sell a product . Their ad slogan , created by Helen Lansdowne , claimed that women who used the soap would have `` Skin You Love To Touch '' . Her copy promised the soap would increase the beauty of one 's skin ; it offered a color print and a week 's supply of the soap for 10 cents . The slogan became so popular that Woodbury used it until the 1940s . Albert Lasker said the ad 's use of sex appeal made it one of three great landmarks in advertising history . It was ranked 31st on Advertising Age 's list of the top 100 campaigns of the 20th century . Nudity ( edit ) In 1936 , Woodbury was one of the first companies to use nudity in its advertisements . The ad , known as `` The Sun Bath '' , was photographed by Edward Steichen and showed a nude woman lying on stairs on her side with her back to the camera . The text advertised that Woodbury Soap was now enriched with `` filter sunshine '' . Many celebrities appeared in advertisements for Woodbury Soap . In international perspective , a 2008 comparison of nudity in advertising in Brazil , Canada , China , Germany , South Korea , Thailand , and the United States reveals that China and the United States have the most demure ads , while Germany and Thailand exposed more of the female body . There is little variation in male undress . Psychology ( edit ) In the early 20th century , psychologists Walter D. Scott and John B. Watson contributed applied psychological theory to the field of advertising . Scott said , `` Man has been called the reasoning animal but he could with greater truthfulness be called the creature of suggestion . He is reasonable , but he is to a greater extent suggestible '' . He demonstrated this through his advertising technique of a direct command to the consumer . The former chair at Johns Hopkins University , John B. Watson was a highly recognized psychologist in the 1920s . After leaving the field of academia he turned his attention towards advertising where he implemented the concepts of behaviorism into advertising . This focused on appealing to the basic emotions of the consumer : love , hate , and fear . This type of advertising proved to be extremely effective as it suited the changing social context which led to heavy influence of future advertising strategy and cemented the place of psychology in advertising . Albert Lasker : salesmanship in print ( edit ) Main article : Albert Lasker Chicago , along with New York , was the center of the nation 's advertising industry . Albert Lasker , known as the `` father of modern advertising , '' made Chicago his base 1898 -- 1942 . As head of the Lord and Thomas agency , Lasker devised a copywriting technique that appealed directly to the psychology of the consumer . Women seldom smoked cigarettes ; he told them if they smoked Lucky Strikes they could stay slender . Lasker 's use of radio , particularly with his campaigns for Palmolive soap , Pepsodent toothpaste , Kotex products , and Lucky Strike cigarettes , not only revolutionized the advertising industry but also significantly changed popular culture . Lasker had an inquiring mind about what advertising was and how it worked . Lasker believed that advertising consisted of news and information was news , He changed his mind when a colleague Johnny Kennedy told him , `` News is a technique of presentation , but advertising is a very simple thing . I can give it to you in three words , it is ' salesmanship in print ' '' . Lasker and Kennedy used this concept with the 1900 Washer Co. ( later Whirlpool ) . Their campaign was so successful that , within four months of running the first ad , they attracted additional clients and their `` advertising spend '' went from $15,000 a year to $30,000 a month . Within six months , their firm was one of the three or four largest advertisers in the nation . In 1908 Lasker recruited Claude C. Hopkins to the firm , specifically to work on the Van Camp Packaging Company ( Van Camp 's ) account . The relationship lasted for 17 years . Lasker helped create America 's infatuation with orange juice . Lord & Thomas acquired the Sunkist Growers , Incorporated account in 1908 , when the citrus industry was in a slump . Lasker created campaigns that not only encouraged consumers to eat oranges , but also to drink orange juice . Among Lasker 's pioneering contributions was the introduction into public schools of classes that explained to young girls about puberty and menstruation ( done to promote Kotex tampons ) . He is also credited as the creator of the soap opera genre , and using radio and television as media driven by advertising . Lasker took time off from business to help the presidential campaign of Republican Warren Harding in 1920 , using high - powered advertising techniques that helped produce a massive landslide . On the radio from the 1920s ( edit ) Main article : History of broadcasting Advertisement for a live radio broadcast , sponsored by a milk company and published in the Los Angeles Times on May 6 , 1930 In the early 1920s , the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers . Madison Avenue early on recognized the importance of radio as a new advertising medium . Advertising provided the major funding for most stations . United States , never had a licensing fee for set users . Great Britain Use the mandatory fee on set owners to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation , Which to this day operates without commercials or advertising . However , the government permitted commercial television in 1954 and commercial radio in 1972 . Public service advertising , non-commercial advertising , public interest advertising , cause marketing , and social marketing are different terms for ( or aspects of ) the use of sophisticated advertising and marketing communications techniques ( generally associated with commercial enterprise ) on behalf of non-commercial , public interest issues and initiatives . In the United States , the granting of television and radio licenses by the FCC is contingent upon the station broadcasting a certain amount of public service advertising . To meet these requirements , many broadcast stations in America air the bulk of their required public service announcements during the late night or early morning when the smallest percentage of viewers are watching , leaving more day and prime time commercial slots available for high - paying advertisers . Public service advertising in the United States reached its height during the world wars . During WWII President Roosevelt commissioned the creation of The War Advertising Council ( now known as the Ad Council ) which is the United States ' largest developer of PSA campaigns on behalf of government agencies and non-profit organizations , including the longest - running public service campaign , Smokey Bear . 1930s and world War II ( edit ) Advertising came under heavy pressure in the 1930s . The Great Depression forced businesses to drastically cut back on their advertising spending . Layoffs and reductions were common at all agencies . The New Deal furthermore aggressively promoted consumerism , and minimized the value or need of advertising . Historian Jackson Lears argues that `` By the late 1930s , though , corporate advertisers had begun a successful counterattack against their critics . '' They rehabilitated the concept of consumer sovereignty by inventing scientific public opinion polls , and making it the centerpiece of their own market research , as well has the key to understanding politics . George Gallup , the vice president of Young and Rubicam , and numerous other advertising experts , led the way . Moving into the 1940s , the industry played a leading role in the ideological mobilization of the American people for fighting the Nazis and Japanese in World War II . As part of that effort , they redefined the `` American Way of Life '' in terms of a commitment to free enterprise . `` Advertisers , '' Lears concludes , `` played a crucial hegemonic role in creating the consumer culture that dominated post-World War II American society . '' Postwar era ( edit ) In the prosperous postwar era , millions of Americans moved into new housing , especially in the rapidly growing suburbs . They spent heavily on housing , appliances , furniture , clothing and automobiles . The coming of television in the 1950s dramatically enlarged the arena for advertising . With most families having automobiles , and more leisure time , travel holidays became much more common , and the motel and tourism industries eagerly supported large - scale advertising . In the public service arena , the Ad Council aggressively promoted Americanism as a Cold War strategy , with campaigns such as the Freedom Train , the Crusade for Freedom , Religion in American Life , Adams for Piece , and Peoples Capitalism . The new Brand Names Foundation sponsored conferences , local campaigns , and educational programs to promote brand loyalty , as well as free enterprise . In The Hidden Persuaders ( 1957 ) popular writer Vance Packard exposes the use of consumer motivational research and other psychological techniques , including depth psychology and subliminal tactics . They had been used to manipulate expectations and induce desire for products since the 1920s , but the popular audience was caught by surprise . He identified eight `` compelling needs '' that advertisers promise products will fulfill . According to Packard these needs are so strong that people are compelled to buy products to satisfy them . The book questions the morality of using these techniques . Racial themes ( edit ) Before the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s , black people were largely missing from mainstream white advertising . Those who did appear typically followed the long - standing `` hierarchy of skin color '' whereby those with lighter skin tones were seen as being more socially and culturally acceptable than dark - skinned black people . Most national corporations before the 1960s ignored the black market , and paid little attention to working with black merchants or hiring blacks for responsible positions . Pepsi - Cola was a major exception , as the number two brand fought for parity with Coca - Cola . The upstart soda brand hired black promoters who penetrated into black markets across the South and the urban North . Journalist Stephanie Capparell interviewed six men who were on the team in the late 1940s : The team members had a grueling schedule , working seven days a week , morning and night , for weeks on end . They visited bottlers , churches , `` ladies groups , '' schools , college campuses , YMCAs , community centers , insurance conventions , teacher and doctor conferences , and various civic organizations . They got famous jazzmen such as Duke Ellington and Lionel Hampton to give shout - outs for Pepsi from the stage . No group was too small or too large to target for a promotion . Quaker Oats 1909 newspaper ad directed at white consumers with stereotypical images and dolls . Pepsi advertisements avoided the stereotypical images common in the major media that depicted one - dimensional Aunt Jemimas and Uncle Bens whose role was to draw a smile from white customers . Instead it portrayed black customers as self - confident middle - class citizens who showed very good taste in their soft drinks . They were economical too , as Pepsi bottles were twice the size . By the late 1960s , more than a few token blacks were hired at advertising agencies , and the sensitivity to the problem increased . The leading black magazines Essence and Jet routinely deplored racism in mainstream media , especially in the negative depictions of black men and women . However Essence and Jet in the 21st century themselves ran about a dozen ads a year , especially for skin lighteners , that were pervaded with `` racism and White supremacy . '' Tobacco ( edit ) By the 1950s , fears of cancer from tobacco smoking caused consternation in the tobacco industry , which turned to advertisers for help in avoiding falling consumer demand and increased regulation . British and American agencies separately arrived at similar solutions . The Tobacco Industry Research Committee in the United States and the Tobacco Manufacturers ' Standing Committee in Britain each assuaged public anxieties and encouraged the misperception that the cigarette makers were resolving the issues through filters and low tar formulations . The public relations approach was successful in the short run , but the accumulation of medical evidence led to a fall in smoking , heavier taxation , and increased regulation . The agencies responded with sophisticated advertising strategies designed to encourage adolescent smokers as well as to recruit new smokers in less - developed foreign markets . Cable television from the 1980s ( edit ) The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV . Pioneering the concept of the music video , MTV ushered in a new type of advertising : the consumer tunes in for the advertising message , rather than it being a by - product or afterthought . As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent , specialty channels emerged , including channels entirely devoted to advertising , such as QVC , Home Shopping Network , and ShopTV Canada . On the Internet from the 1990s ( edit ) Main article : Online advertising With the advent of the ad server , marketing through the Internet opened new frontiers for advertisers and contributed to the `` dot - com '' boom of the 1990s . Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue , offering everything from coupons to free Internet access . At the turn of the 21st century , a number of websites , including the search engine Google , started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant ads based on an individual 's browsing interests . This has led to a plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising . The share of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed little across large changes in media . For example , in the US in 1925 , the main advertising media were newspapers , magazines , signs on streetcars , and outdoor posters . Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2.9 percent . By 1998 , television and radio had become major advertising media . Nonetheless , advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly lower -- about 2.4 percent . The advertising business model has also been adapted since the 1990s . In media for equity , advertising is not sold , but provided to start - up companies in return for equity . If the company grows and is sold , the media companies receive cash for their shares . Chinese advertising is moving heavily to the smartphone , leaving television behind . Companies in China are increasingly more focused on mobile advertisements than on television advertisements . Central roles are played by Chinese - based social networking sites Weixin ( also known as WeChat ) , and Sina Weibo , and the efforts of Western companies , including Coca - Cola , Burberry , and North Face , to market to Chinese consumers through their smartphones . Restrictions on advertising ( edit ) Since the 1950s , the industry itself , or the government , has imposed some restrictions on advertising certain types of products , especially liquor and cigarettes . Tobacco bans exist in many major countries across the world and cover 2.3 billion people . In the 1990s Quebec banned some advertising directed at children . The restrictions have hindered competition in the breakfast cereal market when compared with the rest of Canada . Since 1900 : Europe ( edit ) A poster by `` O'Galop '' of Bibendum , the Michelin Man , 1898 J. Walter Thompson became the first American agency to expand internationally with the opening of J. Walter Thompson London in 1899 . France ( edit ) Marcel Bleustein - Blanchet ( 1906 - 1996 ) was the most prominent leader of French advertising in the 20th century . He founded Publicis . After 1945 his little - known Paris - based advertising agency grew rapidly , becoming the world 's fourth largest agency . It was a leader in promoting France 's post-war economic boom , especially the expansion of the advertising industry . It was successful because of its close ties with top officials of the French government , its clever use of symbols to promote itself , and its ability to attract clients from widely diverse growing industries . The question of whether advertising reflects society or shapes society , can be seen in European models that diverged from the American style . In France , Michelin dominated the tire industry and was one of the leading advertisers ; to this day its famous guidebooks are very widely used by upscale travelers . From 1894 to the present its symbol was Bibendum ( the `` Michelin Man '' made of tires ) . He was a lord of industry , a master of all he surveyed , and a patriotic expounder of the French spirit . In the 1920s , Bibendum urged Frenchmen to adopt America 's superior factory system , but to patriotically avoid using the `` inferior '' products of those factories . As automobiles diffused to the middle classes , Michelin advertising likewise shifted downscale , and its restaurant and hotel guides covered a broader range of price categories . J Walter Thompson expanded successfully in many countries , but France was not one of them . French businessmen did not like the American tone , and were fearful of Americanization . The French market was heavily regulated and protected to repel foreign interests , and the American admen in Paris were not good at hiding their condescension and insensitivity . Britain ( edit ) As millions of American soldiers passed through Britain during the Second World War , there were fearsof an `` Americanization '' of British commerce and culture . The Marshall Plan explicitly required and upgrading of the marketing and organizational skills of British industry . There were fears among the leaders of the London advertising world of what the brash , rich Americans would do to them . Radio and television was off limits to advertising , because BBC relied on fees paid by owners of radio receivers . The question was whether the heavily funded American methods would prove irresistible . JWT London was an American owned advertising agency controlled by J. Walter Thompson in New York City . JWT London avoided being the bold apostle of the American style . Instead it is relied on soft persuasion , shedding its Americanness to adapt to the British understated style . Germany ( edit ) In the 1920s , most advertising was handled by manufacturing companies in - house . Numerous small advertising agencies handled purchase of space in the media , but did not design campaigns or the ads themselves . An important role was played by travelling salesmen in promoting products to wholesalers and retailers and providing feedback from the market to the producer . During the Nazi era ( 1933 -- 45 ) , the advertising industry expelled its Jews , and came under the supervision of the `` Ad Council for the German Economy , '' a department of the propaganda ministry of Joseph Goebbels . The relationship was friendly , For the industry learned a great deal from the Nazi propaganda techniques . The industry promoted Hitler 's favorite products , such as the promised Volkswagen automobile for the people , and the construction of autobahns . It emphasized the availability of trusted brands despite growing shortages after the war began in 1939 . It helped support the regime , articulating a vision of consumption that was well aligned with the Nazi spirit . In some environments and social movements , such as with post-WW2 East Germany Stasi 's zersetzung , criminology theorists estimated advertisement was used as a means to crime , the nature of the crime was the intentional exploitation of an individual to cause damage to the individual 's ability to form social bonds and appropriate perceptions of the world . This is especially true in the case of manipulation , people take advantage of their underdeveloped social skills and exploit them for selfish gain , this was later criticized to be adopted by turpitude agents of modern advertising . Many major brands were off the market by 1944 , because of severe shortages . When they returned after the war , they were welcomed as an index of normality and were not associated with Nazism . By the 1950s , German advertising agencies were starting to mimic American methods . Coca - Cola was advising `` Mach mal Pause '' ( `` Take a Rest ! ) , and conservative Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was running for reelection with the slogan `` Keine Experimente ! '' ( `` No Experiments ! '' ) . The German agencies have always remained small and limited in scope , even after the unification of East Germany and West Germany in 1991 . After unification , Germany became the third largest ad market in the world , with $18 billion in total ad spending in 1994 . Italy ( edit ) The American influence became strong in Italy after 1945 . The high risk of communist success led the American government to invest heavily in propaganda activities . Several American firms opened offices , including Young & Rubicon and Ogilvy & Mather . Italian graphic designers , most prominently Armando Testa , were inspired by modernist aesthetics and thinking brought in by the American advertising agencies and techniques in Italy . The advertising industry helped transform Italy into a consumer - oriented society . Oliviero Toscani A dramatic example of how advertising nudged the Italian middle - class into modern consumer society appears in the heavily advertised automatic washing machine . It appeared on the Italian market in 1958 and by 1965 , 23 % of families had purchased one , reaching 42 % by 1970 . Advertisers hailed the mechanization of domestic tedium as the advent of a new women 's `` liberation . '' Commentary appeared everywhere , from advertisements to the specialized press , to women 's reviews . Architects and designers made room for the new marvel , as the promotional language celebrating the device became a chorus of praise for domestic appliances as the secret of `` progress '' and `` freedom '' and `` liberation . '' On the other hand , husbands still insisted on driving the family automobile ; it was off - limits to the liberated female . Armando Testa Set up a full - service advertising agency in 1956 , specializing in the new medium of television advertising . He was inspired by Eastern European animation techniques , and often use simple graphics like the blue hippo . His son Marco Testa , trained at Benton & Bowles in New York , and maintained the fast - paced , witty style . Emmanuelle Pirella , who trained at the Italian offices of Young & Rubicon and Ogilvy & Mather , emerged as a leading copywriter . Benetton gained worldwide attention for its saucy advertising , inspired by its art director Oliviero Toscani . He started with multicultural themes , tied together under the campaign `` United Colors of Benetton '' then became increasingly provocative with interracial groupings , and unusual sexual images , such as a nun kissing a priest . Since 1900 : Asia and Africa ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) Dentsu is the dominant firm in Japan . thanks to its origins as a media representative . It produced Japan 's first newspaper advertisements as well as the first television commercials . It was established in 1901 as Japan Advertising Ltd. and Telegraphic Service Co. by Hoshiro Mitsunaga . In 1936 , it sold off its news division to Doumei News Agency , to focus on advertising . In 1946 , it purchased 16 small companies and set up operational bases in Tokyo , Osaka , Nagoya , and Kyūshū . Dentsu company now offers a range of services , from traditional and creative marketing to specialty disciplines such as sports marketing , investing in feature film production and acquiring broadcasting rights , PR , digital contents , and a growing range of communications services . China ( edit ) In the first 20 years of communist control of China ( 1947 to 1966 ) Mao Zedong tried to reverse the long - standing advertising practices of Chinese newspapers , considering it a capitalist infringement on the goals of socialism . Consumerism , which had been highly developed in Shanghai , was anathema , to Mao 's peasant - based communist perspective . The regime emphasized maximum production rather than optimal consumption . The approach worsened the massive famines that happened when national resources were devoted to a highly inefficient factory production at the cost of basic food output . On the other hand , propaganda was highly developed art in the Communist Party , and so a sort of compromise was reached . Socialist - oriented advertising emphasized the collective good , rather than the benefits of products for the individual consumer . Since 1980 , the strength of the private economy , and advertising , has grown dramatically . By the 1980s much emphasis was placed on the role of advertising in promoting the Four Modernizations emphasized by Deng Xiaoping . Lip service is still paid to old Maoist ideals by recycling images of historic places and episodes , but it does not inhibit the growth of consumerism . Since Chinese entry into the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) in 2002 , its advertising industry has fundamentally changed . It has become the world 's fastest - growing advertising market and the country with the largest pool of netizens . Major changes have come in terms of shifting cultural values , the growing role of brand names , the attractiveness of English - language titles to the younger generation , the redefinition of acceptable / offensive advertising , the very rapid growth of new media ( especially the Internet and smart phones ) , the emergence of on - line shopping in a country with an underdeveloped system of department stores in shopping centers , and much more advanced techniques of managing advertising agencies . India ( edit ) Many elements of Indian culture and industry have British roots , so that British advertising models usually work well . In 1991 , the government dramatically liberalized Indian economy , opening it to international business . The emergence of a moderately affluent middle - class numbering in the hundreds of millions attracts multinational corporations and international advertisers . Advertising in India operates at two levels . Ads for high - value products appear in English - language papers such as The Hindu and The Madras Mail , which targeted Europeans and high - status Indians . By contrast , ads for low - value products are typically placed in vernacular papers and are aimed at a lower middle class with highly restricted spending power . The working class and peasant populations , with very low disposable incomes , are seldom targeted by the advertising agencies . Local merchants might use signs and posters to reach them . Cricket is one sport where the Indians have had an international success , so that cricket stars are prominent endorsers in national advertising . Subtle cultural norms can be easily transgressed . In 2002 , widespread protests forced Hindustan Lever Ltd. ( the Indian subsidiary of London - based Unilever ) to cancel a television ad campaign for its fairness cream because of its portrayal of women . The campaign was built around the theme of a father lamenting `` If only I had a son '' while showing his problem : a dark - skinned , unattractive daughter . Fast - forward . She uses the Fair & Lovely cream and has become a gorgeous light - skinned beauty . Clad in a stylish miniskirt , she is a successful airline flight attendant and takes her proud father to dine at a five - star hotel . The All India Women 's Democratic Association ( AIDWA ) , a far left political organization , lodged a complaint with the National Human Rights Commission in New Delhi . It argued endorsing the traditional preference for sons strengthens gender discrimination , which is a major problem in India . Furthermore , said AIDWA , the ad perpetuated a culture of discrimination in a society where `` fair skin '' is synonymous with `` beautiful . '' The government 's Ministry of Information and Broadcast sided with AIDWA and directed stations not to air the ads because they violated the Cable and Television Networks Act of 1995 which states that no advertisement shall be permitted which `` derides any race , caste , color , creed and nationality '' and furthermore states that , `` Women must not be portrayed in a manner that emphasizes passive , submissive qualities and encourages them to play a subordinate secondary role in the family and society . '' The minister told Parliament that if broadcasters do not regulate ad content the government will be forced to do so . The Mumbai - based Advertising Standards Council of India ( ASCI ) , a body of advertisers and media agencies , insisted that it should do the regulating not the government . ASCI had already told Hindustan Lever that its ad campaign was offensive and it was ended . Developing world ( edit ) During the decolonization era from the late 1940s to the 1970s , British and French firms operating in Africa and Asia at first largely ignored local , nationalistic aspirations . However they learned to adjust to exploit the new spirit of independence that was shaping consumer attitudes . The new emergence of a middle class was the target audience . Their advertising abandoned the traditional paternalistic attitude toward the natives . Instead there was a portrayal of locals as up - and - coming middle class men in control of developing their nations . These more positive images assisted business operations during spells of military dictatorship , economic nationalism , and expropriation of foreign assets . Tobacco advertising was especially important . For example , in Egyptian popular culture the cigar was associated with elites , the water pipe with a lower - class and traditional lifestyle , and the cigarette with the new middle class which was striving to make the transition to modernity . It was the third group that the cigarette industry targeted . Brazil is the largest country in Latin America , and number five in the world in terms of population . Its economy grew rapidly in the 21st century , until it began to stall in 2010 . At that time it was the world 's sixth - biggest advertising market , at $ US 14.2 billion . Brazil in 2010 ranks # 1 in deodorants , # 2 in children 's products , # 3 in cosmetics , and # 4 in automobile sales Mexico ( edit ) The start in 1994 of the North American Free Trade Agreement had a dramatic impact on the adveritising industry in Mexico , with its 130 full service agencies and 270 smaller operations under the auspisces of the Mexican Association of Advertising Agencies . The flood of American brand - name products greatly expanded the scope of the advertising indfustry , and the Mexican agencies faced new competition from branch offices of international firms . A key to the new market was that upscale consumers in Mexico typically display `` malinchismo '' , which is a preference for imported American brands rather than local Mexican brands . As result , American products are sold mostly to the middle class market , and their advertising agencies generally avoid working class and rural areas . They concentrate their efforts instead on Mexico City , Monterrey , and Guadalajara , which purchase 70 percent of the American imports . Advertising battles in Mexico , include not only issues of quality , but issues of national authenticity . For example , in Mexico in the 1990s , two American exporters Procter & Gamble and Frito - Lay fought an advertising battle concerning whose potato chips are tastier , more natural , and more Mexican . Procter & Gamble challenged Frito - Lay 's Sabritas which controls 80 percent of the $1 billion chip market . See also ( edit ) American business history History of broadcasting History of advertising in Britain History of public relations Marketing Sex in advertising Agencies ( edit ) American Association of Advertising Agencies FCB ( advertising agency ) , Foote , Cone & Belding Interpublic Omnicom BBDO DDB Worldwide TBWA Worldwide Publicis , Leading international agency based in Paris Leo Burnett Worldwide WPP . Personalities ( edit ) Leo Burnett Fairfax M. Cone Albert Lasker J. Walter Thompson Mary Wells Lawrence P.T. Barnum Bill Bernbach Charles Saatchi Maurice Saatchi Allan Johnston Alan Morris George Patterson Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bhatia ( 2000 ) . Advertising in Rural India : Language , Marketing Communication , and Consumerism , 62 + 68 Jump up ^ `` Commercial Advertising in China '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hong Liu , Chinese Business : Landscapes and Strategies ( 2013 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Les Crieries de Paris '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beverley Ann Tudor , `` Retail Trade Advertising in the ' Leicester Journal ' and the ' Leicester Chronicle ' 1855 - 71 . '' European Journal of Marketing 20 # 9 ( 1986 ) pp : 41 - 56 . Jump up ^ A.V. Seaton , `` Cope 's and the Promotion of Tobacco in Victorian England . '' European Journal of Marketing ( 1986 ) 20 # 9 pp : 5 - 26 . Jump up ^ He was first described as such in TFG Coates , ' Mr Thomas J Barratt , `` The father of modern advertising '' ' , Modern Business , September 1908 , pp. 107 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Haig , Brand failures : the truth about the 100 biggest branding mistakes of all time , Kogan Page Publishers , 2005 , pp. 219 , 266 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Mirzoeff , The visual culture reader , Routledge , 2002 , p. 510 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary , Thomas J. Barratt Dead : Chairman of the Firm of A. & F. Pears an Advertising Genius '' . New York Times . New York Times . 1914 - 04 - 27 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eric Partridge , Paul Beale , A Dictionary of Catch Phrases : British and American , from the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day , Routledge , 1986 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Ralph Hower , The History of an Advertising Agency : N.W. Ayer & Son 1869 - 1949 ( 1949 ) p 185 . ^ Jump up to : Eskilson , Stephen J. ( 2007 ) . Graphic Design : A New History . Yale University Press . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Daniel Starch , Advertising Principles ( 1927 ) p 485 Jump up ^ Daniel Pope , The making of modern advertising ( 1983 ) pp 42 - 46 . Jump up ^ Hower , The History of an Advertising Agency ( 1949 ) pp 58 - 59 . Jump up ^ Ciochetto , Globalisation and Advertising in Emerging Economies : Brazil , Russia , India and China ( 2013 ) p. 95 Jump up ^ Dawn Spring , `` The Globalization of American Advertising and Brand Management : A Brief History of the J. Walter Thompson Company , Proctor and Gamble , and US Foreign Policy . '' Global Studies Journal ( 2013 ) . 5 # 4 Jump up ^ Hower , ' The History of an advertising agency : N.W. Ayer & Son at work , 1869 - 1949 . '' ( 1949 ) pp 140 - 46 , 187 . Jump up ^ `` GroupM forecasts 2012 global ad spending to increase 6.4 % '' . WPP . 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Parekh , Rupal ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Not the ' Big Four ' Holding Firms in Adland Anymore -- Now It 's the Big Five Agency News -- Advertising Age '' . Adage.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ewen , Captains of Consciousness ( 1976 ) , p. 33 . `` As Ford 's massive assembly line utilized ' extensive single - purpose machinery ' to produce automobiles inexpensively and at a rate that dwarfed traditional methods , the costly machinery of advertising that Coolidge had described set out to produce consumers , likewise inexpensively and at a rate that dwarfed traditional methods . '' Jump up ^ Daniel Pope ( 1983 ) . The making of modern advertising . Basic Books . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Stuart Ewen ( 2008 ) . Captains Of Consciousness : Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Stanton Glantz in Mad Men Season 3 Extra -- Clearing the Air -- The History of Cigarette Advertising , part 1 , min 3 : 38 Jump up ^ Leach , William ( 1993 ) . Land of Desire . New York : Pantheon Books . p. 375 . Jump up ^ Leach , William ( 1993 ) . Land of Desire . New York : Pantheon Books . p. 367 . Jump up ^ Leach , William ( 1993 ) . Land of Desire . New York : Pantheon Books . p. 373 . Jump up ^ Ewen ( 2008 ) . Captains Of Consciousness . pp. 56 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Jeanne D. Petit ( 2010 ) . The Men and Women We Want : Gender , Race , and the Progressive Era Literacy Test Debate . U of Rochester Press . pp. 66 -- 67 . 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Jump up ^ Cruikshank , Jeffrey L. ; Schultz , Arthur ( 2013 ) . The Man Who Sold America : The Amazing ( but True ! ) Story of Albert D. Lasker and the Creation of the Advertising Century . Harvard Business Press . p. 184 . Jump up ^ John A. Morello , Selling the President , 1920 : Albert D. Lasker , Advertising , and the Election of Warren G. Harding ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Susan Smulyan , Selling radio : The commercialization of American broadcasting , 1920 - 1934 ( Smithsonian Inst Press , 1994 ) Jump up ^ George Creel , How we advertised America : The first telling of the amazing story of the Committee on Public Information that carried the gospel of Americanism to every corner of the globe ( 1920 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Hollihan , `` Propagandizing in the interest of war : A rhetorical study of the committee on public information . '' Southern Journal of Communication 49 # 3 ( 1984 ) : 241 - 257 . 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Jump up ^ Gordon Di Renzo ( 1958 ) The American Catholic Sociological Review , Vol. 19 , No. 4 ( Dec. , 1958 ) ( Review ) Jump up ^ Julia M. Bristor , Renee Gravois Lee , and Michelle R. Hunt . `` Race and ideology : African - American images in television advertising . '' Journal of Public Policy & Marketing ( 1995 ) : 48 - 59 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jannette Lake Dates and William Barlow , eds. , Split image : African Americans in the mass media ( Howard University Press , 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Stephanie Capparell , `` How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity . '' CHANGE 63 ( 2007 ) : 1 - 26 online . Jump up ^ Stephanie Capparell , The Real Pepsi Challenge : The Inspirational Story of Breaking the Color Barrier in American Business ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Vanessa Hazell and Juanne Clarke , `` Race and Gender in the Media : A Content Analysis of Advertisements in Two Mainstream Black Magazines '' Journal of Black Studies ( 2008 ) 39 # 1 pp 5 - 21 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ David T. Courtwright , `` ' Carry on Smoking ' : Public Relations and Advertising Strategies of American and British Tobacco Companies since 1950 , '' Business History ( 2005 ) 47 # 3 pp 421 - 432 . online Jump up ^ `` Annual U.S. Advertising Expenditure Since 1919 '' . Galbithink.org . September 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Stevenson and Shanshan Wang . `` A Jump to Mobile Ads in China . '' New York Times , 22 Dec 2014 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization , WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic , 2013 : enforcing bans on tobacco advertising , promotion and sponsorship ( World Health Organization , 2013 ) online Jump up ^ C. Robert Clark , `` Advertising Restrictions and Competition in the Children 's Breakfast Cereal Industry , '' Journal of Law & Economics ( 2007 ) 50 # 4 pp 757 - 780 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Lynne Ciochetto , Globalisation and Advertising in Emerging Economies : Brazil , Russia , India and China ( Routledge , 2013 ) p. 95 Jump up ^ Philippe Lorin , 5 Giants of Advertising ( Assouline Pub. , 2001 ) . pp 82 - 95 Jump up ^ Clark Hultquist , `` Publicis and the French advertising world , 1946 -- 1968 '' Essays in Economic & Business History ( 2009 ) 27 : 61 - 76 Jump up ^ Stephen L. Harp , Marketing Michelin . Advertising and Cultural Identity in Twentieth - Century France ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Marc Martin , `` Le marché publicitaire Français et les grands médias 1918 - 1970 . '' Vingtieme siecle . Revue d'histoire ( 1988 ) : 75 - 90 . online Jump up ^ Clark Eric Hultquist , `` Americans in Paris : The J. Walter Thompson Company in France , 1927 -- 1968 . '' Enterprise and Society 4 # 03 ( 2003 ) : 471 - 501 . Jump up ^ Sean Nixon , `` Apostles of Americanization ? J. Walter Thompson Company Ltd , Advertising and Anglo - American Relations 1945 - 67 , '' Contemporary British History ( 2008 ) 22 # 4 pp 477 - 499 . Jump up ^ Pamela E. Swett , Selling under the Swastika : Advertising and Commercial Culture in Nazi Germany ( 2014 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Swett , Selling under the Swastika ( 2014 ) ch 2 - 6 Jump up ^ Harm G. Schröter , `` Die Amerikanisierung der Werbung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland , '' ( `` The Americanization of advertising in West Germany . '' ) Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte ( 1997 ) , Issue 1 , pp 93 - 115 , dates the Americanization to the 1960s . Jump up ^ Gries , Rainer et al. `` Die Ära Adenauer : Zeitgeschichte im Werbeslogan . ' Mach Mal Pause , ' ' Keine Experimente ! ' '' Journal Geschichte ( 1989 ) Issue 3 , pp 9 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` German agencies often overlooked on global scene . '' Marketing News ( Aug 29 , 1986 ) v. 20 p. 10 Jump up ^ Kevin Cote and Dagmar Mussey , `` German advertising growing together : unification of Germany , EC electrify market , '' Advertising Age ( Feb. 11 1991 ) , V. 62 , pp 25 - 26 Jump up ^ Advertising Age ( March 21 , 1994 ) v. 65 p . I - 14 Jump up ^ Simona Tobia . Advertising America : The United States Information Service in Italy ( 1945 -- 1956 ) ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Simona DeLulio , and Carlo Vinti , `` La publicité italienne et le modèle américain : le débat entre les artistes et techniciens , 1948 - 1960 , '' ( Italian advertising and the American model : the debate between artists and technicians , 1948 - 60 ) Vingtième Siecle ( 2009 ) , Issue 101 , pp 61 - 80 . Jump up ^ Adam Arvidsson , `` Pubblicita E Consumi Nell'Italia Del Dopoguerra '' ( Advertising and consumerism in postwar Italy ) Contemporanea : Rivista di Storia dell ' 800 e del ' 900 ( 2001 ) 4 # 4 pp 649 - 672 . Jump up ^ Enrica Asquer , `` La Signora Candy e la sua lavatrice : storia di un'intesa perfetta nell'Italia degli anni Sessanta . '' ( Mrs. Candy and her washing machine : a perfect love story in 1960s Italy ) Genesis 1 ( 2006 ) pp : 1000 - 1022 . Jump up ^ Tungate , Adland : A Global History of Advertising pp 138 - 43 Jump up ^ Tungate , Adland : A Global History of Advertising pp 146 - 49 Jump up ^ Kotaro Sugiyama and Tim Andree . The Dentsu Way : Secrets of Cross Switch Marketing from the World 's Most Innovative Advertising Agency ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Karl Gerth , `` Compromising with Consumerism in Socialist China : Transnational Flows and Internal Tensions in ' Socialist Advertising ' '' , Past & Present ( 2013 Supplement ) pp 203 - 232 online Jump up ^ Xin Zhao and Russell W. Belk , `` Politicizing Consumer Culture : Advertising 's Appropriation of Political Ideology in China 's Social Transition , '' Journal of Consumer Research ( 2008 ) 35 # 2 pp 231 - 244 Jump up ^ Kineta Hung , et al. `` Advertising Research in the Post-WTO Decade in China , '' Journal of Advertising ( 2012 ) 41 # 3 pp 121 - 146 Jump up ^ William M. O'Barr , `` Advertising in India . '' Advertising & Society Review 9 #. 3 ( 2008 ) pp : 1 - 33 . online Jump up ^ Aruna Chandra , David A. Griffith , and John K. Ryans , `` Advertising standardisation in India : US multinational experience '' International Journal of Advertising ( 2002 ) 21 # 1 pp47 - 66 Jump up ^ Douglas E. Haynes , `` Advertising and the History of South Asia , 1880 -- 1950 '' p 363 Jump up ^ Sumit Sharma , `` Indian cricket players are becoming big winners for many advertisers , '' Asian Wall Street Journal ( May 11 , 1998 ) p 8 Jump up ^ Arundhati Parmar , `` Objections to Indian ad not taken lightly '' Marketing News ( June 9 , 2003 ) 37 # 12 pp 4 - 9 Jump up ^ Sephanie Decker , `` Corporate Legitimacy and Advertising : British Companies and the Rhetoric of Development in West Africa , 1950 - 1970 , '' Business History Review ( 2007 ) 81 # 1 pp 59 - 86 Jump up ^ Relli Shechter , `` Reading advertisements in a colonial / development context : Cigarette advertising and identity politics in Egypt , c1919 - 1939 . '' Journal of social history 39 # 2 ( 2005 ) : 483 - 503 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Laurel Wentz and Claudia Penteado , `` Why so many agencies are storming road to Sao Paulo '' Advertising Age ( Dec. 6 2010 ) Jump up ^ Patrick McCurry , `` Advertising in transition : agencies change their image to meet market demand '' Business Mexico ( Sept. 1992 ) 2 # 4 , Vol. 2 , p4+ Jump up ^ Linda Ueltschy , and John K. Ryans , Jr. , `` Employing standardized promotion strategies in Mexico : the impact of language and cultural differences , '' International Executive ( July 1997 ) 39 # 4 pp 479 + Jump up ^ Jonathan Friedland , `` P&G , Frito - Lay in Mexican -- ad standoff , '' Wall Street Journal ( March 19 , 1999 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Dickenson , Jackie . `` Global Advertising Histories '' History Compass ( 2014 ) 12 # 4 pp 321 -- 332 . Surveys the historiography of the global advertising industry , 1918 to 2014 , focused on key debates by American and British scholars . Faulconbridge , James R. et al. eds . The Globalization of Advertising : Agencies , Cities and Spaces of Creativity ( Routledge ; 2011 ) 208 pages Pincas , Stephane , and Marc Loiseau . A History of Advertising ( 2008 ) Tungate , Mark . Adland : a global history of advertising ( 2nd ed . Kogan Page Publishers , 2013 . ) McDonough , John , and Karen Egolf , eds . The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising ( 3 vol. 2002 ; 2nd ed. 2015 ) Comprehensive global coverage Asia - pacific ( edit ) Chaudhuri , Arun . Indian Advertising : 1780 to 1950 AD ( Tata McGraw - Hill Education , 2007 ) Crawford , Robert . But Wait , There 's More ! : A History of Australian Advertising , 1900 - 2000 ( 2008 ) Haynes , Douglas E. `` Advertising and the History of South Asia , 1880 - 1950 , '' History Compass ( 2015 ) 13 # 8 pp 361 -- 374 . Kawashima , Nobuko . `` Advertising agencies , media and consumer market : The changing quality of TV advertising in Japan . '' Media , Culture & Society 28 # 3 ( 2006 ) : 393 - 410 . Moriarty , Sandra , et al. Advertising : Principles and practice ( Pearson Australia , 2014 ) , Australian perspectives Rajagopal , A. , ' Advertising in India : Genealogies of the Consumer Subject ' , in S. Dube , ed. , Handbook of Modernity in South Asia : Modern Makeovers ( New Delhi : Oxford University Press , 2011 ) , pp 217 -- 228 Stewart , Sally , and Nigel Campbell . `` Advertising in mainland China : a preliminary study . '' International Journal of Advertising 5 # 4 ( 1986 ) : 317 - 323 . Sugiyama , Kotaro , and Tim Andree . The Dentsu Way : Secrets of Cross Switch Marketing from the World 's Most Innovative Advertising Agency ( 2010 ) excerpt Developing countries ( edit ) Bhatia , Tej K. Advertising and Marketing in Rural India ( Macmillan , 2007 ) Ciochetto , Lynne . Globalisation and Advertising in Emerging Economies : Brazil , Russia , India and China ( Routledge , 2013 ) Ciochetto , Lynne . `` Advertising and globalisation in India . '' ( Massey University , 2004 ) . online Mazzarella , William . Shoveling smoke : Advertising and globalization in contemporary India ( Duke University Press , 2003 ) Wang , Jian . `` From four hundred million to more than one billion consumers : A brief history of the foreign advertising industry in China . '' International Journal of Advertising 16 # 4 ( 1997 ) : 241 - 260 . Europe ( edit ) 1911 Michelin Guide Arvidsson , Adam . `` Between fascism and the American dream : Advertising in interwar Italy . '' Social Science History 25 #. 2 ( 2001 ) : 151 - 186 . Boddewyn , Jean J. , and Esther Loubradou . `` The Control of ' Sex in Advertising ' in France . '' Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 30 # 2 ( 2011 ) : 220 - 225 . Briggs , Peter M. `` ' News from the little World ' : A Critical Glance at Eighteenth - Century British Advertising . '' Studies in Eighteenth - Century Culture 23 #. 1 ( 1994 ) : 29 - 45 . Church , Roy . `` New perspectives on the history of products , firms , marketing , and consumers in Britain and the United States since the mid-nineteenth century 1 . '' Economic History Review 52.3 ( 1999 ) : 405 - 435 . Ciarlo , David . Advertising Empire : Race and Visual Culture in Imperial Germany ( 2011 ) Furdell , Elizabeth Lane . `` Grub Street commerce : advertisements and politics in the early modern British press . '' Historian 63 # 1 ( 2000 ) : 35 - 52 . online Harp , Stephen L. Marketing Michelin : Advertising and Cultural Identity in Twentieth - Century France ( 2001 ) Henry , Brian , ed . British television advertising : The first 30 years ( 1986 ) Liguori , Maria Chiara . `` North and South : Advertising Prosperity in the Italian Economic Boom Years . '' Advertising & Society Review ( 2015 ) 15 # 4 Loeb , Lori Anne . Consuming Angels : Advertising & Victorian Women ( 1994 ) 224pp Nachum , Lilach , and Jean - Daniel Rolle . `` Home country and firm - specific ownership advantages : A study of US , UK and French advertising agencies . '' International Business Review 8 # 5 ( 1999 ) : 633 - 660 . Nevett , Terence R. Advertising in Britain : a history ( 1982 ) Oram , Hugh . The advertising book : The history of advertising in Ireland ( MOL Books , 1986 ) Pinkus , Karen . Bodily Regimes : Italian Advertising under Fascism ( 1995 ) Richards , Thomas . Commodity Culture of Victorian England : Advertising & Spectacle , 1851 - 1914 ( 1990 ) 306pp Romano , Charlotte J. `` Comparative Advertising in the United States and in France . '' Northwestern Journal of international law and business 25 ( 2004 ) : 371 . online Saunders , Thomas J. `` Selling under the Swastika : Advertising and Commercial Culture in Nazi Germany . '' German History ( 2014 ) : ghu058 . Schwarzkopf , Stefan . `` Discovering the consumer market research , product innovation , and the creation of brand loyalty in Britain and the United States in the interwar years . '' Journal of Macromarketing 29.1 ( 2009 ) : 8 - 20 . Schwarzkopf , Stefan . `` They do it with mirrors : advertising and British Cold War consumer politics . '' Contemporary British History 19.2 ( 2005 ) : 133 - 150 . Segal , Aaron Jeffrey . `` The Republic of Goods : Advertising and National Identity in France , 1875 - 1918 '' ( PhD UCLA 1995 ) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing , # 9601348 . Swett , Pamela E. , S. Jonathan Wiesen , and Jonathan R. Zatlin . Selling modernity : advertising in twentieth - century Germany ( Duke University Press , 2007 ) online review West , Douglas . `` Multinational competition in the British advertising agency business , 1936 -- 1987 . '' Business History Review 62 # 3 ( 1988 ) : 467 - 501 . United States and Canada ( edit ) Marketing Marketing Marketing management Key concepts ( show ) Distribution Pricing Retail Service Activation Brand licensing Brand management Co-creation Corporate identity Dominance Effectiveness Ethics Operations Promotion Research Segmentation Strategy Account - based marketing Digital marketing Product marketing Social marketing Promotional content ( show ) Advertising Branding Corporate anniversary Direct marketing Loyalty marketing Mobile marketing On - hold messaging Personal selling Premiums Prizes Product placement Propaganda Publicity Sales promotion Sex in advertising Underwriting spot Promotional media ( show ) Behavioral targeting Brand ambassador Broadcasting Display advertising Drip marketing In - game advertising Mobile advertising Native advertising New media Online advertising Out - of - home advertising Point of sale Printing Product demonstration Promotional merchandise Publication Visual merchandising Web banner Word - of - mouth Applegate , Edd . The Rise of Advertising in the United States : A History of Innovation to 1960 ( 2012 ) Applegate , Edd . Personalities and Products : A Historical Perspective on Advertising in America ( 1998 ) online Barnouw , Erik , The Sponsor : Notes on a Modern Potentate ( 1978 ) Sponsors of broadcasts programs Brandt , Allan . The Cigarette Century : `` The rise , fall , and deadly persistence of a product that defined America '' ( 2009 ) Cruikshank , Jeffrey L. ; Schultz , Arthur . The Man Who Sold America : The Amazing ( but True ! ) Story of Albert D. Lasker and the Creation of the Advertising Century ( Harvard Business Press , 2013 ) Ewen , Stuart . Captains of Consciousness : Advertising and the Social Roots of Consumer Culture . