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-9165827210910446876	Inferior vena cava	Inferior vena cava - wikipedia Inferior vena cava Jump to : navigation , search Inferior vena cava Anterior ( frontal ) view of the opened heart . White arrows indicate normal blood flow . Superior vena cava , inferior vena cava , azygos vein and their tributaries Details Source common iliac vein lumbar veins testicular vein renal vein suprarenal vein hepatic vein Drains to right atrium Artery abdominal aorta Identifiers Latin vena cava inferior Acronym ( s ) IVC MeSH D014682 TA A12. 3.09. 001 FMA 10951 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The inferior vena cava ( or IVC ) is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart . Its walls are rigid and has valves so the blood does not flow down via gravity . It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins , usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra . The inferior vena cava is the lower ( `` inferior '' ) of the two venae cavae , the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body : the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body . It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column . It enters the right atrium at the lower right , back side of the heart . The name derives from Latin : vena , `` vein '' , cavus , `` hollow '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Tributaries 1.2 Development 1.3 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The inferior vena cava is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings collected blood into the right atrium of the heart . It also joins with the azygos vein ( which runs on the right side of the vertebral column ) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord . The inferior vena cava begins as the left and right common iliac veins behind the abdomen unite , at about the level of L5 . It passes through the thoracic diaphragm at the caval opening at the level of T8 . Tributaries ( edit ) The specific levels of the tributaries are as follows : Level Vein T8 hepatic veins , inferior phrenic vein L1 right suprarenal vein , renal veins L2 right gonadal vein L1 -- L5 lumbar veins L5 common iliac veins Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline , drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical . On the right , the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly . On the left , they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava . By contrast , all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava . Development ( edit ) In the embryo , the inferior vena cava and right atrium are separated by the valve of the inferior vena cava , also known as the Eustachian valve . In the adult , this valve typically has totally regressed or remains as a small fold of endocardium . Variation ( edit ) Rarely , the inferior vena cava may vary in its size and position . In transposition of the great arteries the inferior vena cava may lie on the left . It may be replaced by two vessels beneath the level of the renal veins . Function ( edit ) The inferior vena cava is a vein . It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart . The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava . Clinical significance ( edit ) Health problems attributed to the IVC are most often associated with it being compressed ( ruptures are rare because it has a low intraluminal pressure ) . Typical sources of external pressure are an enlarged aorta ( abdominal aortic aneurysm ) , the gravid uterus ( aortocaval compression syndrome ) and abdominal maligancies , such as colorectal cancer , renal cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer . Since the inferior vena cava is primarily a right - sided structure , unconscious pregnant women should be turned on to their left side ( the recovery position ) , to relieve pressure on it and facilitate venous return ( ( citation needed ) ) . In rare cases , straining associated with defecation can lead to restricted blood flow through the IVC and result in syncope ( fainting ) . Blockage of the inferior vena cava is rare , and is treated urgently as a life - threatening condition . It is associated with deep vein thrombosis , IVC filters , liver transplantation and surgical procedures such as the insertion of a catheter in the femoral vein in the groin . Branches of Inferior Vena Cava Trauma to the vena cava is usually fatal as unstoppable excessive blood loss occurs . Additional images ( edit ) Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava front view See also ( edit ) Atriocaval shunt Inferior vena cava syndrome Recovery position References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turhan Yavuz ; Nazli , C ; Kinay , O ; Kutsal , A ( 2002 ) . `` Giant Eustachian Valve : with Echocardiographic Appearance of Divided Right Atrium '' . Texas Heart Institute Journal . 29 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 8 . PMC 140300 . PMID 12484622 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Standring ; Neil R. Borley ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brophy , CM ; Evans , L ; Sumpio , BE ( 1993 ) . `` Defecation syncope secondary to functional inferior vena caval obstruction during a Valsalva maneuver '' . Annals of Vascular Surgery . 7 ( 4 ) : 374 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02002893 . PMID 8268080 . Jump up ^ Geehan DM , Inferior Vena Caval Thrombosis , emedicine.com , URL : http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2718.htm , Accessed : August 3 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 40 : 13 - 0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Posterior Abdominal Wall : Tributaries to the Inferior Vena Cava '' Cross section image : pembody / body12a -- Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna ( hide ) Veins of the abdomen and pelvis To azygos system ascending lumbar subcostal IVC ( Systemic ) To IVC or left renal vein inferior phrenic hepatic central veins of liver liver sinusoid suprarenal renal gonadal ovarian ♀ / testicular ♂ pampiniform plexus ♂ lumbar common iliac Common iliac Unpaired median sacral vein Internal iliac posterior : iliolumbar superior gluteal lateral sacral anterior : inferior gluteal obturator uterine ♀ uterine plexus ♀ vesical vesical plexus prostatic plexus ♂ deep of penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ vaginal plexus / vein ♀ middle rectal internal pudendal inferior rectal bulb of penis ♂ / vestibule ♀ rectal plexus External iliac inferior epigastric deep circumflex iliac vein Portal vein ( Portal ) Splenic short gastric left gastroepiploic pancreatic inferior mesenteric superior rectal left colic Superior mesenteric right gastroepiploic pancreaticoduodenal jejunal ileal middle colic right colic ileocolic appendicular Direct cystic left gastric / esophageal right gastric paraumbilical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inferior_vena_cava&oldid=827461827 '' Categories : Veins of the torso Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the function of the super vena cava	[ "The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava." ]	[ "carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body" ]
-7551962150645820526	T-Mobile Arena	T - Mobile Arena - wikipedia T - Mobile Arena For the Czech venue once named T - Mobile Arena ( 2002 -- 2008 ) , see Tipsport Arena ( Prague ) . Not to be confused with G - Mobile Arena . Coordinates : 36 ° 06 ′ 10 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 42 '' W / 36.10278 ° N 115.17833 ° W / 36.10278 ; - 115.17833 T - Mobile Arena The Fortress Exterior of the arena Former names Las Vegas Arena ( planning / construction ) Address 3780 South Las Vegas Boulevard Location Paradise , Nevada Public transit Las Vegas Monorail at MGM Grand Owner Anschutz Entertainment Group ( 42.5 % ) MGM Resorts International ( 42.5 % ) Bill Foley ( 15 % ) Operator MGM Resorts International Capacity Overall : 20,000 Basketball : 18,000 Boxing / MMA : 20,000 Ice hockey : 17,500 Concerts : 12,000 -- 20,000 Acreage 16 acres Construction Broke ground May 1 , 2014 ; 4 years ago ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) Opened April 6 , 2016 ; 2 years ago ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) Construction cost $375 million Architect Populous Project manager ICON Venue Group Structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti Services engineer ME Engineers General contractor Penta Building Group Hunt Construction Group Tenants Vegas Golden Knights ( NHL ) ( 2017 -- present ) Ultimate Fighting Championship ( 2016 -- present ) Website t-mobilearena.com T - Mobile Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . Opened on April 6 , 2016 , the arena was built as a joint venture between MGM Resorts International and the Anschutz Entertainment Group . The arena is the home venue for the National Hockey League 's Vegas Golden Knights , who began play in 2017 . Since its opening , T - Mobile Arena has primarily been used for entertainment events such as concerts , and has been booked for mixed martial arts and professional boxing events , and well as other annual sporting events . The arena is accessed by a new development project known as The Park , with retail and dining space between New York - New York and the Park MGM casino hotels . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tenants 3 Notable events 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The Anschutz Entertainment Group ( AEG ) first tried to build an arena in Las Vegas in association with Harrah 's Entertainment . In 2007 , the joint venture announced they would build a 20,000 seat stadium behind the Bally 's and Paris casino - hotels . Caesars Entertainment , Inc. had previously envisioned using the location to build a baseball park , but the company 's buyout by Harrah 's cancelled the plans . Through the following year , Harrah 's became uncertain on continuing with the project , not knowing if AEG would split the costs , and whether building a major league - ready stadium without a guaranteed franchise to play on it would be feasible given the enduring financial crisis . The original plans were to break ground in June 2008 and finish the arena in 2010 , but by 2009 , it was revealed the stalled project had not even done a traffic study despite being located near a busy intersection . In 2010 , the plans were changed to use an area behind the Imperial Palace . However , given the financing would require a special taxation district , opposition from Clark County regarding using public money in the project stalled it even further . AEG eventually backed out completely by 2012 , once MGM Resorts International came up with their own project using a terrain behind the New York - New York and Monte Carlo resorts . This attracted AEG primarily for not relying on public funding . MGM and AEG announced their joint arena plan on March 1 , 2013 . Plans were further fleshed out over the following months with the announcement of a $100 - million pedestrian shopping area , The Park , to serve as a gateway to the arena , and the retention of prominent sports architecture firm Populous to design the project . Other firms on the project include : the ICON Venue Group , Thornton Tomasetti , ME Engineers , Penta Building Group and Hunt Construction Group . The project broke ground on May 1 , 2014 , followed by the demolition of existing buildings , and excavation of an oval area for the arena . The final steel beam of the structure was placed on May 27 , 2015 . In January 2016 , T - Mobile US announced it had acquired the naming rights to the new arena in a multi-year contract . The arena held its grand opening on April 6 , 2016 with a concert by Las Vegas natives The Killers , Shamir and Wayne Newton . Country music artists Martina McBride and Cam performed at a soft opening on March 31 , 2016 . In 2016 , the National Hockey League awarded a Las Vegas expansion team to an ownership group led by Bill Foley , with T - Mobile Arena as its home venue . As part of the team 's lease , Foley negotiated an option to buy a stake in the arena from MGM and AEG . He exercised that option in September 2016 , buying a 15 percent interest for around $35 million . Interior of venue , shown on March 31 , 2016 . Interior of venue , shown 2016 . T - Mobile Arena at night . Tenants ( edit ) During its construction , T - Mobile Arena was pointed to as the home arena for a possible National Hockey League expansion team in Las Vegas . The expansion bid was approved and announced by the NHL on June 22 , 2016 ; the new team , the Vegas Golden Knights , began play in the 2017 -- 18 season . The Ultimate Fighting Championship 's first event at the venue was UFC 200 , held on July 9 , 2016 . In March 2017 , the UFC signed a seven - year agreement to become an official tenant of T - Mobile Arena . The promotion agreed to host at least four events per - year at the facility , in exchange for receiving permanent retail space and signage . The Professional Bull Riders World Finals moved to T - Mobile Arena in 2016 , moving from the Thomas & Mack Center , followed by the Pac - 12 Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament , which moved from the MGM Grand Garden Arena . The UNLV basketball team plays at least one game each season at T - Mobile Arena . One game against Duke was played in December 2016 and two games were played in November 2017 , against Rice and Utah . In December 2018 , UNLV will face BYU . Notable events ( edit ) Main article : List of events at T - Mobile Arena In addition to Golden Knights games and UFC events , a number of major sporting events have been held at the arena , including boxing matches such as Canelo Álvarez vs. Gennady Golovkin and Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor . By virtue of the Golden Knights winning the 2017 - 18 Western Conference finals , it also played host to three games of the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals , between the Golden Knights and the Washington Capitals . The arena has hosted nationally televised entertainment events such as the Academy of Country Music Awards , the Billboard Music Awards , the iHeartRadio Music Festival , the Latin Grammys , the Miss USA beauty pageant , and WWE professional wrestling events . See also ( edit ) Ice hockey portal Las Vegas portal Las Vegas Stadium Orleans Arena References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Daniel ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` NHL 's Vegas owner buys share of arena '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Form 10 - K : Annual Report ( Report ) . MGM Resorts International . March 1 , 2018 . p. 72 -- via EDGAR . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts '' . T - Mobile Arena . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Ken ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` AEG , MGM to Develop 20,000 Seat Las Vegas Strip Arena '' . The Denver Post . Digital First Media . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Getting 20K - Seat Arena '' . Fox Sports . Fox Sports Digital Media . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collison , Kevin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` KC - Based Firm Populous to Design New Arena in Las Vegas '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN -- Vegas , baby ? Arena envisioned to draw pro team to city -- ESPN Jump up ^ Benston , Liz ( September 27 , 2008 ) . `` Harrah 's still wants arena , but how much will it pay ? '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Insiders Tight Lipped on Las Vegas Arena '' . 8NewsNow.com . Nexstar Media Group . January 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Las Vegas foundation drops arena effort Jump up ^ `` MGM & AEG Building a 20,000 - Seat Arena on the Las Vegas Strip '' . Billboard . Associated Press . June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Resorts announces plan for 20,000 - seat arena '' . Las Vegas Sun . March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` MGM has grand plans with trendy plaza , sports arena '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snel , Alan ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` World - famed architect announced for MGM arena '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snel , Alan ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` AEG , MGM Resorts International Offer First Look at Arena on Las Vegas Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jenny ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` New Arena Design Reflects Las Vegas 's Milieu '' . Civil Engineering . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Designing a Winning Sports Venue '' . Consulting - Specifying Engineer. April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robison , Jennifer ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Las Vegas Construction Poised to Prosper in 2014 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snel , Alan ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Shovels in the Ground , Confetti in the Air as MGM / AEG Arena Construction Begins '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snel , Alan ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Construction workers install final beam at MGM arena '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas '' . T - Mobile US . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snel , Alan ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile buys naming rights to new Las Vegas arena '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casper , Ashley ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` What others are saying about T - Mobile Arena '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . News + Media Capital Group LLC . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Martina McBride plays private concert at T - Mobile Arena stress test '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Carp , Steve ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL expansion team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Form 10 - K : Annual Report ( Report ) . MGM Resorts International . March 1 , 2018 . p. 82 -- via EDGAR . Jump up ^ `` NHL says no credibility to report of Las Vegas expansion team '' . Las Vegas Sun . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL denies expansion report , including a second team in Toronto '' . Toronto Star . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gallagher : Bettman has changed his tune on NHL expansion '' . The Province . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL franchise '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave Doyle ( 2015 - 09 - 04 ) . `` UFC 200 set for July 9 , 2016 at new Las Vegas Arena '' . mmafighting.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hill , Adam ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` UFC to be an anchor tenant at T - Mobile Arena '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PBR moves Built Ford Tough Series World Finals to new Las Vegas Arena in 2016 '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - 12 Tournament will move to larger Las Vegas arena in 2017 '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to T - Mobile Arena . Official website Vegas Golden Knights Founded in 2017 Based in Paradise , Nevada Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Personnel Owner Black Knight Sports & Entertainment ( Bill Foley ( 85 % ) , Maloof family ( 15 % ) ) General manager George McPhee Head coach Gerard Gallant Captain Vacant Current roster Arena T - Mobile Arena Affiliates AHL Chicago Wolves Media AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain KRLV ( AM 1340 / FM 98.9 ) KENO ( AM 1460 ) ( Spanish broadcast ) Culture and lore `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Vegas Lights '' City National Arena Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo The Drew ( under construction ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area Deutsche Telekom Main companies Telekom Albania Magyar Telekom Makedonski Telekom OTE ( 40 % ) Telekom Romania 54 % Slovak Telekom Hrvatski Telekom Crnogorski Telekom 76.53 % HT Mostar 39.1 % BT Group ( 12 % ) Main services T - Home T - Mobile T - Online T - Systems Mobile networks T - Mobile Polska T - Mobile US MetroPCS T - Mobile Czech Republic T - Mobile Nederland Cosmote ( via OTE ) ERONET ( via HT Mostar ) Absorbed companies MobileStar Omnipoint Communications Powertel ( United States ) SunCom VoiceStream Wireless Western Wireless Corporation Related Attempted purchase of T - Mobile USA by AT&T Detecon Electronic Beats Kabel Deutschland T - Center T - Mobile Arena T - Mobile Team Telekom Innovation Laboratories United States v. Davis Category Commons MGM Resorts International California Primm Valley Golf Club Illinois Grand Victoria ( 50 % stake ) Maryland MGM National Harbor Mississippi Gold Strike Tunica Beau Rivage Michigan MGM Grand Detroit New Jersey Borgata Las Vegas Bellagio Circus Circus Adventuredome Slots - A-Fun CityCenter Aria Mandarin Oriental Vdara Veer Excalibur Festival Grounds Las Vegas Aces Luxor Mandalay Bay Delano Convention Center Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena Signature Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Shadow Creek T - Mobile Arena ( 50 % stake ) China MGM Macau Former Circus Circus Reno Colorado Belle Crystals Edgewater Gold Strike Jean The Harmon MGM Grand Atlantic City Nevada Landing Primm Valley Resorts Railroad Pass Silver Legacy Treasure Island Under construction MGM Springfield Current arenas in the National Hockey League Eastern Conference Atlantic Amalie Arena BB&T Center Bell Centre Canadian Tire Centre KeyBank Center Little Caesars Arena Scotiabank Arena TD Garden Metropolitan Barclays Center * Capital One Arena Madison Square Garden Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum * Nationwide Arena PNC Arena PPG Paints Arena Prudential Center Wells Fargo Center * ( The New York Islanders will split their home games between these two arenas until the Belmont Park Arena opens for the 2021 - 22 season ) Western Conference Central American Airlines Center Bell MTS Place Bridgestone Arena Enterprise Center Pepsi Center United Center Xcel Energy Center Pacific Gila River Arena Honda Center Rogers Arena Rogers Place SAP Center at San Jose Scotiabank Saddledome Staples Center T - Mobile Arena Music venues of Nevada Theaters and clubs The Joint Pioneer Center for the Performing Arts Smith Center for the Performing Arts Arenas The Colosseum at Caesars Palace Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena Orleans Arena Thomas & Mack Center T - Mobile Arena Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. 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George Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Communities Cities Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Census - designated places Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Neighborhoods Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge / One Queensridge Place Seven Hills Southern Highlands Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Research and education University of Nevada , Las Vegas University of Nevada Medical School Nevada State College National University Touro University Nevada College of Southern Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Parks and public spaces Acacia Demonstration Gardens Clark County Shooting Complex Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Lake Mead National Recreation Area Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Area shopping Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand Downtown Summerlin The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Other Architecture History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Category WikiProject Venues of the Latin Grammy Award ceremonies Staples Center ( 2000 ) Conga Room ( 2001 ) Kodak Theatre ( 2002 ) American Airlines Arena ( 2003 ) Shrine Auditorium ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Madison Square Garden ( 2006 ) Mandalay Bay Events Center ( 2007 ) Toyota Center ( 2008 ) Mandalay Bay Events Center ( 2009 -- 2013 ) MGM Grand Garden Arena ( 2014 - 2015 , 2017 - present ) T - Mobile Arena ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T-Mobile_Arena&oldid=847962691 '' Categories : 2016 establishments in Nevada Anschutz Corporation Buildings and structures in Paradise , Nevada Basketball venues in Nevada Boxing venues in Las Vegas Deutsche Telekom Event venues established in 2016 Indoor arenas in Las Vegas Indoor ice hockey venues in the United States Mixed martial arts venues in Nevada Music venues in the Las Vegas Valley National Hockey League venues Rodeo venues in the United States Sports venues completed in 2016 Sports venues in Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena Vegas Golden Knights Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 23 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do they play hockey in las vegas	[]	[]
2981337605036870497	Super Bowl LII halftime show	Super Bowl LII halftime show - Wikipedia Super Bowl LII halftime show Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII halftime show Date February 4 , 2018 Location Minneapolis , Minnesota , U.S. Venue U.S. Bank Stadium Headliner Justin Timberlake Special guests The Tennessee Kids , University of Minnesota Marching Band Sponsor Pepsi Director Hamish Hamilton Producer Ricky Kirshner Super Bowl halftime show chronology LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ( officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ) took place on February 4 , 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , as part of Super Bowl LII . Justin Timberlake was the featured performer , as confirmed by the National Football League ( NFL ) on October 22 , 2017 . It was televised nationally by NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Background 3 Development 4 Critical response 5 Commercial reception 6 Setlist 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance Timberlake during halftime show Timberlake performing `` Suit & Tie '' with the University of Minnesota Marching Band The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake , followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing `` Filthy '' in a club setting below the field level of the stadium . He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field , descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd . Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing `` Rock Your Body '' with a troupe of female backup dancers , abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to `` Señorita '' on a small stage with his backing dancers . Upon reaching the main stage , he performed a number of songs , including `` SexyBack '' , `` My Love '' , and `` Cry Me a River '' , which featured a dance break mid-field . Upon reaching the next stage , Timberlake performed his hit song `` Suit & Tie '' as the University of Minnesota Marching Band , wearing black tuxedos , played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him . The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake 's tribute to Prince Dancers fill the field during Timberlake 's performance of `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing `` Until the End of Time '' , then segued into `` I Would Die 4 U '' as a tribute to Minneapolis - native Prince . A video of Prince performing the song played in the background , projected onto on a large multi-story sheet . An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince 's trademark Love Symbol , with the stadium at the center . He then returned to the main stage to perform `` Mirrors '' , as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors , creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium . Timberlake closed the show with `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' , entering the stands at the conclusion of the song . For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012 , no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance . The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects . Background ( edit ) Field being set up for Timberlake 's performance In July 2017 , multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime , but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later . During August and September 2017 , several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime , first along with his frequent - collaborator Jay - Z as co-headliner , and then as the solo performer . A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time , `` along with Pepsi , we know that we will put on a spectacular show . When it is time to announce her name we will do it . Or his name . Or their names . '' The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon . This was Timberlake 's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show . As a member of NSYNC , Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV ( 2001 ) halftime show , and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII ( 2004 ) , which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts on national television , described as a wardrobe malfunction . The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance `` family - friendly . '' While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident , they asked him to stay true to his word , saying `` we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018 , '' as the singer stated in a prior interview that `` we are not going to do that again . '' In an interview with Billboard , Pepsi executives expressed : We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake . We 've kind of felt that Justin deserves , and has for a number of years , to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he was n't the main artist . It was just about the timing . To be honest , we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime , and this year just felt really right to us . He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive , it was a no - brainer . We know he 's gon na bring it . The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson , who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle . Development ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium , where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held . During the performance , Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney , which consists of `` alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt , featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley , '' according to a press release . Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales - check and camouflage splatter - print suit and matching jacket . As usual for McCartney , these pieces were made from animal - free leather and organic cotton . Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band , the Tennessee Kids . Regarding the Prince tribute , the performance 's creative visual lead , Fireplay 's Nick Whitehouse , told Rolling Stone : Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show , and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy . Ultimately , Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince . The band held 50 - hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show . Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview , citing The Beatles ' `` Free as a Bird '' as an example of a practice he considered to be `` demonic . '' His family granted permission to use Prince 's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram , and they approved of the final result . Sheila E , a former bandmate of Prince 's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness , stated that `` a bigger company '' ( she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL ) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake 's idea . Despite the lack of an individual guest artist , the more than 300 - member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show . The band 's drumline , brass , and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of `` Suit & Tie . '' The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake 's performance of his song `` Mirrors '' , and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show , including the club scene at the show 's opening . All members of the band were featured on the field in the show 's finale , `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' . The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI . Critical response ( edit ) Timberlake 's performance received mixed reviews . In a positive review , Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote `` Timberlake is a masterful live performer -- which made Sunday 's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet , '' he continued commenting the performer `` did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other . '' Although it did not have a moment that `` stuck , '' he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show . In a similarly positive review , Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said `` there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining ( halftime ) '' , further adding `` Timberlake 's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing . From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd ( and making # SelfieKid an instant superstar ) for the ending . '' She also considered it `` is made for a TV experience '' rather than for the public in the stadium , mainly for the sound quality difficulties , but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list . From the same magazine , Nina Braca wrote `` his moves were on point , '' and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were `` relatively certain '' about the performance . `` most of America would love it , and most of the Internet would hate it , '' and added Timberlake was `` in a situation that was both a ca n't - lose and a ca n't - win . It would 've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he 'd alienated over the last couple years . '' Also from Billboard , Andrew Unterberge wrote , `` Timberlake 's audio was somewhat lacking throughout ... but the choreography , live - band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable '' . Chris Willman of Variety stated that , `` Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who 's done the Bowl show ... and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism , you ca n't say that 's entirely inappropriate for the occasion . '' Willman also wrote that the show , `` was n't one for the ages , but was impressive as a show of athleticism '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake 's performance was , `` heavy on dance spectacle , light on vocal authority '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show , `` energetic , but also entirely lacking in live excitement . '' Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals . Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered , `` one of the most over-planned , least surprising performances imaginable . '' Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake 's performance a `` C '' , calling it , `` dutiful , and empty '' . Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance . Similarly , Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote , `` Technically speaking , Timberlake 's set was a testament to precision '' . Guan , however , criticized Timberlake 's performance from lacking in personality , and regarded his performance as unmemorable . The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars , calling his performance forgettable but flashy . In an interview with NPR , Ann Powers said that `` the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment -- and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it . '' Daniel D'Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review , criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body , calling the song 's lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood , and said that the only message from Timberlake 's performance was that he loves his back catalog Deadline felt `` but you could see the motions more than you felt the music . '' Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake 's performance as , `` unambiguously underwhelming '' . USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake 's performance unfavorably to Prince 's own 2007 halftime show . Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake 's decision to omit the end of `` Rock Your Body '' ( which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime ) felt , `` less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection '' . However , Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake 's decision to cut the song short to be wise . Timberlake 's Stella McCartney - designed outfit received negative reviews , with some critics regarding it as `` tacky '' . The LA Times also gave a very critical review , one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance , and said that it lacked soul and meaning . The Digital Journal gave him 2 / 5 stars and called it lackluster . Commercial reception ( edit ) The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States , 9 % less than Lady Gaga 's in 2017 . It had higher average viewership than the game itself , and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole , which had lost 7 % compared to the previous year . According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music , sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534 % in the United States on February 4 , the day of the Super Bowl , compared to Feb. 3 , while his streams on Spotify gained 214 % . Janet Jackson likewise gained 150 % on Spotify . Setlist ( edit ) Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince `` Filthy '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' `` SexyBack '' ( with elements of `` Supplies '' ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' ( with elements of `` Kashmir '' ) `` Suit & Tie '' ( with elements of `` Pusher Love Girl '' ) ( featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( along with a pre-recorded video of Prince , displayed on a projection screen ) `` Mirrors '' `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' See also ( edit ) 2018 in American television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schad , Tom ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL ( February 4 , 2018 ) , Justin Timberlake 's FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show ! NFL Highlights , retrieved February 5 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show '' . KARE . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and everything but the football -- Super Bowl half - time show as it happened '' . Guardian . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl halftime show : Here 's who Justin Timberlake 's guest performers might be '' . CBS Sports . February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake reportedly ' finalizing ' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver ' Mesmerizing ' Super Bowl Halftime Show : Pepsi Execs Reveal It 's ' Justin at His Best ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sebra , Matt ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves '' . GQ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Sarah ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights '' . People . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII : Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Prince 's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake was n't behind Prince hologram idea '' . TMZ . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` From ' Cry Me a River ' to ' Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! , ' Justin Timberlake 's 10 Best Live Performances : Critic 's Picks '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce R. ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job , even without NSYNC '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show : 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberge , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits , Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh - of - Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance '' . www.billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Halftime Review : Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble - Free After Bad Pre-Game PR '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe , Seeking Super Bowl Redemption '' . www.nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Daniel ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing , Spontaneity '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful , and empty : EW review '' . www.ew.com . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Guan , Fran ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` It Was His Halftime Show , But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nevins , Jake ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl performance : a forgettable but flashy medley of hits '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` As The Pop World Seeks Accountability , Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods '' . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Time . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Jump up ^ Richards , Chris ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Washington Post . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Compared with Prince 's , Justin Timberlake 's halftime show was a wimpy joke '' . www. usatoday . USA Today . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show , Reviewed '' . www.newyorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael . `` Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and would n't stop saying it '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance ( Includes first - hand account ) '' . February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Caufield , Keith ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534 % Sales Gain '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krzaczek , Katie ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Bump : Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Janet Jackson 's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII '' . February 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Book Super Bowl halftime shows 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) Other Counterprogramming Minnesota portal National Football League portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII_halftime_show&oldid=832806565 '' Categories : 2018 in American music 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota February 2018 events in the United States Justin Timberlake Prince ( musician ) Super Bowl halftime shows Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Use American English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is doing the half time super bowl	[ "The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show (officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show) took place on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of Super Bowl LII. Justin Timberlake was the featured performer, as confirmed by the National Football League (NFL) on October 22, 2017.[1] It was televised nationally by NBC." ]	[ "Justin Timberlake" ]
-3836283314027436735	Eastern gray squirrel	Eastern gray squirrel - wikipedia Eastern gray squirrel Jump to : navigation , search Eastern gray squirrel Calls recorded in Surrey , England Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Rodentia Family : Sciuridae Genus : Sciurus Subgenus : Sciurus Species : S. carolinensis Binomial name Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin , 1788 Subspecies S. c. carolinensis S. c. extimus S. c. fuliginosus S. c. hypophaeus S. c. pennsylvanicus Range in red ( excludes introduced populations ) Synonyms S. pennsylvanica S. hiemalis S. leucotis S. fulginosus S. migratorius Sciurus carolinensis , common name eastern gray squirrel or grey squirrel depending on region , is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus . It is native to eastern North America , where it is the most prodigious and ecologically essential natural forest regenerator . The eastern grey squirrel in Europe is regarded as an invasive species . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distribution 2 Etymology 3 Description 4 Behavior 4.1 Predation 4.2 Reproduction 4.3 Growth / Ontogeny 4.4 Communication 4.5 Diet 5 Habitat 5.1 Introductions 5.2 Displacement of red squirrels 5.3 Fossil record of the eastern grey squirrel 6 As food 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Distribution ( edit ) Sciurus carolinensis is native to the eastern and midwestern United States , and to the southerly portions of the eastern provinces of Canada . The native range of the eastern gray squirrel overlaps with that of the fox squirrel ( Sciurus niger ) , with which it is sometimes confused , although the core of the fox squirrel 's range is slightly more to the west . The eastern gray squirrel is found from New Brunswick to Manitoba , south to East Texas and Florida . Breeding eastern gray squirrels are found in Nova Scotia , but whether this population was introduced or came from natural range expansion is not known . It has also been introduced into Ireland , Britain , Italy , South Africa , and Australia ( where it was extirpated by 1973 ) . Eastern grey squirrels in Europe are a concern because they have displaced some of the native squirrels there . In 1966 , this squirrel was also introduced to Vancouver Island in Western Canada in the area of Metchosin , and has spread widely from there . They are considered highly invasive and a threat to both the local ecosystem and the native red squirrel . A prolific and adaptable species , the eastern gray squirrel has also been introduced to , and thrives in , several regions of the western United States . The gray squirrel is an invasive species in Britain ; it has spread across the country and has largely displaced the native red squirrel , S. vulgaris . In Ireland , the red squirrel has been displaced in several eastern counties , though it still remains common in the south and west of the country . That such a displacement might happen in Italy is of concern , as gray squirrels might spread to other parts of mainland Europe . Etymology ( edit ) The generic name , Sciurus , is derived from two Greek words , skia , meaning shadow , and oura , meaning tail . This name alludes to the squirrel sitting in the shadow of its tail . The specific epithet , carolinensis , refers to the Carolinas , where the species was first recorded and where the animal is still extremely common . In the United Kingdom and Canada , it is simply referred to as the `` grey squirrel '' . In the US , `` eastern '' is used to differentiate the species from the western gray squirrel ( Sciurus griseus ) . Description ( edit ) Bounding tracks in concrete Close - up of an eastern gray squirrel 's head ; note the brownish fur on its face , the gray fur on its back and the white fur on its underside . The eastern gray squirrel has predominantly gray fur , but it can have a brownish color . It has a usual white underside as compared to the typical brownish - orange underside of the fox squirrel . It has a large bushy tail . Particularly in urban situations where the risk of predation is reduced , both white -- and black - colored individuals are quite often found . The melanistic form , which is almost entirely black , is predominant in certain populations and in certain geographic areas , such as in large parts of southeastern Canada . Melanistic squirrels appear to exhibit a higher cold tolerance than the common grey morph ; when exposed to - 10 ° C , black squirrels showed an 18 % reduction in heat loss , a 20 % reduction in basal metabolic rate , and an 11 % increase to non-shivering thermogenesis capacity when compared to the common gray morph . Genetic variations within these include individuals with black tails and black - colored squirrels with white tails . ( See Tree squirrel for more information on these color variations . ) The head and body length is from 23 to 30 cm ( 9.1 to 11.8 in ) , the tail from 19 to 25 cm ( 7.5 to 9.8 in ) , and the adult weight varies between 400 and 600 g ( 14 and 21 oz ) . They do not display sexual dimorphism , meaning there is no gender difference in size or coloration . The tracks of an eastern gray squirrel are difficult to distinguish from the related fox squirrel and Abert 's squirrel , though the latter 's range is almost entirely different from the gray 's . Like all squirrels , the eastern gray shows four toes on the front feet and five on the hind feet . The hind foot - pad is often not visible in the track . When bounding or moving at speed , the front foot tracks will be behind the hind foot tracks . The bounding stride can be two to three feet long . The dental formula of the eastern grey squirrel is 1023 / 1013 ( Upper teeth / Lower Teeth ) . 1.0. 2.3 1.0. 1.3 × 2 = 22 total teeth . Incisors exhibit indeterminate growth , meaning they grow consistently throughout life , and their cheek teeth exhibit brachydont ( low - crowned teeth ) and bunodont ( having tubercles on crowns ) structures . Behavior ( edit ) Reaching out for food on a garden bird feeder , this squirrel can rotate its hind feet , allowing it to descend a tree head - first . Like many members of the family Sciuridae , the eastern gray squirrel is a scatter - hoarder ; it hoards food in numerous small caches for later recovery . Some caches are quite temporary , especially those made near the site of a sudden abundance of food which can be retrieved within hours or days for reburial in a more secure site . Others are more permanent and are not retrieved until months later . Each squirrel is estimated to make several thousand caches each season . The squirrels have very accurate spatial memory for the locations of these caches , and use distant and nearby landmarks to retrieve them . Smell is used partly to uncover food caches , and also to find food in other squirrels ' caches . Scent can be unreliable when the ground is too dry or covered in snow . Squirrels sometimes use deceptive behavior to prevent other animals from retrieving cached food . They will pretend to bury the object if they feel that they are being watched . They do this by preparing the spot as usual , for instance , digging a hole or widening a crack , miming the placement of the food , while actually concealing it in their mouths , and then covering up the `` cache '' as if they had deposited the object . They also hide behind vegetation while burying food or hide it high up in trees ( if their rival is not arboreal ) . Such a complex repertoire suggests that the behaviors are not innate , and imply theory of mind thinking . The eastern gray squirrel is one of very few mammalian species that can descend a tree head - first . It does this by turning its feet so the claws of its hind paws are backward - pointing and can grip the tree bark . Eastern gray squirrels build a type of nest , known as a drey , in the forks of trees , consisting mainly of dry leaves and twigs . The dreys are roughly spherical , about 30 ~ 60 cm in diameter and are usually insulated with moss , thistledown , dried grass , and feathers to reduce heat loss . Males and females may share the same nest for short times during the breeding season , and during cold winter spells . Squirrels may share a drey to stay warm . They may also nest in the attic or exterior walls of a house , where they may be regarded as pests , as well as fire hazards due to their habit of gnawing on electrical cables . In addition , squirrels may inhabit a permanent tree den hollowed out in the trunk or a large branch of a tree . Eastern gray squirrels are crepuscular , or more active during the early and late hours of the day , and tend to avoid the heat in the middle of a summer day . They do not hibernate . Predation ( edit ) Predators include humans , hawks , weasels , raccoons , foxes , domestic and feral cats , snakes , owls , and dogs . In its introduced range in South Africa , it has been preyed on by African harrier - hawks . Reproduction ( edit ) Eastern gray squirrels are born hairless with their eyes closed Eastern gray squirrels can breed twice a year , but younger and less experienced mothers normally have a single litter per year in the spring . Depending on forage availability , older and more experienced females may breed again in summer . In a year of abundant food , 36 % of females bear two litters , but none will do so in a year of poor food . Their breeding seasons are December to February and May to June , though this is slightly delayed in more northern latitudes . The first litter is born in February or March , the second in June or July , though , again , bearing may be advanced or delayed by a few weeks depending on climate , temperature , and forage availability . In any given breeding season , an average of 61 -- 66 % of females bear young . If a female fails to conceive or loses her young to unusually cold weather or predation , she re-enters estrus and has a later litter . 5 days before a female enters estrus , she may attract up to 34 males from up to 500 meters away . Eastern gray squirrels exhibit a form of polygyny , in which the competing males will form a hierarchy of dominance , and the female will mate with multiple males depending on the hierarchy established . Eastern gray squirrel drey Normally , one to four young are born in each litter , but the largest possible litter size is eight . The gestation period is about 44 days . The young are weaned around 10 weeks , though some may wean up to six weeks later in the wild . They begin to leave the nest after 12 weeks , with autumn born young often wintering with their mother . Only one in four squirrel kits survives to one year of age , with mortality around 55 % for the following year . Mortality rates then decrease to around 30 % for following years until they increase sharply at eight years of age . Rarely , Eastern gray females can enter estrus as early as five and a half months old , but females are not normally fertile until at least one year of age . Their mean age of first estrus is 1.25 years . The presence of a fertile male will induce ovulation in a female going through estrus . Male eastern grays are sexually mature between one and two years of age . Reproductive longevity for females appears to be over 8 years , with 12.5 years documented in Northern Carolina . These squirrels can live to be 20 years old in captivity , but in the wild live much shorter lives due to predation and the challenges of their habitat . At birth , their life expectancy is 1 -- 2 years , an adult typically can live to be six , with exceptional individuals making it to 12 years . Growth / ontogeny ( edit ) Newborn grey squirrels weigh 13 - 18 grams and are entirely hairless and pink , although vibrissae are present at birth . 7 -- 10 days postpartum , the skin begins to darken , just before the juvenile pelage grows in . Lower incisors erupt 19 -- 21 days postpartum , while upper incisors erupt after 4 weeks . Cheek teeth erupt during week 6 . Eyes open after 21 -- 42 days , and ears open 3 -- 4 weeks postpartum . Weaning is initiated around 7 weeks postpartum , and is usually finished by week 10 , followed by the loss of the juvenile pelage . Full adult body mass is achieved by 8 -- 9 months after birth . Communication ( edit ) Calls recorded in Surrey , England As in most other mammals , communication among eastern gray squirrel individuals involves both vocalizations and posturing . The species has a quite varied repertoire of vocalizations , including a squeak similar to that of a mouse , a low - pitched noise , a chatter , and a raspy `` mehr mehr mehr '' . Other methods of communication include tail - flicking and other gestures , including facial expressions . Tail flicking and the `` kuk '' or `` quaa '' call are used to ward off and warn other squirrels about predators , as well as to announce when a predator is leaving the area . Squirrels also make an affectionate coo - purring sound that biologists call the `` muk - muk '' sound . This is used as a contact sound between a mother and her kits and in adulthood , by the male when he courts the female during mating season . The use of vocal and visual communication has been shown to vary by location , based on elements such as noise pollution and the amount of open space . For instance , populations living in large cities generally rely more on the visual signals , due to the generally louder environment with more areas without much visual restriction . However , in heavily wooded areas , vocal signals are used more often due to the relatively lower noise levels and a dense canopy restricting visual range . Diet ( edit ) Hazelnuts gnawed by gray squirrel ; the curved cut marks left by the sharp incisors are visible around the holes Eastern gray squirrels eat a range of foods , such as tree bark , tree buds , berries , many types of seeds and acorns , walnuts , and other nuts , and some types of fungi found in the forests , including fly agaric mushrooms ( Amanita muscaria ) . They can cause damage to trees by tearing the bark and eating the soft cambial tissue underneath . In Europe , sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus L . ) and beech ( Fagus sylvatica L . ) suffer the greatest damage . Eastern gray squirrels have a high enough tolerance for humans to inhabit residential neighborhoods and raid bird feeders for millet , corn , and sunflower seeds . Some people who feed and watch birds for entertainment also intentionally feed seeds and nuts to the squirrels for the same reason . The squirrels also raid gardens for tomatoes , corn , strawberries , and other garden crops . Sometimes they eat the tomato seeds and discard the rest . On very rare occasions , when their usual food sources are scarce , eastern gray squirrels also prey upon insects , frogs , small rodents including other squirrels , and small birds , their eggs , and young . They also gnaw on bones , antlers , and turtle shells -- likely as a source of minerals scarce in their normal diet . Habitat ( edit ) In the wild , eastern gray squirrels can be found inhabiting large areas of mature , dense woodland ecosystems , generally covering 100 acres ( 40 hectares ) of land . These forests usually contain large amounts of dense understory vegetation that provides them sufficient amount of food sources and favorable shelters . Oak - hickory hardwood forests are preferred over coniferous forests . Eastern gray squirrels generally prefer constructing their dens upon large tree branches and within the hollow trunks of trees . They also have been known to take shelter within abandoned bird nests . The dens are usually lined with moss plants , thistledown , dried grass , and feathers . These perhaps provide and assist in the insulation of the den , used to reduce heat loss . A cover to the den is usually built afterwards . Close to human settlements , eastern gray squirrels are found in parks and back yards of houses within urban environments and in the farmlands of rural environments . Introductions ( edit ) The eastern gray squirrel is considered an invasive species in the UK ( Bunhill Fields , London ) The eastern gray squirrel is an introduced species in a variety of locations in western North America : in western Canada , to the southwest corner of British Columbia and to the city of Calgary , Alberta ; in the United States , to the states of Washington and Oregon and , in California , to the city of San Francisco and the San Francisco Peninsula area in San Mateo and Santa Clara Counties , south of the city . It has become the most common squirrel in many urban and suburban habitats in western North America , from north of central California to southwest British Columbia . At the turn of the 20th century , the eastern gray squirrel was introduced into South Africa , Ireland , Hawaii , Bermuda , Madeira Island , the Azores , the Canary Islands , Cape Verde , Italy and the United Kingdom . In South Africa , though exotic , it is not usually considered an invasive species owing to its small range ( only found in the extreme southwestern part of the Western Cape , going north as far as the small farming town of Franschhoek ) , as well because it inhabits urban areas and places greatly affected by humans , such as agricultural areas and exotic pine plantations . Here , it mostly eats acorns and pine seeds , although it will take indigenous and commercial fruit , as well . Even so , it is unable to use the natural vegetation ( fynbos ) found in the area , a factor which has helped to limit its spread . It does not come into contact with native squirrels due to geographic isolation ( a native tree squirrel , Paraxerus cepapi , is found only in the savanna regions in the northeast of the country ) and different habitats . It spread rapidly across England and then became established in both Wales and parts of southern Scotland . On mainland Britain , it has almost entirely displaced the populations of native red squirrels . On the island of Ireland , this displacement has not been as rapid because only a single introduction was made , in County Longford . Schemes have been introduced to control the population in Ireland to encourage the native red squirrels . Eastern gray squirrels have also been introduced to Italy , and the European Union has expressed concern it will similarly displace the red squirrel from parts of the European continent . Displacement of red squirrels ( edit ) Further information : Eastern grey squirrels in Europe In Britain and Ireland , the eastern gray squirrel is not regulated by natural predators , other than the European pine marten , which is generally absent from England and Wales . This has aided its rapid population growth and has led to the species being classed as a pest . Measures are being devised to reduce its numbers , including one plan for celebrity television chefs to promote the idea of eating the squirrels . In areas where relict populations of red squirrels survive , such as the islands of Anglesey and Brownsea , programs exist to eradicate gray squirrels in an effort to allow red squirrel populations to recover . Melanistic eastern gray squirrel carrying a peanut Although complex and controversial , the main factor in the eastern gray squirrel 's displacement of the red squirrel is thought to be its greater fitness , hence a competitive advantage over the red squirrel on all measures . The eastern gray squirrel tends to be larger and stronger than the red squirrel and has been shown to have a greater ability to store fat for winter . The squirrel can , therefore , compete more effectively for a larger share of the available food , resulting in relatively lower survival and breeding rates among the red squirrel . Parapoxvirus may also be a strongly contributing factor ; red squirrels have long been fatally affected by the disease , while the eastern gray squirrels are unaffected , but thought to be carriers -- although how the virus is transmitted has yet to be determined . However , several cases of red squirrels surviving have been reported , as they have developed an immunity -- although their population is still being massively affected . The red squirrel is also less tolerant of habitat destruction and fragmentation , which has led to its population decline , while the more adaptable eastern gray squirrel has taken advantage and expanded . Similar factors appear to have been at play in the Pacific region of North America , where the native American red squirrel has been largely displaced by the eastern gray squirrel in parks and forests throughout much of the region . Ironically , `` fears '' for the future of the eastern gray squirrel arose in 2008 , as the melanistic form ( black ) began to spread through the southern British population . In the UK , if a `` grey squirrel '' ( eastern gray squirrel ) is trapped , under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 , it is illegal to release it or to allow it to escape into the wild ; instead , it should be humanely destroyed . Fossil record of the eastern grey squirrel ( edit ) 20 different Pleistocene fauna specimens contain S. carolinensis , found in Florida and dated to be as early as the late Irvingtonian period . Body size seems to have increased during the early to middle Holocene and then decreased to the present size seen today . As food ( edit ) Main article : Tree squirrel § As food Gray squirrels were eaten in earlier times by Native Americans and their meat is still popular with hunters across most of their range in North America . Today , it is still available for human consumption and is occasionally sold in the United Kingdom . However , physicians in the United States have warned that squirrel brains should not be eaten , because of the risk that they may carry Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease . See also ( edit ) Mammals portal Black squirrel , a melanistic subgroup Western gray squirrel ( Sciurus griseus ) Arizona gray squirrel ( Sciurus arizonensis ) Mexican gray squirrel ( Sciurus aureogaster ) Tommy Tucker ( squirrel ) , a celebrity eastern gray squirrel in the 1940s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Linzey , A.V. ; Koprowski , J. & NatureServe ( 2008 ) . `` Sciurus carolinensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thorington , R.W. Jr. ; Hoffmann , R.S. ( 2005 ) . `` Sciurus ( Sciurus ) carolinensis '' . In Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. Mammal Species of the World : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 754 -- 818 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 4 . OCLC 26158608 . Jump up ^ Goheen , J.R. & Swihart , R.K. ( 2003 ) Food - hoarding behavior of gray squirrels and North American red squirrels in the central hardwoods region : implications for forest regeneration . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 81 : 1636 - 1639 Jump up ^ Steele , M.A. , Hadj - Chikh , L.Z. & Hazeltine , J. ( 1996 ) Caching and Feeding Decisions by Sciurus carolinensis : Responses to Weevil - Infested Acorns . Journal of Mammalogy 77 : 305 - 314 Jump up ^ Huynh H. ; Williams G. ; McAlpine D. ; Thorington R. ( 2010 ) . `` Establishment of the Eastern Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ) in Nova Scotia , Canada '' . Northeastern Naturalist. 17 ( 4 ) : 673 -- 677 . doi : 10.1656 / 045.017. 0414 . Jump up ^ McGoldrick , M. ; Rochford , J. ( 2009 ) . `` Recent range expansion by the Grey Squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin 1788 '' . Irish Naturalists ' Journal . 30 : 24 -- 28 . JSTOR 20764520 . Jump up ^ `` Alien Species Alert '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Carey , M. , Hamilton , G. , Poole , A. , and Lawton , C. ( 2007 ) The Irish Squirrel Survey 2007 . COFORD , Dublin , ISBN 1902696603 Jump up ^ `` Summary ( of Bertolino S. , Lurz . P.W.W. , Rushton S.P. 2006 , DIVAPRA Entomology & Zoology ) '' . Europeansquirrelinitiative.org . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , H. ( 1990 ) . Smith , D. , ed . Eastern Grey Squirrel . Hinterland Who 's Who . ISBN 0 - 660 - 13634 - 1 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York 's Wildlife Resources '' ( PDF ) . Department of Natural Resources at Cornell University . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2007 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rob . `` White and Albino Squirrel Research Initiative '' . UntamedScience.com . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Koprowski , John ( 1994 ) . `` Sciurus carolensis '' . Mammalian Species . 480 : 1 -- 9 . Jump up ^ BBC : Science and Nature , `` Grey squirrel : Sciurus carolinensis '' ^ Jump up to : `` Red & Gray Squirrels in Massachusetts '' . MassWildlife . Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basic information about squirrels '' . ICSRS . Interactive Centre for Scientific Research about Squirrels. 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Murie , Olaus Johan and Elbroch , Mark ( 2005 ) . Peterson Field Guide to Animal Tracks , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , p. 79 , ISBN 061851743X . Jump up ^ McCracken , Brian . `` DO SQUIRRELS REALLY KNOW WHERE THEY BURY THEIR FOOD ? '' . Animals -- mom.me . Jump up ^ Grant , Steve ( 21 October 2004 ) . `` The Squirrel 's Bag Of Tricks : They Ca n't Get Out Of The Way Of Cars , But Other Behaviors Demonstrate Advanced Thinking ( for A Rodent ) '' , The Hartford Courant . Jump up ^ `` Smart squirrels fool food thieves '' , BBC Home , 17 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Alexander , R. McNeill ( 2003 ) . Principles of animal locomotion . Princeton University Press . p. 162 . ISBN 0691086788 . Jump up ^ Nations , Johnathan A. ; Link , Olson . `` Scansoriality in Mammals '' . Animal Diversity Web . ^ Jump up to : Lawniczak , M. ( 2002 ) . `` Sciurus carolinensis '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Grey Squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ) '' ( PDF ) . Grey squirrel Advisory . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 February 2006 . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Polyboroides typus ( African harrier - hawk , Gymnogene ) '' . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Paul D. and Sullivan , Kristi L. ( 2001 ) Tree Squirrels , Wildlife Damage Management Fact Sheet Series , Cornell Cooperative Extension , Ithaca , N.Y. ^ Jump up to : Koprowski , John L. ( 2 December 1994 ) . `` Sciurus carolinensis '' ( PDF ) . Mammalian Species . 480 ( 480 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 3504224 . JSTOR 3504224 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Webley , G.E. ; Pope , G.S. ; Johnson , E ( 1985 ) . `` Seasonal changes in the testes and accessory reproductive organs and seasonal and circadian changes in plasma testosterone concentrations in the male grey squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ) '' . General and comparative endocrinology. 59 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 23 . PMID 4018551 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( 9 April 2012 ) . `` Learn to speak squirrel in four easy lessons '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Partan , Sarah R. ( 2010 ) . `` Multimodal alarm behavior in urban and rural gray squirrels studied by means of observation and a mechanical robot '' ( PDF ) . Current Zoology. 56 ( 3 ) : 313 -- 326 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Kim ( September 1995 ) . Squirrels : a wildlife handbook . Big Earth Publishing . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55566 - 152 - 6 . Jump up ^ Butler , F. and Kelleher , C. ( eds ) 2012 . All - Ireland Mammal Symposium 2009 . Irish Naturalists ' Journal , Belfast , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9569704 - 1 - 1 Jump up ^ Long , Kim ( 1995 ) , Squirrels : A Wildlife Handbook , Johnson Books , pp. 144 -- 146 , ISBN 9781555661526 . Jump up ^ `` How to Manage Pests -- Tree Squirrels '' . University of California . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Leading America Zoo Site on the Net '' . americazoo.com . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , J.L. ( 2003 ) . Introduced Mammals of the World : Their History , Distribution and Influence . Csiro Publishing , Collingwood , Australia . ISBN 9780643099166 Jump up ^ `` The Grey Squirrel -- Sciurus carolinensis of Southern Africa '' . Home.intekom.com . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sciurus carolinensis ( Grey Squirrel ) '' . Biodiversityexplorer.org . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Squirrel Rodent Southern Africa '' . Krugerpark.co.za . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ The grey squirrel policy and action statement . forestry.gov.uk Jump up ^ Emma Sheehy ; Colin Lawton ( March 2014 ) . `` Population crash in an invasive species following the recovery of a native predator : the case of the American grey squirrel and the European pine marten in Ireland '' . Biodiversity and Conservation. 23 ( 3 ) : 753 -- 774 . doi : 10.1007 / s10531 - 014 - 0632 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie ' must back squirrel - eating ' '' . BBC News . 23 March 2006 . Retrieved 22 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Red squirrel conservation , squirrel ecology and grey squirrel management '' . The Friends of the Anglesey Red Squirrels . Retrieved 22 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Wauters , L.A. ; Gurnell , J. ; Martinoli , A. & Tosi , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Interspecific competition between native Eurasian red squirrels and alien grey squirrels : does resource partitioning occur ? '' . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 52 ( 4 ) : 332 -- 341 . doi : 10.1007 / s00265 - 002 - 0516 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Black squirrels set to dominate '' . BBC News . 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The pack of mutant black squirrels that are giving Britain 's grey population a taste of their own medicine '' . Daily Mail . London . 26 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Defra Rural Development Service Technical Advice Note 09 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wild meat : Squirrel nutcase '' . The Economist , Vol. 402 Number 8772 ( 3 March 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Blakeslee , Sandra ( 27 August 1997 ) . `` Kentucky Doctors Warn Against a Regional Dish : Squirrels ' Brains '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Koprowski , John L. ( 2 December 1994 ) . `` Sciurus carolinensis '' ( PDF ) . Mammalian Species . 480 ( 480 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 3504224 . JSTOR 3504224 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . -- A comprehensive survey paper , with extensive references External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sciurus carolinensis . Wikispecies has information related to Sciurus carolinensis ARKive -- Still photos and videos An Exotic Evolution : Black Squirrels Imported in Early 1900s Gain Foothold -- an article from The Washington Post WildlifeOnline -- Natural History of Tree Squirrels Smithsonian Eastern Gray Squirrel article A high definition video of a young grey squirrel , filmed in the United Kingdom Grey Squirrel feeding on peanuts in a British park Grey Squirrels , Fletcher Wildlife Garden Extant species of family Sciuridae ( subfamily Sciurinae , Sciurini tribe ) Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Rodentia Suborder : Sciuromorpha Microsciurus ( Dwarf squirrels ) Central American Dwarf Squirrel ( Microsciurus alfari ) Western Dwarf Squirrel ( Microsciurus mimulus ) Amazon Dwarf Squirrel ( Microsciurus flaviventer ) Santander Dwarf Squirrel ( Microsciurus santanderensis ) Rheithrosciurus Tufted Ground Squirrel ( Rheithrosciurus macrotis ) Sciurus Subgenus Tenes Caucasian Squirrel ( Sciurus anomalus ) Subgenus Sciurus Red Squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ) Calabrian black squirrel ( Sciurus meridionalis ) Japanese Squirrel ( Sciurus lis ) Eastern Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ) Mexican Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus aureogaster ) Collie 's Squirrel ( Sciurus colliaei ) Yucatan Squirrel ( Sciurus yucatanensis ) Variegated Squirrel ( Sciurus variegatoides ) Deppe 's Squirrel ( Sciurus deppei ) Fox Squirrel ( Sciurus niger ) Peters 's Squirrel ( Sciurus oculatus ) Allen 's Squirrel ( Sciurus alleni ) Mexican Fox Squirrel ( Sciurus nayaritensis ) Arizona Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus arizonensis ) Subgenus Hesperosciurus Western Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus griseus ) Subgenus Otosciurus Abert 's Squirrel ( Sciurus aberti ) Subgenus Guerlinguetus Red - tailed Squirrel ( Sciurus granatensis ) Richmond 's Squirrel ( Sciurus richmondi ) Brazilian Squirrel ( Sciurus aestuans ) Yellow - throated Squirrel ( Sciurus gilvigularis ) Bolivian Squirrel ( Sciurus ignitus ) Atlantic Forest Squirrel ( Sciurus ingrami ) Andean Squirrel ( Sciurus pucheranii ) Guayaquil Squirrel ( Sciurus stramineus ) Sanborn 's Squirrel ( Sciurus sanborni ) South Yungas Red Squirrel ( Sciurus argentinius ) Subgenus Hadrosciurus Fiery Squirrel ( Sciurus flammifer ) Junín Red Squirrel ( Sciurus pyrrhinus ) Subgenus Urosciurus Northern Amazon Red Squirrel ( Sciurus igniventris ) Southern Amazon Red Squirrel ( Sciurus spadiceus ) Syntheosciurus Bangs 's Mountain Squirrel ( Syntheosciurus brochus ) Tamiasciurus ( Pine squirrels ) Douglas Squirrel ( Tamiasciurus douglasii ) American Red Squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) Mearns 's squirrel ( Tamiasciurus mearnsi ) Game animals and shooting in the United States Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wd : Q468500 ADW : Sciurus_carolinensis ARKive : sciurus - carolinensis EoL : 347685 EPPO : SCIUCA Fauna Europaea : 305736 Fossilworks : 51481 GBIF : 5219681 iNaturalist : 46017 ITIS : 180175 IUCN : 42462 MSW : 12400104 NCBI : 30640 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_gray_squirrel&oldid=826125425 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Sciurus Mammals of Canada Mammals of the United States Rodents of North America Fauna of the Eastern United States Fauna of the Plains - Midwest ( United States ) Mammals described in 1788 Urban animals Invasive animal species in Europe Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikibooks Afrikaans Asturianu Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 09 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the eastern gray squirrel come from	[]	[]