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1976 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 019846 - 2 Fox , Stephen R . The mirror makers : A history of American advertising and its creators ( University of Illinois Press , 1984 ) , biographical approach Gordon , Ian . `` Advertising '' in Encyclopedia of American Studies , ed . Simon J. Bronner ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2015 ) , online . Kern - Foxworth , Marilyn . Aunt Jemima , Uncle Ben , and Rastus : Blacks in Advertising , Yesterday , Today , and Tomorrow ( 1994 ) online Friedman , Walter A. Birth of a Salesman ( Harvard University Press , 2005 ) , in the United States Jacobson , Lisa . Raising consumers : Children and the American mass market in the early twentieth century ( Columbia University Press , 2013 ) Jamieson , Kathleen Hall . Packaging the presidency : A history and criticism of presidential campaign advertising ( 3rd ed . Oxford UP , 1996 ) online Johnston , Russell . Selling Themselves : The Emergence of Canadian Advertising ( 2001 ) , scholarly history to 1930 Laird , Pamela Walker . Advertising progress : American business and the rise of consumer marketing ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2001 . ) Lears , Jackson . Fables of abundance : A cultural history of advertising in America ( 1995 ) online Marchand , Roland . Advertising the American dream : Making way for modernity , 1920 - 1940 ( Univ of California Press , 1985 ) Meyers , Cynthia B. A Word from Our Sponsor : Admen , Advertising , and the Golden Age of Radio ( 2014 ) Norris , James D. Advertising and the Transformation of American Society , 1865 - 1920 ( 1990 ) online Pease , Otis . The Responsibilities of American Advertising : Private Control and Public Influence , 1920 -- 1940 ( 1958 ) Pollay , Richard W . `` The subsiding sizzle : A descriptive history of print advertising , 1900 - 1980 . '' Journal of Marketing ( 1985 ) : 24 - 37 . in JSTOR Pope , Daniel . The Making of Modern Advertising ( 1983 ) , Major scholarly history 1880s - 1920s Presbrey , Frank . `` The history and development of advertising . '' Advertising & Society Review ( 2000 ) 1 # 1 online Samuel , Lawrence R. Freud on Madison Avenue : Motivation Research and Subliminal Advertising in America ( 2010 ) online Schultz , David A. ed . Lights , camera , campaign ( 2004 ) ; Articles on political advertising Nesbitt - Larking , Paul , and Jonathan Rose . `` Political advertising in Canada . '' in David A. Schultz , ed . Lights , camera , campaign ( 2004 ) pp : 273 - 299 . Sivulka , Juliann . Soap , sex , and cigarettes : A cultural history of American advertising ( Cengage Learning , 2011 ) Spring , Dawn . `` The Globalization of American Advertising and Brand Management : A Brief History of the J. Walter Thompson Company , Proctor and Gamble , and US Foreign Policy . '' Global Studies Journal ( 2013 ) . 5 # 4 Stephenson , Harry Edward , and Carlton McNaught . The Story of Advertising in Canada : A Chronicle of Fifty Years ( Ryerson Press , 1940 ) West , Darrell M. Air Wars : Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns , 1952 - 2012 ( Sage , 2013 ) Primary sources for U.S. and Canada ( edit ) Atwan , Robert . Edsels , Luckies and Frigidaires : Advertising the American Way ( 1979 ) , Print ads covering the 20th century U.S. Cantor , H.J. The fight for truth in advertising ( 1936 ) Better Business Bureau story Cone , Fairfax . With all its faults ( 1969 ) , autobiography Hopkins , Claude C. My life in advertising ( 1986 ) Marin , Allan , ed. 50 Years of Advertising as Seen Through the Eyes of Advertising Age : 1930 - 1980 ( 1980 ) , reprints of ads and news stories Ogilvy , David . Confessions of and Advertising Man ( 1963 ) Starch , Daniel . Advertising Principles ( 1927 ) ( abridgment of his Principals Principles of Advertising ; advanced treatise on methods and advertising campaigns ) Watkins , Julian L. The 100 Greatest Advertisements : Who wrote them and what they did ( 1949 ) White , Percival . Advertising Research ( 1927 ) , advanced treatise on methods and advertising campaigns Historiography ( edit ) Schwarzkopf , Stefan . `` The subsiding sizzle of advertising history : Methodological and theoretical challenges in the post advertising age . '' Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 3 #. 4 ( 2011 ) : 528 - 548 . Staudenmaier , John , and Pamela Walker Lurito Laird . `` Advertising History '' Technology and Culture ( 1989 ) 30 # 4 pp. 1031 -- 1036 in JSTOR External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : History of advertising Library resources about History of advertising Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of advertising . `` American advertising : A brief history '' For student projects Advertising Educational Foundation , archived advertising exhibits and classroom resources `` The Advertising Century : Top 100 Advertising Campaigns '' . Hartman Center for Sales , Advertising & Marketing History at Duke University Duke University Libraries Digital Collections : Ad * Access , over 7,000 U.S. and Canadian advertisements , dated 1911 -- 1955 , includes World War II propaganda . Emergence of Advertising in America , 9,000 advertising items and publications dating from 1850 to 1940 , illustrating the rise of consumer culture and the birth of a professionalized advertising industry in the United States . AdViews , vintage television commercials ROAD 2.0 , 30,000 outdoor advertising images Medicine & Madison Avenue , documents advertising of medical and pharmaceutical products Art & Copy , a 2009 documentary film about the advertising industry Product advertising Alcohol advertising Cosmetic advertising Fast food advertising Gambling advertising Legal advertising Mobile phone content advertising Tobacco advertising Toy advertising Media manipulation Context Bias Crowd psychology Deception Dumbing down False balance Half - truths Machiavellianism Media Obfuscation Orwellian Persuasion Psychological manipulation Activism Alternative media Boycott Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstrations Guerrilla communication Hacktivism Internet Media Occupations Petitions Protests Youth Advertising Billboards False Infomercials Mobiles Modeling Radio Sex Slogans Testimonials TV Criticism of advertising Censorship Regulation Books Broadcast law Burying of scholars Corporate Cover - ups Euphemism Films Historical negationism Internet Political Religious Self Hoaxing Alternative facts April Fools ' Fake news website Fakelore Fictitious entries Forgery Gaslighting List Literary Racial Urban legend Virus Marketing Branding Loyalty Product Product placement Publicity Research Word of mouth News media Agenda - setting Broadcasting Circus Cycle False balance Infotainment Managing Narcotizing dysfunction Newspeak Pseudo-event Scrum Sensationalism Tabloid journalism Political campaigning Advertising Astroturfing Attack ad Canvassing Character assassination Charm offensive Dog - whistle politics Election promises Lawn signs Manifestos Name recognition Negative Push polling Smear campaign Wedge issue Propaganda Bandwagon Crowd manipulation Disinformation Fearmongering Framing Indoctrination Loaded language Lying press National mythology Techniques Psychological warfare Airborne leaflets False flag Fifth column Information ( IT ) Lawfare Political Public diplomacy Sedition Subversion Public relations Cult of personality Doublespeak Non-apology apology Reputation management Slogans Sound bites Spin Transfer Understatement Weasel words Sales Cold calling Door - to - door Pricing Product demonstrations Promotion Promotional merchandise Telemarketing Media culture Media Mass media Mainstream media 24 - hour news cycle Corporate media News broadcasting News media Film Internet Radio Television Ideology Mainstream Advanced capitalism American Dream Bipartisanship Consumerism Pensée unique Pop music Deception Forms Advertising Propaganda Public relations Spin Tabloid journalism Techniques Cult of personality Dumbing down Framing Media circus Media event Narcotizing dysfunction Recuperation Sensationalism Others Crowd manipulation Managing the news Media manipulation Philosophers Theodor W. Adorno Jean Baudrillard Edward Bernays Noam Chomsky Guy Debord Walter Lippmann Marshall McLuhan Counterculture Boycott Civil disobedience Culture jamming Demonstration Graffiti Occupation Political satire Protest Punk Strike action In academia Influence of mass media Media studies Semiotic democracy The Lonely Crowd Issues Anonymity Concentration of media ownership Freedom of speech Media bias Privacy Synonyms Advanced capitalism Culture industry Mass society Post-Fordism Society of the Spectacle Aspects of capitalism ( academic views ) General Business cycle Competition Economic bubble Economic development Entrepreneurship Ecoprenuership Externalities Financial Revolution Globalization History of capitalist theory Industrial Revolution Innovation Invention Market failure Merit Multinational corporation Oligopoly Privatization Profit Property rights Regulation Wage labour Wealth Ideology American Dream Bipartisanship Democracy Free market Individualism Laissez - faire Liberalism Libertarianism Neoliberalism Cultural aspects Culture of capitalism Advertising Consumerism Decentralization Economic mobility Liberty Mainstream Philanthropy Private foundation Rule of law Social alienation Spontaneous order Social aspects Economic inequality Employment Freedom of association Labour market flexibility Labour supply Productivity Prosperity Social venture capital Unemployment Criticism Criticism Anti-capitalism Market fundamentalism Marxism Wage slavery Antithesis Anarchism Anarcho - syndicalism Communism Eco-socialism Libertarian socialism Mercantilism Post-scarcity economy Sharing economy Social anarchism Socialism Syndicalism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_advertising&oldid=826578241 '' Categories : Advertising Communication design Graphic design Economic history Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 22 : 33 . 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-5107142684197704199	M&M's	M&M 's - wikipedia M&M 's Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the candy . For other uses , see M&M . M&M 's Owner Mars , Incorporated Country United States Introduced February 28 , 1941 ; 76 years ago ( 1941 - 02 - 28 ) Related brands Minstrels , Revels , Treets Markets Worldwide ( over 100 countries ) Website www.mms.com M&M 's are `` colorful button - shaped chocolates '' , each of which has the letter `` m '' printed in lower case on one side , surrounds a filling which varies depending upon the variety of M&M 's . The original candy had a milk chocolate filling which , upon introducing other variations , was branded as the `` plain '' variety . `` Peanut '' M&M 's , which feature a peanut coated in milk chocolate , and finally a candy shell , were the first variation to be introduced , and they remain a regular variety . Numerous other variations have been introduced , some of which are regular widespread varieties ( such as `` peanut butter '' , `` almond '' , `` pretzel '' , `` crispy '' , `` dark chocolate '' , and `` caramel '' ) while others are limited in duration or geographic availability . M&M 's originated in the United States in 1941 , and are sold in over 100 countries , since 2003 . More than 400 million individual M&M 's are produced every day in the United States . They are produced in different colors , some of which have changed over the years . The candy - coated chocolate concept was inspired by a method used to allow soldiers to carry chocolate without having it melt . The company 's longest - lasting slogan reflects this : `` Melts in your mouth , not in your hand . '' A traditional milk chocolate M&M weighs about 0.91 grams / 0.032 ounces and has about 4.7 kilocalories ( kcal ) of food energy ( 1.7 kcal from fat ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 1930 - 70s 2 1980s 3 1990s 4 2000s 5 2010s 6 Varieties 7 Marketing 7.1 E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial 7.2 Marketing campaigns 7.3 Joint marketing campaigns 7.4 Related brands 8 M&M 's characters 9 Color changes in chocolate M&M 's 10 Health concerns 11 See also 12 References 13 External links 1930 - 70s ( edit ) Plain / Milk Chocolate M&M 's were introduced in 1941 . Forrest Mars , Sr. , son of the Mars Company founder , Frank C. Mars , copied the idea for the candy in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War when he saw soldiers eating British made Smarties , chocolate pellets with a colored shell of what confectioners call hard panning ( essentially hardened sugar syrup ) surrounding the outside , preventing the candies from melting . Mars received a patent for his own process on March 3 , 1941 . Production began in 1941 in a factory located at 285 Badger Avenue in Clinton Hill , Newark , New Jersey . When the company was founded it was M&M Limited . The two `` Ms '' represent the names of Forrest E. Mars Sr. , the founder of Newark Company , and Bruce Murrie , son of Hershey Chocolate 's president William F.R. Murrie , who had a 20 percent share in the product . The arrangement allowed the candies to be made with Hershey chocolate , as Hershey had control of the rationed chocolate at the time . M&M 's chocolate candy in cross-section with millimeter ruler for scale . Shows layers of hard panned coating . The demand for the candies during World War II caused an increase in production and its factory moved to bigger quarters at 200 North 12th Street in Newark , New Jersey , where it remained until 1958 when it moved to a bigger factory at Hackettstown . During the war , the candies were exclusively sold to the military . Peanut M&M 's were introduced in 1954 . In 1949 , the brand released the tagline `` Melts in your mouth , not in your hand . '' Peanut butter M&M 's . ( Not to be confused with Peanut M&Ms ) In 1950 , a black `` M '' was imprinted on the candies giving them a unique trademark . It was changed to white in 1954 . In the early 1950s , the Midwest Research Institute ( now MRIGlobal ) in Kansas City , Missouri , worked on behalf of M&M 's to perfect a process whereby 3,300 pounds ( 1,500 kg ) of chocolate centers could be coated every hour . Peanut M&M 's were introduced in 1954 but first appeared only in the color tan . In 1960 , M&M 's added the yellow , red , and green colors . In 1976 , orange was added to the M&M rainbow to replace red , which was discontinued due to the red dye scare over Red Dyes # 2 and # 4 having been evaluated to be carcinogenic in nature . In spite of the fact that M&M 's had used the less controversial Red Dye # 40 , the public was wary of any food being dyed red . Red M&M 's were re-introduced in 1987 . 1980s ( edit ) In the 1980s , M&M 's were introduced internationally to Australia , Canada , Europe , Hong Kong , Japan , Malaysia , and the United Kingdom . Although they were marketed and then withdrawn in the 1960s , almond - centered M&M 's were available again in 1988 in limited release , with appearances only during Christmas and Easter times ; they became a standard part of the product line in 1992 . Also in 1986 , M&M 's launched Holidays Chocolate Candies for Easter and Christmas , with the Easter candies having bunny , chick , and egg symbols on pastel - colored shells , and the Christmas candies having pine tree , bell , and candle symbols on red and green shells ; with the latter also having a special mint flavor . By 1993 , the holiday symbols were replaced with the standard trademark `` M '' . 1990s ( edit ) In 1991 , Peanut Butter M&M 's were released . These candies have peanut butter inside the chocolate center and the same color scheme as the other varieties . As of at least 2013 , the size of the peanut butter M&M has become slightly smaller . In 1995 , tan M&Ms were discontinued to be replaced by blue . In 1996 , Mars introduced `` M&M 's Minis '' , smaller candies usually sold in plastic tubes instead of bags . In 1999 , Crispy M&M 's were released . They were slightly larger than the milk chocolate variety and also featured a crispy wafer center . They were discontinued in the United States in 2005 and remained available in Europe , and Southeast Asia . In January 2015 , they returned to production in the United States . 2000s ( edit ) In July 2001 , Dulce de Leche M&M 's were introduced in five markets with large Hispanic populations : Los Angeles , California ; San Diego , California ; Miami , Florida ; Mcallen - Brownsville , Texas ; and San Antonio , Texas . The flavor never became popular with the Hispanic community , who preferred existing M&M 's flavors , and it was discontinued in most areas by early 2003 . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , Pretzel M&M 's were released . They contain a crunchy , salty pretzel center inside of the chocolate coating and are about the same size as the Peanut M&M 's , but their shape tends to be more spherical . In 2013 , the M&M 's chocolate bar was re-released . It was originally released in 2004 and named M - Azing . In 2014 , Mega M&M 's were re-introduced . Before then , the ' Mega M&M 's ' had been released in 2007 promoting the Shrek Movies , being dubbed `` Ogre - Sized M&M 's '' . In 2015 , Crispy M&M 's were re-introduced in the United States . They had remained available continuously in Europe and Australia . In 2016 , the M&M cookie was re-introduced in the United States . Also in 2016 , the M&M 's flavor vote was created in which the fans could vote for either honey , coffee , or chili nut M&M 's to go with peanut M&M 's . Coffee Nuts was announced as the winner by VEEP 's Tony Hale In April 2017 , M&M 's chocolate blocks went on sale in Australia . Six varieties ( milk chocolate , strawberry , crispy , hazelnut , crispy mint and almond ) are available . Also in 2017 , Caramel M&M 's were released in the United States . Varieties ( edit ) M&M 's varieties have included the following sizes and fillings . Note that some have only been made available for a limited time , such as white cheesecake for Easter , pumpkin spice or white candy corn for Halloween , and White Strawberry Shortcake for Valentine 's Day . sizes : regular ( in the following flavors ) , minis , mega ( × 3 the chocolate ) and the `` chocolate bar '' . chocolate : milk chocolate , dark chocolate , white chocolate nut : peanuts , almonds , peanut butter , dark chocolate peanut , strawberried peanut butter , strawberry nut spice and herb : mint chocolate , cinnamon , pumpkin spice , white chocolate peppermint , holiday mint , gingerbread , mint crisp , pumpkin spice latte , mocha , coffee nut , honey nut , and chili nut . fruit : orange chocolate , cherry , raspberry , cherry cordial , pineapple , coconut , candy apple dessert : pretzel , birthday cake , white chocolate candy corn , red velvet , dulce de leche , white chocolate carrot cake , vanilla shake , crispy , three milks ( tres leches ) , pecan pie , and caramel . colors : Easter regularly sees pastel - colored candies and Christmas bags have green and red only Marketing ( edit ) Over the years , marketing has helped build and expand the M&M 's brand . Computer - animated graphics , personification of the candies as characters with cartoon - like storytelling , and various merchandising techniques including the introduction of new flavors , colors and customizable merchandise have helped to increase the brand 's recognition as a candy icon . E.T. : the Extra-Terrestrial ( edit ) In 1982 , the Mars candy bar company rejected the inclusion of M&M 's in the new Steven Spielberg movie E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial . Competitor Hershey , on the other hand , took a chance with their Reese 's Pieces , which is similar to M&M 's but contains a peanut butter filling , and with the blockbuster success , its candy sales dramatically increased , perhaps by as much as 300 % . Marketing campaigns ( edit ) In 1990 , M&M 's exhibited at New York 's Erie County Fair a life - size fiberglass cow covered with 66,000 M&M candies -- each adhered by hand with the `` m '' logo on each candy facing outward . According to a website run by the cow 's designer , Michael Adams , the stunt earned M&M Mars $1 million in free publicity because it was reported on by Newsweek magazine , as well as the New York Post , UPI and WABC - TV , and Live with Regis . In 1995 , the company ran the M&M 's Color Campaign , a contest in which participants were given the choice of selecting purple , blue , or pink as the color of a new variety of M&M 's . The announcement of the winning color ( blue ) was carried on most of the television networks ' news programs as well as the talk shows of David Letterman and Jay Leno . As part of the contest results , the company had the Empire State Building lighted in blue . Although the financial details of these deals were not disclosed and neither was the campaign 's effect on sales , one marketing book estimated that the company `` collected millions '' in free publicity and that the campaign `` certainly '' resulted in an increasing of the brand 's awareness . In 1998 , M&M 's were styled as `` The Official Candy of the New Millennium , '' as MM is the Roman numeral for 2000 . This date was also the release of the rainbow M&M 's , which are multi-colored and filled with a variety of different fillings . In 2000 , `` Plain '' M&M 's ( a name created in 1954 when `` Peanut '' M&M 's were introduced ) were renamed `` Milk Chocolate '' M&M 's , and pictures of the candy pieces were added to the traditional brown and white packaging . Joint marketing campaigns ( edit ) In 1990 , Mars Snackfood US signed up to be a sponsor for NASCAR in the Sprint Cup Series . Drivers for the M&M 's - sponsored car through the years have included Ernie Irvan ( 1999 ) , Ken Schrader ( 2000 -- 02 ) , Eliott Sadler ( 2003 -- 06 ) , Ricky Rudd ( 2007 ) , David Gilliland ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Kyle Busch ( 2008 - current , won 2015 Sprint Cup Series Championship ) , and Michael McDowell . The introduction of the blue M&M to Australia was promoted by the Australian Football League 's Carlton Football Club , which wore sky - blue colored guernseys in one of its matches in 1997 instead of its traditional navy blue -- a color which the successful and fiercely traditional club had worn since the 1870s . In 2010 , Mars Snackfood Australia described it as the most successful promotional campaign it had ever engaged in . In April 2005 , M&M 's ran the `` mPire '' promotion to tie in with the Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith movie release . M&M 's were offered in dark chocolate varieties ( Regular and Peanut ) for the first time after a string of Addams Family M&M 's commercials . M&M 's World London In May 2004 , M&M 's ran a Shrek 2 promotion to tie in with the movie 's release . M&M 's were offered `` ogre - sized '' ( 65 % larger ) in swamp / ogre colors . They were sold at many stores displayed in huge cardboard - cutout ogre displays . In the summer of 2005 , Mars added `` Mega M&M 's '' to the lineup . These candies , at 55 % larger than the traditional M&M 's , were a little smaller than the ogre - sized version . They were available in milk chocolate and peanut varieties . The colors for Mega M&M 's were changed to less - bright colors , ostensibly to appeal to older consumers : teal ( replacing green ) , beige ( replacing orange ) , maroon ( replacing red ) , gold ( replacing yellow ) , blue - gray ( replacing blue ) , and brown . Outside of M&M 's World in Times Square , New York City In July 2006 , Dark Chocolate M&M 's reappeared in a purple package , followed in 2007 by Dark Chocolate Peanut M&M 's . Also in 2006 , the company piloted White Chocolate M&M 's as a tie - in with their `` Pirates of the Caribbean '' promotion . The company also offered eight new flavors of M&M 's via online sales , as well as at M&M 's World locations : `` All That Razz '' ; `` Eat , Drink , & Be Cherry '' ; `` A Day at the Peach '' ; `` Orange - U-Glad '' ; `` Mint Condition '' ; `` AlmonDeeLicious '' ; `` Nut What You Think '' ; and `` Cookie Monster '' . Mars also released a `` Crispy Mint '' variety in Australia that year . The M&M 's sponsored NASCAR stock car driven by Kyle Busch Also in 2006 , M&M 's became the official chocolate of NASCAR . In 2007 , M&M 's introduced a limited - edition raspberry flavor called `` M&M 's Razzberry Chocolate Candies '' . Also in 2007 , M&M 's produced a 50 - foot , smiling Lady Liberty M&M statue to kick off a campaign encouraging Americans to create their own M&M characters at mms.com . The website allows for people to log in and create their own character from scratch . They can choose features such as the color , shape , hair , and accessories . In 2008 , two limited - edition varieties of the candy were introduced -- `` Wildly Cherry '' M&M 's , and , as a marketing tie - in with the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , `` Mint Crisp '' M&M 's . M&M 's also introduced another new product called `` M&M 's Premiums '' in 2008 . They come in five flavors -- chocolate almond , mint chocolate , mocha , raspberry almond , and triple chocolate ( milk , dark , and white chocolate ) , which are sold in small upright cartons with a plastic bag inside . M&M 's Premiums do not have a candy shell but are coated with carnauba wax and color . Dark Chocolate was added in 2009 , replacing Mocha . During the summer of 2008 , My M&M 's launched ' Faces , ' which allows consumers to print the faces of loved ones on M&M 's chocolate candies at mymms.com . In February 2009 , M&M 's launched the `` M&M 's Colour Break - Up '' promotion in Australia where M&M 's were sold in separate packs ( one for each color ) : the packs included a code to win prizes . In Summer 2009 , M&M 's launched a limited - edition `` Strawberried Peanut Butter '' variant to tie in with the release of Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen . In addition , M&M 's launched a limited edition `` Coconut M&M 's , '' which became a permanent item in 2010 . M&M 's World on the Las Vegas Strip In early 2010 , M&M 's Bare All were released as part of a competition in Australia and New Zealand . M&M 's Bare All winning packs were ordinary M&M 's , but without colored shells . An official website was launched , along with television advertisements . In April 2010 , M&M 's launched a new pretzel variety . In November 2011 , Mars released M&M 's Cinnamon Milk Chocolate for Christmas . About the time pretzel M&M 's came out , the M&M 's wrapper designs in the U.S. were redone , from the old design , used from 2004 - early 2010 . In 2012 , M&M 's released two new Dark Chocolate flavors : Raspberry and Mint . Also that year , M&M 's released a White Chocolate flavor for the Easter season . From May 30 , 2012 , onwards , M&M 's will be launched in Macau . Its Macanese launch language is Portuguese . In 2012 , Peanut M&M 's were produced in the UK in a limited edition `` Red , White and Blues only '' pack , in connection with the country 's Diamond Jubilee and 2012 Summer Olympics . The ' M ' remains white on the white candies . The commercial advertising this promotional package had Yellow donning various outfits of British stereotypes to try to get into the limited edition pack . Similarly , to promote the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Peanut M&M 's were produced in a pack that contained only green , yellow , and blue candies , dubbed `` Brazilian M&M 's '' in reference to the colors of the flag of Brazil . `` Brazilian M&M 's '' were re-released in 2016 to promote the 2016 Summer Olympics , but are now available in both Chocolate and Peanut . In 2013 , M&M 's launched the `` Better with M '' campaign , which included cause - related marketing . The campaign worked with Habitat for Humanity and encouraged fans to use a Facebook app to volunteer at the various sites where the homes were being built . The advertising campaign was one of the largest that Mars had ever executed . The 2013 `` America Better With M '' initiative sough to provide money directly to Habitat for Humanity through offering limited versions of M&Ms in red , white and blue . Related brands ( edit ) Related candy brands from Mars include Minstrels , Revels , Skittles , and Treets . M&M 's World specialty shops have been established in some locations , including Las Vegas , Orlando , New York , London , and Shanghai . Several M&Ms - themed video games have been created . The first was M&M 's : The Lost Formulas , released on September 28 , 2000 . M&M 's characters ( edit ) The six `` spokescandies '' for M&M 's since 2012 Early black - and - white adverts for the candy in 1954 featured two talking , anthropomorphic M&M characters -- one plain and one peanut -- diving into a swimming pool full of chocolate . The first incarnation of the characters in CGI was a 1994 celebrity campaign which had the characters interacting with celebrities on which M&Ms candy color is their favorite . This campaign was created by Blue Sky Studios . Concurrent with 1995 's blue M&M campaign , M&M 's introduced second computer - animated `` spokescandies '' in their television commercials . The depiction and campaign of the M&M 's were made by Will Vinton in 1995 . Vinton previously created the clay - animation California Raisins in 1986 . Around the time he worked on CGI projects , he made the depiction of the M&M 's as more mature than most food mascots . These include the team of the cynical and sardonic Red ( originally voiced by Jon Lovitz , thereafter Billy West ) who is the mascot for milk chocolate , peanut butter , and crispy M&M 's , and the happy and gullible Yellow ( originally voiced by John Goodman , thereafter J.K. Simmons ) , who is the mascot for peanut M&M 's ( he was originally known as `` Peanut '' when first introduced ) . Other mascots include the `` cool one '' , Blue ( voiced by Phil Hartman until his death in 1998 , thereafter Robb Pruitt ) who is the mascot for almond M&M 's ; the seductive Green ( voiced by Cree Summer ) , who is the mascot for both dark chocolate mint and peanut butter M&M 's , and the slightly neurotic Orange ( voiced by Eric Kirchberger ) , who was introduced when Crispy M&M 's were first released and returned when Pretzel M&M 's debuted in 2010 . Orange , upon his return , was joined by the second non-M&M mascot , Pretzel Guy ( voiced by Maurice LaMarche ) , who `` supports '' him and offers helpful advice as he hates the idea of having a pretzel put inside his body . Other mascots that were introduced , but no longer used , are Almond , the original green guy ; Orange , a female peanut character , Chocolate Bar ; the first non-M&M character that always gets foiled or outdone by Red and Yellow by being melted when M&M 's ca n't , and the Swarmees for M&M 's Minis candies , which are portrayed as destructive yet crafty troublemakers who Red and Yellow are always trying unsuccessfully to contain . Female M&M 's mascots were introduced in 1995 . Green was the milk chocolate mascot and Tan was the peanut . Marketing discontinued Tan when they introduced the then - new Blue mascot . Green was the only female M&M 's mascot from her introduction in 1995 until 2012 when M&M 's unveiled a new additional spokescandy , the businesslike Ms. Brown ( voiced by Miss America 1984 Vanessa Williams ) , the `` Chief Chocolate Officer . '' She made her debut in a Super Bowl XLVI advertisement , where several people at a party assume she is naked because her shell is the same color as her insides , which causes Red to remove his outer shell thinking `` it 's that kind of party '' , and start dancing to the LMFAO song `` Sexy And I Know It . '' Color Character Type Voice actor Red Red Milk Chocolate , Dark Chocolate , Peanut Butter , and Crispy Jon Lovitz ( 1995 -- 96 ) Billy West ( 1996 -- present ) Yellow Yellow Peanut , and Dark Chocolate Peanut John Goodman ( 1995 -- 96 ) J.K. Simmons ( 1996 -- present ) Blue Blue Almond , Raspberry , and Dark Chocolate Phil Hartman ( 1995 -- 98 ) Robb Pruitt ( 1998 -- present ) Green Green Dark Chocolate , Dark Chocolate Mint , and Peanut Butter Cree Summer Orange Orange Crispy and Pretzel Eric Kirchberger Brown Ms. Brown Dark Chocolate and Milk Chocolate Vanessa Williams Tan Caramel ( cube ) Caramel David Cross Brown Pretzel ( symmetrical ) Pretzel Guy Maurice LaMarche Color changes in chocolate M&M 's ( edit ) Transparent chutes hold M&Ms of various colors . The original colors of M&M 's candies were red , yellow , violet , green and orange . In 1976 , the Food and Drug Administration released a study that linked red dye 2 in food coloring to cancer . Though Mars did not use this dye , they decided to pull the red M&M 's from the market to avoid possible misunderstandings . The red candy were reintroduced to the market ten years later . In early 1995 , Mars ran a promotion in which consumers were invited to vote on which of blue , pink , or purple would replace the tan M&M 's . Blue was the winner with 54 % of the votes . It replaced tan in late 1995 . Consumers could vote by calling 1 - 800 - FUN - COLOR . Ads for the new blue colors featured a plain and an almond blue M&M character as Red and Yellow take notice of trying to do takes in the commercial by painting themselves blue where they appear on stage with B.B. King singing the blues , but the filmmakers had to cut the scene as they were not the real blue M&M 's ; another featured Red and Yellow holding their breath to look like the new blue M&M 's , where Steven Weber sees the three M&M 's , Red , Yellow , and Blue ; and one more featuring Weber talking to the blue M&M if he had dived into the chocolate pool , but did not . In 2002 , Mars solicited votes in their first ever `` M&M 's Global Color Vote '' to add a new color from three choices : aqua ( turquoise ) , pink , and purple . Purple won and was featured for a limited time . To help the colors get votes , Ken Schrader and his MB2 Motorsports team , who was sponsored by M&M 's at the time , ran four paint schemes during the 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season representing the promotion ( one for aqua , one for pink , one for purple , and another one with all three colors on the car . ) Specially marked packages of M&M 's were released in Japan . Finding a bag of all purple M&M 's entitled the customer to a prize of 100 million yen ( equivalent to approximately USD $852,000 ) . On January 1 , 2004 , at the stroke of midnight , Mars removed all of the colors of M&M 's and made them black - and - white on both their candies and the packaging . It coincided with a commercial parodying The Wizard of Oz where Dorothy is home in bed and looks out of the window and sees what the colors of the four M&M 's were . The goal was to help the M&M 's find their colors in black - and - white packages of M&M 's , in this order : brown , orange , red , green , yellow , and blue . After all of the colors have been found , the colored packaging returned , and began carrying the theme `` Chocolate is better in color '' . Since 2004 , M&M 's have been available online in 17 colors , with personalized phrases on each candy on the opposite side from the `` m '' . Released around Christmas , these custom - printed M&M 's were originally intended for holiday greetings , but are now available all year round . For the 2008 Valentine 's Day season , Mars introduced all - green bags of M&M 's . This was due to common urban folklore that says green M&M 's are an aphrodisiac . They were brought back for 2009 alongside the `` Ms. Green Heats Up Valentine 's Day '' contest . In October 2011 , Mars released M&M 's White Chocolate Candy Corn exclusively in the United States for Halloween . These candies come in three candy corn inspired colors : white , bright yellow , and bright orange . The following is a summary of the changes to the colors of the flagship ( milk chocolate ) flavor of M&M 's , the only filling manufactured continuously since the beginning of the brand . From 1941 until 1969 , each package contained M&M 's in five different colors ; when red M&M 's were reintroduced in 1987 , they were added as a sixth color instead of replacing any of the existing colors . 1940 ‒ 2010 Health concerns ( edit ) Red candies were eliminated in 1976 because of health concerns over the dye amaranth ( FD&C Red # 2 ) , which was a suspected carcinogen , and were replaced with orange - colored candies . This was done despite the fact that M&M 's did not contain the dye ; the action was purely to satisfy worried consumers . Red candies were reintroduced ten years later , but they also kept the orange colored M&M 's . Paul Hethmon , then a student at University of Tennessee , started the campaign to bring back red M&M 's as a joke that would eventually become a worldwide phenomenon . In Europe , red M&M 's contain the red dye carmine ( E120 ) . Carmine , also known as cochineal , has had some campaigns launched against its use in food , because it is made from crushed insects . Notably , Starbucks in the UK had a campaign launched against it for using carmine . See also ( edit ) United States portal Similar candies from other companies : Smarties Cadbury Gems Reese 's Pieces Sixlets Presidential M&M 's References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : M&M 's candy fades to black and white , a December Reuters article via USA Today Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 2002 ) . Peanuts : The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 9780252025532 . Jump up ^ `` The Mars Family Net Worth '' . TheRichest . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's Mega -- with three times as much chocolate -- hits stores '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Per M&M / Mars FAQ , How many candies are in a bag ? Jump up ^ By calculation from M&M 's nutrition info page . Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week : Archive '' . Web.mit.edu. 2005 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2005 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Looking Back at Newark Origins of World - Famous M&M Chocolates - virtualnewarknj.com - Retrieved August 28 , 2008 '' . virtualnewarknj.com. April 12 , 1981 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murrie , William F.R. ; 1873 -- 1950 - hersheyarchives.com - Retrieved January 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week : Archive '' . Web.mit.edu . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Looking Back at Newark Origins of World - Famous M&M Chocolates - virtualnewarknj.com - Retrieved August 28 , 2008 '' . virtual.com. April 12 , 1981 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew F. ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . Food and Drink in American History : A `` Full Course '' Encyclopedia ( 3 Volumes ) : A `` Full Course '' Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781610692335 . Jump up ^ `` MRI Breakthroughs '' . Mriresearch.org . September 11 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 2012 ) . Fast Food and Junk Food : An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313393938 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 'S ® About M&MSŽ : History '' . Mms.com. 2010 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` M&M lovers pick purple - Jun. 20 , 2002 '' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` M&M Minis '' . mms.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M / MARS Woos Latinos With New `` M&M 's '' Dulce de Leche - Caramel Chocolate Candies ; New Flavor to Premiere in Markets With Highest Concentration of Latinos . Food & Beverage > Food Industry from `` . AllBusiness.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Seat ! Dulce de Leche M&M 's Fail '' . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` This New M&M 's Flavour Will Fuel Your Coffee Addiction '' . TIME. 2016 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mars Chocolate North America ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` M&M 'S ® Launches New Soft Caramel - Filled Chocolate Candies '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : Coffee Nut , Honey Nut , and Chili Nut M&M 's ( M&M 's Flavor Vote ) '' . The Impulsive Buy . 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Snopes : Taking it E.T. `` Business by its very nature is cut - throat ; competitors rarely aid one another because one company 's success almost invariably comes at the expense of the other 's vitality . When such leg - ups occur , they are often inadvertent -- the result of one firm 's having failed to take advantage of an opportunity that its competitor later cleaned up on . Such was the case when Mars , Inc. passed on the chance for its flagship product , M&Ms , to be the candy used in 1982 film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Its turn - down cleared the way for Hershey Foods Corporation to make a remarkable splash for its Reese 's Pieces . '' Jump up ^ `` Events - M&M Candy Cow '' . Behindthescenesmarketing.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : William M. Luther ( 2001 ) . The Marketing Plan : How to Prepare and Implement it ( 3rd ed . ) . AMACOM . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 2615 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kane , Courtney ( June 29 , 2000 ) . `` THE MEDIA BUSINESS : ADVERTISING ; M&M / Mars concludes , after 46 years , that ' Plain ' does not do justice to the original M&M 's candy '' . `` The New York Times '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Candy Man comes to Carlton '' . Carlton Football Club . 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jon ( 9 February 2010 ) . `` Mars backs Carlton Blues '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's get mega-sized '' . CNNMoney.com . Time Warner . August 4 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 'S Color Break Up '' . Mars . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) m-msbareall.com . Archived January 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` About M&MS ® : Products : Pretzel '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` M&M 'S Launching ' Better With M ' Marketing Campaign '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schultz , EJ ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` Rewind : 1954 Ad Shows M&Ms Characters Go for a Chocolatey Swim '' . Ad Age . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors - M&M 's - Voice of Red '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( 2012 - 02 - 17 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' The Good Wife , ' awards shows and ' The Little Couple ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Carr , David ( 2003 ) . Candymaking in Canada : The History and Business of Canada 's Confectionery Industry . Dundurn . ISBN 9781550023954 . Jump up ^ `` Custom Printed MY M&M 'S '' . mms.com . Mars , Incorporated . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M&M 'S Chocolate Candies go green just in time for Valentine 's Day '' . PRNewswire . January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of M&M 'S Brand '' . mms.com . Mars , Incorporated . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The man who brought Red M&M 's back to life '' . WBIR. 2014 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ M&Ms Peanut Pouch Red M&Ms Tesco Jump up ^ Starbucks red dye campaign What is carmine and why is Starbucks taking it out of its products ? External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to M&M 's . Official website The History of M&M 's Chocolates from us.mms.com ( hide ) Mars , Incorporated Mars family Franklin Clarence Mars Ethel V. Mars Forrest Mars , Sr . Forrest Mars , Jr . John Franklyn Mars Jacqueline Mars Victoria B. Mars Brands Chocolate 3 Musketeers A. Korkunov Balisto Bounty Celebrations Dove Ethel M Fling Flyte Kudos M - Azing M&M 's Maltesers Mars Milky Way Revels Snickers Topic Tracker Treets Twix Galaxy Galaxy Milk Chocolate Galaxy Caramel Galaxy Counters Galaxy Crispy Galaxy Hazelnut Galaxy Fruit & Nut Galaxy Minstrels Galaxy Ripple Galaxy Senzi Galaxy Amicelli Galaxy Bubbles Galaxy Jewels Galaxy Promises Galaxy Honeycomb Crisp Galaxy Cookie Crumble Galaxy Orange & Shortcake Other foods Combos Dolmio Masterfoods Munch Promite Seeds of Change Uncle Ben 's Drink CocoaVia FLAVIA Klix Wrigley gum and confections Chewing gum With sugar Alert Big Red Doublemint Juicy Fruit Wrigley 's Spearmint Winterfresh Sugarfree 5 Airwaves Eclipse Ice Excel Extra Freedent Orbit Surpass Bubblegum With sugar Alpine Big League Chew Bubble Tape Hubba Bubba Sugarfree Ouch ! Mint and candy Altoids Eclipse Life Savers Lockets Skittles Starburst Tunes Pet care Products ADVANCE Aquarium Pharmaceuticals Buckeye Nutrition Cesar Chappie Eukanuba Exelpet Greenies Iams Medi - Cal My Dog Natura Nutro Pedigree Pill Pockets Royal Canin Schmackos Seramis Sheba Spillers Teasers Techni - Cal Whiskas Winergy Wisdom Panel MX Mixed Breed DNA Test Services Banfield Pet Hospital VCA Animal Hospitals ( pending ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%26M%27s&oldid=815892513 '' Categories : Mars confectionery brands Candy Brand name chocolate Products introduced in 1941 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Ślůnski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what were the original m and m colors	[ "Peanut M&M's were introduced in 1954 but first appeared[14] only in the color tan. In 1960, M&M's added the yellow, red, and green colors." ]	[ "tan" ]
7328567139296693948	900 (skateboarding)	900 ( Skateboarding ) - wikipedia 900 ( Skateboarding ) Jump to : navigation , search The 900 is a 21⁄2 - revolution ( 900 degrees ) aerial spin performed on a skateboard ramp . While airborne , the skateboarder makes two - and - a-half turns about their longitudinal axis , thereby facing down when coming down . It is considered one of skateboarding 's most technically demanding tricks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Hawk 2 1999 X-Games 3 Successful landings 4 Other sports 5 References Pre-hawk ( edit ) A number of opinions exist about pre-1999 900s . The most prominent of these is the argument that Danny Way landed the 900 in 1989 , and it appears in an early Santa Cruz film . In 1999 Tony Hawk said : Well , he was shown in a video almost 10 years ago . He was really close , but he did n't make it . He came the closest by far , but they cut the video before he fell . So it may have misled some people . There are only four people who have been able to spin completely and he 's one of them . Tas Pappas and Rob Boyce also have spun it , but they have n't landed it . 1999 X-Games ( edit ) In the months before the 1999 X-Games , Tas Pappas had been developing the 900 . After being photographed by Grant Brittain of Transworld Skateboarding , sequences of his attempts were available for study . Tas was hoping to debut the trick at the competition in the Best Trick competition . Despite competing in the vert competition , he was not allowed to compete in the Best Trick competition by the organizers . Tony Hawk , one of the most successful vertical pro skateboarders in the world , landed `` The 900 '' at the 1999 X-Games after ten failed attempts . It was past regulation time but , as one announcer said , `` We make up the rules as we go along . Let 's give him another try . '' Other skaters protested , but Hawk continued . Hawk twice landed on his board , but it flew out from under him . When he finally completed the trick , his arms windmilled and his hand barely grazed the ramp . Nonetheless , he rode away . He was awarded 1st place in the `` Best Trick '' event despite going over the time limit . At a later X-Games , Hawk landed the trick again , this time during regulation time . In his book , the 900 was the last on the wishlist of tricks Hawk had written a decade earlier . Other tricks on the list included the ollie 540 , kickflip 540 , and varial 720 . In a 1999 interview , Hawk said he does not have `` any desire to spin further '' . He did , however , successfully land the trick during press interviews for the video game Tony Hawk : Ride and at the `` Tony Hawk : RIDE Presents Stand Up for Skate Parks '' event . In 2011 Hawk was still able to land his famous 900 and posted a video of the trick via his Twitter account stating `` I 'm 43 and I did a 900 today . '' On June 27 , 2016 , Hawk successfully landed another 900 at age 48 , 17 years to the day from when he completed his first at the X-Games , and indicated that it would likely be his last 900 . Successful landings ( edit ) Tony Hawk , June 27 1999 , X-Games , San Francisco , California ( USA ) Giorgio Zattoni , April 2004 , Marianna HC , Ravenna ( Italy ) Sandro Dias , May 2004 , Latin X-Games , Rio de Janeiro ( Brazil ) Alex Perelson , July 2009 , Maloof Money Cup , Costa Mesa , California ( USA ) Bob Burnquist , first fakie to fakie Indy 900 , August 2010 Mega Ramp , ( USA ) Mitchie Brusco , July 2011 , Nescau MegaRamp Invitational , São Paulo ( Brazil ) Elliot Sloan , October 2011 , Maloof Money Cup , South Africa Tom Schaar , October 2011 , MegaRamp Woodward West , Tehachapi , California ( USA ) ( at age 12 ) Zac Rose , April 2012 at Rye Airfield , NH ( USA ) Jonathan Schwan , April 2013 , at MegaRamp Woodward West , Tehachapi , California ( USA ) Clay Kreiner , July 13 , 2013 , at the Mini MegaRamp Woodward East , Woodward , Pennsylvania ( USA ) Tas Pappas , April 24 , 2014 , Megaramp Victoria Australia Asher Bradshaw , at 10 years old , May 23 , 2014 , on the vert ramp at Woodward West , Tehachapi , California ( USA ) Evan Doherty , at 11 years old , on August 23 , 2014 , on the Vert ramp at Rocky Mountain Rampage Vert Contest , in Colorado Springs , CO . Luigi Cini , on Vert Ramp , Brazil . September 17th , 2016 . Gui Khury , at 8 years old , September 30th , 2017 on the Vert Ramp in Brazil . The advent of the MegaRamp , invented in 2002 , gives much higher vertical height which enabled even more revolutions and on March 26th , 2012 , Tom Schaar landed a 1080 on his 5th attempt . Other sports ( edit ) The 900 can also be attempted on a BMX bike , skis , snowboard , inline skates or a scooter . BMX - Rider Mat Hoffman was the first person to successfully land the 900 on film at a competition in Canada in 1989 . At the 2002 X Games , Hoffman took the trick a step further by landing a no - handed 900 . Simon Tabron 's signature trick is the 900 . In the 2007 X Games 13 Simon Tabron landed the first back - to - back 900s . Because the gear of snowboarders , skiers , and inline skaters is affixed to their feet , the 900 is not considered to be a difficult trick for professionals in those sports and is performed rather often . 1620 and 1800 degree spins have been landed on skis , a 1620 has been performed on a snowboard as well as on inline skates , 1080 on BMX , 1080 on scooter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Danny Way - Risk it '' . YouTube . 2010 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : 1999 Summer X Games : Chat wrap : Hawk soars to legendary status Archived April 4 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for Exit Through the Gift Shop ( 2010 ) '' . IMDb . IMDb.com , Inc. 1990 -- 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Garry Maddox ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` After the fall '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` X Games San Francisco , CA '' . World Cup Skateboarding . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Polly Sprenger . `` Twist and Shout at the X Games '' . Wired-vig.wired.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Stand Up for Skateparks : Tony Hawk Lands The 900 For His Foundation Supporters '' . tonyhawkfoundation.org . October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk 900 in Linkoping Sweden '' . Jump up ^ 14 mei 2011 . `` Twitter / tonyhawk : I 'm 43 and I did a 900 today '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk Lands 900 At 48 ! '' . RIDE Channel . 2016 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Hawk 900 '' . YouTube . 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The 900 - Giorgio Zattoni - Volume Video 3 - June 2004 '' . YouTube . 2006 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sandro Dias 900 '' . YouTube . 2006 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Perelson 900 '' . YouTube . 2011 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Perelson Makes History '' . xgames.espn.go.com . July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Mega 900 '' . Skateboard.Tv . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - year - old Mitchie Brusco lands MegaRamp 900 in Sao Paulo , Brazil '' . ESPN.com . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elliot Sloan lands first 900 tailgrab on MiniMega at Maloof South Africa '' . ESPN.com . October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 12 - year - old Tom Schaar youngest skater to land 900 '' . ESPN.com . October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Rose 900 Stomp '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Theeve welcomes Jono Schwan and new Mega Truck '' . YouTube . 2013 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jono Schwans 900 on the Woodward West MegaRamp '' . woodwardwest.com. April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clay Kreiner 's First 900 Super Slow - mo '' . YouTube . 2013 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tas Pappas - The first Aussie 900 on ANZAC Day '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Asher Bradshaw - Youngest Person To Land 900 '' . YouTube . 2012 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Asher Bradshaw becomes youngest to land 900 '' . X Games . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 11 year old Evan Doherty `` Big E '' Lands the 900 on Vert `` . YouTube . 2014 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` @ luigicini on Instagram : `` Super stoked to land my first 900 yesterday ! É difícil de acreditar ! Não podia estar mais feliz com o meu primeiro 900 no meu primeiro ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Gui Khury on Instagram : `` 🌪 900 🌪 # 8yearsold # thankyouskateboarding @ ebanxlife @ dropdeadskateboard @ triple8nyc @ nikesb @ mundiskateshop @ 90theoriginal # 900 # skateboard ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Skateboarder Tom Schaar `` My First X '' : The Evolution Of The 1080 by NetworkA ( published to YouTube on Jun 25 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` March 25th 1989 / March 25 2011 -- my first 900 , 22 yrs '' . mathoffman.com . March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Best BMX Performances in X Games History : 1 . Mat Hoffman , No - Handed 900 , 2002 X Games in Philadelphia '' . Jul 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BMX : Simon Tabron 900 '' . YouTube . 2008 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` * 2007 X-GAMES @ 23MAG BMX '' . 23mag.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1620 on Skis in Halfpipe '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` First Switch 1800 in Competition '' . xgames.espn.go.com . March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Torin Yater - Wallace 1800 in competition '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1620 on Snowboard - World record - `` They came from '' `` . YouTube . 2009 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ulrik Badertscher 1620 - Dew Tour Snowboard Big Air '' . YouTube . 2012 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Schepman Official First Ever 1620 On Rollerblades '' . YouTube . 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Schepman : World 's first 1620 ( Woodward ) '' . rollernews.com . August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BMX 1080 first ever X-Air 2007 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Spinner Pulls World 's First 1080 at X-Air : February 12 , 2007 '' . bmx.transworld.net . February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jordan Jasa ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) , 1080 on a Scooter ! , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 ( hide ) Skateboarding Skateboarding styles Freestyle skateboarding Street skateboarding Vert skateboarding Slalom skateboarding Skateboarding tricks 900 1080 Aerials Benihana Casper Flip tricks Freestyle tricks Grabs Grinds Heelflip Kickflip Lip tricks Ollie No comply Pole jam Shove - it Slides Skateboard variations Brakeboard Caster board Fingerboard Flowboard Freeboard Longboard Snakeboard Street luge Other Skate punk Skate shoes Skateboarders / Female skateboarders Skatepark Sponsorship Terminology Skateboarding companies Skatestopper Skateboarding at the Summer Olympics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=900_(skateboarding)&oldid=842418405 '' Categories : Skateboarding tricks Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 09 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who landed the first 900 on a skateboard	[ "Tony Hawk, June 27 1999, X-Games, San Francisco, California (USA)[11]" ]	[ "Tony Hawk" ]
-3641585077146960849	Big Five personality traits	Big Five personality traits - wikipedia Big Five personality traits Jump to : navigation , search The relationship between the big five personality traits The Big Five personality traits , also known as the five factor model ( FFM ) , is a model based on common language descriptors of personality . When factor analysis ( a statistical technique ) is applied to personality survey data , some words used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person . For example , someone described as `` conscientious '' is more likely to be described as `` always prepared '' rather than `` messy '' . This theory is based therefore on the association between words but not on neuropsychological experiments . This theory uses descriptors of common language and therefore suggests five broad dimensions commonly used to describe the human personality and psyche . The five factors have been defined as openness to experience , conscientiousness , extraversion , agreeableness , and neuroticism , often represented by the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE . Beneath each proposed global factor , a number of correlated and more specific primary factors are claimed . For example , extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness , assertiveness , excitement seeking , warmth , activity , and positive emotions . That these factors can be found is consistent with the lexical hypothesis : first of all those personality characteristics that are most important in peoples ' lives will eventually become a part of their language ; secondly that more important personality characteristics are more likely to be encoded into language as a single word . Five factors Openness to experience : ( inventive / curious vs. consistent / cautious ) . Appreciation for art , emotion , adventure , unusual ideas , curiosity , and variety of experience . Openness reflects the degree of intellectual curiosity , creativity and a preference for novelty and variety a person has . It is also described as the extent to which a person is imaginative or independent and depicts a personal preference for a variety of activities over a strict routine . High openness can be perceived as unpredictability or lack of focus . Moreover , individuals with high openness are said to pursue self - actualization specifically by seeking out intense , euphoric experiences . Conversely , those with low openness seek to gain fulfillment through perseverance and are characterized as pragmatic and data - driven -- sometimes even perceived to be dogmatic and closed - minded . Some disagreement remains about how to interpret and contextualize the openness factor . Conscientiousness : ( efficient / organized vs. easy - going / careless ) . A tendency to be organized and dependable , show self - discipline , act dutifully , aim for achievement , and prefer planned rather than spontaneous behavior . High conscientiousness is often perceived as stubbornness and obsession . Low conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and spontaneity , but can also appear as sloppiness and lack of reliability . Extraversion : ( outgoing / energetic vs. solitary / reserved ) . Energy , positive emotions , surgency , assertiveness , sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others , and talkativeness . High extraversion is often perceived as attention - seeking , and domineering . Low extraversion causes a reserved , reflective personality , which can be perceived as aloof or self - absorbed . Agreeableness : ( friendly / compassionate vs. challenging / detached ) . A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others . It is also a measure of one 's trusting and helpful nature , and whether a person is generally well - tempered or not . High agreeableness is often seen as naive or submissive . Low agreeableness personalities are often competitive or challenging people , which can be seen as argumentativeness or untrustworthiness . Neuroticism : ( sensitive / nervous vs. secure / confident ) . The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily , such as anger , anxiety , depression , and vulnerability . Neuroticism also refers to the degree of emotional stability and impulse control and is sometimes referred to by its low pole , `` emotional stability '' . A high need for stability manifests itself as a stable and calm personality , but can be seen as uninspiring and unconcerned . A low need for stability causes a reactive and excitable personality , often very dynamic individuals , but they can be perceived as unstable or insecure . People who do n't exhibit a clear tendency towards specific characteristics chosen from the above - mentioned related pairs in all five dimensions are ( considered ) adaptable , moderate and reasonable personalities , but can be perceived as unprincipled , inscrutable and calculating . The Big five personality traits was the model to comprehend the relationship between personality and academic behaviors . This model was defined by several independent sets of researchers . These researchers began by studying relationships between a large number of known personality traits . They reduced the lists of these traits ( arbitrarily ) by 5 -- 10 fold and then used factor analysis to group the remaining traits ( using data mostly based upon people 's estimations , in self - report questionnaire and peer ratings ) in order to find the underlying factors of personality . The initial model was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal in 1961 , but failed to reach an academic audience until the 1980s . In 1990 , J.M. Digman advanced his five - factor model of personality , which Lewis Goldberg extended to the highest level of organization . These five overarching domains have been found to contain and subsume most known personality traits and are assumed to represent the basic structure behind all personality traits . At least four sets of researchers have worked independently for decades on this problem and have identified generally the same five factors : Tupes and Cristal were first , followed by Goldberg at the Oregon Research Institute , Cattell at the University of Illinois , and Costa and McCrae at the National Institutes of Health . These four sets of researchers used somewhat different methods in finding the five traits , and thus each set of five factors has somewhat different names and definitions . However , all have been found to be highly inter-correlated and factor - analytically aligned . Studies indicate that the Big Five traits are not nearly as powerful in predicting and explaining actual behavior as are the more numerous facets or primary traits . Each of the Big Five personality traits contains two separate , but correlated , aspects reflecting a level of personality below the broad domains but above the many facet scales that are also part of the Big Five . The aspects are labeled as follows : Volatility and Withdrawal for Neuroticism ; Enthusiasm and Assertiveness for Extraversion ; Intellect and Openness for Openness / Intellect ; Industriousness and Orderliness for Conscientiousness ; and Compassion and Politeness for Agreeableness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Descriptions of the particular personality traits 1.1 Openness to experience 1.1. 1 Sample items 1.2 Conscientiousness 1.2. 1 Sample items 1.3 Extraversion 1.3. 1 Sample items 1.4 Agreeableness 1.4. 1 Sample items 1.5 Neuroticism 1.5. 1 Sample items 2 History 2.1 Early trait research 2.2 Hiatus in research 2.3 Renewed attention 3 Biological and developmental factors 3.1 Temperament vs. personality 3.2 Heritability 3.3 Non-humans 3.4 Development during childhood and adolescence 3.4. 1 Extraversion / positive emotionality 3.5 Development throughout adulthood 4 Group differences 4.1 Gender differences 4.2 Birth - order differences 5 Cultural differences 6 Relationships 6.1 Personality disorders 6.2 Common mental disorders 6.2. 1 The personality - psychopathology models 6.3 Health 6.4 Education 6.4. 1 Academic achievement 6.4. 2 Learning styles 6.5 Work success 6.6 Romantic relationships 6.7 Predictive power of personality traits 7 Measurements 8 Critique 8.1 Limited scope 8.2 Methodological issues 8.3 Theoretical status 8.4 Evidence for six factors rather than five 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Descriptions of the particular personality traits ( edit ) Openness to experience ( edit ) Openness is a general appreciation for art , emotion , adventure , unusual ideas , imagination , curiosity , and variety of experience . People who are open to experience are intellectually curious , open to emotion , sensitive to beauty and willing to try new things . They tend to be , when compared to closed people , more creative and more aware of their feelings . They are also more likely to hold unconventional beliefs . A particular individual , however , may have a high overall openness score and be interested in learning and exploring new cultures but have no great interest in art or poetry . Sample items ( edit ) I have excellent ideas . I am quick to understand things . I use difficult words . I am full of ideas . I am not interested in abstractions . ( reversed ) I do not have a good imagination . ( reversed ) I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas . ( reversed ) Conscientiousness ( edit ) Conscientiousness is a tendency to display self - discipline , act dutifully , and strive for achievement against measures or outside expectations . It is related to the way in which people control , regulate , and direct their impulses . High scores on conscientiousness indicate a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior . The average level of conscientiousness rises among young adults and then declines among older adults . Sample items ( edit ) I am always prepared . I pay attention to details . I get chores done right away . I like order . I follow a schedule . I am exacting in my work . I leave my belongings around . ( reversed ) I make a mess of things . ( reversed ) I often forget to put things back in their proper place . ( reversed ) I shirk my duties . ( reversed ) Extraversion ( edit ) Extraversion is characterized by breadth of activities ( as opposed to depth ) , surgency from external activity / situations , and energy creation from external means . The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world . Extraverts enjoy interacting with people , and are often perceived as full of energy . They tend to be enthusiastic , action - oriented individuals . They possess high group visibility , like to talk , and assert themselves . Introverts have lower social engagement and energy levels than extraverts . They tend to seem quiet , low - key , deliberate , and less involved in the social world . Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression ; instead they are more independent of their social world than extraverts . Introverts need less stimulation than extraverts and more time alone . This does not mean that they are unfriendly or antisocial ; rather , they are reserved in social situations . Sample items ( edit ) I am the life of the party . I do n't mind being the center of attention . I feel comfortable around people . I start conversations . I talk to a lot of different people at parties . I do n't talk a lot . ( reversed ) I think a lot before I speak or act . ( reversed ) I do n't like to draw attention to myself . ( reversed ) I am quiet around strangers . ( reversed ) I have no intention of talking in large crowds . ( reversed ) Agreeableness ( edit ) The agreeableness trait reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony . Agreeable individuals value getting along with others . They are generally considerate , kind , generous , trusting and trustworthy , helpful , and willing to compromise their interests with others . Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature . Disagreeable individuals place self - interest above getting along with others . They are generally unconcerned with others ' well - being , and are less likely to extend themselves for other people . Sometimes their skepticism about others ' motives causes them to be suspicious , unfriendly , and uncooperative . Because agreeableness is a social trait , research has shown that one 's agreeableness positively correlates with the quality of relationships with one 's team members . Agreeableness also positively predicts transformational leadership skills . In a study conducted among 169 participants in leadership positions in a variety of professions , individuals were asked to take a personality test and have two evaluations completed by directly supervised subordinates . Leaders with high levels of agreeableness were more likely to be considered transformational rather than transactional . Although the relationship was not strong , ( r = 0.32 , β = 0.28 , p < 0.01 ) it was the strongest of the Big Five traits . However , the same study showed no predictive power of leadership effectiveness as evaluated by the leader 's direct supervisor . Agreeableness , however , has been found to be negatively related to transactional leadership in the military . A study of Asian military units showed leaders with a high level of agreeableness to be more likely to receive a low rating for transformational leadership skills . Therefore , with further research organizations may be able to determine an individual 's potential for performance based on their personality traits . Sample items ( edit ) I am interested in people . I sympathize with others ' feelings . I have a soft heart . I take time out for others . I feel others ' emotions . I make people feel at ease . I am not really interested in others . ( reversed ) I insult people . ( reversed ) I am not interested in other people 's problems . ( reversed ) I feel little concern for others . ( reversed ) Neuroticism ( edit ) Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions , such as anger , anxiety , or depression . It is sometimes called emotional instability , or is reversed and referred to as emotional stability . According to Eysenck 's ( 1967 ) theory of personality , neuroticism is interlinked with low tolerance for stress or aversive stimuli . Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress . They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening , and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult . Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time , which means they are often in a bad mood . For instance , neuroticism is connected to a pessimistic approach toward work , confidence that work impedes personal relationships , and apparent anxiety linked with work . Furthermore , those who score high on neuroticism may display more skin - conductance reactivity than those who score low on neuroticism . These problems in emotional regulation can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neuroticism to think clearly , make decisions , and cope effectively with stress . Lacking contentment in one 's life achievements can correlate with high neuroticism scores and increase one 's likelihood of falling into clinical depression . Moreover , individuals high in neuroticism tend to experience more negative life events , but neuroticism also changes in response to positive and negative life experiences . At the other end of the scale , individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive . They tend to be calm , emotionally stable , and free from persistent negative feelings . Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low - scorers experience a lot of positive feelings . Neuroticism is similar but not identical to being neurotic in the Freudian sense ( i.e. , neurosis . ) Some psychologists prefer to call neuroticism by the term emotional instability to differentiate it from the term neurotic in a career test . Sample items ( edit ) I get irritated easily . I get stressed out easily . I get upset easily . I have frequent mood swings . I worry about things . I am much more anxious than most people . I am relaxed most of the time . ( reversed ) I seldom feel blue . ( reversed ) History ( edit ) Early trait research ( edit ) In 1884 , Sir Francis Galton was the first person who is known to have investigated the hypothesis that it is possible to derive a comprehensive taxonomy of human personality traits by sampling language : the lexical hypothesis . In 1936 , Gordon Allport and S. Odbert put Sir Francis Galton 's hypothesis into practice by extracting 4,504 adjectives which they believed were descriptive of observable and relatively permanent traits from the dictionaries at that time . In 1940 , Raymond Cattell retained the adjectives , and eliminated synonyms to reduce the total to 171 . He constructed a self - report instrument for the clusters of personality traits he found from the adjectives , which he called the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire . Based on a subset of only 20 of the 36 dimensions that Cattell had originally discovered , Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal claimed to have found just five broad factors which they labeled : `` surgency '' , `` agreeableness '' , `` dependability '' , `` emotional stability '' , and `` culture '' . Warren Norman subsequently relabeled `` dependability '' as `` conscientiousness '' . Hiatus in research ( edit ) For the next two decades , the changing zeitgeist made publication of personality research difficult . In his 1968 book Personality and Assessment , Walter Mischel asserted that personality instruments could not predict behavior with a correlation of more than 0.3 . Social psychologists like Mischel argued that attitudes and behavior were not stable , but varied with the situation . Predicting behavior from personality instruments was claimed to be impossible . However , it has subsequently been demonstrated empirically that the magnitude of the predictive correlations with real - life criteria can increase significantly under stressful emotional conditions ( as opposed to the typical administration of personality measures under neutral emotional conditions ) , thereby accounting for a significantly greater proportion of the predictive variance . In addition , emerging methodologies challenged this point of view during the 1980s . Instead of trying to predict single instances of behavior , which was unreliable , researchers found that they could predict patterns of behavior by aggregating large numbers of observations . As a result , correlations between personality and behavior increased substantially , and it was clear that `` personality '' did in fact exist . Personality and social psychologists now generally agree that both personal and situational variables are needed to account for human behavior . Trait theories became justified , and there was a resurgence of interest in this area . In the 1980s , Lewis Goldberg started his own lexical project , emphasizing five broad factors once again . He later coined the term `` Big Five '' as a label for the factors . Renewed attention ( edit ) In a 1980 symposium in Honolulu , four prominent researchers , Lewis Goldberg , Naomi Takemoto - Chock , Andrew Comrey , and John M. Digman , reviewed the available personality instruments of the day . This event was followed by widespread acceptance of the five - factor model among personality researchers during the 1980s . Peter Saville and his team included the five - factor `` Pentagon '' model with the original OPQ in 1984 . Pentagon was closely followed by the NEO five - factor personality inventory , published by Costa and McCrae in 1985 . However , the methodology employed in constructing the NEO instrument has been subjected to critical scrutiny ( see section below ) . Biological and developmental factors ( edit ) Temperament vs. personality ( edit ) There are debates between researchers of temperament and researchers of personality as to whether or not biologically - based differences define a concept of temperament or a part of personality . The presence of such differences in pre-cultural individuals ( such as animals or young infants ) suggests that they belong to temperament since personality is a socio - cultural concept . For this reason developmental psychologists generally interpret individual differences in children as an expression of temperament rather than personality . Some researchers argue that temperaments and personality traits are age - specific manifestations of virtually the same latent qualities . Some believe that early childhood temperaments may become adolescent and adult personality traits as individuals ' basic genetic characteristics actively , reactively , and passively interact with their changing environments . Researchers of adult temperament point out that , similarly to sex , age and mental illness , temperament is based on biochemical systems whereas personality is a product of socialization of an individual possessing these four types of features . Temperament interacts with social - cultural factors , but still can not be controlled or easily changed by these factors . Therefore , it is suggested that temperament should be kept as an independent concept for further studies and not be conflated with personality . Moreover , temperament refers to dynamical features of behaviour ( energetic , tempo , sensitivity and emotionality - related ) , whereas personality is to be considered a psycho - social construct comprising the content characteristics of human behavior ( such as values , attitudes , habits , preferences , personal history , self - image ) . Temperament researchers point out that the lack of attention to extant temperament research by the developers of the Big Five model lead to an overlap between its dimensions and dimensions described in multiple temperament models much earlier . For example , neuroticism reflects the traditional temperament dimension of emotionality , extraversion the temperament dimension of `` energy '' or `` activity '' , and openness to experience the temperament dimension of sensation - seeking . Heritability ( edit ) Personality research conducted on twin subjects suggests that both heritable and environmental factors contribute to the Big Five personality traits . Genetically informative research , including twin studies , suggest that heritability and environmental factors both influence all five factors to the same degree . Among four recent twin studies , the mean percentage for heritability was calculated for each personality and it was concluded that heritability influenced the five factors broadly . The self - report measures were as follows : openness to experience was estimated to have a 57 % genetic influence , extraversion 54 % , conscientiousness 49 % , neuroticism 48 % , and agreeableness 42 % . Non-humans ( edit ) The Big 5 personality traits can be seen in chimpanzees . The Big Five personality traits have been assessed in some non-human species but methodology is debatable . In one series of studies , human ratings of chimpanzees using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire , revealed factors of extraversion , conscientiousness and agreeableness -- as well as an additional factor of dominance -- across hundreds of chimpanzees in zoological parks , a large naturalistic sanctuary , and a research laboratory . Neuroticism and openness factors were found in an original zoo sample , but were not replicated in a new zoo sample or in other settings ( perhaps reflecting the design of the CPQ ) . A study review found that markers for the three dimensions extraversion , neuroticism , and agreeableness were found most consistently across different species , followed by openness ; only chimpanzees showed markers for conscientious behavior . Development during childhood and adolescence ( edit ) Research on the Big Five , and personality in general , has focused primarily on individual differences in adulthood , rather than in childhood and adolescence . Yet , recent studies have begun to explore the developmental origins and trajectories of the Big Five among children and adolescents . Contrary to some researchers who question whether children have stable personality traits , Big Five or otherwise , most researchers contend that there are significant psychological differences between children that are associated with relatively stable , distinct , and salient behavior patterns . Some of these differences are evident at , if not before , birth . For example , both parents and researchers recognize that some newborn infants are peaceful and easily soothed while others are comparatively fussy and hard to calm . The structure , manifestations , and development of the Big Five in childhood and adolescence has been studied using a variety of methods , including parent - and teacher - ratings , preadolescent and adolescent self - and peer - ratings , and observations of parent - child interactions . Results from these studies support the relative stability of personality traits across the human lifespan , at least from preschool age through adulthood . More specifically , research suggests that four of the Big Five -- namely Extraversion , Neuroticism , Conscientiousness , and Agreeableness - reliably describe personality differences in childhood , adolescence , and adulthood . However , some evidence suggests that Openness may not be a fundamental , stable part of childhood personality . Although some researchers have found that Openness in children and adolescents relates to attributes such as creativity , curiosity , imagination , and intellect , many researchers have failed to find distinct individual differences in Openness in childhood and early adolescence . Potentially , Openness may ( a ) manifest in unique , currently unknown ways in childhood or ( b ) may only manifest as children develop socially and cognitively . Other studies have found evidence for all of the Big Five traits in childhood and adolescence as well as two other child - specific traits : Irritability and Activity . Despite these specific differences , the majority of findings suggest that personality traits -- particularly Extraversion , Neuroticism , Conscientiousness , and Agreeableness - are evident in childhood and adolescence and are associated with distinct social - emotional patterns of behavior that are largely consistent with adult manifestations of those same personality traits . Extraversion / positive emotionality ( edit ) In Big Five studies , extraversion has been associated with surgency . Children with high Extraversion are energetic , talkative , social , and dominant with children and adults ; whereas , children with low Extraversion tend to be quiet , calm , inhibited , and submissive to other children and adults . Individual differences in Extraversion first manifest in infancy as varying levels of positive emotionality . These differences in turn predict social and physical activity during later childhood and may represent , or be associated with , the behavioral activation system . In children , Extraversion / Positive Emotionality includes four sub-traits : three traits that are similar to the previously described traits of temperament -- activity , sociability , shyness , and the trait of dominance . Activity : Similarly to findings in temperament research , children with high activity tend to have high energy levels and more intense and frequent motor activity compared to their peers . Salient differences in activity reliably manifest in infancy , persist through adolescence , and fade as motor activity decreases in adulthood or potentially develops into talkativeness . Dominance : Children with high dominance tend to influence the behavior of others , particularly their peers , to obtain desirable rewards or outcomes . Such children are generally skilled at organizing activities and games and deceiving others by controlling their nonverbal behavior . Shyness : Children with high shyness are generally socially withdrawn , nervous , and inhibited around strangers . In time , such children may become fearful even around `` known others '' , especially if their peers reject them . Similar pattern was described in temperament longitudinal studies of shyness Sociability : Children with high sociability generally prefer to be with others rather than alone . During middle childhood , the distinction between low sociability and high shyness becomes more pronounced , particularly as children gain greater control over how and where they spend their time . Development throughout adulthood ( edit ) Many studies of longitudinal data , which correlate people 's test scores over time , and cross-sectional data , which compare personality levels across different age groups , show a high degree of stability in personality traits during adulthood , similarly to longitudinal research in temperament for the same traits . It is shown that the personality stabilizes for working - age individuals within about four years after starting working . There is also little evidence that adverse life events can have any significant impact on the personality of individuals . More recent research and meta - analyses of previous studies , however , indicate that change occurs in all five traits at various points in the lifespan . The new research shows evidence for a maturation effect . On average , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness typically increase with time , whereas extraversion , neuroticism , and openness tend to decrease . Research has also demonstrated that changes in Big Five personality traits depend on the individual 's current stage of development . For example , levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness demonstrate a negative trend during childhood and early adolescence before trending upwards during late adolescence and into adulthood . In addition to these group effects , there are individual differences : different people demonstrate unique patterns of change at all stages of life . In addition , some research ( Fleeson , 2001 ) suggests that the Big Five should not be conceived of as dichotomies ( such as extraversion vs. introversion ) but as continua . Each individual has the capacity to move along each dimension as circumstances ( social or temporal ) change . He is or she is therefore not simply on one end of each trait dichotomy but is a blend of both , exhibiting some characteristics more often than others : Research regarding personality with growing age has suggested that as individuals enter their elder years ( 79 -- 86 ) , those with lower IQ see a raise in extraversion , but a decline in conscientiousness and physical well being . Research by Cobb - Clark and Schurer indicates that personality traits are generally stable among adult workers . The research done on personality also mirrors previous results on locus of control . Group differences ( edit ) Gender differences ( edit ) Cross-cultural research has shown some patterns of gender differences on responses to the NEO-PI - R and the Big Five Inventory . For example , women consistently report higher Neuroticism , Agreeableness , warmth ( an extraversion facet ) and openness to feelings , and men often report higher assertiveness ( a facet of extraversion ) and openness to ideas as assessed by the NEO-PI - R . A study of gender differences in 55 nations using the Big Five Inventory found that women tended to be somewhat higher than men in neuroticism , extraversion , agreeableness , and conscientiousness . The difference in neuroticism was the most prominent and consistent , with significant differences found in 49 of the 55 nations surveyed . Gender differences in personality traits are largest in prosperous , healthy , and more gender - egalitarian cultures . A plausible explanation for this is that acts by women in individualistic , egalitarian countries are more likely to be attributed to their personality , rather than being attributed to ascribed gender roles within collectivist , traditional countries . Differences in the magnitude of sex differences between more or less developed world regions were due to differences between men , not women , in these respective regions . That is , men in highly developed world regions were less neurotic , extraverted , conscientious and agreeable compared to men in less developed world regions . Women , on the other hand tended not to differ in personality traits across regions . The authors of this study speculated that resource - poor environments ( that is , countries with low levels of development ) may inhibit the development of gender differences , whereas resource - rich environments facilitate them . This may be because males require more resources than females in order to reach their full developmental potential . The authors also argued that due to different evolutionary pressures , men may have evolved to be more risk taking and socially dominant , whereas women evolved to be more cautious and nurturing . Ancient hunter - gatherer societies may have been more egalitarian than later agriculturally oriented societies . Hence , the development of gender inequalities may have acted to constrain the development of gender differences in personality that originally evolved in hunter - gatherer societies . As modern societies have become more egalitarian , again , it may be that innate sex differences are no longer constrained and hence manifest more fully than in less - developed cultures . Currently , this hypothesis remains untested , as gender differences in modern societies have not been compared with those in hunter - gatherer societies . Birth - order differences ( edit ) Main article : Birth order Frank Sulloway argues that firstborns are more conscientious , more socially dominant , less agreeable , and less open to new ideas compared to laterborns . Large - scale studies using random samples and self - report personality tests , however , have found milder effects than Sulloway claimed , or no significant effects of birth order on personality . Cultural differences ( edit ) Main article : Big Five personality traits and culture The Big Five have been pursued in a variety of languages and cultures , such as German , Chinese , Indian , etc . For example , Thompson has claimed to find the Big Five structure across several cultures using an international English language scale . Cheung , van de Vijver , and Leong ( 2011 ) suggest , however , that the Openness factor is particularly unsupported in Asian countries and that a different fifth factor is identified . Recent work has found relationships between Geert Hofstede 's cultural factors , Individualism , Power Distance , Masculinity , and Uncertainty Avoidance , with the average Big Five scores in a country . For instance , the degree to which a country values individualism correlates with its average extraversion , whereas people living in cultures which are accepting of large inequalities in their power structures tend to score somewhat higher on conscientiousness . Attempts to replicate the Big Five in other countries with local dictionaries have succeeded in some countries but not in others . Apparently , for instance , Hungarians do not appear to have a single agreeableness factor . Other researchers have found evidence for agreeableness but not for other factors . Relationships ( edit ) Personality disorders ( edit ) Main article : Personality disorders As of 2002 , there were over fifty published studies relating the FFM to personality disorders . Since that time , quite a number of additional studies have expanded on this research base and provided further empirical support for understanding the DSM personality disorders in terms of the FFM domains . In her review of the personality disorder literature published in 2007 , Lee Anna Clark asserted that `` the five - factor model of personality is widely accepted as representing the higher - order structure of both normal and abnormal personality traits '' . However , other researches disagree that this model is widely accepted ( see the section Critique below ) and suggest that it simply replicates early temperament research . Noticeably , FFM publications never compare their findings to temperament models even though temperament and mental disorders ( especially personality disorders ) are thought to be based on the same neurotransmitter imbalances , just to varying degrees . The five - factor model was claimed to significantly predict all ten personality disorder symptoms and outperform the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI ) in the prediction of borderline , avoidant , and dependent personality disorder symptoms . However , most predictions related to an increase in Neuroticism and a decrease in Agreeableness , and therefore did not differentiate between the disorders very well . Common mental disorders ( edit ) Average deviation of five factor personality profile of heroin users from the population mean . N stands for Neuroticism , E for Extraversion , O for Openness to experience , A for Agreeableness and C for Conscientiousness . Converging evidence from several nationally representative studies has established three classes of mental disorders which are especially common in the general population : Depressive disorders ( e.g. , major depressive disorder ( MDD ) , dysthymic disorder ) , anxiety disorders ( e.g. , generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) , post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , panic disorder , agoraphobia , specific phobia , and social phobia ) , and substance use disorders ( SUDs ) . These common mental disorders ( CMDs ) have been empirically linked to the Big Five personality traits , neuroticism in particular . Numerous studies have found that having high scores of neuroticism significantly increases one 's risk for developing a CMD . A large - scale meta - analysis ( n > 75,000 ) examining the relationship between all of the Big Five personality traits and CMDs found that low conscientiousness yielded consistently strong effects for each CMD examined ( i.e. , MDD , dysthymic disorder , GAD , PTSD , panic disorder , agoraphobia , social phobia , specific phobia , and SUD ) . This finding parallels research on physical health , which has established that conscientiousness is the strongest personality predictor of mortality and is highly correlated with making poor health choices . In regards to the other personality domains , the meta - analysis found that all CMDs examined were defined by high neuroticism , most exhibited low extraversion , only SUD was linked to agreeableness ( negatively ) , and no disorders were associated with Openness . A meta - analysis of 59 longitudinal studies showed that high neuroticism predicted the development of anxiety , depression , substance abuse , psychosis , schizophrenia , and non-specific mental distress , also after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history . The personality - psychopathology models ( edit ) Five major models have been posed to explain the nature of the relationship between personality and mental illness . There is currently no single `` best model '' , as each of them has received at least some empirical support . It is also important to note that these models are not mutually exclusive -- more than one may be operating for a particular individual and various mental disorders may be explained by different models . The Vulnerability / Risk Model : According to this model , personality contributes to the onset or etiology of various common mental disorders . In other words , pre-existing personality traits either cause the development of CMDs directly or enhance the impact of causal risk factors . There is strong support for neuroticism being a robust vulnerability factor . The Pathoplasty Model : This model proposes that premorbid personality traits impact the expression , course , severity , and / or treatment response of a mental disorder . An example of this relationship would be a heightened likelihood of committing suicide for a depressed individual who also has low levels of constraint . The Common Cause Model : According to the common cause model , personality traits are predictive of CMDs because personality and psychopathology have shared genetic and environmental determinants which result in non-causal associations between the two constructs . The Spectrum Model : This model proposes that associations between personality and psychopathology are found because these two constructs both occupy a single domain or spectrum and psychopathology is simply a display of the extremes of normal personality function . Support for this model is provided by an issue of criterion overlap . For instance , two of the primary facet scales of neuroticism in the NEO-PI - R are `` depression '' and `` anxiety '' . Thus the fact that diagnostic criteria for depression , anxiety , and neuroticism assess the same content increases the correlations between these domains . The Scar Model : According to the scar model , episodes of a mental disorder ' scar ' an individual 's personality , changing it in significant ways from premorbid functioning . An example of a scar effect would be a decrease in openness to experience following an episode of PTSD . Health ( edit ) Being highly conscientious may add as much as five years to one 's life . The Big Five personality traits also predict positive health outcomes . In an elderly Japanese sample , conscientiousness , extraversion , and openness were related to lower risk of mortality . Education ( edit ) Academic achievement ( edit ) Personality plays an important role that affects academic achievement . A study conducted with 308 undergraduates who completed the Five Factor Inventory Processes and offered their GPA suggested that conscientiousness and agreeableness have a positive relationship with all types of learning styles ( synthesis analysis , methodical study , fact retention , and elaborative processing ) , whereas neuroticism has an inverse relationship with them all . Moreover , extraversion and openness were proportional to elaborative processing . The Big Five personality traits accounted for 14 % of the variance in GPA , suggesting that personality traits make some contributions to academic performance . Furthermore , reflective learning styles ( synthesis - analysis and elaborative processing ) were able to mediate the relationship between openness and GPA . These results indicate that intellectual curiousness has significant enhancement in academic performance if students can combine their scholarly interest with thoughtful information processing . Psychology Outline History Subfields Basic types Abnormal Behavioral genetics Biological Cognitive Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Differential Developmental Evolutionary Experimental Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Quantitative Social Applied psychology Applied behavior analysis Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Environmental Ergonomics Forensic Health Humanistic Industrial and organizational Interpretive Legal Medical Military Music Occupational health Political Religion School Sport Traffic Lists Disciplines Organizations Psychologists Psychotherapies Publications Research methods Theories Timeline Topics Psychology portal A recent study of Israeli high - school students found that those in the gifted program systematically scored higher on openness and lower on neuroticism than those not in the gifted program . While not a measure of the Big Five , gifted students also reported less state anxiety than students not in the gifted program . Specific Big Five personality traits predict learning styles in addition to academic success . GPA and exam performance are both predicted by conscientiousness neuroticism is negatively related to academic success openness predicts utilizing synthesis - analysis and elaborative - processing learning styles neuroticism negatively correlates with learning styles in general openness and extraversion both predict all four learning styles . Studies conducted on college students have concluded that hope , which is linked to agreeableness , has a positive effect on psychological well being . Individuals high in neurotic tendencies are less likely to display hopeful tendencies and are negatively associated with well - being . Personality can sometimes be flexible and measuring the big five personality for individuals as they enter certain stages of life may predict their educational identity . Recent studies have suggested the likelihood of an individual 's personality affecting their educational identity . Learning styles ( edit ) Learning styles have been described as `` enduring ways of thinking and processing information '' . Although there is no evidence that personality determines thinking styles , they may be intertwined in ways that link thinking styles to the Big Five personality traits . There is no general consensus on the number or specifications of particular learning styles , but there have been many different proposals . Smeck , Ribicj , and Ramanaih ( 1997 ) defined four types of learning styles : synthesis analysis methodical study fact retention elaborative processing When all four facets are implicated within the classroom , they will each likely improve academic achievement . This model asserts that students develop either agentic / shallow processing or reflective / deep processing . Deep processors are more often than not found to be more conscientious , intellectually open , and extraverted when compared to shallow processors . Deep processing is associated with appropriate study methods ( methodical study ) and a stronger ability to analyze information ( synthesis analysis ) , whereas shallow processors prefer structured fact retention learning styles and are better suited for elaborative processing . The main functions of these four specific learning styles are as follows : Name Function Synthesis analysis : processing information , forming categories , and organizing them into hierarchies . This is the only one of the learning styles that has explained a significant impact on academic performance . Methodical study : methodical behavior while completing academic assignments Fact retention : focusing on the actual result instead of understanding the logic behind something Elaborative processing : connecting and applying new ideas to existing knowledge Openness has been linked to learning styles that often lead to academic success and higher grades like synthesis analysis and methodical study . Because conscientiousness and openness have been shown to predict all four learning styles , it suggests that individuals who possess characteristics like discipline , determination , and curiosity are more likely to engage in all of the above learning styles . According to the research carried out by Komarraju , Karau , Schmeck & Avdic ( 2011 ) , conscientiousness and agreeableness are positively related with all four learning styles , whereas neuroticism was negatively related with those four . Furthermore , extraversion and openness were only positively related to elaborative processing , and openness itself correlated with higher academic achievement . Besides openness , all Big Five personality traits helped predict the educational identity of students . Based on these findings , scientists are beginning to see that there might be a large influence of the Big Five traits on academic motivation that then leads to predicting a student 's academic performance . Recent studies suggest that Big Five personality traits combined with learning styles can help predict some variations in the academic performance and the academic motivation of an individual which can then influence their academic achievements . This may be seen because individual differences in personality represent stable approaches to information processing . For instance , conscientiousness has consistently emerged as a stable predictor of success in exam performance , largely because conscientious students experience fewer study delays . The reason conscientiousness shows a positive association with the four learning styles is because students with high levels of conscientiousness develop focused learning strategies and appear to be more disciplined and achievement - oriented . The Association for Psychological Science ( APS ) , however , recently commissioned a report whose conclusion indicates that no significant evidence exists to make the conclusion that learning - style assessments should be included in the education system . The APS also suggested in their report that all existing learning styles have not been exhausted and that there could exist learning styles that have the potential to be worthy of being included in educational practices . Thus it is premature , at best , to conclude that the evidence linking the Big Five to `` learning styles '' , or `` learning styles '' to learning itself , is valid . Work success ( edit ) Controversy exists as to whether or not the Big 5 personality traits are correlated with success in the workplace . It is believed that the Big Five traits are predictors of future performance outcomes . Job outcome measures include job and training proficiency and personnel data . However , research demonstrating such prediction has been criticized , in part because of the apparently low correlation coefficients characterizing the relationship between personality and job performance . In a 2007 article co-authored by six current or former editors of psychological journals , Dr. Kevin Murphy , Professor of Psychology at Pennsylvania State University and Editor of the Journal of Applied Psychology ( 1996 -- 2002 ) , states : The problem with personality tests is ... that the validity of personality measures as predictors of job performance is often disappointingly low . The argument for using personality tests to predict performance does not strike me as convincing in the first place . Such criticisms were put forward by Walter Mischel , whose publication caused a two - decades ' long crisis in personality psychometrics . However , later work demonstrated ( 1 ) that the correlations obtained by psychometric personality researchers were actually very respectable by comparative standards , and ( 2 ) that the economic value of even incremental increases in prediction accuracy was exceptionally large , given the vast difference in performance by those who occupy complex job positions . There have been studies that link national innovation to openness to experience and conscientiousness . Those who express these traits have showed leadership and beneficial ideas towards the country of origin . Some businesses , organizations , and interviewers assess individuals based on the Big Five personality traits . Research has suggested that individuals who are considered leaders typically exhibit lower amounts of neurotic traits , maintain higher levels of openness ( envisioning success ) , balanced levels of conscientiousness ( well - organized ) , and balanced levels of extraversion ( outgoing , but not excessive ) . Further studies have linked professional burnout to neuroticism , and extraversion to enduring positive work experience . When it comes to making money , research has suggested that those who are high in agreeableness ( especially men ) are not as successful in accumulating income . Some research suggests that vocational outcomes are correlated to Big Five personality traits . Conscientiousness predicts job performance in general . In addition , research has demonstrated that Agreeableness is negatively related to salary . Those high in Agreeableness make less , on average , than those low in the same trait . Neuroticism is also negatively related to salary while Conscientiousness and Extraversion are positive predictors of salary . Occupational self - efficacy has also been shown to be positively correlated with conscientiousness and negatively correlated with neuroticism . Significant predictors of career - advancement goals are : extraversion , conscientiousness , and agreeableness . Research designed to investigate the individual effects of Big Five personality traits on work performance via worker completed surveys and supervisor ratings of work performance has implicated individual traits in several different work roles performances . A `` work role '' is defined as the responsibilities an individual has while they are working . Nine work roles have been identified , which can be classified in three broader categories : proficiency ( the ability of a worker to effectively perform their work duties ) , adaptivity ( a workers ability to change working strategies in response to changing work environments ) , and proactivity ( extent to which a worker will spontaneously put forth effort to change the work environment ) . These three categories of behavior