7349804981130470962	History of Delhi	History of Delhi - Wikipedia History of Delhi Jump to : navigation , search See also : Timeline of Delhi Historical Region of North India Delhi Location Delhi State established : 736 CE Language Khariboli , Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , English Dynasties Tomara Dynasty ( 736 - 1160 ) Chauhans of Shakambhari ( 1160 - 1206 ) Mamluk ( 1206 -- 1289 ) Khalji ( 1290 -- 1320 ) Tughlaqs ( 1320 -- 1413 ) Sayyids ( 1414 -- 51 ) Lodis ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Mughals ( 1526 -- 1540 ) Suris ( 1540 - 1553 ) Hindu - Hemu ( 1553 -- 56 ) Mughals ( 1556 - 1757 ) Marathas ( 1757 - 1803 ) Company Rule ( 1803 - 1857 ) British ( 1857 -- 1947 ) Independence ( 1947 -- Present ) The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history , and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires . Much of Delhi 's ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history . Extensive coverage of Delhi 's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century . Since then , Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms , making Delhi one of the longest serving Capitals and one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world . It is considered to be a city built , destroyed and rebuilt several times , as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi , and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city 's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way . The core of Delhi 's tangible heritage is Hindu , Islamic ( spanning over seven centuries of Islamic rule over the city ) with expansive British - era architecture in Lutyens ' Delhi dating to the British rule in India . Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include Anangpur ( in the Badarpur region ) , as well as Harappan excavations near Narela and Nand Nagari . References to Delhi 's history in ancient literature are based on myths and legends . According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata , a city called Indraprastha , `` City of the God Indra '' , was the capital of the Pandavas . There is a strong belief that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient Indraprastha . Northern Black Polished Ware ( c. 700 - 200 BCE ) have been excavated at the site , and pieces of Painted Grey Ware were found on the surface , suggesting an even older settlement , possibly going back to ca . 1000 BCE . In 1966 , an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka ( 273 - 236 BCE ) was discovered near Srinivaspur . Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century . The famous Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar was commissioned by the emperor Kumara Gupta I of the Gupta dynasty ( 320 - 540 CE ) and transplanted to Delhi during the 10th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cities of Delhi 2 Early history 3 8th century to 16th century 4 16th century to 19th century 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Cities of Delhi ( edit ) Historic map of Shahjahanabad ( now known as Old Delhi ) , in 1863 It is popularly said that Delhi was the site for a total of seven different cities between 3000 BCE and the 17th century BCE , although taking smaller towns and strongholds into account , as many as 15 settlements can be identified . All the earlier locations of Delhi fall within an area commonly called the ' Delhi Triangle , ' bounded on the south and the west by the Aravalli Range , known as the Delhi Ridge , and to the east by the Yamuna River . Notable settlements to have been established in the region include : Indraprastha , supposedly built by the Pandavas . Surajkund ( Anangpur ) , Tomar city dating from the 9th or 10th century , where a large masonry tank can be found . Lalkot , built ca . 1052 A.D. by the Tomara ruler , Anangpal . In ca . 1180 A.D. Prithviraj Chauhan extended and fortified it as a defence against invaders ; the city then became known as Qila Rai Pithora . This area , now called as Mehrauli , was also the seat of the Mamluk ( Slave ) dynasty . Siri , first established as a camp for protection against invading Mongols by Alauddin Khalji , and fortified in about ca . 1303 A.D. Tughluqabad , built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq in ca . 1320 A.D. A subsidiary fort Adilabad was built by his son Muhammad bin Tughlaq in ca . 1325 A.D. Jahanpanah , Refuge of the World , name given to the area enclosed by walling - in of the suburbs between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri , built by Muhammad bin Tughluq in ca . 1325 A.D. Ferozabad , built by Firuz Shah Tughluq in ca . 1354 A.D. ; all that remains is the palace , known as Feroz Shah Kotla . Feroz Shah 's building activity indicates that the suburbs were still occupied ; major mosques were built inside Jahanpanah ( Khirki and Begumpur ) and Nizamuddin ; and the area around Khalji reservoir Hauz Khas was developed . Dinpanah built by Humayun and Shergarh built by Sher Shah Suri , both in the area near the speculated site of the legendary Indraprastha ( 1538 -- 1545 ) . Shahjahanabad , the walled city built by Shah Jahan from 1638 to 1649 , containing the Lal Qila and the Chandni Chowk . It was the capital of the Mughal Empire during Shah Jahan 's reign . It is presently referred to as `` Old Delhi '' . Lutyens ' Delhi or New Delhi , the city built by the British on the south - west , declared Capital on 12 December 1911 . On 12 December 2011 New Delhi celebrated 100 years of serving as India 's National Capital . Early Political History of Delhi , 1060 - 1947 Modern Delhi , referred to as ' Dilli ' locally , derived from its historical name Dhili , is an amalgam all of the above . Officially , however , only seven of the above - mentioned settlements are recognised . as historical cities with distinct identities and indigenous heritage : Qila Rai Pithora , Mehrauli , Siri , Tughlaqabad , Ferozabad , Dinpanah and Shahjahanabad . The rest are not officially identified as Cities of Delhi because of some specific reasons . Indraprastha , the legendary Ancient City is believed to have been established 5000 years ago ( c. 2800 BC ) , as per the ancient Indian text - the Mahabharata . Though very much a part of India 's very Ancient history , it lacks any tangible evidence to say without doubt that it existed . Archaeological evidence exists , but in such scarcity as be inconclusive . As acknowledged by British historian Michael Wood in his BBC documentary The Story of India , the excavated ceramic pottery from the site of today 's Purana Qila in Delhi and the excavated layers of the ancient city seem to match what the verses of the Mahabharata indicate . More possible evidence in its favour is the existence of a village named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila that was destroyed by the British during the construction of Lutyens ' Delhi . Jahanpanah is not considered as a City of Delhi because it is very much in ruins and too diffused now to be considered a distinct city . Moreover , sections of the city still standing are now counted in Siri or Mehrauli . Lodi Complex is not counted as a distinct city because their architectures are too few to be counted as a whole city . The Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties that followed the Tughlak dynasty were far more concerned with restoring stability than patronisation of arts or architecture . Tombs erected in the honour of the rulers are the only monuments of these times and these are scattered all over current South and Central Delhis . New Delhi , the Capital city of modern India is also not counted as a City of Delhi because the structures of those times are still in use as government buildings . So there seems no such thing as `` history '' about it . Early history ( edit ) The ancient Yogmaya Temple , claimed to be one of the five temples of Mahabharata days in Delhi . The iron pillar of Delhi , is said to have been fashioned at the time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya ( 375 -- 413 ) of the Gupta Empire . According to Indian folklore , Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha , capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata , founded around 3500 BC . It was , one of the five prasthas or ` plains ' , which included Sonepat , Panipat , Tilpat ( near Faridabad ) , and Baghpat . 16th - century , Persian historian , Firishta , recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana ( Greek ) invasions . However , it should be noted that the kings then referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas . Hindu texts state that the city of Delhi used to be referred to in Sanskrit as Hasthinapur , which means `` elephant - city '' . The name Delhi may be derived from the word ' Dhillika ' , though there are other theories . According to Satyarth Prakash ( 1874 ) of Swami Dayanand , Raja Dhilu ( King Dihlu ) founded ancient Delhi in 800 BCE . It was the name of the first medieval township of Delhi , located on the southwestern border of the present Delhi , in Mehrauli . This was the first in the series of seven medieval cities . It is also known as Yoginipura , that is , the fortress of the Yoginis ( female divinities ) . It gained importance during the time of Anangpal Tomar . In the 12th century , the city was included in the dominions of Prithviraj Chauhan . Pasanaha Chariu of Vibudh Shridhar ( VS 1189 - 1230 ) an Apabhramsha writer , provides the first reference to the legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi . हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम , गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु , जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु , ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं Translation : There are countless villages in Haryana country . The villagers there work hard . They do n't accept domination of others , and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow . Indra himself praises this country . The capital of this country is Dhilli . जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु , णरणाहु पसिद्धउ अणंगवालु वलभर कम्पाविउ णायरायु , माणिणियण मणसंजनीय Translation : The ruler Anangapal is famous , he can slay his enemies with his sword . The weight ( of the Iron pillar ) caused the Nagaraj to shake . A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars : देशोऽस्ति हरियानाख्यो पॄथिव्यां स्वर्गसन्निभः ढिल्लिकाख्या पुरी तत्र तोमरैरस्ति निर्मिता Prithviraj Raso also confirms the founding by the Tomars and the legend of the loose nail : हुं गड्डि गयौ किल्ली सज्जीव हल्लाय करी ढिल्ली सईव फिरि व्यास कहै सुनि अनंगराइ भवितव्य बात मेटी न जाइ 8th century to 16th century ( edit ) See also : Delhi Sultanate The bastion of Lal Kot fort in Delhi 's Mehrauli built by Tomara Rajput ruler , Anangpal in c . AD 736 . The Qutub Minar is the world 's tallest brick minaret at 72.5 metres , built by Qutb - ud - din Aibak of Turkic Slave dynasty in 1192 . The Tomar dynasty founded Lal Kot in 736 . The Prithviraj Raso names the Tomar Anangpal as the founder of Lal Kot , whose name is inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi at Qutb complex , ascribed to Chandra or Chandragupta II . Anangpal Tomar , who , according to historian Augustus Hoernle , was a Rajput ruler of Delhi , often described as the founder of Delhi , built the citadel some 10 kilometres from Suraj Kund . The Chauhan kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora . Museum and remnants of the walls at Qila Rai Pithora , the first city of Delhi , founded during the 10th century by Prithviraj Chauhan The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori . From 1206 , Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty . The first Sultan of Delhi , Qutb - ud - din Aybak , was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general , a governor and then Sultan of Delhi . Qutb - ud - din started the construction of the Qutub Minar , a recognisable symbol of Delhi , to commemorate his victory but died before its completion . In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat - al - Islam ( might of Islam ) , which is the earliest extant mosque in India . He was said to have destroyed twenty - seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque , many of which can still be seen . After the end of the Slave dynasty , a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties , the Khalji dynasty , the Tughluq dynasty , the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi . In 1398 , Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their Hindu subjects . After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty , on 15 December 1398 , Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398 , and the city was sacked , destroyed , and left in ruins , and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well . In 1526 , following the First Battle of Panipat , Zahiruddin Babur , the former ruler of Fergana , defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi , Agra and Lahore . 16th century to 19th century ( edit ) The India Gate commemorates the 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in the Afghan Wars and World War I . Hemu , Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , the Hindu emperor of North India who resisted Mughals in the 16th century . Jama Masjid built by Shah Jahan , 1656 In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Babur 's son Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia . Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi , as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila , even though this city was settled since the ancient era . After Sher Shah Suri 's death in 1545 , his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi . Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , also called Hemu , became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah . Hem Chandra fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar 's army in Agra and Delhi , without losing any . After defeating Akbar 's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlakabad fort area in Battle of Delhi ( 1556 ) , Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period , and was bestowed with the title ' Vikramaditya ' , at his coronation in Purana Quila , Delhi . The third and greatest Mughal emperor , Akbar , moved the capital to Agra , resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi . In the mid-17th century , the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan ( 1628 -- 1658 ) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad , the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi . This city contains a number of significant architectural features , including the Red Fort ( Lal Qila ) and the Jama Masjid . The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards , when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra . Aurangzeb ( 1658 -- 1707 ) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ( ' Aizzabad - Bagh ) with a second coronation in 1659 . After 1680 , the Mughal Empire 's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence . Raghunath Rao , the Maratha peshwa who played a key role in capturing Delhi from the Afghans in the Second Battle of Delhi . In 1737 , Bajirao I marched towards Delhi with a huge army . The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi . The Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals . In 1739 , the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by Nader Shah during his invasion after which he completely sacked and looted Delhi , the Mughal capital , followed by massacre for 2 days , killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne , the Daria - i - Noor , and Koh - i - Noor . Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury . A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi . Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded North India for the fourth time in early 1757 . He entered Delhi in January 1757 and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest . In August 1757 , the Marathas once again attacked Delhi , decisively defeating Najib - ud - Daula and his Rohilla Afghan army in the Second Battle of Delhi . Thus , the Marathas established full control over the city . In 1803 , during the Second Anglo - Maratha War , the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Third Battle of Delhi , ending the Maratha rule over the city . As a result , Delhi came under the control of British East India Company . Between 1836 and 1858 , Delhi was a part of what then known as the North - Western Provinces . Delhi passed into the direct control of British Government in 1857 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The city received significant damage during the 1857 siege . Afterwards , the last titular Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II was exiled to Rangoon and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of British India . Delhi today The Raj Ghat , where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated . Calcutta was declared the capital of British India but in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911 , held at the Coronation Park , King George V announced the shifting of the capital back to Delhi . Parts of the old city were New Delhi , a monumental new quarter of the city designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens to house the government buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I. New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in 1949 . During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab migrated to Delhi , and subsequently settled in North and West Delhi areas , while Hindus from East Pakistan , settled in the late 1960s at EPDP Colony ( EPDP : East Pakistan Displaced Persons ) in South Delhi , later named Chittaranjan Park in the 1980s . Further reading ( edit ) Hartcourt , A. , Assistant Commissioner Delhi ( 1873 ) . The New guide to Delhi . Lahore , Victoria Press . Fanshawe , H.C. ( 1902 ) . Delhi - Past and Present . London , J. Murray . Fraser , Lovat ( 1903 ) . At Delhi ( An account of the Delhi Durbar , 1903 ) . Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker . Bardiar , Nilendra . Urban , Cultural , Economic and Social Transformation : History of New Delhi 1947 - 65 ) . New Delhi , Ruby Press & Co . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Hearn , Gordon Risley ( 1906 ) . The Seven Cities of Delhi . W. Thacker & Co. , London . See also ( edit ) Agrasen ki Baoli Gates of Delhi Mehrauli Archaeological Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ List of cities by time of continuous habitation # Central and South Asia Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Singh , Upinder ( 2006 ) . Delhi : Ancient History . Berghahn Books . ISBN 9788187358299 . ^ Jump up to : Bosworth , Clifford Edmund ( 2007 ) . Historic Cities of the Islamic World . BRILL . ISBN 9789004153882 . ^ Jump up to : Pletcher , Kenneth . The Geography of India : Sacred and Historic Places. 2010 : The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 9781615301423 . Jump up ^ New Delhi celebrates 100 years Jump up ^ Seven Cities of Delhi Jump up ^ Indraprastha did exist ! The Mahabharata is a reality ! - British historian Michael Wood Jump up ^ Indraprastha Village Jump up ^ Why Lodi Complex is n't counted as a distinct city ? Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam , R. 2002 Jump up ^ Arnold Silcock ; Maxwell Ayrton ( 2003 ) . Wrought iron and its decorative use : with 241 illustrations ( reprint ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y : Dover . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42326 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gazetter , p. 233 Jump up ^ Satyarth Prakash - Swami Dayananda Saraswati . Jump up ^ Cohen , Richard J. `` An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 1989 : 513 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , A. ( 1991 ) . Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology . BRILL . p. 251 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09264 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480820/Prithviraja-III Jump up ^ Jāvīd , ʻAlī . `` World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India '' . Pg. 107 . Google Books . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Battuta 's Travels : Delhi , capital of Muslim India Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Islamic World to 1600 : The Mongol Invasions ( The Timurid Empire ) Archived 16 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hunter , Sir William Wilson ( 1909 ) . `` The Indian Empire : Timur 's invasion 1398 '' . The Imperial Gazetteer of India . 2 . p. 366 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Amelia . Rajasthan , Delhi and Agra . Lonely Planet . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 690 - 8 . Jump up ^ Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 - 1813 Jump up ^ History Modern India Jump up ^ Soul and Structure of Governance in India . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Stewart . The Marathas 1600 -- 1818 , Volume 2 . Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26883 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009 , Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe Jump up ^ Mayaram , Shail . Against history , against state : counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history . Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12731 - 8 . Jump up ^ A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors behind this constructed a Little Malice . Bibliography ( edit ) Kishore , Raghav ( 2016 ) . `` Planning , traffic and the city : railway development in colonial Delhi , c. 1899 -- 1905 '' . Urban History : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1017 / S0963926816000353 . `` History of Delhi District '' . The Imperial Gazetteer of India , Vol. 11 . Oxford at Clarendon Press . 1909 . p. 225 . Kapoor , Pramod ; Malvika Singh ; Rudrangshu Mukherjee ( 2009 ) . New Delhi : Making of a Capital . Lustre Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7436 - 574 - 3 . Byron , Robert ( 1931 ) . New Delhi . The Architectural Review , Westminster . External links ( edit ) Delhi ( 1938 ) , a documentary by BFI archives `` Scenes from Delhi ( Silent film , 18 : 16 - 23.27 ) '' . University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Films . c. 1930 . Land and Acquisition Act of 1894 , under which the new city of Delhi was acquired The agreement of construction of new city of Delhi with original signatures of Herbert Baker and Edwin Luteyns Delhi topics Topics History Government Economy Tourism Education Sport Transport Neighbourhoods History Timeline Indraprastha Hastinapur Tomaras Chauhan Prithviraj Raso Islamic invasions of India Delhi Sultanate Slave dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughluq dynasty Sayyid dynasty Lodhi dynasty Sher Shah Suri Mughal dynasty Maratha Empire British East India Company Bahadur Shah Zafar Indian rebellion of 1857 British Raj Viceroy of India Indian independence movement Partition of India New Delhi Government and localities Government Legislative Assembly Lt. 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Stadiums Ambedkar Stadium Chhatrasal Stadium Delhi University Stadium Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range Ferozshah Kotla Harbax Singh Stadium Indira Gandhi Arena Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Karnail Singh Stadium Dhyan Chand National Stadium Siri Fort Sports Complex SPM Swimming Pool Complex Talkatora Stadium Thyagaraj Sports Complex Yamuna Sports Complex Games 1951 Asian Games 1982 Asian Games 1987 Cricket World Cup 1989 Asian Athletics Championships 1996 Cricket World Cup 2010 Commonwealth Games 2010 Hockey World Cup 2011 Cricket World Cup Nehru Cup Delhi Half Marathon Districts Central Delhi East Delhi New Delhi North Delhi North East Delhi North West Delhi South Delhi South West Delhi West Delhi National Capital Region ( NCR ) Gurgaon Noida Faridabad Ghaziabad Greater Noida Other topics Famous people from Delhi Buildings and structures List of cities in India See also Hindu temples Landmarks Museums Neighbourhoods Power Plants Universities Delhi portal Historical regions of North India Ajmer Awadh Bagelkhand Bhojpur Braj Bundelkhand Delhi Doab Doaba Dhundhar Garhwal Gird Godwar Hadoti Jaisalmer Jangladesh Kumaon Magadha Mahakoshal Majha Malwa Malwa ( Punjab ) Marwar Mewar Mewat Mithila Nimar Purvanchal Rohilkhand Shekhawati Vagad History of India States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry History portal Delhi portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Delhi&oldid=830378459 '' Categories : New Delhi History of Delhi Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 13 : 22 . 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-8211098999768282258	Gareth Southgate	Gareth Southgate - wikipedia Gareth Southgate Gareth Southgate Southgate managing England at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Full name Gareth Southgate Date of birth ( 1970 - 09 - 03 ) 3 September 1970 ( age 47 ) Place of birth Watford , England Height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Playing position Defender / Midfielder Club information Current team England ( manager ) Youth career 0000 -- 1988 Crystal Palace Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1988 -- 1995 Crystal Palace 152 ( 15 ) 1995 -- 2001 Aston Villa 191 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2006 Middlesbrough 160 ( 4 ) Total 503 ( 26 ) National team 1995 -- 2004 England 57 ( 2 ) Teams managed 2006 -- 2009 Middlesbrough 2013 -- 2016 England U21 2016 -- England * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Gareth Southgate ( born 3 September 1970 ) is an English football manager and former player who played as a defender or as a midfielder . He is the manager of the England national team . He won the League Cup with both Aston Villa and Middlesbrough ( in 1995 -- 96 and 2003 -- 04 respectively ) , and captained Crystal Palace to win the First Division championship in 1993 -- 94 . He also played in the 2000 FA Cup Final for Villa and the 2006 UEFA Cup Final for Middlesbrough . Internationally , Southgate made 57 appearances for the England national team between 1995 and 2004 , featuring in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and both the 1996 and 2000 European Championships . His playing career ended in May 2006 at the age of 35 , and after more than 500 league appearances . He served as manager of Middlesbrough from June 2006 until October 2009 , managed the England U21 team from 2013 to 2016 , before becoming the England national team manager in 2016 . Contents 1 Club career 1.1 Crystal Palace 1.2 Aston Villa 1.3 Middlesbrough 2 International career 3 Management career 3.1 Middlesbrough 3.2 England 3.2. 1 2013 -- 2016 : Under - 21 team 3.2. 2 2016 -- present : Senior team 3.2. 2.1 Caretaker spell 3.2. 2.2 2018 FIFA World Cup 4 Other roles 5 Personal life 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 7 Managerial statistics 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Player 8.2 Manager 9 References 10 External links Club career ( edit ) Crystal Palace ( edit ) Born in Watford , Hertfordshire , Southgate began his career at Crystal Palace , playing initially at right - back and then in central midfield . He became captain and led the club to the 1993 -- 94 First Division title . After the South London club 's relegation from the Premier League , he moved to Aston Villa for a fee of £ 2.5 million , having made 152 appearances over four seasons . His nickname at Palace was ' Nord ' , given him because his precise way of speaking reminded one of the coaches of Denis Norden 's vocal delivery . Aston Villa ( edit ) At Aston Villa , he was converted into a centre - back and was part of a formidable defence . In his first season , he lifted the League Cup and Aston Villa qualified for the UEFA Cup . Southgate played in every Premier League game during the 1998 -- 99 season . He continued to play for Villa in the 1999 -- 2000 season as Villa reached the FA Cup Final , but handed in a transfer request just before Euro 2000 , claiming that `` if I am to achieve in my career , it is time to move on . '' Middlesbrough ( edit ) On 11 July 2001 , Southgate signed for Middlesbrough for a £ 6.5 million fee . He joined on a four - year deal and was the first signing by Steve McClaren , whom he knew as an England coach . In July 2002 , after Paul Ince left for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Southgate was appointed the new Middlesbrough captain . On 29 February 2004 , he became the first Boro skipper in their 128 - year history to lift a trophy , as they defeated Bolton Wanderers in the 2004 Football League Cup Final at the Millennium Stadium . Southgate rejected media rumours that he was set to move to Manchester United following Rio Ferdinand 's ban for missing a drug test in January 2004 . He later committed his final playing years to Middlesbrough , signing until 2007 . His final appearance as a professional player was in the 2006 UEFA Cup Final against Sevilla , which Boro lost 4 -- 0 at the Philips Stadion in Eindhoven . International career ( edit ) Southgate made his debut for England as a substitute against Portugal in December 1995 under the management of Terry Venables . Southgate played every minute of their matches as hosts England reached the semi-final of UEFA Euro 1996 , in which they faced Germany . The match was determined in a penalty shoot - out ; Southgate 's penalty was saved , and England were eliminated . The song `` Southgate ( Euro ' 96 ) '' by The Business is a reference to this event . Southgate managed to make light of his blunder later that year by appearing in an advert for Pizza Hut , also featuring Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle , who had missed crucial penalties at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Southgate also played in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000 . His 50th cap came in a 1 -- 1 draw with Portugal at Villa Park in September 2002 . On 11 June 2003 , he played the full 90 minutes in a 2 -- 1 Euro 2004 qualifying win over Slovakia at his club ground of the Riverside Stadium , competing against Middlesbrough 's striker Szilárd Németh . Southgate was capped 57 times for England and scored twice . His first goal came on 14 October 1998 against Luxembourg in a Euro 2000 qualifier , his second on 22 May 2003 against South Africa in a friendly . He is Aston Villa 's most capped England player , having played 42 of his 57 internationals whilst with Villa . Management career ( edit ) Middlesbrough ( edit ) Southgate was handed his first managerial role at Middlesbrough in June 2006 after Steve McClaren had left to manage England . His appointment drew controversy as he did not have the required coaching qualifications ( the UEFA Pro Licence ) to manage a top - flight club . He was allowed to stay on as manager , however , by the Premier League in November 2006 ; Middlesbrough successfully argued that , because Southgate had recently been an international player , he had no opportunity to undertake the coaching courses . He did go on to complete his coaching qualifications . In his first season in charge , Southgate guided Middlesbrough to 12th position in the Premier League . His biggest win as a manager was an 8 -- 1 victory against Manchester City in May 2008 . In December 2007 , Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger suggested Southgate as one of several English managers who were `` all good enough '' to manage the national team . He faced some criticism early in the 2007 -- 08 season after Boro had a spell in the relegation zone , but they later pulled clear of the bottom three . In November 2008 , Southgate took Middlesbrough up to 8th place after an away win against on - form Aston Villa ; however , Boro would thereafter go 14 games without a win , finally defeating Liverpool at home 2 -- 0 on 28 February 2009 . After an away defeat against Stoke City , some of the travelling supporters were calling for his dismissal after only achieving one win in 18 games and relegation survival looking unlikely . On 24 March , chairman Steve Gibson announced that sacking Southgate would not `` help the situation '' . Middlesbrough finished in 19th position and were relegated to the Championship after a 2 -- 1 defeat at West Ham United . Southgate said he was determined to get the club back into the Premier League , praised the supporters and said that he felt for them . Southgate in 2013 On 20 October 2009 , shortly after a 2 -- 0 victory over Derby County , Southgate was dismissed as manager with Middlesbrough in fourth place in the Championship . The dismissal was controversial as he had taken Boro to within one point of the top position , but Gibson said he had made the decision weeks earlier in the best interests of the club . England ( edit ) 2013 -- 2016 : under - 21 team ( edit ) In August 2013 , Southgate was named manager of the England under - 21 team , signing a three - year contract . In his first game in charge , they beat Moldova 1 -- 0 in a European Championships qualifier thanks to a goal from Saido Berahino . Under Southgate England qualified for the finals of the European Under - 21 Championship in 2015 , where they were knocked out in the group stages , finishing last in their group . 2016 -- present : senior team ( edit ) Caretaker spell ( edit ) Southgate was put in temporary charge of the senior England team on 27 September 2016 , when Sam Allardyce resigned after one game due to the 2016 English football scandal . England were in the early stages of qualifying for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . After winning his first game in charge 2 -- 0 against Malta , under Southgate 's leadership , England went on to draw 0 -- 0 with Slovenia , beat Scotland 3 -- 0 , and in his last game in temporary charge , drew 2 -- 2 with Spain , despite leading 2 -- 0 and conceding goals in the 89th and 96th minutes . Southgate 's spell as caretaker manager ended on 15 November . On 30 November 2016 , Southgate was appointed as England manager on a four - year contract . 2018 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) The England team qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 5 October 2017 , with a 1 -- 0 home win over Slovenia . Southgate with England at the 2018 FIFA World Cup After wins against Tunisia and Panama saw England qualify behind Belgium in their 2018 FIFA World Cup group , Southgate 's England side beat Colombia 4 -- 3 on penalties in the round of 16 after a 1 -- 1 draw on 3 July 2018 to claim his nation 's first ever World Cup penalty shoot - out victory and a place in the quarter - final . On 7 July 2018 , Southgate 's England side beat Sweden in a 2 -- 0 win in the 2018 FIFA World Cup quarter finals , with Southgate becoming the first England manager to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup since Sir Bobby Robson 's side at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . This success bought Southgate significant admiration from England fans . For the semi-final with Croatia , fans dressed up in waistcoats in tribute to Southgate 's iconic waistcoat , which he wore during England 's matches : retailer Marks & Spencer reported a 35 % increase in sales of waistcoats , and the hashtag ' WaistcoatWednesday ' trended on Twitter . A week after the end of the tournament , Southgate tube station in Enfield , London , was renamed to `` Gareth Southgate '' for two days in recognition of Southgate 's achievement . Southgate was also lauded for personal qualities shown in the World Cup , including consoling an opposition player whose missed penalty had seen England win . On 11 July 2018 , Southgate 's England side suffered a 2 -- 1 defeat to Croatia after extra time in the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Kieran Trippier opened the scoring for England with a free kick , before a goal from Ivan Perišić sent the tie into extra time . Mario Mandžukić scored the winner for Croatia in the second half of extra time . With England trailing , the match also saw England play the final ten minutes of extra time with ten men as Trippier suffered an injury after Southgate had already made his permitted substitutions . Following a 2 - 0 defeat to Belgium in the third place play - off , England ended the World Cup in fourth place . Harry Kane , a striker and the England team captain , also won the Golden Boot as the tournament 's top goal - scorer . Other roles ( edit ) In 2003 , Southgate and close friend and current Crystal Palace goalkeeping coach Andy Woodman co-wrote Woody & Nord : A Football Friendship . This book describes an enduring friendship forged in the Crystal Palace youth team that has survived Southgate and Woodman 's wildly differing fortunes in the professional game . The book won the Sports Book of the Year award for 2004 from the National Sporting Club ( now the British Sports Book Awards ) . Southgate was also a co-commentator for ITV at the 2006 World Cup , covering group games alongside Clive Tyldesley . His appointment as Middlesbrough manager two days before the start of the tournament meant that he left Germany before the knockout phase began , with David Pleat replacing him as Tyldesley 's co-commentator . He resumed a role as pundit and co-commentator after he finished his tenure at Middlesbrough in 2010 , working on FA Cup and UEFA Champions League matches for ITV as well as acting as a pundit on England games . In January 2011 , Southgate was appointed as the FA 's head of elite development , to work with Sir Trevor Brooking . He left the post in July 2012 , and ruled himself out of consideration for the role of technical director , for which he had been a leading candidate . Personal life ( edit ) Southgate attended Hazelwick School in Crawley , West Sussex . Southgate is married to Alison ; the couple have two children . Career statistics ( edit ) Club ( edit ) Source : Club Season League FA Cup League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Crystal Palace 1990 -- 91 First Division 0 0 0 0 0 0 1991 -- 92 First Division 30 0 0 0 6 0 0 39 0 1992 -- 93 Premier League 33 0 0 6 0 0 39 5 1993 -- 94 First Division 46 9 0 0 53 11 1994 -- 95 Premier League 42 8 0 7 0 0 57 5 Total 152 15 9 0 24 7 6 0 191 22 Aston Villa 1995 -- 96 Premier League 31 0 8 0 0 43 1996 -- 97 Premier League 28 0 0 0 34 1997 -- 98 Premier League 32 0 0 0 7 0 43 0 1998 -- 99 Premier League 38 0 0 0 0 44 1999 -- 2000 Premier League 31 6 6 0 0 0 43 2000 -- 01 Premier League 31 0 0 0 36 Total 191 7 20 17 0 15 0 243 8 Middlesbrough 2001 -- 02 Premier League 37 6 0 0 0 0 44 2002 -- 03 Premier League 36 0 0 0 0 0 37 2003 -- 04 Premier League 27 0 6 0 0 0 34 2004 -- 05 Premier League 36 0 0 0 0 10 0 47 0 2005 -- 06 Premier League 24 0 7 0 0 9 0 42 0 Total 160 16 0 9 0 19 0 204 Career Total 503 26 45 50 8 40 0 638 35 ^ Jump up to : Appearances in Full Members ' Cup Jump up ^ Appearances in Anglo - Italian Cup ^ Jump up to : Appearances in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Appearances in UEFA Intertoto Cup International ( edit ) Source : National team Year Apps Goals England 1995 0 11 0 10 0 1998 8 1999 0 2000 8 0 2001 0 2002 7 0 2003 0 Total 57 Managerial statistics ( edit ) As of match played 14 July 2018 Managerial record by team and tenure Team From To Record Ref . Win % Middlesbrough 7 June 2006 21 October 2009 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 07001298000000000000 ♠ 29.8 England U21 22 August 2013 27 September 2016 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 07001818000000000000 ♠ 81.8 England 27 September 2016 Present 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 07001520000000000000 ♠ 52.0 Total 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 07001407000000000000 ♠ 40.7 -- Honours and achievements ( edit ) Player ( edit ) Crystal Palace Football League First Division : 1993 -- 94 Football League play - offs : 1988 -- 89 Aston Villa Football League Cup : 1995 -- 96 Middlesbrough Football League Cup : 2003 -- 04 Manager ( edit ) England U21 Toulon Tournament : 2016 England FIFA World Cup fourth place : 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hugman , Barry J. , ed. ( 2005 ) . The PFA Premier & Football League Players ' Records 1946 -- 2005 . Harpenden : Queen Anne Press . p. 578 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85291 - 665 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate '' . Barry Hugman 's Footballers . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate '' . 11v11.com . AFS Enterprises . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate -- The Palace Years '' . Crystal Palace F.C. 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` ' He was the posh boy with a toughness in him ' : Gareth Southgate as a player '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Southgate wants to quit Villa '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2000 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 11 July 2001 ) . `` James and Southgate leave fans dismayed '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate : Boro on verge of new era '' . BBC Sport. 12 July 2001 . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gareth Southgate Story -- Blood and Glory '' . Teesside Live . 2 August 2006 . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate cools Man Utd talk '' . BBC Sport. 29 December 2003 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player info : Gareth Southgate '' . Englandstats . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taking the Pizza ! Cole and Young wanted for remake of famous Southgate advert '' . Mail Online . London . 29 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnhold , Matthias ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` Gareth Southgate -- International Appearances '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Dominic ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` # OnThisBoroDay 2003 : The Riverside puts on a show for England 's international against Slovakia '' . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Club Affiliations -- Aston Villa '' . englandfootballonline.com . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate appointed as Boro boss '' . BBC Sport. 7 June 2006 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate wins coaching reprieve '' . BBC Sport. 22 November 2006 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Tallentire , Philip ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Southgate admits Boro hotseat was too soon '' . Evening Gazette . Middlesbrough . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Richard ( 7 December 2007 ) . `` Wenger -- The candidates for the England job '' . Arsenal F.C . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate is keen to prove doubters wrong '' . Daily Mirror. 23 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 2008 -- 2009 : Results '' . Statto Organisation . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Louise ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Gibson stands firm on Southgate 's position at Middlesbrough '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ashenden , Mark ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` West Ham 2 -- 1 Middlesbrough '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Pope , Gordon . `` Southgate plans to stay '' . Setanta Sports . Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Relieved of Duties '' . Middlesbrough F.C. 20 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Middlesbrough sack boss Southgate '' . BBC Sport. 21 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southgate decision made weeks ago '' . BBC Sport. 21 October 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate named England Under - 21 boss '' . BBC Sport. 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Veevers , Nicholas ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Saido 's strike secures win '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England 2 -- 0 Malta '' . BBC Sport. 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia 0 -- 0 England '' . BBC Sport. 11 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England 3 -- 0 Scotland '' . BBC Sport. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England 2 -- 2 Spain '' . BBC Sport. 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate : Interim England manager wants future decided within a month '' . BBC Sport. 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former defender signs four - year deal to lead Three Lions '' . The Football Association . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` England 1 -- 0 Slovenia '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` Colombia 1 -- 1 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England Into World Cup Semi Finals '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fans ' love letters to Gareth Southgate '' . BBC News . 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Usher , Tom ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Museum Of London wants to add Gareth Southgate 's waistcoat to its collection '' . Metro . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheldrick , Giles ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Fans follow suit and don dapper waistcoat to salute hero Gareth '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , Alexandra ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Fans hail ' Waistcoat Wednesday ' to honour Gareth Southgate -- but fail to spot their glaring error '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Joshua ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` ' Waistcoat Wednesday ' is the brilliant meme dedicated to Gareth Southgate '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Storer , Adam ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Southgate Tube station to be renamed Gareth Southgate in honour of England coach '' . The Sun . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tube station named Gareth Southgate '' . BBC News . 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Crace , John ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Why the nation fell for Gareth Southgate '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heartbreak All over Again As England Lose World Cup Semi Final '' . BBC Sport. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Belgium 2 -- 0 England '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 2 December 2004 ) . `` Friends hope to be reunited by the luck of the draw '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Award Winners '' . The British Sports Books Awards . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( 20 June 1006 ) . `` Tune in - turn off ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pundits view : England were n't good enough '' . ITV. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Champions League Final live on ITV : Borussia Dortmund v Bayern Munich '' . ITV. 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate appointed to Football Association post '' . BBC News . 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate to leave FA development post '' . BBC News . 20 July 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` Gareth Southgate favourite to be first FA technical director in years '' . The Independent . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Colin ( 9 February 2007 ) . `` Order of the boot gives boss Gareth his worry lines '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Gareth Southgate profile at the English National Football Archive ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Southgate , Gareth at National-Football-Teams.com ^ Jump up to : `` Managers : Gareth Southgate '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's matches : The under 21s : 2010 -- 20 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Veevers , Nicholas ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` Aidy Boothroyd set to take on England under - 21s position '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Louise ( 3 May 2010 ) . `` Title - winning Steve McClaren reaps reward for European exile '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boro lift Carling Cup '' . BBC Sport. 29 February 2004 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Veevers , Nicholas ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` England under - 21s lift Toulon title after win over France '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gareth Southgate . Gareth Southgate profile at the Football Association website Gareth Southgate at Soccerbase Gareth Southgate management career statistics at Soccerbase Gareth Southgate at National-Football-Teams.com Gareth Southgate on IMDb Profile on englandfootballonline Middlesbrough F.C. -- Player of the Year 1966 : Jones 1968 : Rooks 1969 : Rooks 1970 : Smith 1971 : Jones 1972 : Platt & Boam 1973 : Maddren 1974 : Souness 1979 : Boam 1980 : Armstrong 1981 : Platt 1985 : Mowbray 1986 : Mowbray 1989 : Slaven 1990 : Slaven 1991 : Baird 1997 : Juninho 1999 : Ricard 2002 : Southgate 2004 : Boateng 2005 : Downing 2006 : Yakubu 2007 : Woodgate 2008 : Wheater 2009 : Tuncay 2010 : Robson 2011 : Bennett 2012 : Robson 2013 : Leadbitter 2014 : Friend 2015 : Friend 2016 : Clayton 2017 : Gibson 2018 : Adama England squads England squad -- UEFA Euro 1996 Semi-finalists 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 Pearce 4 Ince 5 Adams ( c ) 6 Southgate 7 Platt 8 Gascoigne 9 Shearer 10 Sheringham 11 Anderton 12 Howey 13 Flowers 14 Barmby 15 Redknapp 16 Campbell 17 McManaman 18 Ferdinand 19 P. Neville 20 Stone 21 Fowler 22 Walker Coach : Venables England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- UEFA Euro 2000 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach : Keegan England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate Managerial positions Middlesbrough F.C. -- managers J. Robson ( 1899 -- 1905 ) Mackie ( 1905 -- 06 ) Aitken ( 1906 -- 09 ) Gunter ( 1909 -- 10 ) Walker ( 1910 -- 11 ) McIntosh ( 1911 -- 19 ) Howie ( 1920 -- 23 ) Bamlett ( 1923 -- 26 ) McWilliam ( 1927 -- 34 ) Gillow ( 1934 -- 44 ) Jack ( 1944 -- 52 ) Rowley ( 1952 -- 54 ) Dennison ( 1954 -- 63 ) Carter ( 1963 -- 66 ) Anderson ( 1966 -- 73 ) Shepherdson ( 1973 ) Charlton ( 1973 -- 77 ) Neal ( 1977 -- 81 ) Murdoch ( 1981 -- 82 ) Allison ( 1982 -- 84 ) Charlton ( 1984 ) Maddren ( 1984 -- 86 ) Rioch ( 1986 -- 90 ) Todd ( 1990 -- 91 ) Lawrence ( 1991 -- 94 ) B. Robson ( 1994 -- 2001 ) Venables ( 2001 ) McClaren ( 2001 -- 06 ) Southgate ( 2006 -- 09 ) Strachan ( 2009 -- 10 ) Agnew ( 2010 ) Mowbray ( 2010 -- 13 ) Venus ( 2013 ) Karanka ( 2013 -- 17 ) Agnew ( 2017 ) Monk ( 2017 ) Pulis ( 2017 -- ) ( s ) = secretary ; ( c ) = caretaker manager England national under - 21 football team -- managers Sexton ( 1977 -- 90 ) McMenemy ( 1990 -- 93 ) Sexton ( 1993 -- 96 ) Taylor ( 1996 -- 99 ) Reid ( 1999 ) Wilkinson ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Platt ( 2001 -- 04 ) Taylor ( 2004 -- 07 ) Pearce ( 2007 -- 13 ) Hodgson ( 2013 ) Southgate ( 2013 -- 16 ) Boothroyd ( 2016 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager England national football team -- managers Winterbottom ( 1946 -- 62 ) Ramsey ( 1963 -- 74 ) Mercer ( 1974 ) Revie ( 1974 -- 77 ) Greenwood ( 1977 -- 82 ) Robson ( 1982 -- 90 ) G. Taylor ( 1990 -- 93 ) Venables ( 1994 -- 96 ) Hoddle ( 1996 -- 99 ) Wilkinson ( 1999 ) Keegan ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Wilkinson ( 2000 ) P. Taylor ( 2000 ) Eriksson ( 2001 -- 06 ) McClaren ( 2006 -- 07 ) Capello ( 2008 -- 12 ) Pearce ( 2012 ) Hodgson ( 2012 -- 16 ) Allardyce ( 2016 ) Southgate ( 2016 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager Current managers of UEFA national teams Panucci ( Albania ) Koldo ( Andorra ) Minasyan ( Armenia ) Foda ( Austria ) Gurbanov ( Azerbaijan ) Kriushenko ( Belarus ) Martínez ( Belgium ) Prosinečki ( Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Hubchev ( Bulgaria ) Dalić ( Croatia ) Ben Shimon ( Cyprus ) Jarolím ( Czech Republic ) Hareide ( Denmark ) Southgate ( England ) Reim ( Estonia ) Olsen ( Faroe Islands ) Kanerva ( Finland ) Deschamps ( France ) Weiss ( Georgia ) Löw ( Germany ) Ribas ( Gibraltar ) Skibbe ( Greece ) Rossi ( Hungary ) Hamrén ( Iceland ) Hazan ( Israel ) Mancini ( Italy ) Stoilov ( Kazakhstan ) Challandes ( Kosovo ) Paatelainen ( Latvia ) Pauritsch ( Liechtenstein ) Jankauskas ( Lithuania ) Holtz ( Luxembourg ) Angelovski ( Macedonia ) Farrugia ( Malta ) Spiridon ( Moldova ) Tumbaković ( Montenegro ) Koeman ( Netherlands ) Michael O'Neill ( Northern Ireland ) Lagerbäck ( Norway ) Brzęczek ( Poland ) Santos ( Portugal ) Martin O'Neill ( Republic of Ireland ) Contra ( Romania ) Cherchesov ( Russia ) Varrella ( San Marino ) McLeish ( Scotland ) Krstajić ( Serbia ) Kozák ( Slovakia ) Kavčič ( Slovenia ) Luis Enrique ( Spain ) Andersson ( Sweden ) Petković ( Switzerland ) Lucescu ( Turkey ) Shevchenko ( Ukraine ) Giggs ( Wales ) ( c ) -- caretaker manager GND : 173816606 ISNI : 0000 0000 3891 9603 LCCN : nb98046894 VIAF : 58572356 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gareth_Southgate&oldid=854211488 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Sportspeople from Watford English footballers England international footballers Association football defenders Crystal Palace F.C. players Aston Villa F.C. players Middlesbrough F.C. players English Football League players Premier League players English football managers Middlesbrough F.C. managers England national under - 21 football team managers England national football team managers Premier League managers English Football League managers UEFA Euro 1996 players 1998 FIFA World Cup players UEFA Euro 2000 players 2002 FIFA World Cup players Alumni of Croydon College 2018 FIFA World Cup managers Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did gareth southgate first play for england	[ "He won the League Cup with both Aston Villa and Middlesbrough (in 1995–96 and 2003–04 respectively), and captained Crystal Palace to win the First Division championship in 1993–94. He also played in the 2000 FA Cup Final for Villa and the 2006 UEFA Cup Final for Middlesbrough. Internationally, Southgate made 57 appearances for the England national team between 1995 and 2004, featuring in the 1998 FIFA World Cup and both the 1996 and 2000 European Championships. His playing career ended in May 2006 at the age of 35, and after more than 500 league appearances.\n" ]	[ "1995" ]
-1831253245286012853	Reconciliation (accounting)	Reconciliation ( accounting ) - wikipedia Reconciliation ( accounting ) Jump to : navigation , search This article has no lead section . Please help by adding an introductory section to this article . For more information , see the layout guide , and Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines to ensure the section will be inclusive of all the essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reconciliation Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Methods 3 Current practice 4 Manual reconciliation to automation 5 See also 6 References Definition ( edit ) The following two definitions are given by the Oxford Dictionary of Accounting . i ) `` A procedure for confirming that the balance in a chequebook matches the corresponding bank statement . This is normally done by preparing a bank reconciliation statement . ii ) A procedure for confirming the reliability of a company 's accounting records by regularly comparing ( balances of transactions ) . An account reconciliation may be prepared on a daily , monthly , or annual basis . '' GAAP ( The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ) are a set of accounting principles , procedures and standards that organisations use in order to compile their financial statements . GAAP states that the purpose of account reconciliation is to provide accuracy and consistency in financial accounts . To ensure all cash outlays and inlays match between cashflow statements and income statements it is necessary to carry out reconciliation accounts . Reconciliation is a process that may benefit businesses as this may help avoid balance sheet errors which may have led to detrimental ramifications , in addition reconciliation may help against fraud and can help instill financial integrity . Accounting software is one of a number of tools that organisations use to carry out this process thus eliminating errors and therefore making accurate decisions based on the financial information . Reconciliation of accounts determines whether transactions are in the correct place or should be shifted into a different account . Reconciliation in accounting is not only important for businesses , but may also be convenient for households and individuals . It is prudent to reconcile credit card accounts and chequebooks on a regular basis , for example . This is done by comparing debit card receipts or check copies with a persons bank statements . The benefits of reconciling : mitigates mistakes which have been made by financial institutions or if there have been any fraudulent withdraws from an account . helps create an overall image on spending and helps assess if a person is overspending on fees . Methods ( edit ) To ensure the reliability of the financial records , reconciliations must , therefore , be performed for all balance sheet accounts on a regular and ongoing basis . A robust reconciliation process improves the accuracy of the financial reporting function and allows the finance department to publish financial reports with confidence . There are two ways in which reconciliation can take place : Using a documentation review , `` document review is a formalised technique of data collection involving the examination of existing records or documents . '' This is the most common approach of account reconciliation . This method is done by using accounting software . The second method used is analytics review . `` Any process by which a person or company looks at an account or financial statement and attempts to identify any irregularities . This may involve comparing financial and non-financial information . '' Reconciliation of accounts using this method is undertaken by estimating the transactions that should be in an account , usually based on other data , for example historical activity . In both cases where mistakes are identified as a result of the reconciliation adjustments should be undertaken in order for the account balance to match the supporting information . Current practice ( edit ) Currently there are no specific account standards for accountancy reconciliation per se . However , there are different rules for balancing many types of accounts . There are no specific regulations mentioned by IAS , ICAW and HMRC . GAAP provide different rules in regards to reconciliation to balance different types of accounts . According to GAAP , account reconciliation is a process that is performed through account conversion or double - entry accounting . Manual reconciliation to automation ( edit ) In the United States , the passage in 2002 of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act ( SOX ) has emphasized the need for balance sheet account reconciliation to be included within a company 's own procedures , not relying only on external auditors . The legislation was enacted `` to protect shareholders and general public from accounting errors and fraudulent practices in the enterprise , as well as improve the accuracy of corporate disclosures . '' SOX and other acts like it across the world have increased stress on organisations to comply . As a result , the accounting industry has sought ways to automate a previously strenuous manual process . The pressure of SOX coupled with the perennial need to mitigate erroneous reconciliation in the process . By using all of the information technology available , organizations can easily automate their reconciliation and for each financial close cycle less manual labour would be required . 90 % of companies manually reconcile using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets in order to do so . This process is arduous allowing for further human error . Automating reconciliation can significantly reduce aforementioned errors and increase efficiency . Further benefits of automated reconciliation include centralised control , improved monitoring , reduced operational costs , increased productivity and efficiency , improved accessibility , data security improved and reduced audit risks and costs . See also ( edit ) Bank reconciliation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Owen , G. and Law , J. ( 2005 ) . A dictionary of accounting . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Investopedia , ( 2003 ) . Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) Definition Investopedia . ( online ) Available at : http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gaap.asp#ixzz3qTbiuFxO ( Accessed 3 Nov. 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Intercompany Reconciliations '' , Instant Controller , 27 December 2010 Jump up ^ Ventureline.com , ( 2015 ) . DOCUMENT REVIEW DEFINITION . ( online ) Available at : https://www.ventureline.com/accounting-glossary/D/document-review-definition/ ( Accessed 3 Nov. 2015 ) Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary.com ( 2015 ) . Analytical Review . Online ( Available at : http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Analytical+Review ) ( Accessed 4 Nov. 2015 ) Jump up ^ Bragg , S. ( 2013 ) . How do I reconcile an account ? - Questions & Answers - AccountingTools . ( online ) Accountingtools.com . Available at : http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/how-do-i-reconcile-an-account.html ( Accessed 3 Nov. 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Investopedia , ( 2015 ) . How is reconciliation treated under generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ) ? . Available at : ( 1 ) ( Accessed 4 Nov. 2015 ) Jump up ^ James Brady Vorhies , `` Account Reconciliation : An Under appreciated Control '' , Journal of Accountancy , 1 September 2006 Jump up ^ M. Rouse , ( 2015 ) . What is Sarbanes - Oxley Act ( SOX ) ? - Definition from What Is.com . ( online ) Archdiocese . Available at : http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Sarbanes-Oxley-Act ( Accessed 2 Nov. 2015 ) Jump up ^ M. Spanicciati , ' How automating balance sheet account reconciliation can lead to a real return on investment ' , Financial Management ( Sep. 2013 ) , p. 57 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reconciliation_(accounting)&oldid=832862577 '' Categories : Banking terms Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Pages missing lead section Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 11 : 47 . About Wikipedia	what do you understand by reconciliation of cost and financial accounts	[]	[]