can then be directed towards three different levels : either the individual , team , or organizational level leading to the nine different work role performance possibilities . Openness is positively related to proactivity at the individual and the organizational levels and is negatively related to team and organizational proficiency . These effects were found to be completely independent of one another . Agreeableness is negatively related to individual task proactivity . Extraversion is negatively related to individual task proficiency . Conscientiousness is positively related to all forms of work role performance . Neuroticism is negatively related to all forms of work role performance . Two theories have been integrated in an attempt to account for these differences in work role performance . Trait activation theory posits that within a person trait levels predict future behavior , that trait levels differ between people , and that work - related cues activate traits which leads to work relevant behaviors . Role theory suggests that role senders provide cues to elicit desired behaviors . In this context , role senders ( i.e. : supervisors , managers , et cetera ) provide workers with cues for expected behaviors , which in turn activates personality traits and work relevant behaviors . In essence , expectations of the role sender lead to different behavioral outcomes depending on the trait levels of individual workers and because people differ in trait levels , responses to these cues will not be universal . Romantic relationships ( edit ) The predictive power of the Big Five personality traits extends to satisfaction in romantic relationships . Recent research demonstrates that personality trait levels may predict relationship quality in dating , engaged , and married couples via measures of the Big Five , self - reported measures of personality traits and relationship quality by participants in romantic relationships , partner - reported measures of participating partner 's personality traits and relationship quality , physiological measures , and ratings of relationship quality by a qualified observer . Dating couples Self - reported relationship quality is negatively related to partner - reported neuroticism and positively related to both self and partner - reported conscientiousness Engaged couples Self - reported relationship quality was higher among those high in partner - reported openness , agreeableness and conscientiousness . Self - reported relationship quality was higher among those high in self - reported extraversion and agreeableness . Self - reported relationship quality is negatively related to both self and partner - reported neuroticism Observers rated the relationship quality higher if the participating partner 's self - reported extraversion was high Married couples High self - reported neuroticism , extraversion , and agreeableness are related to high levels of self - reported relationship quality Partner - reported agreeableness is related to observed relationship quality . Predictive power of personality traits ( edit ) The predictive power of the Big Five personality traits is robust across life domains : personal , interpersonal , and social or institutional . Recent research indicated that personality traits may be equally strong predictors of mortality ( adding as much as five years to one 's life ) , divorce , and job performance as socioeconomic status and cognitive ability . High neuroticism precedes the development of all common mental disorders . However , research in support of this finding is limited and further evidence is required to fully uncover the strength of the predictive power of personality traits on life outcomes . Social and contextual parameters also play a role in outcomes and the interaction between the two is not yet fully understood . Measurements ( edit ) Several measures of the Big Five exist : International Personality Item Pool ( IPIP ) NEO-PI - R The Ten - Item Personality Inventory ( TIPI ) and the Five Item Personality Inventory ( FIPI ) are very abbreviated rating forms of the Big Five personality traits . Self - descriptive sentence questionnaires Lexical questionnaires Self - report questionnaires Relative - scored Big 5 measure The most frequently used measures of the Big Five comprise either items that are self - descriptive sentences or , in the case of lexical measures , items that are single adjectives . Due to the length of sentence - based and some lexical measures , short forms have been developed and validated for use in applied research settings where questionnaire space and respondent time are limited , such as the 40 - item balanced International English Big - Five Mini-Markers or a very brief ( 10 item ) measure of the Big Five domains . Research has suggested that some methodologies in administering personality tests are inadequate in length and provide insufficient detail to truly evaluate personality . Usually , longer , more detailed questions will give a more accurate portrayal of personality . The five factor structure has been replicated in peer reports . However , many of the substantive findings rely on self - reports . Much of the evidence on the measures of the Big 5 relies on self - report questionnaires , which makes self - report bias and falsification of responses difficult to deal with and account for . It has been argued that the Big Five tests do not create an accurate personality profile because the responses given on these tests are not true in all cases . For example , questionnaires are answered by potential employees who might choose answers that paint them in the best light . Research suggests that a relative - scored Big Five measure in which respondents had to make repeated choices between equally desirable personality descriptors may be a potential alternative to traditional Big Five measures in accurately assessing personality traits , especially when lying or biased responding is present . When compared with a traditional Big Five measure for its ability to predict GPA and creative achievement under both normal and `` fake good '' - bias response conditions , the relative - scored measure significantly and consistently predicted these outcomes under both conditions ; however , the Likert questionnaire lost its predictive ability in the faking condition . Thus , the relative - scored measure proved to be less affected by biased responding than the Likert measure of the Big Five . Andrew H. Schwartz analyzed 700 million words , phrases , and topic instances collected from the Facebook messages of 75,000 volunteers , who also took standard personality tests , and found striking variations in language with personality , gender , and age . Critique ( edit ) The proposed Big Five model has been subjected to considerable critical scrutiny and defense for the model . Subsequent critical replies by Jack Block at the University of California Berkeley followed . It has been argued that there are limitations to the scope of the Big Five model as an explanatory or predictive theory . It has also been argued that measures of the Big Five account for only 56 % of the normal personality trait sphere alone ( not even considering the abnormal personality trait sphere ) . Also , the static Big Five is not theory - driven , it is merely a data - driven investigation of certain descriptors that tend to cluster together often based on less than optimal factor analytic procedures . Measures of the Big Five constructs appear to show some consistency in interviews , self - descriptions and observations , and this static five - factor structure seems to be found across a wide range of participants of different ages and cultures . However , while genotypic temperament trait dimensions might appear across different cultures , the phenotypic expression of personality traits differs profoundly across different cultures as a function of the different socio - cultural conditioning and experiential learning that takes place within different cultural settings . Moreover , the fact that the Big Five model was based on lexical hypothesis , ( i.e. on the verbal descriptors of individual differences ) indicated strong methodological flaws in this model , especially related to its main factors , Extraversion and Neuroticism . First , there is a natural pro-social bias of language in people 's verbal evaluations . After all , language is an invention of group dynamics that was developed to facilitate socialization , the exchange of information and to synchronize group activity . This social function of language therefore creates a sociability bias in verbal descriptors of human behaviour : there are more words related to social than physical or even mental aspects of behavior . The sheer number of such descriptors will cause them to group into a largest factor in any language , and such grouping has nothing to do with the way that core systems of individual differences are set up . Second , there is also a negativity bias in emotionality ( i.e. most emotions have negative affectivity ) , and there are more words in language to describe negative rather than positive emotions . Such asymmetry in emotional valence creates another bias in language . Experiments using the lexical hypothesis approach indeed demonstrated that the use of lexical material skews the resulting dimensionality according to a sociability bias of language and a negativity bias of emotionality , grouping all evaluations around these two dimensions . This means that the two largest dimensions in the Big Five model might be just an artifact of the lexical approach that this model employed . Limited scope ( edit ) One common criticism is that the Big Five does not explain all of human personality . Some psychologists have dissented from the model precisely because they feel it neglects other domains of personality , such as religiosity , manipulativeness / machiavellianism , honesty , sexiness / seductiveness , thriftiness , conservativeness , masculinity / femininity , snobbishness / egotism , sense of humour , and risk - taking / thrill - seeking . Dan P. McAdams has called the Big Five a `` psychology of the stranger '' , because they refer to traits that are relatively easy to observe in a stranger ; other aspects of personality that are more privately held or more context - dependent are excluded from the Big Five . In many studies , the five factors are not fully orthogonal to one another ; that is , the five factors are not independent . Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by some researchers because it minimizes redundancy between the dimensions . This is particularly important when the goal of a study is to provide a comprehensive description of personality with as few variables as possible . Methodological issues ( edit ) Factor analysis , the statistical method used to identify the dimensional structure of observed variables , lacks a universally recognized basis for choosing among solutions with different numbers of factors . A five factor solution depends on some degree of interpretation by the analyst . A larger number of factors may underlie these five factors . This has led to disputes about the `` true '' number of factors . Big Five proponents have responded that although other solutions may be viable in a single dataset , only the five factor structure consistently replicates across different studies . Moreover , the factor analysis that this model is based on is a linear method incapable of capturing nonlinear , feedback and contingent relationships between core systems of individual differences . Theoretical status ( edit ) A frequent criticism is that the Big Five is not based on any underlying theory ; it is merely an empirical finding that certain descriptors cluster together under factor analysis . Although this does not mean that these five factors do not exist , the underlying causes behind them are unknown . Jack Block 's final published work before his death in January 2010 drew together his lifetime perspective on the five - factor model . He summarized his critique of the model in terms of : the atheoretical nature of the five - factors . their `` cloudy '' measurement . the model 's inappropriateness for studying early childhood . the use of factor analysis as the exclusive paradigm for conceptualizing personality . the continuing non-consensual understandings of the five - factors . the existence of unrecognized but successful efforts to specify aspects of character not subsumed by the five - factors . He went on to suggest that repeatedly observed higher order factors hierarchically above the proclaimed Big Five personality traits may promise deeper biological understanding of the origins and implications of these superfactors . Evidence for six factors rather than Five ( edit ) It has been noted that even though early lexical studies in the English language indicated five large groups of personality traits , more recent , and more comprehensive , cross-language studies have provided evidence for six large groups rather than five . These six groups forms the basis of the HEXACO model of personality structure . Based on these findings it has been suggested that the Big Five system should be replaced by HEXACO , or revised to better align with lexical evidence . See also ( edit ) Big Five personality traits and culture Core self - evaluations DISC assessment Facet Goal orientation HEXACO model of personality structure Moral foundations theory Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator Personality psychology Szondi test Trait theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , L.R. ( 1993 ) . `` The structure of phenotypic personality traits '' . American Psychologist. 48 : 26 -- 34 . PMID 8427480 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 48.1. 26 . Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. Jr . & McCrae , R.R. ( 1992 ) . Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO-PI - R ) and NEO Five - Factor Inventory ( NEO-FFI ) manual . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources . Jump up ^ Matthews , Gerald ; Deary , Ian J. ; Whiteman , Martha C. ( 2003 ) . Personality Traits ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83107 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Toegel , G. ; Barsoux , J.L. 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Psychological Review . 109 : 202 -- 205 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 109.1. 202 . Jump up ^ Boyle , G.J. , Stankov , L. , & Cattell , R.B. ( 1995 ) . Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence . In D.H. Saklofske & M. Zeidner ( Eds . ) , International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence ( pp. 431 -- 433 ) . Jump up ^ Schacter , Gilbert , Wegner ( 2011 ) . Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . Worth . pp. 474 -- 475 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Piekkola , B ( 2011 ) . `` Traits across cultures : A neo-Allportian perspective '' . Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology . 31 : 2 -- 24 . doi : 10.1037 / a0022478 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , Sampo V ; Jackson , Douglas N ( 2000 ) . `` What Is Beyond the Big Five ? Plenty ! '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality . 68 ( October 2000 ) : 821 -- 835 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.00117 . Jump up ^ Paunonen , S.V. ; Haddock , G. ; Forsterling , F. ; Keinonen , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Broad versus Narrow Personality Measures and the Prediction of Behaviour Across Cultures '' . European Journal of Personality . 17 : 413 -- 433 . doi : 10.1002 / per. 496 . Jump up ^ McAdams , D.P. ( 1995 ) . `` What do we know when we know a person ? '' . Journal of Personality . 63 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 396 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1995. tb00500. x . Jump up ^ Musek , Janet ( 2007 ) . `` A general factor of personality : Evidence for the Big One in the five - factor model '' . Journal of Research in Personality . 41 : 1213 -- 1233 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2007.02. 003 . Jump up ^ van der Linden , Dimitri ; te Nijenhuis , J. ; Bakker , A.B. ( 2010 ) . `` The General Factor of Personality : A meta - analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion - related validity study '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Research in Personality . 44 : 315 -- 327 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jrp. 2010.03. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Hans J. Eysenck ( 1992 ) . `` Four ways five factors are not basic '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 ( 8 ) : 667 -- 673 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90237 - j . Jump up ^ Paul T. Costa ; Robert R. McRae ( 1992 ) . `` Reply to Eysenck '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 13 ( 8 ) : 861 -- 865 . doi : 10.1016 / 0191 - 8869 ( 92 ) 90002 - 7 . Jump up ^ Block , Jack ( 2010 ) . `` The five - factor framing of personality and beyond : Some ruminations '' . Psychological Inquiry. 21 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 10478401003596626 . Jump up ^ Ashton , M.C. ; Lee , K. ; Goldberg , L.R. ( 2004 ) . `` A Hierarchical Analysis of 1,710 English Personality - Descriptive Adjectives '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 87 : 707 -- 721 . PMID 15535781 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.87. 5.707 . Jump up ^ Ashton , M.C. ; Lee , K. ; de Vries , R.E. ( 2014 ) . `` The HEXACO Honesty - Humility , Agreeableness , and Emotionality Factors : A Review of Research and Theory '' . Personality and Social Psychology Review . 18 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 152 . doi : 10.1177 / 1088868314523838 . External links ( edit ) International Personality Item Pool , public domain list of items keyed to the big five personality traits . Selection from the `` Handbook of personality : Theory and research '' for researchers Regional Personality Differences in Great Britain Northern American Geography of Personality The Big Five Personality Model on YouTube World map of the Big 5 Personality Traits on YouTube ( hide ) Big Five personality traits Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Other personality models Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Five_personality_traits&oldid=808556250 '' Categories : Personality traits Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2014 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2014 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 16 : 00 . 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-7918821995127997151	Excretion	Excretion - wikipedia Excretion Jump to : navigation , search Excretion is the process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism . In vertebrates this is primarily carried out by the lungs , kidneys and skin . This is in contrast with secretion , where the substance may have specific tasks after leaving the cell . Excretion is an essential process in all forms of life . For example , in mammals urine is expelled through the urethra , which is part of the excretory system . In unicellular organisms , waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell . Green plants produce carbon dioxide and water as respiratory products . In green plants , the carbon dioxide released during respiration gets utilized during photosynthesis . Oxygen is a by product generated during photosynthesis , and exits through stomata , root cell walls , and other routes . Plants can get rid of excess water by transpiration and guttation . It has been shown that the leaf acts as an ' excretophore ' and , in addition to being a primary organ of photosynthesis , is also used as a method of excreting toxic wastes via diffusion . Other waste materials that are exuded by some plants -- resin , saps , latex , etc. are forced from the interior of the plant by hydrostatic pressures inside the plant and by absorptive forces of plant cells . These latter processes do not need added energy , they act passively . However , during the pre-abscission phase , the metabolic levels of a leaf are high . Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them . Chemical structure of uric acid . In animals , the main excretory products are carbon dioxide , ammonia ( in ammoniotelics ) , urea ( in ureotelics ) , uric acid ( in uricotelics ) , guanine ( in Arachnida ) and creatine . The liver and kidneys clear many substances from the blood ( for example , in renal excretion ) , and the cleared substances are then excreted from the body in the urine and feces . Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the external environment , as this compound has high solubility and there is ample water available for dilution . In terrestrial animals ammonia - like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials as there is less water in the environment and ammonia itself is toxic . White cast of uric acid defecated with the dark feces from a lizard . Insects , birds and some other reptiles also undergo a similar mechanism . Birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a paste . Although this process is metabolically more expensive , it allows more efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg . Many avian species , especially seabirds , can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands , the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak . In insects , a system involving Malpighian tubules is utilized to excrete metabolic waste . Metabolic waste diffuses or is actively transported into the tubule , which transports the wastes to the intestines . The metabolic waste is then released from the body along with fecal matter . The excreted material may be called ejecta . In pathology the word ejecta is more commonly used . See also ( edit ) Burping Countercurrent exchange Defecation Homeostasis Human excreta Osmoregulation Respiration ( physiology ) Urination References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Excretion . Jump up ^ Beckett , B.S. ( 1987 ) . Biology : A Modern Introduction . Oxford University Press . p. 110 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 914260 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ford BJ , Even Plants Excrete , Nature 323 p763 , 1986 Jump up ^ `` excretion . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , 2010 Jump up ^ http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/excretion/excretion-plants Jump up ^ Oliver and Boyd ( 1887 ) The Transactions of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society , Volume 12 , p. 169 Jump up ^ ejecta . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2nd ed. 1989 . External links ( edit ) Look up excretion in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . UAlberta.ca , Animation of excretion Brian J Ford on leaf fall in Nature NDL : 00562817 Concepts in pharmacology Pharmacokinetics ( L ) ADME : ( Liberation ) Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion ( Clearance ) Loading dose Volume of distribution ( Initial ) Rate of infusion Compartment Bioequivalence Bioavailability Onset of action Biological half - life Mean residence time Plasma protein binding Therapeutic index ( Median lethal dose , Effective dose ) Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of action Toxicity ( Neurotoxicology ) Dose -- response relationship ( Efficacy , Potency ) Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics : Minimum inhibitory concentration ( Bacteriostatic ) Minimum bactericidal concentration ( Bactericide ) Agonism and antagonism Agonist : Inverse agonist Irreversible agonist Partial agonist Superagonist Physiological agonist Antagonist : Competitive antagonist Irreversible antagonist Physiological antagonist Other : Binding Affinity Binding selectivity Functional selectivity Other Drug tolerance : Tachyphylaxis Drug resistance : Antibiotic resistance Multiple drug resistance Drug discovery strategies Classical pharmacology Reverse pharmacology Related fields / subfields Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Neuropsychopharmacology ( Neuropharmacology , Psychopharmacology ) Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excretion&oldid=835672150 '' Categories : Pharmacology Digestive system Metabolism Excretion Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with dead external links from December 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Kiswahili Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 02 : 21 . 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2669712161915534548	Remembrance poppy	Remembrance poppy - wikipedia Remembrance poppy Jump to : navigation , search The flower of the common or field poppy Papaver rhoeas , on which the remembrance poppy is based . The remembrance poppy is an artificial flower that has been used since 1921 to commemorate military personnel who have died in war , and represents a common or field poppy , Papaver rhoeas . Inspired by the World War I poem `` In Flanders Fields '' , and promoted by Moina Michael , they were first adopted by the American Legion to commemorate American soldiers killed in that war ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . They were then adopted by military veterans ' groups in parts of the British Empire . Today , they are mostly used in the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and New Zealand , to commemorate their servicemen and women killed in all conflicts . There , small artificial poppies are often worn on clothing leading up to Remembrance Day / Armistice Day , and poppy wreaths are often laid at war memorials . In Australia and New Zealand , they are also worn on Anzac Day . The Royal British Legion 's Poppy Appeal has caused some controversy , with some -- including British Army veterans -- arguing that it has become excessive , is being used to marshal support behind British military campaigns , and that public figures are pressured to wear poppies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Usage 2.1 Canada 2.2 Australia 2.3 New Zealand 2.4 United Kingdom 2.4. 1 Northern Ireland 2.5 Republic of Ireland 2.6 Elsewhere 3 Other designs and purposes 3.1 White poppies 3.2 Purple poppies 4 Protests and controversy 4.1 In the media 4.2 In sport 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) Moina Michael on a 1948 U.S. commemorative stamp The remembrance poppy was inspired by the World War I poem `` In Flanders Fields '' . Its opening lines refer to the many poppies that were the first flowers to grow in the churned - up earth of soldiers ' graves in Flanders , a region of Belgium . It is written from the point of view of the dead soldiers and , in the last verse , they call on the living to continue the conflict . The poem was written by Canadian physician , Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae , on 3 May 1915 after witnessing the death of his friend , a fellow soldier , the day before . The poem was first published on 8 December 1915 in the London - based magazine Punch . In 1918 , Moina Michael , who had taken leave from her professorship at the University of Georgia to be a volunteer worker for the American YWCA , was inspired by the poem and published a poem of her own called `` We Shall Keep the Faith '' . In tribute to McCrae 's poem , she vowed to always wear a red poppy as a symbol of remembrance for those who fought and helped in the war . At a November 1918 YWCA Overseas War Secretaries ' conference , she appeared with a silk poppy pinned to her coat and distributed 25 more to those attending . She then campaigned to have the poppy adopted as a national symbol of remembrance . At a conference in 1920 , the National American Legion adopted it as their official symbol of remembrance . At this conference , Frenchwoman Anna E. Guérin was inspired to introduce the artificial poppies commonly used today . In 1921 she sent her poppy sellers to London , where the symbol was adopted by Field Marshal Douglas Haig , a founder of the Royal British Legion . It was also adopted by veterans ' groups in Canada , Australia and New Zealand . James Fox notes that all of the countries who adopted the remembrance poppy were the `` victors '' of World War I . Usage ( edit ) Today , remembrance poppies are mostly used in the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia and New Zealand -- countries which were formerly part of the British Empire -- to commemorate their servicemen and women killed in all conflicts . They are used to a lesser extent in the United States . Canada ( edit ) Canadian poppies In Canada , the poppy is the official symbol of remembrance worn during the two weeks before 11 November , having been adopted in 1921 . The Royal Canadian Legion , which has trademarked the image , suggests that poppies be worn on the left lapel , or as near the heart as possible . Until 1996 , poppies were made by disabled veterans in Canada , but they have since been made by a private contractor . The Canadian poppies consist of two pieces of moulded plastic covered with flocking with a pin to fasten them to clothing . At first the poppies were made with a black centre . From 1980 to 2002 , the centres were changed to green . Current designs are black only ; this change caused confusion and controversy to those unfamiliar with the original design . In 2007 , sticker versions of the poppy were made for children , the elderly , and healthcare and food industry workers . Canada also issues a cast metal `` Canada Remembers '' pin featuring a gold maple leaf and two poppies , one representing the fallen and the other representing those who remained on the home front . Following the installation of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at the National War Memorial in Ottawa in 2000 , where the national Remembrance service is held , a new tradition formed spontaneously as attendees laid their poppies on the tomb at the end of the service . This tradition , while not part of the official program , has become widely practised elsewhere in the country , with others leaving cut flowers , photographs , or letters to the deceased . Since joining Canada in 1949 , the remembrance poppy and Armistice Day commemorations have largely displaced Newfoundland 's own commemorative floral emblem , the forget - me - not , and its own Memorial Day held on 1 July . Although in recent years the forget - me - not has had somewhat of a resurgence in Newfoundland 's military commemorations , the remembrance poppy is more common . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , remembrance poppies have been used since 1921 to commemorate Australian soldiers who died in war . On Remembrance Day ( 11 November ) and Anzac Day ( 25 April ) they are laid at war memorials , and are sold by the Returned and Services League of Australia ( RSL ) in return for donations . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand remembrance poppy In New Zealand , remembrance poppies are most often worn on Anzac Day ( 25 April ) to commemorate New Zealand soldiers who died in war . They are also worn on Remembrance Day , and are sold by the Royal New Zealand Returned and Services ' Association ( RSA ) in return for donations . The RSA planned to hold its first Poppy Day appeal around the time of Armistice Day 1921 , as other countries were doing . However , the ship carrying the poppies from France arrived in New Zealand too late , and so the association waited until Anzac Day 1922 . This first Poppy Day appeal was a success . Most of the money raised went to needy soldiers and their families , while the rest went to the French Children 's League to help relieve suffering in war - ravaged areas of northern France . The popularity of Poppy Day grew and there were record collections during the Second World War . By 1945 , 750,000 poppies were being distributed nationwide , which equated to half the population . United Kingdom ( edit ) Royal British Legion poppy A volunteer makes poppies at the Royal British Legion Poppy Factory in London , where over 30 million poppies are made by a small team each year A poppy on a bus in Southampton , England ( November 2008 ) In the United Kingdom , remembrance poppies are sold by The Royal British Legion ( RBL ) . This is a charity providing financial , social , political and emotional support to those who have served or who are currently serving in the British Armed Forces , and their dependants . They are sold on the streets by volunteers in the weeks before Remembrance Day . The remembrance poppy is the trademark of The Royal British Legion . The RBL state , `` The red poppy is our registered mark and its only lawful use is to raise funds for the Poppy Appeal '' ; its yearly fundraising drive in the weeks before Remembrance Day . The RBL says these poppies are `` worn to commemorate the sacrifices of our Armed Forces and to show support to those still serving today '' . Other poppy merchandise is sold throughout the year as part of the ongoing fundraising . In England , Wales , and Northern Ireland , the poppies typically have two red paper petals mounted on a green plastic stem with a single green paper leaf and a prominent black plastic central boss . The stem has an additional branch used to anchor the poppy via a pin in the lapel or buttonhole . In Scotland , the poppies are curled and have four petals with no leaf . The yearly selling of poppies is a major source of income for the RBL in the UK . The poppy has no fixed price ; it is sold for a donation or the price may be suggested by the seller . The black plastic center of the poppy was marked `` Haig Fund '' until 1994 but is now marked `` Poppy Appeal '' . A team of about 50 people -- most of them disabled former British military personnel -- work all year round to make millions of poppies at the Poppy Factory in Richmond . Scottish poppies are made in the Lady Haig 's Poppy Factory in Edinburgh . For many years after World War I , poppies were worn only on Remembrance Day itself . However , today the RBL 's `` Poppy Appeal '' has a higher profile than any other charity appeal in the UK . The poppies are widespread from late October until mid-November every year and are worn by the general public , politicians , the Royal Family and other public figures . It has become common to see large poppies on buses , tube trains and aeroplanes as well as on lampposts , billboards , public buildings and landmarks . Many newspapers and magazines show a poppy on their cover page , and some social network users add poppies to their avatars . Each year , an official Poppy Appeal single has been released . Celebrities have begun wearing expensive crystal - clad poppy brooches , or ' bling poppies ' , which are sold by the RBL . There are thousands of poppy sellers on the streets and numerous fundraising events ; such as concerts , fairs , marathons and competitions . There are also many other events to raise awareness . For example , in 2011 , a Second World War plane dropped 6,000 poppies over the town of Yeovil in Somerset . In 2014 , the dry moat of the Tower of London was covered with 888,246 ceramic poppies -- one for each soldier of the British Empire killed in World War I . In recent years , there has been growing controversy over the Poppy Appeal . Some -- including British Army veterans -- have argued that the Poppy Appeal has become excessive and garish , that it is being used to marshal support behind British military campaigns , and that poppy wearing has become compulsory for public figures . Channel 4 newsreader Jon Snow described it as `` poppy fascism '' . Columnist Dan O'Neill wrote that `` presenters and politicians seem to compete in a race to be first -- poppies start sprouting in mid-October while the absence of a poppy is interpreted as absence of concern for the war dead , almost as an unpatriotic act of treachery '' . Likewise , Jonathan Bartley of the religious think - tank Ekklesia said `` public figures in Britain are urged , indeed in many cases , required , to wear ... the red poppy , almost as an article of faith . There is a political correctness about the red poppy '' . Journalist Robert Fisk complained that the poppy has become a seasonal `` fashion accessory '' and that people were `` ostentatiously wearing a poppy for social or work - related reasons , to look patriotic when it suited them ''. Some far - right groups have used the poppy as a symbol of militant British nationalism , while some Muslims have begun to reject it as a symbol of Western imperialism . In 1997 and again in 2000 the Royal British Legion registered the Poppy under Intellectual Property Rights ( 1997 Case EU000557058 ) and Trade Mark ( 2000 Trade Mark 2239583 ) . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The Royal British Legion also holds a yearly poppy appeal in Northern Ireland and in 2009 raised more than £ 1m . However , the wearing of poppies in Northern Ireland is controversial . It is seen by many as a political symbol and a symbol of Britishness , representing support for the British Army . The poppy has long been the preserve of the unionist / loyalist community . Loyalist paramilitaries ( such as the UVF and UDA ) have also used poppies to commemorate their own members who were killed in The Troubles . Most Irish nationalists / republicans , and Irish Catholics , choose not to wear poppies ; they regard the Poppy Appeal as supporting soldiers who killed Irish civilians ( for example on Bloody Sunday ) and who colluded with illegal loyalist paramilitaries ( for example the Glenanne gang ) during The Troubles . Irish nationalist groups , and victims ' groups , have urged the BBC to end its policy that all presenters must wear poppies . They argue that it breaches impartiality and point out that political symbols are banned in workplaces in Northern Ireland . They also say that the BBC , as a publicly funded body , should broadly reflect the whole community . Likewise , the director of Relatives for Justice has condemned the wearing of poppies by police officers in Catholic neighbourhoods , calling it `` repugnant and offensive to the vast majority of people within our community , given the role of the British Army '' . In the Irish Independent , it was claimed that `` substantial amounts '' of money raised from selling poppies are used `` to build monuments to insane or inane generals or build old boys ' clubs for the war elite '' . However , on Remembrance Day 2010 the SDLP 's Margaret Ritchie was the first leader of a nationalist party to wear one . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) During World War I , all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom and about 200,000 Irishmen fought in the British Army ( see Ireland and World War I ) . Although the British Army is banned from actively recruiting in the Republic of Ireland , a small number of its citizens still enlist . The RBL thus has a branch in the Republic and holds a yearly Poppy Appeal there . The RBL also holds a wreath - laying ceremony at St Patrick 's Cathedral , Dublin , which the President of Ireland has attended . The Republic has its own National Day of Commemoration in July for all Irish people who died in war . However , as in other non-Commonwealth countries , poppies are not often worn and are not part of the main commemorations . This is partly due to the British Army 's role in fighting against Irish independence , its activities during the War of Independence ( for example the Burning of Cork ) and the British Army 's role in Northern Ireland during the Troubles . In the years following the War of Independence , the poppy was particularly controversial , with nationalists seeing it as a provocative symbol of British imperialism . In Dublin , British Legion marchers often had poppies snatched from their lapels , which led to street fights . In response , some poppy - wearers hid razor blades in their poppies . `` As the 1930s progressed , ' Poppy Day ' lost much of its violent edge in Dublin , but the wearing of the symbol also became less commonplace in subsequent decades '' . In 2017 , Taoiseach Leo Varadkar wore a `` shamrock poppy '' in the Dáil , the first leader of Fine Gael to do so . Elsewhere ( edit ) In the United States , the Veterans of Foreign Wars conducted the first nationwide distribution of remembrance poppies before Memorial Day in 1922 . Today , the American Legion Auxiliary distributes crepe - paper poppies in exchange for donations around Memorial Day and Veterans Day . In Hong Kong -- which was formerly part of the British Empire -- the poppy is worn by some participants on Remembrance Sunday each year . It is not generally worn by the public , although The Royal British Legion 's Hong Kong and China Branch sells poppies to the public in a few places in Hong Kong only . Never Again symbol from Ukraine Since 2014 , the Ukrainians have worn the poppy as a symbol of the Victory over Nazism and commemoration of the victims of World War II . It has largely replaced the Ribbon of Saint George , which became associated with pro-Russian separatists and Russian military aggression . A poppy logo was designed by Serhiy Mishakin and contains the text : `` 1939 - 1945 Never Again '' . In parts of Pakistan , the ' Great War Company ' hold a private ceremony each 11 November where red poppies are worn , by descendants of World War I veterans from the old British Indian Army . In Albania , government representatives , including Prime Minister Edi Rama , wore the Remembrance Poppy during the commemoration ceremonies for the 70th Anniversary of the Liberation of Albania . Other designs and purposes ( edit ) White poppies ( edit ) A white poppy left on Anzac Day in New Zealand , 2009 Some people choose to wear white poppies as a pacifist alternative to the red poppy . The white poppy and white poppy wreaths were introduced by Britain 's Co-operative Women 's Guild in 1933 . Today , white poppies are sold by Peace Pledge Union or may be home - made . The white poppy may be worn alone or alongside the red poppy . According to the Peace Pledge Union , it symbolizes remembrance of all casualties of war including civilian casualties , and non-British casualties , to stand for peace , and not to glamorize war . Purple poppies ( edit ) To commemorate animal victims of war , Animal Aid in Britain has issued a purple poppy , which can be worn alongside the traditional red one , as a reminder that both humans and animals have been -- and continue to be -- victims of war . Recently , the purple poppy was replaced by a purple paw symbol that can be worn all year round . This was because people saw the poppy as implying animals had given their lives as heroes in the service of human beings . Animal Aid regards animals of having their lives taken by the abuse of humans in war , not given by the animals as could be the case with people who have the capacity to decide for themselves . On the 11th April 2017 a UK based animal charity Sasha Animal Foundation announced that it was to introduce its own Purple Poppy with a different design , stating : `` We will be adhering to the stance that animals are victims of war and not heroes . '' Protests and controversy ( edit ) Stencil graffiti of a Stormtrooper with a remembrance poppy ( London , 2016 ) In 1993 , The Royal British Legion complained that Cannon Fodder , a video game with an anti-war message , had planned to use a poppy on its cover . The Legion , along with some politicians , called it `` offensive to millions '' and `` monstrous '' . The publisher was forced to change the cover before the game was released . In 2010 a group of British Army veterans issued an open letter complaining that the Poppy Appeal had become excessive and garish , that it was being used to marshal support behind British military campaigns , and that people were being pressured into wearing poppies . In 2014 , the group protested by holding an alternative remembrance service : they walked to The Cenotaph under the banner `` Never Again '' with a wreath of white poppies to acknowledge civilians killed in war . Their tops bore the message `` War is Organised Murder '' , a quote from Harry Patch , the last survivor of World War I . A 2010 Remembrance Day ceremony in London was disrupted by members of the radical Islamist Muslims Against Crusades group , who were protesting against British Army actions in Afghanistan and Iraq . They burnt large poppies and chanted `` British soldiers burn in hell '' during the two - minute silence . Two of the men were arrested and charged for threatening behaviour . One was convicted and fined £ 50 . The same group planned to hold another protest in 2011 , but was banned by the Home Secretary the day before the planned protest . In 2014 , a campaign was begun to encourage Muslim women to wear poppy hijabs . Some criticized it as a `` shrouded loyalty test '' which implied that Muslims needed to prove their loyalty to Britain . In recent years , other people have been arrested in the UK for burning remembrance poppies . In November 2011 a number of people were arrested in Northern Ireland after a picture of two youths burning a poppy was posted on Facebook . The picture was reported to police by a member of the RBL . The following year , a young Canterbury man was arrested for allegedly posting a picture of a burning poppy on Facebook , on suspicion of an offence under the Malicious Communications Act . British Prime Minister David Cameron rejected a request from Chinese officials to remove his poppy during his visit to Beijing on Remembrance Day 2010 . The poppy was deemed offensive because it was mistakenly assumed to be connected with the Anglo - Chinese Opium Wars of the 19th century , after which the Qing Dynasty was forced to tolerate the British opium trade in China and to cede Hong Kong to the UK . However , Cameron wore a poppy in 2015 when he met Chinese President Xi Jinping in London . In 2011 it was revealed that Kleshna , one of two businesses selling its own poppies on the RBL website , gives only 10 % of its sales to charity . Kleshna sells crystal - clad poppy jewellery which has been worn by celebrities on television . In 2012 there was controversy when The Northern Whig public house in Belfast refused entry to a man wearing a remembrance poppy . Although the owners apologised , the customer took the matter to court , supported by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland ( ECNI ) . The case was significant for the decision supporting the view of the ECNI that `` The poppy , although not directly linked to a specific religious belief or political opinion , would historically have been associated to a greater extent with the Protestant or unionist community in Northern Ireland '' . In the media ( edit ) In the British media , public figures have been attacked for not wearing poppies . British journalist and newsreader Charlene White has faced racist and sexist abuse for not wearing a poppy on - screen . She explained `` I prefer to be neutral and impartial on screen so that one of those charities does n't feel less favoured than another '' . Newsreader Jon Snow does not wear a poppy on - screen for similar reasons . He too was criticized and he condemned what he saw as `` poppy fascism '' . Well - known war - time journalist Robert Fisk published in November 2011 a personal account about the shifting nature of wearing a poppy , titled `` Do those who flaunt the poppy on their lapels know that they mock the war dead ? '' . While all newsreaders in the UK are expected to wear the remembrance poppy , those on the BBC 's international news service are told not to . The BBC say this is because the symbol is not widely recognized overseas . The Royal British Legion condemned this , insisting that the poppy is the `` international symbol of remembrance '' . In Sport ( edit ) Football clubs commonly wear jerseys with a poppy emblazoned on , as Celtic controversially did in 2010 . In the run - up to Remembrance Day , it has become common for UK football teams to play with artificial poppies sewn to their shirts , at the request of the Royal British Legion . This has caused some controversy . At a Celtic v Aberdeen match in November 2010 , a group of Celtic supporters , called the Green Brigade , unfurled a large banner in protest at the team wearing poppies . In a statement , it said : `` Our group and many within the Celtic support do not recognise the British Armed Forces as heroes , nor their role in many conflicts as one worthy of our remembrance '' . It gave Operation Banner ( Northern Ireland ) , the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War as examples . Northern Irish - born footballer James McClean , who has played for a number of English teams , has received death threats and abuse since 2012 for refusing to wear a poppy on his shirt during matches . McClean said he does not wear one because the Poppy Appeal supports British soldiers who served in Northern Ireland , and believes it would disrespect those killed in his hometown on Bloody Sunday . In November 2011 , it was proposed that the England football team should wear poppies on their shirts in a match against Spain . However , FIFA turned down the proposal , saying it would `` open the door to similar initiatives '' across the world , `` jeopardising the neutrality of football '' . FIFA 's decision was attacked by Prince William and Prime Minister David Cameron , who said he would back any player who ignored the ban . Members of the English Defence League ( EDL ) held a protest on the roof of FIFA 's headquarters in Zürich . Instead , The Football Association came up with other ways to mark Remembrance Day ; for example , the England players would wear poppies before kickoff and black armbands during the match , there would be a minute 's silence , a poppy wreath would be set on the pitch during the national anthems , poppies would be sold in the stadium and would be shown on the scoreboards and advertising boards . FIFA subsequently allowed the English , Scottish and Welsh teams to wear poppies on black armbands . During the 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers , the England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland football teams were fined for displaying the poppy during matches . FIFA rules forbid the display of `` political or religious symbols '' . The decision was strongly criticised by Prime Minister Theresa May , and the Welsh and English football associations appealed against the fine , with the English Football Association threatening to bring the matter to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . See also ( edit ) The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino -- in Polish tradition poppies are used as a remembrance symbol of the Battle of Monte Cassino . Bleuet de France -- the cornflower of France , the French equivalent of the remembrance poppy . Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red -- a work of installation art placed in the moat of the Tower of London . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15637074 BBC News . Retrieved 14 November 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Where did the idea to sell poppies come from ? '' . BBC News . 10 November 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , James . `` Poppy Politics : Remembrance of Things Present '' , in Cultural Heritage Ethics : Between Theory and Practice . Open Book Publishers , 2014 . pp. 23 - 28 Jump up ^ `` Moina Michael '' . Digital Library of Georgia / University of Georgia . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal Canadian Legion Poppy Trademark - The Royal Canadian Legion '' . The Royal Canadian Legion . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Facts - Veterans Affairs Canada '' . Vac-acc.gc.ca. 1999 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Webmaster , Patrick Riley . `` The Royal Canadian Legion '' . Legion.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/16w-16e/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=180 Jump up ^ Skikavich , Julia ( 2008 - 11 - 05 ) . `` New sticker poppies are catching on '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Canada Remembers Program Policy Manual , Veterans Affairs Canada , 2009 revision Jump up ^ http://www.thetelegram.com/News/Local/2016-06-22/article-4567810/Special-Forget-Me-Nots/1 `` Special Forget - Me - Nots '' Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/forget-me-not-newfoundland-legion-beaumont-hamel-1.3360692 Jump up ^ `` The Red Poppy - Australian Army '' . www.army.gov.au . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The red poppy - Anzac Day NZHistory , New Zealand history online '' . www.nzhistory.net.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` EU000681452 '' . IPO . Intellectual Property Office . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EU004066271 '' . IPO . Intellectual Property Office . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EU000681452 '' . IPO . Intellectual Property Office . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wiltshire woman 's poppy teardrop ' violates trademark ' '' . BBC News , 9 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Poppy Appeal 2014 - The Royal British Legion website . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Shop '' . The Poppy Shop . RBL . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Poppies For Peace '' . Ppu.org.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal British Legion Poppy Factory '' . The Royal British Legion . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Letters to the Daily Telegraph '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 2006 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Search for a Campaign - Twibbon '' . Twibbon . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Stone criticised for sentimentalising famed anti-war song for Poppy Appeal '' . The Independent . 10 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The great poppy con : How one company selling the little red flowers only gives 10 % to the British Legion '' . The Daily Mail , 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WWII plane drops poppies over Yeovil '' . BBC News . 29 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poppy appeal 's original aims being subverted , veterans complain '' . The Guardian . 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` This year , I will wear a poppy for the last time '' . The Guardian . 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Pook , Sally ( 10 November 2006 ) . `` I wo n't bow to poppy fascists , says Jon Snow '' . London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Dan O'Neill's outrage as ' politicians send more to war while they wear poppies ' '' . Wales Online , 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Petre , Jonathan ( 10 November 2006 ) . `` A time to remember , but should we wear a more ' Christian ' white poppy or a ' PC ' red ? '' . London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert . `` Blood spilled in war is now a fashion accessory '' . Irish Independent . 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ 75 Jump up ^ 76 Jump up ^ `` Poppy Appeal in Northern Ireland breaks £ 1m barrier '' . Belfast Telegraph . 23 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thousands gather to remember war dead '' . Belfast Telegraph . 7 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Symbols used in Northern Ireland : Unionist and loyalist symbols . Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) . Jump up ^ `` Adams apologises for Enniskillen bombing '' . BBC News , 8 November 1997 . Jump up ^ Bort , Eberhard . Commemorating Ireland : History , politics , culture . Irish Academic Press , 2004 . p. 65 Jump up ^ `` Maybe it 's time for a green poppy instead '' . Derry Journal . 12 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSNI wearing poppies in West Belfast for political reasons : RFJ '' . Andersonstown News . 28 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC 's Poppy Wearing Policy Offensive to Majority of Nationalists and Republicans '' . West Tyrone Sinn Féin. 11 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lest we forget who they honour '' . Irish Independent . 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Westlife poppy backing ' not their decision ' '' . BBC News . 2 November 1999 . Jump up ^ `` BBC presenters should be banned from wearning poppies '' . The News Letter . 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy is Act of Moving On '' . Belfast Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Defence Act , 1954 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie. 1954 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Taxpayers ' money used for British Army recruitment in Limerick '' . An Phoblacht . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` North and South of Ireland fighting the Taliban together '' . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bootcamp Ireland ( 6 September 2008 ) . `` Irish soldier killed in bomb blast told of Afghan fears - National News , Frontpage '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Self - catering ( 18 October 2008 ) . `` The Irish recruits who fight for Queen and country - Jobs & Careers , Lifestyle '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Republic gets behind Poppy Appeal '' . The News Letter . 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Column : Is it time to start wearing the poppy ? . TheJournal.ie. 10 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Government defends Taoiseach decision not to wear poppy '' . Irish Independent , 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Wearing of the British poppy . National Graves Association . Jump up ^ McGarry , Fearghal . Republicanism in Modern Ireland . University College Dublin Press , 2003 . p. 66 Jump up ^ Martin Evans & Kenneth Lunn . War and Memory in the Twentieth Century . Bloomsbury Academic , 1997 . p. 66 Jump up ^ `` Poppy - snatching in Dublin '' . Come Here to Me -- Dublin life and culture . 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Irish PM wears ' shamrock poppy ' '' . BBC News . 2017 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` VFW Buddy Poppy Program - In Flander ' s Field Poem by John McCrae '' . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ American Legion Auxiliary . `` Login '' . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Legion Family flower of remembrance '' . The American Legion . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs ( 2009 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Veterans Day Frequently Asked Questions - Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs '' ... va.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` distribution of poppies is prominent around Memorial Day and Veterans Day '' . American Legion . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Remembrance Day '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HKESA Home Page '' . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Poppy Appeal in Hong Kong - Hong Kong & China Branch - The Royal British Legion '' . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppies Vs. Ribbons : The War Of Symbols Between Ukraine And Russia '' . Forbes . 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Asim Ghani , article , ' Auld lang syne ? -- shall they be never forgotten indeed ? ' , in the Pakistan Observer , Islamabad , Monday , 18th November 2013 Jump up ^ `` 70 - vjetori i Çlirimit / Krerët e Shtetit , homazhe te Varrezat e Dëshmorëve ( FOTO ) '' . Shekulli . 29th November 2014 Jump up ^ `` White Poppies For Peace '' . Peace Pledge Union . 1938 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` White Poppies Are For Peace '' . Peace Pledge Union . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.ppu.org.uk/whitepoppy/index.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` PURPLE POPPY : COMMEMORATING THE ANIMAL VICTIMS OF WAR '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The dos and don'ts of poppy etiquette '' . BBC . 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Aid '' . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sasha Animal Foundation Home '' . Sasha Animal Foundation Home . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Never again ' : Anti-war veterans to carry white - poppy wreath to Cenotaph '' . The Independent . 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` War - Weary Veterans Hold Alternative Remembrance Sunday Event '' . Veterans For Peace . 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man guilty of burning poppies at Armistice Day protest '' . BBC News . 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with convicted terrorist Abu Izzadeen about ' Hell for Heroes ' protests '' . Izharudeen.com. 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Daily Mirror Jump up ^ Casciani , Dominic ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Muslims Against Crusades banned by Theresa May '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Allen , Chris . `` The poppy hijab is just Islamophobia with a floral motif '' . New Statesman. 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Split UK opinion over ' poppy hijabs ' '' . Al Jazeera. 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy hijab honors Muslims , sparks controversy '' . CNN . 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Henry ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` Poppy - burning image leads to Northern Ireland arrests '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` ' Poppycock ' : Man 's arrest for posting image of burning poppy on Facebook is condemned by civil liberties activists '' . London : Independent.co.uk . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Robert ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` Cameron Risks Spat With Chinese by Wearing Poppy During Visit '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Whig bar apologises after poppy - wearer refused entry '' . BBC News . 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refusal of man wearing poppy '' . Equality Commission for Northern Ireland . 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy refusal discrimination '' . The Irish News . 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shane Hickey `` ITV news presenter hits back after abuse for not wearing poppy '' , theguardian.com , 13 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Newsreader Jon Snow rails against ' poppy fascism ' '' . Evening Standard . 9 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Do those who flaunt the poppy on their lapels know that they mock the war dead ? '' . The Independent . Accessed 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MP 's fury at BBC ban on poppies '' . The Scotsman. 3 November 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Green Brigade Statement on the Poppy Protest '' . E-Tims Online Fanzine. 9 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Sunderland 's James McClean receives death threat over poppy protest ' Jump up ^ `` Wigan player James McClean explains why he will not wear a poppy '' . Belfast Telegraph . 10 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cameron gives England players green light to defy FIFA ruling on poppies for Wembley clash '' . The Daily Mail , 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prince William calls on FIFA to overturn ban on England shirt poppies '' . The Guardian , 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EDL protesters occupy FIFA 's roof over poppy ban '' . The Daily Mirror , 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA allows England , Scotland and Wales to wear poppy '' , BBC News , 9 November 2011 . Accessed 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ de Menezes , Jack ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` England just got fined £ 35,000 for defying Fifa 's poppy ban '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ de Menezes , Jack ( 23 November 2016 ) . `` Fifa take action against Wales because ' fans were wearing poppies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Law , Matt ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` FA could take Fifa to Court of Arbitration for Sport over £ 35,000 fine for poppy use '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England and Scotland to defy FIFA poppy ban '' . Eurosport. 2 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Abbandonato , Paul ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Wales appeal against FIFA fine over poppies '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) `` Why not all poppies look the same '' . Toronto Star . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Edwards , Peter ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Poppy protocol : six rules you need to follow '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remembrance_poppy&oldid=811476015 '' Categories : Papaver Commemoration Military veterans ' affairs The Royal British Legion Red symbols Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use British English from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français Nederlands Română Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why do the british wear a red flower	[ "Today, they are mostly used in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, to commemorate their servicemen and women killed in all conflicts. There, small artificial poppies are often worn on clothing leading up to Remembrance Day/Armistice Day,[1] and poppy wreaths are often laid at war memorials. In Australia and New Zealand, they are also worn on Anzac Day." ]	[ "commemorate their servicemen and women killed in all conflicts" ]
3988815827382044049	History of Harlem	History of Harlem - wikipedia History of Harlem This is an old revision of this page , as edited by 2601 : 204 : d501 : 8f0 : 8c9f : 6a10 : 9af7 : 840c ( talk ) at 23 : 46 , 28 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this revision , which may differ significantly from the current revision . Revision as of 23 : 46 , 28 August 2017 by 2601 : 204 : d501 : 8f0 : 8c9f : 6a10 : 9af7 : 840c ( talk ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Demonstrators carrying photographs of Lieutenant Thomas Gilligan march on 125th Street near Seventh Avenue during the Harlem Riot of 1964 ( show ) New Netherland series Exploration Fortifications : Fort Amsterdam Fort Nassau ( North ) Fort Orange Fort Nassau ( South ) Fort Goede Hoop De Wal Fort Casimir Fort Altena Fort Wilhelmus Fort Beversreede Fort Nya Korsholm De Rondout Settlements : Noten Eylandt Nieuw Amsterdam Rensselaerswijck Nieuw Haarlem Beverwijck Wiltwijk Bergen Pavonia Vriessendael Achter Col Vlissingen Oude Dorpe Colen Donck Greenwich Heemstede Rustdorp Gravesende Breuckelen Nieuw Amersfoort Midwout Nieuw Utrecht Boswijk Swaanendael Nieuw Amstel Nieuw Dorp The Patroon System Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions Cornelius Jacobsen May ( 1620 -- 25 ) Willem Verhulst ( 1625 -- 26 ) Peter Minuit ( 1626 -- 32 ) Sebastiaen Jansen Krol ( 1632 -- 33 ) Wouter van Twiller ( 1633 -- 38 ) Willem Kieft ( 1638 -- 47 ) Peter Stuyvesant ( 1647 -- 64 ) People of New Netherland New Netherlander Twelve Men Eight Men Nine Men Flushing Remonstrance History of New York City Lenape and New Netherland , to 1664 New Amsterdam British and Revolution , 1665 -- 1783 Federal and early American , 1784 -- 1854 Tammany and Consolidation , 1855 -- 1897 ( Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 ) Early 20th century , 1898 -- 1945 Post -- World War II , 1946 -- 1977 Modern and post-9 / 11 , 1978 -- See also Timelines : NYC Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Category Founded in the 17th century as a Dutch outpost , Harlem developed into a farming village , a revolutionary battlefield , a resort town , a commuter town , a ghetto , and a center of African - American culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 1637 -- 1940 2 1866 -- 1920 2.1 Black population increase 2.2 Italian Harlem 3 1921 -- 1929 4 1930 -- 1945 5 1946 -- 1969 5.1 1960s race riots 5.2 Housing stock 6 1970 -- 1989 7 1990 -- present 8 References 9 Cited sources 1637 -- 1940 Before the arrival of European settlers , the area that would become Harlem ( originally Haarlem ) was inhabited by the Manhattans , a native tribe , who along with other Native Americans , most likely Lenape occupied the area on a semi-nomadic basis . As many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands . The first European settlement in the area was by siblings Hendrick ( Henry ) , Isaac and Rachel de Forest , Franco - Dutch immigrants in 1637 . In 1639 Jochem Pietersen Kuyter established the homestead named Zedendaal , or Blessed Valley , stretched along the Harlem River from about the present 127th Street to 140th Street . Early European settlers were forced to flee to New Amsterdam in lower Manhattan whenever hostilities with the natives heated up , and the native population gradually decreased amidst conflict with the Dutch . The settlement was named Nieuw Haarlem ( New Haarlem ) , after the Dutch city of Haarlem , and was formally incorporated in 1660 under leadership of Peter Stuyvesant . The Indian trail to Harlem 's lush bottomland meadows was rebuilt by black laborers of the Dutch West India Company , and eventually developed into the Boston Post Road . In 1664 , the English took control of the New Netherland colony , and English colonial Governor Richard Nicolls established the `` Harlem Line '' as the southern border patent line of the village of Nieuw Haarlem ( later , the village of Harlem ) running approximately northward between near modern East 74th Street , at the East River , and West 129th Street , on the Hudson River . The British also tried to change the name of the community to `` Lancaster '' , but the name never stuck , and eventually settled down to the Anglicized Harlem . The Dutch took control of the area again for one year in 1673 . The village grew very slowly until the middle 18th century , and it became a resort of sorts for the rich of New York City . Only the Morris - Jumel Mansion survives from this period . Harlem played an important role in the American Revolution . The British had established their base of operations in lower Manhattan , and George Washington fortified the area around Harlem to oppose them . From Harlem , he could control the land routes to the north , as well as traffic on the Harlem River . The New York Provincial Congress met in White Plains , as did the convention drafting the constitution for New York State . On September 16 , 1776 , the Battle of Harlem Heights , sometimes referred to as the Battle of Harlem or Battle of Harlem Plain , was fought in western Harlem around the Hollow Way ( now West 125th Street ) , with conflicts on Morningside Heights to the south and Harlem Heights to the north . The American troops were outnumbered , 5000 to 2000 , and were ill - equipped compared to their opponents , but outflanked the British and forced them to retreat to the area around what is now West 106th Street . It was Washington 's first American victory . Later that year , the British would avenge this defeat by chasing Washington and his troops north , then turning back and burning Harlem to the ground . In 1765 , Harlem was a small agricultural town not far from New York City . Rebuilding took decades , and infrastructure was improved much more slowly than was happening in New York City proper . The village remained largely rural through the early 19th century and , though the `` grid system '' of streets , designed downtown , was formally extended to Harlem in 1811 , it does not seem that anybody expected it would mean much . The 1811 report that accompanied the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 noted that it was `` improbable that ( for centuries to come ) the grounds north of the Harlem Flat will be covered with houses . '' Though undeveloped , the area was not poor . Harlem was `` a synonym for elegant living through a good part of the nineteenth century . '' The village remained largely farmland estates , such as ( Conrad ) Van Keulen 's Hook , orig . Otterspoor , bordered north of the Mill Creek ( now 108th St. , orig . Montagne Creek at 109th St . ) , which flowed into Harlem Lake , to the farm of Morris Randall , northwest on the Harlem River , and westward to the Peter Benson , or Mill Farm . This former bowery ( of land ) was subdivided into twenty - two equal plots , of about 6 to 8 acres ( 32,000 m ) each , of which portions later owned by Abraham Storm , including thirty - one acres ( east of Fifth Avenue between 110th & 125th St . ) were sold by Storm 's widow Catherine in 1795 to James Roosevelt ( great grandfather of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , 1760 -- 1847 ) . This branch of the Roosevelt family subsequently moved to the town of Hyde Park , but several of Roosevelt 's children remain interred in Harlem . As late as 1820 , the community had dwindled to 91 families , a church , a school , and a library . Wealthy farmers , known as `` patroons '' , maintained these country estates largely on the heights overlooking the Hudson River . Service connecting the outlays of Harlem with the rest of the City of New York ( on the southern tip of the island of Manhattan ) was done via steamboat on the East River , an hour - and - a-half passage , sometimes interrupted when the river froze in winter , or else by stagecoach along the Boston Post Road , which descended from McGown 's Pass ( now in Central Park ) and skirted the salt marshes around 110th Street , to pass through Harlem . The New York and Harlem Railroad ( now Metro North ) was incorporated in 1831 to better link the city with Harlem and Westchester County , starting at a depot at East 23rd Street , and extending 127 miles ( 204 km ) north to a railroad junction in Columbia County at Chatham , New York by 1851 . Charles Henry Hall , a wealthy lawyer and land speculator , recognized the changes that this railroad would make possible in Harlem and began a successful program of infrastructure development , building out streets , gas lines , sewer lines , and other facilities needed for urban life . Piers were also built , enabling Harlem to become an industrial suburb serving New York City . The rapid development of infrastructure enabled some to become wealthy , and the area became important to politicians , many of whom lived in Harlem . New York mayors Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence and Daniel Tiemann both lived in Harlem in this period . For many in New York City , Harlem was at this time regarded as a sort of country retreat . The village had a population of poorer residents as well , including blacks , who came north to work in factories or to take advantage of relatively low rents . Between 1850 and 1870 , many large estates , including Hamilton Grange , the estate of Alexander Hamilton , were auctioned off as the fertile soil was depleted and crop yields fell . Some of the land became occupied by Irish squatters , whose presence further depressed property values . 125th Street station on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line . 1866 -- 1920 During the American Civil War , Harlem saw draft riots , along with the rest of the city , but the neighborhood was a significant beneficiary of the economic boom that followed the end of the war , starting in 1868 . The neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers , but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian . Factories , homes , churches , and retail buildings were built at great speed . The Panic of 1873 caused Harlem property values to drop 80 % , and gave the City of New York the opportunity to annex the troubled community as far north as 155th Street . Recovery came soon , and row houses ( as distinct from the previous generation 's free - standing houses ) were being constructed in large numbers by 1876 . Development accelerated in part in anticipation of elevated railroads , which were extended to Harlem in 1880 . With the construction of the `` els '' , urbanized development occurred very rapidly . Developers anticipated that the planned Lexington Avenue subway would ease transportation to lower Manhattan . Fearing that new housing regulations would be enacted in 1901 , they rushed to complete as many new buildings as possible before these came into force . Early entrepreneurs had grandiose schemes for Harlem : Polo was played at the original Polo Grounds , later to become home of the New York Giants baseball team . Oscar Hammerstein I opened the Harlem Opera House on East 125th Street in 1889 . By 1893 , even row houses did not suffice to meet the growing population , and large - scale apartment buildings were the norm . In that year , Harlem Monthly Magazine wrote that `` it is evident to the most superficial observer that the centre of fashion , wealth , culture , and intelligence , must , in the near future , be found in the ancient and honorable village of Harlem . '' However , also in that year , the construction glut and a delay in the building of the subway led to a fall in real estate prices which attracted immigrant Eastern Europe Jews and Italians to Harlem in accelerating numbers . There had been a Jewish community of 12 in Harlem in 1869 that grew to a peak of almost 200,000 in about 1915 . Presaging their resistance to the arrival of blacks , existing landowners tried to stop Jews from moving into the neighborhood . At least one rental sign declared `` Keine Juden und Keine Hunde '' ( No Jews and no dogs ) . Italians began to arrive in Harlem only a few years after the Jews did . By 1900 there were 150,000 Italians in Harlem . Both groups moved particularly into East Harlem . The Jewish population of Harlem embraced the City College of New York , which moved to Harlem in 1907 . In the years after the move , 90 % of the school 's students were Jewish , and many of the school 's most distinguished graduates date from this period . Both the Jewish and Italian Mafia emerged in East Harlem and soon expanded their operations to the entire neighborhood . West 116th Street between Lenox and 8th Avenue became a vice district . The neighborhood also became a major center for more conventional entertainment , with 125th Street as a particular center for musical theater , vaudeville , and moving pictures . The Jewish presence in Harlem was ephemeral , and by 1930 , only 5,000 Jews remained . As they left , their apartments in East Harlem were increasingly filled by Puerto Ricans , who were arriving in large numbers by 1913 . Italian Harlem lasted longer , and traces of the community lasted into the 1970s in the area around Pleasant Avenue . Black population increase Main article : African Americans in New York City These buildings on West 135 Street were among the first in Harlem to be occupied entirely by blacks ; in 1921 , # 135 became home to Young 's Book Exchange , the first `` Afrocentric '' bookstore in Harlem . Marcus Garvey in 1925 Black residents have been present in Harlem continually since the 1630s , and as the neighborhood modernized in the late 19th century , they could be found especially in the area around 125th Street and in the `` Negro tenements '' on West 130th Street . By 1900 , tens of thousands lived in Harlem . The mass migration of blacks into the area began in 1904 , due to another real estate crash , the worsening of conditions for blacks elsewhere in the city , and the leadership of black real estate entrepreneurs including Phillip Payton , Jr . After the collapse of the 1890s , new speculation and construction started up again in 1903 and the resulting glut of housing led to a crash in values in 1904 and 1905 that eclipsed the late - 19th century slowdown . Landlords could not find white renters for their properties , so Philip Payton stepped in to bring blacks . His company , the Afro - American Realty Company , has been credited with the migration of blacks from their previous neighborhoods , the Tenderloin , San Juan Hill ( now the site of Lincoln Center ) , Minetta Lane in Greenwich Village and Hell 's Kitchen in the west 40s and 50s . The move to northern Manhattan was driven in part by fears that anti-black riots such as those that had occurred in the Tenderloin in 1900 and in San Juan Hill in 1905 might recur . In addition , a number of tenements that had been occupied by blacks in the west 30s were destroyed at this time to make way for the construction of the original Penn Station . In 1907 , black churches began to move uptown . Several congregations built grand new church buildings , including St Philip 's on West 134th Street just west of Seventh Avenue ( the wealthiest church in Harlem ) , the Abyssinian Baptist Church on West 138th Street and St Mark 's Methodist Church on Edgecombe Avenue . More often churches purchased buildings from white congregations of Christians and Jews whose members had left the neighborhood , including Metropolitan Baptist Church on West 128th and Seventh Avenue , St James Presbyterian Church on West 141st Street , and Mt Olivet Baptist Church on Lenox Avenue . Only the Catholic Church retained its churches in Harlem , with white priests presiding over parishes that retained significant numbers of whites until the 1930s . The early 20th - century Great Migration of blacks to northern industrial cities was fueled by their desire to leave behind the Jim Crow South , seek better jobs and education for their children , and escape a culture of lynching violence . During World War I , expanding industries recruited black laborers to fill new jobs , thinly staffed after the draft began to take young men . So many blacks came that it `` threaten ( ed ) the very existence of some of the leading industries of Georgia , Florida , Tennessee and Alabama . '' Many settled in Harlem . In 1910 , Central Harlem was about 10 % black . By 1920 , central Harlem was 32.43 % black . The 1930 census showed 70.18 % of Central Harlem 's residents as black and lived as far south as Central Park , at 110th Street . The expansion was fueled primarily by an influx of blacks from the southern U.S. states , especially Virginia , North and South Carolina , and Georgia , who took trains up the East Coast . There were also numerous immigrants from the West Indies . As blacks moved in , white residents left . Between 1920 and 1930 , 118,792 white people left the neighborhood and 87,417 blacks arrived . Between 1907 and 1915 , some white residents of Harlem resisted the neighborhood 's change , especially once the swelling black population pressed west of Lenox Avenue , which served as an informal color line until the early 1920s . Some made pacts not to sell to or rent to blacks . Others tried to buy property and evict black tenants , but the Afro - American Realty Company retaliated by buying other property and evicting whites . Some even attempted to convince banks to deny mortgages to black buyers , but soon gave up those efforts . Soon after blacks began to move into Harlem , the community became known as `` the spiritual home of the Negro protest movement . '' The NAACP became active in Harlem in 1910 and Marcus Garvey 's Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1916 . The NAACP chapter there soon grew to be the largest in the country . Activist A. Philip Randolph lived in Harlem and published the radical magazine The Messenger starting in 1917 . It was from Harlem that he organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters . W.E.B. Du Bois lived and published in Harlem in the 1920s , as did James Weldon Johnson and Marcus Garvey . Italian Harlem Vestiges of Italian Harlem Church of Our Lady of Mt . Carmel Patsy 's Pizzeria Southern Italians and Sicilians , with a moderate number of Northern Italians , soon predominated , especially in the area east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th Streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th Streets , with each street featuring people from different regions of Italy . The neighborhood became known as `` Italian Harlem '' , the Italian American hub of Manhattan ; it was the first part of Manhattan to be referred to as `` Little Italy '' . The first Italians arrived in East Harlem in 1878 , from Polla in the province of Salerno , and settled in the vicinity of 115th Street . There were many crime syndicates in Italian Harlem from the early Black Hand to the bigger and more organized Italian gangs that formed the Italian - American Mafia . It was the founding location of the Genovese crime family , one of the Five Families that dominated organized crime in New York City . In the 1920s and early 1930s , Italian Harlem was represented in Congress by future Mayor Fiorello La Guardia , and later by Italian - American socialist Vito Marcantonio . The Italian neighborhood approached its peak in the 1930s , with over 100,000 Italian - Americans living in its crowded , run - down apartment buildings . The 1930 census showed that 81 percent of the population of Italian Harlem consisted of first - or second - generation Italian Americans . ( Somewhat less than the concentration of Italian Americans in the Lower East Side 's Little Italy with 88 percent ; Italian Harlem 's total population , however , was three times that of Little Italy . ) Although in certain areas , particularly around Pleasant Avenue , Italian Harlem lasted through the 1970s , today most of the former Italian population is gone . Most of these predominantly older residents are clustered around Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church , mainly from 114th to 118th Streets . According to the 2000 Census , there were only 1,130 Italian - Americans still living in this area . Still , vestiges of the old Italian neighborhood remain . The annual Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and the `` Dancing of the Giglio '' , the first Italian feast in New York City , is still celebrated there every year on the second weekend of August by the Giglio Society of East Harlem . Italian retail establishments still exist , such as Rao 's restaurant , started in 1896 , and the original Patsy 's Pizzeria which opened in the 1933 . In May 2011 , one of the last remaining Italian retail businesses in the neighborhood , a barbershop owned by Claudio Caponigro on 116th Street , was threatened with closure by a rent increase . 1921 -- 1929 125th Street between Park and Madison Avenues Starting around the time of the end of World War I , Harlem became associated with the New Negro movement , and then the artistic outpouring known as the Harlem Renaissance , which extended to poetry , novels , theater , and the visual arts . The growing population also supported a rich fabric of organizations and activities in the 1920s . Fraternal orders such as the Prince Hall Masons and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks set up lodges in Harlem , with elaborate buildings including auditoriums and large bands . Parades of lodge members decked out in uniforms and accompanied by band music were a common sight on Harlem 's streets , on public holidays , lodge anniversaries , church festivities and funerals . The neighborhood 's churches housed a range of groups , including athletic clubs , choirs and social clubs . A similar range of activities could be found at the YMCA on 135th Street and the YWCA on 137th Street . The social pages of Harlem 's two African - American newspapers , the New York Age and the New York Amsterdam News , recorded the meetings , dinners and dances of hundreds of small clubs . Soapbox speakers drew crowds on Seventh and Lenox Avenues until the 1960s , some offering political oratory , with Hubert Harrison the most famous , while others , particularly in the late 1920s , sold medicine . Harlem also offered a wealth of sporting events : the Lincoln Giants played baseball at Olympic Field at 136th and Fifth Avenue until 1920 , after which residents had to travel to the Catholic Protectory Oval in the Bronx ; men 's and women 's basketball teams from local athletic clubs played in church gymnasiums , and , as they became more popular , at the Manhattan Casino on 155th Street , before giving way to professional teams , most famously the Rens , based at the Renaissance Ballroom on Seventh Avenue ; and boxing bouts took place at the Commonwealth Casino on East 135th Street ( run by white promoters the McMahon brothers ) . The biggest crowds , including many whites , came to see black athletes compete against whites . Marcus Garvey Park It took years for business ownership to reflect the new reality . A survey in 1929 found that whites owned and operated 81.51 % of the neighborhood 's 10,319 businesses , with beauty parlors making up the largest number of black - owned businesses . By the late 1960s , 60 % of the businesses in Harlem responding to surveys reported ownership by blacks , and an overwhelming fraction of new businesses were black owned after that time . Marginalized in the legitimate economy , a small group of blacks found success outside the law , running gambling on numbers . Invented in 1920 or 1921 , numbers had exploded by 1924 into a racket turning over tens of millions of dollars every year . That year the New York Age reported that there were at least thirty bankers ( the name given to someone running a numbers game ) in Harlem , with many employing between twelve and twenty people to collect bets , and Marcellino , the largest banker , employing over one hundred . By the late 1920s , Wallace Thurman guessed there were over a thousand collectors taking bets from 100,000 clients a day . The most successful bankers , who could earn enormous sums of money , were known as Kings and Queens . The wealthiest numbers king of all was almost certainly the reputed inventor of the game , Casper Holstein . He owned a fleet of cars , apartment buildings in Harlem and a home on Long Island , but did not have the ostentatious style and lifestyle of many other kings . He , and other bankers , gave money to charities and loans to aspiring businessmen and needy residents . Holstein 's role in the community extended further than most of his colleagues , included membership in the Monarch Lodge of the Elks , support for Marcus Garvey 's Universal Negro Improvement Association , philanthropy in his native Virgin Islands , and patronage of the Harlem Renaissance . Harlem adapted rapidly to the coming of Prohibition , and its theaters , nightclubs , and speakeasies became major entertainment destinations . Claude McKay would write that Harlem had become `` an all white picnic ground '' , and in 1927 Rudolph Fisher published an article titled `` The Caucasian Storms Harlem '' . Langston Hughes described this period at length , including this passage from his 1940 autobiography , White people began to come to Harlem in droves . For several years they packed the expensive Cotton Club on Lenox Avenue . But I was never there , because the Cotton Club was a Jim Crow club for gangsters and monied whites . They were not cordial to Negro patronage , unless you were a celebrity like Bojangles . So Harlem Negroes did not like the Cotton Club and never appreciated its Jim Crow policy in the very heart of their dark community . Nor did ordinary Negroes like the growing influx of whites toward Harlem after sundown , flooding the little cabarets and bars where formerly only colored people laughed and sang , and where now the strangers were given the best ringside tables to sit and stare at the Negro customers -- like amusing animals in a zoo . -- Langston Hughes , The Big Sea In response to the white influx , some blacks operated alternative venues in their homes . Called buffet flats , they offered alcohol , music , dancing , prostitutes , and , commonly , gambling , and , less often , rooms to which a couple could go . Their location in residential buildings , typically on cross streets above 140th Street , away from the nightclubs and speakeasies on the avenues , offered a degree of privacy from police , and from whites : you could only find a buffet flat if you knew the address and apartment number , which hosts did not advertise . Puerto Rican and Latin American immigration after the First World War established an enclave at the western portion of East Harlem -- around 110th Street and Lexington Avenue -- which became known as `` Spanish Harlem '' . The area slowly grew to encompass all of East Harlem , including Italian Harlem , as Italians moved out -- to the Bronx , Brooklyn , upstate New York , and New Jersey -- and Hispanics moved in during another wave of immigration in the 1940s and 1950s . The newly dominant Puerto Rican population , which reached 63,000 in 1950 , continued to define the neighborhood according to its needs , establishing bodegas and botánicas as it expanded ; by the 1930s there was already an enclosed street market underneath the Park Avenue railroad viaduct between 111th and 116th Streets , called `` La Marqueta '' ( `` The Market '' ) . Catholic and evangelistic Protestant churches appeared in storefronts . Although `` Spanish Harlem '' had been in use since at least the 1930s to describe the Hispanic enclave -- along with `` Italian Harlem '' and `` Negro Harlem '' -- around the 1950s the name began to be used to describe the entire East Harlem neighborhood . Later , the name `` El Barrio '' ( `` The Neighborhood '' ) began to be used , especially by inhabitants of the area . Since the 1920s , this period of Harlem 's history has been highly romanticized . With the increase in a poor population , it was also the time when the neighborhood began to deteriorate to a slum , and some of the storied traditions of the Harlem Renaissance were driven by poverty , crime , or other social ills . For example , in this period , Harlem became known for `` rent parties '' , informal gatherings in which bootleg alcohol was served and music played . Neighbors paid to attend , and thus enabled the host to make his or her monthly rent . Though picturesque , these parties were thrown out of necessity . Further , over a quarter of black households in Harlem made their monthly rent by taking in lodgers , many of whom were family members , but who sometimes brought bad habits or even crime that disrupted the lives of respectable families . Lodgers also experienced disruption , with many having to move frequently when households relocated , roommates quarreled or they could not pay rent . Urban reformers campaigned to eliminate the `` lodger evil '' but the problem got worse before it got better ; in 1940 , still affected by the Depression , 40 % of black families in Harlem were taking in lodgers . The high rents and poor maintenance of housing stock , which Harlem residents suffered through much of the 20th century , was not merely the product of racism by white landlords . By 1914 , 40 % of Harlem 's private houses and 10 % of its tenements were owned by blacks . Wealthier blacks continued to purchase land in Harlem , and by 1920 , a significant portion of the neighborhood was owned by blacks . By the late 1960s , 60 % of the businesses in Harlem responding to surveys reported ownership by blacks , and an overwhelming fraction of new businesses were black owned after that time . In 1928 , the first effort at housing reform was attempted in Harlem with the construction of the Paul Laurence Dunbar Houses , backed by John D. Rockefeller , Jr . These were intended to give working people of modest means the opportunity to live in and , over time , purchase , houses of their own . The Great Depression hit shortly after the buildings opened , and the experiment failed . They were followed in 1936 by the Harlem River Houses , a more modest experiment in housing projects . And by 1964 , nine giant public housing projects had been constructed in the neighborhood , housing over 41,000 people . Stately Harlem apartment buildings adjacent to Morningside Park 1930 -- 1945 The job losses of the Depression were exacerbated by the end of Prohibition in 1933 and by the Harlem Riot of 1935 , which scared away the wealthier whites who had long supported Harlem 's entertainment industry . White audiences decreased almost totally after a second round of riots in 1943 . Many Harlemites found work in the military or in the Brooklyn shipyards during World War II , but the neighborhood declined rapidly once the war ended . Some middle - class blacks moved north or west to suburbs , a trend that increased after the 1960s Civil Rights Movement decreased discrimination in housing . The neighborhood enjoyed few benefits from the massive public works projects in New York under Robert Moses in the 1930s , and as a result had fewer parks and public recreational sites than other New York neighborhoods . Of the 255 playgrounds Moses built in New York City , he placed only one in Harlem . Adam Clayton Powell , Jr. addressing a citizens ' committee mass meeting in 1942 The earliest activism by blacks to change the situation in Harlem itself grew out of the Great Depression , with the `` Do n't Buy Where You Can _́ t Work '' movement . This was the ultimately successful campaign to force retail shops on 125th Street to hire black employees . Boycotts were originally organized by the Citizens ' League for Fair Play in June 1934 against Blumstein 's Department Store on 125th Street . The store soon agreed to integrate its staff more fully . This success emboldened Harlem residents , and protests continued under other leadership , including that of preacher and later congressman Adam Clayton Powell , Jr. , seeking to change hiring practices at other stores , to effect the hiring of more black workers , or the hiring of members of particular protesting groups . Communism gained a following in Harlem in the 1930s , and continued to play a role through the 1940s . In 1935 , the first of Harlem 's five riots broke out . The incident started with a boy that was supposedly caught stealing from a store on 125th Street had been killed by the police . By the time it was over , 600 stores had been looted and three men were dead . The same year saw internationalism in Harlem politics , as Harlemites responded to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia by holding giant rallies , signing petitions and sending an appeal to the League of Nations . Such internationalism continued intermittently , including broad demonstrations in favor of Egyptian president Nasser after the Suez invasion of 1956 . Black Harlemites took positions in the elected political infrastructure of New York starting in 1941 with the election of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. to the City Council . He was easily elected to Congress when a congressional district was placed in Harlem in 1944 , leaving his City Council seat to be won by another black Harlemite , Benjamin J. Davis . Ironically , Harlem 's political strength soon deteriorated , as Clayton Powell , Jr. spent his time in Washington or his vacation home in Puerto Rico , and Davis was jailed in 1951 for violations of the Smith Act . The year 1943 saw the second Harlem riot . A black soldier knocked down a policeman who then shot him . An onlooker shouted that the soldier had been killed , and this news spread throughout the black community and provoked rioting . A force of 6,600 , made up of city police , military police and civil patrolmen , in addition to 8,000 State Guardsmen and 1,500 civilian volunteers was required to end the violence . Hundreds of businesses were destroyed and looted , the property damage approaching $225,000 . Overall , six people died and 185 were injured . Five hundred people were arrested in connection with the riot . 1946 -- 1969 In the late 1950s and early 1960s , Harlem was the scene of a series of rent strikes by neighborhood tenants , led by local activist Jesse Gray , together with the Congress of Racial Equality , Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited ( HARYOU ) , and other groups . These groups wanted the city to force landlords to improve the quality of housing by bringing them up to code , to take action against rats and roaches , to provide heat during the winter , and to keep prices in line with existing rent control regulations . According to the Metropolitan Council on Housing , in the mid-1960s , about 25 % of the city 's landlords charged more for rent than allowed by law . Malcolm X at a 1964 press conference Many groups mobilized in Harlem in the 1960s , fighting for better schools , jobs , and housing . Some were peaceful and others advocated violence . By the early 1960s , the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) had offices on 125th street , and acted as negotiator for the community with the city , especially in times of racial unrest . They urged civilian review boards to hear complaints of police abuse , a demand that was ultimately met . As chairman of the House Committee of Education and Labor at the start of the 1960s , Adam Clayton Powell Jr. used this position to direct federal funds to various development projects in Harlem . The largest public works projects in Harlem in these years were public housing , with the largest concentration built in East Harlem . Typically , existing structures were torn down and replaced with city - designed and managed properties that would , in theory , present a safer and more pleasant environment than those available from private landlords . Ultimately , community objections halted the construction of new projects . From the mid-20th century , the terrible quality of local schools has been a source of distress . In the 1960s , about 75 % of Harlem students tested under grade levels in reading skills , and 80 % tested under grade level in math . In 1964 , residents of Harlem staged two school boycotts to call attention to the problem . In central Harlem , 92 % of students stayed home . 1960s Race riots An incident at 133rd Street and Seventh Avenue during the Harlem Riot of 1964 . The influence of the southern nonviolent protest movement was muted in Harlem . Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. was the black leader most respected in Harlem . But on September 20 , 1958 , Izola Curry , deluded into believing the NAACP was controlled by Communists , approached Dr. King at a Blumstein 's book - signing , and asked him if he was Martin Luther King , Jr . When King replied in the affirmative , she said , `` I 've been looking for you for five years '' , then thrust a letter opener into his chest . NYPD officers took King , still in the chair where he had sat , to an ambulance that took him to Harlem Hospital , for removal of the blade . Reportage recalling the event for Martin Luther King , Jr . Day in 2014 , noted : `` As it happened , one of the cops was black , the other white and the same was the case with the two surgeons . Each pair worked as true partners , proving that the color of their skin meant nothing and translating the content of their character into life - saving action . '' At least two dozen groups of black nationalists also operated in New York , many of them in Harlem . The most important of these was the Nation of Islam , whose Temple Number Seven was run by Malcolm X from 1952 -- 1963 . Malcolm X was assassinated in the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights in 1965 . The neighborhood remains an important center for the Nation of Islam . In 1963 , Inspector Lloyd Sealy became the first African - American officer of the NYPD to command a police station , the 28th precinct in Harlem . Community relations between Harlem residents and the NYPD were strained as civil rights activists requested that the NYPD hire more black police officers , specifically in Harlem . In 1964 , across Harlem 's three precincts , the ratio was one black police officer for every six white officers . A riot broke in the summer of 1964 following the fatal shooting of an unarmed 15 - year - old black teenager by an off - duty white police lieutenant . One person was killed , more than 100 were injured , and hundreds more were arrested . Property damage and looting were extensive . The riot would later spread out of Manhattan and into the borough of Brooklyn and neighborhood of Bedford - Stuyvesant , the heart of Brooklyn 's African - American community . In the aftermath of the riots , the federal government funded a pilot program called Project Uplift , in which thousands of young people in Harlem were given jobs during the summer of 1965 . The project was inspired by a report generated by HARYOU called Youth in the Ghetto . HARYOU was given a major role in organizing the project , along with the National Urban League and nearly 100 smaller community organizations . In 1966 , the Black Panthers organized a group in Harlem , agitating for violence in pursuit of change . Speaking at a rally of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) , Max Stanford , a Black Panther , declared that the United States `` could be brought down to its knees with a rag and some gasoline and a bottle . '' In 1968 , Harlemites rioted after the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr. , as did black residents in other U.S. cities . Two people died -- one stabbed to death in a crowd and another trapped in a burning building . However , the rioting in New York was minor compared to that in other American cities . Mayor John Lindsay helped to quell the rioting by marching up Lenox Avenue in a `` hail of bricks '' to confront the angry crowds . ( See also King assassination riots . ) Housing stock Little investment in private homes or businesses took place in the neighborhood between 1911 and the 1990s . However , the unwillingness of landlords elsewhere in the city to rent to black tenants , together with a significant increase in the black population of New York , meant that rents in Harlem were for many years higher than rents elsewhere in the city , even as the housing stock decayed . In 1920 , one - room apartments in central Harlem rented for $40 to whites or $100 -- $125 to blacks . In the late 1920s , a typical white working - class family in New York paid $6.67 per month per room , while blacks in Harlem paid $9.50 for the same space . The worse the accommodations and more desperate the renter , the higher the rents would be . This pattern persisted through the 1960s ; in 1965 , CERGE reported that a one - room apartment in Harlem rented for $50 -- $74 , while comparable apartments rented for $30 -- $49 in white slums . The high rents encouraged some property speculators to engage in block busting , a practice whereby they would acquire a single property on a block and sell or rent it to blacks with great publicity . Other landowners would panic , and the speculators would then buy additional houses relatively cheaply . These houses could then be rented profitably to blacks . After the Harlem River Houses , America 's first federally subsidized housing project , were opened in 1937 , other massive housing projects soon followed , with tens of thousands of units constructed over the next twenty years , especially in Harlem . A dilapidated Harlem building , photographed on May 14 , 2005 . The building has since been demolished . In the post-World War II era , Harlem ceased to be home to a majority of the city 's blacks , but it remained the cultural and political capital of black New York , and possibly black America . The character of the community changed in the years after the war , as middle - class blacks left for the outer boroughs ( primarily the Bronx , Queens and Brooklyn ) and suburbs . The percentage of Harlem that was black peaked in 1950 , at 98.2 % . Thereafter , Hispanic , Asian , and white residents have increased their share . The high cost of space forced people to live in close quarters , and the population density of Harlem in these years was stunning -- over 215,000 per square mile in the 1920s . By comparison , in 2000 , Manhattan as a whole had a population density under 70,000 per square mile . The same forces that allowed landlords to charge more for Harlem space also enabled them to maintain it less , and many of the residential buildings in Harlem fell into disrepair . The 1960 census showed only 51 % of housing in Harlem to be `` sound '' , as opposed to 85 % elsewhere in New York City . In 1968 , the New York City Buildings Department received 500 complaints daily of rats in Harlem buildings , falling plaster , lack of heat , and unsanitary plumbing . Tenants were sometimes to blame ; some would strip wiring and fixtures from their buildings to sell , throw garbage in hallways and airshafts , or otherwise damage the properties which they lived in or visited . Harlem has many townhouses , such as these in the Mount Morris Historic District . As the building stock decayed , landlords converted many buildings into `` single room occupancies '' , or SROs , essentially private homeless shelters . In many cases , the income from these buildings could not support the fines and city taxes charged to their owners , or the houses suffered damage that would have been expensive to fix , and the buildings were abandoned . In the 1970s , this process accelerated to the point that Harlem , for the first time since before World War I , had a lower population density than the rest of Manhattan . Between 1970 and 1980 , for example , Frederick Douglass Boulevard between 110th Street and 125th Street in central Harlem lost 42 % of its population and 23 % of its remaining housing stock . By 1987 , 65 % of the buildings in Harlem were owned by the City of New York , and many had become empty shells , convenient centers for drug dealing and other illegal activity . The lack of habitable buildings and falling population reduced tax rolls and made the neighborhood even less attractive to residential and retail investment . The doorframe of a brownstone designed by William Tuthill in the Mount Morris Historical District in Harlem . Inadequate housing contributed to racial unrest and health problems . However , the lack of development also preserved buildings from the 1870 -- 1910 building boom , and Harlem as a result has many of the finest original townhouses in New York . This includes work by many significant architects of the day , including McKim , Mead , and White ; James Renwick ; William Tuthill ; Charles Buek ; and Francis Kimball . 