-3031132496771469327	Inuit	Inuit - wikipedia Inuit Jump to : navigation , search For the 2010 film , see Inuk ( film ) . For other uses of Inuit , see Inuit ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the Innu people , a First Nations people in eastern Quebec and Labrador . Inuit Traditional qamutik ( sled ) , Cape Dorset , Nunavut Total population 150,636 Regions with significant populations Canada 65,125 ( 2016 ) Greenland 51,365 ( 2010 ) United States ( primarily Alaska ) 16,581 ( 2010 ) Denmark 15,815 ( 2015 ) Languages Greenlandic , Inuktitut , and other Inuit languages , Danish , English , French , Inuiuuk and various others Religion Christianity , Inuit religion Related ethnic groups Aleut and Yupik peoples Indigenous peoples in Canada First Nations Inuit Métis History ( show ) Paleo - Indians Pre-colonization Genetics Residential schools Indian hospitals Conflicts First Nations Inuit Politics ( show ) Crown and Indigenous peoples Treaty rights Health Policy Numbered Treaties Royal Commission Self - government Indian Act British Columbia Treaty Process Idle No More Missing and murdered Indigenous women Politics Organizations Case law Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada Culture ( show ) Indigenous cultures Indigenous personalities Country food Music Demographics ( show ) Indian reserves AB FN Métis Atlantic CA BC MB ON QC SK Territories Pacific Coast Linguistics ( show ) Indigenous languages Inuit languages Indigenous English Dialects NAPA Aboriginal syllabics Inuit grammar Religions ( show ) Traditional beliefs Inuit religion Index ( show ) Index of articles Indigenous First Nations Inuit Métis Stubs Wikiprojects ( show ) Portal Indigenous Canadian portal WikiProject Indigenous North Americans First Nations Commons Wiktionary Inuit Commons Wiktionary Métis Commons Wiktionary The Inuit ( pronounced / ˈɪnju. ɪt / ; Inuktitut : ᐃᓄᐃᑦ , `` the people '' ) are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland , Canada and Alaska . Inuit is a plural noun ; the singular is Inuk . The Inuit languages are part of the Eskimo - Aleut family . Inuit Sign Language is a critically endangered language isolate used in Nunavut . In the United States and Canada , the term `` Eskimo '' was commonly used by ethnic Europeans to describe the Inuit and Alaska 's Yupik and Iñupiat peoples . However , `` Inuit '' is not accepted as a term for the Yupik , and `` Eskimo '' is the only term that applies to Yupik , Iñupiat and Inuit . Since the late 20th century , aboriginal peoples in Canada and Greenlandic Inuit consider `` Eskimo '' to be a pejorative term , and they more frequently identify as `` Inuit '' for an autonym . In Canada , sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 classified the Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis . The Inuit live throughout most of Northern Canada in the territory of Nunavut , Nunavik in the northern third of Quebec , Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut in Labrador , and in various parts of the Northwest Territories , particularly around the Arctic Ocean . These areas are known in Inuktitut as the `` Inuit Nunangat '' . In the United States , the Iñupiat live primarily on the Alaska North Slope and on Little Diomede Island . The Greenlandic Inuit are descendants of ancient indigenous migrations from Canada , as these people migrated to the east through the continent . They are citizens of Denmark , although not of the European Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precontact history 2 Postcontact history 2.1 Canada 2.1. 1 Early contact with Europeans 2.1. 2 Early 20th century 2.1. 3 Second World War to the 1960s 2.1. 4 Cultural renewal 2.1. 5 Inuit cabinet members at the federal level 3 Nomenclature 4 Cultural history 4.1 Languages 4.2 Diet 4.3 Transport , navigation , and dogs 4.4 Industry , art , and clothing 4.5 Gender roles , marriage , birth , and community 4.6 Raiding 4.7 Suicide , murder , and death 4.8 Health 4.9 Traditional law 5 Traditional beliefs 6 Demographics 6.1 Canada 6.2 Greenland 6.3 Denmark 6.4 United States 7 Governance 7.1 Regional autonomy in Canada 7.2 Greenland 7.3 Alaska 8 Modern culture 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precontact History ( edit ) For their earlier precontact history , see Aboriginal peoples in Canada § Paleo - Indians period . Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule culture , who emerged from western Alaska around 1000 CE . They had split from the related Aleut group about 4,000 years ago and from northeastern Siberian migrants , possibly related to the Chukchi language group , still earlier , descended from the third major migration from Siberia . They spread eastwards across the Arctic . They displaced the related Dorset culture , called the Tuniit in Inuktitut , which was the last major Paleo - Eskimo culture . Inuit legends speak of the Tuniit as `` giants '' , people who were taller and stronger than the Inuit . Less frequently , the legends refer to the Dorset as `` dwarfs '' . Researchers believe that Inuit society had advantages by having adapted to using dogs as transport animals , and developing larger weapons and other technologies superior to those of the Dorset culture . By 1300 , Inuit migrants had reached west Greenland , where they settled . During the next century , they also settled in East Greenland Faced with population pressures from the Thule and other surrounding groups , such as the Algonquian and Siouan - speaking peoples to the south , the Tuniit gradually receded . The Tuniit were thought to have become completely extinct as a people by about 1400 or 1500 . But , in the mid-1950s , researcher Henry B. Collins determined that , based on the ruins found at Native Point , the Sadlermiut were likely the last remnants of the Dorset culture , or Tuniit . The Sadlermiut population survived up until winter 1902 -- 03 , when exposure to new infectious diseases brought by contact with Europeans led to their extinction as a people . In the early 21st century , mitochondrial DNA research has supported the theory of continuity between the Tuniit and the Sadlermiut peoples . It also provided evidence that a population displacement did not occur within the Aleutian Islands between the Dorset and Thule transition . In contrast to other Tuniit populations , the Aleut and Sadlermiut benefited from both geographical isolation and their ability to adopt certain Thule technologies . In Canada and Greenland , Inuit circulated almost exclusively north of the `` Arctic tree line '' , the effective southern border of Inuit society . The most southern `` officially recognized '' Inuit community in the world is Rigolet in Nunatsiavut . South of Nunatsiavut , the descendants of the southern Labrador Inuit in NunatuKavut continued their traditional transhumant semi-nomadic way of life until the mid-1900s . The Nunatukavummuit people usually moved among islands and bays on a seasonal basis . They did not establish stationary communities . In other areas south of the tree line , Native American and First Nations cultures were well established . The culture and technology of Inuit society that served so well in the Arctic were not suited to subarctic regions , so they did not displace their southern neighbors . Inuit had trade relations with more southern cultures ; boundary disputes were common and gave rise to aggressive actions . Warfare was not uncommon among those Inuit groups with sufficient population density . Inuit such as the Nunatamiut ( Uummarmiut ) , who inhabited the Mackenzie River delta area , often engaged in warfare . The more sparsely settled Inuit in the Central Arctic , however , did so less often . Their first European contact was with the Vikings who settled in Greenland and explored the eastern Canadian coast . The Norse sagas recorded meeting skrælingar , probably an undifferentiated label for all the indigenous peoples whom the Norse encountered , whether Tuniit , Inuit , or Beothuk . After about 1350 , the climate grew colder during the period known as the Little Ice Age . During this period , Alaskan natives were able to continue their whaling activities . But , in the high Arctic , the Inuit were forced to abandon their hunting and whaling sites as bowhead whales disappeared from Canada and Greenland . These Inuit had to subsist on a much poorer diet , and lost access to the essential raw materials for their tools and architecture which they had previously derived from whaling . The changing climate forced the Inuit to work their way south , forcing them into marginal niches along the edges of the tree line . These were areas which Native Americans had not occupied or where they were weak enough for the Inuit to live near them . Researchers have difficulty defining when Inuit stopped this territorial expansion . There is evidence that they were still moving into new territory in southern Labrador when they first began to interact with European colonists in the 17th century . Postcontact History ( edit ) A European ship coming into contact with the Inuit in the ice of Hudson Bay in 1697 . Canada ( edit ) Early contact with Europeans ( edit ) The lives of Paleo - Eskimos of the far north were largely unaffected by the arrival of visiting Norsemen except for mutual trade . The Labrador Inuit have had the longest continuous contact with Europeans . After the disappearance of the Norse colonies in Greenland , the Inuit had no contact with Europeans for at least a century . By the mid-16th century , Basque whalers and fishermen were already working the Labrador coast and had established whaling stations on land , such as the one that has been excavated at Red Bay , Labrador . The Inuit do not appear to have interfered with their operations , but the Natives raided the stations in winter , taking tools and items made of worked iron , which they adapted to their own needs . Martin Frobisher 's 1576 search for the Northwest Passage was the first well - documented contact between Europeans and Inuit . Frobisher 's expedition landed in Frobisher Bay , Baffin Island , not far from the settlement now called the City of Iqaluit . Frobisher encountered Inuit on Resolution Island where five sailors left the ship , under orders from Frobisher . They became part of Inuit mythology . The homesick sailors , tired of their adventure , attempted to leave in a small vessel and vanished . Frobisher brought an unwilling Inuk to England , possibly the first Inuk ever to visit Europe . In contrast , the Inuit oral tradition recounts the natives helping Frobisher 's crewmen , whom they believed had been abandoned . The semi-nomadic eco-centred Inuit were fishers and hunters harvesting lakes , seas , ice platforms and tundra . While there are some allegations that Inuit were hostile to early French and English explorers , fishers and whalers , more recent research suggests that the early relations with whaling stations along the Labrador coast and later James Bay were based on a mutual interest in trade . In the final years of the 18th century , the Moravian Church began missionary activities in Labrador , supported by the British who were tired of the raids on their whaling stations . The Moravian missionaries could easily provide the Inuit with the iron and basic materials they had been stealing from whaling outposts , materials whose real cost to Europeans was almost nothing , but whose value to the Inuit was enormous . From then on , contacts between the national groups in Labrador were far more peaceful . Hudson 's Bay Company Ships bartering with Inuit off the Upper Savage Islands , Hudson Strait , 1819 The exchanges that accompanied the arrival and colonization by the Europeans greatly damaged the Inuit way of life . Mass death was caused by the new infectious diseases carried by whalers and explorers , to which the indigenous peoples had no acquired immunity . The high mortality rate contributed to the enormous social disruptions caused by the distorting effect of Europeans ' material wealth and introduction of different materials . Nonetheless , Inuit society in the higher latitudes largely remained in isolation during the 19th century . The Hudson 's Bay Company opened trading posts such as Great Whale River ( 1820 ) , today the site of the twin villages of Whapmagoostui and Kuujjuarapik , where whale products of the commercial whale hunt were processed and furs traded . The British Naval Expedition of 1821 -- 3 led by Admiral William Edward Parry twice over-wintered in Foxe Basin . It provided the first informed , sympathetic and well - documented account of the economic , social and religious life of the Inuit . Parry stayed in what is now Igloolik over the second winter . Parry 's writings , with pen and ink illustrations of Inuit everyday life , and those of George Francis Lyon were widely read after they were both published in 1824 . Captain George Comer 's Inuit wife Shoofly , known for her sewing skills and elegant attire , was influential in convincing him to acquire more sewing accessories and beads for trade with Inuit . Early 20th century ( edit ) During the early 20th century a few traders and missionaries circulated among the more accessible bands . After 1904 they were accompanied by a handful of Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) . Unlike most Aboriginal peoples in Canada , however , the Inuit did not occupy lands that were coveted by European settlers . Used to more temperate climates and conditions , most Europeans considered the homeland of the Inuit to be a hostile hinterland . Southerners enjoyed lucrative careers as bureaucrats and service providers to the peoples of the North , but very few ever chose to visit there . Once its more hospitable lands were largely settled , the government of Canada and entrepreneurs began to take a greater interest in its more peripheral territories , especially the fur and mineral - rich hinterlands . By the late 1920s , there were no longer any Inuit who had not been contacted by traders , missionaries or government agents . In 1939 , the Supreme Court of Canada found , in a decision known as Re Eskimos , that the Inuit should be considered Indians and were thus under the jurisdiction of the federal government . Native customs were worn down by the actions of the RCMP , who enforced Canadian criminal law on the Inuit . People such as Kikkik often did not understand the rules of the alien society with which they had to interact . In addition , the generally Protestant missionaries of the British preached a moral code very different from the one the Inuit had as part of their tradition . Many of the Inuit were systematically converted to Christianity in the 19th and 20th centuries , through rituals such as the Siqqitiq . Second world War to the 1960s ( edit ) World War II and the Cold War made Arctic Canada strategically important to the great powers for the first time . Thanks to the development of modern long - distance aircraft , these areas became accessible year - round . The construction of air bases and the Distant Early Warning Line in the 1940s and 1950s brought more intensive contacts with European society , particularly in the form of public education for children . The traditionalists complained that Canadian education promoted foreign values that were disdainful of the traditional structure and culture of Inuit society . In the 1950s the Government of Canada undertook what was called the High Arctic relocation for several reasons . These were to include protecting Canada 's sovereignty in the Arctic , alleviating hunger ( as the area currently occupied had been over-hunted ) , and attempting to solve the `` Eskimo problem '' , by seeking assimilation of the people and the end of their traditional Inuit culture . One of the more notable relocations was undertaken in 1953 , when 17 families were moved from Port Harrison ( now Inukjuak , Quebec ) to Resolute and Grise Fiord . They were dropped off in early September when winter had already arrived . The land they were sent to was very different from that in the Inukjuak area ; it was barren , with only a couple of months when the temperature rose above freezing , and several months of polar night . The families were told by the RCMP they would be able to return to their home territory within two years if conditions were not right . However , two years later more Inuit families were relocated to the High Arctic . Thirty years passed before they were able to visit Inukjuak . By 1953 , Canada 's prime minister Louis St. Laurent publicly admitted , `` Apparently we have administered the vast territories of the north in an almost continuing absence of mind . '' The government began to establish about forty permanent administrative centres to provide education , health , and economic development services . Inuit from hundreds of smaller camps scattered across the north , began to congregate in these hamlets . Regular visits from doctors , and access to modern medical care raised the birth rate and decreased the death rate , causing a marked natural increase in the population that made it more difficult for them to survive by traditional means . In the 1950s , the Canadian government began to actively settle Inuit into permanent villages and cities , occasionally against their will ( such as in Nuntak and Hebron ) . In 2005 the Canadian government acknowledged the abuses inherent in these forced resettlements . By the mid-1960s , encouraged first by missionaries , then by the prospect of paid jobs and government services , and finally forced by hunger and required by police , most Canadian Inuit lived year - round in permanent settlements . The nomadic migrations that were the central feature of Arctic life had become a much smaller part of life in the North . The Inuit , a once self - sufficient people in an extremely harsh environment were , in the span of perhaps two generations , transformed into a small , impoverished minority , lacking skills or resources to sell to the larger economy , but increasingly dependent on it for survival . Although anthropologists like Diamond Jenness ( 1964 ) were quick to predict that Inuit culture was facing extinction , Inuit political activism was already emerging . Cultural renewal ( edit ) In the 1960s , the Canadian government funded the establishment of secular , government - operated high schools in the Northwest Territories ( including what is now Nunavut ) and Inuit areas in Quebec and Labrador along with the residential school system . The Inuit population was not large enough to support a full high school in every community , so this meant only a few schools were built , and students from across the territories were boarded there . These schools , in Aklavik , Iqaluit , Yellowknife , Inuvik and Kuujjuaq , brought together young Inuit from across the Arctic in one place for the first time , and exposed them to the rhetoric of civil and human rights that prevailed in Canada in the 1960s . This was a real wake - up call for the Inuit , and it stimulated the emergence of a new generation of young Inuit activists in the late 1960s who came forward and pushed for respect for the Inuit and their territories . The Inuit began to emerge as a political force in the late 1960s and early 1970s , shortly after the first graduates returned home . They formed new politically active associations in the early 1970s , starting with the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada ( Inuit Brotherhood and today known as Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ) , an outgrowth of the Indian and Eskimo Association of the ' 60s , in 1971 , and more region specific organizations shortly afterwards , including the Committee for the Original People 's Entitlement ( representing the Inuvialuit ) , the Northern Quebec Inuit Association ( Makivik Corporation ) and the Labrador Inuit Association ( LIA ) representing Northern Labrador Inuit . Since the mid-1980s the Southern Labrador Inuit of NunatuKavut began organizing politically after being geographically cut out of the LIA , however , for political expediency the organization was erroneously called the Labrador Métis Nation . These various activist movements began to change the direction of Inuit society in 1975 with the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement . This comprehensive land claims settlement for Quebec Inuit , along with a large cash settlement and substantial administrative autonomy in the new region of Nunavik , set the precedent for the settlements to follow . The northern Labrador Inuit submitted their land claim in 1977 , although they had to wait until 2005 to have a signed land settlement establishing Nunatsiavut . Southern Labrador Inuit of NunatuKavut are currently in the process of establishing landclaims and title rights that would allow them to negotiate with the Newfoundland Government . Canada 's 1982 Constitution Act recognized the Inuit as Aboriginal peoples in Canada , but not First Nations . In the same year , the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut ( TFN ) was incorporated , in order to take over negotiations for land claims on behalf of the Inuit living in the eastern Northwest Territories , that would later become Nunavut , from the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami , which became a joint association of the Inuit of Quebec , Labrador , and the Northwest Territories . Inuit cabinet members at the federal level ( edit ) On October 30 , 2008 , Leona Aglukkaq was appointed as Minister of Health , `` ( becoming ) the first Inuk to hold a senior cabinet position , although she is not the first Inuk to be in cabinet altogether . '' Jack Anawak and Nancy Karetak - Lindell were both parliamentary secretaries respectively from 1993 to 1996 and in 2003 . Nomenclature ( edit ) See also : Eskimo § Nomenclature In the United States , the term `` Eskimo '' is still commonly used , because it includes Inuit , Aleut , Iñupiat , and Yupik peoples whilst distinguishing them from American Indians . The Yupik do not speak an Inuit language nor consider themselves to be Inuit . However , the term is probably a Montagnais exonym as well as being widely used in folk etymology as meaning `` eater of raw meat '' in the Cree language . It is now considered pejorative or even a racial slur amongst the Canadian and English - speaking Greenlandic Inuit . In Canada and Greenland , `` Inuit '' is preferred . Inuit is the Eastern Canadian Inuit ( Inuktitut ) and West Greenlandic ( Kalaallisut ) word for `` the people . '' Since Inuktitut and Kalaallisut are the prestige dialects in Canada and Greenland , respectively , their version has become dominant , although every Inuit dialect uses cognates from the Proto - Eskimo * ińuɣ -- for example , `` people '' is inughuit in North Greenlandic and iivit in East Greenlandic . Cultural History ( edit ) Main article : Inuit culture Languages ( edit ) Distribution of Inuit dialects Main article : Inuit languages Inuit speak Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , Inuvialuktun , and Greenlandic languages , which belong to the Inuit - Inupiaq branch of the Eskimo -- Aleut language family . The Greenlandic languages are divided into : Kalaallisut ( Western ) , Inuktun ( Northern ) , and Tunumiit ( Eastern ) . Inuktitut is spoken in Canada and along with Inuinnaqtun is one of the official languages of Nunavut and are known collectively as the Inuit Language . In the Northwest Territories , Inuvialuktun , Inuinnaqtun and Inuktitut are all official langues . Kalaallisut is the official language of Greenland . As Inuktitut was the language of the Eastern Canadian Inuit and Kalaallisut is the language of the Western Greenlandic Inuit , they are related more closely than most other dialects . Inuit in Alaska and Northern Canada also typically speak English . In Greenland , Inuit also speak Danish and learn English in school . Canadian Inuit may also speak Québécois French . Finally , Deaf Inuit speak Inuit Sign Language , often called Inuiuuk , which is a language isolate and almost extinct as only around 50 people still speak it . Diet ( edit ) Main article : Inuit diet The Inuit have traditionally been fishers and hunters . They still hunt whales ( esp . bowhead whale ) , walrus , caribou , seal , polar bears , muskoxen , birds , and fish and at times other less commonly eaten animals such as the Arctic fox . The typical Inuit diet is high in protein and very high in fat -- in their traditional diets , Inuit consumed an average of 75 % of their daily energy intake from fat . While it is not possible to cultivate plants for food in the Arctic , the Inuit have traditionally gathered those that are naturally available . Grasses , tubers , roots , stems , berries , and seaweed ( kuanniq or edible seaweed ) were collected and preserved depending on the season and the location . There is a vast array of different hunting technologies that the Inuit used to gather their food . In the 1920s anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson lived with and studied a group of Inuit . The study focused on the fact that the Inuit 's low - carbohydrate diet had no adverse effects on their health , nor indeed , Stefansson 's own health . Stefansson ( 1946 ) also observed that the Inuit were able to get the necessary vitamins they needed from their traditional winter diet , which did not contain any plant matter . In particular , he found that adequate vitamin C could be obtained from items in their traditional diet of raw meat such as ringed seal liver and whale skin ( muktuk ) . While there was considerable skepticism when he reported these findings , they have been borne out in recent studies and analyses . However , the Inuit have lifespans 12 to 15 years shorter than the average Canadian 's , which is thought to be a result of limited access to medical services . The life expectancy gap is not closing . Furthermore , fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes . Transport , navigation , and dogs ( edit ) Inupiat in a kayak , Noatak , Alaska , c. 1929 ( photo by Edward S. Curtis ) Urbanization in Greenland The natives hunted sea animals from single - passenger , covered seal - skin boats called qajaq ( Inuktitut syllabics : ᖃᔭᖅ ) which were extraordinarily buoyant , and could easily be righted by a seated person , even if completely overturned . Because of this property , the design was copied by Europeans and Americans who still produce them under the Inuit name kayak . Inupiat baleen basket , with an ivory handle , made by Kinguktuk ( 1871 -- 1941 ) of Barrow , Alaska . Displayed at the Museum of Man , San Diego , California . Inuit also made umiaq ( `` woman 's boat '' ) , larger open boats made of wood frames covered with animal skins , for transporting people , goods , and dogs . They were 6 -- 12 m ( 20 -- 39 ft ) long and had a flat bottom so that the boats could come close to shore . In the winter , Inuit would also hunt sea mammals by patiently watching an aglu ( breathing hole ) in the ice and waiting for the air - breathing seals to use them . This technique is also used by the polar bear , who hunts by seeking holes in the ice and waiting nearby . In winter , both on land and on sea ice , the Inuit used dog sleds ( qamutik ) for transportation . The husky dog breed comes from Inuit breeding of dogs and wolves for transportation . A team of dogs in either a tandem / side - by - side or fan formation would pull a sled made of wood , animal bones , or the baleen from a whale 's mouth and even frozen fish , over the snow and ice . The Inuit used stars to navigate at sea and landmarks to navigate on land ; they possessed a comprehensive native system of toponymy . Where natural landmarks were insufficient , the Inuit would erect an inukshuk . Dogs played an integral role in the annual routine of the Inuit . During the summer they became pack animals , sometimes dragging up to 20 kg ( 44 lb ) of baggage and in the winter they pulled the sled . Yearlong they assisted with hunting by sniffing out seals ' holes and pestering polar bears . They also protected the Inuit villages by barking at bears and strangers . The Inuit generally favored , and tried to breed , the most striking and handsome of dogs , especially ones with bright eyes and a healthy coat . Common husky dog breeds used by the Inuit were the Canadian Eskimo Dog , the official animal of Nunavut , ( Qimmiq ; Inuktitut for dog ) , the Greenland Dog , the Siberian Husky and the Alaskan Malamute . The Inuit would perform rituals over the newborn pup to give it favorable qualities ; the legs were pulled to make them grow strong and the nose was poked with a pin to enhance the sense of smell . Industry , art , and clothing ( edit ) Inuit woman 's parka , Canada . Traditional clothing ; left : seal , right : caribou . Main article : Inuit art Inuit industry relied almost exclusively on animal hides , driftwood , and bones , although some tools were also made out of worked stones , particularly the readily worked soapstone . Walrus ivory was a particularly essential material , used to make knives . Art played a big part in Inuit society and continues to do so today . Small sculptures of animals and human figures , usually depicting everyday activities such as hunting and whaling , were carved from ivory and bone . In modern times prints and figurative works carved in relatively soft stone such as soapstone , serpentinite , or argillite have also become popular . Inuit made clothes and footwear from animal skins , sewn together using needles made from animal bones and threads made from other animal products , such as sinew . The anorak ( parka ) is made in a similar fashion by Arctic peoples from Europe through Asia and the Americas , including the Inuit . The hood of an amauti , ( women 's parka , plural amautiit ) was traditionally made extra large with a separate compartment below the hood to allow the mother to carry a baby against her back and protect it from the harsh wind . Styles vary from region to region , from the shape of the hood to the length of the tails . Boots ( mukluk or kamik ) , could be made of caribou or seal skin , and designed for men and women . Inuit building an igloo During the winter , certain Inuit lived in a temporary shelter made from snow called an igloo , and during the few months of the year when temperatures were above freezing , they lived in tents , known as tupiq , made of animal skins supported by a frame of bones or wood . Some , such as the Siglit , used driftwood , while others built sod houses . Gender roles , marriage , birth , and community ( edit ) See also : Eskimo kinship and Inuit women Inupiat woman , Alaska , circa 1907 The division of labor in traditional Inuit society had a strong gender component , but it was not absolute . The men were traditionally hunters and fishermen and the women took care of the children , cleaned the home , sewed , processed food , and cooked . However , there are numerous examples of women who hunted , out of necessity or as a personal choice . At the same time men , who could be away from camp for several days at a time , would be expected to know how to sew and cook . The marital customs among the Inuit were not strictly monogamous : many Inuit relationships were implicitly or explicitly sexual . Open marriages , polygamy , divorce , and remarriage were known . Among some Inuit groups , if there were children , divorce required the approval of the community and particularly the agreement of the elders . Marriages were often arranged , sometimes in infancy , and occasionally forced on the couple by the community . An Inupiat family from Noatak , Alaska , 1929 . Marriage was common for women at puberty and for men when they became productive hunters . Family structure was flexible : a household might consist of a man and his wife ( or wives ) and children ; it might include his parents or his wife 's parents as well as adopted children ; it might be a larger formation of several siblings with their parents , wives and children ; or even more than one family sharing dwellings and resources . Every household had its head , an elder or a particularly respected man . There was also a larger notion of community as , generally , several families shared a place where they wintered . Goods were shared within a household , and also , to a significant extent , within a whole community . The Inuit were hunter -- gatherers , and have been referred to as nomadic . One of the customs following the birth of an infant was for an Angakkuq ( shaman ) to place a tiny ivory carving of a whale into the baby 's mouth , in hopes this would make the child good at hunting . Loud singing and drumming were also customary after a birth . Raiding ( edit ) Virtually all Inuit cultures have oral traditions of raids by other indigenous peoples , including fellow Inuit , and of taking vengeance on them in return , such as the Bloody Falls massacre . Western observers often regarded these tales as generally not entirely accurate historical accounts , but more as self - serving myths . However , evidence shows that Inuit cultures had quite accurate methods of teaching historical accounts to each new generation . In northern Canada , historically there were ethnic feuds between the Dene and the Inuit , as witnessed by Samuel Hearne in 1771 . In 1996 , Dene and Inuit representatives participated in a healing ceremony to reconcile the centuries - old grievances . The historic accounts of violence against outsiders does make clear that there was a history of hostile contact within the Inuit cultures and with other cultures . It also makes it clear that Inuit nations existed through history , as well as confederations of such nations . The known confederations were usually formed to defend against a more prosperous , and thus stronger , nation . Alternately , people who lived in less productive geographical areas tended to be less warlike , as they had to spend more time producing food . Justice within Inuit culture was moderated by the form of governance that gave significant power to the elders . As in most cultures around the world , justice could be harsh and often included capital punishment for serious crimes against the community or the individual . During raids against other peoples , the Inuit , like their non-Inuit neighbors , tended to be merciless . Suicide , murder , and death ( edit ) Further information : Suicide in Greenland and Suicide among Canadian aboriginal people A pervasive European myth about Inuit is that they killed elderly ( senicide ) and `` unproductive people '' , but this is not generally true . In a culture with an oral history , elders are the keepers of communal knowledge , effectively the community library . Because they are of extreme value as the repository of knowledge , there are cultural taboos against sacrificing elders . In Antoon A. Leenaars ' book Suicide in Canada he states that `` Rasmussen found that the death of elders by suicide was a commonplace among the Iglulik Inuit . '' According to Franz Boas , suicide was `` ... not of rare occurrence ... '' and was generally accomplished through hanging . Writing of the Labrador Inuit , Hawkes ( 1916 ) was considerably more explicit on the subject of suicide and the burden of the elderly : Aged people who have outlived their usefulness and whose life is a burden both to themselves and their relatives are put to death by stabbing or strangulation . This is customarily done at the request of the individual concerned , but not always so . Aged people who are a hindrance on the trail are abandoned . -- Antoon A. Leenaars , Suicide in Canada When food is not sufficient , the elderly are the least likely to survive . In the extreme case of famine , the Inuit fully understood that , if there was to be any hope of obtaining more food , a hunter was necessarily the one to feed on whatever food was left . However , a common response to desperate conditions and the threat of starvation was infanticide . A mother abandoned an infant in hopes that someone less desperate might find and adopt the child before the cold or animals killed it . The belief that the Inuit regularly resorted to infanticide may be due in part to studies done by Asen Balikci , Milton Freeman and David Riches among the Netsilik , along with the trial of Kikkik . Other recent research has noted that `` While there is little disagreement that there were examples of infanticide in Inuit communities , it is presently not known the depth and breadth of these incidents . The research is neither complete nor conclusive to allow for a determination of whether infanticide was a rare or a widely practiced event . '' Anthropologists believed that Inuit cultures routinely killed children born with physical defects because of the demands of the extreme climate . These views were changed by late 20th century discoveries of burials at an archaeological site . Between 1982 and 1994 , a storm with high winds caused ocean waves to erode part of the bluffs near Barrow , Alaska , and a body was discovered to have been washed out of the mud . Unfortunately the storm claimed the body , which was not recovered . But examination of the eroded bank indicated that an ancient house , perhaps with other remains , was likely to be claimed by the next storm . The site , known as the `` Ukkuqsi archaeological site '' , was excavated . Several frozen bodies ( now known as the `` frozen family '' ) were recovered , autopsies were performed , and they were re-interred as the first burials in the then - new Imaiqsaun Cemetery south of Barrow . Years later another body was washed out of the bluff . It was a female child , approximately 9 years old , who had clearly been born with a congenital birth defect . This child had never been able to walk , but must have been cared for by family throughout her life . She was the best preserved body ever recovered in Alaska , and radiocarbon dating of grave goods and of a strand of her hair all place her back to about 1200 CE . Health ( edit ) During the 19th century , the Western Arctic suffered a population decline of close to 90 % , resulting from exposure to new diseases , including tuberculosis , measles , influenza , and smallpox . Autopsies near Greenland reveal that , more commonly pneumonia , kidney diseases , trichinosis , malnutrition , and degenerative disorders may have contributed to mass deaths among different Inuit tribes . The Inuit believed that the causes of the disease were of a spiritual origin . `` In October ( 2017 ) the federal Minister of Indigenous Services , Jane Philpott , announced that in 2015 tuberculosis ... was 270 times ... more common among the Canadian Inuit than it is among non-indigenous southern Canadians . '' The Canadian Mediical Association Journal published in 2013 that `` tuberculosis among Canadian Inuit has dramatically increased since 1997 . In 2010 the incidence in Nunavut ... was 304 per 100,000 -- more than 66 times the rate seen in the general population . '' Traditional law ( edit ) Inuit traditional laws are anthropologically different from Western law concepts . Customary law was thought non-existent in Inuit society before the introduction of the Canadian legal system . Hoebel , in 1954 , concluded that only ' rudimentary law ' existed amongst the Inuit . Indeed , prior to about 1970 , it is impossible to find even one reference to a Western observer who was aware that any form of governance existed among any Inuit , however , there was a set way of doing things that had to be followed : maligait refers to what has to be followed piqujait refers to what has to be done tirigusuusiit refers to what has to be avoided If an individual 's actions went against the tirigusuusiit , maligait or piqujait , the angakkuq ( shaman ) might have to intervene , lest the consequences be dire to the individual or the community . We are told today that Inuit never had laws or `` maligait '' . Why ? They say because they are not written on paper . When I think of paper , I think you can tear it up , and the laws are gone . The laws of the Inuit are not on paper . -- Mariano Aupilaarjuk , Rankin Inlet , Nunavut , Perspectives on Traditional Law Traditional beliefs ( edit ) See also : Inuit mythology and Shamanism among Eskimo peoples Some Inuit believed that the spirits of their ancestors could be seen in the aurora borealis The environment in which the Inuit lived inspired a mythology filled with adventure tales of whale and walrus hunts . Long winter months of waiting for caribou herds or sitting near breathing holes hunting seals gave birth to stories of mysterious and sudden appearance of ghosts and fantastic creatures . Some Inuit looked into the aurora borealis , or northern lights , to find images of their family and friends dancing in the next life . However , some Inuit believed that the lights were more sinister and if you whistled at them , they would come down and cut off your head . This tale is still told to children today . For others they were invisible giants , the souls of animals , a guide to hunting and as a spirit for the angakkuq to help with healing . They relied upon the angakkuq ( shaman ) for spiritual interpretation . The nearest thing to a central deity was the Old Woman ( Sedna ) , who lived beneath the sea . The waters , a central food source , were believed to contain great gods . The Inuit practiced a form of shamanism based on animist principles . They believed that all things had a form of spirit , including humans , and that to some extent these spirits could be influenced by a pantheon of supernatural entities that could be appeased when one required some animal or inanimate thing to act in a certain way . The angakkuq of a community of Inuit was not the leader , but rather a sort of healer and psychotherapist , who tended wounds and offered advice , as well as invoking the spirits to assist people in their lives . His or her role was to see , interpret and exhort the subtle and unseen . Angakkuit were not trained ; they were held to be born with the ability and recognized by the community as they approached adulthood . Inuit religion was closely tied to a system of rituals integrated into the daily life of the people . These rituals were simple but held to be necessary . According to a customary Inuit saying , The great peril of our existence lies in the fact that our diet consists entirely of souls . By believing that all things , including animals , have souls like those of humans , any hunt that failed to show appropriate respect and customary supplication would only give the liberated spirits cause to avenge themselves . The harshness and unpredictability of life in the Arctic ensured that Inuit lived with concern for the uncontrollable , where a streak of bad luck could destroy an entire community . To offend a spirit was to risk its interference with an already marginal existence . The Inuit understood that they had to work in harmony with supernatural powers to provide the necessities of day - to - day life . Demographics ( edit ) In total there are about 134,241 Inuit living in four countries , Canada , Greenland , Denmark , and the United States . Canada ( edit ) Although the 50,480 Inuit listed in the 2006 Canada Census can be found throughout Canada the majority , 44,470 , live in four regions . As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 4,715 Inuit living in Newfoundland and Labrador and about 2,160 live in Nunatsiavut . There are also about 6,000 NunatuKavut people ( Labrador Metis or Inuit - metis ) living in southern Labrador in what is called NunatuKavut . As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 4,165 Inuit living in the Northwest Territories . The majority , about 3,115 , live in the six communities of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region . As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 24,640 Inuit living in Nunavut . In Nunavut the Inuit population forms a majority in all communities and is the only jurisdiction of Canada where Aboriginal peoples form a majority . As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 10,950 Inuit living in Quebec . The majority , about 9,565 , live in Nunavik . Greenland ( edit ) Main article : Greenlandic Inuit According to the 2013 edition of The World Factbook , published by the Central Intelligence Agency , the Inuit population of Greenland is 89 % ( 51,365 ) out of a total of 57,714 people . Like Nunavut the population lives throughout the region . Denmark ( edit ) The population size of Greenlandic people in Denmark varies from source to source between 15,000 and 20,000 . According to 2015 figures from Statistics Denmark there are 15,815 people residing in Denmark of Greenlandic Inuit ancestry . Most travel to Denmark for educational purposes , and many remain after finishing their education , which results in the population being mostly concentrated in the big 4 educational cities of Copenhagen , Aarhus , Odense , and Aalborg , which all have vibrant Greenlandic communities and cultural centers ( Kalaallit Illuutaat ) . United States ( edit ) According to the 2000 United States Census there were a total of 16,581 Inuit / Inupiat living throughout the country . The majority , about 14,718 , live in the state of Alaska . Governance ( edit ) Map showing the members of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference . The Inuit Circumpolar Council is a United Nations - recognized non-governmental organization ( NGO ) , which defines its constituency as Canada 's Inuit and Inuvialuit , Greenland 's Kalaallit Inuit , Alaska 's Inupiat and Yup'ik , and Russia 's Siberian Yupik , despite the last two neither speaking an Inuit dialect or considering themselves `` Inuit '' . Nonetheless , it has come together with other circumpolar cultural and political groups to promote the Inuit and other northern people in their fight against ecological problems such as climate change which disproportionately affects the Inuit population . The Inuit Circumpolar Council is one of the six group of Arctic indigenous peoples that have a seat as a so - called `` Permanent Participant '' on the Arctic Council , an international high level forum in which the eight Arctic Countries ( USA , Canada , Russia , Denmark , Iceland , Norway , Sweden and Finland ) discuss Arctic policy . On 12 May 2011 , Greenland 's Prime Minister Kuupik Kleist hosted the ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council , an event for which the American Secretary of State Hillary Clinton came to Nuuk , as did many other high - ranking officials such as Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov , Swedish Foreign Minister Carl Bildt and Norwegian Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre . At that event they signed the Nuuk Declaration . Regional autonomy in Canada ( edit ) See also : Nunavut , Nunavik , Nunatsiavut , NunatuKavut , and Inuvik Region Map of all Inuit regions The Inuvialuit are western Canadian Inuit who remained in the Northwest Territories when Nunavut split off . They live primarily in the Mackenzie River delta , on Banks Island , and parts of Victoria Island in the Northwest Territories . They are officially represented by the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation and , in 1984 , received a comprehensive land claims settlement , the first in Northern Canada , with the signing of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement . The TFN worked for ten years and , in September 1992 , came to a final agreement with the Government of Canada . This agreement called for the separation of the Northwest Territories into an eastern territory whose Aboriginal population would be predominately Inuit , the future Nunavut , and a rump Northwest Territories in the west . It was the largest land claims agreement in Canadian history . In November 1992 , the Nunavut Final Agreement was approved by nearly 85 % of the Inuit of what would become Nunavut . As the final step in this long process , the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement was signed on May 25 , 1993 , in Iqaluit by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and by Paul Quassa , the president of Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated , which replaced the TFN with the ratification of the Nunavut Final Agreement . The Canadian Parliament passed the supporting legislation in June of the same year , enabling the 1999 establishment of Nunavut as a territorial entity . With the establishment of Nunatsiavut in 2005 , almost all the traditional Inuit lands in Canada , with the exception NunatuKavut in central and South Labrador , are now covered by some sort of land claims agreement providing for regional autonomy . Greenland ( edit ) Municipalities of Greenland Main articles : Kalaallit and History of Greenland In 1953 , Denmark put an end to the colonial status of Greenland and granted home rule in 1979 and in 2008 a self - government referendum was passed with 75 % approval . Although still a part of the Kingdom of Denmark ( along with Denmark proper and the Faroe Islands ) , Greenland , known as Kalaallit Nunaat in the Greenlandic language , maintains much autonomy today . Of a population of 56,000 , 80 % of Greenlanders identify as Inuit . Their economy is based on fishing and shrimping . The Thule people arrived in Greenland in the 13th century . There they encountered the Norsemen , who had established colonies there since the late 10th century , as well as a later wave of the Dorset people . Because most of Greenland is covered in ice , the Greenland Inuit ( or Kalaallit ) only live in coastal settlements , particularly the northern polar coast , the eastern Amassalik coast and the central coasts of western Greenland . Alaska ( edit ) Alaska Native Regional Corporations See also : Alaska Native Regional Corporations , Russian America , Alaska Statehood Act , and List of Alaska Native tribal entities Currently Alaska is governed as a State within United States with very limited autonomy for Alaska Native peoples . European Colonization of Alaska started in the 18th century by Russia . By the 1860s , the Russian government was considering ridding itself of its Russian America colony . Alaska was officially incorporated to United States on January 3 , 1959 . The Inuit of Alaska are the Iñupiat ( Inu -- '' from Inuit , `` people '' and piaq / piat real , i.e. `` real people '' ) who live in the Northwest Arctic Borough , the North Slope Borough and the Bering Straits region . Barrow , the northernmost city in the United States , is in the Inupiat region . Their language is Iñupiaq ( which is the singular form of Inupiat ) . Modern culture ( edit ) Inuit women at Nain , Newfoundland and Labrador Inuit art , carving , print making , textiles and Inuit throat singing , are very popular , not only in Canada but globally , and Inuit artists are widely known . Canada has adopted some of the Inuit culture as national symbols , using Inuit cultural icons like the inukshuk in unlikely places , such as its use as a symbol at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Respected art galleries display Inuit art , the largest collection of which is at the Winnipeg Art Gallery . Some Inuit languages , such as Inuktitut , appears to have a more secure future in Quebec and Nunavut . There are a surprising number of Inuit , even those who now live in urban centres such as Ottawa , Montreal and Winnipeg , who have experienced living on the land in the traditional life style . People such as Legislative Assembly of Nunavut member , Levinia Brown and former Commissioner of Nunavut and the NWT , Helen Maksagak were born and lived the early part of their life `` on the land '' . Inuit culture is alive and vibrant today in spite of the negative impacts of recent history . An important biennial event , the Arctic Winter Games , is held in communities across the northern regions of the world , featuring traditional Inuit and northern sports as part of the events . A cultural event is also held . The games were first held in 1970 , and while rotated usually among Alaska , Yukon and the Northwest Territories , they have also been held in Schefferville , Quebec in 1976 , in Slave Lake , Alberta , and a joint Iqaluit , Nunavut - Nuuk , Greenland staging in 2002 . In other sporting events , Jordin Tootoo became the first Inuk to play in the National Hockey League in the 2003 -- 04 season , playing for the Nashville Predators . Although Inuit life has changed significantly over the past century , many traditions continue . Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit , or traditional knowledge , such as storytelling , mythology , music , and dancing remain important parts of the culture . Family and community are very important . The Inuktitut language is still spoken in many areas of the Arctic and is common on radio and in television programming . Well - known Inuit politicians include Premier of Nunavut , Peter Taptuna , Nancy Karetak - Lindell , former MP for the riding of Nunavut , and Kuupik Kleist , Prime Minister of Greenland . Leona Aglukkaq , current MP , was the first Inuk to be sworn into the Canadian Federal Cabinet as Health Minister in 2008 . In May 2011 after being re-elected for her second term , Ms. Aglukkaq was given the additional portfolio of Minister of the Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency . In July 2013 she was sworn in as the Minister of the Environment . Inuit seal hunter in a kayak , armed with a harpoon . Visual and performing arts are strong . In 2002 the first feature film in Inuktitut , Atanarjuat : The Fast Runner , was released worldwide to great critical and popular acclaim . It was directed by Zacharias Kunuk , and written , filmed , produced , directed , and acted almost entirely by the Inuit of Igloolik . In 2009 , the film Le Voyage D'Inuk , a Greenlandic language feature film , was directed by Mike Magidson and co-written by Magidson and French film producer Jean - Michel Huctin . One of the most famous Inuit artists is Pitseolak Ashoona . Susan Aglukark is a popular singer . Mitiarjuk Attasie Nappaaluk worked at preserving Inuktitut and wrote one of the first novels ever published in that language . In 2006 , Cape Dorset was hailed as Canada 's most artistic city , with 23 % of the labor force employed in the arts . Inuit art such as soapstone carvings is one of Nunavut 's most important industries . Recently , there has been an identity struggle among the younger generations of Inuit , between their traditional heritage and the modern society which their cultures have been forced to assimilate into in order to maintain a livelihood . With current dependence on modern society for necessities , ( including governmental jobs , food , aid , medicine , etc . ) , the Inuit have had much interaction with and exposure to the societal norms outside their previous cultural boundaries . The stressors regarding the identity crisis among teenagers have led to disturbingly high numbers of suicide . A series of authors has focused upon the increasing myopia in the youngest generations of Inuit . Myopia was almost unknown prior to the Inuit adoption of western culture . Principal theories are the change to a western style diet with more refined foods , and extended education . 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Jump up ^ Hegener , Helen ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . `` The Inuit Sled Dog '' . Mushinghistory.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Assembly of Nunavut . `` The Canadian Inuit Dog '' . Assembly.nu.ca. 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ kamik Inuktitut Living Dictionary . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ohokak , G. ; M. Kadlun ; B. Harnum . Inuinnaqtun - English Dictionary ( PDF ) . Kitikmeot Heritage Society . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Olga Popovič ; Tyas , Andy ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . `` 3 '' . Conceptual Structural Design : Bridging the Gap Between Architects and Engineers . ICE Publishing . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0727732354 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Warm Season Dwellings - Tupiq Jump up ^ `` The Mackenzie Inuit Winter House '' ( PDF ) . Arctic . 2 ( 2 ) . June 1992 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic1393 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Reconstructing traditional Inuit house forms using three - dimensional interactive computer modelling '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Inuit Women , by Janet Mancini Billson , Kyra Mancini . Published by Rowman & Littlefield , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3597 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3597 - 8 . p. 38 Jump up ^ Billson 2007 : 65 Jump up ^ Billson 2007 : 56 Jump up ^ Snow , Dean R . `` The first Americans and the differentiation of hunter - gatherer cultures . '' North America . Eds . Bruce G. Trigger and Wilcomb E. Washburn . Cambridge University Press , 1996 . Cambridge Histories Online . Cambridge University Press . 5 May 2008 doi : 10.1017 / CHOL9780521573924. 004 Jump up ^ `` The Inuit '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Olmert , Michael ( 1996 ) . Milton 's Teeth and Ovid 's Umbrella : Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History , p. 158 . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80164 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ernest S. Burch , Jr . `` From Skeptic to Believer '' . Jump up ^ From : Samuel Hearne , A Journey from Prince of Wales 's Fort in Hudson 's Bay to the Northern Ocean , 1769 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 ( London , Eng : Strahan and Cadell , 1795 ) Archived June 12 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . at the University of Western Ontario Jump up ^ `` CBC 's David McLauchlin dies at 56 '' . CBC News . May 26 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fienup - Reordan , Ann ( 1990 ) . Eskimo Essays . Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ `` War by Rachel Attituq Qitsualik '' . Nunatsiaq.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Book reviews '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Historical Review . 79 ( 3 ) : 591 . September 1998 . doi : 10.3138 / CHR. 79.3. 577 . ISSN 0008 - 3755 . Jump up ^ `` Senilicide and Invalidicide among the Eskimos '' by Rolf Kjellstrom in Folk : Dansk etnografisk tidsskrift , volume 16 / 17 ( 1974 / 75 ) Jump up ^ Leighton , Alexander H. ; Hughes , Charles C. ( Winter 1955 ) . `` Notes on Eskimo Patterns of Suicide '' . Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 11 ( 4 ) : 327 -- 38 . JSTOR 3628908 . Jump up ^ Eskimos and Explorers , 2d ed. , by Wendell H. Oswalt ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` What is Traditional Knowledge ? '' . Alaska Native Science Commission . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Kawagley , Angayuqaq ( 1995 ) . A Yupiaq World View . Waveland Press Inc . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 859 - 1 . Jump up ^ Burch , Ernest S ( 1988 ) . The Eskimos . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2126 - 2 . Given the importance that Eskimos attached to the aged , it is surprising that so many Westerners believe that they systematically eliminated elderly people as soon as they became incapable of performing the duties related to hunting or sewing . Jump up ^ Leenaars , Antoon A. ; Michael J. Kral ; Ronald J. Dyck ( 1998 ) . Suicide in Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7791 - 9 . Jump up ^ Boas , Franz ( 1964 , p. 207 ) Jump up ^ Leenaars , Antoon A. ; Michael J. Kral ; Ronald J. Dyck ( 1998 ) . Suicide in Canada . University of Toronto Press . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7791 - 9 . Jump up ^ Inuit Women : Their Powerful Spirit in a Century of Change By Janet Mancini Billson Jump up ^ Bower , Bruce ( 1994 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Female infanticide : northern exposure -- Intuit may have killed one out of every five female babies between 1880 and 1940 '' . Findarticles.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Balikci , Asen ( 1970 ) . The Netsilik Eskimo . Garden City , N.Y : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 05766 - 0 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Milton M.R. ( October 1971 ) . `` A Social and Ecologic Analysis of Systematic Female Infanticide among the Netsilik Eskimo '' . American Anthropologist. 73 ( 5 ) : 1011 -- 8 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1971.73. 5.02 a00020 . JSTOR 672815 . Jump up ^ Riches , David . ( October 1974 ) . `` The Netsilik Eskimo : A Special Case of Selective Female Infanticide '' . Ethnology. 13 ( 4 ) : 351 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 3773051 . JSTOR 3773051 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Kikkik '' . Nunatsiaq.com. 2002 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Kikkik , When Justice Was Done '' . Mysteriesofcanada.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hund , Andrew ( 2010 ) . Inuit . The Edwin Mellen Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7734 - 1402 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hess , Bill ( 2003 ) . Gift of the Whale : The Inupiat Bowhead Hunt , A Sacred Tradition . Sasquatch Books . ISBN 1 - 57061 - 382 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Barrow Visitors Guide 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Touch Alaska . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dear Young Girl '' . Jump up ^ Information from `` Inuit : Glimpses of an Arctic Past '' by Morrison and Germain Jump up ^ Dr. Kevin Patterson , `` Out in the cold , '' The ( Toronto ) Globe and Mail , 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tirigusuusiit , Piqujait and Maligait : Inuit Perspectives on Traditional Law '' . Nunavut Arctic College . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tirigusuusiit and Maligait '' . Listening to our past . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Eileen , Travers ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . `` When Survival Means Preserving Oral Traditions '' . voices-unabridged.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Aurora borealis observation journal of Sir George Back '' . Mccord-museum.qc.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Canadian Association of Aboriginal Entrepreneurship '' . Aurora-inn.mb.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ First Nations , Inuit , and Métis peoples : exploring their past , present , and future . Books.google.ca. 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55239 - 167 - 9 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Canada ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Northwest Territories ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Aboriginal Population Profile ( Nunavut ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 15 , 2008 . 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'' Archived March 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Inuit Circumpolar Council ( Canada ) . Retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ See : Arctic Council Jump up ^ Nuuk Declaration Archived October 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Inuvialuit Final Agreement '' . Irc.inuvialuit.com. 1984 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Aboriginal identity population in 2001 '' . 2.statcan.ca. 2003 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hessel , p. 20 Jump up ^ Hessel , pg. 11 Jump up ^ `` Biography of the Honourable Leona Aglukkaq '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ iletaitunefoislecinema.com ( French ) Google translation : by Samir Ardjoum , `` Interview with Jean - Michel Huctin , co-author of Tour Inuk '' . Retrieved 01 - 20 - 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Northern resident helps bridge the gap between cultures '' . Thefreelibrary.com. 1999 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ CBC Arts ( 2006 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Cape Dorset named most ' artistic ' municipality '' . Cbc.ca . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Penney , Christopher ; Senecal S ; Guimond E ; Bobet E ; Uppal S. ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Suicide in Inuit Nunaat : An analysis of suicide rates and the effect of Community - level factors '' ( PDF ) . Position paper for the 5th NRF open assembly . INAC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Short - sightedness may be tied to refined diet '' . Newscientist.com. 5 April 2002 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Morgan RW , Speakman JS , Grimshaw SE ( March 1975 ) . `` Inuit myopia : an environmentally induced `` epidemic '' ? `` . Can Med Assoc J. 112 ( 5 ) : 575 -- 7 . PMC 1956268 . PMID 1116086 . Jump up ^ Bernard Gilmartin ; Mark Rosenfield ( 1998 ) . Myopia and nearwork . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3784 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of Canadian Aboriginals Alia , Valerie ( 2009 ) . Names and Nunavut : Culture and Identity in Arctic Canada . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 165 - 3 . Billson , Janet Mancini ; Kyra Mancini ( 2007 ) . Inuit women : their powerful spirit in a century of change . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3596 - 1 . Briggs , Jean L. ( 1971 ) . Never in Anger : Portrait of an Eskimo Family . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 60828 - 3 . Forman , Werner ; Burch , Ernest S. ( 1988 ) . The Eskimos . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2126 - 2 . CBC . History of the Thule Migration , The Nature of Things , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Informational webpage related to the TV documentary , Inuit Odyssey , shown below in the External links section . Crandall , Richard C ( 2000 ) . Inuit Art : A History . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0711 - 5 . De Poncins , Gontran . Kabloona . St. Paul , MN : Graywolf Press , 1996 ( originally 1941 ) . ISBN 1 - 55597 - 249 - 7 Eber , Dorothy ( 1997 ) . Images of Justice : A Legal History of the Northwest Territories and Yellowknife . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1675 - 1 . Eber , Dorothy ( 2008 ) . Encounters on the Passage : Inuit meet the explorers . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 8798 - 1 . Hauser , Michael ; Erik Holtved ; Bent Jensen ( 2010 ) . Traditional Inuit songs from the Thule area , Volume 2 . Museum Tusculanum Press . ISBN 978 - 87 - 635 - 2589 - 3 . Hessell , Ingo ( 2006 ) . Arctic Spirit : The Albrecht Collection of Inuit Art at the Heard Museum . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . ISBN 1 - 55365 - 189 - 8 . Hund , Andrew ( 2012 ) . Inuit . SAGE Publications , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1412992619 . Kulchyski , Peter Keith ; Frank J. Tester ( 2007 ) . Kiumajut ( talking back ) : game management and Inuit rights , 1900 -- 70 . UBC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1241 - 2 . King , J.C. H ; Birgit Pauksztat ; Robert Storrie ( 2005 ) . Arctic clothing of North America -- Alaska , Canada , Greenland . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 3008 - 8 . McGrath , Melanie ( 2007 ) . The long exile : a tale of Inuit betrayal and survival in the high Arctic . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4047 - 7 . Paver , Michelle ( 2008 ) . Chronicles of Ancient Darkness Omnibus Edition ( Volume 1 , 2 , and 3 ) . London : Orion . ISBN 1 - 84255 - 705 - X . Ruesch , Hans ( 1986 ) . Top of the World . New York : Pocket . ISBN 950 - 637 - 164 - 4 . ( Hebrew version ) Sowa , F. 2014 . Inuit. in : Hund , A. Antarctica and the Arctic Circle : A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth 's Polar Regions . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , pp. 390 -- 395 . Stern , Pamela R ; Lisa Stevenson ( 2006 ) . Critical Inuit studies : an anthology of contemporary Arctic ethnography . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4303 - 0 . Steckley , John ( 2008 ) . White Lies about the Inuit . Broadview Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 875 - 8 . Stern , Pamela R ( 2004 ) . Historical dictionary of the Inuit . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5058 - 3 . Walk , Ansgar. ( 1999 ) . Kenojuak : the life story of an Inuit artist . Manotick , Ontario : Penumbra Press . ISBN 0 - 921254 - 95 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Inuit . National Inuit Organization in Canada Inuit at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Inuktitut Living Dictionary Inuit Odyssey , produced by The Nature of Things and first broadcast 29 June 2009 on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation network . This is a documentary on the Thule people , the ancestors of the Inuit , and their eastward migration across the Arctic to Greenland . The webpage contains a link to view the documentary online here ( length : 44 : 03 ; may not be viewable online outside of Canada ) . Note : Nature of Things episodes are also viewable on iTunes . 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5830949394841516568	Mace Windu	Mace Windu - wikipedia Mace Windu Jump to : navigation , search `` Windu '' redirects here . For the cycle of 8 lunar years , see Javanese calendar . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mace Windu Star Wars character Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu . First appearance The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Last appearance The Clone Wars : Legacy -- `` Dark Disciple '' ( 2016 , novel ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson Voiced by Terrence C. Carson ( most media ) Samuel L. Jackson ( The Clone Wars ) Kevin Michael Richardson ( Jedi Power Battles , Obi - Wan and Jedi Starfighter ) Donald Glover ( Robot Chicken ) Adrian Holmes ( The Yoda Chronicles and Droid Tales ) Information Gender Male Occupation Jedi Master , Jedi Council Member , High Jedi General , Master of the High Council Affiliation Galactic Republic Homeworld Haruun Kal Mace Windu is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed by actor Samuel L. Jackson in the prequel films and voiced by voice - actor Terrence C. Carson in other projects . He appears as Master of the Jedi High Council and one of the last members of the order 's upper echelons before the Galactic Republic 's fall . He is the Council 's primary liaison , although the Clone Wars caused him to question his most firmly held beliefs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character conception and overview 2 Appearances 2.1 Film 2.2 Animated series 2.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) 2.3 Legends 2.3. 1 Clone Wars ( 2003 ) 2.3. 2 Novels and comics 3 Merchandising 4 Reception 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links Character conception and overview ( edit ) Several early incarnations of the character have been developed in the original Star Wars drafts as the narrator , Princess Leia 's brother and Luke Skywalker 's friend . Through the process of redrafting and copyediting , his character was removed from the original trilogy ( Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back , and Return of the Jedi ) but was reintroduced in 1994 when series creator George Lucas began writing the prequel trilogy . According to an interview on the Late Show with David Letterman on May 13 , 2005 , the character 's purple lightsaber was a personal request from Jackson to Lucas as a quid pro quo for appearing in the films , as well as a way of making the character unique and easily distinguishable . As the prequel trilogy would call for Windu 's death , one of Jackson 's conditions for portraying the character was that Windu be given a spectacular death scene rather than be killed off ingloriously . Appearances ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Introduced in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Windu appears as the Master of the Jedi High Council . The maverick Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn comes before the Council and offers to train Anakin Skywalker , believing that the boy is the Chosen One of Jedi prophecy , but Windu and the other Council members refuse , deeming Anakin too old and dangerously full of fear and anger . After the corrupt Trade Federation is defeated and Obi - Wan Kenobi apparently slays Darth Maul , who also kills Qui - Gon Jinn , Windu realizes that the Sith have returned , and he and the Council reluctantly allow Obi - Wan to train Anakin in Qui - Gon 's stead . In Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , Windu initially refuses to believe that the assassination attempt on Padme Amidala on Coruscant was authorized by former Jedi master Count Dooku . Having learned of Obi - Wan 's whereabouts on Geonosis , Windu arrives to save Obi - Wan , Padme and Anakin from their death sentence in the stadium and kills the bounty hunter Jango Fett . With his fellow Jedi and the clone army for the Galactic Republic attacking the planet , Dooku flees . At the end of the film , Windu resolves to keep a closer eye on the increasingly corrupt Galactic Senate . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Windu and the other members of the Jedi Council are concerned that Palpatine may not relinquish his emergency powers when the Clone Wars end . Their suspicions only grow when the Senate grants Palpatine a vote on the Jedi Council by appointing Anakin a personal representative . While they grant him a seat , the Council denies Anakin the rank of Jedi Master , and orders him to spy on Palpatine , causing Anakin 's faith in the Jedi to diminish significantly . After Obi - Wan kills General Grievous , Anakin informs Windu of Palpatine 's true identity as the Sith Lord Darth Sidious . Acting swiftly on this revelation , Windu and three other Jedi Masters attempt to arrest him , but Palpatine mercilessly kills Windu 's companions and fights the Jedi Master . Windu subdues Palpatine by knocking away his lightsaber and deflecting the Sith Lord 's Force lightning back into his face just as Anakin arrives , causing Palpatine 's face to become disfigured as it was in the original trilogy . Ignoring Anakin 's objections not to kill Palpatine , Windu tells him that Palpatine has control of both the Senate and the courts , and that he is too dangerous to be left alive . However , Anakin intervenes on Palpatine 's behalf , severing Windu 's lightsaber hand and leaving him helpless . Palpatine then uses his Force lightning to send Windu plummeting to his death . In his fourth film appearance ; in the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars , Mace Windu has a supporting role . During the early development of Star Wars : Episode VII - The Force Awakens , Jackson expressed interest to reprise his role as Windu as a Force ghost , due the fact that Windu was killed at the end of the prequel trilogy . Animated series ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith ) , Mace Windu has a supporting role . Legends ( edit ) In April 2014 , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise . Windu appears extensively in the Star Wars Legends of novels and comic books . Clone Wars ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Mace Windu is a supporting character in Genndy Tartakovsky 's Star Wars : Clone Wars micro-series , which is set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . The character 's likeness in the series is based on that in The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones . In the first chapters , he defends the grasslands planet Dantooine against a large hovering `` fortress '' , and over the course , he loses his lightsaber , forcing him to instead use a lethal form of unarmed combat powered by the Force . In final chapters , he and fellow Jedi Master Yoda help defend the planet Coruscant from an attack by General Grievous . In the midst of the battle , he realizes that the attack is a ruse to distract the Jedi from Grievous 's true objective : to `` kidnap '' Palpatine . Despite being too late to save the Supreme Chancellor , the Jedi Master uses the Force to crush Grievous 's chest , inflicting upon the cyborg general a wheezing , asthmatic cough , setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith . Novels and comics ( edit ) Windu is the central character of Matthew Stover 's novel Shatterpoint , in which he is called to his home planet of Haruun Kal to defeat his former apprentice Depa Billaba who has turned to the dark side of the Force . The novel establishes that Windu has the unique talent of seeing `` shatterpoints '' , or faultlines in the Force that could affect the destinies of certain individuals and indeed the galaxy itself . Mace 's `` shatterpoint '' ability also enables him to see people 's weaknesses , allowing him to exploit their flaws and defeat them . It also explains that Windu is the creator and sole master of a style of lightsaber combat called Vaapad ( Form VII ) , in which the user skirts dangerously close to the dark side -- without giving into it -- by actually enjoying the fight and the thrill of victory . All others who attempted to master the form either gave in to the dark side or were unable to properly master the technique . Stover also referenced these abilities in his Revenge of the Sith novelization . It was said that without his unique style only Yoda and Dooku could match him . However , with the use of Vaapad he was the greatest swordsman of his time , able to defeat Darth Sidious in lightsaber combat which even Yoda could not achieve . He was also able to overwhelm Dooku in lightsaber combat during the battle of Boz Pity which took place between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith . Besides Shatterpoint , Windu has appeared in other Expanded Universe novels , such as Cloak of Deception , Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter , Rogue Planet , Outbound Flight , The Cestus Deception , Jedi Trial , Yoda : Dark Rendezvous and Labyrinth of Evil . Merchandising ( edit ) A Mace Windu action figure was added to the Star Wars Transformers toy line in 2006 . It was a remold of the toy first used for Obi - Wan Kenobi . He becomes an Eta - 2 Actis - class light interceptor starfighter with Astromech droid R4 - M6 . Reception ( edit ) IGN reported Mace Windu as the 27th top Star Wars character , stating that he is an important component of the series . Further reading ( edit ) Star Wars portal Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Novelization - Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 Shatterpoint ( novel ) , 1st edition , 2003 . Matthew Woodring Stover , ISBN 0 - 345 - 45573 - 8 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars : Attack of the Clones : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 2002 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 8588 - 5 Revised Core Rulebook ( Star Wars Roleplaying Game ) , 1st edition , 2002 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , J.D. Wiker , Steve Sansweet , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2876 - X Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Power of the Jedi Sourcebook , hardcover , 2002 . Michael Mikaelian , Jeff Grubb , Owen K.C. Stephens , James Maliszewski , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 2781 - X Star Wars Galaxy Guide 7 : Mos Eisley , softcover , 1993 . Martin Wixted , ISBN 0 - 87431 - 187 - X References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Complete Star Wars Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ James Whitlark , Ph. D. `` Stage Eight in The Star Wars and Harry Potter Series ? '' . whitlarks.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film Jump up ^ `` Samuel L. Jackson '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 1999 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2002 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ `` Mace Windu '' . StarWars.com . LucasFilm . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode III : Attack of the Clones ( DVD , 20th Century Fox , 2005 ) , disc 1 . Jump up ^ `` Samuel L. Jackson Wants To Play Mace Windu For Star Wars : Episode VII '' . 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Mace Windu in the StarWars.com Databank Mace Windu on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars characters List of The Clone Wars characters List of Rebels characters List of Legends characters Characters Canon Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn Saw Gerrera Greedo General Grievous Jabba the Hutt General Hux Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Obi - Wan Kenobi Orson Krennic Princess Leia Darth Maul Nien Nunb Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Darth Vader Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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5368985369329176374	Lent	Lent - wikipedia Lent Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Lent in Western Christianity . For Lent in Eastern Christianity , see Great Lent . For other uses , see Lent ( disambiguation ) . Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles ' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah , Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church Lent ( Latin : Quadragesima : Fortieth ) is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later , before Easter Sunday . The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer for Easter through prayer , doing penance , mortifying the flesh , repentance of sins , almsgiving , and self - denial . This event is observed in the Anglican , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Lutheran , Methodist , and Catholic Churches . Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season . Its institutional purpose is heightened in the annual commemoration of Holy Week , marking the death , burial , and resurrection of Jesus , which recalls the tradition and events of the New Testament beginning on Palm Sunday , further climaxing on Jesus ' crucifixion on Good Friday , which ultimately culminates in the joyful celebration on Easter Sunday of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . In Lent , many Christians commit to fasting , as well as giving up certain luxuries in order to replicate the sacrifice of Jesus Christ 's journey into the desert for 40 days . Many Christians also add a Lenten spiritual discipline , such as reading a daily devotional or praying through a Lenten calendar , to draw themselves near to God . The Stations of the Cross , a devotional commemoration of Christ 's carrying the Cross and of his execution , are often observed . Many Roman Catholic and some Protestant churches remove flowers from their altars , while crucifixes , religious statues , and other elaborate religious symbols are often veiled in violet fabrics in solemn observance of the event . Throughout Christendom , some adherents mark the season with the traditional abstention from the consumption of meat , most notably among Lutherans , Roman Catholics and Anglicans . Lent is traditionally described as lasting for 40 days , in commemoration of the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert , according to the Gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke , before beginning his public ministry , during which he endured temptation by Satan . Holy Week and the season of Lent , depending on the Christian denomination and local custom , end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday , on the morning of Easter Sunday , or at the midnight between them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Duration and traditions 2.1 Roman Catholicism 2.2 Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy 2.3 Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite 2.4 Oriental Orthodoxy 3 Other related fasting periods 4 Associated customs 5 Omission of Gloria and Alleluia 6 Veiling of religious images 7 Pre-Lenten festivals 8 Fasting and abstinence 9 Media coverage 10 Holy days within the season of Lent 10.1 Easter Triduum 11 Vestments 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) Lent celebrants carrying out a street procession during Holy Week , in Granada , Nicaragua . The violet color is often associated with penance and detachment . Similar Christian penitential practice is seen in other Christian countries , sometimes associated with mortification of the flesh . The English word Lent is a shortened form of the Old English word len ( c ) ten , meaning `` spring season '' , as its Dutch language cognate lente ( Old Dutch lentin ) still does today . A dated term in German , lenz ( Old High German lenzo ) , is also related . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , ' the shorter form ( ? Old Germanic type * laŋgito - , * laŋgiton - ) seems to be a derivative of * laŋgo - long ... and may possibly have reference to the lengthening of the days as characterizing the season of spring ' . The origin of the - en element is less clear : it may simply be a suffix , or lencten may originally have been a compound of * laŋgo - ' long ' and an otherwise little attested word * - tino , meaning ' day ' . In languages spoken where Christianity was earlier established , such as Greek and Latin , the term signifies the period dating from the 40th day before Easter . In modern Greek the term is Σαρακοστή , derived from the earlier Τεσσαρακοστή , meaning `` fortieth '' . The corresponding word in Latin , quadragesima ( `` fortieth '' ) , is the origin of the term used in Latin - derived languages and in some others : for example , Croatian korizma , French carême , Irish carghas , Italian quaresima , Portuguese quaresma , Albanian kreshma , Romanian păresimi , Spanish cuaresma , Basque garizuma and Welsh c ( a ) rawys . In other languages , the name used refers to the activity associated with the season . Thus it is called `` fasting period '' in Czech ( postní doba ) , German ( Fastenzeit ) , and Norwegian ( fasten / fastetid ) , and it is called `` great fast '' in Polish ( wielki post ) and Russian ( великий пост -- veliki post ) . The terms used in Filipino are kuwaresma ( from the Spanish ) and Mahál na Araw ( `` precious / great days '' ) ; the latter term is also used specifically for Holy Week . Duration and traditions ( edit ) Various Christian denominations calculate the 40 days of Lent differently . The way they observe Lent also differs . Roman catholicism ( edit ) In the Roman Rite Lent starts on Ash Wednesday and finishes on Holy Saturday . This comprises a period of 46 days . This includes 6 Sundays which are not considered part of Lent because Sundays are days of celebration for Catholics . In the Ambrosian Rite , Lent begins on the Sunday that follows what is celebrated as Ash Wednesday in the rest of the Latin Catholic Church , and ends as in the Roman Rite , thus being of 40 days , counting the Sundays but not Holy Thursday . The day for beginning the Lenten fast is the following Monday , the first weekday in Lent . The special Ash Wednesday fast is transferred to the first Friday of the Ambrosian Lent . Until this rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive , celebrated in white vestments with chanting of the Gloria in Excelsis and Alleluia , in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6 : 16 , `` When you fast , do not look gloomy '' . The period of Lent observed in the Eastern Catholic Churches corresponds to that in other churches of Eastern Christianity that have similar traditions . Protestantism and Western Orthodoxy ( edit ) In Protestant and Western Orthodox Churches , the season of Lent lasts from Ash Wednesday to Holy Saturday . This calculation makes Lent last 46 days , if the 6 Sundays are included , but only 40 , if they are excluded , This definition is still that of the Anglican Church , Lutheran Church , Methodist Church , and Western Rite Orthodox Church . Eastern Orthodoxy and Byzantine Rite ( edit ) Main article : Great Lent In the Byzantine Rite , i.e. , the Eastern Orthodox Great Lent ( Greek : Μεγάλη Τεσσαρακοστή or Μεγάλη Νηστεία , meaning `` Great 40 Days '' and `` Great Fast '' respectively ) is the most important fasting season in the church year . The 40 days of Great Lent includes Sundays , and begins on Clean Monday and are immediately followed by what are considered distinct periods of fasting , Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday , which in turn are followed straightway by Holy Week . Great Lent is broken only after the Paschal ( Easter ) Divine Liturgy . The Eastern Orthodox Church maintains the traditional Church 's teaching on fasting . The rules for lenten fasting are the monastic rules . Fasting in the Orthodox Church is more than simply abstaining from certain foods . During the Great Lent Orthodox Faithful intensify their prayers and spiritual exercises , go to church services more often , study the Scriptures and the works of the Church Fathers in depth , limit their entertainment and spendings and focus on charity and good works . Oriental Orthodoxy ( edit ) Among the Oriental Orthodox , there are various local traditions regarding Lent . Those using the Alexandrian Rite , i.e. , the Coptic Orthodox , Coptic Catholic , Ethiopian Orthodox , Ethiopian Catholic , Eritrean Orthodox , and Eritrean Catholic Churches , observe eight weeks of Lent . In Ethiopian Orthodoxy , fasting ( tsome ) lasts for 55 continuous days before Easter ( Fasika ) , although the fast is divided into three separate periods : Tsome Hirkal , eight days commemorating an early Christian figure ; Tsome Arba , 40 days of Lent ; and Tsome Himamat , seven days commemorating Holy Week . Fasting involves abstention from animal products ( meat , dairy , and eggs ) , and refraining from eating or drinking before 3 : 00 pm . Ethiopian devotees may also abstain from sexual activity and the consumption of alcohol . As in the Eastern Orthodox Churches , the date of Easter is reckoned according to the Julian Calendar , and usually occurs later than Easter according to Gregorian Calendar used by Catholic and Protestant Churches . Other related fasting periods ( edit ) The season of Lent begins on Ash Wednesday , most notably by the public imposition of ashes . In this photograph , a woman receives a cross of ashes on Ash Wednesday outside an Anglican church . A Lutheran pastor distributes ashes during the Divine Service on Ash Wednesday . The number 40 has many Biblical references : Moses spent 40 days on Mount Sinai with God ( Exodus 24 : 18 ) Elijah spent 40 days and nights walking to Mount Horeb ( 1 Kings 19 : 8 ) God sent 40 days and nights of rain in the great flood of Noah ( Genesis 7 : 4 ) The Hebrew people wandered 40 years in the desert while traveling to the Promised Land ( Numbers 14 : 33 ) Jonah 's prophecy of judgment gave 40 days to the city of Nineveh in which to repent or be destroyed ( Jonah 3 : 4 ) . Jesus retreated into the wilderness , where He fasted for 40 days , and was tempted by the devil ( Matthew 4 : 1 -- 2 , Mark 1 : 12 -- 13 , Luke 4 : 1 -- 2 ) . He overcame all three of Satan 's temptations by citing scripture to the devil , at which point the devil left him , angels ministered to Jesus , and He began His ministry . Jesus further said that His disciples should fast `` when the bridegroom shall be taken from them '' ( Matthew 9 : 15 ) , a reference to his Passion . Since , presumably , the Apostles fasted as they mourned the death of Jesus , Christians have traditionally fasted during the annual commemoration of his burial . It is the traditional belief that Jesus laid for 40 hours in the tomb , which led to the 40 hours of total fasting that preceded the Easter celebration in the early Church ( the biblical reference to ' three days in the tomb ' is understood by them as spanning three days , from Friday afternoon to early Sunday morning , rather than three 24 - hour periods of time ) . Some Christian denominations , such as The Way International and Logos Apostolic Church of God , as well as Anglican scholar E.W. Bullinger in The Companion Bible , believe Christ was in the grave for a total of 72 hours , reflecting the type of Jonah in the belly of the whale . One of the most important ceremonies at Easter is the baptism of the initiates on Easter Eve . The fast was initially undertaken by the catechumens to prepare them for the reception of this sacrament . Later , the period of fasting from Good Friday until Easter Day was extended to six days , to correspond with the six weeks of training necessary to give the final instruction to those converts who were to be baptized . Converts to Christianity followed a strict catechumenate or period of instruction and discipline prior to receiving the sacrament of baptism , sometimes lasting up to three years . In Jerusalem near the close of the fourth century , classes were held throughout Lent for three hours each day . With the legalization of Christianity ( by the Edict of Milan ) and its later imposition as the state religion of the Roman Empire , its character was endangered by the great influx of new members . In response , the Lenten fast and practices of self - renunciation were required annually of all Christians , both to show solidarity with the catechumens , and for their own spiritual benefit . Associated customs ( edit ) Statues and icons veiled in violet shrouds for Passiontide in St Pancras Church , Ipswich , England There are traditionally 40 days in Lent ; these are marked by fasting , both from foods and festivities , and by other acts of penance . The three traditional practices to be taken up with renewed vigour during Lent are prayer ( justice towards God ) , fasting ( justice towards self ) , and almsgiving ( justice towards neighbours ) . However , in modern times , observers give up partaking in vices and often invest the time or money saved in charitable purposes or organizations . In addition , some believers add a regular spiritual discipline , to bring them closer to God , such as reading a Lenten daily devotional . Another practice commonly added is the singing of the Stabat Mater hymn in designated groups . Among Filipino Catholics , the recitation of Jesus Christ ' passion , called Pasiong Mahal , is also observed . In some Christian countries , grand religious processions and cultural customs are observed , and the faithful attempt to visit seven churches during Holy Week in honor of Jesus Christ heading to Mount Calvary . In many liturgical Christian denominations , Good Friday , Holy Saturday , and Easter Sunday form the Easter Triduum . Lent is a season of grief that necessarily ends with a great celebration of Easter . Thus , it is known in Eastern Orthodox circles as the season of `` Bright Sadness '' . It is a season of sorrowful reflection which is punctuated by breaks in the fast on Sundays . Omission of Gloria and Alleluia ( edit ) The Gloria in excelsis Deo , which is usually said or sung on Sundays at Mass of the Roman Rite and Anglican rite , is omitted on the Sundays of Lent , but continues in use on solemnities and feasts and on special celebrations of a more solemn kind . Some mass compositions were written especially for Lent , such as Michael Haydn 's Missa tempore Quadragesimae , without Gloria , in D minor , and for modest forces , only choir and organ . The Gloria is used on Maundy Thursday , to the accompaniment of bells , which then fall silent until the Gloria in excelsis of the Easter Vigil . The Lutheran Divine Service , the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , and the Presbyterian service of worship associate the Alleluia with joy and omits it entirely throughout Lent , not only at Mass but also in the canonical hours as well as outside the liturgy . Before 1970 , the omission began with Septuagesima . The word `` Alleluia '' at the beginning and end of the Acclamation Before the Gospel at Mass is replaced by another phrase . Before 1970 , the whole Acclamation was omitted and was replaced by a Tract . Again , before 1970 , the word `` Alleluia '' normally added to the Gloria Patri at the beginning of each Hour of the Liturgy of the Hours was replaced by the phrase Laus tibi , Domine , rex aeternae gloriae ( Praise to you , O Lord , king of eternal glory ) . Now it is simply omitted . Until the Ambrosian Rite was revised by Saint Charles Borromeo the liturgy of the First Sunday of Lent was festive , celebrated with chanting of the Gloria and Alleluia , in line with the recommendation in Matthew 6 : 16 , `` When you fast , do not look gloomy '' . In the Byzantine Rite , the Gloria ( Great Doxology ) continues to be used in its normal place in the Matins service , and the Alleluia appears all the more frequently , replacing `` God is the Lord '' at Matins . Veiling of religious images ( edit ) A United Methodist minister prostrates at the start of the Good Friday liturgy at Holy Family Church , in accordance with the rubrics in the Book of Worship . The processional cross is veiled in black , the liturgical colour associated with Good Friday in Methodist Churches . A crucifix on the high altar is veiled for Lent . Saint Martin 's parish , Württemberg , Germany In certain pious Christian states , in which liturgical forms of Christianity predominate , religious objects were traditionally veiled for the entire 40 days of Lent . Though perhaps uncommon in the United States of America , this pious practice is consistently observed in Goa , Malta , Peru , the Philippines ( the latter only for the entire duration of Holy Week , with the exception of processional images ) , and in the Spanish cities : Barcelona , Málaga , and Seville . In Ireland , before Vatican II , when impoverished rural Catholic convents and parishes could not afford purple fabrics , they resorted to either removing the statues altogether or , if too heavy or bothersome , turned the statues to face the wall . As is popular custom , the 14 Stations of the Cross plaques on the walls are not veiled . Crucifixes made before the time of Saint Francis of Assisi did not have a corpus ( body of Christ ) and therefore were adorned with jewels and gemstones , which was referred to as Crux Gemmatae . To keep the faithful from adoring the crucifixes elaborated with ornamentation , veiling it in royal purple fabrics came into place . The violet colour later evolved as a color of penance and mourning . Further liturgical changes in modernity reduced such observances to the last week of Passiontide . In parishes that could afford only small quantities of violet fabrics , only the heads of the statues were veiled . If no violet fabrics could be afforded at all , then the religious statues and images were turned around facing the wall . Flowers were always removed as a sign of solemn mourning . In the pre-1992 Methodist liturgy and pre-1970 forms of the Roman Rite , the last two weeks of Lent are known as Passiontide , a period beginning on the Fifth Sunday in Lent , which in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal is called the First Sunday in Passiontide and in earlier editions Passion Sunday . All statues ( and in England paintings as well ) in the church were traditionally veiled in violet . This was seen as in keeping with the Gospel of that Sunday ( John 8 : 46 -- 59 ) , in which Jesus `` hid himself '' from the people . Within many churches in the United States of America , after the Second Vatican Council , the need to veil statues or crosses became increasingly irrelevant and was deemed unnecessary by some diocesan bishops . As a result , the veils were removed at the singing of the Gloria in Excelsis Deo during the Easter Vigil . In 1970 , the name `` Passiontide '' was dropped , although the last two weeks are markedly different from the rest of the season , and continuance of the tradition of veiling images is left to the discretion of a country 's conference of bishops or even to individual parishes as pastors may wish . On Good Friday , the Anglican , Lutheran , and Methodist churches traditionally veiled `` all pictures , statutes , and the cross are covered in mourning black '' , while `` the chancel and altar coverings are replaced with black , and altar candles are extinguished '' . The fabrics are then `` replaced with white on sunrise on Easter Sunday '' . Pre-Lenten Festivals ( edit ) Main article : Shrovetide Further information : Carnival , Mardi Gras , Swabian - Alemannic - Fastnacht , Maslenitsa , Pancake Day , and Baklahorani The carnival celebrations which in many cultures traditionally precede Lent are seen as a last opportunity for excess before Lent begins . Some of the most famous are the Carnival of Barranquilla , the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , the Carnival of Venice , Cologne Carnival , the New Orleans Mardi Gras , the Rio de Janeiro carnival , and the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival . The day immediately preceding Lent is variously called Mardi Gras ( `` Fat Tuesday '' ) , Pancake Tuesday , or Shrove Tuesday . Sometimes , it is the peak of the pre-Lenten festival , while sometimes it is largely occupied with preparations for Lent . The observances vary from culture to culture , and even from town to town . Originally , in Lebanon and Syria , the last Thursday preceding Lent was called `` Khamis el zakara '' . For Catholics , it was meant to be a day of remembrance of the dead ones . However , zakara ( which means `` remembrance '' , in Arabic ) was gradually replaced by sakara ( meaning `` getting drunk '' in Arabic ) , and so the occasion came to be known as Khamis el sakara , wherein celebrants indulge themselves with alcoholic beverages . Fasting and abstinence ( edit ) Jesus Tempted in the Wilderness ( Jésus tenté dans le désert ) , James Tissot , Brooklyn Museum Further information : Christian dietary laws Fasting during Lent was more prominent in ancient times than today . Socrates Scholasticus reports that in some places , all animal products were strictly forbidden , while various others permitted fish , or fish and fowl , others prohibited fruit and eggs , and still others permitted only bread . In many places , the observant abstained from food for a whole day until the evening , and at sunset , Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast , which was often known as the Black Fast . In India and Pakistan , many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent . For other Latin Catholics , by the early 20th century the theoretical obligation of the penitential fast throughout Lent except on Sundays was to take only one full meal a day . In addition , a smaller meal , called a collation , was allowed in the evening , and a cup of some beverage , accompanied by a little bread , in the morning . In practice , this obligation , which was a matter of custom rather than of written law , was not observed strictly . The 1917 Code of Canon Law allowed the full meal on a fasting day to be taken at any hour and to be supplemented by two collations , with the quantity and the quality of the food to be determined by local custom . The Lenten fast ended on Holy Saturday at noon . Only those aged 21 to 59 were obliged to fast . As with all merely ecclesiastical laws , particular difficulties , such as strenuous work or illness , excused one from observance , and a dispensation from the law could be granted by a bishop or parish priest . In addition to fasting , abstinence from meat was to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on Fridays and Saturdays in Lent . A rule of thumb is that the two collations should not add up to the equivalent of another full meal . Rather portions were to be : `` sufficient to sustain strength , but not sufficient to satisfy hunger '' . The apostolic constitution Paenitemini of 17 February 1966 reduced the fasting days to two : Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , and allowed episcopal conferences to `` substitute abstinence and fast wholly or in part with other forms of penitence and especially works of charity and the exercises of piety '' . This was made part of the 1983 Code of Canon Law , which made obligatory fasting for those aged between 18 and 59 , and abstinence for those aged 14 and upward . The Irish Catholic Bishops ' Conference decided to allow other forms of Friday penance to replace that of abstinence from meat , whether in Lent or outside Lent , suggesting alternatives such as abstaining from some other food , or from alcohol or smoking ; making a special effort at participating in family prayer or in Mass ; making the Stations of the Cross ; or helping the poor , sick , old , or lonely . The Catholic Bishops ' Conference of England and Wales made a similar ruling in 1985 but decided in 2011 to restore the traditional year - round Friday abstinence from meat . The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has maintained the rule of abstention from meat on Friday only during Lent . Many Lutheran Churches advocate fasting during designated times such as Lent , especially on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent delineates the following Lutheran fasting guidelines : Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day , usually without meat . Refrain from eating meat ( bloody foods ) on all Fridays in Lent , substituting fish for example . Eliminate a food or food group for the entire season . Especially consider saving rich and fatty foods for Easter . Consider not eating before receiving Communion in Lent . Abstain from or limit a favorite activity ( television , movies , etc . ) for the entire season , and spend more time in prayer , Bible study , and reading devotional material . The historic Methodist homilies regarding the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast , which begins on Ash Wednesday . The United Methodist Church therefore states that : There is a strong biblical base for fasting , particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter . Jesus , as part of his spiritual preparation , went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights , according to the Gospels . Good Friday , which is towards the end of the Lenten season , is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for Methodists. Rev. Jacqui King , the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as `` I 'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal I 'm actually dining with God '' . Many of the Churches in the Reformed tradition retained the Lenten fast in its entirety . The Reformed Church in America describes the first day of Lent , Ash Wednesday , as a day `` focused on prayer , fasting , and repentance '' and considers fasting a focus of the whole Lenten season , as demonstated in the `` Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline '' , found in the Reformed liturgy for the Ash Wednesday service , which is read by the presider : We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ . I invite you , therefore , in the name of Christ , to observe a Holy Lent , by self - examination and penitence , by prayer and fasting , by practicing works of love , and by reading and reflecting on God 's Holy Word . Good Friday , which is towards the end of the Lenten season , is traditionally an important day of communal fasting for adherents of the Reformed faith . During the early Middle Ages , eggs , dairy products , and meat were generally forbidden . In favour of the traditional practice , observed both in East and West , Thomas Aquinas argued that `` they afford greater pleasure as food ( than fish ) , and greater nourishment to the human body , so that from their consumption there results a greater surplus available for seminal matter , which when abundant becomes a great incentive to lust . '' Aquinas also authorized the consumption of candy during Lent , because `` sugared spices '' ( such as comfits ) were , in his opinion , digestive aids on par with medicine rather than food . Jousting against Carnival is represented by a fat man on a beer barrel who wears a huge meat pie as headdress ; Lent is represented by a thin gaunt woman on a cart ( shown here ) bearing Lenten fare : mussels , pretzels , and waffles . Oil painting The Fight Between Carnival and Lent by Pieter Bruegel the Elder ( circa 1558 -- 1559 ) . In Spain , the bull of the Holy Crusade ( renewed periodically after 1492 ) allowed the consumption of dairy products and eggs during Lent in exchange for a contribution to the cause of the crusade . Giraldus Cambrensis , in his Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales , reports that `` in Germany and the arctic regions '' , `` great and religious persons '' eat the tail of beavers as `` fish '' because of its superficial resemblance to `` both the taste and colour of fish '' . The animal was very abundant in Wales at the time . In current Western societies the practice is considerably relaxed , though in the Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , and Eastern Catholic Churches , abstinence from all animal products including eggs , fish , fowl , and milk sourced from animals ( e.g. , cows and goats , as opposed to the milk of coconuts and soy beans ) is still commonly practiced , so that , where this is observed , only vegetarian ( or vegan ) meals are consumed for the whole of Lent , 45 days in the Byzantine Rite . In the Western Catholic Church , the obligation to fast no longer applies to all weekdays of Lent ( 40 days ) , but only to Ash Wednesday and Good Friday . In the tradition of this part of the Catholic Church , abstinence from eating some form of food ( generally meat , but not dairy or fish products ) is distinguished from fasting . Fasting involves having during the day only one proper meal with up to two `` collations '' , light meatless meals sufficient to maintain strength but not adding up to the equivalent of a full meal . In principle , abstinence is to be observed on Ash Wednesday and on every Friday of the year that is not a solemnity ( a liturgical feast day of the highest rank ) ; but in each country the episcopal conference can determine the form it is to take , perhaps replacing abstinence with other forms of penance . Present canonical legislation on these matters follows the 1966 Apostolic Constitution of Pope Paul VI , Paenitemini , in which he recommended that fasting be appropriate to the local economic situation and that all Catholics voluntarily fast and abstain . He also allowed replacing fasting and abstinence with prayer and works of charity in countries with a lower standard of living . The law of abstinence binds those age 14 or over , and that of fast binds those who are at least 18 years of age and not yet 60 . The sick and those who have special needs are excused , and dispensations can be granted by episcopal conferences or individual bishops , which can be wider outside of Lent . Even during Lent , the rule about solemnities holds , so that the obligation of Friday abstinence does not apply on 19 and 25 March when , as usually happens , the solemnities of Saint Joseph and the Annunciation are celebrated on those dates . The same applies to Saint Patrick 's Day , which is a solemnity in the whole of Ireland as well as in dioceses that have Saint Patrick as principal patron saint . In some other places , too , where there are strong Irish traditions within the Catholic community , a dispensation is granted for that day . In Hong Kong , where Ash Wednesday often coincides with Chinese New Year celebrations , a dispensation is then granted from the laws of fast and abstinence , and the faithful are exhorted to use some other form of penance . After the Protestant Reformation , in the Lutheran Church , `` Church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . '' In the Anglican Churches , the Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion , a companion to the Book of Common Prayer , states that fasting is `` usually meaning not more than a light breakfast , one full meal , and one half meal , on the forty days of Lent '' . It further states that `` the major Fast Days of Ash Wednesday and Good Friday , as the American Prayer - Book indicates , are stricter in obligation , though not in observance , than the other Fast Days , and therefore should not be neglected except in cases of serious illness or other necessity of an absolute character . '' In many Christian countries , religious processions during the season of Lent are often accompanied by a military escort both for security and parade . Ceuta , Spain Traditionally , on Sunday , and during the hours before sunrise and after sunset , some Churches , such as Episcopalians , allow `` breaks '' in their Lent promises . For Roman Catholics , the Lenten penitential season ends after the Easter Vigil Mass . Orthodox Christians also break their fast after the Paschal Vigil , a service which starts around 11 : 00 pm on Holy Saturday , and which includes the Paschal celebration of the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom . At the end of the service , the priest blesses cheese , eggs , flesh meats , and other items that the faithful have been abstaining from for the duration of Great Lent . Lenten traditions and liturgical practices are less common , less binding , and sometimes non-existent among some liberal and progressive Christians , since these generally do not emphasize piety and the mortification of the flesh as a significant virtue . A greater emphasis on anticipation of Easter Sunday is often encouraged more than the penitence of Lent or Holy Week . Some Christians as well as secular groups also interpret the Lenten fast in a positive tone , not as renunciation but as contributing to causes such as environmental stewardship and improvement of health . Even some atheists find value in the Christian tradition and observe Lent . Media coverage ( edit ) During Lent , BBC 's Radio Four normally broadcasts a series of programmes called the Lent Talks . These 15 - minute programmes are normally broadcast on a Wednesday and have featured various speakers , such as John Lennox . Holy days within the season of Lent ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Easter Triduum A Methodist minister distributing ashes to confirmands kneeling at the chancel rails on Ash Wednesday Church of the Holy Sepulchre , Old Jerusalem on Golgotha , Mount Calvary , where tradition claims Jesus was crucified and died There are several holy days within the season of Lent : Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent in Western Christianity , such as the Lutheran Churches , Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , Methodist Churches , Reformed traditions , etc . In the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite , there is no Ash Wednesday : Lent begins on the first Sunday and the fast begins on the first Monday . The Sundays in Lent carry Latin names in German Lutheranism , derived from the beginning of the Sunday 's introit . The first is called Invocabit , the second Reminiscere , the third Oculi , the fourth Laetare , the fifth Judica , the sixth Palm Sunday . The fourth Sunday in Lent , which marks the halfway point between Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday , is referred to as Laetare Sunday by Anglicans , Roman Catholics , and many other Christians , because of the traditional Entrance Antiphon of the Mass . Due to the more `` joyful '' character of the day ( since laetare in Latin means `` rejoice '' ) , the priest , deacon , and subdeacon have the option of wearing vestments of a rose colour ( pink ) instead of violet . Additionally , the fourth Lenten Sunday , Mothering Sunday , which has become known as Mother 's Day in the United Kingdom and an occasion for honouring mothers of children , has its origin in a 16th - century celebration of the Mother Church . The fifth Sunday in Lent , also known in some denominations as Passion Sunday ( and in some denominations also applies to Palm Sunday ) marks the beginning of Passiontide . The sixth Sunday in Lent , commonly called Palm Sunday , marks the beginning of Holy Week , the final week of Lent immediately preceding Easter . Wednesday of Holy Week , Holy Wednesday ( also sometimes known as Spy Wednesday ) commemorates Judas Iscariot 's bargain to betray Jesus . Thursday of Holy Week is known as Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday , and is a day Christians commemorate the Last Supper shared by Christ with his disciples . The next day is Good Friday , on which Christians remember Jesus ' crucifixion , death , and burial . Easter Triduum ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Anglican , Lutheran , Old Catholic , Roman Catholic , and many other churches , the Easter Triduum is a three - day event that begins Maundy Thursday evening , with the entrance hymn of the Mass of the Lord 's Supper . After this celebration , the consecrated Hosts are taken solemnly from the altar to a place of reposition , where the faithful are invited to meditate in the presence of the consecrated Hosts. This is the Church 's response to Jesus ' question to the disciples sleeping in the Garden of Gethsemane , `` Could you not watch with me one hour ? '' On the next day , the liturgical commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ is celebrated at 3 pm , unless a later time is chosen due to work schedules . This service consists of readings from the Scriptures , especially John the Evangelist 's account of the Passion of Jesus , followed by prayers , veneration of the cross of Jesus , and a communion service at which the hosts consecrated at the evening Mass of the day before are distributed . The Easter Vigil during the night between Holy Saturday afternoon and Easter Sunday morning starts with the blessing of a fire and a special candle , and with readings from Scripture associated with baptism . Then , the Gloria in Excelsis Deo is sung , water is blessed , baptism and confirmation of adults may take place , the people are invited to renew the promises of their own baptism , and finally , Mass is celebrated in the usual way from the Preparation of the Gifts onwards . Holy Week and the season of Lent , depending on denomination and local custom , end with Easter Vigil at sundown on Holy Saturday or on the morning of Easter Sunday . It is custom for some churches to hold sunrise services which include open air celebrations in some places . Vestments ( edit ) The chancel of a Lutheran church decorated with red paraments , the liturgical colour of the last week of Lent , Holy Week , in the Lutheran and Anglican Churches In the Lutheran , Methodist , Reformed , Roman Catholic , and many Anglican churches , the pastor 's vestments are violet during the season of Lent . On the fourth Sunday in Lent , rose - coloured ( pink ) vestments may be worn in lieu of violet . Historically , black had also been used : Pope Innocent III declared black to be the proper color for Lent , though Durandus of Saint - Pourçain claims violet has preference over black . In some Anglican churches , a type of unbleached linen or muslin known as `` Lenten array '' is worn during the first three weeks of Lent , crimson is worn during Passiontide , and on holy days , the colour proper to the day is worn . In certain other Anglican churches , as an alternative to violet for all of Lent except Holy Week and red beginning on Palm Sunday through Holy Saturday , Lenten array , typically made of sackcloth such as burlap and trimmed with crimson cloth , often velvet , is worn , even during Holy Week -- since the sackcloth represents penance and the crimson edges represent the Passion of Christ . Even the veils that cover the altar crosses or crucifixes and statuary ( if any ) are made of the same sackcloth with the crimson trim . See also ( edit ) Christianity : Fasting in the Eastern Orthodox Church Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Fast of Nineveh People 's Sunday Quinquagesima Islam : Ramadan Judaism : Counting of the Omer Tisha B'Av Yom Kippur Modern interpretations Lent Event , asks people to donate the value of what they forego during Lent General : Asceticism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stoll , Anita K. ; Smith , Dawn L. ( 2000 ) . Gender , Identity , and Representation in Spain 's Golden Age . Bucknell University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 9780838754252 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Comparative Religion For Dummies . For Dummies. 31 January 2011 . ISBN 9781118052273 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . This is the day Lent begins . Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in ashes on their foreheads . The ashes drawn on ancient tradition represent repentance before God . The holiday is part of Roman Catholic , Lutheran , Methodist , and Episcopalian liturgies , among others . ^ Jump up to : Gassmann , Günther ( 4 January 2001 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press , Inc. p. 180 . ISBN 081086620X . Jump up ^ Benedict , Philip ( 3 March 2014 ) . Christ 's Churches Purely Reformed : A Social History of Calvinism . Yale University Press . p. 506 . ISBN 030010507X . Jump up ^ Mennonite Stew -- A Glossary : Lent . Third Way Café . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Traditionally , Lent was not observed by the Mennonite church , and only recently have more modern Mennonite churches started to focus on the six - week season preceding Easter . Jump up ^ Brumley , Jeff . `` Lent not just for Catholics , but also for some Baptists and other evangelicals '' . The Florida Times Union . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Margaret ( 5 March 2017 ) . `` Students observe Lent on campus -- The Brown and White '' . The Brown and White . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopaedia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . Encyclopaedia Britannica . p. 428 . The Lenten fast was retained at the Reformation in some of the reformed Churches , and is still observed in the Anglican and Lutheran communions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gassmann , Günther ; Oldenburg , Mark W. ( 10 October 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism . Scarecrow Press . p. 229 . ISBN 9780810874824 . In many Lutheran churches , the Sundays during the Lenten season are called by the first word of their respective Latin Introitus ( with the exception of Palm / Passion Sunday ) : Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Laetare , and Judica . Many Lutheran church orders of the 16th century retained the observation of the Lenten fast , and Lutherans have observed this season with a serene , earnest attitude . Special days of eucharistic communion were set aside on Maundy Thursday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Crumm , David . Our Lent , 2nd Edition . ISBN 1934879509 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Gill ; Craig - Wild , Peter ; Craven , Diane ; Moger , Peter ( 5 March 2007 ) . Together for a Season . Church House Publishing . p. 34 . ISBN 9780715140635 . ^ Jump up to : Weitzel , Thomas L. ( 1978 ) . `` A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gavitt , Loren Nichols ( 1991 ) . Traditional Saint Augustine 's Prayer Book : A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion . Holy Cross Publications . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ This practice is observed in numerous pious Christian countries , although the form of abstention may vary depending on what is customary . Some abstain from meat for 40 days , some do so only on Fridays , or some only on Good Friday itself . By pontifical decree under Pope Alexander VI , eggs and dairy products may be consumed by penitents in Spain and its colonized territories . Jump up ^ `` What is Lent and why does it last forty days ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Liturgical Year '' . The Anglican Catholic Church . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Knowlton , MaryLee ( 2004 ) . Macedonia . Marshall Cavendish . p. 125 . ISBN 9780761418542 . Traditionally , as in many Christian countries , the carnival marked the beginning of Lent , which ushered in a six - week period of fasting for Christians . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` lente ( voorjaar ) '' . etymologiebank.nl . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Lent '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 427 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers about Lent and Lenten Practices '' . www.usccb.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Il Tempo di Quaresima nel rito Ambrosiano '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Parrocchia S. Giovanna Antida Thouret . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert , Thurston ( 1910 ) . `` Lent '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 9 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . See paragraph : Duration of the Fast ^ Jump up to : The `` Secret of the Mass '' in the First Sunday of Lent -- `` Sacrificium Quadragesimalis Initii '' , Missale Romanum Ambrosianus Jump up ^ Akin , James . `` All About Lent '' . EWTN . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ The Roman and the Lutheran Observance of Lent . Luther League of America . 1920 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ What is Lent and why does it last forty days ? . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Lent is a season of forty days , not counting Sundays , which begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Holy Saturday . Sundays in Lent are not counted in the forty days because each Sunday represents a `` mini-Easter '' and the reverent spirit of Lent is tempered with joyful anticipation of the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Kitch , Anne E. ( 10 January 2003 ) . The Anglican Family Prayer Book . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 130 . Jump up ^ The Northwestern Lutheran , Volumes 60 -- 61 . Northwestern Publishing House . 1973 . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Langford , Andy ( 4 January 1993 ) . Blueprints for worship : a user 's guide for United Methodist congregations . Abingdon Press . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Fenton , John . `` The Holy Season of Lent in the Western Tradition '' . Western Rite of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fasting and Great Lent - Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese '' . Antiochian.org . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James Jeffrey ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Ethiopia : fasting for 55 days '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tsome Nenewe ( The Fast of Nineveh ) '' . Minneapolis : Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . 28 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Robel Arega . `` Fasting in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church '' . Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department -- Mahibere Kidusan . Why Fifty - Five Days ? . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lent & Beyond : Dr. Peter Toon -- From Septuagesima to Quadragesima ( web site gone , no alternate source found , originally cited 27 August 2010 ) Jump up ^ Jesus Was Literally Three Days and Three Nights in the Grave , www.logosapostolic.org , retrieved 23 March 2011 Jump up ^ Burke , Daniel ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Just How Long Did Jesus Stay in the Tomb ? '' . www.huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinson , E. Glenn ( 1 January 1981 ) . The Evangelization of the Roman Empire : Identity and Adaptability . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780865540149 . Like its parent , Judaism , earliest Christianity had a catechism for its converts , as much recent study has proven ... Hippolytus required up to three years ' instruction before baptism , shortened by a candidate 's progress in developing Christian character . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lent -- disciplines and practices '' . Spirit Home . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar , 19 '' . Catholicliturgy.com . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 53 Jump up ^ Roman Missal , Thursday of the Lord 's Supper , 7 Jump up ^ `` Why do n't we use alleluias during Lent ? '' ( PDF ) . Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jr. , J. Dudley Weaver , ( 2002 ) . Presbyterian Worship : A Guide for Clergy . Geneva Press . p. 106 . ISBN 9780664502188 . The alleluia is traditionally not sung during Lent , and , here at the first service of Easter , it is at last reintroduced to the church 's liturgy . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bratcher , Dennis ( 2015 ) . `` The Days of Holy Week '' . CRI . Jump up ^ Cléir , Síle de ( 5 October 2017 ) . Popular Catholicism in 20th - Century Ireland : Locality , Identity and Culture . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781350020603 . Catherine Bell outlines the details of fasting and abstinence in a historical context , stating that the Advent fast was usually less severe than that carried out in Lent , which originally involved just one meal a day , not to be eaten until after sunset . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Guéranger , Prosper ; Fromage , Lucien ( 1912 ) . The Liturgical Year : Lent . Burns , Oates & Washbourne . p. 8 . St. Benedict 's rule prescribed a great many fasts , over and above the ecclesiastical fast of Lent ; but it made this great distinction between the two : that whilst Lent obliged the monks , as well as the rest of the faithful , to abstain from food till sunset , these monastic fasts allowed the repast to be taken at the hour of None . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Some Christians observe Lenten fast the Islamic way '' . Union of Catholic Asian News . 27 February 2002 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , James David ( 1909 ) . `` Fast '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 5 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` CIC 1917 : text -- IntraText CT '' . Intratext.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregson , David . `` Fasting '' . EWTN . Eternal Word Television Network . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paenitemini ( February 17 , 1966 ) - Paul VI '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Code of Canon Law - IntraText '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Penance resource from ICBC '' . Catholicbishops.ie . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fasting and Abstinence . Statement from the Bishops of England and Wales on Canons 1249 -- 1253 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Catholics asked to abstain from meat for Friday penance '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` EWTN Q & A , Response '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ What is the holiest season of the Church Year ? Archived 2009 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Archived copy at the Internet Archive Jump up ^ Hatch , Jane M. ( 1978 ) . The American Book of Days . Wilson . p. 163 . ISBN 9780824205935 . Special religious services are held on Ash Wednesday by the Church of England , and in the United States by Episcopal , Lutheran , and some other Protestant churches . The Episcopal Church prescribes no rules concerning fasting on Ash Wednesday , which is carried out according to members ' personal wishes ; however , it recommends a measure of fasting and abstinence as a suitable means of marking the day with proper devotion . Among Lutherans as well , there are no set rules for fasting , although some local congregations may advocate this form of penitence in varying degrees . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pfatteicher , Philip H. ( 1990 ) . Commentary on the Lutheran Book of Worship : Lutheran Liturgy in Its Ecumenical Context . Augsburg Fortress Publishers . pp. 223 -- 244 , 260 . ISBN 9780800603922 . The Good Friday fast became the principal fast in the calendar , and even after the Reformation in Germany many Lutherans who observed no other fast scrupulously kept Good Friday with strict fasting . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jacobs , Henry Eyster ; Haas , John Augustus William ( 1899 ) . The Lutheran Cyclopedia . Scribner . p. 110 . By many Lutherans Good Friday is observed as a strict fast . The lessons on Ash Wednesday emphasize the proper idea of the fast . The Sundays in Lent receive their names from the first words of their Introits in the Latin service , Invocavit , Reminiscere , Oculi , Lcetare , Judica . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abraham , William J. ; Kirby , James E. ( 2009 - 09 - 24 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies . Oxford University Press . pp. 257 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160743 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` What does The United Methodist Church say about fasting ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ripley , George ; Dana , Charles Anderson ( 1883 ) . The American Cyclopaedia : A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge . D. Appleton and Company . p. 101 . The Protestant Episcopal , Lutheran , and Reformed churches , as well as many Methodists , observe the day by fasting and special services . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chavez , Kathrin ( 2010 ) . `` Lent : A Time to Fast and Pray '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Liturgical Calendar '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ash Wednesday '' . Reformed Church in America . 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Summa Theologica Q147a8 '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Tim H. ( 2002 ) . Sweets : A History of Candy . Bloomsbury USA . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 229 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alejandro Torres Gutiérrez , Universidad Complutense de Madrid . `` Millennium : Fear and Religion '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Baldwin 's Itinerary Through Wales No. 2 by Giraldus Cambrensis '' . Gutenberg.org. 31 December 2001 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of `` collation '' -- Collins English Dictionary `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Penitential Days -- Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong '' . Jump up ^ `` Catholics United for the Faith -- Lent -- Discipline and History -- Teaching the Catholic Faith '' . Catholics United for the Faith -- Catholics United for the Faith is an international lay apostolate founded to help the faithful learn what the Catholic Church teaches . Jump up ^ Colin B. Donovan , Fast and Abstinence . Retrieved 28 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( 15 March 2006 ) . `` Thou Shalt Eat Corned Beef on Friday : Who Sets the Rules on Lent ? '' . Slate . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Church 's Discipline as to Fasting and Abstinence '' . Anglican Communion . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ash Wednesday : What Is Ash Wednesday ? How Do We Observe It ? Why Should We ? '' . Patheos.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Ecofeminist Perspective on Ash Wednesday and Lent -- USA -- Peter Lang Verlagsgruppe '' . Peterlang.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hebden , Keith ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` This Lent I will eat no food , to highlight the hunger all around us '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ DiLallo , Matt ( 2 March 2014 ) . `` Believe it or Not , Catholics Observing Lent Save Our Environment '' . Fool.com . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellow , Juliette ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Cut out one treat for Lent and your waistline could reap the benefits '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Winston , Kimberly . `` After giving up religion , atheists try giving up something else for Lent '' . Religion News Service . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Programmes : Lent Talks '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Lennox , John ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` John Lennox 's Lent Talk for Radio 4 '' . RZIM . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` spy , n . '' , OED Online , Oxford University Press , December 2013 , Spy Wednesday n . in Irish use , the Wednesday before Easter . Jump up ^ Packer , George Nichols ( 1893 ) . `` Our Calendar : The Julian Calendar and Its Errors , how Corrected by the Gregorian '' . Corning , NY : ( The author ) . p. 112 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Spy Wednesday , so called in allusion to the betrayal of Christ by Judas , or the day on which he made the bargain to deliver Him into the hands of His enemies for 30 pieces of silver . Jump up ^ McNichol , Hugh ( 2014 ) . `` Spy Wednesday conversion to Holy Wednesday '' . Catholic Online . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gally , Howard E. ( 25 January 1989 ) . Ceremonies of the Eucharist . Cowley Publications . p. 45 . ISBN 9781461660521 . In recent decades there has been a revival of the ancient use of red ( crimson or scarlet ) for Holy Week among both Episcopalians and Lutherans . The Roman rite has restored the use of red only on Palm Sunday and Good Friday . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kellner , K.A.H. ( 1908 ) . Heortology : A History of the Christian Festivals from Their Origin to the Present Day Kegan Paul Trench Trubner & Co Limited . p. 430 . Jump up ^ The Church of England rubric states : `` The colour for a particular service should reflect the predominant theme . If the Collect , Readings , etc. on a Lesser Festival are those of the saint , then either red ( for a martyr ) or white is used ; otherwise , the colour of the season is retained . '' See page 532 here . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lent ( fasting period ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lent Look up Lent in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Daily Lenten Devotional -- LHM Methodist Church : Lent and Easter Resources Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lent&oldid=835458264 '' Categories : Lent Christian terminology Christian fasting March observances Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from August 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Bosanski Català Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Nouormand Português Română Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย ትግርኛ Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 20 : 47 . 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-7068929807797705583	Klamath Falls, Oregon	Klamath Falls , Oregon - wikipedia Klamath Falls , Oregon Jump to : navigation , search Klamath Falls , Oregon City Downtown Klamath Falls Nickname ( s ) : Oregon 's City of Sunshine Motto : `` Working For You '' Location in Oregon Klamath Falls , Oregon Location in the United States Coordinates : 42 ° 13 ′ 24 '' N 121 ° 46 ′ 39 '' W / 42.22333 ° N 121.77750 ° W / 42.22333 ; - 121.77750 Coordinates : 42 ° 13 ′ 24 '' N 121 ° 46 ′ 39 '' W / 42.22333 ° N 121.77750 ° W / 42.22333 ; - 121.77750 Country United States State Oregon County Klamath Incorporated 1905 Government Mayor Carol Westfall Area Total 20.66 sq mi ( 53.51 km ) Land 19.81 sq mi ( 51.31 km ) Water 0.85 sq mi ( 2.20 km ) Elevation 4,099 ft ( 1,249.4 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 20,840 Estimate ( 2013 ) 21,207 Density 1,052.0 / sq mi ( 406.2 / km ) Time zone Pacific ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) Pacific ( UTC - 7 ) ZIP codes 97601 , 97603 Area code ( s ) 541 FIPS code 41 - 39700 GNIS feature ID Website City Website Klamath Falls ( / ˈklæməθ / KLAM - əth ) ( Klamath : ʔiWLaLLoonʔa ) is a city in and the county seat of Klamath County , Oregon , United States . The city was originally called Linkville when George Nurse founded the town in 1867 . It was named after the Link River , on whose falls the city was sited . The name was changed to Klamath Falls in 1893 . The population was 20,840 at the 2010 census . The city is on the southeastern shore of the Upper Klamath Lake and about 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of the California -- Oregon border . The Klamath Falls area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first European settlers . The Klamath Basin became part of the Oregon Trail with the opening of the Applegate Trail . Logging was Klamath Falls 's first major industry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Water rights controversy 2.2 Geothermal heating 2.3 Air quality 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 census 4.2 2000 census 5 Government and politics 6 Economy 7 Military airbase 8 Education 8.1 Colleges and universities 8.2 Public schools 9 Recreation 10 Transportation 11 Notable people 12 Sister city 13 Radio stations 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Sources 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) After its founding in 1867 , Klamath Falls was originally named Linkville . The name was changed to Klamath Falls in 1892 -- 93 . The name Klamath / ˈklæməθ / , may be a variation of the descriptive native for `` people '' ( in Chinookan ) used by the indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau to refer to the region . Several locatives derived from the Modoc or Achomawi : lutuami , lit : `` lake dwellers '' , móatakni , `` tule lake dwellers '' , respectively , could have also led to spelling variations that ultimately made the word what it is today . No evidence suggests that the name is from Klamath origin . The Klamath themselves called the region Yulalona or Iwauna , which referred to the phenomenon of the Link River flowing upstream when the south wind blew hard . The Klamath name for the Link River white water falls was Tiwishkeni , or `` where the falling waters rush '' . From this Link River white water phenomenon `` Falls '' was added to Klamath in its name . In reality it 's best described as rapids rather than falls . The rapids are visible a short distance below the Link River Dam , where the water flow is generally insufficient to provide water flow over the river rocks . History ( edit ) See also : List of historic buildings in Klamath Falls , Oregon The Klamath and Modoc Indians were the first known inhabitants of the area . The Modoc Tribe 's homeland is about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Klamath Falls , but when they were pushed onto a reservation with their adversaries the Klamath , a rebellion ensued and they hid out in nearby lava beds . This led to the Modoc War of 1872 − 1873 , which was a hugely expensive campaign for the US Cavalry , costing an estimated $500,000 − the equivalent of over 8 million in year - 2000 dollars . Seventeen Indians and 83 whites were killed . The Applegate Trail , which passes through the lower Klamath area , was blazed in 1846 from west to east in an attempt to provide a safer route for emigrants on the Oregon Trail . The first non-Indian settler is considered to have been Wallace Baldwin , a 19 - year - old civilian who drove fifty head of horses in the valley in 1852 . In 1867 , George Nurse , named the small settlement `` Linkville '' , because of Link River north of Lake Ewauna . The Klamath Reclamation Project began in 1906 to drain marshland and move water to allow for agriculture . With the building of the main `` A '' Canal , water was first made available May 22 , 1907 . Veterans of World War I and World War II were given homesteading opportunities on the reclaimed land . During World War II , a Japanese - American internment camp , the Tule Lake War Relocation Center , was located in nearby Newell , California , and a satellite of the Camp White , Oregon , POW camp was located just on the Oregon - California border near the town of Tulelake , California . In May 1945 , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) east of Klamath Falls , ( near Bly , Oregon ) a Japanese balloon bomb killed a woman and five children on a church outing . This is said to be the only Japanese - inflicted casualty on the US mainland during the war . Timber harvesting through the use of railroad was extensive in Klamath County for the first few decades of the 20th century . With the arrival of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in 1909 , Klamath Falls grew quickly from a few hundred to several thousand . Dozens of lumber mills cut fir and pine lumber , and the industry flourished until the late 1980s when the northern spotted owl and other endangered species were driving forces in changing western forest policy . On September 20 , 1993 , a series of earthquakes struck near Klamath Falls . Many downtown buildings , including the county courthouse and the former Sacred Heart Academy and Convent , were damaged or destroyed . There were two deaths attributed to the earthquake . Klamath Falls , 1909 Water rights controversy ( edit ) Link River downstream white water falls from which Klamath Falls got its name . The city made national headlines in 2001 when a court decision was made to shut off Klamath Project irrigation water on April 6 because of Endangered Species Act requirements . The Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker were listed on the Federal Endangered Species List in 1988 , and when drought struck in 2001 , a panel of scientists stated that further diversion of water for agriculture would be detrimental to these species , which reside in the Upper Klamath Lake , as well as to the protected Coho salmon which spawn in the Klamath River . Many protests by farmers and citizens culminated in a `` Bucket Brigade '' on Main Street May 7 , 2001 , in Klamath Falls . The event was attended by 18,000 farmers , ranchers , citizens , and politicians . Two giant bucket monuments have since been constructed and erected in town to commemorate the event . Such universal criticism resulted in a new plan implemented in early 2002 to resume irrigation to farmers . Low river flows in the Klamath and Trinity rivers and high temperatures led to a mass die - off of at least 33,000 salmon in 2002 . Dwindling salmon numbers have practically shut down the fishing industry in the region and caused over $60 million in disaster aid being given to fishermen to offset losses . Ninety percent of Trinity River water is diverted for California agriculture . According to a National Academy of Sciences report of October 22 , 2003 , limiting irrigation water did little if anything to help endangered fish and may have hurt the populations . A contrary report has criticized the National Academy of Sciences report . The Chiloquin Dam has been removed to help improve sucker spawning habitat . Geothermal heating ( edit ) Klamath Falls is located in a known geothermal resource area . Geothermal power has been used directly for geothermal heating in the area since the early 1900s . A downtown district heating system was constructed in 1981 and extended in 1982 . There was public opposition to the scheme . Many homes were heated by private geothermal wells , and owners were concerned that the city system could lower the water level and / or reduce water temperatures . System operation was delayed until 1984 following an aquifer study . Full operational testing showed no negative impact on the private wells . The system was shut down again in 1986 after multiple distribution piping failures were discovered . By 1991 , the distribution piping had been reconstructed , and the system was again operating . The system has been expanded since then , and according to the Oregon Institute of Technology , the operation is `` at or near operational break - even '' . The system is used to provide direct heat for homes , city schools , greenhouses , government and commercial buildings , geothermally heated snowmelt systems for sidewalks and roads , and process heat for the wastewater treatment plant . Air quality ( edit ) According to Oregon 's Department of Environmental Quality significant efforts are being made to improve the air quality in the Klamath Basin . The following excerpts are from a report produced by DEQ in September 2012 . Because of topography , weather and a large number of woodstoves , the Klamath Falls area has a long history of identifying problems with particulate pollutions and working to solve them . With increased understanding of the health effects of particulates , EPA has made the standards more protective over time , addressing smaller sized particles that are the most hazardous but more difficult to control . Since 1994 , the Klamath Falls area has attained the larger or coarse ( PM10 ) particulate matter standard . In 2009 , with the adoption of a fine particulate ( PM2. 5 ) matter standard , EPA changed the legal status of the Klamath Falls Area from attainment ( meeting air quality standards ) to nonattainment ( not meeting air quality standards ) for fine particulate matter ( PM2. 5 ) . DEQ has adopted an attainment plan with associated regulations to ensure that the Klamath Falls area meets the current PM2. 5 standard . '' In November 2007 , Klamath County revised its Clean Air Ordinance to implement early particulate reductions , including : Revising woodstove curtailment levels to restrict wood burning when weather conditions could lead to accumulation of particulate in the Klamath Falls area Requiring removal of an uncertified woodstove upon sale of a home Prohibiting the use of burn barrels Tightening enforcement of wood stove curtailment A series of woodstove change - out efforts funded by the city of Klamath Falls , EPA and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act resulted in replacement of 584 woodstoves and significant emission reductions between 2008 and 2011 . '' Geography ( edit ) Upper Klamath Lake Canoe Trail , with ponderosa pine and quaking aspen in fall foliage According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 20.66 square miles ( 53.51 km ) , of which 19.81 square miles ( 51.31 km ) is land and 0.85 square miles ( 2.20 km ) is water . The elevation is 4,099 feet ( 1,249 m ) . Klamath Falls has a high desert landscape . The older part of the city is located above natural geothermal springs . These have been used for the heating of homes and streets , primarily in the downtown area . Climate ( edit ) Klamath Falls is known as `` Oregon 's City of Sunshine '' because the area enjoys 300 days of sun per year . Klamath Falls is a high desert and features a climate with cold snowy winters along with hot summer afternoons and cool summer nights . Under the Köppen climate classification the city 's climate type is Csb , often described as Warm Summer Mediterranean . Using the 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) isotherm preferred by some climatologists Klamath Falls is a Dsb climate , often described as Warm Summer Continental Mediterranean . Typical of its region , Klamath Falls has a dry season in summertime , with the greatest precipitation occurring in wintertime , much of it falling as snow . Although it is not arid or semi-arid , total precipitation is still low , at 13.41 inches ( 340.6 mm ) per year , due to Klamath Falls being in the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains to the west . The wettest `` rain year '' has been from July 1957 to June 1958 with 20.36 inches ( 517.1 mm ) and the driest from July 1954 to June 1955 with 6.09 inches ( 154.7 mm ) . The all - time record high is 105 ° F ( 40.6 ° C ) , set on July 27 , 1911 , and the all - time record low is − 24 ° F ( − 31.1 ° C ) , set on January 15 , 1888 . The freeze - free season averages around 120 days , with the first freeze in a typical year being on September 21 , and the last freeze being on June 1 . On average 21 days per year reach 90 ° F ( 32.2 ° C ) or higher , and two nights per year reach temperatures of 0 ° F ( − 17.8 ° C ) or lower . ( hide ) Climate data for Klamath Falls , Oregon Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 78 ( 26 ) 69 ( 21 ) 77 ( 25 ) 87 ( 31 ) 98 ( 37 ) 100 ( 38 ) 105 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 103 ( 39 ) 92 ( 33 ) 79 ( 26 ) 63 ( 17 ) 105 ( 41 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38.1 ( 3.4 ) 44.0 ( 6.7 ) 50.8 ( 10.4 ) 59.3 ( 15.2 ) 67.5 ( 19.7 ) 75.7 ( 24.3 ) 85.3 ( 29.6 ) 84.0 ( 28.9 ) 76.0 ( 24.4 ) 63.7 ( 17.6 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 39.4 ( 4.1 ) 61.01 ( 16.12 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 20.6 ( − 6.3 ) 24.5 ( − 4.2 ) 28.1 ( − 2.2 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 45.0 ( 7.2 ) 51.4 ( 10.8 ) 49.8 ( 9.9 ) 43.2 ( 6.2 ) 35.4 ( 1.9 ) 28.2 ( − 2.1 ) 22.7 ( − 5.2 ) 35.03 ( 1.68 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 24 ( − 31 ) − 10 ( − 23 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) 10 ( − 12 ) 17 ( − 8 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 11 ( − 12 ) ( − 17 ) − 17 ( − 27 ) − 24 ( − 31 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 1.99 ( 50.5 ) 1.39 ( 35.3 ) 1.27 ( 32.3 ) 0.81 ( 20.6 ) 0.98 ( 24.9 ) 0.77 ( 19.6 ) 0.29 ( 7.4 ) 0.40 ( 10.2 ) 0.55 ( 14 ) 1.03 ( 26.2 ) 1.83 ( 46.5 ) 2.10 ( 53.3 ) 13.41 ( 340.8 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 12.1 ( 30.7 ) 6.0 ( 15.2 ) 3.8 ( 9.7 ) ( 3 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 3.8 ( 9.7 ) 9.1 ( 23.1 ) 36.5 ( 92.7 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 11 9 9 7 7 5 6 9 11 81 Source : Western Regional Climate Center Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 250 -- 1890 364 45.6 % 1900 447 22.8 % 1910 2,758 517.0 % 1920 4,801 74.1 % 1930 16,093 235.2 % 1940 16,497 2.5 % 1950 15,875 − 3.8 % 1960 16,949 6.8 % 1970 15,775 − 6.9 % 1980 16,661 5.6 % 17,737 6.5 % 2000 19,480 9.8 % 20,840 7.0 % Est. 2016 21,524 3.3 % Sources : U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate 2010 Census ( edit ) The Oregon Bank Building is one of 13 sites in Klamath Falls listed on the National Register of Historic Places As of the census of 2010 , there were 20,840 people , 8,542 households , and 4,876 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,052.0 inhabitants per square mile ( 406.2 / km ) . There were 9,595 housing units at an average density of 484.4 per square mile ( 187.0 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 83.4 % White , 1.0 % African American , 4.3 % Native American , 1.6 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 4.5 % from other races , and 5.0 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.8 % of the population . There were 8,542 households of which 30.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 38.5 % were married couples living together , 13.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , 5.6 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 42.9 % were non-families. 32.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.98 . The median age in the city was 33.6 years . 23.6 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 14.6 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 25.2 % were from 25 to 44 ; 24.1 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 12.3 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 49.3 % male and 50.7 % female . 2000 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 19,462 people , 7,916 households , and 4,670 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,089.5 / sq mi ( 420.7 / km ) . There were 8,722 housing units at an average density of 488.3 / sq mi ( 188.5 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was : 85.12 % White 1.02 % African American 4.44 % Native American 1.32 % Asian 0.13 % Pacific Islander 4.15 % from other races 3.83 % from two or more races 9.32 % of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 7,916 households out of which : 30.0 % had children under the age of 18 living with them 42.2 % were married couples living together 11.7 % had a female householder with no husband present 41.0 % were non-families 32.4 % of all households were made up of individuals 11.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.99 . The age distribution was : 25.5 % under the age of 18 13.1 % from 18 to 24 27.2 % from 25 to 44 21.5 % from 45 to 64 12.8 % who were 65 years of age or older The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females there were 101.9 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 100.1 males . The median income for a household in the city was $28,498 , and the median income for a family was $37,021 . Males had a median income of $31,567 versus $22,313 for females . The per capita income for the city was $16,710 . About 21.9 % of the population and 16.2 % of families were below the poverty line , including 26.8 % of those under age 18 and 9.5 % of those 65 or over . Government and politics ( edit ) The Klamath County Courthouse Klamath Falls is a home rule municipality under the Oregon Constitution , and has been governed by a council -- manager form of government since its citizens voted to adopt the current charter in 1972 . The city council , which is nonpartisan , has five members , each elected from one of the five wards . They serve four - year terms , which are staggered so that either two or three seats are up for election every two years . The mayor , who is nonpartisan and serves a term of four years , presides over all city council meetings . This official appoints committees , can veto any ordinance not passed with the affirmative vote of at least four council members , and casts tie - breaking votes . The city manager , however , is the administrative head of the city . This official is appointed by the council and serves an indefinite term at the council 's pleasure . The municipal judge and the city attorney are appointed on the same basis . Todd Kellstrom has been mayor since 1992 , and is currently serving a fifth consecutive term . Nathan Cherpeski is the current city manager . For the purpose of representation in the state legislature , Klamath Falls is located in the 28th Senate district , represented by Republican Doug Whitsett , and in the 56th House district , represented by Republican Bill Garrard . Federally , Klamath Falls is located in Oregon 's 2nd congressional district , which has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R + 10 and is represented by Republican Greg Walden . Economy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sky Lakes Medical Center is the largest employer in the area , followed by the Klamath Falls City School District Other major employers are JELD - WEN , Collins Products , Columbia Forest Products , NEW Corp , Klamath County School District , and Oregon Institute of Technology . Klamath Falls is home to the 173rd Fighter Wing of the Oregon Air National Guard , stationed at Kingsley Field airbase . The 270 Air Traffic Control Squadron resides at Kingsley Field Oregon Air National Guard Base . The 173rd Fighter Wing currently flies F - 15 C / D Variants . Military airbase ( edit ) Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base also known as Klamath Falls Airport was established in 1928 and is now the home of the 173rd Fighter Wing of the Oregon Air National Guard . Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base has the second largest runway in Oregon ( 10,301 long by 150 feet wide ( 3,140 x 46 m ) ) and was listed as a backup landing strip for the Space Shuttle . As Kingsley Field is a training base for the Oregon Air National Guard , it is normal to hear aircraft throughout Klamath Falls during daylight hours . Education ( edit ) Klamath Union High School ( KU ) 2013 football team in action . Colleges and universities ( edit ) Klamath Community College Oregon Institute of Technology College of Cosmetology Public schools ( edit ) Klamath Falls and the surrounding area are served by Klamath County School District and the Klamath Falls City School District . Recreation ( edit ) Veterans Park on the south shore of the Upper Klamath Lake , downtown Klamath Falls . See also : List of parks in Klamath Falls , Oregon Klamath Falls is home to many outdoor winter and summer activities . The nearby Running Y Ranch Resort & hotel features a golf course designed by Arnold Palmer and an ice skating arena . The resort overlooks Upper Klamath Lake , the largest freshwater body west of the Rocky Mountains . There is also a canoe trail through the wildlife refuge at Rocky Point . With the help of many passionate community members , Klamath Falls has developed a series of trails in Moore Park . The trail network in and around Moore Park is well loved and heavily used by hikers , cyclists , runners , and others . Users have put countless hours into developing and improving excellent trails that offers varied terrain and vegetation , stunning views of Upper Klamath Lake and the Klamath Basin , and a range of difficulty levels . The OC&E Woods Line State Trail is a rail trail in the city and is the longest state park in Oregon . Wiard Park , along the OC&E State Trail and operated by the Wiard Memorial Park and Recreation District , is open dawn to dusk from May 1 to October 1 . Klamath Falls has a Veterans Memorial Park located downtown along the shore of Lake Ewauna . Klamath Falls is located on the Pacific Flyway , and large numbers of waterfowl and raptors are seen throughout the year . A large number of bald eagles winter in Bear Valley , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Klamath Falls , near Keno , and the American white pelican shows in great numbers in summer . Crater Lake National Park is 50 miles ( 80 km ) north of Klamath Falls , and 33 - mile ( 53 km ) Rim Drive , which circles the lake , is a favorite of cyclists . Winter cross country skiing and snow shoeing in the park is also very popular . The more - than - mile - high Crater Lake Marathon is an annual event . Lava Beds National Monument is about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the southeast of Klamath Falls near the town of Tulelake , California . The Lava Beds provide an excellent opportunity to explore an area that has perhaps the highest concentration of lava tubes . The monument also interprets the Modoc War , including the First Battle of the Stronghold . Mountain Lakes Wilderness Area , one of the first designated wilderness areas in the United States , lies just to the west of Klamath Falls , providing some excellent opportunities for backpacking and fishing in pristine mountain lakes . Transportation ( edit ) Amtrak 's Coast Starlight at Klamath Falls station Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , serves Klamath Falls , operating its Coast Starlight daily in both directions between Seattle , Washington , and Los Angeles , California . Fixed route public transit service is operated by Basin Transit Service , a special service district with an elected board . Oregon POINT connects Klamath Falls with Medford and Brookings , Oregon . Sage Stage provides weekly service to Alturas , California . Passenger air service is provided at the Klamath Falls Airport . Regional air carrier PenAir resumed passenger flights from Klamath Falls to the Portland International Airport on October 6 , 2016 . PenAir utilizes the 30 passenger Saab 340B aircraft on the route . Klamath Falls Airport is also the location of the Kingsley Field Air National Guard Base , the airport and base are 6 miles ( 10 km ) south of downtown . Notable people ( edit ) Sharron Angle ( 1949 -- ) , Nevada politician Brenda Bakke ( 1963 -- ) , actress Dennis Bennett ( 1939 -- 2012 ) , Major League Baseball player Harry D. Boivin ( 1904 -- 1999 ) , Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives and twice President of the Oregon Senate Ernest C. Brace ( 1931 - 2014 ) , pilot Jeff Bronkey ( 1965 - ) , Major League Baseball player Don Pedro Colley ( 1938 -- ) , actor Allison Cook , Miss Oregon 2013 . Chris Eyre ( 1968 -- ) , Sundance Film Festival award winner Helen J. Frye ( 1930 -- 2011 ) , Federal District Court judge Chad Gray ( 1971 -- ) , musician Ralph Hill ( 1908 -- 1994 ) , Olympic 5000 meters silver medalist James Ivory ( 1928 -- ) , Oscar - nominated director Charles S. Moore ( 1857 -- 1915 ) , Oregon politician Dan O'Brien ( 1966 -- ) , Olympic gold medalist in Decathlon Charles O. Porter ( 1919 -- 2006 ) , Oregon politician Marty Ravellette ( 1939 -- 2007 ) , armless hero who lived in Klamath Falls in the 1960s . Kim Walker - Smith , neopentecostal worship leader and recording artist Paul Zahniser ( 1896 -- 1964 ) , Major League Baseball player Sister city ( edit ) Klamath Falls has one sister city , as designated by Sister Cities International : Rotorua , New Zealand Radio stations ( edit ) 88.1 FM - Christian ( translator ) 88.5 FM - Jefferson Public Radio classics & news service 89.5 FM - College Freeform KTEC 90.5 FM - Jefferson Public Radio news & information service 90.9 FM - Jefferson Public Radio rhythm & news service 93.3 FM - sports 91.9 FM - Jefferson Public Radio news & information service 92.5 FM - Country 96.5 FM - Country ( Tulelake ) 98.5 FM - Top 40 99.5 FM - Classic hits 100.7 FM - Christian 100.9 FM - Top ( translator ) 104.7 FM - Classic rock 105.5 FM - Top ( Merrill ) 106.9 FM - Adult contemporary 960 AM - Sports 1150 AM - Talk and news 1240 AM - Sports 1450 AM - Talk and news See also ( edit ) Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges Complex Klamath County Event Center Klamath Falls Airport Klamath Lake Klamath Reclamation Project Klamath River OC&E Woods Line State Trail References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Vocabulary '' . Klamath Tribes Language Project . The Klamath Tribes . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ History of Klamath Falls The City of Klamath Falls webpage . Accessed 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census profiles : Oregon cities alphabetically H-L '' ( PDF ) . Portland State University Population Research Center . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ McArthur , p. 580 Jump up ^ McArthur , p. 541 Jump up ^ Laurie Bauer , 2007 , The Linguistics Student 's Handbook , Edinburgh Jump up ^ `` The Klamath '' ( PDF ) . World Wisdom online library . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Name of Tiwishkeni Jump up ^ Hell With the Fire Out : A History of the Modoc War by Anthony Quinn Jump up ^ `` California and the Indian Wars : The Modoc War , 1872 - 1873 '' . Militarymuseum.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Applegate Trail Jump up ^ OHP , Putting Nature to Work : Living in Linkville Jump up ^ OHP , Klamath Homestead Drawing Jump up ^ Railroad Logging in the Klamath Country Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in Oregon State '' . Crew.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Klamath Bucket Brigade '' . The Klamath Bucket Brigade . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Michael Milstein ( 2002 - 10 - 27 ) . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon http://www.pelicannetwork.net/salmon.tappingtrinity.htm . A new federal estimate puts the toll of last month 's fish kill at 33,000 , most of them chinook salmon but says that number is conservative . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Becker , Jo ; Gellman , Barton ( 2007 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Leaving No Tracks '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Michael Milstein ( 2002 - 10 - 27 ) . The Oregonian . Portland , Oregon http://www.pelicannetwork.net/salmon.tappingtrinity.htm . As much as 90 percent of the Trinity 's water , which would otherwise flow into the Klamath and out to sea , instead rushes south toward California 's thirsty center . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Broader Approach Needed for Protection And Recovery of Fish in Klamath River Basin , ^ Jump up to : `` Geothermal in Oregon '' ( PDF ) . Geo - Heat Center , Oregon Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rachel Sakata ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Klamath Falls PM2. 5 Attainment Plan '' ( PDF ) . pp. 1 , 4 . Jump up ^ `` US town uses geothermal energy to stay warm '' . AP . 2010 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.klamathfalls.city/visitors/history Jump up ^ National weather Service , Medford , OR Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Period of Record General Climate Summary - Temperature '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Freeze - Free Probabilities '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Spring Freeze Probabilities '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Fall Freeze Probabilities '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Climate Summary '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Klamath Falls 2 SSW , Oregon - Period of Record General Climate Summary - Precipitation '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moffatt , Riley . Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns , 1850 - 1990 . Lanham : Scarecrow , 1996 , 211 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Revised Charter of 1972 for the City of Klamath Falls . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Introducing The Cook Political Report Partisan Voting Index ( PVI ) for the 111th Congress '' . The Cook Political Report . Jump up ^ `` Sweet16. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.recreation.gov/recreationalAreaDetails.do?contractCode=NRSO&recAreaId=3132 Jump up ^ http://www.klamathtrails.org/moore-mountain-area-trails/ Jump up ^ Problems of the urban fringe , Volume 1 . University of Oregon . Bureau of Municipal Research and Service , Oregon . Legislative Assembly . Interim Committee on Local Government and Urban Area Problems . 1957 . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Crater Lake Rim Runs '' . Crater Lake Rim Runs . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ SouthWest Point Jump up ^ Sage Stage - Klamath Falls Jump up ^ `` James Ivory Biography '' . Fandango.com. 1928 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/OR Sources ( edit ) McArthur , Lewis A. , and McArthur , Lewis L. ( 2003 ) ( 1928 ) . Oregon Geographic Names , 7th ed . Portland : Oregon Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87595 - 277 - 2 . `` Oregon History Project '' . Oregon History Society . 1946 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Klamath Falls , Oregon . Klamath Falls travel guide from Wikivoyage Entry for Klamath Falls in the Oregon Blue Book Where are the falls ? ( flyer prepared by the Klamath County Museum , August 2008 ) Basin Transit Service Municipalities and communities of Klamath County , Oregon , United States County seat : Klamath Falls Cities Bonanza Chiloquin Klamath Falls Malin Merrill CDP Altamont Unincorporated communities Ady Algoma Beatty Beaver Marsh Bly Cascade Summit Chemult Crescent Crescent Lake Junction Dairy Falcon Heights Fort Klamath Gilchrist Hager Hatfield ‡ Henley Hildebrand Keno Kirk Klamath Agency Langell Valley Lenz Lorella Malone Midland Modoc Point Odessa Olene Pelican City Pine Grove Rocky Point Shevlin Sprague River Worden Yonna Klamath River States and counties Oregon Klamath Lake Jackson California Siskiyou Modoc Humboldt Trinity Del Norte Significant cities Klamath Falls Happy Camp Weitchpec Orleans Klamath Glen Klamath Major tributaries Williamson River Sprague River Lost River Butte Creek Shasta River Scott River Salmon River Trinity River Geography Course of the Klamath River Upper Klamath Lake Lower Klamath Lake Tule Lake Klamath Basin Trinity Lake Mount Shasta Klamath Mountains Trinity Alps Cascade Range Six Rivers National Forest Klamath National Forest Lava Beds National Monument Native American tribes Klamath Tribes Hupa Karuk Klamath Modoc Yurok History California Gold Rush Hudson 's Bay Company Klamath County ( defunct ) Klamath Diversion Modoc War Siskiyou Trail Dams and infrastructure Klamath Project ( United States Bureau of Reclamation ) Klamath River Hydroelectric Project ( PacifiCorp ) Link River Dam Keno Dam John C. Boyle Dam Copco Dam # 1 Copco Dam # 2 Iron Gate Dam California State Route 96 California State Route 169 State of Oregon Salem ( capital ) Topics History Geography Fauna Climate Pioneers People Governors Government Delegations Constitution Congress Ballot measures Elections Parks Fair Symbols Oregon Trail Beaches Lakes Rivers Misc . Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Western Northwest Oregon Oregon Coast Portland Metro Tualatin Valley Willamette Valley Eastern Harney Basin High Desert Palouse Treasure Valley Central Oregon Southern Rogue Valley Shared The Cascades Columbia Gorge Columbia River Columbia Plateau Great Basin Mount Hood Corridor Trout Creek Mountains Metro areas Albany -- Corvallis Bend -- Redmond Eugene -- Springfield Medford -- Ashland Portland Salem -- Keizer Largest cities Portland Salem Eugene Gresham Hillsboro Beaverton Bend Medford Springfield Corvallis Albany Tigard Lake Oswego Keizer Grants Pass Oregon City McMinnville Redmond Tualatin West Linn Woodburn Forest Grove Newberg Wilsonville Roseburg Klamath Falls Ashland Milwaukie Sherwood Happy Valley Central Point Canby Hermiston Pendleton Counties Baker Benton Clackamas Clatsop Columbia Coos Crook Curry Deschutes Douglas Gilliam Grant Harney Hood River Jackson Jefferson Josephine Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah Polk Sherman Tillamook Umatilla Union Wallowa Wasco Washington Wheeler Yamhill VIAF : 263539338 LCCN : n79072712 GND : 4446169 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klamath_Falls,_Oregon&oldid=801059044 '' Categories : Klamath Falls , Oregon Cities in Oregon County seats in Oregon Micropolitan areas of Oregon Populated places established in 1867 Cities in Klamath County , Oregon 1867 establishments in Oregon Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 11 : 57 . 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About Wikipedia	what is the elevation of klamath falls oregon	[ "\n\nKlamath Falls, Oregon\n\n\nCity\n\n\n\nDowntown Klamath Falls\n\n\n\nNickname(s): Oregon's City of Sunshine\n\n\nMotto: \"Working For You\"\n\n\n\nLocation in Oregon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKlamath Falls, Oregon\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation in the United States\n\n\nCoordinates: 42°13′24″N 121°46′39″W / 42.22333°N 121.77750°W / 42.22333; -121.77750Coordinates: 42°13′24″N 121°46′39″W / 42.22333°N 121.77750°W / 42.22333; -121.77750\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nState\nOregon\n\n\nCounty\nKlamath\n\n\nIncorporated\n1905\n\n\nGovernment\n\n\n • Mayor\nCarol Westfall\n\n\nArea[1]\n\n\n • Total\n20.66 sq mi (53.51 km2)\n\n\n • Land\n19.81 sq mi (51.31 km2)\n\n\n • Water\n0.85 sq mi (2.20 km2)\n\n\nElevation\n4,099 ft (1,249.4 m)\n\n\nPopulation (2010)[2]\n\n\n • Total\n20,840\n\n\n • Estimate (2013)[3]\n21,207\n\n\n • Density\n1,052.0/sq mi (406.2/km2)\n\n\nTime zone\nPacific (UTC-8)\n\n\n • Summer (DST)\nPacific (UTC-7)\n\n\nZIP codes\n97601, 97603\n\n\nArea code(s)\n541\n\n\nFIPS code\n41-39700[4]\n\n\nGNIS feature ID\n[5]\n\n\nWebsite\nCity Website\n\n" ]	[ "4,099 ft (1,249.4 m)" ]
6189489281335336648	The Phantom of the Opera	The Phantom of the Opera - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the musical and other uses , see The Phantom of the Opera ( disambiguation ) . This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Phantom of the Opera Author Gaston Leroux Original title Le Fantôme de l'Opéra Country France Language French Subject Romance , Mystery , Horror Genre Gothic novel Publisher Pierre Laie . Publication date 23 September 1909 to 8 January 1910 Published in English 1911 Media type Print ( Serial ) Pages ~ 190 OCLC 15698188 The Phantom of the Opera ( French : Le Fantôme de l'Opéra ) is a novel by French writer Gaston Leroux . It was first published as a serialization in Le Gaulois from 23 September 1909 , to 8 January 1910 . It was published in volume form in late March 1910 by Pierre Lafitte . The novel is partly inspired by historical events at the Paris Opera during the nineteenth century and an apocryphal tale concerning the use of a former ballet pupil 's skeleton in Carl Maria von Weber 's 1841 production of Der Freischütz . It has been successfully adapted into various stage and film adaptations , most notable of which are the 1925 film depiction featuring Lon Chaney , and Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Adaptations 4 References 5 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In Paris in the 1890s , the Palais Garnier opera house is believed to be haunted by an entity known as the Phantom of the Opera , or simply the Opera Ghost . A stagehand named Joseph Buquet is found hanged and the rope around his neck goes missing . At a gala performance for the retirement of the opera house 's two managers , a young little - known Swedish soprano , Christine Daaé , is called upon to sing in the place of the Opera 's leading soprano , Carlotta , who is ill , and her performance is an astonishing success . The Vicomte Raoul de Chagny , who was present at the performance , recognises her as his childhood playmate , and recalls his love for her . He attempts to visit her backstage , where he hears a man complimenting her from inside her dressing room . He investigates the room once Christine leaves , only to find it empty . At Perros - Guirec , Christine meets with Raoul , who confronts her about the voice he heard in her room . Christine tells him she has been tutored by the Angel of Music , whom her father used to tell them about . When Raoul suggests that she might be the victim of a prank , she storms off . Christine visits her father 's grave one night , where a mysterious figure appears and plays the violin for her . Raoul attempts to confront it but is attacked and knocked out in the process . Back at the Palais Garnier , the new managers receive a letter from the Phantom demanding that they allow Christine to perform the lead role of Marguerite in Faust , and that box 5 be left empty for his use , lest they perform in a house with a curse on it . The managers ignore his demands as a prank , resulting in disastrous consequences : Carlotta ends up croaking like a toad , and the chandelier suddenly drops into the audience , killing a spectator . The Phantom , having abducted Christine from her dressing room , reveals himself as a deformed man called Erik . Erik intends to keep her in his lair with him for a few days , but she causes him to change his plans when she unmasks him and , to the horror of both , beholds his noseless , lipless , sunken - eyed face , which resembles a skull dried up by the centuries , covered in yellowed dead flesh . Fearing that she will leave him , he decides to keep her with him forever , but when Christine requests release after two weeks , he agrees on condition that she wear his ring and be faithful to him . On the roof of the opera house , Christine tells Raoul about her abduction , and makes Raoul promise to take her away to a place where Erik can never find her , even if she resists . Raoul tells Christine he will act on his promise the next day , to which she agrees . However , Christine sympathises with Erik , and decides to sing for him one last time as a means of saying good - bye . Unbeknownst to Christine and Raoul , Erik has been watching them and overheard their whole conversation . The following night , the enraged and jealous Erik abducts Christine during a production of Faust , and tries to force her to marry him . Raoul is led by a mysterious opera regular known as `` The Persian '' into Erik 's secret lair deep in the bowels of the opera house , but they end up trapped into a mirrored room by Erik , who threatens that unless Christine agrees to marry him , he will kill them and everyone in the Opera House by using explosives . Christine agrees to marry Erik . Erik initially tries to drown Raoul and the Persian , using the water which would have been used to douse the explosives , but Christine begs and offers to be his `` living bride '' , promising him not to kill herself after becoming his bride , as she had both contemplated and attempted earlier in the novel . Erik eventually releases Raoul and the Persian from his torture chamber . When Erik is alone with Christine , he lifts his mask to kiss her on her forehead , and is given a kiss back . Erik reveals that he has never received a kiss , not even from his own mother , nor has been allowed to give one and is overcome with emotion . He and Christine then cry together and their tears `` mingle '' . Erik later says that he has never felt so close to another human being . He allows the Persian and Raoul to escape , though not before making Christine promise that she will visit him on his death day , and return the gold ring he gave her . He also makes the Persian promise that afterwards he will go to the newspaper and report his death , as he will die soon and will die `` of love '' . Indeed , some time later Christine returns to Erik 's lair , buries him somewhere he will never be found ( by Erik 's request ) and returns the gold ring . Afterwards , a local newspaper runs the simple note : `` Erik is dead '' . Christine and Raoul ( who finds out that Erik has killed his older brother ) elope together , never to return . Passages narrated directly by the Persian and the final chapter piece together Erik 's life : the son of a construction business owner deformed from birth , he ran away from his native Normandy to work in fairs and in caravans , schooling himself in the arts of the circus across Europe and Asia , and eventually building trick palaces in Persia and Turkey . Eventually , he returned to France and , wearing a mask , started his own construction business . After being subcontracted to work on the foundations of the Palais Garnier , Erik had discreetly built himself a lair to disappear in , complete with hidden passages and other tricks that allowed him to spy on the managers . Characters ( edit ) Erik : The Phantom of the Opera , a deformed former conjuror also referred to as the Angel of Music and the Opera Ghost . He tutors and eventually becomes obsessed with Christine Daaé . Christine Daaé : A young Swedish soprano at the Paris Opera House with whom the Phantom falls in love . Vicomte Raoul de Chagny : Christine 's childhood friend and love interest . The Persian : A mysterious man from Erik 's past . Comte Phillipe de Chagny : Raoul 's older brother . Armand Moncharmin and Firmin Richard : The new managers of the opera house . Madame Giry : The opera 's box keeper . Meg Giry : Often referred to as `` Little Meg '' , Madame Giry 's only daughter , a ballet girl . Debienne and Poligny : The previous managers of the opera house Carlotta : A spoiled prima donna ; the lead soprano of the Paris Opera House . Madame Valérius : Christine 's elderly guardian . Adaptations ( edit ) Further information : Adaptations of The Phantom of the Opera There have been many literary and other dramatic works based on Leroux 's novel , ranging from stage musicals to films to children 's books . Some well known stage and screen adaptations of the novel are the 1925 film and the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shah , Raj ( 2016 ) . `` The Publication and Initial French Reception of Gaston Leroux 's Le Fantôme de l'Opéra '' . French Studies Bulletin . 37 ( 138 ) : 13 -- 16 . doi : 10.1093 / frebul / ktw004 . Jump up ^ Shah , Raj ( 2014 ) . `` No Ordinary Skeleton : Unmasking the Secret Source of Le Fantôme de l'Opéra '' . Forum for Modern Language Studies . 50 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 29 ( 17 ; 25n11 ) . doi : 10.1093 / fmls / cqt048 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Phantom of the Opera Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Phantom of the Opera . Official Twitter account for the novel at Twitter The Phantom of the Opera at Project Gutenberg The Phantom of the Opera public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier VIAF : 185531503 LCCN : n86101414 GND : 4513825 - 4 SUDOC : 03506658X BNF : cb125746591 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera&oldid=830917814 '' Categories : The Phantom of the Opera 1909 French novels 1910 French novels 1909 fantasy novels 1910 fantasy novels French horror fiction Novels set in the 1890s Novels set in Paris French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Gothic novels Works originally published in Le Gaulois Novels first published in serial form Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 17 : 47 . About Wikipedia	when did phantom of the opera take place	[ "In Paris in the 1890s, the Palais Garnier opera house is believed to be haunted by an entity known as the Phantom of the Opera, or simply the Opera Ghost. A stagehand named Joseph Buquet is found hanged and the rope around his neck goes missing. At a gala performance for the retirement of the opera house's two managers, a young little-known Swedish soprano, Christine Daaé, is called upon to sing in the place of the Opera's leading soprano, Carlotta, who is ill, and her performance is an astonishing success. The Vicomte Raoul de Chagny, who was present at the performance, recognises her as his childhood playmate, and recalls his love for her. He attempts to visit her backstage, where he hears a man complimenting her from inside her dressing room. He investigates the room once Christine leaves, only to find it empty." ]	[ "in the 1890s" ]
-8054514030013287729	Lucas Horton	Lucas Horton - wikipedia Lucas Horton Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lucas Horton Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Bryan Dattilo Duration 1993 -- 2010 2012 -- First appearance April 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 15 ) Created by Sheri Anderson and James E. Reilly Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( 1993 ) Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng ( 2012 ) Classification Present ; recurring Profile Other names Lucas Desmond Roberts ( birth name ) Lucas Desmond Horton Occupation Businessman Residence Horton Square Apartments Apartment No33 Salem , Illinois ( show ) Family Family Horton Roberts Father Bill Horton Mother Kate Roberts Stepfather Victor Kiriakis ( 1993 -- 94 ) Roman Brady ( 2003 -- 05 ) Stefano DiMera ( 2009 -- 12 ) André DiMera ( 2017 -- ) Stepmother Laura Horton ( 1993 ) Half - brothers Mike Horton Austin Reed Rex Brady Philip Kiriakis Half - sisters Jennifer Horton Billie Reed Cassie Brady Spouse Nicole Walker ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Carrie Brady ( 2006 ) Sami Brady ( 2007 ) Chloe Lane ( 2009 ) Children Will Horton Allie Horton Granddaughters Arianna Horton Grandparents Tom Horton Alice Horton Uncles Tom Horton , Jr . Mickey Horton Aunts Addie Horton Marie Horton Nephews Jeremy Horton JJ Deveraux Tyler Kiriakis Noah Reed Nieces Abigail Deveraux Chelsea Brady First cousins Sandy Horton Jessica Blake Steven Olson Julie Williams Hope Brady Melissa Horton ( adoptive ) Sarah Horton ( legal ) Lucas Horton is a fictional character on the American daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives , portrayed by Bryan Dattilo . Introduced in 1993 as Lucas Roberts , the son of business - woman , Kate Roberts , he later discovers he is the son of Bill Horton . Lucas is known for his many romantic liaisons , particularly with Sami Brady ( Alison Sweeney ) , a relationship his mother strongly disapproves of and repeatedly tries to derail . In 2007 , fed up with his mother 's interfering , Lucas changes his and his son 's surname to his father 's . With Sami Brady , Lucas is the father of Will Horton and Allie Horton . His most recent romance is with Will 's mother - in - law , Adrienne Kiriakis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Storyline 2.1 1993 -- 2001 2.2 2002 -- 2010 2.3 2012 2.4 2015 -- present 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Casting ( edit ) `` I was definitely sending out the message I did n't care . I was burned out and not giving my all . I felt the development of my character was n't going anywhere . I was cracking a lot of jokes . It all came off like I was mocking the show and the work everyone was doing . It was just my insecure way of handling the pressure but it was stupid of me to burn a bridge like that , with a show that 's done so much for me , a show that 's been my life . It was just the dumbest , most egotistical thing . And I really regret it . I want to prove I can make the most of this second chance . '' -- Dattilo on his behavior over his February 2010 exit . In late 1992 , Days of our Lives began to introduce a new teen scene to appeal to younger viewers featuring long - time characters Sami and Carrie Brady , and the arrivals of Austin Reed and Jonah Carver . In early 1993 , `` DAYS '' decided to expand its new teen scene by introducing Jamie Caldwell , Wendy Reardon , and Lucas Roberts . The role of Lucas was originated by actor Bryan Dattilo , who joined the cast on April 15 , 1993 . Dattilo remained with the series until February 2001 when the actor was abruptly fired from the series . Executive producer Ken Corday spoke out on the firing , stating that it was simply to give the character of Lucas a `` rest '' . Later in November 2001 , it was reported that Dattilo was to return to the series in time for February Sweeps for a temporary time . Executive producer Corday later confirmed that Dattilo 's stay on the soap could be extended for an unknown amount of time . After a summer hiatus , Dattilo was announced to return to the soap again around September . Dattilo remained with the soap for eight years until it was announced in December 2009 that the actor would leave the soap once again in February 2010 . Dattilo later confirmed that he quit the series of his own accord and was certainly not fired . Dattilo released a statement , saying : `` I have no bad feelings at all toward anybody ( ... ) I do n't feel like I 've been wronged . I just kind of feel like it happened because it needed to happen . The show is a great show and always will be . I hope it lasts long and I hope that the ratings are soaring and I wish nothing but good for everyone there . I love everyone there . I had one more episode to do after the vacation when Gary ( Tomlin , co-executive producer ) told me they were n't renewing my contract . And in the scenes , I literally had two lines and came in at the end of the scene and said something to Rafe like , ' Leave Sami alone , ' then walked away . It was very uneventful and Gary even said , ' You do n't need to come in for that last episode if you do n't want to . ' At the time , I was like , ' No , I 'll come in ; that 's cool . ' And then when I got home and read the episode , where I really did n't say much and nothing happened , I thought , ' If that 's going to be my last episode , I do n't want to go out like that . '' In May 2011 , the soap announced its choice to reinvent the series and fire its current head writer Dena Higley for former Passions head writers Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas , Jr . Speculation lead to rumors of Dattilo possibly returning to the series . In December 2011 , it was speculated that Dattilo was seen at the NBC Universal Burbank Studios , where the series is filmed ; it was further announced that Dattilo would return as part of the reboot . Series co-executive producer Greg Meng said : `` We are very excited Bryan Dattilo , who has been greatly missed on the show , is back in Salem ( ... ) The reset of DAYS is about bringing core families back together , rekindling old romances , and sparking new ones . '' Datillo returned on February 29 , 2012 . In an interview with Michael Fairman , Dattilo said of his return and the fans ' reaction of his return : `` That is awesome to know about the fans ! I feel a lot different . I think before I was always into having a good time and just doing the work , but mostly having a good time . That was my priority . But now that I am back , I am just trying to sink into the work as much as I can , and make it as good as I can . I want to go home at the end of the day and feel proud of what I 've done and not thinking that there was something I should 've done . I do n't like to go home feeling regretful about my job . It 's hard because it 's every day on a soap opera . You ca n't do great every day but I am trying , as opposed to before when I would just laugh off a bad day . I am trying to take the job more seriously and make it about the work and not be the `` comic relief '' so much because people then tend to have you fall into that role everyday . But the people at DAYS are great . I am working with a lot of familiar faces and since I was gone , a lot of people came back to the show as well . It 's cool to see everyone , and you do n't realize how much you miss certain people until you go away for a couple of years . Everyone from the people who run the show , to the Associate Directors , to the cameramen , to the sound people , to hair and make - up ; they really become your family when you are here . It 's great to be back and to figure out where I fit in the best and where I can plug myself in the best . '' Storyline ( edit ) 1993 -- 2001 ( edit ) Lucas comes to Salem with his mother , Kate Roberts ( Deborah Adair ) after returning from military school . He quickly befriends Sami Brady ( Alison Sweeney ) and the two start scheming to break up her sister , Carrie Brady ( Christie Clark ) and her boyfriend Austin Reed ( Patrick Muldoon ) . Lucas tells Sami that losing weight may get Austin 's attention leading to her going on a crash diet . Lucas also convinces Carrie to get plastic surgery to help her get a modeling gig as Bella 's Face of the 1990s . Lucas is shocked to learn that he is the illegitimate son of Dr. Bill Horton ( Edward Mallory ) and that Austin and his sister Billie Reed ( Lisa Rinna ) are his maternal half - siblings . When Lucas ' friend from school Alan comes to town , he rapes Sami and takes Carrie and Sami hostage . Alan is sent to jail , but Sami fears that nobody will ever love her . Lucas is feeling rejected by Carrie . Lucas and Sami find comfort in each other and have sex . Soon after , Sami drugs Austin and tricks him into sleeping with her too by pretending to be Carrie . Carrie learns that Austin has slept with someone else , but she does n't know it was her own sister . Austin and Carrie were apart because they both suspected the other of being unfaithful . After Lucas ' mother Kate is apparently killed in a plane crash , he learns that Vivian has something to do with it and he blackmails her into finding Sami and bringing her home in time to stop Austin and Carrie 's wedding . Sami returns , claiming she is pregnant with Austin 's child . What Lucas does n't yet realize is that he is baby Will 's true father . Sami 's plots continue and eventually bring Carrie and Lucas together , freeing up Austin for Sami . Eventually , Lucas 's mom Kate ( who survived the crash , and is back in town ) learns the truth and exposes both Lucas and Sami . Carrie and Austin are reunited . However , an accident leaves Sami with amnesia , which Lucas uses to his advantage . He pushes Sami towards Austin , to keep him away from Carrie . Even as Sami 's memories starts to return , Lucas convinces Sami to help him with a new plot to convince Austin that Carrie is falling in love with Mike Horton . Lucas thought that once Austin gave up on Carrie , he could easily steal her from Mike . Once Austin is free , Sami plans to steal him from Carrie . As usual , the truth eventually comes out , and Austin and Carrie marry . Lucas learns that Sami has been blackmailing his mother , but Kate refuses to tell him what Sami has on her . After Sami becames engaged to Franco Kelly , Lucas refuses to let Franco become Will 's stepfather . Kate leans on Franco , but he attacks her . Lucas walks in as Franco is about to smash a poker over Kate 's head , and he shoots Franco to save Kate 's life . Kate frames Sami with the killing , so Lucas can get custody of Will . Sami is almost executed . At the last possible moment Lucas confesses , but the execution is actually stopped because Kate has gotten a dying man to sign a false confession , and Sami is saved . Lucas later falls in love with Nicole Walker , but she is in love with Eric Brady , Sami 's twin brother . Unbeknownst to Lucas , Kate pays Nicole five million dollars in 1999 to marry Lucas so that he can win custody of Will . The plan works , but after Sami is released from prison , she works with Nicole to get Will back . Nicole gets Lucas drunk and seduces him and makes him think he has beaten her and he confesses to killing Franco . They are divorced less than a year after being married . After being injured in a fire purposely lit by his mother in the Kiriakis Mansion , Lucas is sent away to a rehab center due to his alcohol addiction . 2002 -- 2010 ( edit ) Lucas comes out of his coma a year later and returns to town , but he is still partially paralyzed . Lucas seems to really want to make amends , but shows his true colors at Austin and Sami 's wedding when he exposes the truth and ruins the wedding . Eventually , with Victor 's help , Lucas gets joint custody of Will . Lucas takes Will for a summer holiday in Africa . Upon their return , Lucas goes from being strongly on Victor 's side to working for his nemesis , Tony DiMera . He enjoys his new power , but the stress drives him back to drinking . His AA sponsor , Maggie Horton , tells Lucas he will feel compelled to drink until he is truthful about his feelings . Lucas manages to control the drinking , especially after Sami is injured at the DiMera Mansion and nearly dies . While she is in the hospital recovering , Lucas keeps fantasizing about her . He continues to help Sami adjust after she gets out of the hospital . Lucas , as well as his mother , is one of the main suspects when the Salem Stalker starts a murder spree . When the Stalker 's identity is revealed to be Sami 's mother , Marlena Evans , Lucas comforts Sami . She and Lucas grow closer as he helps her through this difficult time , and they finally made love again . Lucas even proposes to Sami , but with a caveat : she has to promise to redeem herself and never lie to him again . Sami and Lucas become engaged , but Kate does everything in her power to make sure they never walk down the aisle . She brings Sami 's ex , Brandon Walker , back to town . Kate has Sami and Brandon drugged and put into bed with each other , where Lucas finds them together on the morning of the wedding , and he is devastated . As much as he loves Sami , he ca n't forgive her for this . He ripp up the marriage license and swears he never wants anything else to do with her . Sami tries to convince him that Kate is responsible , but his mother smooth - talks him and he only further blames his ex-fiancé . Lucas joins the team to rescue his half - brother Philip Kiriakis , unaware that Sami ( disguised as Stan ) has infiltrated the group with a plan of her own . Back in Salem , with Philip 's rescue successful , Lucas and Sami grow close again and became engaged . On their wedding day , Lucas 's mother arrives at the chapel dressed in Sami 's Stan costume . She exposes Sami 's escapades , and Lucas dumps Sami at the altar . Austin , arriving for his half - brother 's wedding , shows up just in time to comfort Sami . Later , Lucas accepts a job with his former stepfather , Victor Kiriakis , and travels to California to investigate a possible takeover of High Style . To his surprise , his old flame Carrie Brady has left Mike Horton in India and is the head of the company . Lucas convinces her to return to Salem . In Salem , Carrie and Austin seem to reconnect ; but then Carrie admits she has feelings for Lucas , too . Carrie agrees to marry Lucas , although she loves Austin , because she thinks ( because of a plot of Sami 's ) that she can not have healthy children with Austin . She also believes that she is pregnant with Lucas 's child . She and Lucas move into an apartment across from Austin and Sami , who have seemingly reconciled . Shortly after Carrie 's wedding to Lucas , she realizes that she was never pregnant at all . That , along with the sexual tension between the two mismatched couples , results in a quick annulment for Carrie and Lucas . Meanwhile , Austin and Sami became engaged , but on her wedding day Sami calls off her wedding to Austin because of a blackmail note delivered by a mysterious gloved hand . Sami begins a short relationship with her neighbor EJ Wells , who she later discovers to be a son of Stefano DiMera . Lucas becomes jealous of the relationship and with the help of their son Will , Lucas and Sami are reunited . While away on a ski trip , snow causes the roof of their cabin to fall on Lucas , and he is knocked unconscious . Sami leaves to find help and flags down a car driving by . In the car is EJ , presumably fleeing after shooting John Black . EJ tells Sami that he will help her save Lucas if she lets him have sex with her . She is disgusted , immediately referring to his proposal as rape , but unwillingly submits in order to save Lucas ' life . Sami becomes pregnant , and she and Lucas become closer than ever . Lucas proposes to her , and they become engaged again . Unlike the many other times , this time they get married successfully . On their wedding night , Sami confesses everything to Lucas about EJ and the questionable paternity of the baby . Lucas is distraught , wanting to kill EJ for raping her . He expresses shame over the man he has been - not standing by Sami in the past - and tearfully apologizes , stating it is his fault Sami felt she could n't come to him after being raped and tormented by EJ . He vows to be a better man for her , the kind she can depend on . After taking an amnio test , they find found out that Sami is n't having one baby , but two babies . Kate blackmails Nick Fallon , to create a fake report that says EJ is the father of the babies . However , Nick actually runs the test , and the results say that Lucas is the father . Sami gives birth to the twins , a boy and a girl . EJ claims that the twins do not look alike even for fraternal twins , and a second DNA test is done . This time the test reveals that the girl , Allie , is the daughter of Lucas , and the boy Johnny is the son of EJ . EJ 's crimelord father , Stefano DiMera blackmails Sami to end her marriage with Lucas , and marry EJ instead . EJ is shot at their wedding , by a hidden assailant . There are several shots , and one hits and nearly kills EJ . Lucas tells Kate that he hired a nurse to watch Johnny and Allie and went to the church and shot EJ . Lucas then confesses to the police , and he is sent to Statesville prison . Mickey Horton arranges for Lucas to finish his sentence with house arrest , so he can be at home with his family . He will have to wear an ankle monitor at all times , and follow the release terms to a `` T . '' . Mickey tells Lucas that Sami has taken the twins and moved into the DiMera mansion with John and Marlena . Lucas goes there , and walks in on EJ and Sami having sex . Sami had promised Lucas she would not sleep with EJ , and Lucas ca n't believe that Sami has betrayed him . Sami apologizes to Lucas and vows to be true to him , but Lucas ca n't forgive her . Lucas soon discovers a way to remove his ankle monitor without the alarms sounding . Lucas develops a friendship with Chloe Lane , and goes to meet her at the Salem Inn . While in the elevator there , the power goes out , and Lucas and Chloe end up making love . Lucas is soon discovered and sent back to Statesville prison , but EJ drops the charges and Lucas is once again released . He moves into the Horton cabin and invites his new girlfriend , Chloe Lane to move in with him . After Sami witnesses a murder , she goes into witness protection , and Allie moves in with Lucas and Chloe , who later get engaged . However , Chloe calls off the engagement , leaving Lucas deeply upset and returning to alcohol . Eventually Chloe reconsiders and she and Lucas elope . Later , when Kate poisons Chloe and frames Daniel , Lucas learns that Daniel and Chloe had an affair . Furious about Chloe 's betrayal , Lucas files for an annulment before leaving town . 2012 ( edit ) Lucas returns to Salem in early 2012 at Sami 's request and announces that he is engaged to a woman named Autumn . He also reconnects with Will who is now working for EJ . He later loses his job at Harth and Home when Stefano seeks revenge on Kate for having an affair . In turn , Autumn breaks off the engagement . After his failed engagement , Lucas and Sami are forced to work together when she becomes the CEO of Countess Wilhelmina Cosmetics . During an argument , Sami and Lucas are shocked when Will admits to being gay . Though Lucas initially believes he can deal with it , he has trouble adjusting and discourages Will from dating Sonny Kiriakis ( Freddie Smith ) . Lucas eventually works through his issues and often gives Will advice on his relationship . Lucas is furious when Sami tries to help EJ prove his innocence in Stefano 's apparent murder and breaks up with her . Lucas also supports his sister , Jennifer Horton ( Melissa Reeves ) after the death of her husband , Jack Deveraux ( Matthew Ashford ) but does n't approve when she reunites with Daniel . 2015 -- present ( edit ) In January 2015 , Lucas begins to bond with Adrienne Kirikas ( Judi Evans ) . Their friendship eventually blossoms into an affair while Justin ( Wally Kurth ) is overseas ( apparently also engaged in an affair ) . They continue their relationship until Kate exposes it to Victor Kirikas ( John Aniston ) . Victor immediately fires Lucas from Titan and evicts Adrienne from the mansion . Adrienne subsequently distances herself from Lucas , but resumes their relationship after Justin returns to Salem . Lucas is eventually hired by Chad Dimera ( Billy Flynn ) to head rival Dimera Enterprises sub company `` Countess W '' as revenge for his mother 's meddling . At the end of 2015 , Adrienne breaks things off with Lucas to repair her marriage with Justin , although that does n't work out . Lucas ' son Will is murdered , and Adrienne supports Lucas through his grief and they become close again . In mid 2016 , the couple become engaged . When Chad 's marriage to Abigail Devoreaux ( Kate Mansi ) falls apart , Lucas and Adrienne move into the Dimera mansion to assist Chad in raising his newborn son . Adrienne , unknowingly ill with breast cancer , collapses during her wedding ceremony . Lucas , Justin , Kate and Sonny rush her to the hospital , and the wedding is ultimately put off due to her diagnosis . Upon being forced to choose between her ex and her fiancée , the trio decide to put her health and treatment first . After undergoing a double mastectomy , Adrienne chooses Lucas . When Bonnie Lockhart ( a doppelganger of Adrienne ) breaks out of prison and switches lives with Adrienne ( who is imprisoned , believed to be Bonnie ) , Bonnie ( acting as Adrienne ) breaks up with Lucas , who reverts back to drinking to quell his loss of `` Adrienne '' and Will . See also ( edit ) Lucas Roberts and Sami Brady References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( Executive producers ) ; Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . Days of Our Lives Transcript Monday 1 / 23 / 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ; Sonia Blangiardo ( Director ) ; David Cherrill ( Script writer ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Horton '' . SoapCentral . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas ( Roberts ) Horton '' . SheKnows , LLC . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Scoop : Lucas Beds Sami ! Bryan Dattilo Dishes His Return to Salem '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New faces debuting on the soaps '' . Fort Oglethorpe Press . April 7 , 1993 . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2001 - 02 - 18 ) . `` DAYS fires Dattilo without warning '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2001 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Update on Dattilo 's release '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2001 - 03 - 05 ) . `` DAYS exec addresses `` mass firing '' report `` . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2001 - 03 - 26 ) . `` The end of DAYS for Dattilo '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2001 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Dattilo to reprise role of Lucas '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2002 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Changes of a familiar kind due at DAYS '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2002 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Dattilo back after brief summer hiatus '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Bryan Dattilo leaving Days of our Lives '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NBC aired credits , March 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Bryan Dattilo says he quit , was n't fired '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dattilo Speaks Out on DAYS Exit '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2010 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Dena Higley out as Days of our Lives ' head writer '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` http://soapoperadigest.com/content/new-days-head-writers '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2011 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dattilo Back To DAYS ? '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2011 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Dattilo Back To DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2011 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( 2011 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Bryan Dattilo returning to DAYS '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Official : Dattilo Back To DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2011 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2011 - 12 - 07 ) . `` CONFIRMED : Bryan Dattlio is returning to Days of our Lives ! '' . Michaelfairmansoaps.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Digest '' . 37 ( 10 ) . March 6 , 2012 : 15 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) . `` DAYS Bryan Dattilo Interview : When Lucas returns how will he react to Will , EJ , Sami and more ? '' . Michaelfairmansoaps.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Update for March 2012 '' . Daysofourlives.com . March 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monthly Update for April 2012 '' . Daysofourlives.com. April 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lucas at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucas_Horton&oldid=807199105 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 1993 Fictional alcohol abusers Fictional murderers Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of English descent Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia articles with incorrect tenses Articles lacking reliable references from March 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 14 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is lucas dating on days of our lives	[]	[]
-731112566759724174	England national football team	England national football team - wikipedia England national football team This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see England women 's national football team . England Nickname ( s ) The Three Lions Association The Football Association Confederation UEFA ( Europe ) Head coach Gareth Southgate Captain Harry Kane Most caps Peter Shilton ( 125 ) Top scorer Wayne Rooney ( 53 ) Home stadium Wembley Stadium FIFA code ENG First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 12 1 ( 7 June 2018 ) Highest 3 ( August 2012 ) Lowest 27 ( February 1996 ) Elo ranking Current 5 3 ( 7 July 2018 ) Highest 1 ( 1872 -- 1876 1892 -- 1911 1966 -- 1970 1987 -- 1988 ) Lowest 17 ( 11 June 1995 ) First international Scotland 0 -- 0 England ( Partick , Scotland ; 30 November 1872 ) Biggest win England 13 -- 0 Ireland ( Belfast , Ireland ; 31 July 1882 ) Biggest defeat Hungary 7 -- 1 England ( Budapest , Hungary ; 23 May 1954 ) World Cup Appearances 15 ( first in 1950 ) Best result Champions ( 1966 ) European Championship Appearances 9 ( first in 1968 ) Best result Third place ( 1968 , 1996 ) The England national football team represents England in international football and is controlled by the Football Association , the governing body for football in England . England is one of the two oldest national teams in football , alongside Scotland , whom they played in the world 's first international football match in 1872 . England 's home ground is Wembley Stadium , London , and their headquarters are at St George 's Park , Burton upon Trent . The team 's manager is Gareth Southgate . Although part of the United Kingdom , England 's representative side plays in major professional tournaments , but not the Olympic Games . Since first entering the tournament in 1950 , England has qualified for the FIFA World Cup fifteen times . They won the 1966 World Cup , when they hosted the finals , and finished fourth in 1990 and 2018 . Since first entering in 1964 , England have never won the UEFA European Championship , with their best performances being a third place finish in 1968 and a semi final appearance at 1996 , the latter as hosts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Team image 2.1 Colours 2.2 Kit manufacturer 2.3 Logo 2.4 Home stadium 2.5 Media coverage 3 Coaching staff 4 Players 4.1 Current squad 4.2 Recent call - ups 5 Results and fixtures 5.1 2017 5.2 2018 6 Records 6.1 Most capped players 6.2 Top goalscorers 7 Competitive record 7.1 FIFA World Cup 7.2 UEFA European Championship 7.3 Minor tournaments 8 Honours and achievements 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the England national football team The England team before playing a match against Scotland at Richmond in 1893 The England national football team is the joint - oldest in the world ; it was formed at the same time as Scotland . A representative match between England and Scotland was played on 5 March 1870 , having been organised by the Football Association . A return fixture was organised by representatives of Scottish football teams on 30 November 1872 . This match , played at Hamilton Crescent in Scotland , is viewed as the first official international football match , because the two teams were independently selected and operated , rather than being the work of a single football association . Over the next forty years , England played exclusively with the other three Home Nations -- Scotland , Wales and Ireland -- in the British Home Championship . At first , England had no permanent home stadium . They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908 . Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground . The relationship between England and FIFA became strained , and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928 , before they rejoined in 1946 . As a result , they did not compete in a World Cup until 1950 , in which they were beaten in a 1 -- 0 defeat by the United States , failing to get past the first round in one of the most embarrassing defeats in the team 's history . Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was a 0 -- 2 loss to the Republic of Ireland , on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park . A 6 -- 3 loss in 1953 to Hungary , was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley . In the return match in Budapest , Hungary won 7 -- 1 . This stands as England 's largest ever defeat . After the game , a bewildered Syd Owen said , `` it was like playing men from outer space '' . In the 1954 FIFA World Cup , England reached the quarter - finals for the first time , and lost 4 -- 2 to reigning champions Uruguay . Queen Elizabeth II presenting England captain Bobby Moore with the Jules Rimet trophy following England 's 4 -- 2 victory over West Germany in the 1966 World Cup final Although Walter Winterbottom was appointed as England 's first ever full - time manager in 1946 , the team was still picked by a committee until Alf Ramsey took over in 1963 . The 1966 FIFA World Cup was hosted in England and Ramsey guided England to victory with a 4 -- 2 win against West Germany after extra time in the final , during which Geoff Hurst famously scored a hat - trick . In UEFA Euro 1968 , the team reached the semi-finals for the first time , being eliminated by Yugoslavia . England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions , and reached the quarter - finals , where they were knocked out by West Germany . England had been 2 -- 0 up , but were eventually beaten 3 -- 2 after extra time . They failed in qualification for the 1974 , leading to Ramsey 's dismissal , and 1978 FIFA World Cups . Under Ron Greenwood , they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain ( the first time competitively since 1962 ) ; despite not losing a game , they were eliminated in the second group stage . The team under Bobby Robson fared better as England reached the quarter - finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup , losing 2 -- 1 to Argentina in a game made famous by two goals by Maradona for very contrasting reasons , before losing every match in UEFA Euro 1988 . They next went on to achieve their second best result in the 1990 FIFA World Cup by finishing fourth -- losing again to West Germany in a semi-final finishing 1 -- 1 after extra time , then 3 -- 4 in England 's first penalty shoot - out . Despite losing to Italy in the third place play - off , the members of the England team were given bronze medals identical to the Italians ' . The England team of 1990 were welcomed home as heroes and thousands of people lined the streets , for a spectacular open - top bus parade . However , the team did not win any matches in UEFA Euro 1992 , drawing with tournament winners Denmark , and later with France , before being eliminated by host nation Sweden . The 1990s saw four England managers , each in the role for a relatively brief period . Graham Taylor was Robson 's successor , but resigned after England failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup . At UEFA Euro 1996 , held in England , Terry Venables led England , equalling their best performance at a European Championship , reaching the semi-finals as they did in 1968 , before exiting via a penalty shoot - out loss to Germany . He resigned following investigations into his financial activities . His successor , Glenn Hoddle , similarly left the job for non-footballing reasons after just one international tournament -- the 1998 FIFA World Cup -- in which England were eliminated in the second round again by Argentina and again on penalties ( after a 2 -- 2 draw ) . Following Hoddle 's departure , Kevin Keegan took England to UEFA Euro 2000 , but performances were disappointing and he resigned shortly afterwards . The England team during the 2006 FIFA World Cup Sven - Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006 , and was the first non-English manager of England . He guided England to the quarter - finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup , UEFA Euro 2004 , and the 2006 FIFA World Cup . England lost only five competitive matches during the Swede 's tenure , and England rose to number four in the world ranking under his guidance . Eriksson 's contract was extended by the Football Association by two years , to include UEFA Euro 2008 . However , it was terminated by them at the 2006 World Cup 's conclusion . Steve McClaren was then appointed as head coach , and was sacked unanimously by The Football Association on 22 November 2007 , after failing to get the team to Euro 2008 . The following month , he was replaced by a second foreign manager , Italian Fabio Capello , whose experience included stints at Juventus and Real Madrid . England won all but one of their qualifying games for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , but at the tournament itself , England drew their opening two games ; this led to questions about the team 's spirit , tactics and ability to handle pressure . They progressed to the next round , however , where they were beaten 4 -- 1 by Germany , their heaviest defeat in a World Cup finals tournament match . In February 2012 , Capello resigned from his role as England manager , following a disagreement with the FA over their request to remove John Terry from team captaincy after accusations of racial abuse concerning the player . Following this , there was media speculation that Harry Redknapp would take the job . However , on 1 May 2012 , Roy Hodgson was announced as the new manager , just six weeks before UEFA Euro 2012 . England managed to finish top of their group , winning two and drawing one of their fixtures , but exited the Championships in the quarter - finals via a penalty shoot - out , this time to Italy . In the 2014 FIFA World Cup , England were eliminated at the group stage for the first time since the 1958 World Cup , and the first time at a major tournament since Euro 2000 . England 's points total of one from three matches was its worst ever in the World Cup , obtaining one point from drawing against Costa Rica in their last match . England qualified for UEFA Euro 2016 , with 10 wins from 10 qualifying matches , but were ultimately eliminated in the Round of 16 , losing 2 -- 1 to Iceland . Hodgson resigned as manager immediately , and just under a month later was replaced by Sam Allardyce . After only 67 days Allardyce resigned from his managerial post by mutual agreement , after alleged breach of rules of the FA , making him the shortest serving permanent England manager . However , because his sole game as England manager was a 1 -- 0 victory against Slovakia , he left the job with a 100 % win rate , the best any England manager in history has ever had . England line - up before the match against Belgium , 28 June 2018 . Gareth Southgate , then the coach of the England under - 21 team , was put in temporary charge of the national team until November of that year. , before being given the position on a permanent basis . Under Southgate , England finished 1st in the qualifying group for the FIFA World Cup 2018 , remaining unbeaten in the process . At the tournament , held in Russia , England came second in their group , behind Belgium and ahead of Tunisia and debutants Panama . They defeated Colombia on penalties in the first knock - out round , and then beat Sweden 2 - 0 in the quarter - final to reach only their third World Cup semi-final . In the semi-final , they were beaten 2 - 1 in extra time by Croatia . England were beaten by Belgium , 2 - 0 , in the third place match . Team image Colours Main article : England national football team kit history England shirt for the 1966 World Cup final England 's traditional home colours are white shirts , navy blue shorts and white or black socks . The team has periodically worn an all - white kit . Although England 's first away kits were blue , England 's traditional away colours are red shirts , white shorts and red socks . In 1996 , England 's away kit was changed to grey shirts , shorts and socks . This kit was only worn three times , including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 1996 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011 , when a navy blue away kit was introduced . The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches , when a new edition has been released to promote it . England have occasionally had a third kit . At the 1970 World Cup England wore a third kit with pale blue shirts , shorts and socks against Czechoslovakia . They had a kit similar to Brazil 's , with yellow shirts , yellow socks and blue shorts which they wore in the summer of 1973 . For the World Cup in 1986 England had a third kit of pale blue , imitating that worn in Mexico sixteen years before and England retained pale blue third kits until 1992 , but they were rarely used . Umbro first agreed to manufacture the kit in 1954 and since then has supplied most of the kits , the exceptions being from 1959 -- 1965 with Bukta and 1974 -- 1984 with Admiral . Nike purchased Umbro in 2008 and took over as kit supplier in 2013 following their sale of the Umbro brand . Kit manufacturer Manufacturer Period Umbro 1954 -- 1961 Bukta 1959 -- 1965 Umbro 1965 -- 1974 Admiral 1974 -- 1984 Umbro 1984 -- 2013 Nike 2013 -- Logo The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant , the emblem of King Richard I , who reigned from 1189 to 1199 . In 1872 , English players wore white jerseys emblazoned with the three lions crest of the Football Association . The lions , often blue , have had minor changes to colour and appearance . Initially topped by a crown , this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms ; this introduced ten Tudor roses , one for each of the regional branches of the FA . Since 2003 , England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966 ; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit , and a year later was moved to its current position , first on the away shirt . Home stadium Main article : England national football team home stadium Wembley Stadium during a friendly match between England and Germany For the first fifty years of their existence , England played their home matches all around the country . They initially used cricket grounds before later moving on to football clubs ' stadiums . The original Empire Stadium was built in Wembley , London , for the British Empire Exhibition . England played their first match at the stadium in 1924 against Scotland and for the next 27 years Wembley was used as a venue for matches against Scotland only . The stadium later became known simply as Wembley Stadium and it became England 's permanent home stadium during the 1950s . In October 2000 , the stadium closed its doors , ending with a defeat . This stadium was demolished during the period of 2002 -- 2003 , and work began to completely rebuild it . During this time , England played at a number of different venues across the country , though by the time of the 2006 World Cup qualification , this had largely settled down to having Manchester United 's Old Trafford stadium as the primary venue , with Newcastle United 's St. James ' Park used on occasions when Old Trafford was unavailable . They returned to the new Wembley Stadium in March 2007 . The stadium is now owned by the Football Association , via its subsidiary Wembley National Stadium Limited . Media coverage All England matches are broadcast with full commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live . From the 2008 -- 09 season until the 2017 -- 18 season , England 's home and away qualifiers , and friendlies both home and away are broadcast live on ITV ( often with the exception of STV , the ITV franchisee in central and northern Scotland ) . England 's away qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup were shown on Setanta Sports until that company 's collapse . As a result of Setanta Sports 's demise , England 's World Cup qualifier in Ukraine on 10 October 2009 was shown in the United Kingdom on a pay - per - view basis via the internet only . This one - off event was the first time an England game had been screened in such a way . The number of subscribers , paying between £ 4.99 and £ 11.99 each , was estimated at between 250,000 and 300,000 and the total number of viewers at around 500,000 . Coaching staff See also : England national football team manager As of 6 December 2016 Manager Gareth Southgate Assistant Manager Steve Holland First Team Coach vacant Goalkeeping Coach Martyn Margetson Striker Coach Allan Russell First - Team Doctor Ian Beasley Fitness Coach Chris Neville Masseur Mark Sertori Physiotherapist Gary Lewin Players For all past and present players who have appeared for the national team , see List of England international footballers ( alphabetical ) . Current squad The following players were called up to the England squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and preceding friendlies . Caps and goals correct as of : 14 July 2018 , after the match against Belgium . No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Jordan Pickford ( 1994 - 03 - 07 ) 7 March 1994 ( age 24 ) 10 0 Everton 13 1GK Jack Butland ( 1993 - 03 - 10 ) 10 March 1993 ( age 25 ) 8 0 Stoke City 23 1GK Nick Pope ( 1992 - 04 - 19 ) 19 April 1992 ( age 26 ) 0 Burnley 2DF Kyle Walker ( 1990 - 05 - 28 ) 28 May 1990 ( age 28 ) 40 0 Manchester City 2DF Danny Rose ( 1990 - 07 - 02 ) 2 July 1990 ( age 28 ) 23 0 Tottenham Hotspur 5 2DF John Stones ( 1994 - 05 - 28 ) 28 May 1994 ( age 24 ) 33 Manchester City 6 2DF Harry Maguire ( 1993 - 03 - 05 ) 5 March 1993 ( age 25 ) 12 Leicester City 12 2DF Kieran Trippier ( 1990 - 09 - 19 ) 19 September 1990 ( age 27 ) 13 Tottenham Hotspur 15 2DF Gary Cahill ( 1985 - 12 - 19 ) 19 December 1985 ( age 32 ) 61 5 Chelsea 16 2DF Phil Jones ( 1992 - 02 - 21 ) 21 February 1992 ( age 26 ) 27 0 Manchester United 18 2DF Ashley Young ( 1985 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1985 ( age 33 ) 39 7 Manchester United 22 2DF Trent Alexander - Arnold ( 1998 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1998 ( age 19 ) 0 Liverpool 3MF Eric Dier ( 1994 - 01 - 15 ) 15 January 1994 ( age 24 ) 32 Tottenham Hotspur 7 3MF Jesse Lingard ( 1992 - 12 - 15 ) 15 December 1992 ( age 25 ) 18 Manchester United 8 3MF Jordan Henderson ( 1990 - 06 - 17 ) 17 June 1990 ( age 28 ) 44 0 Liverpool 10 3MF Raheem Sterling ( 1994 - 12 - 08 ) 8 December 1994 ( age 23 ) 44 Manchester City 17 3MF Fabian Delph ( 1989 - 11 - 21 ) 21 November 1989 ( age 28 ) 15 0 Manchester City 20 3MF Dele Alli ( 1996 - 04 - 11 ) 11 April 1996 ( age 22 ) 30 Tottenham Hotspur 21 3MF Ruben Loftus - Cheek ( 1996 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1996 ( age 22 ) 8 0 Chelsea 9 4FW Harry Kane ( Captain ) ( 1993 - 07 - 28 ) 28 July 1993 ( age 24 ) 30 19 Tottenham Hotspur 11 4FW Jamie Vardy ( 1987 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1987 ( age 31 ) 26 7 Leicester City 14 4FW Danny Welbeck ( 1990 - 11 - 26 ) 26 November 1990 ( age 27 ) 40 16 Arsenal 19 4FW Marcus Rashford ( 1997 - 10 - 31 ) 31 October 1997 ( age 20 ) 25 Manchester United Recent call - ups The following players have also been called up to the England squad within the last twelve months . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Tom Heaton ( 1986 - 04 - 15 ) 15 April 1986 ( age 32 ) 0 Burnley 2018 FIFA World Cup GK Joe Hart ( 1987 - 04 - 19 ) 19 April 1987 ( age 31 ) 75 0 Manchester City v. Italy , 27 March 2018 GK Angus Gunn ( 1996 - 01 - 22 ) 22 January 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Southampton v. Brazil , 14 November 2017 GK Fraser Forster ( 1988 - 03 - 17 ) 17 March 1988 ( age 30 ) 6 0 Southampton v. Lithuania , 8 October 2017 DF James Tarkowski ( 1992 - 11 - 19 ) 19 November 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 Burnley 2018 FIFA World Cup DF Joe Gomez ( 1997 - 05 - 23 ) 23 May 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 Liverpool v. Italy , 27 March 2018 DF Alfie Mawson ( 1994 - 01 - 19 ) 19 January 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Swansea City v. Italy , 27 March 2018 DF Ryan Bertrand ( 1989 - 08 - 05 ) 5 August 1989 ( age 28 ) 19 Southampton v. Netherlands , 23 March 2018 DF Michael Keane ( 1993 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 Everton v. Brazil , 14 November 2017 DF Chris Smalling ( 1989 - 11 - 22 ) 22 November 1989 ( age 28 ) 31 Manchester United v. Lithuania , 8 October 2017 DF Aaron Cresswell ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) 15 December 1989 ( age 28 ) 0 West Ham United v. Lithuania , 8 October 2017 MF Adam Lallana ( 1988 - 05 - 10 ) 10 May 1988 ( age 30 ) 34 Liverpool 2018 FIFA World Cup MF Jake Livermore ( 1989 - 11 - 14 ) 14 November 1989 ( age 28 ) 7 0 West Bromwich Albion 2018 FIFA World Cup MF Lewis Cook ( 1997 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 Bournemouth 2018 FIFA World Cup MF Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain ( 1993 - 08 - 15 ) 15 August 1993 ( age 24 ) 32 6 Liverpool v. Italy , 27 March 2018 MF Jack Wilshere ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1992 ( age 26 ) 34 West Ham United v. Netherlands , 23 March 2018 MF Jack Cork ( 1989 - 06 - 25 ) 25 June 1989 ( age 29 ) 0 Burnley v. Brazil , 14 November 2017 MF Harry Winks ( 1996 - 02 - 02 ) 2 February 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 Tottenham Hotspur v. Germany , 10 November 2017 MF Nathaniel Chalobah ( 1994 - 12 - 12 ) 12 December 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 0 Watford v. Slovakia , 4 September 2017 FW Tammy Abraham ( 1997 - 10 - 02 ) 2 October 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 Chelsea v. Brazil , 14 November 2017 FW Dominic Solanke ( 1997 - 09 - 14 ) 14 September 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 Liverpool v. Brazil , 14 November 2017 FW Jermain Defoe ( 1982 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1982 ( age 35 ) 57 20 Bournemouth v. Lithuania , 8 October 2017 FW Daniel Sturridge ( 1989 - 09 - 01 ) 1 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 26 8 Liverpool v. Lithuania , 8 October 2017 Withdrew from latest squad due to injury Preliminary squad / standby Results and fixtures Main article : England national football team results ( 2000 -- 19 ) Further information : 2017 -- 18 in English football and 2018 -- 19 in English football 2017 Malta v England 1 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Malta 0 -- 4 England show Ta ' Qali , Malta 19 : 45 BST Report Kane 53 ' , 90 + 2 ' Bertrand 85 ' Welbeck 90 + 1 ' Stadium : Ta ' Qali National Stadium Attendance : 16,994 Referee : Artur Dias Soares ( Portugal ) England v Slovakia 4 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification England 2 -- 1 Slovakia show London , England 19 : 45 BST Dier 37 ' Rashford 59 ' Report Lobotka 3 ' Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 67,823 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Slovenia 5 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification England 1 -- 0 Slovenia show London , England 19 : 45 BST Kane 90 + 4 ' Report Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 61,598 Referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Lithuania v England 8 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Lithuania 0 -- 1 England show Vilnius , Lithuania 17 : 00 BST Report Kane 27 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : LFF Stadium Attendance : 5,067 Referee : Orel Grinfeld ( Israel ) England v Germany 10 November 2017 Friendly England 0 -- 0 Germany show London , England 20 : 00 GMT Gomez 45 + 1 ' Livermore 59 ' Report Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 81,382 Referee : Pawel Raczkowski ( Poland ) England v Brazil 14 November 2017 Friendly England 0 -- 0 Brazil show London , England 20 : 00 GMT Livermore 54 ' Report Alves 56 ' Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 84,595 Referee : Artur Dias Soares ( Portugal ) 2018 Netherlands v England 23 March 2018 Friendly Netherlands 0 -- 1 England show Amsterdam , Netherlands 19 : 45 GMT Report Lingard 59 ' Stadium : Amsterdam Arena Referee : Jesús Gil Manzano ( Spain ) England v Italy 27 March 2018 Friendly England 1 -- 1 Italy show London , England 20 : 00 BST Vardy 26 ' Oxlade - Chamberlain 40 ' Walker 72 ' Young 83 ' Report Insigne 87 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Wembley Stadium Referee : Deniz Aytekin ( Germany ) England v Nigeria 2 June 2018 Friendly England 2 -- 1 Nigeria show London , England 17 : 15 BST Cahill 7 ' Kane 39 ' Sterling 68 ' Report Iwobi 47 ' Musa 77 ' Stadium : Wembley Stadium Attendance : 70,025 Referee : Marco Guida ( Italy ) England v Costa Rica 7 June 2018 Friendly England 2 -- 0 Costa Rica show Leeds , England 20 : 00 BST Rashford 13 ' Welbeck 76 ' Report Matarrita 68 ' González 69 ' Stadium : Elland Road Attendance : 36,104 Referee : Hiroyuki Kimura ( Japan ) Tunisia v England 18 June 2018 2018 WC Group G Tunisia 1 -- 2 England show Volgograd , Russia 19 : 00 BST Sassi 35 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 ' Walker 34 ' Stadium : Volgograd Arena Attendance : 41,064 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) England v Panama 24 June 2018 2018 WC Group G England 6 -- 1 Panama show Nizhny Novgorod , Russia 13 : 00 BST Stones 8 ' , 40 ' Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Loftus - Cheek 23 ' Lingard 36 ' Report Cooper 10 ' Escobar 44 ' Murillo 72 ' Baloy 78 ' Stadium : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) England v Belgium 28 June 2018 2018 WC Group G England 0 -- 1 Belgium show Kaliningrad , Russia 19 : 00 BST Report Tielemans 19 ' Dendoncker 33 ' Januzaj 51 ' Stadium : Kaliningrad Stadium Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Colombia v England 3 July 2018 2018 WC Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 4 p ) England show Moscow , Russia 19 : 00 BST Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . ) Stadium : Spartak Stadium Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Penalties Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier Sweden v England 7 July 2018 2018 WC Quarter - finals Sweden 0 -- 2 England show Samara , Russia 15 : 00 BST Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 58 ' Stadium : Cosmos Arena Attendance : 39,991 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Croatia v England 11 July 2018 2018 WC Semi-finals Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England show Moscow , Russia 19 : 00 BST Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Stadium : Luzhniki Stadium Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Belgium v England 14 July 2018 2018 WC 3rd place Belgium 2 -- 0 England show Saint Petersburg , Russia 15 : 00 BST Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report Stadium : Krestovsky Stadium Attendance : 64,406 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) England v Spain 8 September 2018 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League A England Spain show London , England 19 : 45 BST Stadium : Wembley Stadium England v Switzerland 11 September 2018 Friendly England Switzerland show Leicester , England Stadium : King Power Stadium Croatia v England 12 October 2018 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League A Croatia England show Rijeka , Croatia 19 : 45 BST Stadium : Stadion Rujevica Attendance : 0 Spain v England 15 October 2018 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League A Spain England show Seville , Spain 19 : 45 BST Stadium : Estadio Benito Villamarín England v United States 15 November 2018 Friendly England United States show London , England Stadium : Wembley Stadium England v Croatia 18 November 2018 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League A England Croatia show London , England 14 : 00 GMT Stadium : Wembley Stadium Records Main article : England national football team records and statistics See also : List of England international footballers This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most capped players Updated 9 October 2017 . Players in bold are still active , at least at club level . Goalkeeper Peter Shilton is the most capped player in the history of England with 125 caps . Players with an equal number of caps are ranked in chronological order of reaching the milestone . # Name Career Caps Goals Position Peter Shilton 1970 -- 1990 125 0 GK Wayne Rooney 2003 -- 2016 119 53 FW David Beckham 1996 -- 2009 115 17 MF Steven Gerrard 2000 -- 2014 114 21 MF 5 Bobby Moore 1962 -- 1973 108 DF 6 Ashley Cole 2001 -- 2014 107 0 DF 7 Bobby Charlton 1958 -- 1970 106 49 MF Frank Lampard 1999 -- 2014 106 29 MF 9 Billy Wright 1946 -- 1959 105 DF 10 Bryan Robson 1980 -- 1991 90 26 MF 11 Michael Owen 1998 -- 2008 89 40 FW 12 Kenny Sansom 1979 -- 1988 86 DF 13 Gary Neville 1995 -- 2007 85 0 DF 14 Ray Wilkins 1976 -- 1986 84 MF 15 Rio Ferdinand 1997 -- 2011 81 DF 16 Gary Lineker 1984 -- 1992 80 48 FW 17 John Barnes 1983 -- 1995 79 11 MF 18 Stuart Pearce 1987 -- 1999 78 5 DF John Terry 2003 -- 2012 78 6 DF 20 Terry Butcher 1980 -- 1990 77 DF Top goalscorers Updated 9 October 2017 . Wayne Rooney is the top goalscorer in the history of England with 53 goals . Players in bold are still active , at least at club level . # Name Career Goals Caps Position Average Wayne Rooney 2003 -- 2016 53 119 FW 0.4454 Bobby Charlton 1958 -- 1970 49 106 MF 0.4622 Gary Lineker 1984 -- 1992 48 80 FW 0.6000 Jimmy Greaves 1959 -- 1967 44 57 FW 0.7719 5 Michael Owen 1998 -- 2008 40 89 FW 0.4494 6 Nat Lofthouse 1950 -- 1958 30 33 FW 0.9090 Alan Shearer 1992 -- 2000 30 63 FW 0.4762 Tom Finney 1946 -- 1958 30 76 FW 0.3947 9 Vivian Woodward 1903 -- 1911 29 23 FW 1.2609 Frank Lampard 1999 -- 2014 29 106 MF 0.2735 11 Steve Bloomer 1895 -- 1907 28 23 FW 1.2174 12 David Platt 1989 -- 1996 27 62 MF 0.4355 13 Bryan Robson 1981 -- 1991 26 90 MF 0.2889 14 Geoff Hurst 1965 -- 1972 24 49 FW 0.4898 15 Stan Mortensen 1947 -- 1953 23 25 FW 0.9200 16 Tommy Lawton 1938 -- 1948 22 23 FW 0.9565 Peter Crouch 2005 -- 2010 22 42 FW 0.5238 18 Mick Channon 1972 -- 1977 21 46 FW 0.4565 Kevin Keegan 1972 -- 1982 21 63 FW 0.3333 Steven Gerrard 2000 -- 2014 21 114 MF 0.1842 Competitive record For the all - time record of the national team against opposing nations , see the team 's all - time record page FIFA World Cup Main article : England at the FIFA World Cup England first appeared at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , and have subsequently qualified for a total of 15 FIFA World Cup Finals tournaments , tied for sixth best by number of appearances . They are also tied for sixth by number of wins , alongside France and Spain . The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title . The England team won their first and only World Cup title in 1966 . The tournament was played on home soil , and England defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 in the final . In 1990 , England finished in fourth place , losing 2 -- 1 to host nation Italy in the third place play - off , after losing on penalties to champions West Germany in the semi-final . They also finished in fourth place in 2018 . The team also reached the quarter - final in 1954 , 1962 , 1970 , 1986 , 2002 and 2006 . England failed to qualify for the World Cup in 1974 , 1978 and 1994 . The team 's earliest exit in the competition itself was its elimination in the first round in 1950 , 1958 and most recently in the 2014 FIFA World Cup , after being defeated in both their opening two matches for the first time , versus Italy and Uruguay in Group D. In 1950 , four teams remained after the first round , in 1958 eight teams remained and in 2014 sixteen teams remained . In 2010 , England suffered its most resounding World Cup defeat ( 4 -- 1 to Germany ) in the Round of 16 , after drawing with the United States and Algeria and defeating Slovenia 1 -- 0 in the group stage . Champions Runners - up Third place Fourth place FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup qualification record Manager ( s ) Year Result Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Not a FIFA member No qualification None 1934 Not a FIFA member 1938 1950 Group stage 8th of 13 0 0 0 14 Winterbottom 1954 Quarter - finals 7th of 16 8 8 0 0 11 1958 Group stage 11th of 16 0 5 0 15 5 1962 Quarter - finals 8th of 16 5 6 0 16 1966 Champions 1st of 16 6 5 0 11 Qualified as hosts Ramsey 1970 Quarter - finals 8th of 16 0 Qualified as defending champions Ramsey Did not qualify 1978 6 5 0 15 Revie 1982 Second group stage 6th of 24 5 0 6 8 13 8 Greenwood 1986 Quarter - finals 8th of 24 5 7 8 0 21 Robson 1990 Fourth Place 4th of 24 7 8 6 6 0 10 0 1994 Did not qualify 10 5 26 9 Taylor 1998 Round of 16 9th of 32 7 8 6 15 Hoddle 2002 Quarter - finals 6th of 32 5 6 8 5 16 6 Keegan , Wilkinson , Eriksson 2006 7th of 32 5 0 6 10 8 17 5 Eriksson Round of 16 13th of 32 5 10 9 0 34 6 Capello 2014 Group stage 26th of 32 0 10 6 0 31 Hodgson 2018 Fourth Place 4th of 32 7 12 8 10 8 0 18 Allardyce , Southgate Total 1 title 15 / 21 69 29 21 19 91 64 108 73 24 11 271 67 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border colour indicates tournament was held on home soil . * * * * England played all of their 2002 matches in Japan . UEFA European Championship Main article : England at the UEFA European Championship England 's greatest achievements at the UEFA European Championship have been to finish in third place in 1968 and to reach the semi-final in 1996 . England hosted Euro 96 and have qualified for nine UEFA European Championship finals tournaments , tied for fourth best by number of appearances . The team has also reached the quarter - final on two recent occasions , in 2004 and 2012 . The team 's worst result in the competition was a first - round elimination in 1980 , 1988 , 1992 and 2000 . The team did not enter in 1960 , and they failed to qualify in 1964 , 1972 , 1976 , 1984 , and 2008 . UEFA European Championship record UEFA European Championship qualification record Manager ( s ) Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1960 Did not enter -- -- -- -- -- -- 1964 Did not qualify 0 6 Winterbottom , Ramsey 1968 Third place 3rd of 4 0 8 6 18 6 Ramsey 1972 Did not qualify 8 5 16 6 Ramsey 1976 Did not qualify 6 11 Revie 1980 Group stage 6th of 8 8 7 0 22 5 Greenwood 1984 Did not qualify 8 5 23 Robson 1988 Group stage 7th of 8 0 0 7 6 5 0 19 1992 Group stage 7th of 8 0 6 0 7 Taylor Semi-finals 3rd of 16 5 0 8 Qualified as hosts Venables 2000 Group stage 11th of 16 0 5 6 10 16 5 Hoddle , Keegan Quarter - finals 5th of 16 10 6 8 6 0 14 5 Eriksson 2008 Did not qualify 12 7 24 7 McClaren 2012 Quarter - finals 5th of 16 0 5 8 5 0 17 5 Capello , Hodgson 2016 Round of 16 12th of 24 10 10 0 0 31 Hodgson 2020 To be determined TBD Total Third place ( x2 ) 9 / 15 31 10 11 10 40 35 96 62 24 10 208 58 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . Minor tournaments Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1964 Taça de Nações Group stage 3rd 0 7 1976 USA Bicentennial Cup Tournament Group stage 2nd 0 6 1985 Rous Cup One match 2nd 0 0 0 1985 Ciudad de México Cup Tournament Group stage 3rd 0 0 1985 Azteca 2000 Tournament Group stage 2nd 0 1986 Rous Cup Winners , one match 1st 0 0 1987 Rous Cup Group stage 2nd 0 0 1988 Rous Cup Winners , group stage 1st 0 1989 Rous Cup Winners , group stage 1st 0 0 1991 England Challenge Cup Winners , group stage 1st 0 5 1993 U.S. Cup Group stage 4th 0 5 1995 Umbro Cup Group stage 2nd 6 7 1997 Tournoi de France Winners , group stage 1st 0 1998 King Hassan II International Cup Tournament Group stage 2nd 0 0 2004 FA Summer Tournament Winners , group stage 1st 0 7 Total 6 titles 33 12 10 11 43 37 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . Honours and achievements The England squad ( red ) which won the 1966 World Cup final against West Germany Major : FIFA World Cup Winners : 1966 Fourth place : 1990 , 2018 UEFA European Championship Third place : 1968 Semi-finalists : 1996 Regional : British Home Championship Winners ( 54 ) : ( including 20 shared ) Rous Cup : Winners : 1986 , 1988 , 1989 Other : FIFA Fair Play Trophy : Winners : 1990 , 1998 See also English football portal Great Britain Olympic football team United Kingdom national football team England women 's national football team England national football team all - time record Notes Jump up ^ The Croatia v England match was played behind closed doors due to a UEFA punishment against Croatia for racist behaviour in their UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying home match against Italy . References ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking : Men 's Ranking '' . FIFA . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Football Elo Ratings : England '' . Eloratings.net . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FA Handbook 2013 -- 14 '' ( pdf ) . TheFA.com . p. 621 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Written evidence submitted by Lord Triesman '' . Parliament.uk . May 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England Match No. 1 -- Scotland -- 30 November 1872 -- Match Summary and Report '' . englandfootballonline.com . Retrieved 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hart , Tim ( 12 June 2010 ) . `` England v USA : 1950 World Cup win over the Three Lions lives long in the memory '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Goodbody , John ( 22 November 2003 ) . `` Football 's November revolution : Magnificent Magyars storm England 's Wembley fortress '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` England v West Germany at Italia ' 90 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venables is also the only England manager ever to resign from his post because of the muddy personal details set to be showcased in a high - profile trial related to financial irregularities . '' V is for Venables . When Saturday Comes . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen Gibson ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Rifts appear as players grow tired of Capello regime '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fabio Capello quits as England manager after meeting with FA '' . BBC . 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Roy Hodgson appointed England manager by FA '' . BBC . 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 June 2012 ) . `` England 0 -- 0 Italy ( 2 -- 4 on pens ) '' . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : England crash out after Costa Rica surprise Italy '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` England 0 Costa Rica 0 : Winless Three Lions bow out of Brazil 2014 with a whimper '' . Daily Record . 24 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney the record man helps blast England into Euro 2016 finals '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FT : England Out of Euro 2016 -- BBC Sport '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2016 : Roy Hodgson resigns after England lose to Iceland '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 28 June 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Louise ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` Sam Allardyce appointed England manager and says : ' It 's time to deliver ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC News Online . 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Southgate : Interim England manager wants future decided within a month '' . BBC Sport. 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former defender signs four - year deal to lead Three Lions '' . The Football Association . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Qualifiers - Europe - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup draw : England face Belgium , Panama and Tunisia in Group G '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : England put six past Panama to reach last 16 '' . BBC Sport. 2018 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ match ) , Rob Smyth ( during the ; ( after ) , Simon Burnton ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) . `` World Cup : England beat Panama 6 - 1 and look to the knockout rounds - as it happened '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` England 6 - 1 Panama : Kane nets hat - trick as Three Lions reach last - 16 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : England beat Colombia 4 - 3 on penalties '' . BBC Sport. 2018 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia 1 - 1 England ( 3 - 4 on penalties ) : Eric Dier spot - kick sends Three Lions into quarter - fnals '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England : Harry Maguire and Dele Alli head England into World Cup semis '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` SWEDEN 0 - 2 ENGLAND : Three Lions through to the World Cup semi-final '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Croatia v England '' . BBC Sport. 2018 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) . `` England 's World Cup dream dashed as Croatia win semi-final in extra time '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia strike back : England ELIMINATED from the World Cup '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` They 've come home : England return after World Cup heroics '' . Sky News . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` England 's Uniforms and Playing Kits '' . EnglandFootballOnline.com . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Justin ( 14 September 2013 ) . `` Richard the Lionheart : battle addict who spent much of his life in France '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` England 1872 -- 1960 '' . Historical Football Kits . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 3 March 2009 ) . `` England identity crisis ahead as FA rejig Three Lions '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How The FA found inspiration from the 1100s for its iconic Crest '' . UTalk Marketing . 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England 1997 -- 2010 '' . Historical Football Kits . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Owen Gibson ( 11 October 2009 ) . `` Meltdown averted as England match draws online audience of 500,000 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England World Cup squad : Trent Alexander - Arnold in 23 - man squad '' . BBC Sport. 16 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England World Cup 2018 squad revealed : Gareth Southgate names Trent Alexander - Arnold in 23 ' to get excited about ' '' . The Telegraph . 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : England captain Harry Kane says they can win in Russia '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's Nations League match in Croatia will be behind closed doors '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Kevin Keegan and Howard Wilkinson managed one qualifying match each : Eriksson managed the remainder of qualification and the finals campaign . Jump up ^ Sam Allardyce managed one qualifying match : Gareth Southgate managed the remainder of the qualification and is currently the manager for the finals campaign . Jump up ^ England were defeated by France in a two - legged elimination round . Ramsey took over from Winterbottom between the two legs . Jump up ^ Although England did not qualify for the finals , they reached the last eight of the competition . Only the last four teams progressed to the finals . Jump up ^ Hoddle managed the first three qualifiers , while Keegan managed the remainder of qualification and the finals campaign . Jump up ^ Capello managed the qualification campaign . He resigned before the tournament and was replaced by Hodgson . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to England national association football team . Official website at the FA 's website England at UEFA England at FIFA A complete database of England Internationals since 1872 by englandstats.com England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 1988 1992 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) FIFA World Cup champions 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany 2018 : France England squads England squads -- FIFA World Cup England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squads -- UEFA European Championship England squad -- UEFA Euro 1968 third place 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Wilson 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Hunt 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Stepney 13 West 14 Knowles 15 J. Charlton 16 Wright 17 Stiles 18 Summerbee 19 Hunter 20 Bell 21 Greaves 22 Thompson Coach : Ramsey England squad -- UEFA Euro 1980 1 Clemence 2 Neal 3 Sansom 4 Thompson 5 Watson 6 Wilkins 7 Keegan ( c ) 8 Coppell 9 Johnson 10 Brooking 11 Woodcock 12 Anderson 13 Shilton 14 Cherry 15 Hughes 16 Mills 17 McDermott 18 Kennedy 19 Hoddle 20 Mariner 21 Birtles 22 Corrigan Coach : Greenwood England squad -- UEFA Euro 1988 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Webb 5 Watson 6 Adams 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Steven 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Waddle 13 Woods 14 Anderson 15 McMahon 16 Reid 17 Hoddle 18 Hateley 19 Wright 20 Dorigo Coach : R. Robson England squad -- UEFA Euro 1992 1 Woods 2 Curle 3 Pearce 4 Keown 5 Walker 6 Wright 7 Platt 8 Steven 9 Clough 10 Lineker ( c ) 11 Sinton 12 Palmer 13 Martyn 14 Dorigo 15 Webb 16 Merson 17 Smith 18 Daley 19 Batty 20 Shearer Coach : Taylor England squad -- UEFA Euro 1996 Semi-finalists 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 Pearce 4 Ince 5 Adams ( c ) 6 Southgate 7 Platt 8 Gascoigne 9 Shearer 10 Sheringham 11 Anderton 12 Howey 13 Flowers 14 Barmby 15 Redknapp 16 Campbell 17 McManaman 18 Ferdinand 19 P. Neville 20 Stone 21 Fowler 22 Walker Coach : Venables England squad -- UEFA Euro 2000 1 Seaman 2 G. Neville 3 P. Neville 4 Campbell 5 Adams 6 Keown 7 Beckham 8 Scholes 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Owen 11 McManaman 12 Southgate 13 Martyn 14 Ince 15 Barry 16 Gerrard 17 Wise 18 Barmby 19 Heskey 20 Phillips 21 Fowler 22 Wright Coach : Keegan England squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 1 James 2 G. Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Terry 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 Lampard 12 Bridge 13 Robinson 14 P. Neville 15 King 16 Carragher 17 Butt 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Dyer 21 Heskey 22 Walker 23 Vassell Coach : Eriksson England squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Kelly 6 Terry 7 Walcott 8 Henderson 9 Carroll 10 Rooney 11 Young 12 Baines 13 Green 14 Jones 15 Lescott 16 Milner 17 Parker 18 Jagielka 19 Downing 20 Oxlade - Chamberlain 21 Defoe 22 Welbeck 23 Butland Coach : Hodgson England squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Hart 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Milner 5 Cahill 6 Smalling 7 Sterling 8 Lallana 9 Kane 10 Rooney ( c ) 11 Vardy 12 Clyne 13 Forster 14 Henderson 15 Sturridge 16 Stones 17 Dier 18 Wilshere 19 Barkley 20 Alli 21 Bertrand 22 Rashford 23 Heaton Coach : Hodgson Links to related articles Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records 2017 -- 18 in English football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Senior ( 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying round , finals ) U21 ( UEFA Euro 2019 qualifying round ) U19 ( UEFA Euro 2018 qualifying round , finals ) U17 ( UEFA Euro 2018 finals ) League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League ( Championship , League One , League Two , play - 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5708279290185833063	Carburetor	Carburetor - wikipedia Carburetor Jump to : navigation , search `` Carburation '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Carburizing or Carbonation . Bendix - Technico ( Stromberg ) 1 - barrel downdraft carburetor model BXUV - 3 , with nomenclature A carburetor ( American English ) or carburettor ( British English ; see spelling differences ) is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine in the proper ratio for combustion . It is sometimes colloquially shortened to carb in the UK and North America or carby in Australia . To carburate or carburet ( and thus carburation or carburetion , respectively ) is to blend the air and fuel or to equip ( an engine ) with a carburetor for that purpose . A buret or burette is equipment for measuring liquids accurately . Carburetors have largely been supplanted in the automotive and , to a lesser extent , aviation industries by fuel injection . They are still common on small engines for lawn mowers , rototillers and other equipment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History and development 3 Principles 4 Operation 4.1 Basics 4.2 Off - idle circuit 4.3 Main open - throttle circuit 4.4 Power valve 4.5 Accelerator pump 4.6 Choke 4.7 Other elements 5 Fuel supply 5.1 Float chamber 5.2 Diaphragm chamber 6 Multiple carburetor barrels 7 Carburetor adjustment 8 Feedback carburetors 9 Catalytic carburetors 10 Constant vacuum carburetors 11 Vaporizers 12 List of manufacturers 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) The word carburetor comes from the French carbure meaning `` carbide '' . Carburer means to combine with carbon ( compare also carburizing ) . In fuel chemistry , the term has the more specific meaning of increasing the carbon ( and therefore energy ) content of a fluid by mixing it with a volatile hydrocarbon . History and development ( edit ) The first carburetor was invented by Samuel Morey in 1826 . Another carburetor was developed by Enrico Bernardi at the University of Padua in 1882 , for his Motrice Pia , the first petrol combustion engine ( one cylinder , 121.6 cc ) prototyped on 5 August 1882 . A carburetor was among the early patents by Karl Benz ( 1888 ) as he developed internal combustion engines and their components . Early carburetors were the surface carburetor type , in which air is charged with fuel by being passed over the surface of gasoline . In 1885 , Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler developed a float carburetor for their engine based on the atomizer nozzle . The Daimler - Maybach carburetor was copied extensively , leading to patent lawsuits , but British courts rejected the Daimler company 's claim of priority in favor of Edward Butler 's 1884 spray carburetor used on his Petrol Cycle . Hungarian engineers János Csonka and Donát Bánki patented a carburetor for a stationary engine in 1893 . Frederick William Lanchester of Birmingham , England , experimented with the wick carburetor in cars . In 1896 , Frederick and his brother built the first gasoline - driven car in England : a single cylinder 5 hp ( 3.7 kW ) internal combustion engine with chain drive . Unhappy with the performance and power , they re-built the engine the next year into a two - cylinder horizontally opposed version using his new wick carburetor design . Carburetors were the usual method of fuel delivery for most US - made gasoline - fueled engines up until the late 1980s , when fuel injection became the preferred method . This change was dictated more by the requirements of catalytic converters than by any inherent inefficiency of carburation ; a catalytic converter requires much more precise control over the fuel / air mixture , to closely control the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases . In the U.S. market , the last carbureted cars were : 1990 ( General public ) : Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser , Buick Estate Wagon , Cadillac Brougham , Honda Prelude ( Base Model ) , Subaru Justy 1991 ( Police ) : Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor with the 5.8 L ( 351 cu in ) V8 engine . 1991 ( SUV ) : Jeep Grand Wagoneer with the AMC 360 cu in ( 5.9 L ) V8 engine . 1993 Mazda B2200 ( Light Truck ) 1994 ( Light truck ) : Isuzu In Australia , some cars continued to use carburetors well into the 1990s ; these included the Honda Civic ( 1993 ) , the Ford Laser ( 1994 ) , the Mazda 323 and Mitsubishi Magna sedans ( 1996 ) , the Daihatsu Charade ( 1997 ) , and the Suzuki Swift ( 1999 ) . Low - cost commercial vans and 4WDs in Australia continued with carburetors even into the 2000s , the last being the Mitsubishi Express van in 2003 . Elsewhere , certain Lada cars used carburetors until 2006 . Many motorcycles still use carburetors for simplicity 's sake , since a carburetor does not require an electrical system to function . Carburetors are also still found in small engines and in older or specialized automobiles , such as those designed for stock car racing , though NASCAR 's 2011 Sprint Cup season was the last one with carbureted engines ; electronic fuel injection was used beginning with the 2012 race season in Cup . In Europe , carburetor - engined cars were being gradually phased out by the end of the 1980s in favor of fuel injection , which was already the established type of engine on more expensive vehicles including luxury and sports models . EEC legislation required all vehicles sold and produced in member countries to have a catalytic converter after December 1992 . This legislation had been in the pipeline for some time , with many cars becoming available with catalytic converters or fuel injection from around 1990 . However , some versions of the Peugeot 106 were sold with carburettor engines from its launch in 1991 , as were versions of the Renault Clio and Nissan Primera ( launched in 1990 ) and initially all versions of Ford Fiesta range except the XR2i when it was launched in 1989 . Luxury car manufacturer Mercedes - Benz had been producing mechanically fuel - injected cars since the early 1950s , while the first mainstream family car to feature fuel injection was the Volkswagen Golf GTI in 1976 . Ford 's first fuel - injected car was the Ford Capri RS 2600 in 1970 . General Motors launched its first fuel - injected car around the same time , when it began to introduce fuel - injected engines to its Vauxhall Cavalier / Opel Ascona range . Saab switched to fuel injection across its whole range from 1982 . Principles ( edit ) The carburetor works on Bernoulli 's principle : the faster air moves , the lower its static pressure , and the higher its dynamic pressure . The throttle ( accelerator ) linkage does not directly control the flow of liquid fuel . Instead , it actuates carburetor mechanisms which meter the flow of air being pushed into the engine . The speed of this flow , and therefore its pressure , determines the amount of fuel drawn into the airstream . When carburetors are used in aircraft with piston engines , special designs and features are needed to prevent fuel starvation during inverted flight . Later engines used an early form of fuel injection known as a pressure carburetor . Most production carbureted engines , as opposed to fuel - injected , have a single carburetor and a matching intake manifold that divides and transports the air fuel mixture to the intake valves , though some engines ( like motorcycle engines ) use multiple carburetors on split heads . Multiple carburetor engines were also common enhancements for modifying engines in the USA from the 1950s to mid-1960s , as well as during the following decade of high - performance muscle cars , fueling different chambers of the engine 's intake manifold . Older engines used updraft carburetors , where the air enters from below the carburetor and exits through the top . This had the advantage of never flooding the engine , as any liquid fuel droplets would fall out of the carburetor instead of into the intake manifold ; it also lent itself to use of an oil bath air cleaner , where a pool of oil below a mesh element below the carburetor is sucked up into the mesh and the air is drawn through the oil - covered mesh ; this was an effective system in a time when paper air filters did not exist . Beginning in the late 1930s , downdraft carburetors were the most popular type for automotive use in the United States . In Europe , the sidedraft carburetors replaced downdraft as free space in the engine bay decreased and the use of the SU - type carburetor ( and similar units from other manufacturers ) increased . Some small propeller - driven aircraft engines still use the updraft carburetor design . Outboard motor carburetors are typically sidedraft , because they must be stacked one on top of the other in order to feed the cylinders in a vertically oriented cylinder block . 1979 Evinrude Type I marine sidedraft carburetor The main disadvantage of basing a carburetor 's operation on Bernoulli 's Principle is that , being a fluid dynamic device , the pressure reduction in a Venturi tends to be proportional to the square of the intake air speed . The fuel jets are much smaller and limited mainly by viscosity , so that the fuel flow tends to be proportional to the pressure difference . So jets sized for full power tend to starve the engine at lower speed and part throttle . Most commonly this has been corrected by using multiple jets . In SU and other movable jet carburetors , it was corrected by varying the jet size . For cold starting , a different principle was used in multi-jet carburetors . A flow resisting valve called a choke , similar to the throttle valve , was placed upstream of the main jet to reduce the intake pressure and suck additional fuel out of the jets . Operation ( edit ) Fixed - Venturi in which the varying air velocity in the Venturi alters the fuel flow ; this architecture is employed in most carburetors found on cars . Variable - Venturi in which the fuel jet opening is varied by the slide ( which simultaneously alters air flow ) . In `` constant depression '' carburetors , this is done by a vacuum operated piston connected to a tapered needle which slides inside the fuel jet . A simpler version exists , most commonly found on small motorcycles and dirt bikes , where the slide and needle is directly controlled by the throttle position . The most common variable Venturi ( constant depression ) type carburetor is the sidedraft SU carburetor and similar models from Hitachi , Zenith - Stromberg and other makers . The UK location of the SU and Zenith - Stromberg companies helped these carburetors rise to a position of domination in the UK car market , though such carburetors were also very widely used on Volvos and other non-UK makes . Other similar designs have been used on some European and a few Japanese automobiles . These carburetors are also referred to as `` constant velocity '' or `` constant vacuum '' carburetors . An interesting variation was Ford 's VV ( Variable Venturi ) carburetor , which was essentially a fixed Venturi carburetor with one side of the Venturi hinged and movable to give a narrow throat at low rpm and a wider throat at high rpm . This was designed to provide good mixing and airflow over a range of engine speeds , though the VV carburetor proved problematic in service . A high performance 4 - barrel carburetor Under all engine operating conditions , the carburetor must : Measure the airflow of the engine Deliver the correct amount of fuel to keep the fuel / air mixture in the proper range ( adjusting for factors such as temperature ) Mix the two finely and evenly This job would be simple if air and gasoline ( petrol ) were ideal fluids ; in practice , however , their deviations from ideal behavior due to viscosity , fluid drag , inertia , etc. require a great deal of complexity to compensate for exceptionally high or low engine speeds . A carburetor must provide the proper fuel / air mixture across a wide range of ambient temperatures , atmospheric pressures , engine speeds and loads , and centrifugal forces : Cold start Hot start Idling or slow - running Acceleration High speed / high power at full throttle Cruising at part throttle ( light load ) In addition , modern carburetors are required to do this while maintaining low rates of exhaust emissions . To function correctly under all these conditions , most carburetors contain a complex set of mechanisms to support several different operating modes , called circuits . Basics ( edit ) Cross-sectional schematic of a downdraft carburetor A carburetor basically consists of an open pipe through which the air passes into the inlet manifold of the engine . The pipe is in the form of a Venturi : it narrows in section and then widens again , causing the airflow to increase in speed in the narrowest part . Below the Venturi is a butterfly valve called the throttle valve -- a rotating disc that can be turned end - on to the airflow , so as to hardly restrict the flow at all , or can be rotated so that it ( almost ) completely blocks the flow of air . This valve controls the flow of air through the carburetor throat and thus the quantity of air / fuel mixture the system will deliver , thereby regulating engine power and speed . The throttle is connected , usually through a cable or a mechanical linkage of rods and joints or rarely by pneumatic link , to the accelerator pedal on a car , a throttle level in an aircraft or the equivalent control on other vehicles or equipment . Fuel is introduced into the air stream through small holes at the narrowest part of the Venturi and at other places where pressure will be lowered when not running on full throttle . Fuel flow is adjusted by means of precisely calibrated orifices , referred to as jets , in the fuel path . Off - idle circuit ( edit ) As the throttle is opened up slightly from the fully closed position , the throttle plate uncovers additional fuel delivery holes behind the throttle plate where there is a low pressure area created by the throttle plate / Valve blocking air flow ; these allow more fuel to flow as well as compensating for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the throttle is opened , thus smoothing the transition to metering fuel flow through the regular open throttle circuit . Main open - throttle circuit ( edit ) As the throttle is progressively opened , the manifold vacuum is lessened since there is less restriction on the airflow , reducing the flow through the idle and off - idle circuits . This is where the Venturi shape of the carburetor throat comes into play , due to Bernoulli 's principle ( i.e. , as the velocity increases , pressure falls ) . The Venturi raises the air velocity , and this high speed and thus low pressure sucks fuel into the airstream through a nozzle or nozzles located in the center of the Venturi . Sometimes one or more additional booster Venturis are placed coaxially within the primary Venturi to increase the effect . As the throttle is closed , the airflow through the Venturi drops until the lowered pressure is insufficient to maintain this fuel flow , and the idle circuit takes over again , as described above . Bernoulli 's principle , which is a function of the velocity of the fluid , is a dominant effect for large openings and large flow rates , but since fluid flow at small scales and low speeds ( low Reynolds number ) is dominated by viscosity , Bernoulli 's principle is ineffective at idle or slow running and in the very small carburetors of the smallest model engines . Small model engines have flow restrictions ahead of the jets to reduce the pressure enough to suck the fuel into the air flow . Similarly the idle and slow running jets of large carburetors are placed after the throttle valve where the pressure is reduced partly by viscous drag , rather than by Bernoulli 's principle . The most common rich mixture device for starting cold engines was the choke , which works on the same principle . Power valve ( edit ) For open throttle operation a richer mixture will produce more power , prevent pre-ignition detonation , and keep the engine cooler . This is usually addressed with a spring - loaded `` power valve '' , which is held shut by engine vacuum . As the throttle opens up , the vacuum decreases and the spring opens the valve to let more fuel into the main circuit . On two - stroke engines , the operation of the power valve is the reverse of normal -- it is normally `` on '' and at a set rpm it is turned `` off '' . It is activated at high rpm to extend the engine 's rev range , capitalizing on a two - stroke 's tendency to rev higher momentarily when the mixture is lean . Alternative to employing a power valve , the carburetor may utilize a metering rod or step - up rod system to enrich the fuel mixture under high - demand conditions . Such systems were originated by Carter Carburetor in the 1950s for the primary two Venturis of their four barrel carburetors , and step - up rods were widely used on most 1 - , 2 - , and 4 - barrel Carter carburetors through the end of production in the 1980s . The step - up rods are tapered at the bottom end , which extends into the main metering jets . The tops of the rods are connected to a vacuum piston or a mechanical linkage which lifts the rods out of the main jets when the throttle is opened ( mechanical linkage ) or when manifold vacuum drops ( vacuum piston ) . When the step - up rod is lowered into the main jet , it restricts the fuel flow . When the step - up rod is raised out of the jet , more fuel can flow through it . In this manner , the amount of fuel delivered is tailored to the transient demands of the engine . Some 4 - barrel carburetors use metering rods only on the primary two Venturis , but some use them on both primary and secondary circuits , as in the Rochester Quadrajet . Accelerator pump ( edit ) Liquid gasoline , being denser than air , is slower than air to react to a force applied to it . When the throttle is rapidly opened , airflow through the carburetor increases immediately , faster than the fuel flow rate can increase . This transient oversupply of air causes a lean mixture , which makes the engine misfire ( or `` stumble '' ) -- an effect opposite to that which was demanded by opening the throttle . This is remedied by the use of a small piston or diaphragm pump which , when actuated by the throttle linkage , forces a small amount of gasoline through a jet into the carburetor throat . This extra shot of fuel counteracts the transient lean condition on throttle tip - in . Most accelerator pumps are adjustable for volume or duration by some means . Eventually , the seals around the moving parts of the pump wear such that pump output is reduced ; this reduction of the accelerator pump shot causes stumbling under acceleration until the seals on the pump are renewed . The accelerator pump is also used to prime the engine with fuel prior to a cold start . Excessive priming , like an improperly adjusted choke , can cause flooding . This is when too much fuel and not enough air are present to support combustion . For this reason , most carburetors are equipped with an unloader mechanism : The accelerator is held at wide open throttle while the engine is cranked , the unloader holds the choke open and admits extra air , and eventually the excess fuel is cleared out and the engine starts . Choke ( edit ) When the engine is cold , fuel vaporizes less readily and tends to condense on the walls of the intake manifold , starving the cylinders of fuel and making the engine difficult to start ; thus , a richer mixture ( more fuel to air ) is required to start and run the engine until it warms up . A richer mixture is also easier to ignite . To provide the extra fuel , a choke is typically used ; this is a device that restricts the flow of air at the entrance to the carburetor , before the venturi . With this restriction in place , extra vacuum is developed in the carburetor barrel , which pulls extra fuel through the main metering system to supplement the fuel being pulled from the idle and off - idle circuits . This provides the rich mixture required to sustain operation at low engine temperatures . In addition , the choke can be connected to a cam ( the fast idle cam ) or other such device which prevents the throttle plate from closing fully while the choke is in operation . This causes the engine to idle at a higher speed . Fast idle serves as a way to help the engine warm up quickly , and give a more stable idle while cold by increasing airflow throughout the intake system which helps to better atomize the cold fuel . In older carbureted cars , the choke was controlled manually by a Bowden cable and pull - knob on the dashboard . For easier , more convenient driving , automatic chokes ; first introduced on the 1932 Oldsmobile , became popular in the late 1950s . These were controlled by a thermostat employing a bimetallic spring . When cold , the spring would contract , closing the choke plate . Upon startup the spring would be heated by engine coolant , exhaust heat or an electric heating coil . As it was heated , the spring would slowly expand and open the choke plate . A choke unloader is a linkage arrangement that forces the choke open against its spring when the vehicle 's accelerator is moved to the end of its travel . This provision allows a `` flooded '' engine to be cleared out so that it will start . Forgetting to deactivate the choke once the engine achieved operating temperature would waste fuel and increase emissions . To meet increasingly stringent emission requirements , some cars that still retained manual chokes ( from around 1980 , depending on market ) began to have choke opening automatically controlled by a thermostat employing a bimetallic spring , heated by the engine coolant . The ' choke ' for constant - depression carburettors such as the SU or Stromberg does not use a choke valve in the air circuit but instead has a mixture enrichment circuit to increase fuel flow by opening the metering jet further or by opening an additional fuel jet or ' enrichment ' . Typically used on small engines , notably motorcycles , enrichments work by opening a secondary fuel circuit below the throttle valves . This circuit works exactly like the idle circuit , and when engaged it simply supplies extra fuel when the throttle is closed . Classic British motorcycles , with side - draft slide - throttle carburetors , used another type of `` cold start device '' , called a `` tickler '' . This is simply a spring - loaded rod that , when depressed , manually pushes the float down and allows excess fuel to fill the float bowl and flood the intake tract . If the `` tickler '' is held down too long it also floods the outside of the carburetor and the crankcase below , and is therefore a fire hazard . Other elements ( edit ) The interactions between each circuit may also be affected by various mechanical or air pressure connections and also by temperature sensitive and electrical components . These are introduced for reasons such as response , fuel efficiency or automobile emissions control . Various air bleeds ( often chosen from a precisely calibrated range , similarly to the jets ) allow air into various portions of the fuel passages to enhance fuel delivery and vaporization . Extra refinements may be included in the carburetor / manifold combination , such as some form of heating to aid fuel vaporization such as an early fuel evaporator . Fuel supply ( edit ) Float chamber ( edit ) Holley `` Visi - Flo '' model # 1904 carburetors from the 1950s , factory equipped with transparent glass bowls . To ensure a ready mixture , the carburetor has a `` float chamber '' ( or `` bowl '' ) that contains a quantity of fuel at near - atmospheric pressure , ready for use . This reservoir is constantly replenished with fuel supplied by a fuel pump . The correct fuel level in the bowl is maintained by means of a float controlling an inlet valve , in a manner very similar to that employed in a cistern ( e.g. a toilet tank ) . As fuel is used up , the float drops , opening the inlet valve and admitting fuel . As the fuel level rises , the float rises and closes the inlet valve . The level of fuel maintained in the float bowl can usually be adjusted , whether by a setscrew or by something crude such as bending the arm to which the float is connected . This is usually a critical adjustment , and the proper adjustment is indicated by lines inscribed into a window on the float bowl , or a measurement of how far the float hangs below the top of the carburetor when disassembled , or similar . Floats can be made of different materials , such as sheet brass soldered into a hollow shape , or of plastic ; hollow floats can spring small leaks and plastic floats can eventually become porous and lose their flotation ; in either case the float will fail to float , fuel level will be too high , and the engine will not run unless the float is replaced . The valve itself becomes worn on its sides by its motion in its `` seat '' and will eventually try to close at an angle , and thus fails to shut off the fuel completely ; again , this will cause excessive fuel flow and poor engine operation . Conversely , as the fuel evaporates from the float bowl , it leaves sediment , residue , and varnishes behind , which clog the passages and can interfere with the float operation . This is particularly a problem in automobiles operated for only part of the year and left to stand with full float chambers for months at a time ; commercial fuel stabilizer additives are available that reduce this problem . The fuel stored in the chamber ( bowl ) can be a problem in hot climates . If the engine is shut off while hot , the temperature of the fuel will increase , sometimes boiling ( `` percolation '' ) . This can result in flooding and difficult or impossible restarts while the engine is still warm , a phenomenon known as `` heat soak '' . Heat deflectors and insulating gaskets attempt to minimize this effect . The Carter Thermo - Quad carburetor has float chambers manufactured of insulating plastic ( phenolic ) , said to keep the fuel 20 degrees Fahrenheit ( 11 degrees Celsius ) cooler . Usually , special vent tubes allow atmospheric pressure to be maintained in the float chamber as the fuel level changes ; these tubes usually extend into the carburetor throat . Placement of these vent tubes is critical to prevent fuel from sloshing out of them into the carburetor , and sometimes they are modified with longer tubing . Note that this leaves the fuel at atmospheric pressure , and therefore it can not travel into a throat which has been pressurized by a supercharger mounted upstream ; in such cases , the entire carburetor must be contained in an airtight pressurized box to operate . This is not necessary in installations where the carburetor is mounted upstream of the supercharger , which is for this reason the more frequent system . However , this results in the supercharger being filled with compressed fuel / air mixture , with a strong tendency to explode should the engine backfire ; this type of explosion is frequently seen in drag races , which for safety reasons now incorporate pressure releasing blow - off plates on the intake manifold , breakaway bolts holding the supercharger to the manifold , and shrapnel - catching ballistic blankets made from nylon or kevlar surrounding the superchargers . Diaphragm chamber ( edit ) If the engine must be operated in any orientation ( for example a chain saw or a model airplane ) , a float chamber is not suitable . Instead , a diaphragm chamber is used . A flexible diaphragm forms one side of the fuel chamber and is arranged so that as fuel is drawn out into the engine , the diaphragm is forced inward by ambient air pressure . The diaphragm is connected to the needle valve and as it moves inward it opens the needle valve to admit more fuel , thus replenishing the fuel as it is consumed . As fuel is replenished the diaphragm moves out due to fuel pressure and a small spring , closing the needle valve . A balanced state is reached which creates a steady fuel reservoir level , which remains constant in any orientation . Multiple carburetor barrels ( edit ) Holley model # 2280 2 - barrel carburetor Colombo Type 125 `` Testa Rossa '' engine in a 1961 Ferrari 250TR Spider with six Weber two - barrel carburetors inducting air through 12 air horns ; one individually adjustable barrel for each cylinder . While basic carburetors have only one Venturi , many carburetors have more than one Venturi , or `` barrel '' . Two barrel and four barrel configurations are commonly used to accommodate the higher air flow rate with large engine displacement . Multi-barrel carburetors can have non-identical primary and secondary barrel ( s ) of different sizes and calibrated to deliver different air / fuel mixtures ; they can be actuated by the linkage or by engine vacuum in `` progressive '' fashion , so that the secondary barrels do not begin to open until the primaries are almost completely open . This is a desirable characteristic which maximizes airflow through the primary barrel ( s ) at most engine speeds , thereby maximizing the pressure `` signal '' from the Venturis , but reduces the restriction in airflow at high speeds by adding cross-sectional area for greater airflow . These advantages may not be important in high - performance applications where part throttle operation is irrelevant , and the primaries and secondaries may all open at once , for simplicity and reliability ; also , V - configuration engines , with two cylinder banks fed by a single carburetor , may be configured with two identical barrels , each supplying one cylinder bank . In the widely seen V8 and 4 - barrel carburetor combination , there are often two primary and two secondary barrels . The first four - barrel carburetors , with two primary bores and two secondary bores , were the Carter WCFB and identical Rochester 4GC simultaneously introduced on the 1952 Cadillacs , Oldsmobile 98 , Oldsmobile Super 88 and Buick Roadmaster . Oldsmobile referred the new carburetor as the `` Quadri - Jet '' ( original spelling ) while Buick called it the `` Airpower '' . The spread - bore four - barrel carburetor , first released by Rochester in the 1965 model year as the `` Quadrajet '' has a much greater spread between the sizes of the primary and secondary throttle bores . The primaries in such a carburetor are quite small relative to conventional four - barrel practice , while the secondaries are quite large . The small primaries aid low - speed fuel economy and driveability , while the large secondaries permit maximum performance when it is called for . To tailor airflow through the secondary Venturis , each of the secondary throats has an air valve at the top . This is configured much like a choke plate , and is lightly spring - loaded into the closed position . The air valve opens progressively in response to engine speed and throttle opening , gradually allowing more air to flow through the secondary side of the carburetor . Typically , the air valve is linked to metering rods which are raised as the air valve opens , thereby adjusting secondary fuel flow . Multiple carburetors can be mounted on a single engine , often with progressive linkages ; two four - barrel carburetors ( often referred to as `` dual - quads '' ) were frequently seen on high performance American V8s , and multiple two barrel carburetors are often now seen on very high performance engines . Large numbers of small carburetors have also been used ( see photo ) , though this configuration can limit the maximum air flow through the engine due to the lack of a common plenum ; with individual intake tracts , not all cylinders are drawing air at once as the engine 's crankshaft rotates . Carburetor adjustment ( edit ) The fuel and air mixture is too rich when it has an excess of fuel , and too lean when there is not enough . The mixture is adjusted by one or more needle valves on an automotive carburetor , or a pilot - operated lever on piston - engined aircraft ( since the mixture changes with air density and therefore altitude ) . Independent of air density the ( stoichiometric ) air to gasoline ratio is 14.7 : 1 , meaning that for each mass unit of gasoline , 14.7 mass units of air are required . There are different stoichiometric ratios for other types of fuel . Ways to check carburetor mixture adjustment include : measuring the carbon monoxide , hydrocarbon , and oxygen content of the exhaust using a gas analyzer , or directly viewing the color of the flame in the combustion chamber through a special glass - bodied spark plug sold under the name `` Colortune '' ; the flame color of stoichiometric burning is described as a `` Bunsen blue '' , turning to yellow if the mixture is rich and whitish - blue if too lean . Another method , widely used in aviation , is to measure the exhaust gas temperature , which is close to maximum for an optimally adjusted mixture and drops off steeply when the mixture is either too rich or too lean . The mixture can also be judged by removing and scrutinizing the spark plugs . Black , dry , sooty plugs indicate a mixture too rich ; white or light gray plugs indicate a lean mixture . A proper mixture is indicated by brownish - gray / straw - coloured plugs . On high - performance two - stroke engines , the fuel mixture can also be judged by observing piston wash . Piston wash is the color and amount of carbon buildup on the top ( dome ) of the piston . Lean engines will have a piston dome covered in black carbon , and rich engines will have a clean piston dome that appears new and free of carbon buildup . This is often the opposite of intuition . Commonly , an ideal mixture will be somewhere in - between the two , with clean dome areas near the transfer ports but some carbon in the center of the dome . When tuning two - strokes It is important to operate the engine at the rpm and throttle input that it will most often be operated at . This will typically be wide - open or close to wide - open throttle . Lower RPM and idle can operate rich / lean and sway readings , due to the design of carburetors to operate well at high air - speed through the Venturi and sacrifice low air - speed performance . Where multiple carburetors are used the mechanical linkage of their throttles must be properly synchronized for smooth engine running and consistent fuel / air mixtures to each cylinder . Feedback carburetors ( edit ) In the 1980s , many American - market vehicles used `` feedback '' carburetors that dynamically adjusted the fuel / air mixture in response to signals from an exhaust gas oxygen sensor to provide a stoichiometric ratio to enable the optimal function of the catalytic converter . Feedback carburetors were mainly used because they were less expensive than fuel injection systems ; they worked well enough to meet 1980s emissions requirements and were based on existing carburetor designs . Frequently , feedback carburetors were used in lower trim versions of a car ( whereas higher specification versions were equipped with fuel injection ) . However , their complexity compared to both non-feedback carburetors and to fuel injection made them problematic and difficult to service . Eventually falling hardware prices and tighter emissions standards caused fuel injection to supplant carburetors in new - vehicle production . Catalytic carburetors ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A catalytic carburetor mixes fuel vapor with water and air in the presence of heated catalysts such as nickel or platinum . This is generally reported as a 1940s - era product that would allow kerosene to power a gasoline engine ( requiring lighter hydrocarbons ) . However reports are inconsistent ; commonly they are included in descriptions of `` 200 MPG carburetors '' intended for gasoline use . There seems to be some confusion with some older types of fuel vapor carburetors ( see vaporizors below ) . There is also very rarely any useful reference to real - world devices . Poorly referenced material on the topic should be viewed with suspicion . Constant vacuum carburetors ( edit ) Constant vacuum carburetors , also called variable choke carburetors and constant velocity carburetors , are carburetors where the throttle cable was connected directly to the throttle cable plate . Pulling the cord caused raw gasoline to enter the carburetor , creating a large emission of hyrdocarbons . The Constant Velocity carburetor has a variable throttle closure in the intake air stream before the accelerator pedal operated throttle plate . This variable closure is controlled by intake manifold pressure / vacuum . This pressure controlled throttle provides relatively even intake pressure throughout the engine 's speed and load ranges . The most common design of the CV carburetor would be that of the SU or Solex , among others , which use a cylindrical closure that is operated by a diaphram . The cylinder and diaphram are connected together with the fuel metering rod to provide fuel in direct relation to air flow . To provide more smooth operation and more even intake pressure , the diaphram is viscous dampened . These carburetors allowed for very good drivability and fuel efficiency . They are also widely adjustable for best performance and efficiency . ( See Variable Venturi Carburetors above ) Drawbacks of the CV carburetor include that it is limited to a single barrel , side draft design . This limited its use to mostly inline engines and also made it impractical for large displacement engines . The throttle linkage required to install 2 or more CV carbs on an engine is complex and proper adjustment is critical for even air / fuel distribution . This makes maintenance and tuning difficult . Vaporizers ( edit ) A cutaway view of the intake of the original Fordson tractor ( including the intake manifold , vaporizer , carburetor , and fuel lines ) . Internal combustion engines can be configured to run on many kinds of fuel , including gasoline , kerosene , tractor vaporizing oil ( TVO ) , vegetable oil , diesel fuel , biodiesel , ethanol fuel ( alcohol ) , and others . Multifuel engines , such as petrol - paraffin engines , can benefit from an initial vaporization of the fuel when they are running less volatile fuels . For this purpose , a vaporizer ( or vaporiser ) is placed in the intake system . The vaporizer uses heat from the exhaust manifold to vaporize the fuel . For example , the original Fordson tractor and various subsequent Fordson models had vaporizers . When Henry Ford & Son Inc designed the original Fordson ( 1916 ) , the vaporizer was used to provide for kerosene operation . When TVO became common in various countries ( including the United Kingdom and Australia ) in the 1940s and 1950s , the standard vaporizers on Fordson models were equally useful for TVO . Widespread adoption of diesel engines in tractors made the use of tractor vaporizing oil obsolete . List of manufacturers ( edit ) This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( July 2016 ) AMAL , producer of carburetors and hand controls for British motorcycles and light industrial engines Argelite , producer of Holley and Magneti Marelli carburetors for the Argentinian market Autolite , a division of the Ford Motor Company from 1967 to 1973 Ball & Ball , U.S. manufacturer , eventually part of Carter Bendix Stromberg and Bendix Technico carburetors used on aircraft and vehicles made by Chrysler , IHC , Ford , GM , AMC , and Studebaker Bing Carburetor , used on motorcycles , mopeds , aircraft , boats Carter , used on numerous makes of vehicles , including those made by Chrysler , IHC , Ford , GM , AMC , and Studebaker , as well as on industrial and agricultural equipment and small engines . Claudel - Hobson , UK Dell'Orto carburetors from Italy , used on cars and motorcycles Demon Carburetors Edelbrock performance carburetors Hitachi , found on Japanese vehicles Holley , with usage as broad as Carter and Weber Jikov , used on various `` Eastern Bloc '' cars and motorbikes , predominantly Škoda , Tatra , Wartburg , Jawa etc . Keihin , a keiretsu group company affiliated with Honda Langsenkamp - Linkert ( L&L ) Used on Harley Davidson , Indian and Crocker motorcycles as well as some stationary engines Lectron Fuel Systems carburetors Marvel Schebler , used for aircraft , tractors Mikuni , common on Japanese motorcycles , especially in the 1980s . Mikuni also made racing carburetors for Japanese , British and European cars . Original equipment on Mitsubishi engines . Motec Engineering , high - performance updraft carburetors OER Corporation ( SK Engineering , Japan Pierburg , used in Saab , Volvo , VW , and Audi Reece Fish , in Volkswagen , Austin Mini , Morris Mini Rochester Products Division , a General Motors subsidiary ; also sold Weber / Magneti Marelli carburetors under license ) Solex - French carburetors , owned by Weber Stromberg - see Zenith SU Carburettors , widely used on British Commonwealth and European - designed vehicles Technology Elevated - SmartCarb UCAL Fuel Systems - carburetors Villiers , used on UK motorcycles and small engines Walbro and Tillotson carburetors for small engines Weber carburetor , Italian , now made in Spain , owned by Magneti Marelli Zenith , used on Austin cars . Also produced the Zenith - Stromberg carburetors . See also ( edit ) Humidifier References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beale , Paul ; Partridge , Eric ( 2003 ) , Shorter Slang Dictionary , Routledge , p. 60 , ISBN 9781134879519 Jump up ^ `` American Heritage Dictionary '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carbueetoe '' . Google.com . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Inventors and Inventions . Marshall Cavendish. 2008 . p. 91 . ISBN 9780761477617 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Webster 's Revised Unabridged Dictionary , 1913 Jump up ^ Eckermann , Erik ( 2001 ) . World History of the Automobile . Society of Automotive Engineers . p. 276 . ISBN 9780768008005 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Carlisle , Rodney ( 2005 ) , Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries : All the Milestones in Ingenuity -- From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven , John Wiley & Sons , p. 335 , ISBN 9780471660248 , retrieved July 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ Rigden , John S. ; Stuewer , Roger H. ( 2009 ) . The Physical Tourist : A Science Guide for the Traveler . Springer . ISBN 9783764389338 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Donát Bánki '' . Scitech.mtesz.hu . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Eckermann , Erik ( 2001 ) . `` World History of the Automobile '' . Society of Automotive Engineers . pp. 199 -- 200 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Peter C. ( 2010 ) . Ultimate American V - 8 Engine Data Book ( Second ed . ) . MBI . p. 228 . ISBN 9780760336816 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rockauto online auto parts catalogue '' . Rockauto.com. 2010 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aumann , Mark ( 11 January 2012 ) . `` NASCAR takes ' really big step ' with fuel injection '' . Nascar.com . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hillier , V.A.W. ; Pittuck , F.W. ( 1966 ) . `` Section 3.6 '' . Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology ( Second ed . ) . Hutchinson Educational . ISBN 9780091107116 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Oldsmobile prestige brochure '' ( PDF ) . wildaboutcarsonline . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Buick Airpower folder '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hibbard , Jeff ( 1983 ) . Baja Bugs & Buggies . HP Books . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 89586 - 186 - 0 . Jump up ^ Carburetor # Principles Jump up ^ Bill Stermer . Harley - Davidson Motorcycles . MotorBooks International . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61060 - 951 - 7 . Jump up ^ Knuteson , Randy ( October 2000 ) . `` Old Faithful - Marvel ( ous ) Schebler carburetor '' ( PDF ) . Aircraft Maintenance Technology . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Schebler carburetor - group II engine '' . L-36.com . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OER Racing Carburetor '' . Oer.co.jp. 2014 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Further reading ( edit ) General information Packer , Ed ( July 1953 ) . `` Know Your Carburetor - what it is , what it does '' . Popular Mechanics. 100 ( 1 ) : 181 -- 184 . American Technical Society . ( 1921 ) . Automobile engineering ; A general reference work . Chicago : American technical society . Lind , W.L. ( 1920 ) . Internal - combustion engines ; Their principles and applications to automobile , aircraft , and marine purposes . Boston : Ginn . Hutton , F.R. ( 1908 ) . The gas - engine . A treatise on the internal - combustion engine using gas , gasoline , kerosene , alcohol , or other hydrocarbon as source of energy . New York : Wiley . Patents U.S. Patent 610,040 -- Carburetor -- Henry Ford * ( / / www.google.com/patents/US1204901 U.S. Patent 1,204,901 Carburetor Antoine Prosper Plaut ) U.S. Patent 1,750,354 -- Carburetor -- Charles Nelson Pogue U.S. Patent 1,938,497 -- Carburetor -- Charles Nelson Pogue U.S. Patent 1,997,497 -- Carburetor -- Charles Nelson Pogue U.S. Patent 2,026,798 -- Carburetor -- Charles Nelson Pogue U.S. Patent 2,214,273 -- Carburetor -- J.R. Fish U.S. Patent 2,982,528 -- Vapor fuel system -- Robert S. Shelton U.S. Patent 4,177,779 -- Fuel economy system for an internal combustion engine -- Thomas H.W. G.B. Рatent 11119 -- Mixing chamber -- Donát Bánki Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carburetors . Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse - flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - air intake Scroll - type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin - turbo Variable - geometry turbocharger Variable - length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean - burn Stratified charge engine Turbo fuel stratified injection Unit injector Ignition Contact breaker Magneto Distributor Electrical ballast High tension leads Ignition coil Spark plug Wasted spark Electrics and engine management Air -- fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery ( lead -- acid battery ) Crankshaft position sensor Dynamo Drive by wire Electronic control unit Engine control unit Engine coolant temperature sensor Glow plug Idle air control actuator MAP sensor Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Starter motor Throttle position sensor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze ( ethylene glycol ) Core plug Electric fan Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan ( fan clutch ) Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Portal Aircraft piston engine components , systems and terminology Piston engines Mechanical components Camshaft Connecting rod Crankpin Crankshaft Cylinder Cylinder head Gudgeon pin Hydraulic tappet Main bearing Obturator ring Oil pump Piston Piston ring Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Electrical components Alternator Capacitor discharge ignition Dual ignition Electronic fuel injection Generator Ignition system Magneto Spark plug Starter Terminology Air - cooled Aircraft engine starting Bore Compression ratio Dead centre Engine displacement Four - stroke engine Horsepower Ignition timing Manifold pressure Mean effective pressure Naturally aspirated Monosoupape Overhead camshaft Overhead valve engine Rotary engine Shock cooling Stroke Time between overhaul Two - stroke engine Valve timing Volumetric efficiency Propellers Components Propeller governor Propeller speed reduction unit Spinner Terminology Autofeather Blade pitch Constant - speed Contra - rotating Counter-rotating Scimitar Single - blade Variable - pitch Engine instruments Annunciator panel EFIS EICAS Flight data recorder Glass cockpit Hobbs meter Tachometer Engine controls Carburetor heat Throttle Fuel and induction system Avgas Carburetor Fuel injection Gascolator Inlet manifold Intercooler Pressure carburetor Supercharger Turbocharger Updraft carburetor Other systems Auxiliary power unit Coffman starter Hydraulic system Ice protection system Recoil start Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carburetor&oldid=806455366 '' Categories : Carburettors Engine fuel system technology Engine components Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia list cleanup from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 03 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is an accelerator pump on a carburetor	[]	[]