1970 -- 1989 By some measures , the 1970s were the worst period in Harlem 's history . Many of those Harlemites who were able to escape from poverty left the neighborhood in search of safer streets , better schools and homes . Those who remained were the poorest and least skilled , with the fewest opportunities for success . Though the federal government 's Model Cities Program spent $100 million on job training , health care , education , public safety , sanitation , housing , and other projects over a ten - year period , Harlem showed no improvement . The deterioration shows up starkly in the statistics of the period . In 1968 , Harlem 's infant mortality rate had been 37 for each 1000 live births , as compared to 23.1 in the city as a whole . Over the next eight years , infant mortality for the city as whole improved to 19 , while the rate in Harlem increased to 42.8 , more than double . Statistics describing illness , drug addiction , housing quality , and education are similarly grim and typically show rapid deterioration in the 1970s . The wholesale abandonment of housing was so pronounced that between 1976 and 1978 alone , central Harlem lost almost a third of its total population , and east Harlem lost about 27 % . The neighborhood no longer had a functioning economy ; stores were shuttered and by estimates published in 1971 , 60 % of the area 's economic life depended on the cash flow from the illegal `` Numbers game '' alone . The worst part of Harlem was the `` Bradhurst section '' between Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Boulevard and Edgecombe , from 139th Street through 155th . In 1991 , this region was described in the New York Times as follows : `` Since 1970 , an exodus of residents has left behind the poor , the uneducated , the unemployed . Nearly two - thirds of the households have incomes below $10,000 a year . In a community with one of the highest crime rates in the city , garbage - strewn vacant lots and tumbledown tenements , many of them abandoned and sealed , contribute to the sense of danger and desolation that pervades much of the area . '' Aerial view of Harlem with river , seen from north ( 2010 ) Plans for rectifying the situation often started with the restoration of 125th Street , long the economic heart of black Harlem . By the late 1970s , only marginalized and poor retail remained . Plans were drafted for a `` Harlem International Trade Center '' , which would have filled the entire block between 125th Street and 126th , from Lenox to Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Boulevard , with a center for trade with the third world . A related retail complex was planned to the west , between Frederick Douglass Boulevard and St. Nicholas . However , this plan depended on $30 million in financing from the federal government , and with the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency of the United States , it had no hope of being completed . The city did provide one large construction project , though not so favored by residents . Starting in the 1960s and continuing through the 1970s , Harlemites fought the introduction of an immense sewage treatment plant , the North River Water Pollution Control Plant , on the Hudson River in West Harlem . A compromise was ultimately reached in which the plant was built with a state park , including extensive recreational facilities , on top . The park , called Riverbank State Park , was opened in 1993 ( the sewage plant having been completed some years earlier ) . The city began auctioning its enormous portfolio of Harlem properties to the public in 1985 . This was intended to improve the community by placing property in the hands of people who would live in them and maintain them . In many cases , the city would even pay to completely renovate a property before selling it ( by lottery ) below market value . The program was soon beset by scandal -- buyers were acquiring houses from the city , then making deals with churches or other charities in which they would inflate the appraised values of the properties and the church or charity would take out federally guaranteed 203 ( k ) mortgage and buy it . The original buyer would realize a profit and the church or charity would default on the mortgage ( presumably getting some kind of kickback from the developer ) . Abandoned shells were left to further deteriorate , and about a third of the properties sold by the city were tenements which still had tenants , who were left in particularly miserable conditions . These properties , and new restrictions on Harlem mortgages , bedeviled the area 's residential real estate market for years . 1990 -- present After four decades of decline , Central Harlem 's population bottomed out in the 1990 census , at 101,026 . It had decreased by 57 % from its peak of 237,468 in 1950 . Between 1990 and 2015 the neighborhood 's population grew by 16.8 % , with the percentage of black people decreasing from 87.6 % to 62 % , During this time , there was a significant drop to 54.4 % in 2010 , while the percentage of whites increased from 1.5 % to 10 % by 2015 . Hispanics are the second largest demographic in Central Harlem , making up 23 % of the population as of 2015 , however , although whites make up only 10 % of the population , they are the fastest growing demographic , with a 678 % increase since 1990 . From 1987 through 1990 , the city removed long - unused trolley tracks from 125th Street , laid new water mains and sewers , installed new sidewalks , curbs , traffic lights , streetlights , and planted trees . Two years later , national chains opened branches on 125th Street for the first time -- The Body Shop opened a store at 125th street and 5th Avenue , and a Ben & Jerry 's ice cream franchise employing formerly homeless people opened across the street . Neither store is extant . The development of the region would leap forward a few years later with the 1994 introduction of the Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone , which brought $300 million in development funds and $250 million in tax breaks . Plans were laid for shopping malls , movie theaters , and museums . However , these plans were nearly derailed in 1995 by the `` Freddy 's Fashion Mart '' riot , which culminated in political arson and eight deaths . These riots did not resemble their predecessors , and were organized by black activists against Jewish shop owners on 125th street . Sign disparaging Barack Obama outside the Atlah World Missionary Church in the former Harlem Club at 123rd Street and Lenox Avenue Five years later , the revitalization of 125th Street resumed , with the construction of a Starbucks outlet backed in part by Magic Johnson ( 1999 ) , the first supermarket in Harlem in 30 years , the Harlem USA retail complex , which included the first first - run movie theater in many years ( 2000 ) , and a new home for the Studio Museum in Harlem ( 2001 ) . In the same year , former president Bill Clinton took office space in Harlem , at 55 West 125th Street . In 2002 , a large retail and office complex called Harlem Center was completed at the corner of Lenox and 125th . There has been extensive new construction and rehabilitation of older buildings in the years since . After years of false starts , Harlem began to see rapid gentrification in the late 1990s . This was driven by changing federal and city policies , including fierce crime fighting and a concerted effort to develop the retail corridor on 125th Street . The number of housing units in Harlem increased by 14 % between 1990 and 2000 , and the rate of increase has been much more rapid in recent years . Property values in Central Harlem increased nearly 300 % during the 1990s , while the rest of New York City saw only a 12 % increase . Even empty shells of buildings in the neighborhood were routinely selling for nearly $1,000,000 each as of 2007 . In January 2010 , The New York Times reported that in `` Greater Harlem '' , which they defined as running from the East River to the Hudson River , from 96th Street to 155th Street , blacks ceased to be a majority of the population in 1998 , with the change largely attributable to the rapid arrival of new white and Hispanic residents . The paper reported that the population of the area had grown more since 2000 than in any decade since the 1940s . Median housing prices dropped farther in Harlem than in the rest of Manhattan during the real estate crash of 2008 , but recovered more rapidly as well . The neighborhood 's changes have provoked some discontent . James David Manning , pastor of the ATLAH World Missionary Church on Lenox Avenue , has received press for declaring a boycott on all Harlem shops , restaurants , other businesses , and churches other than his own . He believes that this will cause an economic crash that will drive out white residents and drop property values to a level his supporters can afford . There have been rallies against gentrification . On March 12 , 2014 , two buildings in East Harlem were destroyed in a gas explosion . References ^ Jump up to : Ellis , Edward Robb ( 1966 ) . The Epic of New York City . Old Town Books . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Riker , James ( 1904 ) , Harlem : Its Origins and Early Annals , Elizabeth , New Jersey : New Harlem Publishing Company Jump up ^ `` Harlem in the Old Times '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 1880 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem In The Old Times Fighting Hostile Indians on the Flats '' . The History Box . May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : `` To Live In Harlem '' , Frank Hercules , National Geographic , February 1977 , p. 178 + Jump up ^ Introduction to Harlem USA , John Henrik Clarke , 1970 . Jump up ^ Elliot Willensky and Fran Leadon ( 2010 ) . AIA Guide to New York City . Oxford University Press . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eric K. Washington ( 2012 ) . Manhattanville : Old Heart of West Harlem . Arcadia Publishing . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Renner ( 2007 ) . Washington Heights , Inwood , and Marble Hill . Arcadia Publishing . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morris Bank Building '' ( PDF ) . Landmarks Preservation Committee . January 5 , 1993 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washington , Eric ( 2002 ) . Manhattanville : Old Heart of West Harlem . Arcadia Publishing . p. 7 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : `` Harlem , the Village That Became a Ghetto '' , Martin Duberman , in New York , N.Y. : An American Heritage History of the Nation 's Greatest City , 1968 Jump up ^ Riker , James . Revised History of Harlem ( City of New York ) : Its Origin and Early Annals : Prefaced by Home Scenes in the Fatherlands ; or , Notices of Its Founders Before Emigration . Also , Sketches of Numerous Families , and the Recovered Histories of Land -- Titles . New York : J. Riker , 1881 , pp. 588 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Eugene Augustus . Genealogy of the Hoffman Family : Descendants of Martin Hoffman , with Biographical Notes . New York : Dodd and Mead , 1899 , pp. 262 -- 64 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2011 , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : Gill 2011 , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Gill 2011 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 102 ^ Jump up to : `` The Growth and Decline of Harlem 's Housing '' , Thorin Tritter , Afro - Americans in New York Life and History , January 31 , 1998 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Gill 2011 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Bruce Perry , Station Hill , Malcolm , 1991 , p. 154 - 55 . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 210 ^ Jump up to : `` Africa - Conscious Harlem '' , Richard B. Moore , in Harlem U.S.A. , 1971 ed. p. 37 . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : `` The Making of Harlem , '' Archived June 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . James Weldon Johnson , The Survey Graphic , March 1925 Jump up ^ `` Negro Districts in Manhattan '' , The New York Times , November 17 , 1901 . Jump up ^ `` Negroes Move Into Harlem '' , New York Herald , December 24 , 1905 . Jump up ^ Alphonso Pinkney & Roger Woock , Poverty and Politics in Harlem , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen , `` Churches in 1920s Harlem '' , Digital Harlem Blog , April 17 , 2009 , accessed August 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen , `` Catholics in 1920s Harlem '' , Digital Harlem Blog , July 1 , 2010 , accessed August 22 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` 118,000 Negroes Move From The South '' , The New York World , November 5 , 1917 Jump up ^ Gotham Gazette , 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Harlem 's Shifting Population '' . Gotham Gazette . The Citizens Union Foundation . August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem , the Making of a Ghetto '' , Gilbert Osofsky , in Harlem U.S.A. , 1971 ed. p. 13 Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Osofsky , `` Making of a Ghetto '' , in Harlem : A Community in Transition , 1964 , p. 20 Jump up ^ `` Loans To White Renegades Who Back Negroes Cut Off '' , Harlem Home News , April 7 , 1911 ^ Jump up to : `` New York 's Racial Unrest : Mounting Negro Anger Swells Protests '' , Layhmond Robinson , The New York Times , August 12 , 1963 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Nevius , Michelle & Nevius , James ( 2009 ) , Inside the Apple : A Streetwise History of New York City , New York : Free Press , ISBN 141658997X p. 154 ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Gerald . `` Italian Harlem : America 's Largest and Most Italian Little Italy '' Jump up ^ `` Genovese Crime Family - One of the `` Five Families '' `` . American Mafia History . May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 1995 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 0300055366 , p. 605 `` Their number increased slightly during the 1930s , when as many as 110,000 Italians lived east of Lexington Avenue between 96th and 116th streets and east of Madison Avenue between 116th and 125th streets . '' Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` Sit in This Chair , Go Back in Time ; Barber Is Unchanged as Old Neighborhood Vanishes '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garland , Sarah . `` A Reunion of Little Italy in East Harlem '' , The New York Times , September 5 , 2006 . Accessed January 2 , 2008 . `` Now , there are only 1,130 Italian - Americans left in East Harlem , according to the 2000 census . '' Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` East Harlem Rent Tripling , Barber May Have to Close Shop After 60 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen , `` Parades in 1920s Harlem '' , Digital Harlem Blog , February 1 , 2011 , accessed October 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Stephen Robertson , Shane White , Stephen Garton and Graham White , `` This Harlem Life : Black Families and Everyday Life in the 1920s and 1930s '' , Journal of Social History , 44 , 1 ( Fall 2010 ) Jump up ^ Watkins - Owens , Irma , Blood Relations : Caribbean Immigrants and the Harlem Community , 1900 -- 1930 ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1996 ) , 92 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen , `` Harlem 's Soapbox Speakers '' , Digital Harlem Blog , May 14 , 2010 , accessed August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bob Kuska , Hot Potato : How Washington and New York Gave Birth to Black Basketball and Changed America 's Game Forever ( Charlottesville , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen , `` Basketball in 1920s Harlem '' , Digital Harlem Blog , June 3 , 2011 , accessed August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen , `` Harlem and Baseball in the 1920s '' , Digital Harlem Blog , July 27 , 2011 , accessed August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kuska , 151 Jump up ^ Greenberg , Cheryl , Or Does It Explode ? Black Harlem in the Great Depression ( New York , 1991 ) , 27 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Stephen , `` Harlem 's Beauty Parlors '' , Digital Harlem , September 10 , 2010 , accessed August 22 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : The Economic Development of Harlem , Thomas Vietorisz and Bennett Harrison , Praeger Special Studies in U.S. Economic and Social Development , 1970 , p. 37 , p. 45 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ White , Shane , Stephen Garton , Stephen Robertson and Graham White , Playing the Numbers : Gambling in Harlem Between the Wars ( Cambridge , Massachusetts , 2010 ) , 73 -- 73 . Jump up ^ White , Garton , Robertson & White , Playing the Numbers ( 2010 ) , pp. 147 -- 89 . Jump up ^ `` Bankers , Kings and Queens '' , Digital Harlem Blog , accessed October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 281 Jump up ^ Stephen Robertson , `` Harlem Undercover -- the maps '' , Digital Harlem Blog , April 17 , 2009 , accessed August 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) , New York City Guide , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 403 - 02921 - X ( Reprinted by Scholarly Press , 1976 ; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City ) . p. 265 - 268 ^ Jump up to : Lapp , Michael . `` East Harlem '' in Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 , pp. 390 -- 391 Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) , New York City Guide , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 403 - 02921 - X ( Reprinted by Scholarly Press , 1976 ; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City ) , p. 253 Jump up ^ Stephen Robertson , `` Roger Walker -- A Lodger 's Life in 1920s Harlem '' , Digital Harlem Blog , June 15 , 2010 , accessed August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 244,000 Native Sons '' , Look Magazine , May 21 , 1940 , p. 8 + Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Inside U.S.A. , by John Gunther ( 1947 ) specifically cites a black man named A.A. Austin who owned many properties . ^ Jump up to : Pinkney & Woock , Poverty and Politics in Harlem ( 1970 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 , p. 283 Jump up ^ The Economic Development of Harlem , Thomas Vietorisz and Bennett Harrison , Praeger Special Studies in U.S. Economic and Social Development , 1970 , p. 6 Jump up ^ The Power Broker , Robert Moses , p. 252 , p. 318 -- 319 , p. 490 , p. 491 , p. 509 -- 514 , 525 -- 561 , 578 , 589 , 736 , 834 , 1086 , 1101 Jump up ^ John Henrik Clarke ( ed . ) , Harlem U.S.A. , introduction to 1971 edition . Jump up ^ Fact Not Fiction In Harlem , John H. Johnson , St. Martin 's Church , 1980. , p. 52 + Jump up ^ `` Africa - Conscious Harlem '' , in Clarke , Harlem U.S.A. '' ( 1971 ) , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` Africa - Conscious Harlem '' , in Clarke , Harlem U.S.A. '' ( 1971 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Four Men of Harlem -- The Movers and the Shakers '' , in Clarke , Harlem U.S.A. '' ( 1971 ) , p. 262 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem Stirs '' , 1966 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Four Men of Harlem -- The Movers and the Shakers '' , in Clarke , Harlem U.S.A. '' ( 1971 ) , p. 264 . Jump up ^ `` A Landmark Struggle , '' Lisa Davis , Preservation Online , November 21 , 2003 ^ Jump up to : East Harlem 's History , New Directions : A 197 - A Plan for Manhattan Community district 11 ( Revised 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Pinkney & Woock , Poverty and Politics in Harlem ( 1970 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem Stirs '' , 1966 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Pinkney & Woock , Poverty and Politics in Harlem ( 1970 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Pinkney & Woock , Poverty and Politics in Harlem ( 1970 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Michael Daly ( January 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Black and White Men Who Saved Martin Luther King 's Life '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Stabbed in the chest in 1958 , one mistake or sneeze would have fatally severed his aorta if not for the deft work for two cops and two surgeons . Jump up ^ E.U. Essien - Udom , `` The Nationalist Movements of Harlem '' , in Harlem : A Community in Transition , 1964 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ New York City Police Museum : A History of African Americans in the NYPD Jump up ^ `` No Place Like Home '' , Time Magazine . Jump up ^ Youth in the Ghetto : A Study of the Consequences of Powerlessness , Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited , Inc. , 1964 . Jump up ^ Alphonso Pinkney & Roger Woock , Poverty and Politics in Harlem , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panthers Open Harlem Drive '' , Amsterdam News , September 3 , 1966 . Jump up ^ Clay Risen , `` The Night New York Avoided a Riot '' http://www.themorningnews.org/article/the-night-new-york-avoided-a-riot Jump up ^ Vincent J. Cannato , The Ungovernable City , John Lindsay and His Struggle to Save New York , p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` Landlord Brings in Negroes to Get High Rents '' , The New York Times , January 27 , 1920 . Jump up ^ `` Gilbert Osofsky , 1963 '' Jump up ^ `` Powell Says Rent Too High '' , New York Post , March 28 , 1935 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem Stirs , 1966 , p. 17 '' Jump up ^ `` Harlem , the Making of a Ghetto '' , Gilbert Osofsky , in Harlem U.S.A. ( 1971 ed . ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Bruce Perry , Station Hill , Malcolm , 1991 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem Losing Ground as Negro Area '' , New York Herald Tribune , April 6 , 1952 Jump up ^ Powell , Michael . `` Harlem 's New Rush : Booming Real Estate '' , The Washington Post , March 13 , 2005 . Accessed May 18 , 2007 . `` The transformation of this historic capital of Black America has taken an amphetamined step or three beyond a Starbucks , a Body Shop and former president Bill Clinton taking an office on 125th Street . '' Jump up ^ Brooks , Charles . `` Harlemworld : Doing Race and Class in Contemporary Black America -- nonfiction reviews -- book review '' , Black Issues Book Review. , March -- April 2002 . Accessed May 18 , 2007 . `` There 's a mystique that surrounds Harlem -- with its rich historical tradition , literature , music , dance , politics and social activism . Consequently , Harlem is referred to as the `` Black Mecca '' the capital of black America , and arguably the most recognized black community in the country . '' Jump up ^ Pinkney & Woock , Poverty and Politics in Harlem ( 1970 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Demographia population density figures Jump up ^ Bruce Perry , Station Hill , Malcolm , 1991 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Stern , Fishman & Tilove , New York 2000 ( 2006 ) , p. 1021 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall Holds The Key . Harlem 's renaissance finds lots of friends , and a few foes '' , Christian Science Monitor , March 12 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : The Economic Redevelopment of Harlem , PhD Thesis of Eldad Gothelf , submitted to Columbia University in May 2004 Jump up ^ 60 % by 1980 , per Stern , Fishman & Tilove , New York 2000 ( 2006 ) , p. 1015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harlem 's Dreams Have Died in Last Decade , Leaders Say '' , New York Times , March 1 , 1978 , p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Mafia Moves Into the Numbers Racket '' , Fred J. Cook , New York Times , April 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem Battles Over Development Project '' , Shipp , E.R. , New York Times , July 31 , 1991 , p . B. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harlem Pins Revival Hopes on New Plans for 125th Street '' , New York Times , May 20 , 1979 ^ Jump up to : Stern , Fishman & Tilove , New York 2000 ( 2006 ) , p. 1007 . Jump up ^ Stern , Fishman & Tilove , New York 2000 ( 2006 ) , p. 1039 . Jump up ^ Stern , Fishman & Tilove , New York 2000 ( 2006 ) , p. 1016 Jump up ^ `` Harlem Tenants Fear Displacement After 203 ( k ) Scandal '' Jump up ^ `` SRO Limbo : After Arrests in the HUD Scandal , Will Its Victims Lose Their Homes ? '' Andrew Friedman , Village Voice , January 16 -- 22 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Community Health Profiles 2015 Manhattan Community District 10 : Central Harlem , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Census trends : Young , white Harlem newcomers are n't always welcomed , '' New York Daily News , December 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ Stern , Fishman & Tilove , New York 2000 ( 2006 ) , p. 1009 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Fishman & Tilove , New York 2000 ( 2006 ) , p. 1011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Freddy 's Not Dead ' , '' Peter Noel , Village Voice , December 23 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Stern , Fishman & Tilove , New York 2000 ( 2006 ) , p. 1013 . Jump up ^ `` New boy in the ' hood , '' Archived February 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . The Observer , August 5 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` After the Shell Game '' , S. Jhoanna Robledo , New York Magazine , March 26 , 2007 , p. 69 . The article states that , after rocketing upwards for many years , prices on shells have settled to about the same level in 2007 as they had been in 2005 . Examples are given of sales around $800,000 . Jump up ^ `` In Harlem , Blacks Are No Longer a Majority , '' Sam Roberts , The New York Times , January 6 , 2010 , p . A16 . Jump up ^ `` After a Short Nap , Harlem Is Back '' , Julie Satow , The New York Times , March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Pastor 's Mission to Destroy Harlem '' , Timothy Williams , New York Times , February 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Residents Continue to Rally Against Gentrification in Harlem , '' Stephanie Basile , IndyMedia , May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harlem explosions ripped the stomach right out of you '' . New York Times . March 13 , 2014 . Cited sources Gill , Jonathan ( 2011 ) . Harlem : The Four Hundred Year History from Dutch Village to Capital of Black America . Grove / Atlantic . Robert A.M. Stern , David Fishman , Jacob Tilove , New York 2000 : Architecture and Urbanism from the Bicentennial to the Millennium , 2006 . ( show ) Harlem , Manhattan Aspects of Harlem Crime Demographics Education History Harlem Renaissance List of films List of neighborhoods List of people Subsections East Harlem Hamilton Heights Italian Harlem Le Petit Senegal Manhattanville Morningside Heights Sugar Hill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Harlem&oldid=797751262 '' Categories : History of New York City Harlem Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2013 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	explain how the depression and prohibition in 1933 affected harlem	[]	[]
-4198619882290720464	FIFA World Cup	FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia FIFA World Cup This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions France ( 2nd title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website fifa.com/worldcup/ The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is France , which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals . After this , 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina , France and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England and Spain with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world , as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . 17 countries have hosted the World Cup . Brazil , France , Italy , Germany and Mexico have each hosted twice , while Uruguay , Switzerland , Sweden , Chile , England , Argentina , Spain , the United States , Japan and South Korea ( jointly ) , South Africa and Russia have each hosted once . Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals , and 2026 will be a joint hosted finals between Canada , the United States and Mexico , which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three different finals . Contents 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 4.2 Performances 5 Attendance 6 Broadcasting and promotion 7 Results 7.1 Teams reaching the top four 7.2 Best performances by continental zones 8 Awards 9 Records and statistics 9.1 Top goalscorers 9.2 All - time table for champions 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Bibliography 13 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World War II FIFA president Jules Rimet convinced the confederations to promote an international football tournament . Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 World Cup and all North and South American nations except Brazil and Cuba boycotted the 1938 tournament . Brazil was the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World War II The opening game of the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , shortly before the 1950 FIFA World Cup . From the National Archives of Brazil The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams Interior view of the Soccer City in Johannesburg , South Africa , during a match at the 2010 FIFA World Cup The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , 2006 and 2018 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the edition of 25 October 2013 of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini , responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to the Asian Football Confederation and the Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on 29 May and 3 December . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments The BC Place in Vancouver hosting a 2015 Women 's World Cup match An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy Queen Elizabeth II presenting the Jules Rimet trophy to 1966 World Cup winning England captain Bobby Moore From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . The current World Cup trophy , presented since 1974 After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) outcome combinations possible . However , 207 of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams Fair play points , defined by the number of yellow and red cards received in the group stage : Yellow card : minus 1 point Indirect red card ( as a result of a second yellow card ) : minus 3 points Direct red card : minus 4 points Yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Selection process Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the first tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . The 2026 FIFA World Cup was chosen to be held in the United States , Canada and Mexico , marking the first time a World Cup has been shared by three host nations . The 2026 tournament will be the biggest World Cup ever held , with 48 teams playing 80 matches . Sixty matches will take place in the US , including all matches from the quarter - finals onward , while Canada and Mexico will host 10 games each . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semi-final against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) won its only title while playing as a host nation . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) , Argentina ( 1978 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Hosts Venues / Cities Total attendance Matches Avg . attendance Highest attendances † Number Venue Game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 173,850 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final 2002 South Korea Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 72,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final 2018 Russia 12 / 11 3,031,768 64 47,371 78,011 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Seven matches at the Luzhniki , including France 4 -- 2 Croatia , Final Overall 40,532,478 900 45,036 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last three columns , has been the final in half of the 20 World Cups as of 2014 . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters A Coca - Cola bottle promoting the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative viewership of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . The governing body of the sport , FIFA , generated $4.8 billion in revenue from the 2014 tournament . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . World Cups feature official match balls specially designed for each tournament . Each World Cup also has an official song , which have been performed by artists ranging from Shakira to Will Smith . Other songs , such as `` Nessun dorma '' , performed by The Three Tenors at four World Cup concerts , have also become identified with the tournament . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals # Year Hosts Champions Score and Venue Runners - up Third place Score and Venue Fourth place No. of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Stadio Giorgio Ascarelli , Naples Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Stade de Colombes , Paris Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Parc Lescure , Bordeaux Sweden 15 1942 Editions not organized because of World War II . 1946 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay 2 -- 1 Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Brazil Sweden 3 -- 1 Pacaembu , São Paulo Spain 13 5 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Wankdorfstadion , Bern Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Hardturm , Zürich Uruguay 16 6 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Råsundastadion , Solna Sweden France 6 -- 3 Ullevi , Gothenburg West Germany 16 7 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Yugoslavia 16 8 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Wembley Stadium , London West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Wembley Stadium , London Soviet Union 16 9 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Uruguay 16 10 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Olympiastadion , Munich Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Olympiastadion , Munich Brazil 16 11 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Monumental de Núñez , Buenos Aires Italy 16 12 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 Estadio José Rico Pérez , Alicante France 24 13 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Belgium 24 14 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Stadio Olimpico , Rome Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 Stadio San Nicola , Bari England 24 15 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 PSO ) Rose Bowl , Pasadena Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Bulgaria 24 16 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Parc des Princes , Paris Netherlands 32 17 2002 Details South Korea Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 Daegu Stadium , Daegu South Korea 32 18 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 PSO ) Olympiastadion , Berlin France Germany 3 -- 1 Gottlieb - Daimler - Stadion , Stuttgart Portugal 32 19 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soccer City , Johannesburg Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Uruguay 32 20 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Estádio Nacional , Brasília Brazil 32 21 2018 Details Russia France 4 -- 2 Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Croatia Belgium 2 -- 0 Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg England 32 22 2022 Details Qatar TBD TBD Lusail Iconic Stadium , Lusail TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 32 23 2026 Details Canada United States Mexico TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 48 a.e.t. : after extra time PSO : after penalty shoot - out TBD : to be determined Notes Jump up ^ There was no third place match in 1930 ; the United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a 3rd place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . In all , 79 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 21 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Map of countries ' best results Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament Teams reaching the top four Team Titles Runners - up Third place Fourth place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) 5 5 5 France 2 ( 1998 * , 2018 ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 6 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) 2 ( 1990 , 2018 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) Czechoslovakia 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) Sweden 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Croatia 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Poland 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) Austria 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) Portugal 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) Belgium 1 ( 2018 ) 1 ( 1986 ) United States 1 ( 1930 ) Chile 1 ( 1962 * ) Turkey 1 ( 2002 ) Yugoslavia 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) Soviet Union 1 ( 1966 ) Bulgaria 1 ( 1994 ) South Korea 1 ( 2002 * ) * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won twelve titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : United States ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) . Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won in Africa in 2010 . In 2014 , Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas . Only on five occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with four champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by wins for Spain in 2010 , Germany in 2014 and France in 2018 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by more than one championship . Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 37 44 42 85 245 457 Top 16 6 9 14 35 91 156 Top 8 5 34 0 100 144 Top 4 0 22 0 60 84 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 28 42 1st 0 0 0 9 0 12 21 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 16 21 3rd 0 0 0 17 21 4th 0 0 5 0 15 21 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : List of FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments . Three players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Rafael Márquez ( 2002 - 2018 ) ; and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) all played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during the 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer and France 's Didier Deschamps are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach , and Deschamps repeated the feat in 2018 , after having won in 1998 as captain . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup - winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany and Brazil have played the most World Cup matches ( 109 ) , Germany appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 21 ) , has the most wins ( 73 ) and has scored the most goals ( 229 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups . Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 21 109 73 18 18 229 105 124 237 2.17 5 Germany 19 109 67 20 22 226 125 101 221 2.03 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 17 81 43 15 23 137 93 44 144 1.78 5 France 15 66 34 13 19 120 77 43 115 1.74 6 England 15 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 108 1.59 7 Spain 15 63 30 15 18 99 72 27 105 1.67 8 Uruguay 13 56 24 12 20 87 74 13 84 1.50 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . List of FIFA World Cup finals FIFA World Cup referees National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' Archived 9 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup TM Trophy '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations - 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 43 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Turner , Stephen ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' . Sky Sports News . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 30 October 2007 ) , `` Brazil officially named 2014 World Cup hosts '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 July 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport. 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1974 - West Germany win on home soil '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris . `` France 1 - 2 South Africa '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` World Cup Rewind : Largest attendance at a match in the 1950 Brazil final '' . Guinness World Records . 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Officially , 173,850 paid spectators crammed into Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã Stadium on July 16 ( ... ) Some estimates have even pegged the attendance as high as 199,000 or 210,000 unofficially Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Financial Report 2014 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FIFA.com. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Footballs during the FIFA World Cup '' . Football Facts . FIFA . Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Sara D ( 27 April 2010 ) . `` Shakira Records Official Song for 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Aolradioblog . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Official Song ' Live It Up ' to be performed by all - star line - up '' . FIFA. 23 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A riot of colour , emotion and memories : the World Cup stands alone in the field of sport '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil , Germany & Every World Cup Winner from 1930 to 2014 '' . Goal. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , Jeremy ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France boss Didier Deschamps makes history with World Cup final victory over Croatia '' . Daily Star . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Curse of the Foreign - Born Coach '' . Wall Street Journal . 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil pass Germany as all - time top scorers at the World Cup '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five Aside : Germany - Brazil preview '' . ESPN . 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France FIFA World Cup symbols Albums ( official ) 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Anthems ( official ) 1998 : `` La Cour des Grands ( Do You Mind If I Play ) '' 2002 : `` Anthem '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Sign of a Victory '' 2014 : `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' 2018 : `` Komanda '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Songs ( official ) 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` El Mundial '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` A Special Kind of Hero '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` The Time of Our Lives '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' 2018 : `` Live It Up '' 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Films ( official ) 1954 : German Giants 1958 : Hinein ! 1962 : Viva Brazil 1966 : Goal ! 1970 : The World at Their Feet 1974 : Heading for glory 1978 : Campeones 1982 : G'olé ! 1986 : Hero 1990 : Soccer Shoot - Out 1994 : Two Billion Hearts 1998 : La Coupe de la Gloire 2002 : Seven Games from Glory 2006 : The Grand Finale 2010 : The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Film in 3D 2014 : Brasil ! : FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : TBA 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Mascots ( official ) 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Balls ( official ) 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca 2018 : Telstar 18 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 2018 : FIFA 18 FIFA World Cup DLC 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola 2018 : Spoon 2022 : TBA 2026 : / / TBA FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings ( Former systems : 1999 -- 2006 2006 -- 2018 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions World association football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA eWorld Cup International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-20 U-17 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , CAFA , WAFF ) Intercontinental ( UAFA ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Nations League Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-19 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA -- ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IIGA -- Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games West Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football National association football teams FIFA FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Summer Olympics Football AFC Asian Cup Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América OFC Nations Cup UEFA Euro AFC Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China PR Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia IR Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Korea DPR Korea Republic Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen CAF Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo DR Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Réunion Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zanzibar Zimbabwe CONCACAF Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela OFC American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati * New Caledonia New Zealand Niue * Palau * Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu UEFA Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia - Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg FYR Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia Saar West Germany East Germany Ireland Tanganyika North Vietnam South Vietnam North Yemen South Yemen United Arab Republic Soviet Union CIS Yugoslavia FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro Netherlands Antilles Teams indicated in italics are associate / full members of their respective regional bodies but not members of FIFA . See also : List of women 's football teams World cup competitions List of world cups Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club ConIFA Athletics Continental Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts PDC WDF Field hockey men women Fencing Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Ice hockey Lacrosse women Pool ( nine - ball ) Pitch and putt Rowing Roll ball Pesäpallo Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Quidditch Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Individual Archery Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Diving Equestrian dressage Fencing Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Mountain bike racing Orienteering Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Sailing Show jumping Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Track cycling Triathlon Winter sports Biathlon Curling Skiing Alpine Cross-country Freestyle ski cross Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Snowboarding Ski orienteering Sledding Bobsleigh Luge Skeleton Speed skating Short track See also : Template : Main world championships World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Baseball men Basketball men women 3x3 basketball Beach volleyball Curling Mixed doubles Field hockey men women Handball men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball women Volleyball men men 's club women women 's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing ( amateur ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling BMX mountain biking road track urban Equestrianism dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampolining Ice skating figure short track speed Judo Karate Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Skiing alpine nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Men Women Triathlon mixed relay Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Cricket men women Lacrosse men Polo Roller hockey men women Paralympic sports Team Amputee Football Blind Football CP Football Para Ice Hockey Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Bobsleigh and skeleton Boccia Cycling Track cycling Road cycling DanceSport Powerlifting Shooting Snowboard Skiing Alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Cue sports Carom billiards Three - 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Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 112 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 02 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which team won most of the fifa world cup	[ "The 21 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, France and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England and Spain with one title each.\n" ]	[ "Brazil" ]
-3895259361183195510	Doctor Doctor (Australian TV series)	Doctor Doctor ( Australian TV series ) - Wikipedia Doctor Doctor ( Australian TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Doctor Doctor Genre Drama Written by Tony McNamara Alice Bell Tamara Asmar Liz Doran Directed by Peter Salmon Kriv Stenders Jeremy Sims Starring Rodger Corser Nicole da Silva Ryan Johnson Hayley McElhinney Shalom Brune - Franklin Belinda Bromilow Tina Bursill Steve Bisley Chloe Bayliss Matt Castley Lucy Durack Dave Eastgate Callum Aston Composer ( s ) Antony Partos Dave McCormack Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Andy Ryan Jo Rooney Producer ( s ) Ian Collie Claudia Karvan Tony McNamara Location ( s ) Sydney Mudgee Camden Production company ( s ) Essential Media and Entertainment Release Original network Nine Network Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 14 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Doctor Doctor ( also known as The Heart Guy ) is an Australian television drama that premiered on the Nine Network on 14 September 2016 . It follows the story of Hugh Knight , a rising heart surgeon who is gifted , charming and infallible . He is a hedonist who , due to his sheer talent , believes he can live outside the rules . His `` work hard , play harder '' philosophy is about to come back and bite him . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 3 Series overview 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5 Ratings 5.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6 Home media 7 International Broadcast 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) The series is produced by Essential Media and Entertainment and its first season created 800 jobs and production expenditure of $11.6 million in Sydney and Mudgee , as well as $300,000 in grants from Screen NSW . On 28 September 2016 , Nine renewed the program for a second season after just two episodes having been aired . In May 2017 , Angus McLaren and Brittany Scott Clark were announced to be joining the program for its second season . Season 2 began airing on 16 August 2017 . On 11 October 2017 , the series was renewed for a third season at Nine 's upfronts . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Rodger Corser as Hugh Knight Nicole da Silva as Charlie Knight Ryan Johnson as Matt Knight Hayley McElhinney as Penny Cartwright Tina Bursill as Meryl Knight Steve Bisley as Jim Knight Shalom Brune - Franklin as Aoife ( season 1 ) Belinda Bromilow as Betty Bell Matt Castley as Ajax Chloe Bayliss as Hayley Lucy Durack as Tugger Dave Eastgate as Joey ( season 1 ) Charles Wu as Ken Angus McLaren as Dr Toke ( season 2 ) Brittany Scott Clark as Mia Holston ( season 2 ) Supporting ( edit ) John Batchelor as Nathan Winta McGrath as Floyd Thomas Swords as Papa Pex Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 14 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 16 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 10 16 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code Aus . viewers ( millions ) `` Doctor Doctor '' Peter Salmon Tony McNamara 14 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 278221 - 1 0.759 After a string of problems occur , heart surgeon Dr Hugh Knight receives a life - changing punishment from the Medical Tribunal and is sent to work for a year as a country GP in his former home town , Whyhope . `` Home Sweet Home '' Peter Salmon Tony McNamara 21 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 278221 - 2 0.821 Hugh has a shocking introduction to outback medicine when he attends a farm accident . Inspired by Meryl 's dodgy dealings , Hugh blackmails mine boss Big Nathan into making a huge donation to the Hospital . `` San Francisco '' Jeremy Sims Tony McNamara 28 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 278221 - 3 0.661 Hugh finds an unlikely test subject for his revolutionary new artificial heart . Passions are aroused when Charlie and Matt host a wild B&S Ball at their Brewery . `` I Need Another Drink '' Jeremy Sims Alice Bell 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 278221 - 4 0.763 Hugh makes an emergency visit to the city to salvage his career , and learns a family secret that will change his life forever . Charlies frustration with Meryl 's meddling reaches crisis point , and she takes sweet revenge . 5 5 `` We Do n't Need '' Kriv Stenders Liz Doran 12 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 278221 - 5 0.826 Hugh becomes the town hero after footage goes viral of him saving a promising young footballer from a booby trapped paddock , but is quickly brought back down to reality . 6 6 `` Golden Harvest '' Kriv Stenders Tamara Asmar 19 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) 278221 - 6 0.854 Hugh offends everyone in Whyhope as he desperately tries to hide his secret past . Meryl launches a charm offensive to help Charlie deal with her pregnancy grief . 7 7 `` This is Not a Love Song '' Peter Salmon Liz Doran 26 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 278221 - 7 0.777 Hugh and Penny are forced together during an overnight trip to a coal mine . Meryl turns failure into success when she unveils a new statue to commemorate the town . Aoife confesses her love for Hugh . 8 8 `` The Truth is Out There '' Peter Salmon Tony McNamara 2 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 278221 - 8 0.819 Hugh decides to tell Ajax the truth about their relationship , against Jim 's advice . Meryl forces her family to support her campaign for Mayor . 9 9 `` Say Sayonara '' Jeremy Sims Tamara Asmar 9 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 278221 - 9 0.707 Hugh faces a dilemma when his best friend Joey makes a dying wish . The Knight family rallies to support Ajax and Meryl as they each confront a major crisis . 10 10 `` Mash '' Jeremy Sims Tony McNamara 16 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 278221 - 10 0.785 Hugh is shocked when he finds out Penny accepts a job in the city and the hospital is thrown into chaos . Charlie develops an unhealthy obsession over Hugh 's relationship with Penny . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code Aus . viewers ( millions ) 11 `` What Difference the Day Makes '' Ian Watson Tony McNamara 16 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) 278221 - 11 0.758 Hugh is facing his biggest crisis yet when his love life , career and family are all in desperate need of a help . Charlie plays dirty to win back Matt , while Meryl 's election as town Mayor is overshadowed by fraud . 12 `` Your Game '' Ian Watson Tony McNamara 23 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) 278221 - 12 0.69 Hugh and the hospital staff use blackmail to get rid of their incompetent boss Norah . Meanwhile , Penny faces family and romantic dilemmas that will change her future . Hayley struggles with a guilty conscience over her relationship with Ajax . 13 `` Talent Showdown '' Tori Garrett Angela McDonald 30 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) 278221 - 13 0.632 Hugh creates havoc for Charlie when he reveals her secret talent . Penny 's first day back in Whyhope is headed for disaster until she joins forces with Hugh . Hayley makes a fateful decision to fix Meryl 's election fraud problem 14 `` The Great Campaign '' Tori Garrett Liz Doran 6 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) 278221 - 14 0.704 Hugh comes to blows with Penny 's new boyfriend , while Meryl plays dirty to win the re-count of the Mayoral election . Ajax gets a new perspective on life and death when he does work experience in the hospital . 15 5 `` Both Sides Now '' Kriv Stenders Tony McNamara 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 278221 - 15 0.761 Penny 's sister causes havoc for Hugh and Ken when she visits Whyhope to defend Meryl against corruption charges . Betty uses her hidden talents to solve a medical mystery involving backpackers , sardines and farm machinery . 16 6 `` Penny For Your Thoughts '' Kriv Stenders Tony McNamara 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 278221 - 16 0.645 Penny makes an unexpected choice when Hugh and Toke turn up the romantic pressure . When Charlie is unfairly sacked by the Headmaster , Meryl resorts to blackmail to get her reinstated . 17 7 `` Picture of Innocence '' Tony McNamara Lucy Gaffy 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 278221 - 17 0.749 Hugh struggles to prove his innocence and win back Penny after failing a drug test . Meryl and Charlie lock horns over Hayley 's entry in the Miss Whyhope competition . Ajax makes the worst decision of his life . 18 8 `` Step In Time '' Ian Watson Tamara Asmar 4 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 278221 - 18 0.790 Hugh and Penny race to find a kidney donor to save Jim 's life . Charlie is stalked by an obsessive fan , while Matt and Ajax hunt down a thief targeting their farm . 19 9 `` Forgive and Forget '' Ben Chessell Tony McNamara 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 278221 - 19 0.745 Hugh 's estranged wife arrives from Las Vegas and creates chaos for Penny and Hugh 's family . Charlie and Matt teach Hayley a lesson about love , lust and the need to forgive Ajax . 20 10 `` A Little Piece of Heaven '' Ben Chessell Tony McNamara 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 278221 - 20 0.735 Penny is heartbroken when Hugh makes a series of disastrous choices about his marriage and career . Love is in the air on Hayley and Ajax 's wedding day . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers ( millions ) Ref ( s ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank Viewers ( millions ) Rank `` Doctor Doctor '' 14 September 2016 0.759 11 0.168 5 0.927 `` Home Sweet Home '' 21 September 2016 0.821 7 0.164 0.985 `` San Francisco '' 28 September 2016 0.661 11 0.145 8 0.806 `` I Need Another Drink '' 5 October 2016 0.763 10 0.199 0.962 5 `` We Do n't Need '' 12 October 2016 0.826 7 0.204 1.03 6 `` Golden Harvest '' 19 October 2016 0.854 6 0.158 1.012 7 `` This is Not a Love Song '' 26 October 2016 0.777 6 0.108 6 0.885 8 `` The Truth is Out There '' 2 November 2016 0.819 6 0.185 1.004 9 `` Say Sayonara '' 9 November 2016 0.707 10 0.177 5 0.884 10 `` Mash '' 16 November 2016 0.785 5 0.171 0.956 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers ( millions ) Ref ( s ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank Viewers ( millions ) Rank 11 `` What Difference the Day Makes '' 16 August 2017 0.758 7 0.68 8 0.826 12 `` Your Game '' 23 August 2017 0.69 11 0.63 10 0.753 13 `` Talent Showdown '' 30 August 2017 0.632 14 0.55 13 0.687 14 `` The Great Campaign '' 6 September 2017 0.704 10 0.107 9 0.811 15 `` Both Sides Now '' 13 September 2017 0.761 9 0.88 7 0.849 16 `` Penny for Your Thoughts '' 20 September 2017 0.645 11 0.135 9 0.780 17 `` Picture of Innocence '' 27 September 2017 0.749 9 0.140 8 0.889 18 `` Step In Time '' 4 October 2017 0.790 9 0.126 0.916 19 `` Forgive and Forget '' 11 October 2017 0.745 9 0.109 8 0.854 20 `` A Little Piece of Heaven '' 18 October 2017 0.735 9 0.131 8 0.866 Home media ( edit ) DVD Title Episodes Discs Release date Rating Additional Region 2 ( Germany ) Region 4 FSK ACB Series 1 10 25 August 2017 23 November 2016 12 MA15+ Features Released as The Heart Guy : Steffel 1 in Germany Series 2 10 23 March 2018 6 December 2017 12 Features Released as The Heart Guy : Steffel 2 in Germany Series 1 & 2 20 6 No release 6 December 2017 -- MA15+ Features International broadcast ( edit ) The series , which is retitled as The Heart Guy , airs on PayTV broadcaster , Sky Deutschland for Germany , Austria and Switzerland . The program is also available in the USA with the title The Heart Guy from the streaming network Acorn TV and in the UK on Drama . In Norway the series are available om TV2 Sumo . See also ( edit ) List of Australian television series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Doctor Doctor sells to Europe as ' The Heart Guy ' '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : Doctor Doctor '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` Nine announces cast for Doctor Doctor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Doctor Doctor new drama coming to Nine '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` Renewed : Doctor Doctor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 May 2017 ) . `` Angus McLaren joins Doctor Doctor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Favourite Doctor Is Back ! '' . Nine Entertainment Co . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 August 2017 ) . `` Airdate : Doctor Doctor S2 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Renewals underpin Nine 's 2018 slate '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 14 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 22 September 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 21 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 28 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 5 October 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 12 October 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 19 October 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 26 October 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 2 November 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 10 November 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 9 November 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Wednesday 16 November 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 16 August 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 23 August 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 30 August 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 6 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 14 September 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 13 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 20 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 27 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 4 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 11 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Wednesday 18 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 September 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 14 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 October 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 21 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 October 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 28 September 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 October 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 5 October 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 October 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 12 October 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 October 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 19 October 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 November 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 26 October 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 2 November 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 November 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 9 November 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 November 2016 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 16 November 2016 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 September 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 16 August 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 September 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 23 August 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 30 August 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 6 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 13 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 October 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 20 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 October 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 27 September 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 15 October 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 4 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 23 October 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 11 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 31 October 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Wednesday 18 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Doctor Series 1 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . `` The Heart Guy - Staffel 1 ( 3 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . `` Doctor Doctor - Season 2 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . `` The Heart Guy - Staffel 2 ( 3 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . `` Doctor Doctor - Season 1 & 2 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Acorn TV The Heart Guy '' . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 January 2018 ) . `` UK picks up Doctor Doctor '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Doctor Doctor on IMDb Current Australian drama television series ABC Rake ( 2010 -- ) Jack Irish ( 2012 -- ) Glitch ( 2015 -- ) Cleverman ( 2016 -- ) Harrow ( 2018 -- ) ABC3 Nowhere Boys ( 2013 -- ) Seven Network Home and Away ( 1988 -- ) 800 Words ( 2015 -- ) Wanted ( 2016 -- ) Nine Network Doctor Doctor ( 2016 -- ) Eleven Neighbours ( 1985 -- ) Showcase Wentworth ( 2013 -- 2016 on SoHo , 2017 -- on Showcase ) The Kettering Incident ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) A Place to Call Home ( 2013 -- 14 on Seven Network , 2015 on SoHo , 2016 -- on Showcase ) Secret City ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) Stan Wolf Creek ( 2016 -- ) Future shows Bite Club ( 2018 - on Nine Network ) Nine Network local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 to One ( 2005 - 2011 , since 2016 ) ARIA Music Awards ( 2001 , 2009 2011 - 2013 , since 2017 ) Australian Ninja Warrior ( since 2017 ) The Block ( 2003 - 04 , since 2010 ) Carols by Candlelight ( since 1952 ) Date Night ( since 2018 ) Doctor Doctor ( since 2016 ) Family Food Fight ( since 2017 ) The AFL Footy Show ( since 1994 ) The NRL Footy Show ( since 1994 ) Footy Classified ( since 2007 ) Married at First Sight ( since 2015 ) Movie Juice ( since 2017 ) RBT ( since 2010 ) The TV Week Logie Awards ( since 1959 ) Talkin ' ' Bout Your Generation ( since 2018 ) The Voice ( since 2012 ) This Time Next Year ( since 2017 ) Travel Guides ( since 2017 ) True Story with Hamish & Andy ( since 2017 ) Daytime Millionaire Hot Seat ( since 2009 ) News Nine News ( since 1956 ) Nine News Now ( since 2013 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1979 ) A Current Affair ( 1971 - 1988 since 1988 ) Today Extra ( since 2012 ) Today ( since 1982 ) Weekend Today ( since 2009 ) Sport 100 % Footy ( since 2018 ) Sports Sunday ( since 2017 ) Weekends Cybershack The Garden Gurus ( since 2002 ) Getaway ( since 1992 ) Postcards ( since 1999 ) The AFL Sunday Footy Show ( since 1993 ) The NRL Sunday Footy Show ( since 1993 ) Upcoming Bite Club ( 2018 ) Buying Blind ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Doctor_(Australian_TV_series)&oldid=841517454 '' Categories : Nine Network shows Australian drama television series 2016 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian television series English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use Australian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 09 : 52 . 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-8915278532677931207	Battle of New Orleans	Battle of New Orleans - wikipedia Battle of New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search For the battle at New Orleans during the American Civil War , see Capture of New Orleans . For other uses , see Battle of New Orleans ( disambiguation ) . Battle of New Orleans Part of the War of 1812 The Battle of New Orleans by Henry Bryan Hall after William Momberger Date January 6 -- 18 , 1815 Location About five miles ( 8 km ) east - southeast of New Orleans on the grounds of Chalmette Plantation Result American victory British forces withdraw completely from Louisiana . Belligerents United States United Kingdom Commanders and leaders Andrew Jackson William Carroll John Coffee John Adair Walter Overton Daniel Patterson David B. Morgan Pierre Denis de La Ronde Jacques Villeré Thomas Hinds Joseph Savary René Trudeau Francis B. de Bellevue Daniel Carmick Jean Laffite Edward Pakenham † Alexander Cochrane Samuel Gibbs † John Keane ( WIA ) John Lambert William Thornton Thomas Mullins Units involved See order of battle See order of battle Strength 4,732 14,450 Casualties and losses 55 killed 185 wounded 93 missing Total : 333 386 killed 1,521 wounded 552 missing or captured Total : 2,459 American South Creek War 1st Fort Bowyer Fayal Pensacola 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip Fort Peter 2nd Fort Bowyer Post-treaty ratification battles of the War of 1812 HMS Cyane and HMS Levant HMS Penguin EIC Nautilus Naval campaigns of the War of 1812 Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The Battle of New Orleans was an engagement fought between December 14 , 1814 and January 18 , 1815 , constituting the final major battle of the War of 1812 , and the most one - sided battle of that war . American combatants , commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson , prevented an overwhelming British force , commanded by Admiral Alexander Cochrane and General Edward Pakenham , from seizing New Orleans and the vast territory the United States had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase . The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24 , 1814 ( but was not ratified by the US Government until February 1815 ) , and hostilities continued without the involved parties knowing about the Treaty , until January 18 by when all of the British forces had retreated , finally putting an end to the Battle of New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Battle of Lake Borgne 2 Night attack of December 23 3 Battle of January 8 4 Siege of Fort St. Philip 5 Withdrawal of the British 6 Pakenham 's Secret Orders 7 Distinguished Service 8 Aftermath 8.1 Victory attributed to a miracle 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Battle of Lake Borgne ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Lake Borgne Eighteenth century map of southeast Louisiana By December 12 , 1814 , sixty British ships with 14,450 soldiers and sailors aboard , under the command of Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane , had anchored in the Gulf of Mexico to the east of Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne . Preventing access to the lakes was an American flotilla , commanded by Lieutenant Thomas ap Catesby Jones , consisting of five gunboats . On December 14 , around 1,200 British sailors and Royal Marines under Captain Nicholas Lockyer set out to attack Jones ' force . Lockyer 's men sailed in 42 longboats , each armed with a small carronade . Lockyer captured Jones ' vessels in a brief engagement known as the Battle of Lake Borgne. 17 British sailors were killed and 77 wounded , while 6 Americans were killed , 35 wounded , and 86 captured . The wounded included both Jones and Lockyer . Now free to navigate Lake Borgne , thousands of British soldiers , under the command of General John Keane , were rowed to Pea Island ( possibly now Pearl River Island ) , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of New Orleans , where they established a garrison . Captain René Trudeau 's `` Troop of Horse '' participated in the Battle December 14 , 1814 - March 16 , 1815 . Night attack of December 23 ( edit ) Night battle On the morning of December 23 , Keane and a vanguard of 1,800 British soldiers reached the east bank of the Mississippi River , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of New Orleans . Keane could have attacked the city by advancing for a few hours up the river road , which was undefended all the way to New Orleans , but he made the fateful decision to encamp at Lacoste 's Plantation and wait for the arrival of reinforcements . Meanwhile , General Jackson learned of the advances and position of the British encampment from Colonel Pierre Denis ( born Denys ) de La Ronde ( upon whose plantation , commonly misnamed Versailles , Louisiana , the Night Battle was later largely fought ) ) , and his son - in - law , who was Colonel Jacques Villeré 's son , Gabriel Villeré . The young major had cleverly escaped through a window after capture , when the advancing British invaded his family home . `` At the close of Major Villere 's narrative the General drew up his figure , bowed with disease and weakness , to its full height , and with an eye of fire and an emphatic blow upon the table with his clenched fist , exclaimed : ' By the Eternal , they shall not sleep on our soil ! ' '' -- Stanley Clisby Arthur , The Story of the Battle of New Orleans That evening , attacking from the north , Jackson led 2,131 men in a brief three - pronged assault on the unsuspecting British troops , who were resting in their camp . Then Jackson pulled his forces back to the Rodriguez Canal , about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the city . The Americans suffered 24 killed , 115 wounded , and 74 missing , while the British reported their losses as 46 killed , 167 wounded , and 64 missing . Historian Robert Quimby says , `` the British certainly did win a tactical victory , which enabled them to maintain their position . '' However , Quimby goes on to say , `` It is not too much to say that it was the battle of December 23 that saved New Orleans . The British were disabused of their expectation of an easy conquest . The unexpected and severe attack made Keane even more cautious ... he made no effort to advance on the twenty - fourth or twenty - fifth . '' As a consequence , the Americans were given time to begin the transformation of the canal into a heavily fortified earthwork . On Christmas Day , General Edward Pakenham arrived on the battlefield and ordered a reconnaissance - in - force on December 28 against the American earthworks protecting the advance to New Orleans . That evening , General Pakenham met with General Keane and Admiral Cochrane for an update on the situation , angry with the position that the army had been placed in . General Pakenham wanted to use Chef Menteur Road as the invasion route , but he was overruled by Admiral Cochrane , who insisted that his boats were providing everything that could be needed . Admiral Cochrane believed the veteran British soldiers would easily destroy Jackson 's ramshackle army , and he allegedly said that if the army did not do it , his sailors would . Whatever Pakenham 's thoughts on the matter , the meeting settled the method and place of the attack . When the British reconnaissance - in - force withdrew , the Americans immediately began constructing earthworks to protect the artillery batteries . These defenses were then christened Line Jackson . The Americans installed eight batteries , which included one 32 - pound gun , three 24 - pounders , one 18 - pounder , three 12 - pounders , three 6 - pounders , and a 6 - inch ( 150 mm ) howitzer. Jackson also sent a detachment to the west bank of the Mississippi to man two 24 - pounders and two 12 - pounders on the grounded warship USS Louisiana . Even so , Jackson 's force was greatly outnumbered by the attacking forces . Jackson 's total of 4,732 men was made up of 968 U.S. Army regulars , 58 U.S. Marines ( holding the center of the defensive line ) , 106 seamen of the US Naval battalion , 1,060 Louisiana militia and volunteers ( including 462 free people of color ) , 1,352 Tennessee militia , 986 Kentucky militia , 150 Mississippi militia , and 52 Choctaw warriors , along with a force from the pirate Jean Lafitte 's Baratarians . Jackson also had the support of the warships in the Mississippi River , including the USS Louisiana , the USS Carolina and the Enterprise , a steamboat . Then - Major Thomas Hinds ' Squadron of Light Dragoons , a militia unit from the Mississippi Territory , learned of the advancing position of the British on December 30th , helping to secure victory , after having arrived to the battle December 22nd and distinguishing himself and the cavalry under his command . The main British army arrived on New Year 's Day 1815 , and opened fire on the earthworks with their artillery . This began an exchange of artillery fire that continued for three hours . Several of the American guns were destroyed or silenced , including the 32 - pounder , a 24 - pounder , and a 12 - pounder , while some damage was done to the earthworks . The British artillery finally exhausted its ammunition , which caused Pakenham to cancel the attack . Pakenham did not know that his attack had come close to success , since the Americans defenders on the left of Line Jackson near the swamp had broken under the fire and abandoned their position . Pakenham decided to wait until his entire force of over 8,000 men to assemble before continuing his attack . The British regulars included the 4th , 7th , 21st , 43rd , 44th , 85th , 93rd ( Highland ) Regiments , a 500 - man `` demi - battalion '' of the 95th Rifles , 14th Light Dragoons , and the 1st and 5th West India Regiments of several hundred free black soldiers , recruited from the British West Indies colonies . Other troops included Native Americans of the Hitchiti tribe , led by Kinache . Battle of January 8 ( edit ) 1815 painting of the battle by participant Jean Hyacinthe de Laclotte of the Louisiana Militia based on his memories and sketches made at the site Early 19th century map depicting the battlefield at Chalmette Plantation on January 8 , 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , the British marched against General Andrew Jackson 's lines of defense . The Americans had constructed three lines of defense , the forward one four miles in front of the city , was strongly entrenched at the Rodriquez Canal , which stretched from a swamp to the river , with a timber , loopholed breastwork and earthworks for artillery . The British battle plan was for an attack against the 20 - gun west bank battery , which would then both reduce the American artillery danger and enable those same guns to be turned on the American line which would assist a frontal attack against the defended line . In the early morning of January 8 , Pakenham gave his final orders for the two - pronged assault against Jackson 's position . Colonel William Thornton ( of the 85th Regiment ) was to cross the Mississippi during the night with his 780 - strong force , move rapidly upriver and storm the battery commanded by Commodore Daniel Patterson on the flank of the main American entrenchments and then open an enfilade fire on Jackson 's line with howitzers and rockets . Then , the main attack , directly against the earthworks manned by the vast majority of American troops , would be launched in two columns ( along the river led by Keane and along the swamp line led by Major General Samuel Gibbs ) . The brigade commanded by Major General John Lambert was held in reserve . A canal was dug by the British to enable 42 small boats to get to the river . Preparations for the attack had foundered early on the 8th , as the canal being dug by Cochrane 's sailors collapsed and the dam made to divert the flow of the river into the canal failed , leaving the sailors to drag the boats of Col. Thornton 's west bank assault force through deep mud and left the force starting off just before daybreak , 12 hours late . The frontal attack was not however postponed as it was hoped that the west bank would at least create a diversion , even if they had not succeeded in the assault . The battlefield at Chalmette Plantation on January 8 , 1815 The main attack began under darkness and a heavy fog , but as the British neared the main enemy line the fog lifted , exposing them to withering artillery fire . Lt - Col. Thomas Mullins , the British commander of the 44th ( East Essex ) Regiment of Foot , had forgotten the ladders and fascines needed to cross the eight - foot - deep and fifteen - foot - wide canal and scale the earthworks , and confusion evolved in the dark and fog as the British tried to close the gap . Most of the senior officers were killed or wounded , including Major General Samuel Gibbs , who was killed leading the main attack column on the right comprising the 4th , 21st , 44th and 5th West India Regiments , and Colonel Rennie who led a detachment of three light companies of the 7th , 43rd , and 93rd on the left by the river . General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders , as imagined incorrectly by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910 . Possibly because of Thornton 's delay in crossing the river and the withering artillery fire that might hit them from across the river , the 93rd Highlanders were ordered to leave Keane 's assault column advancing along the river and move across the open field to join the main force on the right of the field . Keane fell wounded as he crossed the field with the 93rd . Rennie 's men managed to attack and overrun an American advance redoubt next to the river , but without reinforcements they could neither hold the position nor successfully storm the main American line behind it . Within a few minutes , the American 7th Infantry arrived , moved forward , and fired upon the British in the captured redoubt : within half an hour , Rennie and nearly all of his men were dead . In the main attack on the right , the British infantrymen either flung themselves to the ground , huddled in the canal , or were mowed down by a combination of musket fire and grapeshot from the Americans . A handful made it to the top of the parapet on the right but were either killed or captured . The 95th Rifles had advanced in open skirmish order ahead of the main assault force and were concealed in the ditch below the parapet , unable to advance further without support . The two large main assaults on the American position were repulsed . Pakenham and his second - in - command , Major General Samuel Gibbs , were fatally wounded while on horseback , by grapeshot fired from the earthworks . Major Wilkinson of the 21st Regiment reformed his lines and made a third assault . They were able to reach the entrenchments and attempted to scale them . Wilkinson made it to the top , before being shot . The Americans were amazed at his bravery and carried him behind the rampart . With most of their senior officers dead or wounded , the British soldiers , including the 93rd Highlanders , having no orders to advance further or retreat , stood out in the open and were shot apart with grapeshot from Line Jackson . General Lambert was in the reserve and took command . He gave the order for his reserve to advance and ordered the withdrawal of the army . The reserve was used to cover the retreat of what was left of the British army in the field . Photo of Chalmette National Park , looking NE from the monument . The main British attack struck just beyond Batteries 5 and 6 , the two cannons near the distant treeline . The Chalmette battlefield was the plantation home of Colonel Denis de La Ronde 's half - brother , Ignace Martin de Lino ( 1755 - 1815 ) , and was burned by invading forces , reputedly causing de Lino 's death from a broken heart shortly after returning to his `` treasured home '' three weeks after the Battle . The only British success of the battle was the delayed attack on the west bank of the Mississippi River , where Thornton 's brigade , comprising the 85th Regiment and detachments from the Royal Navy and Royal Marines , attacked and overwhelmed the American line . The Navy detachment and the Marine detachment were led by Captain Rowland Money and Brevet Major Thomas Adair , respectively . Money was captain of HMS Trave , and Adair was the commanding officer of HMS Vengeur 's detachment of Marines . The sides of the canal by which the boats were to be brought through to the Mississippi caved in and choked the passage , so that only enough got through to take over a half of Thornton 's force . With these , seven hundred in number , he crossed , but as he did not allow for the current , it carried him down about two miles below the proper landing place . Thornton 's brigade won their battle , but Colonel Thornton was dangerously wounded . This success , though a brilliant one , and a disgrace to the American arms , had no effect on the battle . Army casualties among the 85th Foot were : 2 dead , 1 captured , and 41 wounded . Royal Navy casualties were 2 dead , Captain Rowland Money and 18 seamen wounded . Royal Marine casualties were 2 dead , with 3 officers , 1 sergeant and 12 other ranks wounded . Though both Jackson and Commodore Patterson reported that the retreating forces had spiked their cannon , leaving no guns to turn on the Americans ' main defense line , Major Mitchell 's diary makes it clear this was not so , as he states he had `` Commenced cleaning enemy 's guns to form a battery to enfilade their lines on the left bank '' . General Lambert ordered his Chief of Artillery , Colonel Alexander Dickson , to assess the position . Dickson reported back that no fewer than 2,000 men would be needed to hold the position . General Lambert issued orders to withdraw after the defeat of their main army on the east bank and retreated , taking a few American prisoners and cannon with them . It was later learned that the Americans were so dismayed by the loss of this battery , which would be capable of inflicting such damage on their lines when the attack was renewed , that they were preparing to abandon the town , when they received the news that the British themselves were withdrawing . The Battle of New Orleans was remarkable for both its brevity and lopsided lethality . In the space of twenty - five minutes , the British lost 700 killed , 1400 wounded , and 500 prisoners , a total loss of 2600 men ; American losses were only seven killed and six wounded . Adjutant - general Robert Butler , in his official report to General Jackson a few days after the battle of the 8th , placed the losses of the British at 700 killed , 1400 wounded , and 500 prisoners -- the total of 2600 casualties was almost one third the entire number the enemy admitted to have taken part in the contest of the day . After the battle was over , around 500 British soldiers who had pretended to be dead rose up and surrendered to the Americans . One bugle boy climbed a tree within 200 yards of the American line and played throughout the battle , with projectiles passing close to him . He was captured after the battle and considered a hero by the Americans . Almost universal blame was assigned to Colonel Mullins , of the 44th Regiment , which was detailed under orders to prepare and have ready , and to carry to the front on the morning of the eighth , fascines and ladders with which to cross the ditch and scale the parapet , as the soldiers fought their way to the breastwork of the Americans . It was freely charged that the Colonel deserted his trust and at the moment of need was half a mile to the rear . It was then that Pakenham , learning of Mullins ' conduct , placed himself at the head of the 44th and endeavored to lead them to the front with the implements needed to storm the works , when at around 500 yards away from the enemy front line , he fell wounded after being hit with grapeshot . On being assisted onto a horse , Pakenham was hit again and fell , this time mortally wounded . Siege of Fort St. Philip ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Fort St. Philip ( 1815 ) Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 The British planned to sail up the Mississippi River ; however Fort St. Philip stood in the way . On January 9 , British naval forces attacked Fort St. Philip , which protected New Orleans from an amphibious assault from the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River . The American forces , in addition to gunners working from privateer ships , were able to fend off the attacks . They withstood ten days of bombardment by cannon before the British ships withdrew on January 18 , 1815 . Withdrawal of the British ( edit ) Three days after the battle , General Lambert held a council of war where , despite just receiving the news that the battery on the west bank of the river had been captured , it was concluded that despite his request for reinforcements as well as a siege train , capturing New Orleans and continuing the Louisiana campaign would be too costly and thus agreed with his officers to withdraw . By January 19 the British camp at Villere 's Plantation had been completely evacuated . On February 4 , 1815 , the fleet , with all of the British troops aboard , set sail toward Mobile Bay , Alabama . The British army then attacked and captured Fort Bowyer at the mouth of Mobile Bay on February 12 . The following day , the British army was making preparations to attack Mobile when news arrived of the peace treaty . General Jackson had made tentative plans to attack the British at Mobile and continue the war into Spanish Florida on the grounds the British were using it as a base . He carried out those plans for Florida much later . The treaty had been ratified by the British Parliament but would not be ratified by Congress and the President until mid-February . It did , however , resolve that hostilities should cease , and the British abandoned Fort Bowyer and sailed home to their base in the West Indies . Although the Battle of New Orleans had no influence on the terms of the Treaty of Ghent , the defeat at New Orleans did compel Britain to abide by the treaty . However , it would have been problematic for the British to continue the war in North America because of Napoleon 's escape from Elba on February 26 , 1815 , which ensured their forces were needed in Europe . Also , since the Treaty of Ghent did not specifically mention the vast territory America had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase , it only required both sides to give back those lands that had been taken from the other during the war . Pakenham 's secret orders ( edit ) On October 24 , 1814 , in Pakenham 's Secret Orders the Secretary of War and the Colonies , Henry Bathurst wrote : War Department 24th October 1814 M Genl The Hon Sir T. Pakenham Secret Sir : It has occurred to me that one case may arise affecting your situation upon the Coasts of America for which the Instructions addressed to the late Major General Ross have not provided . You may possibly hear whilst engaged in active operations that the Preliminaries of Peace between His Majesty and the United States have been signed in Europe and that they have been sent to America in order to receive the Ratification of The President . As the Treaty would not be binding until it shall have received such Ratification in which we may be disappointed by the refusal of the Government of the United States , it is advisable that Hostilities should not be suspended until you shall have official information that The President has actually ratified the Treaty and a Person will be duly authorized to apprise you of this event . As during this interval , judging from the experience we have had , the termination of the war must be considered as doubtful , you will regulate your proceedings accordingly , neither omitting an opportunity of obtaining signal success , nor exposing the troops to hazard or serious loss for an inconsiderable advantage . And you will take special care not so to act under the expectation of hearing that the Treaty of Peace has been ratified , as to endanger the safety of His Majesty 's Forces , should that expectation be unhappily disappointed . I have etc . Bathurst Distinguished service ( edit ) `` In his general orders of January 21 , General Jackson , in thanking the troops , paid special tributes to the Louisiana organizations , and made particular mention of Capts . Dominique and Belluche , and the Lafitte brothers , all of the Barataria privateers ; of General Garrique de Flanjac , a State Senator , and brigadier of militia , who served as a volunteer ; of Majors Plauche , St. Geme . Lacoste , D'Aquin , Captain Savary , Colonel De la Ronde , General Humbert , Don Juan de Araya . the Mexican Field - Marshal ; Major - General Villere and General Morgan , the Engineers Latour and Blanchard ; the Attakapas dragoons , Captain Dubuclay ; the cavalry from the Felicianas and the Mississippi territory . General Labattut had command of the town , of which Nicolas Girod was then the mayor . '' -- William Head Coleman , Historical sketch book and guide to New Orleans and environs `` Among those who most distinguished themselves during this brief but memorable campaign , were , next to the Commander - in - chief , Generals Villere , Carroll , Coffee , Ganigues , Flanjac , Colonel Delaronde , Commodore Patterson , Majors Lacoste , Planche , Hinds , Captain Saint Gerne , Lieutenants Jones , Parker , Marent , and Dominique ; Colonel Savary , a man of colour nor must we omit to mention Lafitte , pirate though he was . '' -- E. Bunner , History of Louisiana `` Over the course of several days , the logistically and numerically superior British force was repelled , in no small part to a small contingent of Marines led by Maj . Daniel Carmick and Lt. Francis de Bellevue of the New Orleans Navy Yard '' ( François - Godefroy Barbin de Bellevue ( 1789 - 1845 ) ) . -- 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit A Certain Force in an Uncertain World Aftermath ( edit ) Battle of New Orleans postage stamp depicting Andrew Jackson . Issued in 1965 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans , Chalmettte Plantation , Jan. 8 -- 18 . From December 25 , 1814 , to January 26 , 1815 , British casualties during the Louisiana Campaign , apart from the assault on January 8 , were 49 killed , 87 wounded and 4 missing . Thus , British casualties for the entire campaign totaled 2,459 with 386 killed , 1,521 wounded , and 552 missing . American casualties for the entire campaign totaled 333 with 55 killed , 185 wounded , and 93 missing . Six currently active battalions of the Regular Army ( 2 - 7 Inf , 3 - 7 Inf , 1 - 5 FA , 1 - 6 FA , 1 - 1 Inf and 2 - 1 Inf ) and one Mississippi Army National Guard regiment ( 155th Inf ) are derived from American units that fought at the Battle of New Orleans . Although the engagement was very small compared to other contemporary battles of 1815 , such as the Battle of Waterloo , it was important for the meaning applied to it by Americans in general and Andrew Jackson in particular . US troops along Jackson 's Line fire on British soldiers on a stamp issued January 8 , 2015 . This was the final US stamp in a War of 1812 series of four marking its bicentennial . Americans believed that a vastly powerful British fleet and army had sailed for New Orleans ( Jackson himself thought 25,000 troops were coming ) , and most expected the worst . The news of victory , one man recalled , `` came upon the country like a clap of thunder in the clear azure vault of the firmament , and traveled with electromagnetic velocity , throughout the confines of the land . '' The battle boosted the reputation of Andrew Jackson and helped to propel him ultimately to the White House . The anniversary of the battle was celebrated as a national holiday for many years , called `` The Eighth '' , following Jackson 's election as President and ended after 1861 and it continues to be commemorated in south Louisiana . In honor of Jackson , the newly organized Louisiana Historical Association dedicated its new Memorial Hall facility on January 8 , 1891 , the 76th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans . A federal park was established in 1907 to preserve the battlefield ; today it features a monument and is part of Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve . The 8th of January became a traditional American fiddle tune , honoring the date of the battle . More than a century later , the melody was used by Jimmie Driftwood to write the song `` The Battle of New Orleans '' , which was a hit for Johnny Horton and Lonnie Donegan . That song was converted into punk rock tune for the play Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson . Victory attributed to a miracle ( edit ) Mosaic of Our Lady of Prompt Succor. Old Ursulines Convent complex , French Quarter , New Orleans With the Americans outnumbered it seemed as though the city of New Orleans was in danger of being captured . Consequently , the Ursuline nuns along with many faithful people of New Orleans gathered in the Ursuline Convent 's chapel before the statue of Our Lady of Prompt Succor . They spent the night before the battle praying and crying before the holy statue , begging for the Virgin Mary 's intercession . On the morning of January 8 , the Very Rev. William Dubourg , Vicar General , offered Mass at the altar on which the statue of Our Lady of Prompt Succor had been placed . The Prioress of the Ursuline convent , Mother Ste . Marie Olivier de Vezin , made a vow to have a Mass of Thanksgiving sung annually should the American forces win . At the very moment of communion , a courier ran into the chapel to inform all those present that the British had been defeated . General Jackson went to the convent himself to thank the nuns for their prayers : `` By the blessing of heaven , directing the valor of the troops under my command , one of the most brilliant victories in the annals of war was obtained . '' The vow made by Mother Ste . Marie has been faithfully kept throughout the years . In popular culture ( edit ) The battle was immediately politicized by the Democratic - Republican Party . Across the nation , it used the great victory to ridicule the Federalists as cowards , defeatists , and secessionists . Pamphlets , songs , newspaper editorials , speeches and entire plays on the battle drove home the point , and glorified Jackson 's heroic image . The Battle and General Andrew Jackson are mentioned in George Washington Dixon 's 1834 version of `` Zip Coon '' , a popular minstrel show song . The Buccaneer was a 1938 American adventure film produced and directed by Cecil B. De Mille based on Jean Lafitte and the Battle of New Orleans . The movie was remade in 1958 . Country singer Johnny Horton had a Number 1 hit in 1959 with `` The Battle of New Orleans '' ( written by Jimmy Driftwood ) , which won the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording and was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It was ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America 's `` Songs of the ( 20th ) Century . '' The melody is from a 19th - century fiddle tune , `` The Eighth of January , '' which presumably was inspired by the American victory . Also in 1959 , Lonnie Donegan , the `` King of Skiffle '' , also had a U.K. Number 2 hit with his cover of `` The Battle of New Orleans . '' Folk singer Phil Ochs mentions the Battle Of New Orleans in the opening stanza of his 1964 anti-war protest song , `` I Ai n't Marching Any More . '' The Battle features prominently in Episode # 5 `` The Lost Patrol , '' of the 1966 American television series The Time Tunnel . The Battle was mentioned in Johnny Cash 's 1974 song `` Ragged Old Flag . '' The Battle is also depicted in Eric Flint 's 2005 alternate history novel 1812 : The Rivers of War , wherein the battle was decided when a battalion of black U.S. soldiers ( `` The Iron Battalion '' ) repelled the British assault . The final song of the play Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson , `` The Hunters of Kentucky , '' is a punk rock rendition of the 19th century song of the same name . See also ( edit ) New Orleans portal New Orleans American order of battle Chalmette , Louisiana History Enterprise , a steamboat that was sent by her owners and traveled 2,200 miles to aid the American cause . `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' , a song commemorating the Kentucky men who fought at the Battle of New Orleans . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 : People , Politics , and Power , Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) , pp. 184 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary F. , pp. 126 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Zachary F. , pp. 1 - 2 . Smith described in detail the British expedition as `` a fleet of sixty great ships '' , `` Nearly one half of these vessels were formidable warships , the best of the English navy , '' that had transported `` not fewer than eighteen thousand men ( including 14,450 soldiers and sailors ) , veterans in the service of their country in the lines of their respective callings , to complete the equipment of this powerful armada . '' . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of New Orleans '' . CMH News and Features . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Center of Military History . `` The Battle of New Orleans '' . Jump up ^ Also known as the `` Battle of Chalmette Plantation '' . Jump up ^ Britain 's Louisiana Campaign consisted of several military engagements that were less important than the epic battle of January 8 , 1815 , widely known as the Battle of New Orleans . The first , the Battle of Lake Borgne , occurred on December 14 , 1814 , when British forces captured an American flotilla protecting Lake Borgne . The next occurred on December 23 when Andrew Jackson led a bold night attack on the British camp . The last , which began on January 9 , ended on January 18 when the British terminated their unsuccessful bombardment of Fort St. Philip and began to withdraw the last of their troops and ships , signalling the end of their Louisiana Campaign . Jump up ^ Thomas , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary F. ( 1904 ) . The battle of New Orleans . Louisville , Kentucky : John P. Morton & Co . Excerpts from a section entitled , `` England 's Purpose to Conquer and Hold Possession of the Territory Ceded by Napoleon and to Establish Her Dominion in the Mississippi Valley . '' pp. 146 - 53 . pp. 152 - 53 : `` Then he ( Andrew Jackson ) answered that : If Pakenham had taken New Orleans , the British would have claimed and held the whole of Louisiana Purchase . '' `` ... I ( Andrew Jackson ) have learned , from diplomatic sources of the most unquestionable authority , that the British ministry did not intend the Treaty of Ghent to apply to the Louisiana Purchase at all . The ( British ministry at Ghent ) denied in toto the legal right of Napoleon to sell Louisiana to us . They held , therefore , that we had no right to that Territory . '' Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : a historical and geographical encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 348 : `` The Battle of New Orleans settled once and for all the question over the Louisiana Purchase . Neither the British nor the Spanish government had recognized the legality of the transfer , and , in consequence , the British planned either to retain the region or return Louisiana to Spain had they won the battle . '' Jump up ^ Thomas , Gregory M. ( 2005 ) . The Battle of New Orleans . Master of Arts dissertation , Louisiana State University . p. 88 : `` ( The Battle of ) New Orleans also eliminated vague British designs on a second colonization of America by expanding Canadian possessions down the Mississippi to the Gulf . '' Jump up ^ Chapman , pp. 13 -- 21 . Chapman concludes the chapter : `` It provides proper recognition for the sacrifices made by the humble American participants who confronted overwhelming odds , yet gained a shocking victory in this major military campaign for control of the interior of the American continent during the War of 1812 . '' Jump up ^ Carr , James A. ( July 1979 ) . `` The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent '' . Diplomatic History . 3 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 82 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1979. tb00315. x . ^ Jump up to : Gleig , p. 340 : `` These preparations ( to withdraw ) being continued for some days , on the 17th ( of January ) no part of our force remained in camp except the infantry . Having delayed therefore only till the abandoned guns were rendered unserviceable , on the evening of the 18th it also began its retreat . '' ^ Jump up to : Latour , p. 184 : `` On the morning of the 19th ( of January ) , it was perceived that the enemy ( British ) had evacuated , not a single man appearing . '' Jump up ^ Latour , Appendix lvi - lviii , Copy of a letter from Andrew Jackson to James Monroe , Secretary of War , dated January 19 , 1815 : `` Last night at twelve o'clock , the enemy precipitately decamped and returned to his boats , '' `` I am advised by major Overton , who commands at fort St. Philip , in a letter of the 18th , that the enemy ... had on the morning of that day retired . '' Jump up ^ Refer to the map of Louisiana . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 824 . ^ Jump up to : Quimby , p. 826 . Jump up ^ Russell Guerin . `` A Creole In Mississippi '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Charles Museum and Historical Association '' Jump up ^ RaymondJohnson.net : `` Captain Rene Trudeau 's ' St. Charles Troop of Horse ' '' Jump up ^ Lossing , Benson ( 1868 ) . The Pictorial Field - Book of the War of 1812 . Harper & Brothers , Publishers . p. 1032 . Jump up ^ Remini ( 1999 ) , pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 836 . Jump up ^ Thomas , p. 61 . Jump up ^ The Story of the Battle of New Orleans , by Arthur , Stanley Clisby ; Louisiana Historical Society ; New Orleans , USA ' 1915 ; p. 123 . Jump up ^ NPS Historical Handbook - Chalmette ; National Park Service ; 2002 Jump up ^ Creole families of New Orleans , by King , Grace Elizabeth ; Macmillan ; New York , USA ; 1921 ; p. 315 : `` Colonel de la Ronde , who himself had just rushed in from his command at Chef Menteur on the lake with the news of the British landing . The two officials jumped in a skiff at the river bank , crossed the stream and , seizing horses on the other side , spurred to the city where , covered with mud and breathless from their ride , they made their report to General Jackson , surrounded by his aides , that ' the British were encamped on the soil of Louisiana ' ! To repeat the old , old anecdote which can never be too often repeated in the estimation of Louisianians -- At the close of Major Villere 's narrative the General drew up his figure to its full height , and with an eye of fire and an emphatic blow with his clenched fist upon the table , swore his oath : ' By the Eternal , they shall not sleep on our soil ! ' ... The Chalmette plantation has gained the honor of naming the great victory , but the attack and the retreat were made through the de la Ronde place ; and many a gallant British officer and soldier breathed his last under the soft shade of the old oaks whose great trunks still carry the scars of cannon balls and even the balls themselves . '' Jump up ^ The Story of the Battle of New Orleans , by Arthur , Stanley Clisby ; Louisiana Historical Society ; New Orleans , USA ; 1915 ; p. 97 : `` Judge Walker 's account continues . `` The sounds ceased at the door of his headquarters and the sentinel on duty announced the arrival of three gentlemen who desired to see the General immediately , having important intelligence to communicate . ' Show them in , ' ordered the General . The visitors proved to be Mr. Dussau de la Croix , Major Gabriel Villere and Colonel De la Ronde . They were stained with mud and nearly breathless with the rapidity of their ride . ' What news do you bring , gentlemen ? ' eagerly asked the General . ' Important , highly important ! ' responded Mr. de lu Croix . The British have arrived at Villere 's plantation nine miles below the city and are there encamped . Here is Major Villere , who was captured by them , has escaped and will now relate his story . ' '' Jump up ^ Creole families of New Orleans , by Arthur , Stanley Clisby ; Louisiana Historical Society ; New Orleans , USA ' 1915 ; p. 97 . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 843 . Jump up ^ James , pp. 535 -- 536 . Jump up ^ Thomas , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Quimby , p. 852 . Jump up ^ Quimby , pp. 852 -- 853 . Jump up ^ Groom , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , pp. 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , pp. 215 -- 216 . Jump up ^ `` French Creoles - Battalion of Creoles 1 '' . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 1999 ) , The Battle of New Orleans . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Hinds ' Dragoons became the 155th Infantry Regiment of the Mississippi Army National Guard , one of only 19 Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Jump up ^ History.com staff . `` January 08 , 1815 : The Battle of New Orleans '' . History.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quimby , pp. 892 -- 893 . Jump up ^ United States forces ( 3,500 to 4,500 strong ) were composed of U.S. Army troops ; state militiamen from Tennessee , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Louisiana ; U.S. Marines ; U.S. Navy sailors ; Barataria Bay pirates ; Choctaw Indians ; `` freemen of color '' and freed black slaves ( a large amount of the work building the parapet however was done by local black slaves ) . Major - General Jacques Villeré , who would become Louisiana 's first Creole Governor the following year , commanded the Louisiana Militia , and Major Jean Baptiste Plauché headed the New Orleans uniformed militia companies . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , p. 236 . Jump up ^ New Orleans Bar Association : Chalmette , by Ned Hémard ; 2011 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` Correspondence from Cochrane , ADM 1 / 508 folio 757 , states ' the whole amounting to about six hundred men ' '' . Jump up ^ Gleig , George ( 1840 ) . `` Recollections of the Expedition to the Chesapeake , and against New Orleans , by an Old Sub '' . United Service Journal ( 2 ) . Gleig , on p340 , uses the source document a report from Thornton to Pakenham ' we were unable to proceed across the river until eight hours after the time appointed , and even then with only a third part of the force which you had allotted for the service * viz 298 of the 85th , and 200 Seamen and Marines ' ^ Jump up to : `` No. 16991 '' . The London Gazette . March 9 , 1815 . pp. 440 -- 446 . Jump up ^ The Navy List , Corrected to the end of January 1815 , pg 72 . John Murray . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1882 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . New York : G.P. Putnam 's sons . p. 204 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Robin , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Benton Rain , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Charles ( Oct -- Dec 1899 ) . `` Rhyme Relating to the Battle of New Orleans '' . The American Folklore. 12 ( 47 ) : 291 . JSTOR 533063 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary ( 1904 ) . The Battle of New Orleans including the Previous Engagements between the Americans and the British , the Indians and the Spanish which led to the Final Conflict on the 8th of January , 1815 ( 19 ed . ) . Louisville , KY : Filson Club Publications . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary ( 1904 ) . The Battle of New Orleans including the Previous Engagements between the Americans and the British , the Indians and the Spanish which led to the Final Conflict on the 8th of January , 1815 ( 19 ed . ) . Louisville KY : Filson Club Publications . p. 105 . Jump up ^ James , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Smith , Zachary F. , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Fraser , p. 297 , quote : ' Rear Admiral Cockburn , at the end of February , was making preparations for a move on Savannah in March when official intelligence that the treaty of peace had been signed by the American President reached him and all proceedings were stopped . The force continued on Cumberland Island until , early in April , it was notified that the treaty had been ratified , on which all withdrew to Bermuda prior to returning to England . ' Jump up ^ Remini ( 1999 ) , pp. 5 , 195 . Jump up ^ Lambert , p. 381 `` While Napoleon remained in power , few British soldiers could be spared for North America . Wellington was always looking for more manpower . '' Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - British - American Diplomcay : Treaty of Ghent ; 1814 '' . Jump up ^ `` Instructions to Major - General Sir Edward Pakenham for the New Orleans Campaign '' . The War of 1812 Magazine , Issue 16 : September 2011 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Historical sketch book and guide to New Orleans and environs , with map . Illustrated with many original engravings ; and containing exhaustive accounts of the traditions , historical legends , and remarkable localities of the Creole city , by Coleman , W.H. ; New Orleans Press ; New York , USA ; 1885 , pp. 177 . Jump up ^ History of Louisiana , from its first discovery and settlement to the present time , by Bunner , E ; Harper & Brothers ; New York , USA ; 1855 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit A Certain Force in an Uncertain World . Jump up ^ James , pp. 542 , 543 , 568 . Jump up ^ James , p. 563 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 4 - America '' . Jump up ^ Ward 1962 , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` The War of 1812 '' , Northeast Regional Office , National Park Service , Eastern National , published in 2013 , p. 147 Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Trist Urquhart , `` Seventy Years of the Louisiana Historical Association '' , March 21 , 1959 , Alexandria , Louisiana '' ( PDF ) . lahistory.org . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia , Volume 23 , By American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia , p. 128 ( 1912 ) . Jump up ^ Arthur , pp. 239 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Joseph F. Stoltz , `` ' It Taught our Enemies a Lesson : ' The Battle of New Orleans and the Republican Destruction of the Federalist Party . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 71 # 2 ( 2012 ) : 112 - 127 . in JSTOR References ( edit ) Arthur , Stanley Clisby ( 1915 ) , The story of the Battle of New Orleans , New Orleans : Louisiana Historical Society , OCLC 493033588 Borneman , Walter H. ( 2004 ) , 1812 : The War that forged a nation , New York : HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 053112 - 6 Brooks , Charles B. ( 1961 ) , The Siege of New Orleans , Seattle : University of Washington Press , OCLC 425116 Brown , Wilburt S ( 1969 ) , The Amphibious Campaign for West Florida and Louisiana , 1814 -- 1815 , Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , ISBN 0 - 8173 - 5100 - 0 Chapman , Ron ( 2013 ) . The Battle of New Orleans : `` But For A Piece Of Wood '' . Pelican Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4836 - 9761 - 1 . Cooper , John Spencer ( 1996 ) ( 1869 ) , Rough Notes of Seven Campaigns in Portugal , Spain , France and America During the Years 1809 -- 1815 , Staplehurst : Spellmount , ISBN 1 - 873376 - 65 - 0 Drez , Ronald J. ( 2014 ) . The War of 1812 , conflict and deception : the British attempt to seize New Orleans and nullify the Louisiana Purchase . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 362 pages , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 5931 - 6 . Forrest , Charles Ramus ( 1961 ) , The Battle of New Orleans : a British view ; the journal of Major C.R. Forrest ; Asst . QM General , 34th . Regiment of Foot , New Orleans : Hauser Press , OCLC 1253280 Fraser , Edward , & L.G. Carr - Laughton ( 1930 ) . The Royal Marine Artillery 1804 -- 1923 , Volume 1 ( 1804 -- 1859 ) . London : The Royal United Services Institution . OCLC 4986867 Gleig , George Robert ( 1827 ) , The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans , 1814 -- 1815 , London : J. Murray , ISBN 0 - 665 - 45385 - X Groom , Winston . Patriotic Fire : Andrew Jackson and Jean Laffite at the Battle of New Orleans . New York : Vintage Books , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 40004 - 436 - 7 Hickey , Donald R. Glorious Victory : Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2015 ) . xii , 154 pp . James , William ( 1818 ) , A full and correct account of the military occurrences of the late war between Great Britain and the United States of America ; with an appendix , and plates . Volume II , London : Printed for the author and distributed by Black et al. , ISBN 0 - 665 - 35743 - 5 , OCLC 2226903 Lambert , Andrew ( 2012 ) , The Challenge : Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812 , London : Faber and Faber , ISBN 0 - 571 - 27319 - X Latour , Arsène Lacarrière ( 1999 ) ( 1816 ) , Historical Memoir of the War in West Florida and Louisiana in 1814 -- 15 , with an Atlas , Gainesville : University Press of Florida , ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1675 - 4 , OCLC 40119875 Maass , Alfred R ( 1994 ) , `` Brownsville 's steamboat Enterprize and Pittsburgh 's supply of general Jackson 's army '' , Pittsburgh History , 77 : 22 -- 29 , ISSN 1069 - 4706 Caffrey , Kate ( 1977 ) , The Twilight 's Last Gleaming , New York : Stein and Day , ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1920 - 9 Owsley , Frank ( 1981 ) , Struggle for the Gulf borderlands : the Creek War and the battle of New Orleans 1812 -- 1815 , Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1062 - 2 Patterson , Benton Rains ( 2008 ) , The Generals , Andrew Jackson , Sir Edward Pakenham , and the road to New Orleans , New York : New York University Press , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 6717 - 6 Pickles , Tim ( 1993 ) , New Orleans 1815 , Osprey Campaign Series , 28 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 150 - 8 , OCLC 52914335 . Porter , Maj Gen Whitworth ( 1889 ) . History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham : The Institution of Royal Engineers . Quimby , Robert S. ( 1997 ) , The U.S. Army in the War of 1812 : an operational and command study , East Lansing : Michigan State University Press , ISBN 0 - 87013 - 441 - 8 Reilly , Robin ( 1974 ) , The British at the gates -- the New Orleans campaign in the War of 1812 , New York : Putnam , OCLC 839952 Remini , Robert V. ( 1977 ) , Andrew Jackson and the course of American empire , 1767 -- 1821 , New York : Harper & Row , ISBN 0 - 06 - 013574 - 3 Remini , Robert V. ( 1999 ) , The Battle of New Orleans , New York : Penguin Putnam , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 670 - 88551 - 7 Rowland , Eron ( 1971 ) ( 1926 ) , Andrew Jackson 's Campaign against the British , or , the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 , concerning the Military Operations of the Americans , Creek Indians , British , and Spanish , 1813 -- 1815 , Freeport , NY : Books for Libraries Press , ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5637 - 0 Smith , Gene A. ( 2004 ) , A British eyewitness at the Battle of New Orleans , the memoir of Royal Navy admiral Robert Aitchison , 1808 -- 1827 , New Orleans : The Historic New Orleans Collection , ISBN 0 - 917860 - 50 - 0 Smith , Sir Harry `` Various Anecdotes and Events of my Life -- The Autobiography of Lt. Gen. Sir Harry Smith , covering the period 1787 to 1860 '' First published in 2 volumes , edited by G.C. Moore , London ( 1901 ) Smith , Zachary F. ( 1904 ) , The battle of New Orleans , Louisville , Kentucky : John P. Morton & Co . Stanley , George F.G. ( 1983 ) , The War of 1812 -- Land Operations , MacMillan & National Museum of Canada Stoltz , Joseph F. , The Gulf Theatre , 1813 - 1815 . ( https://josephfstoltz.com/new-orleans-campaign/ ) Stoltz , Joseph F. A Bloodless Victory : The Battle of New Orleans in History and Memory . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2017 . Surtees , W. ( 1996 ) ( 1833 ) , Twenty - Five Years in the Rifle Brigade ( Reprint ed . ) , London : Greenhill Books , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 230 - 0 Ward , John William ( 1962 ) , Andrew Jackson : Symbol for an Age , New York : Oxford University Press External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of New Orleans . The Gulf Theatre in the War of 1812 - by Joseph F. Stoltz III The War of 1812 Magazine , Documents , Artifacts , and Imagery , Instructions to Major - General Sir Edward Pakenham for the New Orleans Campaign Issue 16 : September 2011 Battle of New Orleans -- detailed account , with maps and pictures , hosted by the National Park Service < -- Broken page link , Apr. 2017 . Battle of New Orleans : Myths and Legends -- detailed account by military historians Battle of New Orleans at KnowLouisiana.org Map The Battle of New Orleans -- summary account by the Louisiana State Museum , with photographs < -- Broken page link , Apr. 2017 . Battle of New Orleans Pathfinder -- research collection by The Historic New Orleans Collection < -- Broken page link , Apr. 2017 . History of Louisiana , Vol. 5 , Chapter 10 -- detailed account by Charles Gayarré The Battle of New Orleans -- detailed account by John Smith Kendall The Glorious Eighth of January -- colorful account by Grace King The Battle of New Orleans -- account by Theodore Roosevelt Siege of Fort St. Philip -- eyewitness accounts , as published in the Louisiana Historical Quarterly BattleofNewOrleans.org -- detailed account of battles , photos and movies of reenactments History of the steamboat Enterprise at the Battle of New Orleans -- courtesy of the Louisiana State History Museum Battle of New Orleans reenactment December 2011 on YouTube Battle of New Orleans reenactment January 2010 Cox Living Louisiana television segment on YouTube Conflicts of the War of 1812 Battles of the War of 1812 United States Washington , D.C. 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483521582022020033	Great man theory	Great man theory - wikipedia Great man theory Jump to : navigation , search Napoleon , a typical great man , said to have determined the `` Napoleonic '' era The great man theory is a 19th - century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men , or heroes ; highly influential individuals who , due to either their personal charisma , intelligence , wisdom , or political skill used their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact . The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle , but in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present : Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies , and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Carlyle stated that `` The history of the world is but the biography of great men '' , reflecting his belief that heroes shape history through both their personal attributes and divine inspiration . In his book On Heroes , Hero - Worship and the Heroic in History , Carlyle saw history as having turned on the decisions of `` heroes '' , giving detailed analysis of the influence of several such men ( including Muhammad , Shakespeare , Luther , Rousseau , Pericles , Napoleon , and Wagner ) . Carlyle also felt that the study of great men was `` profitable '' to one 's own heroic side ; that by examining the lives led by such heroes , one could not help but uncover something about one 's true nature . American scholar Frederick Adams Woods supported the great man theory in his work The Influence of Monarchs : Steps in a New Science of History . Woods investigated 386 rulers in Western Europe from the 12th century until the French revolution in the late 18th century and their influence on the course of historical events . This theory is usually contrasted with `` history from below '' , which emphasises the life of the legion over the leader . An overwhelming wave of smaller events causes certain developments to occur . The Great Man approach to history was most fashionable with professional historians in the 19th century ; a popular work of this school is the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition ( 1911 ) which contains lengthy and detailed biographies about the great men of history , but very few general or social histories . For example , all information on the post-Roman `` Migrations Period '' of European History is compiled under the biography of Attila the Hun . This heroic view of history was also strongly endorsed by some philosophers , such as Leon Bloy , Hegel , Kierkegaard , Nietzsche , Spengler and Max Weber , but it fell out of favor after World War II . In Untimely Meditations , Nietzsche writes that : `` ... the goal of humanity lies in its highest specimens '' . In Fear and Trembling , Kierkegaard writes that : `` ... to be able to fall down in such a way that the same second it looks as if one were standing and walking , to transform the leap of life into a walk , absolutely to express the sublime and the pedestrian -- that only these knights of faith can do -- this is the one and only prodigy . '' Hegel , proceeding from providentialist theory , argued that `` what is real is reasonable '' and World - Historical individuals are World - Spirit 's agents . Hegel wrote : `` Such are great historical men -- whose own particular aims involve those large issues which are the will of the World - Spirit . '' Thus , according to Hegel , a great man does not create historical reality himself but only uncovers the inevitable future . Criticism ( edit ) Herbert Spencer was a contemporary critic of Carlyle 's great man theory . One of the most forceful critics of Carlyle 's formulation of the great man theory was Herbert Spencer , who believed that attributing historical events to the decisions of individuals was a hopelessly primitive , childish , and unscientific position . He believed that the men Carlyle called `` great men '' were merely products of their social environment : You must admit that the genesis of a great man depends on the long series of complex influences which has produced the race in which he appears , and the social state into which that race has slowly grown ... Before he can remake his society , his society must make him . -- Herbert Spencer , The Study of Sociology Tolstoy 's War and Peace features criticism of Great Man Theories as a recurring theme in the philosophical digressions . According to Tolstoy , the significance of great individuals is imaginary ; as a matter of fact they are only history 's slaves realizing the decree of Providence . William James in his lecture `` Great Men and Their Environment '' underlined the importance of the Great Man 's congruence with the surroundings ( in the broad sense ) , though his ultimate point was that environments and individuals shape each other reciprocally , just as environments and individual members of animal species do according to Darwinian theory . Among modern critics of the theory of great man , one , Sidney Hook , is supportive of the idea ; he gives credit to those who shape events through their actions , and his book The Hero in History is devoted to the role of the hero and in history and influence of the outstanding persons . Leonid Grinin defines a historical figure ( a great man ) thus : Owing to his personal features , or to a chance , or to his social standing , or to the peculiarity of the epoch , an individual by the very fact of his existence , by his ideas or actions ( or inaction ) directly or indirectly , during his lifetime or after his death may have such an influence upon his own or another society which can be recognized significant as he left a noticeable mark ( positive , negative or unambiguous ) in history and in the further development of society . So , he concludes that the role of great man depends on a number of factors , not none at all . See also ( edit ) History portal Philosophy portal Annales School and New History Greatness Max Weber 's charismatic authority Heroic theory of invention and scientific development The Hero with a Thousand Faces Knight of faith List of people considered father or mother of a field People 's history Prosopography Übermensch Whig history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert L. Carneiro `` Herbert Spencer as an Anthropologist '' Journal of Libertarian Studies , vol. 5 , 1981 , pp. 171 -- 72 Jump up ^ Robert Rives La Monte Socialism : Positive and Negative , Chicago : Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company , 1912 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Sidney Hook ( 1950 ) The Hero in History , New York : Humanities Press , p. 67 Jump up ^ Thomas Carlyle , `` The Hero as Divinity '' in : Heroes and Hero - Worship ( 1840 ) . Jump up ^ Hirsch , E.D. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy ( Third Edition ) , Houghton Mifflin Company , Boston , 2002 . Jump up ^ Carlyle , Thomas . On Heroes , Hero - Worship and the Heroic in History , Fredrick A. Stokes & Brother , New York , 1888 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Woods , F.A. 1913 . The Influence of Monarchs : Steps in a New Science of History . New York , NY : Macmillan . Jump up ^ As to Hegel and Nietzsche : Edelstein , Alan ( 1996 ) Everybody is Sitting on the Curb : How and why America 's Heroes Disappeared Greenwood . ISBN 9780275953645 Jump up ^ As to Kierkegaard : Evjen , John Oluf ( 1938 ) The Life of J.H.W. Stuckenberg : Theologian , Philosopher , Sociologist , Friend of Humanity Luther Free Church Publishing . Jump up ^ As to Spengler , Nietsche , Boy and Weber : Saul , John Ralston ( 2012 ) The Doubter 's Companion : A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 58 ISBN 9781476718941 Jump up ^ Bishop , P. ( 2004 ) . Nietzsche and Antiquity : His Reaction and Response to the Classical Tradition . Camden House . p. 94 . ISBN 9781571132826 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Kierkegaard , Søren . Fear and Trembling . Preliminary Expectoration . Jump up ^ Hegel , G.W.F. ( 1837 ) . Philosophy of History , trans . J. Sibree ( New York : Dover , 1956 ) , 30 . Jump up ^ Segal , Robert A. Hero Myths , Wiley - Blackwell , 2000 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Herbert . The Study of Sociology , Appleton , 1896 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Tolstoy , L. 2010 . War and Peace . Oxford , MA : Oxford University Press Bk . IX , ch. 1 Jump up ^ James , W. 2005 ( 1880 ) . Great Men and Their Environment . Kila , MT : Kessinger Publishing Jump up ^ Hook , S. 1943 . The Hero in History . A Study in Limitation and Possibility . Boston , MA : Beacon Press . p. 116 Jump up ^ Grinin , Leonid 2010 . `` The Role of an Individual in History : A Reconsideration '' . Social Evolution & History , Vol. 9 No. 2 ( pp. 95 -- 136 ) . pp. 116 -- 17 . External links ( edit ) `` Twilight of the Idols '' , by Peter Dizikes , from The New York Times , November 5 , 2006 . `` Do changes in science mean the traditional great - man science biography is going the way of the dodo ? '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_man_theory&oldid=828612205 '' Categories : Historiography Philosophy of history Theories of history Hero Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Русский 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 17 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who developed the great man theory of leadership	[ "The great man theory is a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men, or heroes; highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or political skill used their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, but in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present: Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes.[1][2][3]", "The great man theory is a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men, or heroes; highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or political skill used their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, but in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present: Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes.[1][2][3]" ]	[ "Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle", "Herbert Spencer" ]
2781004932148498037	Olympic symbols	Olympic symbols - wikipedia Olympic symbols Jump to : navigation , search Olympic Games Main topics Bids Boycotts Ceremonies Charter Host cities IFs IOC Medal Medal tables Medalists NOCs Pierre de Coubertin medal Scandals and controversies Sports Symbols Torch relays Venues Games Summer Winter Summer Paralympic Winter Paralympic Deaflympics Youth Special American Asian Pacific African European EYOF Ancient Intercalated The Olympic symbols are icons , flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to elevate the Olympic Games . Some -- such as the flame , fanfare , and theme -- are more commonly used during Olympic competition , but others , such as the flags , can be seen throughout the years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motto 2 Rings 3 Flag 3.1 Specific flags 3.1. 1 Antwerp flag 3.1. 2 Oslo flag 3.1. 3 Seoul flag 3.1. 4 Rio de Janeiro flag 3.1. 5 Singapore flag 3.1. 6 Innsbruck flag 4 Flame and torch relay 5 Medals and diplomas 6 Anthems 7 Kotinos 8 Olympic salute 9 Mascots 10 Intellectual property 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Motto ( edit ) The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius , Altius , Fortius , which is Latin for `` Faster , Higher , Stronger '' . It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894 . Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon , a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast . Coubertin said `` These three words represent a programme of moral beauty . The aesthetics of sport are intangible . '' The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris . A more informal but well - known motto , also introduced by Coubertin , is `` The most important thing is not to win but to take part ! '' Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games . Rings ( edit ) The five - ringed symbol of the Olympic Games . The rings are five interlocking rings , coloured blue , yellow , black , green , and red on a white field , known as the `` Olympic rings '' . The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin . He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating continents : Africa , Asia , America , Oceania and Europe . According to Coubertin , the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation 's flag at the time . Upon its initial introduction , Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique : ... the six colours ( including the flag 's white background ) combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception . The blue and yellow of Sweden , the blue and white of Greece , the tricolour flags of France , England , the United States , Germany , Belgium , Italy and Hungary , and the yellow and red of Spain are included , as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia , and those of ancient Japan and modern China . This , truly , is an international emblem . In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992 , the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA , an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925 , responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France : The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings ( like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings ) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung : for him , the ring symbolized continuity and the human being. . The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I , but the symbol and flag were later adopted . They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp , Belgium , in 1920 . The symbol 's popularity and widespread use began during the lead - up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin . Carl Diem , president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics , wanted to hold a torchbearers ' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi , site of the famous oracle , where the Pythian Games were also held . For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides , and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin . The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed . Later , two American authors , Lynn and Gray Poole , when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s , saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece . This has become known as `` Carl Diem 's Stone '' . This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin . The current view of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) is that the symbol `` reinforces the idea '' that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join . As can be read in the Olympic Charter , the Olympic symbol represents the union of the `` five continents '' of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games . However , no continent is represented by any specific ring . Prior to 1951 , the official handbook stated that each colour corresponded to a particular continent : blue for Europe , yellow for Asia , black for Africa , green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas ; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it ( the quotation above was probably an afterthought ) . Nevertheless , the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour . Flag ( edit ) The Olympic flag . The Olympic flag flying in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada , in recognition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925 . The Olympic flag has a white background , with five interlaced rings in the centre : blue , yellow , black , green and red . This design is symbolic ; it represents the five continents of the world , united by Olympism , while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time . -- Pierre de Coubertin ( 1931 ) Specific flags ( edit ) There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games . During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony , the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host , where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall . These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games , which are flown over the host stadium and then retired . Because there is no specific flag for this purpose , the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences , including minor color variations , and , more noticeably , the presence ( or lack ) of white outlines around each ring . Antwerp flag ( edit ) The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr. National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp , Belgium . At the end of the Games , the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris . Despite it being a replacement , the IOC officially still calls this the `` Antwerp Flag '' instead of the `` Paris Flag '' . It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo , Norway , when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics ( see below ) . The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired . In 1997 , at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee , a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team . The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag . `` I can help you with that , '' Prieste said , `` It 's in my suitcase . '' At the end of the Antwerp Olympics , spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku , he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag . For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase . The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste , by then 103 years old , in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney . The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne , Switzerland , with a plaque thanking him for donating it . Oslo flag ( edit ) The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo , Norway , during the 1952 Winter Olympics . Since then , it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics . Currently , the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box , and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead . Seoul flag ( edit ) Flag of South Korea alongside an Olympic Flag in Olympic Park , Seoul As a successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul , South Korea , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics . The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building . Rio de Janeiro flag ( edit ) As a successor to the Seoul Flag , the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics , Tokyo . Singapore flag ( edit ) For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games . The flag is similar to the Olympic flag , but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge . During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010 , Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee , Nanjing 2014 . Innsbruck flag ( edit ) For the inaugural winter Youth Olympic Games , an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck , Austria , and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics . Flame and torch relay ( edit ) Main article : Olympic flame The modern tradition of moving the Olympic Flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936 . Months before the Games are held , the Olympic Flame is lit on a torch , with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector , at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia , Greece . The torch is then taken out of Greece , most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held . The Olympic torch is carried by athletes , leaders , celebrities , and ordinary people alike , and at times in unusual conditions , such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976 , submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000 , or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014 . On the final day of the torch relay , the day of the Opening Ceremony , the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games . Medals and diplomas ( edit ) The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games . The medals are made of gold - plated silver -- for the gold medals -- silver , or bronze , and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event . Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design , decided upon by the organizers for the particular games . From 1928 until 2000 , the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike , the traditional goddess of victory , holding a palm in her left hand and a winner 's crown in her right . This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli . For each Olympic games , the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed , reflecting the host of the games . In 2004 , the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games . In this design , the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium , reflecting the renewal of the games . The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi . Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth , fifth , and sixth since 1949 , and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981 . Anthems ( edit ) Main article : Olympic Hymn The `` Olympic Hymn '' , officially known as the `` Olympic Anthem '' , is played when the Olympic Flag is raised . It was composed by Spyridon Samaras with words from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas . Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas , a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC . The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but was n't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958 . In the following years , every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley . Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include : The composer of the 1952 Olympic Fanfare , Aarre Merikanto , at Helsinki Olympic Stadium during the games . `` Olympische Hymne '' : A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics . The `` Olympic Fanfare '' for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics , which were cancelled . Merikanto 's Fanfare won the fanfare contest organized in Finland in 1939 , but the score was lost for over a decade ; when rediscovered in 1951 , it was decided to use it in 1952 . It was recorded in 1953 . `` Bugler 's Dream '' : Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his Charge Suite , the theme is often thought of by Americans as the Olympic Theme '' due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC , starting with the 1964 Olympics . The `` Olympic March '' : The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics theme song . `` Olympic Fanfare 1972 '' : The winning submission for the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics theme song , used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center ( Deutsches Olympia - Zentrum , DOZ ) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies , composed by Herbert Rehbein . It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company ( Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks ) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg , conducted by Willy Mattes . `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' : Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics , the theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then - Captain David Deitrick . The first recording , performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles - area musicians , was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984 , with a concurrent Japan - only CD release ( which went on to win a Grammy in 1985 ) . A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album By Request : The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra . In 1996 , an alternate version of `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' was released on the album Summon the Heroes for the Atlanta Olympic Games , replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud 's Bugler 's Dream . The theme was also used in closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic Games , as the nations ' flagbearers entered BC Place Stadium surrounding the Olympic Flame and when the Olympic Flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson . `` The Olympic Spirit '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts . `` Summon the Heroes '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . `` Theme from The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . '' : The theme song to this television show , composed by Randy Edelman , has been used by NBC for teaser commercial and promo spots since the 1996 Summer Olympics . `` Call of the Champions '' : The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics . Several other composers have contributed Olympic music , including Henry Mancini , Francis Lai , Marvin Hamlisch , Philip Glass , David Foster , Mikis Theodorakis , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Vangelis , Basil Poledouris , Michael Kamen , and Mark Watters.it had oath too : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition , respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports . Kotinos ( edit ) Main article : Olive wreath The kotinos ( Greek : κότινος ) , is an olive branch , originally of wild olive - tree , intertwined to form a circle or a horse - shoe , introduced by Heracles . In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold , silver , or bronze medals . There was only one winner per event , crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia . Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold . The victorious athletes were honored , feted , and praised . Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments . Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath . Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae . He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae . The answer was `` All other men are participating in the Olympic Games '' . And when asked `` What is the prize for the winner ? '' , `` An olive - wreath '' came the answer . Then Tigranes , one of his generals uttered a most noble saying : `` Good heavens ! Mardonius , what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight ? Men who do not compete for possessions , but for honour . '' However , in later times , this was not their only reward ; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country . The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games , although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal . Apart from its use in the awards - ceremonies , the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem . Olympic salute ( edit ) The Olympic Salute sculpted by Gra Rueb , sculpted for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute , with the right arm and hand are stretched and pointing upward , the palm is outward and downward , with the fingers touching . However , unlike the Roman Salute , the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder. The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924 and Berlin 1936 . The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute . It was used for the last time by the French team in the opening ceremony of the 1948 Winter Olympics . Mascots ( edit ) See also : List of Olympic mascots Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble , France , the Olympic Games have had a mascot , usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage . The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies , had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products . Nowadays , most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots , rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos . Intellectual property ( edit ) The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols ; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings , and usage of the word `` Olympic '' . The rings are not eligible for copyright protection , both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required to be copyrighted . The movement has taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated their trademarks , including the Gay Games ; the Minneapolis - based band The Hopefuls , formerly The Olympic Hopefuls ; the Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games ; Awana Clubs International , a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games ; and Wizards of the Coast , publisher at the time of the IOC 's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings . In 1938 , the Norwegian brewery Frydenlund patented a label for its root beer which featured the five Olympic rings . In 1952 , when Norway was to host the Winter Olympics , the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway 's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings in that country . Today , the successor company Ringnes AS owns the rights to use the patented five rings on its root beer . In addition , a few other companies have been successful in using the Olympic name , such as Olympic Paint , which has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo , and the former Greek passenger carrier Olympic Airlines . Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word `` Olympics '' in their name , such as the Special Olympics , an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities . In recent years , organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games -- such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 -- putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games , including mere mentioning of the host city , the year , and others . See also ( edit ) Paralympic symbols Pierre de Coubertin medal Olympiadane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is the Olympic motto ? '' . International Olympic Committee . 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening Ceremony '' ( pdf ) . International Olympic Committee . 2002 . p. 3 . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . ; `` Sport athlétique '' , 14 mars 1891 : `` ( ... ) dans une éloquente allocution il a souhaité que ce drapeau les conduise ' souvent à la victoire , à la lutte toujours ' . Il a dit qu'il leur donnait pour devise ces trois mots qui sont le fondement et la raison d'être des sports athlétiques : citius , altius , fortius , ' plus vite , plus haut , plus fort ' . '' , cited in Hoffmane , Simone La carrière du père Didon , Dominicain. 1840 - 1900 , Doctoral thesis , Université de Paris IV -- Sorbonne , 1985 , p. 926 ; cf . Michaela Lochmann , Les fondements pédagogiques de la devise olympique `` citius , altius , fortius `` Jump up ^ Games of the VIII Olympiad - Paris 1924 Archived 3 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Summer Games '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . October 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Symbols and Traditions '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 32 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lennartz , Karl ( 2002 ) . `` The Story of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Olympic History . 10 : 31 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . De plus les six couleurs ainsi combinées reproduisent celles de toutes les nations sans exception . Le bleu et jaune de Suède , le bleu et blanc de Grèce , les tricolores français , anglais , américain , allemand , belge , italien , hongrois , le jaune et rouge d'Espagne voisinent avec les innovations brésilienne ou australienne , avec le vieux Japon et la jeune Chine . Voilà vraiment un emblème international . Jump up ^ Robert Knight Barney ( November 1992 ) . `` This Great Symbol '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review ( 301 ) . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pele , Kimberly D. , eds. ( 30 March 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Press . pp. 65 , 75 . ISBN 978 - 0313322785 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Poole , Lynn ; Poole , Gray Johnson ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . History of ancient Olympic games , . New York : I. Obolensky . Jump up ^ `` Logos & Mascots '' . 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic symbols '' ( PDF ) . IOC. 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . ( Broken link ) Jump up ^ `` Decision adopted by the Executive Committee '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin du Comité International Olympique ( Olympic Review ) . Lausanne : IOC ( 25 ) : 32 . January 1951 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Flag '' . Extract from : Textes choisis II , p. 470 . ( written in 1931 ) . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Charter '' ( PDF ) . The International Olympic Committee . 2 August 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags the Closing Ceremony of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games , the flag was passed on to the next Olympic Games city , Seoul , and then retired . ( emphasis added ) '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 12 September 2000 ) . `` Missing Flag Returns to Glory , Courtesy of a Prankster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Después de ochenta años le remordió la conciencia '' ( After Eighty Years , Conscience Kicked Him ) ( in Spanish ) . Montevideo : La Red21 Radio . 12 September 2000 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Because it is so precious , and must be preserved for years to come , the Oslo flag is not used during the actual Closing Ceremony . Instead , a replica flag is traditionally used . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver 2010 : The Olympic Flags and Emblem '' . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . The successor to the Antwerp Flag , the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Olympic Games by the city of Seoul , South Korea . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Flag arrives in Tokyo ahead of 2020 Games '' . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Rio Mayor Eduardo Paes handed the Flag over to Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike during the Rio 2016 Closing Ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium on Sunday ( August 21 ) . Jump up ^ `` Singapore 2010 Presented With Special Olympic Flag '' . Gamebids.com. 13 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` S'pore presented with special Olympic flag '' . Channel NewsAsia. 13 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic flag handed to mayor of Nanjing '' . Sina Corp. 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Juergen Wagner ( 2 July 2003 ) . `` Olympic Games Winner Medal 2004 '' . Olympic-museum.de . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Heikinheimo , Seppo ( 1985 ) . Aarre Merikanto : Säveltäjänkohtalo itsenäisessä Suomessa ( Aarre Merikanto : The fate of the composer in independent Finland ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : WSOY . pp. 465 , 467 , 473 , 479 . ISBN 978 - 9510133194 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Rehbein '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . 1993 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Guegold , William K. ( June 1996 ) . 100 Years of Olympic Music ( Music and Musicians of the Modern Olympic Games 1896 - 1996 ) . Golden Clef Publishing . pp. 56 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0965237109 . Jump up ^ `` The John Williams Web Pages : Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' . Johnwilliams.org . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.altoriot.com/the-music-behind-nbcs-sochi-olympic-promos-the-greatest-sports-theme-no-one-can-name/ Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . κότινος ( Olive Branch ) . A Greek -- English Lexicon ( in Greek ) . Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 5.7. 7 Jump up ^ Aristophanes , Plutus , 585 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , The Histories , Hdt . 8.26 ^ Jump up to : Droit , Jean ( 1924 ) . `` Paris 1924 - Jeux Olympiques '' . Olympic Games Museum . Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaap , Jeremy ( 2007 ) . Triumph : the untold story of Jesse Owens and Hitler 's Olympics . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 163 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 68822 - 7 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games 1936 Berlin : Poster '' . Olympic Games Museum . 1936 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Olympic Salute Stopped Being Popularly Used After WWII Due to Strongly Resembling the `` Heil Hitler '' Salute `` . Today I Found Out . 2012 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfaFnZ6sEnY/%7Ctitle= Full St. Moritz 1948 Official film ; see 13 : 15 to 13 : 20 Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Patent Office record of the Frydenlund patent , showing the design '' . 1 November 1938 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Ringnes is the family name of the company 's founders . Jump up ^ Anderson , Steve ( 18 July 2012 ) . `` The Debate : Have Olympic sponsorship regulations gone too far ? '' . The Debate ( blog ) ( The Independent ) . London . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Feargus ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` The Pettiness of Olympic Branding '' . The Atlantic . Washington D.C . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic symbols . PBS The Real Olympics , 2004 . the Raising of the Olympic flag in London , 26 September 2008 Olympic Files - Mascots ( in Russian ) Bear Cub Misha Lover 's Association , 1980 Summer Olympics mascot Misha 's fan page ( in Japanese ) ( hide ) Olympic symbols Olympic emblem Olympic flag Olympic flame Final torchbearers Torch relays designs Olympic Hymn Olympic mascot Olympic motto Olympic Oath Olympic Order Olympic poster Olive wreath International Olympic Committee Associations Association of National Olympic Committees List of international sports federations National Olympic Committee Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games Main topics Charter Congresses Cup Meetings Members Order Presidents Sports Symbols IOC sessions 117th 121st 123rd 125th 127th 128th 130th 131st 132nd 133rd 134th Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_symbols&oldid=832604061 '' Categories : Olympic symbols Olympic movement Sports symbols Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Чӑвашла Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latviešu Magyar मैथिली Македонски مازِرونی नेपाली 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 23 : 44 . 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