5692291358689022677	Bank of England £10 note	Bank of England £ 10 note - wikipedia Bank of England £ 10 note Jump to : navigation , search Ten pounds ( United Kingdom ) Value £ 10 Width 132 mm Height 69 mm Security features See - through window , raised dots , finely detailed bronze metallic image , coloured border which changes colour from orange to purple when the note is tilted , silver foil patch , microlettering , textured print , UV feature , hologram Paper type Polymer Years of printing 1759 -- 1943 ; 1964 -- present 2017 -- present ( current design ) Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Design date 14 September 2017 Reverse Design Jane Austen Design date 14 September 2017 The Bank of England £ 10 note , also known as a tenner , is a banknote of the pound sterling . It is the second - lowest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England . The current polymer note , first issued in 2017 , bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of author Jane Austen on the reverse . It will fully replace the cotton paper note featuring a portrait of naturalist Charles Darwin , first issued in 2000 , in early 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Designs 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Ten pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1759 as a consequence of gold shortages caused by the Seven Years ' War . The earliest notes were handwritten , and were issued as needed to individuals . These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee , the date , and the signature of the issuing cashier . With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821 , when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage , these notes could be exchanged in full , or in part , for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank . If redeemed in part , the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed . From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes , with the declaration `` I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of ten pounds '' replacing the name of the payee . This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day . A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes , though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward . A £ 10 note , issued from Manchester in 1919 . The ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard . The £ 10 note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943 , and it was not until 1964 with the advent of the series C notes that the denomination was re-introduced . These brown notes were the first £ 10 notes to feature an image of the monarch on the front , and unlike the previous ' White ' notes they had a reverse ; in this case featuring a lion . The C series was replaced by the D series beginning in 1975 , with the new notes having a portrait of Florence Nightingale on the back . The tradition of portraying historical British figures on the reverse continued with the E series , first issued in 1992 , with an image of Charles Dickens appearing . Series E notes are multicoloured , although they are predominantly orange - brown . From series E onward Bank of England £ 10 notes feature ' windowed ' metal thread ; this thread appears as a dashed line , yet forms a single line when held up to the light . The previous £ 10 note was introduced in 2000 . It features a portrait of Charles Darwin on the back as well as an illustration of HMS Beagle and images of various flora and fauna . The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread , including raised print , a watermark , microlettering , a hologram , and a number ten which only appears under ultraviolet light . In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £ 10 note would be printed on polymer , rather than cotton paper . This followed the announcement in July 2013 that Charles Darwin would be replaced by 19th Century author Jane Austen on the next £ 10 note , which would enter circulation in 2017 . The decision to replace Darwin with Austen followed a campaign to have a woman on the back of a Bank of England banknote when it was announced that the only woman to feature on the back of a note -- prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the £ 5 note -- was to be replaced by Winston Churchill . Images on the reverse of the Jane Austen note will include a portrait of Austen commissioned by her nephew , an illustration of Elizabeth Bennet from Pride and Prejudice by Isabel Bishop , an image of Godmersham Park ( the home of Austen 's brother ) , and a design based on Austen 's 12 - sided writing table as used by her at Chawton Cottage . Designs ( edit ) Source : Bank of England Note First issued Last issued Ceased to be legal tender Colour Size Design Additional information White 1759 1943 16 April 1945 Monochrome ( printed on one side only ) 211mm x 133mm ( may vary ) Series C 21 February 1964 31 May 1979 Brown 150mm x 93mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Lion First £ 10 note to carry a portrait of the monarch and use threaded paper Series D 20 February 1975 20 May 1994 Predominantly brown 151mm x 85mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Florence Nightingale Those issued from 16 July 1987 onward have a ' windowed ' security thread Series E 29 April 1992 October 2000 31 July 2003 Multicoloured ( predominantly orange - brown ) 142mm x 75mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Charles Dickens Those notes issued from November 1993 have an additional denomination symbol £ 10 on each side Series E ( variant ) 7 November 2000 2016 Planned Spring 2018 Multicoloured ( predominantly orange - brown ) 142mm x 75mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Charles Darwin The correct wording in the band of text above the central oval where the Queen 's watermark appears is ' The Governor and Company of the Bank of England ' . A variety exists with the wording ' The Governor and the Company of the Bank of England ' ( with an extra ' the ' ) . This is technically incorrect , however both types were made in high numbers . Series G ( polymer ) 14 September 2017 predominantly orange 132mm x 69mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II ; Back : Jane Austen See also ( edit ) Bank of England note issues References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A brief history of banknotes '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawn banknotes reference guide '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` £ 10 Note ( Charles Darwin ) - Design Features '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` £ 10 Note ( Charles Darwin ) - Security Features '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New banknotes to be printed on polymer '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Which woman should go on a banknote next ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Author Jane Austen to feature on new £ 10 note '' . BBC Newsround . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Austen Banknote '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.checkyourchange.co.uk/the-ten-pound-note/ External links ( edit ) Bank of England website Polymer ten pound note website ( hide ) Banknotes of the pound sterling England and Wales Bank of England Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 Obsolete 10 / - £ 1 Scotland Bank of Scotland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Clydesdale Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Northern Ireland Bank of Ireland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Danske Bank Current £ 10 £ 20 Obsolete £ 50 £ 100 First Trust Bank £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Ulster Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 British Crown Dependencies Guernsey pound Jersey pound Manx pound British Overseas Territories ( at parity with Sterling ) Gibraltar pound Falkland Islands pound Saint Helena pound See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Economy of the United Kingdom Sterling area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_England_ £ 10_note&oldid = 802361825 '' Categories : Banknotes of England Ten - base - unit banknotes Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 18 : 01 . About Wikipedia	when did the old £10 go out of circulation	[]	[]
214183584077463749	Oriental Bank of Commerce	Oriental Bank of Commerce - Wikipedia Oriental Bank of Commerce hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Oriental Bank of Commerce Type Public Traded as BSE : 500315 NSE : ORIENTBANK Industry Banking Financial services Founded 19 February 1943 ; 75 years ago ( 1943 - 02 - 19 ) Headquarters Gurgaon , India Key people Mukesh Kumar Jain ( MD & CEO ) Vijay Dube ( Executive Director ) Products Investment banking Consumer banking Commercial banking Retail banking Private banking Asset management Pensions Mortgages Credit cards Revenue ₹ 20,058.71 crore ( US $2.8 billion ) Operating income ₹ 3,682 crore ( US $510 million ) ( 2016 ) Net income ₹ 156.08 crore ( US $22 million ) ( 2016 ) Total assets ₹ 237,541.54 crore ( US $33 billion ) ( 2016 ) Owner Government of India Number of employees 21,469 ( 2016 ) Capital ratio 11.76 % ( 2016 ) Website www.obcindia.co.in Oriental Bank of Commerce is an India - based bank established in Lahore ( then the city of United India , and currently in Pakistan ) , is one of the public sector banks in India . Contents 1 History 2 Chairpersons 3 Overview 4 See also 5 Notes , citations , and references 6 External links History ( edit ) Bahadur Lala Sohan lal ji the first Chairman of the Bank , founded OBC in 1943 in Lahore . Within four years of its coming into existence , OBC had to face Partition . The bank had to close down its branches in the newly formed Pakistan and shift its registered office from Lahore to Amritsar . Lala Karam Chand Thapar , the then Chairman of the Bank , in a unique gesture honoured the commitments made to the depositors from Pakistan and paid every rupee to its departing customers . The Bank has witnessed many ups and downs since its establishment . The period of 1970 - 76 is said to be the most challenging phase in the history of the Bank . At one time profit plummeted to ₹ 175 , that prompted the owner of the bank , the Thapar House , to sell / close the bank . Then employees and leaders of the Bank came forward to rescue the Bank . The owners were moved and had to change their decision of selling the bank and in turn they decided to improve the position of the bank with the active cooperation and support of all the employees . Their efforts bore fruits and performance of the bank improved significantly . This was the turning point in the history of the bank . The bank was nationalised on 15 April 1980 . At that time OBC ranked 19th among the 20 nationalised banks . In 1997 , OBC acquired two banks : Bari Doab Bank and Punjab Cooperative Bank . The acquisition of these two banks brought with it no additional branches . The bank has progressed on several fronts , crossing the Business Mix mark of ₹ 2 lac crores as on 31 March 2010 making it the seventh largest Public Sector Bank in India . On 14 August 2004 , OBC amalgamated Global Trust Bank ( GTB ) . GTB was a leading private sector bank in India that was associated with various financial discrepancies leading to a moratorium being imposed by RBI shortly before it merged into OBC . The acquisition brought with it 103 branches , which increased OBC 's branch total to 1092 . Chairpersons ( edit ) The Chairpersons ( CMD ) of the bank were as under : Name Period Karam Chand Thapar 1946 to 1961 L.M. Thapar 1961 to 1969 R.P. Oberoi 1973 to 1976 M.K. Vig 1976 to 1983 P.S. Gopalakrishnan 1984 to 1988 S.P. Talwar 1988 to 1990 S.K. Soni 1990 to 1996 Dalbir Singh 1996 to 2000 B.D. Narang 2000 to 2005 K.N. Prithviraj 2005 to 2007 T.Y. Prabhu August 2009 to January 2011 Nagesh Paidah January 2011 to February 2012 S.L. Bansal March 2012 to September 2014 Sh . Animesh Chauhan December 2014 to June 2017 Sh . Mukesh Kumar Jain July 2017 to Present ( as Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Bank ) Overview ( edit ) The bank offers a wide range of banking products and services such as deposit accounts , loans , debit cards , credit cards ( with tie up with SBI ) , Insurance products , ATMs , Internet banking , Mobile Banking , Self - banking halls , call centre , etc . The Bank has launched yet another people 's participation in the planning process at grass root level essentially to tackle the maladies of poverty . The Grameen Projects venture aims to alleviate poverty plus identify the reasons responsible for the failure or success . OBC is already implementing a GRAMEEN PROJECT in Dehradun District ( UK ) and Hanumangarh District ( Rajasthan ) . Formulated on the pattern of the Bangladesh Grameen Bank , the Scheme has a unique feature of disbursing small loans ranging from ₹ 75 ( ~ US $1.50 ) onwards . The beneficiaries of the Grameen Project are mostly women. The Bank is engaged in providing training to rural folk in using locally available raw material to produce pickles , jams etc . This has provided self - employment and augmented income levels thus reforming lives of rural folk and encouraging cottage industries in rural areas . OBC launched yet another unique scheme christened ' The Comprehensive Village Development Programme ' on the auspicious day of Baisakhi , the 13th of April 1997 at three villages in Punjab namely Rurki Kalan ( District . Sangrur ) , Raje Majra ( District . Ropar ) and Khaira Majha ( District . Jaladhar ) and two villages in Haryana , namely Khunga ( District . Jind ) and Narwal ( District . Kaithal ) . The pilot launch was a great success . Emboldened by the success , Bank extended the programme to more villages . At present , it covers 15 villages ; 10 in Punjab , 4 in Haryana and 1 in Rajasthan . The programme focuses on providing a comprehensive and integrated package providing rural finance to the villagers with Village Development as its focus , thus contributing towards infrastructural development and augmentation of income for each farmer of the village . The Bank has implemented 14 point action plan for strengthening of credit delivery to women and has designated 5 branches as specialised branches for women entrepreneurs . See also ( edit ) All India Oriental Bank Officers Association Notes , citations , and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Bari Doab Bank had been established in Lahore on 12 May 1915 ; in 1947 the bank transferred its head - office to Hoshiarpur , where it had been the first joint stock bank to operate in the district . Punjab Cooperative Bank had been established in Amritsar on 31 October 1904 . It had been liquidated in September 1914 , but apparently had been re-established . At Partition it had lost operations in Pakistan . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report of Oriental Bank of Commerce '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Reserve Bank of India . Statistical Tables Relating to Banks in India for the Year 1954 . ( Bombay ) . Jump up ^ Baker ( 1915 ) , p. 24 . References Annual Report 2013 ( 1 ) Baker , Henry D. ( 1915 ) British India : With Notes on Ceylon , Afghanistan , and Tibet . ( U.S. Government Printing Office ) . External links ( edit ) Official site of OBC Official Internet Banking site of OBC Oriental Bank Officers Association Banking in India Central bank Reserve Bank of India Public sector banks Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Post Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab National Bank State Bank of India Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of India Vijaya Bank Private sector banks Axis Bank Bandhan Bank Catholic Syrian Bank City Union Bank DCB Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank Federal Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank IDFC Bank IndusInd Bank Jammu & Kashmir Bank Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Nainital Bank RBL Bank ( Ratnakar Bank ) South Indian Bank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited Yes Bank Small finance bank Ujjivan Small Finance Bank Equitas Small Finance Bank AU Small Finance Bank Fincare Small Finance Bank ESAF Small Finance Bank Cooperative banks Buldhana Urban Cosmos Bank Repco Bank Saraswat Bank Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank TNSC Bank Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank Foreign banks ABN AMRO Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Bank Maybank Indonesia Bank of America Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Bank of Ceylon The Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse DBS Bank Deutsche Bank HSBC Rabobank Royal Bank of Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered Regional Rural Banks Other Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kerala Gramin Bank North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin Bank Uttar Pradesh Allahabad UP Gramin Bank Baroda UP Gramin Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kashi Gomti Samyut Gramin Bank Prathama Bank Purvanchal Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank Payments bank Aditya Birla Payments Bank Airtel Jio Paytm India Post Payments Bank Defunct banks Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank of Chettinad Bank of Cochin Bank of Hindostan Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bank of Thanjavur Bareilley Corporation Bank Bengal Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Bharatiya Mahila Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Hindustan Commercial Bank Imperial Bank of India ING Vysya Bank Lakshmi Commercial Bank Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank of India , London and China Miraj State Bank Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan Bank Sikkim Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Bank of Travancore Times Bank United Industrial Bank United Western Bank Interbank networks Cirrus NFS PLUS Electronic funds transfers BBPS IMPS NEFT RTGS UPI ( VPA ) AEPS BHIM Cards MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro RuPay Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Visa payWave Related topics ATM usage fees in India De-Materialisation ( DEMAT ) Foreign Exchange ( FOREX ) Indian Financial System Code ( IFSC ) List of banks in India Prepaid Payment Instruments in India Institiutes Banks Board Bureau Banking Codes and Standards Board of India National Payments Corporation of India Protocol Bharat Bill Payment System Structured Financial Messaging System ( SFMS ) ATM networks BANCS Cashnet CashTree India 1 ATM ( White Label ATM ) Indicash ( White Label ATM ) MITR Payment service Atom BHIM BillDesk CCAvenue Chillr CitrusPay ( Lazy Pay ) Razorpay Tez Zeta India Digital wallets ABPB Wallet Amazon Pay Freecharge HDFC PayZapp ICICI pockets Mobikwik Oxigen Services Paytm PayU Payworld PhonePe SBI buddy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Bank_of_Commerce&oldid=864883603 '' Categories : Public Sector Banks in India Companies based in New Delhi Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India Banks established in 1943 Companies nationalised by the Government of India 1943 establishments in India Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from September 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use Indian English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 04 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	oriental bank of commerce is govt or private	[ "Oriental Bank of Commerce is an India-based bank established in Lahore (then the city of United India, and currently in Pakistan), is one of the public sector banks in India.\n" ]	[ "public sector" ]
7321128366728642655	Kyle Abbott (The Young and the Restless)	Kyle Abbott ( the Young and the Restless ) - wikipedia Kyle Abbott ( the Young and the Restless ) Jump to : navigation , search Kyle Abbott Michael Mealor as Kyle Abbott The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Garrett Ryan ( 2010 -- 12 ) Blake Hood ( 2012 -- 13 ) Hartley Sawyer ( 2013 -- 14 ) Lachlan Buchanan ( 2015 -- 16 ) Michael Mealor ( 2018 -- ) ( and child actors ) Duration 2001 -- 04 2010 -- 16 2018 -- First appearance January 8 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 08 ) Created by Kay Alden and Trent Jones Introduced by Edward J. Scott ( 2001 ) Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch ( 2010 ) Jill Farren Phelps and Charles Pratt , Jr. ( 2015 ) Mal Young ( 2018 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Christian Newman Timothy Bilton Kyle Jenkins Occupation Business executive Ordained minister Home Genoa City , Wisconsin Lachlan Buchanan as Kyle Abbott Garrett Ryan as Kyle Abbott ( show ) Family Family Abbott Parents Jack Abbott Diane Jenkins Stepfather Victor Newman ( 2011 ) Stepmother Phyllis Summers ( 2001 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 ) Sharon Newman ( 2007 -- 09 ) Nikki Newman ( 2012 ) Siblings Keemo Volien Abbott John Abbott III Grandfathers John Abbott Kyle Jenkins Grandmothers Dina Mergeron Aunts and uncles Ashley Abbott Traci Abbott Billy Abbott First cousins Colleen Carlton Abby Newman Delia Abbott Johnny Abbott Katie Newman Kyle Abbott is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless , an American soap opera on the CBS network . Introduced on January 8 , 2001 , the character is the son of businessman Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) and Diane Jenkins ( Maura West ) . For the character 's first three - year run , he was portrayed by a series of infant toddler actors . In 2010 , the character returned , portrayed as slightly older by child actor Garrett Ryan . After two years , he was rapidly aged to an adult , with Blake Hood stepping into the role in April 2012 . Upon his return , Kyle began dating Eden Baldwin ( Jessica Heap ) . In March 2013 , after a year in the role , Hood was let go and announced to be replaced by Hartley Sawyer . The soap opera had initially issued a casting call for a character named Connor Boyd , and due to his characteristics resembling that of Kyle , his casting was kept quiet . Hood stated that his ouster came as a shock to him . Sawyer made his debut on April 24 , 2013 . The character 's six - year absence was criticized , and his age upon his 2010 return received unfavorable reviews . Hood was positively received in the role , and the decision to release him and replace him with Sawyer has also been criticized . Australian actor Lachlan Buchanan took claim of the role in 2015 , making his first appearance on February 25 and departing on April 26 , 2016 . The role is presently portrayed by Michael Mealor , who made his first appearance as Kyle on March 29 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character development 3 Storylines 3.1 2001 -- 04 3.2 2010 -- present 4 Reception 5 References Casting ( edit ) Hartley Sawyer was cast in the role in 2013 before being let go nine months after his debut . The role was originally portrayed by two sets of twins , Connor and Garret Sullivan and Marissa and Madison Poer from 2001 to 2002 , and twins Cooper and Oliver Guynes in 2002 . Seth Stern portrayed the role in 2004 . Following the character 's return after a 6 - year absence , the role was assumed by Garrett Ryan on February 25 , 2010 . He initially departed after two episodes , though returned as a recurring cast member eight months later on October 12 , 2010 . When asked at the 38th Daytime Emmy Awards if he was remaining with the series , Ryan replied : `` Um , yes . I 'm definitely sticking around on the show . I 've been on a lot lately ... '' Ryan was last seen as Kyle on January 5 , 2012 . In March 2012 , the character was rapidly aged , with Blake Hood cast to portray Kyle as an adult . He was previously known for his role of Mark Driscott on The CW 's 90210 . Hood debuted on April 27 , 2012 . Hood was surprised at how fast the process of soap operas where , and also credited Peter Bergman ( who plays his on - screen father , Jack ) as being very `` gracious '' and kind to him , lending experience . In March 2013 , after a year in the role , Hood was let go and replaced with Hartley Sawyer . The soap opera had issued a casting call for a character named `` Connor Boyd '' in January and , due to the character sounding very much like Kyle , Sawyer 's casting was kept quiet . Casting directors used a scene previously been performed by Noah Newman to recast the character . Hood stated his ouster and replacement came as a shock to him . Sawyer made his debut on April 24 , 2013 . In December , it was announced that Sawyer had been let go from the role eight months after a debut . He made his last appearance on January 27 , 2014 . In January 2015 , it was announced that Australian actor Lachlan Buchanan had been cast in the role , and he debuted on February 25 , 2015 . In October , a representative for the soap opera confirmed that Buchanan had been dropped to a recurring status , but would continue to make appearances in the role . In March 2016 , it was revealed that after months of being on recurring , Buchanan had been dismissed from the role ; he last appeared on April 26 , 2016 . In January 2018 , it was announced that The Young and the Restless was `` actively '' underway to recast the role of Kyle . On March 1 , 2018 , it was announced that Michael Mealor had been cast in the role of Kyle . He made his first appearance on March 29 , 2018 , in celebration of the soap 's 45th anniversary . Character development ( edit ) Ryan described as being a `` little brat '' but noted that it was `` fun to play '' . Following Kyle being rapidly aged and returning to town , Hood stated that his new agenda was to `` be close to his dad and move on with his life '' . However , Hood talked about how Kyle 's goal to `` live a happy full life '' may not happen because he just happened to have `` stepped into this situation where the woman who killed his mother is still here . '' Kyle was `` less than pleased '' that his father Jack was re-developing a relationship with his ex-wife Nikki , who killed his mother in self - defense . Hood further said : `` What 's great is that ( Kyle 's ) come back and ( is ) so much older now . It really feels like I can do whatever I want with the character ... ( Kyle ) has n't seen these people in 15 years or so . '' Storylines ( edit ) 2001 -- 04 ( edit ) Kyle was born with the name Christian Victor Newman on January 8 , 2001 . His mother Diane learned that her ex-husband , Victor Newman , had his sperm frozen , and when she obtained it she had herself artificially inseminated to carry Victor 's child , and she later gave birth and told him he was the father . In reality , Diane 's nemesis Nikki Newman had switched the sperm sample , and she was shocked to discover it was that of Jack . Soon after , she renamed the baby Kyle . Jack sued for sole custody of Kyle but lost , but once Diane burned down the Abbott poolhouse and tried to frame Jack 's wife Phyllis Summers for it , he and Phyllis obtained custody of Kyle . However , Jack eventually gave Kyle back to Diane , and they moved to Chicago . 2010 -- present ( edit ) Six years later , as an arranged surprise for Jack from his new wife , Emily Peterson ( Stacy Haiduk ) , Kyle , along with Diane , made a brief return to Genoa City to visit with Jack while Jack and Kyle became acquainted . Diane returned to town with Kyle again eight months later . Kyle resided in Genoa City , while both of his parents were being investigated by the SEC for plotting against Victor and making money off his stocks after making the world believe that he died . His mother sent him to boarding school in Switzerland without informing Jack because she was planning on faking her own murder and then joining her son . She also pleaded with Victor to sign the custody papers for Kyle if anything were to ever happen to her . It was unknown whether Diane was just following Adam Newman 's ( Michael Muhney ) orders in her faked murder plot , or if she really did want Victor to have custody of Kyle over Jack . Then , Jack found out that Diane sent Kyle away the night that she was actually murdered . After Diane 's death , Jack tracked Kyle down under his alias , Timothy Bilton , and went to Switzerland to bring his son home . Jack then had to tell Kyle that his mother was killed . While his father was under investigation , Kyle stole Jack 's Harvard class ring that the police were looking for as evidence . He reasoned that he already had his mother taken away from him , and he wanted to keep his dad . Later , Victor showed Jack the custody papers that Diane made him sign , and Jack was infuriated at Victor and his deceased ex-wife for trying to take his son away from him . Jack vowed to fight to keep Kyle with his biological family . Kyle and Jack revealed to everyone that Kyle would be moving to New York to attend a hockey boarding school , and he left two weeks later . Kyle returns a grown adult for his new cousin 's christening in April 2012 . Upon seeing Nikki , the woman who killed Diane , and Jack together , he expresses his anger and distaste towards their relationship , claiming that they were bashing his mother 's memory by being together . Afterward , Kyle went to Victor to ask if he could move in with him as Victor always said he was `` welcome , '' and takes a job at Newman Enterprises . He then began dating Eden Baldwin ( Jessica Heap ) , and made friends with many pillars of the town . When Victor suddenly went missing and his wife Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) took over the ranch , Kyle eventually moved out after he could no longer deal with her . As a result of him insulting her , Sharon stole Kyle 's driver 's license as part of her kleptomania . Afterward , Jack told Kyle he was welcome to move back to the Abbott mansion , which he did . While working at Newman Enterprises , Kyle takes a liking to Phyllis and enlist her help in keeping an eye on Jack . When Kyle realizes that his father has been abusing his pain medications , he leaks the story to the press in an attempt to get Jack to realize he needs help . When Jack resigns as CEO of Newman Enterprises , he offers Kyle a job at Jabot Cosmetics , where he attracts the attention of young model Summer Newman ( Hunter King ) . While initially dismissing her as too young , he later takes a liking to her and they begin a relationship . Summer 's parents , Phyllis and Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) , secretly know that Summer is actually Jack 's daughter , and Kyle is dating his half - sister . In an attempt to lure Kyle away from Summer , Phyllis kisses him and he ends their relationship . They briefly reunite before the truth about Summer 's paternity is revealed , bringing their relationship to a permanent end . Kyle then continues working at Jabot alongside his father and later Hilary Curtis ( Mishael Morgan ) when Jack wants to find out what Victor is doing with Newman Enterprises ' merger with Chancellor Industries . In order to do so , Jack enlists Kyle to ask Victor to rehire him at his company so he can get information on Bonaventure Industries , one of the company 's subsidiaries . While working there , Kyle clashes with Noah Newman ( Robert Adamson ) , who eventually reports him to Victor and he is fired . Soon after , it is said that Kyle was sent to work for Jabot in New York . In February 2015 , Kyle ( Lachlan Buchanan ) returns to Genoa City , when he is recused and believed to be missing resident Austin Travers ( Matthew Atkinson ) . Reception ( edit ) In 2009 , Jamey Giddens of Zap2it wrote that Zack Conroy would fit well as a teenaged version of the character , saying he `` would kill to see Conroy create the role of a teenage Kyle Abbott on The Young and the Restless '' . He also criticized Kyle 's absence over the years and predicted his return to the soap opera , writing : `` Imagine Kyle Abbott arriving in Genoa City with a massive chip on his shoulder . Maybe he could seduce that annoying Eden away from Noah , or get involved in a steamy affair with a woman twice his age , like Lauren Fenmore ( the woefully - underutilized Tracey Bregman ) ? '' Jillian Bowe ( also of Zap2it ) criticized Ryan 's introduction and the character 's return in 2010 , writing : `` Sound the alarm and blow the trumpets . After years of begging and pleading with the regime over at The Young and the Restless to bring back Jack Abbott 's ( Peter Bergman ) sons , one of them finally appears -- sort of . Since Diane ( now played by 30 - something Maura West ) returned , Y&R has all but beat fans over the head in reminding us of how Kyle was conceived , all the while neglecting to explain why Abby -- who was conceived at the very same time as her cousin -- is now decades older than him . What gives ? De-SORASing the long - anticipated character of Kyle Abbott is a huge no - no and gigantic re-write of history . Good , bad or sticky , Y&R fans will always remember that two babies came from Kay Alden 's wacky , sperm caper . My vote is Y&R needs to age Kyle appropriately before fans decide to flush this story ( if not Jack and Victor 's swimmers ) down the drain . '' Tommy Garrett of the website Highlight Hollywood wrote that Hood 's performance was `` sensational '' and found him `` very handsome '' ; though was unfavorable of his successor , Sawyer , writing : `` Hartley Sawyer , who with all due respect , is not attractive and actually very boring in the role . '' Soap Opera Digest described the decision to `` dump the charming Blake Hood '' and recast the character with Sawyer as `` puzzling '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About The Young and the Restless - Kyle Abbott '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sullivan Twins Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Poer Twins Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guynes Twins Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Stern Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Kyle Jenkins Abbott - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Abbott ( Character ) - Filmography by TV series '' . IMDb . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Monday , October 11 , 2010 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garrett Ryan Interview_ The Young and the Restless - FirstPost Topic - Page 7 '' . June 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Thursday , January 5 , 2012 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Garret Ryan Biography & Filmography '' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Hood Joins Y&R as Kyle Jenkins Abbott '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Former 90210 Baddie , Blake Hood Cast as the New SORAS 'd Kyle on Y&R ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps. 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R : Blake Hood cast as the new Kyle Jenkins Abbott '' . 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We Love Soaps : Blake Hood Joins the Cast of THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS '' . We Love Soaps. 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About The Young and the Restless - Blake Hood '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Update for April 2012 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Friday , April 27 , 2012 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blake Hood Interview - The Young and the Restless - CBS.com '' . 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` Blake Hood OUT ; Hartley Sawyer IN as Kyle Abbott on The Young and The Restless ! '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R Recasts Kyle '' . Soap Opera Digest . April 8 , 2013 . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Soap Secretly Recast Jack 's Son ! '' . CBS Soaps In Depth. April 8 , 2013 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` Hartley Sawyer OUT at The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 15 , 2013 ) . `` Hartley Sawyer Confirmed OUT at The Young and the Restless ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Errol ( December 14 , 2013 ) . `` Hartley Sawyer OUT ! '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Actor Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! Y&R FINDS THEIR NEW KYLE '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R 'S BUCHANAN BUMPED TO RECURRING '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` LACHLAN BUCHANAN OFF Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is This Kyle 's Kiss - Off ? '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Publications . 20 ( 18 ) : 10 . May 2 , 2016 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Y&R Looking to Recast Kyle Abbott '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Y&R Casts New Kyle '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soap News - Previews - CBS Soaps - Soaps in Depth '' . CBS Soaps in Depth. 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Monday , 8th January 2001 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R Daily Recaps Archives - 2001 - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABout Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Victor Newman - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Diane Jenkins - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Nikki Reed Newman - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Jack Abbott - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City - Phyllis Summers Newman - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Daily Recaps Archives - 2004 - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless : Monday , 4th October 2004 - on CBS.com '' . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( June 12 , 2009 ) . `` Wishful Casting : Zack Conroy as Y&R 's Kyle Abbott '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` The Curious Case of Kyle Abbott on The Young and the Restless '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` On Jill Farren Phelps , Highlight Hollywood Readers Ask , Why Does She Hate Women So Much ? Jealousy Perhaps ? '' . Highlight Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thumbs up ! and down ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . June 3 , 2013 . p. 36 . The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Ashby Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mackenzie Browning Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters ( hide ) Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyle_Abbott_(The_Young_and_the_Restless)&oldid=833284205 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional business executives Fictional characters introduced in 2010 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 17 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is kyles mom on y & r	[ "Kyle Abbott is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network. Introduced on January 8, 2001, the character is the son of businessman Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) and Diane Jenkins (Maura West).[1] For the character's first three-year run, he was portrayed by a series of infant toddler actors. In 2010, the character returned, portrayed as slightly older by child actor Garrett Ryan. After two years, he was rapidly aged to an adult, with Blake Hood stepping into the role in April 2012. Upon his return, Kyle began dating Eden Baldwin (Jessica Heap)." ]	[ "Diane Jenkins (Maura West)" ]
-5668074813400999025	If—	If -- - wikipedia If -- Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see If ( disambiguation ) . If -- by Rudyard Kipling A Doubleday , Page & Co. edition from 1910 First published in Rewards and Fairies Publisher Doubleday , Page & Company Publication date 1910 ( 108 years ago ) ( 1910 ) `` If -- '' is a poem by English Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling , written circa 1895 as a tribute to Leander Starr Jameson . It is a literary example of Victorian - era stoicism . The poem , first published in Rewards and Fairies ( 1910 ) , is written in the form of paternal advice to the poet 's son , John . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication 2 Text 3 Reception 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Publication ( edit ) `` If -- '' first appeared in the `` Brother Square Toes '' chapter of the book Rewards and Fairies , a collection of Kipling 's poetry and short - story fiction , published in 1910 . In his posthumously published autobiography , Something of Myself ( 1937 ) , Kipling said that , in writing the poem , he was inspired by the military actions of Leander Starr Jameson , leader of the failed Jameson Raid against the Transvaal Republic to overthrow the Boer Government of Paul Kruger . The failure of that mercenary coup d'état aggravated the political tensions between Great Britain and the Boers , which led to the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) . Text ( edit ) If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you , If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you , But make allowance for their doubting too . If you can wait and not be tired by waiting , Or being lied about , do n't deal in lies , Or being hated , do n't give way to hating , And yet do n't look too good , nor talk too wise : If you can dream -- and not make dreams your master ; If you can think -- and not make thoughts your aim ; If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster , And treat those two impostors just the same ; If you can bear to hear the truth you 've spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools , Or watch the things you gave your life to , broken , And stoop and build ' em up with worn - out tools : If you can make a heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch - and - toss , And lose , and start again at your beginnings And never breathe a word about your loss ; If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone , And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the Will which says to them : `` Hold on ! '' If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue , Or walk with Kings -- nor lose the common touch , If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you , If all men count with you , but none too much ; If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds ' worth of distance run , Yours is the Earth and everything that 's in it , And -- which is more -- you 'll be a Man , my son ! Reception ( edit ) As an evocation of Victorian - era stoicism -- the `` stiff upper lip '' self - discipline , which popular culture rendered into a British national virtue and character trait , `` If -- '' remains a cultural touchstone . The British cultural - artefact status of the poem is evidenced by the parodies of the poem , and by its popularity among Britons . T.S. Eliot included the poem in his 1941 collection A Choice of Kipling 's Verse . In India , a framed copy of the poem was affixed to the wall before the study desk in the cabins of the officer cadets at the National Defence Academy , at Pune and Indian Naval Academy , at Ezhimala . In Britain , the third and fourth lines of the second stanza of the poem : `` If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster / and treat those two impostors just the same '' are written on the wall of the players ' entrance to the Centre Court at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , where the Wimbledon Championships are held . ( These same lines appear at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills , New York , where the US Open was played . ) The first verse is set , in granite setts , into the pavement of the promenade in Westward Ho ! in Devon . The Indian writer Khushwant Singh considered the poem `` the essence of the message of The Gita in English . '' In popular culture ( edit ) In 1914 the New Zealand School Journal published the poem without asking permission following the outbreak of World War I . The Education Department wrote to the publishers and offered to pay a `` reasonable fee '' . Kipling , who routinely turned down requests to publish `` If -- '' , asked for £ 50 to settle the matter . The Solicitor - General said that the Crown was not bound by the New Zealand Copyright Act of 1913 , and could reprint the whole of Kipling 's works if it chose . There is a classical translation in French by André Maurois , who was an interpreter with the British Army during the First World War . It was published in `` Les silences du colonel Bramble '' ( 1921 ) , chap . XIV ( Collection Poche , pp. 93s . ) . On September 21 , 1938 , Czech journal Přítomnost published the poem in the place of editorial ( as a reaction on the situation before the Munich dictate ) The cab driver character Alex ( Judd Hirsch ) begins the poem and it 's finished by the unlikely character Jim ( Christopher Lloyd ) in season 2 episode 22 of the television show TAXI In The Simpsons , Grandpa Simpson quotes an abbreviated portion in Old Money as justification to betting all the winnings of a recent inheritance at roulette . The fictional character Bridget Jones was powerfully struck by `` If - '' : `` Poem is good . Very good , almost like self - help book '' . Brand New adapted part of the second stanza of the poem for the lyrics of their 2006 song Sowing Season . The poem was adapted and performed as a song by Joni Mitchell on her 2007 album Shine . The first lines of the poem are used as a password in the 2015 film Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . In 2016 , the Boston Red Sox used the poem in a short video tribute to retiring player David Ortiz , narrated by Kevin Spacey . See also ( edit ) `` Invictus '' by William Ernest Henley `` The Man in the Arena '' by Theodore Roosevelt `` Desiderata '' by Max Ehrmann `` The Gods of the Copybook Headings '' by Rudyard Kipling `` Vitaï Lampada '' by Henry Newbolt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Osborne , Kristen ( 28 April 2013 ) . McKeever , Christine , ed . `` Rudyard Kipling : Poems Study Guide : Summary and Analysis of `` If -- '' `` . GradeSaver . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wansell , Geoffrey ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` The remarkable story behind Rudyard Kipling 's ' If ' -- and the swashbuckling renegade who inspired it '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard . `` Something of Myself . '' Rudyard Kipling : Something of Myself and Other Autobiographical Writings . Ed . Thomas Pinney . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 1991 . 111 . Print . Jump up ^ `` The New Britannica Encyclopædia '' , 15th Edition , volume 6 , pp. 489 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Halsall , Paul ( July 1998 ) . `` Rudyard Kipling : If '' . Internet History Sourcebooks Project . Fordham University . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spartans and Stoics -- Stiff Upper Lip '' . ICONS of England . Culture24 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Emma ( 2004 ) . The Literary Companion . Robson . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 798 - 3 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Mike ( 2002 ) . Literature and Tourism . The Thomson Corporation . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 84480 - 074 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Piyush ; ( India Interrupted Blog ) , Anshuman . `` If - Rudyard Kipling '' . mishrapiyush.wordpress.com . Word Press . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Liz ( August 29 , 1966 ) . `` Round One At Forest Hills '' . Sports Illustrated ( Volume 25 , No. 9 ) . Time Inc . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://prolandscapermagazine.com/sureset-if-by-rudyard-kipling-for-westward-ho/ Jump up ^ Khushwant Singh , Review of The Book of Prayer by Renuka Narayanan , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Wronged Kipling seeks £ 50 '' . Stuff ( Fairfax ) . 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Peroutka , František ( September 21 , 1938 ) . `` Jestliže ... '' ( PDF ) . Přítomnost . year 15 , volume 38 : 593 . Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons s02e17 Episode Script SS '' . Springfield ! Springfield ! . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ H. Fielding , Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( Picador 2000 ) p. 308 Jump up ^ `` Joni Mitchell - If - lyrics '' . jonimitchell.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spacey narrates Kipling 's ' If ' to honor Ortiz '' . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : If -- Reading of `` If -- '' on Wikimedia Commons If public domain audiobook at LibriVox Authentic digital editions archive of `` If -- '' Staging of `` If -- '' as a comic strip ( hide ) Rudyard Kipling Novels The Light that Failed ( 1891 ) Captains Courageous ( 1896 ) Kim ( 1901 ) Collections Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) Soldiers Three ( 1888 ) The Story of the Gadsbys ( 1888 ) In Black and White ( 1888 ) The Phantom ' Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales ( 1888 ) Under the Deodars ( 1888 ) Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories ( 1888 ) From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches , Letters of Travel ( 1889 ) Barrack - Room Ballads ( 1892 , poetry ) Many Inventions ( 1893 ) The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' All the Mowgli Stories ( c. 1895 ) The Seven Seas ( 1896 , poetry ) The Day 's Work ( 1898 ) Stalky & Co. ( 1899 ) Just So Stories ( 1902 ) The Five Nations ( 1903 , poetry ) Puck of Pook 's Hill ( 1906 ) Rewards and Fairies ( 1910 ) The Fringes of the Fleet ( 1915 , non-fiction ) Debits and Credits ( 1926 ) Limits and Renewals ( 1932 ) Rudyard Kipling 's Verse : Definitive Edition ( 1940 ) A Choice of Kipling 's Verse ( by T.S. Eliot , 1941 ) Poems `` The Absent - Minded Beggar '' `` The Ballad of the `` Clampherdown '' '' `` The Ballad of East and West '' `` The Beginnings '' `` The Bell Buoy '' `` The Betrothed '' `` Big Steamers '' `` Boots '' `` Cold Iron '' `` Dane - geld '' `` Danny Deever '' `` A Death - Bed '' `` The Female of the Species '' `` Fuzzy - Wuzzy '' `` Gentleman ranker '' `` The Gods of the Copybook Headings '' `` Gunga Din '' `` Hymn Before Action '' `` If -- '' `` In the Neolithic Age '' `` The King 's Pilgrimage '' `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' `` The Lowestoft Boat '' `` Mandalay '' `` The Mary Gloster '' `` McAndrew 's Hymn '' `` My Boy Jack '' `` Recessional '' `` A Song in Storm '' `` The Sons of Martha '' `` Submarines '' `` The Sweepers '' `` Tommy '' `` Ubique '' `` The White Man 's Burden '' `` The Widow at Windsor '' Short stories ``. 007 '' `` The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly '' `` Baa Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Bread upon the Waters '' `` The Broken Link Handicap '' `` The Butterfly that Stamped '' `` Consequences '' `` The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin '' `` Cupid 's Arrows '' `` The Devil and the Deep Sea '' `` The Drums of the Fore and Aft '' `` Fairy - Kist '' `` False Dawn '' `` A Germ - Destroyer '' `` His Chance in Life '' `` His Wedded Wife '' `` In the House of Suddhoo '' `` Kidnapped '' `` Learoyd , Mulvaney and Ortheris '' `` Lispeth '' `` The Man Who Would Be King '' `` A Matter of Fact '' `` Miss Youghal 's Sais '' `` The Mother Hive '' `` Ortheris '' `` The Other Man '' `` The Rescue of Pluffles '' `` The Ship that Found Herself '' `` The Sing - Song of Old Man Kangaroo '' `` The Taking of Lungtungpen '' `` Three and -- an Extra '' `` The Three Musketeers '' `` Thrown Away '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` Watches of the Night '' `` Wireless '' `` Yoked with an Unbeliever '' Related Bibliography Bateman 's ( house ) Indian Railway Library Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer Iron Ring Law of the jungle Aerial Board of Control My Boy Jack ( 1997 play ) Rudyard Kipling : A Remembrance Tale ( 2006 documentary ) My Boy Jack ( 2007 film ) Family Elsie Bambridge ( daughter ) John Kipling ( son ) John Lockwood Kipling ( father ) MacDonald sisters ( mother 's family ) Stanley Baldwin ( cousin ) Georgiana Burne - Jones ( aunt ) Edward Burne - Jones ( uncle ) Philip Burne - Jones ( cousin ) Edward Poynter ( uncle ) Alfred Baldwin ( uncle ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If -- &oldid = 843648575 '' Categories : Poetry by Rudyard Kipling 1910 poems Doubleday , Page & Company books Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Shqip Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 40 . 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-6865627111520813125	Big Brother 19 (U.S.)	Big Brother 19 ( U.S. ) - wikipedia Big Brother 19 ( U.S. ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Brother ◄ Season 19 ( 2017 ) ( show ) HouseGuests Name Entered Exited Josh Day 1 Day 92 Paul Day 1 Day 92 Christmas Day 1 Day 92 Kevin Day 1 Day 86 Alex Day 1 Day 84 Raven Day 1 Day 79 Jason Day 1 Day 79 Matt Day 1 Day 72 Mark Day 1 Day 65 Elena Day 1 Day 58 Cody Day 1 Day 30 Day 23 Day 58 Jessica Day 1 Day 51 Ramses Day 1 Day 37 Dominique Day 1 Day 30 Jillian Day 1 Day 16 Megan Day 1 Day 8 Cameron Day 1 Day 1 Winner $500,000 Runner - up $50,000 Evicted Walked America 's Favorite HouseGuest $25,000 Big Brother 19 is the nineteenth season of the American reality television series Big Brother . It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name . The season premiered on June 28 , 2017 on CBS in the United States with a two - hour season premiere and Julie Chen returning as host . The season was titled `` Summer of Temptation '' with the various contestants able to receive a temptation which gave the taker a surprise reward or game advantage but also unleashed a game change for one or more other players . Viewers at home were able to vote to offer selected chosen players a secret temptation . A weekly opt - in competition , known as the Temptation Challenge , would give the winner immunity from the week 's nomination but also put the last - place finisher on the block as a third nominee , able to compete in the weekly Veto Competition and avoid a backdoor nomination . On September 20 , 2017 , Josh Martinez won the game in a 5 -- 4 vote against returning Big Brother 18 runner - up Paul Abrahamian , earning the latter the distinction of being the first person to lose a Final 2 jury vote twice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Development 1.2 Broadcasts 1.3 Prizes 1.4 Twists 1.4. 1 Standard Temptations 1.4. 2 Battle Back Showdown 1.4. 3 Den of Temptation 1.4. 4 Temptation Competition 1.4. 5 Tree of Temptation 2 HouseGuests 2.1 Future appearances 3 Summary 4 Have - Nots 5 Voting History 5.1 Notes 6 Controversies and criticisms 7 Reception 7.1 Viewing figures 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Big Brother 19 is currently being produced by Endemol Shine North America and Fly on the Wall Entertainment with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers . This season of the program has been confirmed since August 10 , 2016 as part of a multi season renewal between Endemol Shine North America and CBS which also includes its twentieth season tentatively scheduled for the summer of 2018 . Julie Chen returned as the host of the series . Broadcasts ( edit ) The main television coverage of the season was screened on CBS beginning June 28 , 2017 with a two - hour season premiere . This season featured no changes to the schedule that was used in the previous edition , with episodes airing on Wednesday , Thursday , and Sunday each week . The weekly Thursday episode , which airs at 6 PM PDT , featured the live eviction and subsequent Head of Household competition taking place . During the live eviction , the show will be hosted by Julie Chen . The weekly Sunday episode , which airs at 5 PM PDT , features the nomination ceremony , as well as some highlights from the previous days . The weekly Wednesday episode , which also airs at 5 PM PDT , features the Power of Veto competition and the Power of Veto ceremony , along with more highlights of recent events in the House . The live Internet feeds which have been a staple of the program since its first season will return as part of CBS All Access . Alongside the weekly shows on CBS spin - off series Big Brother : After Dark will return on Pop for its twelfth season . The show serves as a live feed into the House , and is edited for profanity , nudity , slanderous statements and music copyrights . A special episode was aired on July 21 to show the `` Battle Back Showdown '' where one of the 4 first evicted HouseGuests competed to re-enter the Big Brother House . Prizes ( edit ) The HouseGuests will be competing for the main prize of $500,000 . Cash prizes of varying amounts may be offered as `` temptations '' over the course of the season . Kevin Schlehuber was awarded $25,000 on the premiere episode . The second cash temptation of the season was also claimed by Kevin ; this time , it was a smaller sum of $27 . Twists ( edit ) Changes to the main format known as twists occur during the course of the season that will impact the lives of the HouseGuests during their time in the House . The twists for this season center around the theme of temptation where the HouseGuests will be tempted with money , power or safety during their stay . Each temptation however will come with a consequence that will impact the entire House . The overall main twist is being billed by the program as `` The Summer of Temptation '' for this reason . Standard temptations ( edit ) During the season premiere the HouseGuests were presented with the first temptation of the season , in which each new HouseGuest had a chance to secretly win $25,000 . Kevin Schlehuber was the quickest to claim the monetary prize , resulting in two different consequences . The first consequence was personal : Kevin was not allowed to win the first Head of Household competition ; to keep his winning a secret , he had to throw ( intentionally lose ) the competition . The second consequence unleashed a major twist on the House called the `` BB Swap . '' This resulted in Paul Abrahamian , runner - up from the previous season , entering the House as a full HouseGuest eligible to win by taking the place of an original HouseGuest . Shortly after entering Paul was given nine friendship bracelets which gave immunity from the first eviction . Paul was instructed to take one for himself and give the remaining eight friendship bracelets to the HouseGuests that did a good job tempting him . The remaining eight HouseGuests took part in a competition for safety which resulted in Cameron , Christmas , and Jillian being nominated for eviction . The three nominees were given the power to choose how their fate would be determined . The nominees had a choice of a competition or a house eviction vote . Only Cameron chose to have a competition ; shortly after , the HouseGuests voted to evict Cameron from the House . The following temptation would be during the second Week 1 HoH competition . During the competition , a golden apple appeared that would guarantee safety for the person who grabbed it , but would eliminate the team from the competition . Josh took the temptation , eliminating his team from the HoH competition . In the Week 1 Power of Veto competition , the first HouseGuest to find a gold starfish and place it on their shelf would earn a Never - Not pass , meaning they can not be a Have - Not for the rest of the season with the consequence of eliminating themselves from the competition . Raven took the temptation . Battle Back Showdown ( edit ) Instead of permanent eviction , the first four evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game . Unlike last season , this showdown was done in playoff style . They will participate in a 3 - Round - Battle in order to gain their spot back in the house . The first competition `` Maze Race '' will eliminate the bottom two finishers , permanently eliminating them from the game . Dominique and Jillian lost the competition to Cody and Cameron respectively ; The second Competition between Cody and Cameron determined which first four evicted HouseGuest will be the last one standing and battle one of the HouseGuests in the house for a chance to get back to the house . If the evicted HouseGuest wins against the current HouseGuest , the remaining evictee will have a second chance to re-enter the house . However if the current HouseGuest defeats the returning evictee , no one will be returning to the house effectively blocking the Battle Back . The HouseGuests unanimously voted to choose Paul to battle Cody in the final competition . Cody chose `` Maze Race '' as the final competition . Cody won and re-entered the house on Day 30 . All three duels aired in a special episode on July 21 . Round # Winner ( s ) Loser ( s ) Cody , Cameron Dominique , Jillian Cody Cameron Cody Paul Den of temptation ( edit ) During the first three weeks of the season , the viewing public will vote for a HouseGuest of their choice to secretly enter a room called the Den of Temptation . The temptation inside the den could provide an advantage in the game but will come with a consequence that may affect one or more HouseGuests . The public 's chosen HouseGuest can choose to accept the temptation or reject it completely . Each HouseGuest can only be chosen to enter the den once during their time in the House . The results of the vote and the HouseGuest decision will be shown during the Sunday primetime episode . No . Date given Temptation ( if accepted ) Consequence ( if accepted ) Den Entrant Consequence Recipient Result Wed , June 28 The Pendant of Protection The HouseGuest will be immune from the next three evictions . The HouseGuest must pick a poison that is tied to another HouseGuest . The HouseGuest whose poison was chosen is now `` cursed '' and must volunteer as a third nominee for eviction in the next 3 weeks . Paul Ramses Accepted Sun , July 2 The Ring of Replacement The HouseGuest will have the power to swap with one of the randomly drawn players in the Power of Veto competition and take their place and have the power to participate in any veto competition . This temptation can only be used once . The HouseGuest must choose 3 HouseGuests to wear `` Ve - Toad '' costumes for the rest of the week . Christmas Cody , Jason , Jessica Accepted Wed , July 19 The Halting Hex The HouseGuest will have the power to stop one of the next 4 evictions , meaning that no eviction vote would be held and no one would be evicted . The `` Temptation Competition '' is unleashed for the next 3 weeks . Jessica All HouseGuests Accepted Temptation competition ( edit ) Due to Jessica accepting the final temptation , the `` Temptation Competition '' was unleashed for the next 3 weeks . Prior to nominations , HouseGuests ( except for the current Head of Household ) would be able to decide if they wanted to compete in this competition or not . The winner of the `` Temptation Competition '' would receive immunity for the week , however , the HouseGuest that finishes last in the competition would be automatically nominated as a 3rd nominee . Week # Competitors Winner Loser 5 Alex , Jason , Mark , Matt Mark Jason 6 Alex , Cody , Elena , Jason , Jessica , Kevin , Mark , Matt , Paul , Raven Cody Jessica 7 Cody , Elena , Jason , Josh , Kevin , Mark , Matt , Paul , Raven Mark Matt Tree of temptation ( edit ) After Cody and Elena 's eviction , Julie revealed a new twist into the game which unleashed 5 possible temptations for HouseGuests to select for the next 3 weeks . These temptations include powers and punishments . When the apple tree turns red , the first HouseGuest to enter the diary room gets to claim a temptation from the apple tree . Once a HouseGuest claims an apple , they are not eligible for another temptation . The results of picking an apple include , save a friend , ca n't play in next HOH , second veto , bounty on your head , and eliminate two eviction votes . Week # Name Description Picker Result 8 Save a Friend The winner earns the right to award immunity to another HouseGuest for the week . Mark Paul 9 None 10 None ^ Jump up to : No one decided to choose an apple temptation . HouseGuests ( edit ) Main article : List of Big Brother 19 houseguests ( U.S. ) The cast of the nineteenth season of Big Brother . Top : Ramses , Christmas , Jessica , Mark , Josh , Raven , Dominique and Jason Middle row : Paul , Jillian , Matt , Megan , Alex , Cody and Cameron Bottom : Elena and Kevin The HouseGuests were announced on Monday , June 19 at 6 AM PDT through the CBS website . Interviews with the cast were released at 8 AM PDT on CBS All Access . Name Age on entry Occupation Residence Alex Ow 28 Eco-friendly marketing representative California , Camarillo , Camarillo , California Cameron Heard 24 Microbiologist Illinois , Woodridge , Woodridge , Illinois Christmas Abbott 35 Fitness superstar North Carolina , Raleigh , Raleigh , North Carolina Cody Nickson 32 Construction sales representative Texas , Plano , Plano , Texas Dominique Cooper 30 Government engineer Virginia , Woodbridge , Woodbridge , Virginia Elena Davies 26 Radio personality Texas , Dallas , Dallas , Texas Jason Dent 37 Rodeo clown Iowa , Humeston , Humeston , Iowa Jessica Graf 26 VIP concierge California , Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California Jillian Parker 24 Timeshare sales representative Nevada , Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada Josh Martinez 23 Haircare sales Florida , Homestead , Homestead , Florida Kevin Schlehuber 55 Stay - at - home dad Massachusetts , Boston , Boston , Massachusetts Mark Jansen 26 Personal trainer New York , Grand Island , Grand Island , New York Matthew `` Matt '' Clines 33 Renovation consultant Virginia , Arlington , Arlington , Virginia Megan Lowder 28 Dog walker Arizona , Phoenix , Phoenix , Arizona Paul Abrahamian 24 Clothing designer California , Tarzana , Tarzana , California Ramses Soto 21 Cosplay artist Michigan , Grand Rapids , Grand Rapids , Michigan Raven Walton 23 Dance teacher Arkansas , DeValls Bluff , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas Future appearances ( edit ) On October 1 , 2017 , CBS announced that Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson will be competing in the upcoming 30th season of The Amazing Race . Summary ( edit ) On Day 1 , 16 new HouseGuests entered the newest rendition of the Big Brother House . After getting settled in and introductions were done , they were then informed by series host Julie Chen that the theme for this season is `` Summer of Temptation '' , where they would face various offers during the game that would offer them prizes and unique game - changing advantages throughout the season . However , every temptation that was accepted in the House would have a consequence that would affect at least one of the other HouseGuests . They began the summer inside the Garden of Temptation , the first competition of the season . The HouseGuests , while sequestered in 16 separate pods , were given the offer of $25,000 . A flower was placed in front of the pods and the first HouseGuest to press their button when the flower lit up green would win the money . The identity of the person who pressed the button to accept the money would remain anonymous , however their actions would unleash the first twist of the season . Kevin accepted the offer , but in doing so it required him to throw the first Head of Household competition as he was now ineligible to win it . As another consequence for Kevin pressing the button , Paul from Big Brother 18 re-entered the House as the seventeenth HouseGuest . However , it was revealed by Chen that he would be swapping spots with one of the new HouseGuests that would be evicted the same night in a first - ever `` BB Swap . '' Paul was given the task to select eight HouseGuests to receive a `` friendship '' bracelet . Any HouseGuest who received a `` friendship '' bracelet would be immune from eviction . He gave bracelets to Kevin , Raven , Dominique , Mark , Jason , Jessica , Ramses , and Elena . The remaining eight HouseGuests battled for their lives in the Tempted by the Fruit competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to stand on a trapeze bar while holding on to a rope . If a HouseGuest fell off , they had to select an apple from a serpent . Four apples contained safety , while three apples were `` poisonous '' . As the competition continued , Julie would give them clues guiding them to the four safe apples . The last HouseGuest standing would guarantee his or her safety from the eviction , and the three HouseGuests with poisonous apples would be nominated for the first eviction . Cody was the winner ; Christmas , Cameron , and Jillian had the poisoned apples and were put on the block . The nominees were then presented with their own temptation . Each nominee had the power to decide how their fate would ultimately be determined . They would each decide to either face an eviction vote or compete in an eviction competition , with the top 2 finishers guaranteed safety and the third place finisher automatically evicted . By a vote of 2 - 1 , they decided to face an eviction vote , with Cameron voting for an eviction competition . On Day 1 , Cameron was evicted by an 8 - 3 - 2 vote , with Cody , Mark , and Matt voting to evict Jillian , and Josh and Jason voting to evict Christmas . Julie then revealed the next twist to the viewers . Each week , America would vote to select one HouseGuest to enter the `` Den of Temptation . '' Inside the Den , they would be offered a temptation . A HouseGuest is only able to be selected once throughout the entire season . However , every temptation will come with a consequence . Following Cameron 's eviction , Big Brother 18 winner Nicole hosted the HouseGuests in the Hangs in the Balance Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were divided into four same - gender teams . One at a time , HouseGuests had to swing across their ropes and grab a rotten apple and then return it to their station . However , they were all tempted by a golden apple : the first HouseGuest to return a golden apple would earn safety for the week , but would also eliminate their entire team from the competition . Josh took the temptation , eliminating his team . The first two teams to retrieve eight apples would advance to the second round of the competition . The pink team and the blue team were the winners , who then went head - to - head to balance seven apples on a tree . However , only one person per team could compete . The first HouseGuest to successfully balance their apples would be the first Head of Household . Cody was the winner and on Day 5 , he nominated Jillian and Megan for eviction . As Head of Household , Cody was required to name five Have - Nots for the week . He selected Megan , Josh , Jillian , Paul , and Ramses . However , the Have - Nots were offered a temptation . On the wall of the Have - Not room , there were two available spikes . Inside one spike is a Have - Not Escape which would allow its holder to leave the Have - Not Room and become a Have for the week . However , the other held a Have - Not Extension , making the holder a Have - Not for an extra week . One Have - Not per week could go to the Diary Room to claim the key to unlock a spike . On Day 8 , Megan walked from the game after an argument with numerous HouseGuests over an alleged racial slur . Paul took the Have - Not temptation and successfully claimed the Have - Not Escape . The HouseGuests learned of the Den of Temptation . Paul was given the offer of the Pendant of Protection , which would give him immunity for the next three evictions . By accepting the offer , another HouseGuest would be cursed . Whichever HouseGuest was represented by the chosen bottle would be the consequence recipient . On Day 9 , Cody nominated Alex to replace Megan on the block alongside Jillian . As consequence for Paul accepting the Pendant , one HouseGuest was `` bitten '' by a snake inside the Den . The HouseGuest bitten will be cursed and be given further instructions by Big Brother . Ramses was bitten and learned that he must place himself on the block as a third nominee within one of the next three nomination ceremonies . On Day 9 , Cody , Alex , and Jillian , alongside Matt , Raven , and Jason , scrapped in the Fin to Win Power of Veto competition , which was hosted by Kevin . In this competition , HouseGuests had to pull the plug on their water timer , causing it to drain . They had to then search the water for starfish and put them on their stacking shelf one at a time . If their water began to run low , they could collect water from the ocean to put in their timer . Once a HouseGuest 's water timer was empty , their starfish were locked in . However , the players were also offered a temptation . The first HouseGuest to find a gold starfish and place it on their shelf would earn a Never - Not pass , meaning they can not be a Have - Not for the rest of the season . However , they would eliminate themselves from the competition . Raven took the temptation . The HouseGuest with the most starfish stacked on their shelf after their water had drained would win the Power of Veto . Alex won the Power of Veto , and on Day 11 , she took herself off the block , and Cody attempted to nominate Paul , who was immune thanks to the Pendant of Protection . This led Cody to nominate Christmas as the third replacement nominee . Christmas broke her foot in multiple places as well as tearing some ligaments when she and Jason were clowning around in the backyard . Even though Christmas was Cody 's target , many people were angry with Cody 's unforeseen nomination of Christmas . On Day 16 , Jillian was evicted by an 8 - 4 vote , with Alex , Jason , Jessica , and Ramses voting to evict Christmas . Following Jillian 's eviction , the HouseGuests crushed it in the Sugar Shot Head of Household competition , sponsored by the new CBS game show Candy Crush . In this competition , candies would fall into the yard . The HouseGuests needed to search the candies for tickets . Each ticket would give them one shot on the board . HouseGuests could exchange tickets and take up to three shots at one time . The first HouseGuest to land a ball in the center heart would be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . Cody , Jason , Jessica , and Matt became the Have - Nots for the week . On Day 17 , Christmas was tempted with the `` Ring of Replacement '' inside the Den . If she accepts this temptation , she can replace a randomly drawn player in any Veto competition this season . She accepted the temptation . She was then required to select three HouseGuests for the curse , and these three will be the only people Christmas has the option to replace . She selected Cody , Jessica , and Jason . On Day 17 , Paul nominated Alex and Josh for eviction , with the plan to backdoor Cody , while Ramses revealed his curse and named himself as a third nominee . As consequence for Christmas accepting the temptation , Cody , Jessica , and Jason had to wear toad suits for the week . Jason accepted the Have - Not temptation and claimed the Have - Not Extension . On Day 18 , Paul , Alex , Josh , and Ramses , alongside Elena and Matt , recalled in the Path of Least Resistance Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must go through a series of rooms and answer questions based on what they have seen throughout the previous rooms . If they answer a question correctly , they may walk through a quicker path . If they answer incorrectly , they must take a delayed path that contains a challenge that will slow them down . The HouseGuest to make it through all five areas in the fastest time will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 20 , Paul took Josh off the block and named Cody as the replacement nominee . On Day 23 , Cody was evicted by a 7 - 3 - 0 vote , with Christmas , Jessica , and Kevin voting to evict Ramses . Julie then informed Cody and America that the first four evicted HouseGuests would compete in the `` Battle Back Showdown '' with a chance to return to the game . Due to Christmas ' foot injury in the previous week , she was offered two options for the rest of her game : to either receive the medical treatments in the BB House with her having to sit out of some games as she would not be medically eligible to compete , or exit the BB House immediately . She decided to stay in the House . As a result , she cast her eviction vote from the hospital nearby and was sidelined for the following HOH competition . Following Cody 's eviction , the HouseGuests blasted off in the Space Cadets Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests stood on a small foothold and held on to their handles , trying to stay on the side of the space station . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . On Day 24 , Alex nominated Dominique and Jessica for eviction . On Day 25 , Alex , Dominique , and Jessica , joined by Kevin , Christmas , and Jason , felt the heat in the Temple of Temptation Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must walk across their suspended beam and hit their statue . They must then return and hit their button again . Each time they hit their button , they will earn a point . If they fall in the lava , however , their counter will reset to zero . However , the HouseGuests were also offered a temptation . The first HouseGuest to hit their special button will earn a money prize , but they will eliminate themselves from the competition . The first HouseGuest to get fifty points will win the Power of Veto . Kevin claimed the temptation of $27 . Jason was the winner . On Day 27 , Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 28 , Jessica was tempted with the `` Halting Hex '' . If she accepts this temptation , she can cancel any of the next four evictions . She accepted the offer . On Day 30 , Dominique was evicted by a 10 - 0 vote . The HouseGuests were then informed of the `` Battle Back Showdown '' . The evicted HouseGuests would face off in a series of head - to - head matches , with the winner facing the next evicted HouseGuest . The last standing will have a second chance at the game . Cody was the winner . However , the HouseGuests were given a chance to prevent Cody 's return . They must select one of them to face off against Cody in a final round . If the current HouseGuest wins , no one will return . The HouseGuests selected Paul . Cody beat Paul , and he returned to the game . Following Cody 's return , the HouseGuests stuck it out in the What 's the Hold Up ? Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must press their red traffic disk up by pressing it against their board with their stick . If a HouseGuest drops their disk , they will be eliminated . As a HouseGuest is eliminated , they must select a HouseGuest to punish , making it more difficult for them to continue . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jessica was the winner . For being the first three HouseGuests out of the Head of Household competition , Kevin , Mark , Paul , as well as Josh , became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 31 , Jessica nominated Josh and Ramses for eviction . Mark accepted the Have - Not temptation and received the Have - Not Extension . On Day 32 , Jessica , Josh , and Ramses mixed it up with Cody , Jason , and Christmas in the BB Juicy Blast Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests will watch the monitor to see a sequence of smoothie ingredients . After the sequence , they will be asked a question based on the sequence they just saw . If a HouseGuest answers incorrectly , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Jessica was the winner . On Day 34 , Jessica decided not to use the Power of Veto . Paul hoped to flip the vote and keep Josh safe and use him to go after Jessica and Cody . On Day 37 , Ramses was evicted by a 7 - 3 vote , with Cody , Mark , and Elena voting to evict Josh . Julie revealed to the viewers that as consequence for Jessica accepting the temptation last week , a new competition known as the `` Temptation Competition '' would be in play for the next three weeks . Each week , each HouseGuest will decide whether or not they wish to participate in the competition . The HouseGuest who wins the competition will earn safety for the week . However , the HouseGuest who places last in the competition will be a third nominee for the week . Following Ramses ' eviction , the HouseGuests were quizzed in the Inked and Evicted Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked a series of questions based on photos of the evicted HouseGuests . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . On Day 38 , the HouseGuests learned of the Temptation Competition . Alex , Jason , Mark , and Matt decided to compete in the competition . The four then danced in the Bowlerina Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must spin around their handle fifteen times . They will then earn fifteen seconds of bowling time . If they run out of time , they must spin again to earn more time . The HouseGuest who knocks down their four pins the fastest will win safety for the week , while the slowest competitor will be on the block as a third nominee . Mark was the winner , and Jason became the third nominee . On Day 38 , Paul nominated Cody and Jessica for eviction . Elena accepted the Have - Not temptation and received the Have - Not Extension . On Day 39 , Paul , Jessica , Cody , and Jason , accompanied by Kevin and Raven , weathered the pain in the returned Under the Weather Power of Veto competition . The day before the competition , HouseGuests listened to a series of BB Storm Watch updates . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests looked at a teleprompter for sentences with blanks . HouseGuests had to report the weather and fill in the blanks with the name of one of the first four evicted HouseGuests while standing in a storm . If the sentence passes through the teleprompter before the HouseGuest fills in the blank , they will be incorrect . The HouseGuest who fills in the most blanks correctly will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 41 , Paul used the Power of Veto on Jason . On Day 44 , Jessica used the Halting Hex and canceled the eviction . Following Jessica 's use of the Halting Hex , the HouseGuests putted for power in the Gravestone Golf Head of Household competition . In this competition , each HouseGuest will putt their eye ball down the course , attempting to land it in the highest numbered slot possible . The slot their ball lands in will be their score . The HouseGuest with the highest score will be the new Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 45 , all HouseGuests except Christmas accepted the offer to compete in the Temptation Competition . The HouseGuests then blacked out in the Strangest Things Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must walk through the pitch black House in search of phrases written on the wall . Each phrase will have a circled letter . They must unscramble the circled letters , locate the correct item , and put it in the box . The HouseGuest who locates the item and puts it in the box in the fastest time will win safety for the week , while the HouseGuest with the slowest time will be a third nominee for the week . Cody was the winner , and Jessica became the third nominee . On Day 45 , Josh nominated Elena and Mark for eviction . On Day 46 , Josh , Mark , Elena , and Jessica , plus Alex , and Christmas , after she used her Ring of Replacement to take Cody 's spot , vied in the OTEV the Possessed Piglet Power of Veto competition . Christmas was not allowed to compete . In each round of this competition , HouseGuests received a question with a number answer . They must search the field for the shoe with the correct number , and return it to OTEV and kneel on a stump . However , there will always be one less stump than HouseGuests . The last HouseGuest to return with the correct number will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Mark was the winner . On Day 48 , Mark used the Power of Veto on himself , and Josh named Raven as the replacement nominee . On Day 51 , Jessica was evicted by a 7 - 1 - 0 vote , with Cody voting to evict Raven . Following Jessica 's eviction , the HouseGuests were put under a spell in the Hocus Focus Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests watched a series of magic performances . After each performance , the HouseGuests will be asked questions based on the performance . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . For being the first four HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition , Kevin , Mark , Jason , and Paul became Have - Nots for the week . The day before the Temptation Competition , the HouseGuests were surprised by a series of random sounds . All HouseGuests except Christmas accepted the offer to compete in the Temptation Competition . On Day 52 , the HouseGuests were irritated in the Where Were You ? Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked where they were in the House when a specific sound went off . They must then stand on their location on the blueprint of the House . Each correct answer earns HouseGuests a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after ten questions will win safety for the week , and the HouseGuest with the least points will be the third nominee for the week . Mark was the winner , and Matt became the third nominee for the week . On Day 52 , Alex nominated Elena and Jason for eviction . Mark accepted the Have - Not temptation and claimed the Have - Not Escape . On Day 53 , Alex , Elena , Jason , and Matt , alongside Paul and Mark , launched in the BB Adventure Tour Power of Veto competition , sponsored by Outback Steakhouse . In each round of this competition , each HouseGuest shot an arrow at a map with a series of numbers . After a spot is landed on , it is out of play . The HouseGuest with the lowest score will be eliminated . However , when they are eliminated , they will open a prize . HouseGuests eliminated in future rounds will have the option to swap their prize with a prize that was already revealed . The HouseGuest with the veto at the end will win the Power of Veto , as well as the option to select five HouseGuests to join them for a meal from Outback Steakhouse . Elena claimed $5000 , Alex earned the Camp Guide , Paul won a skydiving outfit to share with another HouseGuest ; he selected Christmas . Mark won a trip to Colorado , and Jason won the Extreme - itard . Matt won the Power of Veto . Matt selected Mark , Elena , Paul , Alex , and Jason for the Outback dinner . However Paul gave up the dinner suggesting that Christmas take his place . On Day 55 , Matt used the Power of Veto on Jason , and Alex named Cody as the replacement nominee . On Day 58 , Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . On Day 58 , Cody was re-evicted by a 7 - 0 vote . He became the first member of the jury . Immediately following Cody 's eviction , the HouseGuests slid in the Let It Slide Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed in head - to - head matches . They will each slide a shuffleboard disc down their lane . The HouseGuest with a puck closest to the edge without falling off will win the match and eliminate their opponent . The remaining HouseGuest will then select the next two HouseGuests to face off . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jason was the winner . He immediately nominated Elena and Mark for eviction . Jason , Elena , Mark , Raven , Josh , and Matt then were puzzled in the Kenya - Solve It Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must solve a series of three puzzles , one at a time . Their puzzle pieces must be inside the black outline . The first HouseGuest to complete all three puzzles and buzz in will win the Power of Veto . Mark was the winner . At the Veto meeting , Mark used the Power of Veto on himself , and Jason named Matt as the replacement nominee . On Day 58 , Elena was evicted by a 6 - 1 vote , with Mark voting to evict Matt . She became the second member of the jury . Following Cody and Elena 's eviction , Derrick from Big Brother 16 surprised the HouseGuests , and they took the opportunity to reflect on the season . Derrick then hosted the HouseGuests in the Tales from Decrypt Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed in a tournament - style bracket . In each head - to - head match , the HouseGuests will watch a crypted message be slowly revealed . They must decrypt the message and press the button of the correct HouseGuest . If they are correct , they will advance and eliminate their opponent . If they are incorrect , they will be eliminated and their opponent will advance . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Christmas was the winner . For being the first two HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition , Mark and Josh became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 59 , the HouseGuests learned of the Tree of Temptation . In the front hallway is a tree with five apples on it . For the next three weeks , HouseGuests must wait for the tree to turn red . After it turns red , the first HouseGuest to enter the Diary Room may claim an apple . A HouseGuest may only accept one apple while the twist is in play . Each apple contains a prize or a punishment , but the HouseGuests will not know what is inside until they open it . On Day 59 , the Tree of Temptation turned red . Mark accepted the temptation . His apple contained the `` Save - A-Friend '' power . He earned the power to grant one HouseGuest other than himself immunity for the week . He gave Paul immunity for the week . On Day 59 , Christmas nominated Jason and Matt for eviction , with the intention to backdoor Mark . On Day 60 , Zingbot surprised the HouseGuests to host them for the Power of Veto competition . Christmas , Jason , and Matt , as well as Raven , Paul , and Mark , slipped in the Home Zing Home Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must fill up their cup , walk down their slippery lane , and pour it into their bowl . They must then walk back down their lane and do it again . There are two bowls for HouseGuests to fill . If they fill their small bowl , they will receive a larger cup with which to fill their large bowl . The first HouseGuest to fill their large bowl enough to retrieve their ball inside will win the Power of Veto . Jason was the winner . On Day 62 , Jason used the Power of Veto on himself , and Christmas named Mark as the replacement nominee . On Day 65 , Mark was evicted by a 4 - 2 vote , with Alex and Jason voting to evict Matt . He became the third member of the jury . Following Mark 's eviction , the HouseGuests were splattered in the Everyone 's A Wiener Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must brace themselves with handholds and footholds inside their hot dog bun . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jason was the winner . For being the first two people to drop in the Head of Household competition , Kevin and Matt became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 66 , the Tree of Temptation turned red . However , nobody accepted the temptation . On Day 66 , Jason nominated Matt and Raven , with Matt as the target . On Day 67 , Jason , Matt , Raven , Josh , Paul , and Kevin went on the lookout in the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House . Then , one at a time , HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card . If a HouseGuest 's veto card is found , they will be eliminated , though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition . The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto . Jason was the winner . On Day 69 , Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 71 , Matt broke the Have - Not rules and earned a penalty vote on eviction night . On Day 72 , Matt was evicted by a 6 - 0 vote . He became the fourth member of the jury . Following Matt 's eviction , Julie informed the HouseGuests that the Head of Household competition would be delayed until further notice due to weather conditions . When the delay was over , the HouseGuests sprinted in the Ready , Set , Whoa Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to hold down two buttons in their starting lane . At the end of their lanes , a monitor will cycle though the words `` ready , set , go . '' If a HouseGuest releases a button before the word `` go '' , they will be eliminated . Once they see the word `` go , '' they must run to the end of their lane and hit one of the five buttons . The last person to hit a button will be eliminated . Once a HouseGuest uses a button , it is out of play for future rounds . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Christmas was the winner . On Day 73 , Christmas nominated Alex and Jason for eviction . Bobby Moynihan surprised the HouseGuests to host the Veto competition . On Day 74 , everyone except Josh fought in the Punch Slap Kick Power of Veto competition , sponsored by the new CBS show `` Me , Myself & I '' . In this competition , HouseGuests were hit with a series of punches , slaps , and kicks . After the sequence , they were asked a question based on their experience . If they answer correctly , they will earn one point . The HouseGuest with the most points after six rounds will win the Power of Veto , as well as a visit to the set of `` Me , Myself & I '' . Alex and Paul tied the competition and then played a series of tiebreaker sequences to determine the winner . Paul was the winner . On Day 76 , Paul used the Power of Veto on Alex , and Christmas named Kevin as the replacement nominee . Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . On Day 79 , after Christmas cast the tie - breaking vote , Jason was evicted by a 3 - 2 vote , with Alex and Paul voting to evict Kevin . He became the fifth member of the jury . Immediately after Jason 's eviction , the HouseGuests reported in the Fake News Head of Household competition . In this competition , Julie will read a series of headlines to the HouseGuests . The HouseGuests must identify if these headlines are real or fake . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . Alex immediately nominated Kevin and Raven for eviction . The HouseGuests then dug down deep in the Lime Drop Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must race down their lane , jump into their ball pit , and search for limes . They must find a lime and attempt to drop it in their tube . If a ball hits the ground , it is out of play . The first HouseGuest to drop four limes into their tube and hit their button will win the Power of Veto . Josh was the winner . At the Veto Meeting , Josh decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 79 , Raven was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote , with Josh voting to evict Kevin . She became the sixth member of the jury . Following Jason and Raven 's eviction , the HouseGuests recalled in The Revengers Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked a question about the `` Revengers '' movie trailer they were shown . They must find the correct character and place it in front . If they are correct , they will receive one point . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 80 , Josh nominated Alex and Kevin for eviction . On Day 81 , the HouseGuests geeked out in the BB Comics Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests must zip line by the comic studio window to look at the set of comics on the other side . They must then recreate the set of comics on their computer . However , there are several decoy comics to confuse the HouseGuests . The HouseGuest who replicates the comics on their computer the fastest will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 83 , Paul decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 84 , after Josh cast the tie - breaking vote , Alex was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote , with Paul voting to evict Kevin . She became the seventh member of the jury . Following Alex 's eviction , the HouseGuests sought a spot in the final three in the What the Bleep ? Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were shown a series of clips with a censored word or words . Julie will then give them words as to what the blurred phrase may be . The HouseGuests must then state if Julie 's suggestion is true or false . A correct answer earned a HouseGuest a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . On Day 85 , Paul nominated Josh and Kevin for eviction . On Day 85 , the HouseGuests were steampunked in the Back to the Veto final Power of Veto competition . In each round of this competition , HouseGuests were asked on what day a specific event took place . They must turn their dials to match the day , then hit their button . If they are incorrect , their counter will reset to zero , and they must try again . The last HouseGuest to input the correct day will lose power in their time machine . Three strikes will result in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will win the final Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 86 , Paul decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 86 , Christmas cast the sole vote to evict Kevin . He became the eighth member of the jury . Following Kevin 's eviction , the HouseGuests engaged in their final battle in the Tail of the Unicorn Part 1 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must stand on their cloud and hold on to the tail of their unicorn . If a HouseGuest lets go of their tail , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win Part 1 and advance to Part 3 . Paul was the winner . Josh and Christmas then faced off in the Knock ' Em Down Part 2 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were shown a series of scrolls . They must knock down the HouseGuests who do not apply to the clue . The HouseGuest who completes the three scrolls correctly faster will win Part 2 and face Paul in Part 3 . Josh was the winner . Paul and Josh had the final showdown in the Scales of Just - Us Part 3 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were read a series of statements from the jury . They must guess how each juror completed their statement . A correct answer gave them a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight questions will be the final Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 92 , Josh cast the sole vote to evict Christmas . She became the ninth and final member of the jury . On Day 92 , after receiving Cody , Elena , Mark , Alex , and Jason 's votes , Josh was deemed the winner of Big Brother 19 . Paul was declared the runner - up , securing the votes of Matt , Raven , Kevin , and Christmas . Cody was revealed to be America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received $25,000 . Have - Nots ( edit ) This season , the Have - Nots for the week were offered a temptation . On the wall of the Have - Not room , there were two available spikes . Inside one spike is a Have - Not Escape which would allow its holder to leave the Have - Not Room and become a Have for the week . However , the other held a Have - Not Extension , making the holder a Have - Not for an extra week . One Have - Not per week could go to the Diary Room to claim the key to unlock a spike . Week No . Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Have - Nots Jillian , Josh , Megan , Paul , Ramses Cody , Jason , Jessica , Matt Jason , Josh , Mark , Ramses Josh , Kevin , Mark , Paul Alex , Christmas , Elena , Mark Elena Jason , Kevin , Mark , Paul Josh , Mark Kevin , Matt none Have - Not Temptation Paul Jason Josh Mark Elena none Mark none none Voting history ( edit ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Day 1 Day 7 Day 24 Day 30 Day 52 Day 58 Day 73 Day 79 Day 80 Day 85 Day 92 Finale Head of Household ( none ) Cody Paul Alex ( none ) Jessica Paul Josh Alex Jason Christmas Jason Christmas Alex Josh Paul Josh ( none ) Temptation Winner Paul Christmas Jessica ( none ) Mark Cody Mark ( none ) Mark ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Cameron Christmas Jillian Alex Jillian Megan Alex Josh Ramses Dominique Jessica Josh Ramses Cody Jason Jessica Elena Jessica Mark Elena Jason Matt Elena Mark Jason Matt Matt Raven Alex Jason Kevin Raven Alex Kevin Josh Kevin Christmas Paul Veto Winner ( none ) Alex Paul Jason Jessica Paul Mark Matt Mark Jason Jason Paul Josh Paul Paul ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Christmas Jillian Paul Alex Cody Ramses Dominique Jessica Josh Ramses Cody Jessica Elena Jessica Raven Cody Elena Matt Elena Matt Mark Matt Matt Raven Jason Kevin Kevin Raven Alex Kevin Josh Kevin Josh Christmas Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Nominated No voting Head of Household Cody Elena Mark Matt Jason Kevin Alex Nominated Christmas Winner ( Day 92 ) Paul Not eligible Jillian Head of Household Dominique Alex Ramses Head of Household Jessica Cody Elena Mark Matt Kevin Raven Kevin Head of Household Nominated Runner - up ( Day 92 ) Christmas Nominated Nominated Ramses Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Elena Head of Household Matt Jason Raven Alex Kevin Evicted ( Day 92 ) Paul Kevin Cameron Jillian Ramses Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Elena Mark Matt Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 86 ) Paul Alex Cameron Christmas Nominated Head of Household Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Head of Household Elena Matt Matt Kevin Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 84 ) Josh Raven Cameron Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Nominated Cody Elena Mark Nominated Jason Nominated Evicted ( Day 79 ) Paul Jason Christmas Christmas Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Head of Household Matt Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 79 ) Josh Matt Jillian Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 72 ) Paul Mark Jillian Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Josh No voting Jessica Cody Matt Nominated Evicted ( Day 65 ) Josh Elena Cameron Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Josh No voting Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 58 ) Josh Cody Jillian Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 23 ) Josh Nominated Raven Nominated Re-evicted ( Day 58 ) Josh Jessica Cameron Christmas Ramses Nominated Paul Head of Household Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 51 ) Ramses Cameron Christmas Nominated Dominique Paul Nominated Evicted ( Day 37 ) Dominique Cameron Jillian Cody Nominated Evicted ( Day 30 ) Jillian Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 16 ) Megan Cameron Nominated Walked ( Day 8 ) Cameron Nominated Evicted ( Day 1 ) Notes 1 , 2 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 6 , 7 6 8 , 9 none 10 , 11 10 12 13 14 , 15 14 , 16 12 17 none 18 Walked none Megan none Evicted Cameron 8 of 13 votes to evict Jillian 8 of 12 votes to evict Cody 7 of 10 votes to evict Dominique 10 of 10 votes to evict Paul 11 of 12 votes to compete Ramses 7 of 10 votes to evict Eviction cancelled Jessica 7 of 8 votes to evict Cody 7 of 7 votes to evict Elena 6 of 7 votes to evict Mark 4 of 6 votes to evict Matt 6 of 6 votes to evict Jason 3 of 5 votes to evict Raven 2 of 3 votes to evict Alex 2 of 3 votes to evict Kevin Christmas ' choice to evict Christmas Josh 's choice to evict Paul 4 votes to win Cody Won re-entry into game Josh 5 votes to win Notes ( edit ) ^ Note 1 : Paul entered the House after the original sixteen HouseGuests due to Kevin accepting a temptation . Paul was given immunity from the first eviction and had to give immunity to eight HouseGuests of his choice by giving them a friendship bracelet . ^ Note 2 : Those who did not get a friendship bracelet had to compete in a competition in order to stay in the house . Cameron , Christmas and Jillian lost this competition and were nominated for eviction . The three nominees were given a choice between an eviction vote or an eviction competition . The eviction vote was held after a 2 - 1 vote in favor of an eviction vote ; only Cameron voted for an eviction competition . Paul was not eligible to vote but would cast a tiebreaker vote if required . ^ Note 3 : Due to accepting the $25,000 temptation on Day 1 , Kevin was not allowed to win the first Head of Household competition and had to secretly throw it . ^ Note 4 : Because Josh retrieved the Golden Apple in the HoH competition , he was awarded immunity for that week . ^ Note 5 : Because Megan walked from the game while still being one of Cody 's original nominations , he had to choose a replacement nominee , ultimately choosing Alex . ^ Note 6 : For the first three weeks , America voted to tempt three houseguests , one per week . Because Paul accepted the Pendant of Protection temptation , he is immune for the next three evictions . Paul chose to keep this immunity a secret until Cody attempted to nominate him for eviction at the Week 1 Veto Ceremony . ^ Note 7 : During Week 1 , Ramses was cursed with having to nominate himself as a 3rd nominee within the next three weeks . He chose to nominate himself during Week 2 . In the event that the PoV was used on Ramses , no replacement nominee would be named . ^ Note 8 : Instead of permanent eviction , the first four evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game through the `` Battle Back Showdown . '' All four evictees faced off in a duel , in which two winners of the first round advanced to face each other in the second round and the losers from both rounds were permanently eliminated ; going into the third duel , Cody was the last evictee standing and beat Paul to officially win re-entry into the house . ^ Note 9 : Paul was voted to battle Cody in the final round of the Battle Back Showdown . Ultimately , Cody defeated Paul and re-entered the game on Day 30 . ^ Note 10 : Since Jessica accepted the Halting Hex temptation , the consequence was a new competition unleashed for the next 3 weeks . The winner of the temptation competition would be immune for the week , however , the person that finishes last in the competition will be automatically nominated as a third nominee , indicated in bold . This temptation nominee is irreplaceable if the veto is used on them . ^ Note 11 : On Day 44 , Jessica used the Halting Hex , which halted Week 5 's Eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week was a double eviction week . Following the first eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a week 's worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the week . ^ Note 13 : Through the Tree of Temptation , Mark earned the power to `` Save a Friend '' which allowed him to grant immunity to another HouseGuest ; he chose Paul . ^ Note 14 : Due to nobody picking an apple from the Tree of Temptation , no one received a temptation . ^ Note 15 : Matt was given a penalty vote for eviction after eating normal food while on the mandatory Have - Not slop diet . ^ Note 16 : As Head of Household , Christmas was forced to break the tie on Day 79 . ^ Note 17 : As Head of Household , Josh was forced to break the tie on Day 84 . ^ Note 18 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Big Brother . Controversies and criticisms ( edit ) Paul Abrahamian received criticism for his controversial mimicking of another HouseGuest . In Week 3 , he targeted Dominique Cooper for eviction and decided to apply black facial cosmetics and clothing that resembled the skin of a snake , a metaphor that she had called him in an effort to expose his strategy to the other HouseGuests . Given that Cooper is African American , Abrahamian 's actions were deemed racist when he referred to the cosmetics as `` blackface . '' When asked by TMZ about the incident , Run the Jewels member Killer Mike remarked that `` ( Abrahamian ) has the right to be stupid '' and `` there are consequences that that come with that . '' Viewers also debated on Abrahamian 's alleged bullying tactics in which he encouraged other HouseGuests to antagonize `` outcasts '' in the House , especially showmance allies Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson . Some notable incidents include Christmas Abbott propagating aspersions on Nickson 's military service , and Alex Ow and Raven Walton engaging in verbal arguments with Graf . Likewise , a physical confrontation nearly transpired between Josh Martinez and Mark Jansen after the latter defended Nickson and the former responded with his frying - pan shtick , prompting Big Brother production to force them to opposite ends of the House . A fistfight almost ensued between Abrahamian and Nickson as well after Abrahamian disrespectfully silenced Graf in front of Nickson in the HoH Room . Abrahamian , who was HoH at that time , bypassed the confrontation instead by sending Nickson out of the room while screaming condescensions at him . Some fans also perceived Megan Lowder 's controversial exit on Day 8 as a result of bullying . During a backyard conversation , Lowder overheard Graf refer to Ow as `` Panda , '' which Lowder considered to be racist due to its Asian connotation . However , Graf actually said `` PaoPao , '' which alluded to the nickname of Big Brother 16 HouseGuest Paola Shea , of whom Ow reminded Graf due to both being Asian Americans . After being informed of the comment by Lowder , Ow clarified the issue with Graf before they assumed that Lowder fabricated the comment for game - related purposes , prompting them to confront her . Lowder felt overwhelmed by the confrontation that she broke down and stayed long in the Diary Room where she brought up her history of posttraumatic stress disorder with the show 's producers . Concerned of her mental health , production came to a mutual decision with Lowder that it would be best for her to self - evict from the game . Viewers called for Jason Dent 's expulsion from the House after he was caught on the live feeds making rape and assault jokes in front of other HouseGuests . In one instance , Dent commented on having sex with Kevin Schlehuber 's wife , Deborah , while all their daughters were tied up and forced to watch the act . In an interview with TMZ , Deborah Schlehuber said that Dent 's comments were disturbing and `` the worst thing she 's ever seen . '' On Twitter , Dent 's family apologized for the comments but stated that the comments were taken out of context , which Deborah doubted as she believed her husband would never joke as such about anyone in any situation . Dent was also seen making similar jokes earlier in the competition , such as suggesting to restrain Walton and have male HouseGuests `` take turns '' on her , and once telling cops about sexually assaulting women at a nursing home . Dent and Nickson sparked backlash after footage of remarks regarded as transphobic was depicted on the live feeds . During a conversation in the hot tub , Graf informed Dent and Nickson about Audrey Middleton of Big Brother 17 as the first transgender contestant in the show 's history . Nickson proceeded to mock the gender identity of Middleton , for whom Dent was also confused about the appropriate pronoun . Middleton addressed the controversy through a Twitter post , urging people not to vilify both male HouseGuests but rather , educate them on the value of emotional intelligence . Nickson was also criticized for using the derogatory term `` tranny '' several times earlier in the game . Fans were heavily divided on the authenticity of some of Walton 's claims in the House . As a gastroparesis ( GP ) sufferer , Walton often commented that her gastric pacemaker was burdensome , that her condition was hereditary and terminal , and that she was sterile , making her consider egg - freezing , hysterectomy , and knee surgery before her death . Even before joining the show , Walton had established a $200,000 campaign on GoFundMe for her treatment , which some skeptical fans considered a scam . Schlehuber also recounted Walton asking viewers for money on camera . Other GP sufferers and organizations like Gastroparesis Patient Association for Cures and Treatment disputed her claims about the severity of the disease . However , Walton 's mother , Stacy , and her physician , Dr. Thomas Abell , took it to social media to combat Walton 's critics , even stating `` there 's basically many different ways to die from gastroparesis ... '' Fans also accused Walton of being an `` attention seeker '' or having hypochondria or Munchausen syndrome due to her allegedly exaggerating other health conditions and lying about having GP based on her unhealthy eating habits in the House . Walton also claimed that she and her mother were members of Mensa International but their names were proven not to be found in the organization 's current directory . Several HouseGuests , especially Graf , attracted controversy for engaging in a certain inappropriate behavior in the House . Footage on the live feeds showed Graf making unwanted contact with some HouseGuests in their `` private areas '' in a joking manner without prior consent . When confronted , Graf dismissed any accusations of such wrongdoing as sexual harassment or invasion of privacy . Ironically , Graf 's behavior incited other HouseGuests like Abrahamian , Matthew Clines , Ramses Soto , and Elena Davies to partake in similar playful acts towards HouseGuests of the same and opposite genders . In one episode of the show , Ow shared with Martinez how the rampant `` touching '' in the House , particularly her experience with Graf , made her uncomfortable because it was reminiscent of her cousin who had been raped and murdered . Reception ( edit ) Viewing figures ( edit ) # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , June 28 , 2017 1.7 / 7 5.88 Thursday , June 29 , 2017 1.6 / 7 5.37 Sunday , July 2 , 2017 1.4 / 7 5.16 Wednesday , July 5 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.15 5 Thursday , July 6 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.09 6 Sunday , July 9 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.39 7 Wednesday , July 12 , 2017 1.9 / 9 6.45 8 Thursday , July 13 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.11 9 Sunday , July 16 , 2017 1.8 / 8 5.95 10 Wednesday , July 19 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.19 11 Thursday , July 20 , 2017 1.9 / 7 5.96 12 Friday , July 21 , 2017 1.5 / 7 5.45 13 Sunday , July 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 5.98 14 Wednesday , July 26 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.35 15 Thursday , July 27 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.33 16 Sunday , July 30 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.33 17 Wednesday , August 2 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.57 18 Thursday , August 3 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.42 19 Sunday , August 6 , 2017 2.0 / 8 6.46 20 Wednesday , August 9 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.39 21 Thursday , August 10 , 2017 1.9 / 8 5.95 22 Sunday , August 13 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.22 23 Wednesday , August 16 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.27 24 Thursday , August 17 , 2017 2.1 / 8 6.48 25 Friday , August 18 , 2017 1.4 / 7 5.06 26 Sunday , August 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.42 27 Wednesday , August 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.10 28 Thursday , August 24 , 2017 1.7 / 7 6.03 29 Sunday , August 27 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.28 30 Wednesday , August 30 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.20 31 Thursday , August 31 , 2017 1.5 / 6 4.91 32 Sunday , September 3 , 2017 1.7 / 7 5.65 33 Wednesday , September 6 , 2017 1.9 / 7 6.33 34 Thursday , September 7 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.24 35 Sunday , September 10 , 2017 1.9 / 7 6.27 6 36 Wednesday , September 13 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.38 37 Thursday , September 14 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.12 38 Friday , September 15 , 2017 1.2 / 6 4.89 39 Wednesday , September 20 , 2017 2.2 / 8 6.70 ^ Note 1 : Episode 22 was delayed to 8 : 18 PM ET ( 7 : 18 PM CT ) ) due to the PGA Tour golf event running long . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Announces Summer Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Renews Hit Summer Series `` Big Brother '' For Two More Editions '' ( Press release ) . CBS Press Express . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Matthew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Big Brother 19 : Four Weeks Until Season Premiere '' . Big Brother Network . Gravy Train Productions , LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Unveils Summer Schedule , Moves ' Zoo ' to Thursdays '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS ' Zoo , Big Brother , New Asteroid Thriller Get Summer Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Summer 2017 Premiere Dates for ' Big Brother 19 ' and More '' . Buddy TV . Seattle , Washington . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Announces Programming Slate Featuring New and Returning Original Series , Spanning More Than 400 Hours of Original Content '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Why Big Brother After Dark is censored on TVGN '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tonight On Big Brother 19 : ' Battle Back ' Special Episode '' . Big Brother Network . 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Big Brother Season Premiere Recap : Which Vet Returned ? Who Got Evicted ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' recap : Paul continues to control the game '' . EW.com. 2017 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Premiere Recap : Season 19 Kicks Off With the Return of a Fan Favorite '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Bosses Explain the Premiere 's Biggest Twist '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Dehnart , Andy ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Big Brother 19 's premiere rapidly ruins its potential '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Premiere Recap : The First Night of Temptation and an Eviction '' . Buddy TV . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Sage ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) . `` How Does The Den Of Temptation Work On ' Big Brother 19 ' ? This Season Is All About Tough Choices '' . Bustle . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Reveals Houseguests for Season 19 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Meet The New Big Brother Season 19 Cast Before Anyone Else '' . CBS . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Janes , Theoden ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Fitness star : Being a ' badass ' is about so much more than half - naked pics '' . newsobserver.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 19 's Jessica And Cody Bring Their Showmance To The Amazing Race - CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` ' Big Brother ' contestant unknowingly garners criticism online for saying he wants to use ' blackface ' '' . AOL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Paul Plans ' Blackface ' Stunt , Fans Pissed '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Plans To Dress In `` Blackface '' To Take Revenge On Rival Housemate `` . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . 2017 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Killer Mike Says ' Big Brother ' Star Has the Right to Be Stupid TMZ TV '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' BB19 ' : Bullying Takes Center Stage As Josh Martinez , Paul Abrahamian Rock The House : Has CBS Gone Too Far ? '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Spoilers : Veto Ceremony Results - Week 5 Live Feed News '' . GlobalTV . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Spoilers : The House Attacks Jessica and Cody '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Violence on ' Big Brother ' : Contestants Forced to Opposite Ends of the House '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' : Second Houseguest 's Exit Explained '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 19 Feeds : Jason Dent `` Jokes '' About Raping Kevin 's Wife and Forcing His Children to Watch `` . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Kevin 's Wife Disgusted by Jason Dent 's Rape Comments '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother contestant Jason Dent cracks crude rape joke online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' BB19 ' News : Jason 's Rape Joke About Kevin 's Wife Causes Media Storm As Fans Slam Him On Twitter ( Video ) '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' contestant upsets fans with transphobic comments '' . Los Angeles Blade : LGBT News , Rights , Politics , Entertainment . 2017 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Spoilers : Raven Begs ' BB19 ' Fans For Money -- Scam Artist Or Really Dying ? '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Brother 19 : Is Raven Walton exaggerating her gastroparesis for attention ? '' . Hidden Remote. 2017 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Brother 19 ' News : Houseguests Upset With Jessica Graf Over Alleged Unwanted Sexual Touching '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Sexual Hijinks , Butt Poking Rampant , ' You Punched My Vagina ! ' '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef , ' ' Big Brother , ' all others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Grit , ' ' Big Brother ' and reruns unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` No changes in adults 18 - 49 : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Night , ' ' The Wall , ' ' Battle of the Network Stars ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly , ' ' AFV ' rerun adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots : Forever Young ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' Zoo ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and ' Descendants 2 ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spartan ' finale , ' Big Brother ' and everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Carmichael Show ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beat Shazam ' and ' Penn & Teller ' adjust up , ' Zoo ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` NFL preseason and ' Zoo ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' stays on top as everything adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , Teen Choice Awards adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up ; ' Boy Band , ' ' Beat Shazam , ' ' Whose Line , ' NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef , ' ' Beat Shazam ' and ' Blue Bloods ' reruns adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Big Brother ' dips slightly , still wins easily '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Weekend Update , ' ' Boy Band ' and more adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , ABC shows and ' Candy Crush ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Zoo , ' ' The Night Shift , ' and more adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football and ' Big Brother ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , other networks hold : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' and ' SNF ' adjust up , Miss America and ' 20 / 20 ′ adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's ' Truth and Lies ' special adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) CBS Official Site Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Main edition Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Spin - offs Over the Top houseguests Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Companion shows House Calls After Dark Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_19_(U.S.)&oldid=809163610 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) seasons Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 14 : 20 . About Wikipedia	who gets evicted from big brother episode 21	[]	[]
-6332617522613927023	High School Musical (soundtrack)	High School Musical ( Soundtrack ) - wikipedia High School Musical ( Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search High School Musical ( An Original Walt Disney Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by High School Musical Cast Released January 20 , 2006 Recorded 2005 Genre Pop teen pop dance - pop electropop musical theatre Length 38 : 25 Label Walt Disney Producer Kenny Ortega , Bill Borden , Barry Rosenbush , Drew Lane , Eddie Galan , High School Musical Cast chronology High School Musical ( 2006 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 2007 Singles from High School Musical `` Breaking Free '' Released : June 8 , 2006 High School Musical is the soundtrack of the Disney Channel Original Movie of the same name . Recorded in five days , it was released on January 10 , 2006 , and became the best selling album of that year , having sold more than 3.7 million copies in the US and 7 million copies worldwide . As of January 2016 , the album has sold 5,000,000 copies in the US , making it the best - selling TV soundtrack since 1991 when Nielsen SoundScan started tracking music sales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 1.1 High School Musical two - disc Special edition 1.2 Two - disc collector 's edition 1.3 Songs from the movie scenes 2 High School Musical Hits Remixed 3 Chart positions 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 International versions 6 Release history 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Track listing ( edit ) Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Start of Something New '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil Zac Efron , Drew Seeley * * , Vanessa Hudgens 3 : 17 2 . `` Get'cha Head In the Game '' Ray Cham ; Greg Cham ; Andrew Seeley ; David Lawrence ; Faye Greenberg Efron , Seeley * * 2 : 26 3 . `` What I 've Been Looking For '' Andy Dodd ; Adam Watts Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel 2 : 04 4 . `` What I 've Been Looking For ( Reprise ) '' Andy Dodd ; Adam Watts Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens 1 : 20 5 . `` Stick to the Status Quo '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil ; David Lawrence ; Faye Greenberg Tisdale , Grabeel , Chris Warren Jr. , Kaycee Stroh , Dutch Whitlock 4 : 28 6 . `` When There Was Me and You '' Jamie Houston Hudgens 3 : 00 7 . `` Bop to the Top '' Randy Petersen ; Kevin Quinn Tisdale , Grabeel 1 : 47 8 . `` Breaking Free '' Jamie Houston Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens 3 : 27 9 . `` We 're All in This Together '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens , Tisdale , Grabeel , Corbin Bleu , Monique Coleman 3 : 51 10 . `` I Ca n't Take My Eyes Off of You '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens , Tisdale , Grabeel 2 : 51 11 . `` Get'cha Head In the Game '' Ray Cham ; Greg Cham ; Andrew Seeley ; David Lawrence ; Faye Greenberg B5 2 : 43 12 . `` Start of Something New '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil ( Instrumental * ) 3 : 16 13 . `` Breaking Free '' Jamie Houston ( Instrumental * ) 3 : 27 * Are not on the first disc of the two - disc special edition version . * * Drew Seeley sang in several of the songs , his voice being mixed with Zac Efron 's . He originally was not given credit for singing . High School Musical two - disc special edition ( edit ) On May 23 , 2006 , the same day the DVD was released , Walt Disney Records released a special edition of the High School Musical album featuring a bonus disc with eight karaoke tracks of the High School Musical numbers . Disc 2 No . Title Length 1 . `` Start of Something New '' 3 : 31 2 . `` Get'cha Head in the Game '' 2 : 37 3 . `` What I 've Been Looking For '' 2 : 13 4 . `` When There Was Me and You '' 3 : 15 5 . `` Bop to the Top '' 2 : 08 6 . `` Breaking Free '' 3 : 42 7 . `` We 're All in This Together '' 4 : 13 8 . `` I Ca n't Take My Eyes Off of You '' 3 : 07 Two - disc collector 's edition ( edit ) For a limited time , Wal - Mart retailer stores only released an exclusive two - disc collector 's edition of High School Musical . It included the soundtrack and the bonus DVD . The collector 's edition is now available in the Philippness on the same release date of the soundtrack of High School Musical 2 after Universal Music Limited became the newest licensee of Walt Disney Records in the said country . It includes : Disc 1 No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Start of Something New '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil Zac Efron , Drew Seeley * * , Vanessa Hudgens 3 : 17 2 . `` Get'cha Head In The Game '' Ray Cham ; Greg Cham ; Andrew Seeley ; David Lawrence ; Faye Greenberg Efron , Seeley * * 2 : 26 3 . `` What I 've Been Looking For '' Andy Dodd ; Adam Watts Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel 2 : 04 4 . `` What I 've Been Looking For ( Reprise ) '' Andy Dodd ; Adam Watts Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens 1 : 20 5 . `` Stick to the Status Quo '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil ; David Lawrence ; Faye Greenberg Tisdale , Grabeel , Chris Warren Jr. , Kaycee Stroh , Dutch Whitlock 4 : 28 6 . `` When There Was Me and You '' Jamie Houston Hudgens 3 : 00 7 . `` Start of Something New '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil ( Instrumental * ) 3 : 16 8 . `` Bop to the Top '' Randy Petersen ; Kevin Quinn Tisdale , Grabeel 1 : 47 9 . `` Breaking Free '' Jamie Houston Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens 3 : 27 10 . `` We 're All in This Together '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens , Tisdale , Grabeel , Corbin Bleu , Monique Coleman 3 : 51 11 . `` I Ca n't Take My Eyes Off of You '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens , Tisdale , Grabeel 2 : 51 12 . `` Get'cha Head In The Game '' Ray Cham ; Greg Cham ; Andrew Seeley , David Lawrence ; Faye Greenberg B5 2 : 43 13 . `` Breaking Free '' Jamie Houston ( Instrumental * ) 3 : 27 Songs from the movie scenes ( edit ) There are some untitled tracks . No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Start of Something New '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil Zac Efron , Drew Seeley * * , Vanessa Hudgens 3 : 17 2 . `` Untitled '' None None 0 : 05 3 . `` Get'cha Head In The Game '' Ray Cham ; Greg Cham ; Andrew Seeley ; David Lawrence ; Faye Greenberg Efron , Seeley * * 2 : 26 4 . `` What I 've Been Looking For '' Andy Dodd ; Adam Watts Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel 2 : 04 5 . `` What I 've Been Looking For ( Reprise ) '' Andy Dodd ; Adam Watts Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens 1 : 20 6 . `` Stick to the Status Quo '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil ; David Lawrence ; Faye Greenberg Tisdale , Grabeel , Chris Warren Jr. , Kaycee Stroh , Dutch Whitlock 4 : 28 7 . `` Untitled '' None None 0 : 05 8 . `` When There Was Me and You '' Jamie Houston Hudgens 3 : 00 9 . `` Untitled '' None None 0 : 05 10 . `` Bop to the Top '' Randy Petersen ; Kevin Quinn Tisdale , Grabeel 1 : 47 11 . `` Breaking Free '' Jamie Houston Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens 3 : 27 12 . `` We 're All in This Together '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens , Tisdale , Grabeel , Corbin Bleu , Monique Coleman 3 : 51 13 . `` I Ca n't Take My Eyes Off of You '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil Efron , Seeley * * , Hudgens , Tisdale , Grabeel , 2 : 51 14 . `` Get'cha Head In The Game '' Ray Cham ; Greg Cham ; Andrew Seeley ; David Lawrence ; Faye Greenberg B5 2 : 43 15 . `` Start of Something New '' Matthew Gerrard ; Robbie Nevil ( Instrumental * ) 3 : 17 16 . `` Breaking Free '' Jamie Houston ( Instrumental * ) 3 : 27 High School Musical Hits Remixed Remix album by High School Musical Cast Released December 11 , 2007 Recorded 2007 Genre Dance Length 24 : 40 Label Walt Disney High School Musical Cast chronology High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 2007 High School Musical Hits Remixed ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 : Non-Stop Dance Party ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 : Non-Stop Dance Party 2007 High School Musical Hits Remixed ( edit ) High School Musical Hits Remixed was released exclusively to Wal - Mart on December 11 , 2007 and features remixes of various songs from the soundtracks ti both High School Musical ) and High School Musical 2 ) ) . `` Bet on It '' ( Remix ) `` Fabulous '' ( Remix ) `` Breaking Free '' ( Remix ) `` Bop to the Top '' ( Remix ) `` I Do n't Dance '' ( Remix ) `` I Ca n't Take My Eyes Off of You '' ( Remix ) `` Humuhumunukunukuapua'a '' ( Remix ) `` We 're All in This Together '' ( Remix ) * Videos as seen on the High School Musical : Remix DVD . Remixed by the song 's authors , Robbie Nevil and Matthew Gerrard . Chart positions ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Peak position Argentinian Albums ( CAPIF ) Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 13 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 55 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 12 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 11 French Albums ( SNEP ) 6 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 22 Mexican Albums ( Top 100 Mexico ) 22 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 6 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 63 UK Compilation Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Digital Albums ( Billboard ) 17 US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) 8 US Top Soundtracks ( Billboard ) Venezuelan Albums ( IFPI ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 27 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 121 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 182 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 55 US Billboard 200 US Digital Albums ( Billboard ) 10 US Kid Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Soundtracks ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2007 ) Position Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 49 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 44 US Billboard 200 37 US Kid Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Soundtracks ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Argentina ( CAPIF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 100,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 79,500 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 200,000 Hungary ( MAHASZ ) Gold 10,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) 4 × Platinum 60,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 2 × Platinum + Gold 250,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 4 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 5,000,000 Venezuela ( IFPI Venezuela ) Platinum 20,000 Summaries Europe ( IFPI ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone International versions ( edit ) The album has been rerecorded and released in international versions with foreign language lyrics in some countries . Song Original name Language Singer ( s ) Country `` High School Musical '' `` High School Musical '' Spanish Mota Spain `` High School Musical '' `` High School Musical '' Spanish Reparto de `` High School Musical : El Desafío '' Mexico `` Классный мюзикл '' ( Klassny Myuzikl ) `` High School Musical '' Russian Sergey Lazarev , Kseniya Larina , Mikhail Veselov , Evgeniya Otradnaya & Others Russia `` High School Musical '' `` High School Musical '' Hindi Naresh Kamath , Sunidhi Chauhan , Neuman Pinto , Shweta Pandit , Samantha Edwards , Suzanne D'Mello & Dean D'Souza India International versions have also been released for individual singles . Song Original name Language Singer ( s ) `` Наверх в облака '' ( Naverkh v oblaka ) `` Start of Something New '' Russian Sergey Lazarev & Kseniya Larina `` Algo Va A Empezar '' Spanish ( Mexico ) Gerardo & Mariana ( High School Musical : La Selección ) `` Ты владеешь мячом '' ( Ty vladeyesh ' myachom ) `` Get'cha Head in the Game '' Russian Sergey Lazarev `` Pon la mente en el juego '' Spanish ( Argentina ) Fernando Dente ( High School Musical : La Selección ) `` Mente en el Juego '' Spanish ( Mexico ) Cistobal & Cesar ( High School Musical : La Selección ) `` Мы в темные дни грустили одни '' ( My v temnye dni grustiili odni ) `` What I 've Been Looking For '' Russian Sergey Lazarev & Kseniya Larina `` Eres Tú '' Spanish ( Mexico ) Belanova `` O Que Eu Procurava '' Portuguese ( Brazil ) Ludov Fellipe Guadanucci & Paula Barbosa ( High School Musical : A Seleção ) `` Estando tú y yo '' `` When There Was Me and You '' Spanish ( Mexico ) Fabiola ( High School Musical : La Selección ) `` Cuando éramos tú y yo '' Spanish ( Argentina ) Victoria ( High School Musical : La Selección ) `` あなたといた時 '' ( Anata to Ita Toki ) Japanese Hitomi Shimatani `` Bop to the Top '' `` Bop to the Top '' Spanish ( Mexico ) High School Musical `` La Selección '' `` Bop to the Top '' Spanish ( Argentina ) Colo & Delfina ( High School Musical : La Selección ) `` Breaking Free ( Asian Version ) '' `` Breaking Free '' English Vince Chong , Nikki Gil & Alicia Pan `` Breaking Free ( European Version ) '' English Josh Hoge & Nikki Flores `` Tem Que Tentar '' Portuguese ( Brasil ) Fellipe Guadanucci & Lenora Hage ( High School Musical : A Seleção ) `` Se Provi A Volare '' Italian Luca Dirisio `` error : ( ( lang ) ) : unrecognized language tag : zh - t ( help ) '' ( Ling yi ge zi ji ) Mandarin Chinese Anson Hu & Stephy Tang `` Briser Mes Chaînes '' French Sofiane `` Sólo Hay Que Intentar '' Spanish ( Mexico ) Roger González & Carla Medina `` Donde Hay Libertad '' Spanish ( Mexico ) High School Musical `` La Selección '' `` No Dejes De Soñar '' Spanish ( Spain ) Conchita `` Masz w sobie wiarę '' Polish Hania Stach i Andrzej Lampert `` ממריאים '' ( Mamri'im ) Hebrew Gilat Hillel `` Наш звездный час '' ( Nash zvezdniy chas ) Russian Sergey Lazarev & Kseniya Larina `` Tem Que Tentar '' Portuguese ( Portugal ) Fabiola Ribeiro & Beto Marden `` Estamos Todos Juntos '' `` We 're All in This Together '' Spanish ( Mexico ) High School Musical `` La Selección '' `` 1 + 1 = 11 '' Mandarin Chinese Go Go Club `` Minna Star ! '' Japanese AAA `` Мы все вместе '' ( My vse vmeste ) Russian Sergey Lazarev Kseniya Larina & Other Hindi title Original name Singer ( s ) `` Yeh Man Gaaye Kyon '' `` Start of Something New '' Naresh Kamath & Sunidhi Chauhan `` Ho Ek Hi Aim `` Get'cha Head in the Game '' Naresh Kamath `` Is Dil Ne Kahi Jo Baatein Nayi `` What I 've Been Looking For '' Neuman Pinto & Shweta Pandit `` Is Dil Ne Kahi Jo Baatein Nayi ( Reprise ) `` What I 've Been Looking For ( Reprise ) '' Naresh Kamath & Sunidhi Chauhan `` Jo Karte Ho Wohi Karo `` Stick to the Status Quo '' Shweta Pandit & Neuman Pinto , ( Chorus ) Samantha Edwards , Suzanne D'Mello & Dean D'Souza `` Na Jaane Main Aur Tu `` When There Was Me and You '' Sunidhi Chauhan `` Paaye Yeh ' `` Bop to the Top '' Neuman Pinto & Shweta Pandit `` Choole Ambar Hi ' `` Breaking Free '' Naresh Kamath & Sunidhi Chauhan `` Yeh Maujh Hai Ek Ho Jaaye ' `` We 're All in This Together '' Naresh Kamath , Sunidhi Chauhan , Neuman Pinto & Shweta Pandit , ( Chorus ) Samantha Edwards , Suzanne D'Mello & Dean D'Souza Release history ( edit ) Region Date Label Format United States January 10 , 2006 Walt Disney CD Canada Australia May 27 , 2006 EMI South Africa November 13 , 2006 India October 2006 Times Music Japan January 17 , 2007 Avex Marketing See also ( edit ) High School Musical High School Musical 2 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year High School Musical : El desafio ( Argentina ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moore , John ( July 20 , 2008 ) . `` '' High School Musical `` : Disney 's surprise megahit '' . denverpost.com . Jump up ^ Cashmere , Paul . `` High School Musical Was Top Album of 2006 '' . Undercover.com.au . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records ' High School Musical Audio Franchise Makes Global Chart History for Second Consecutive Year '' . Business Wire . June 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' High School Musical ' Was a Chart - Topping Phenomenon 10 Years Ago '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ High School Musical ( 2006 ) ( TV ) - Soundtracks Jump up ^ `` Walmart CD : High School Musical Hits Remixed ( Wal - Mart Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical -- Numero 1 a nivel Internacional '' . Universal.com.mx . March 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mexicancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- High School Musical '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Compilation Albums Chart for the week ending 23 August 2008 '' . ChartsPlus . Milton Keynes : IQ Ware Ltd ( 365 ) : 9 . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical Cast Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical Cast Chart History ( Digital Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical Cast Chart History ( Top Catalog Albums ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical Cast -- Chart history ( Top Soundtracks ) -- Billboard '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bienvenidos a la Cadena Global ( CadenaGlobal.com ) '' . Cadenaglobal.com . March 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Albums 2006 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . aria.com.au . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alben 2006 Österreich -- Album - Charts '' ( in German ) . Chartsufer.de . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alben 2006 Deutschland -- Album - Charts '' ( in German ) . Chartsufer.de . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alben 2006 Norwegen -- Album - Charts '' ( in German ) . Chartsufer.de . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 Albums ( Year - end 2006 ) -- Billboard '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical Cast -- Chart history ( Digital Albums -- Year - end ) -- Billboard '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Kid Albums ( Year - end 2006 ) -- Billboard '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top Soundtracks ( Year - end 2006 ) -- Billboard '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alben 2007 Dänemark -- Album - Charts '' ( in German ) . Chartsufer.de . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alben 2007 Deutschland -- Album - Charts '' ( in German ) . Chartsufer.de . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical Cast -- Chart history ( Billboard 200 -- Year - end ) -- Billboard '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Kid Albums ( Year - end 2007 ) -- Billboard '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical Cast -- Chart history ( Top Soundtracks -- Year - end ) -- Billboard '' . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Argentinian album certifications -- High School Musical '' . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2006 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- High School Musical '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter High School Musical in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Brazilian album certifications -- Diversos '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- High School Musical '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU - Danmarks officielle hitlister ( 10 / 2008 ) '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications ( Albums ) du SNEP ( Bilan par Artiste ) > `` BOF '' > `` OK '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Les Meilleurs Ventes de CD ( Albums ) en 2006 > `` 96 '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' High School Musical ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Adatbázis -- Arany - és platinalemezek -- 2008 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Jump up ^ `` Irish album certifications -- High School Musical OST '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- High School Musical 1 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- High School Musical '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter High School Musical in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- High School Musical '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` IFPI Platinum Europe Awards -- 2007 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ `` DNA - Mumbai - Disney presents High School Musical , Bollywood style - Daily News & Analysis '' . Dnaindia.com . September 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ハイスクール・ミュージカルサウンドトラックスペシャル・エディション '' . Billboard Japan . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website High School Musical Soundtrack Online Resource Tweens use iPods , iTunes to storm the charts at Archive.is ( archived December 6 , 2012 ) `` High School Musical '' Soundtrack Shatters Multiple Records On Billboard Charts at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 18 , 2008 ) Jaheim 's ' Classics ' Crash In At No. 1 Chart procession and succession Preceded by Ghetto Classics by Jaheim Reality Check by Juvenile Billboard 200 number - one album March 11 , 2006 April 1 , 2006 Succeeded by In My Own Words by Ne - Yo 3121 by Prince Preceded by Black Holes & Revelations by Muse Australian ARIA Albums Chart number - one album July 31 , 2006 -- August 14 , 2006 Succeeded by Back to Basics by Christina Aguilera High School Musical Films High School Musical ( 2006 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Soundtrack albums High School Musical High School Musical 2 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Other albums Hits Remixed Non-Stop Dance Party Songs High School Musical `` What I 've Been Looking For '' `` Stick to the Status Quo '' `` Breaking Free '' High School Musical 2 `` What Time Is It ? '' `` Fabulous '' `` Work This Out '' `` You Are the Music in Me '' `` I Do n't Dance '' High School Musical 3 : Senior Year `` Now or Never '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` I Want It All '' `` A Night to Remember '' Video games Makin ' the Cut ! Work This Out ! Senior Year Dance Senior Year DS Disney Sing It High School Musical High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Pop Hits Family Hits Party Hits Other productions Concert tour Stage production Sequel The Music in You Get in the Picture El Desafío Argentina A Seleção Brazil O Desafio Brazil High School Musical Jr Other media Discography Book series Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_School_Musical_(soundtrack)&oldid=812178605 '' Categories : Albums produced by Matthew Gerrard Disney film soundtracks High School Musical albums 2006 soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Cast recordings Television soundtracks Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Hungary Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Europe Articles containing Japanese - language text Lang and lang - xx template errors Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 12 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang get your head in the game	[]	[]
-1906167890789224207	School prayer	School prayer - Wikipedia School prayer Jump to : navigation , search School prayer , in the context of religious liberty , is state - sanctioned or mandatory prayer by students in public schools . Depending on the country and the type of school , state - sponsored prayer may be required , permitted , or prohibited . Countries which prohibit or limit school prayer often differ in their reasons for doing so : In the United States , school prayer can not be required of students in accordance with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . In Canada , school - sponsored prayer is disallowed under the concept of Freedom of conscience as outlined in the Canadian Charter on Rights & Fundamental Freedoms . School - sponsored prayer is disallowed in France as a byproduct of its status as a laïcist ( religiously neutral ) nation . Countries that allow or require school and other state - sponsored prayer include Greece , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Australia , Italy and the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Countries that prohibit school - sponsored prayer 1.1 United States 1.1. 1 School prayer prior to 1962 1.1. 2 A Turning Point : The `` Regents ' Prayer '' and Engel v. Vitale 1.1. 3 1963 and after 1.1. 4 Controversy 1.2 Canada 1.2. 1 British Columbia 1.2. 2 Ontario 1.2. 3 Russow v. British Columbia 1.3 France 1.4 Turkey 2 Countries that permit school - sponsored prayer 2.1 United Kingdom 3 Ongoing debate 3.1 Arguments for and against school prayer 3.2 `` Moment of silence '' 4 See also 5 References Countries that prohibit school - sponsored prayer ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Main articles : Education in the United States and Religion in the United States In the United States , public schools are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer . The legal basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution , which requires that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... The first part of the amendment ( `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion '' ) is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment , while the second part ( `` or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' ) is known as the Free Exercise Clause . Though each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government , the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government , including the state level , thus compelling states and their subject schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools . School prayer prior to 1962 ( edit ) In the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , it was common practice for public schools to open with an oral prayer or Bible reading . Catholics would sometimes object to the distinct Protestant observations performed in the local schools . For instance , in the Edgerton Bible Case ( Weiss v. District Board ( 1890 ) ) , the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Catholics who objected to the use of the King James Bible in Wisconsin public schools . This ruling was based on the state constitution and only applied in Wisconsin . A turning point : the `` Regents ' prayer '' and Engel v. Vitale ( edit ) The media and popular culture often erroneously credit atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair with removing school prayer from US public schools , when the case against recitation of the Lord 's Prayer in Baltimore schools was decided by the Supreme Court in 1963 . A more significant case had reached the Supreme Court one year prior , suddenly changing the legal climate for school prayer in the US . In 1955 , the New York Board of Regents developed a prayer recommended ( but not required ) for the school districts under its purview . The prayer was relatively short : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence on Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . '' The board stated that the prayer would `` combat juvenile delinquency and counter the spread of Communism . '' Seven years later , Steven I. Engel , a Jew , was upset to see his son 's hands clasped and his head bent in prayer . He told his son that this was `` not the way we say prayers . '' Engel , a founding member of the New York Civil Liberties Union , brought action along with Daniel Lichtenstein , Monroe Lerner , Lenore Lyons , and Lawrence Roth , all parents of children in the Long Island , New York public school system , against Union Free School District No. 9 for its adoption and subsequent prescription of the so - called `` Regent 's prayer '' , arguing that it constituted the state - sponsored establishment of religion in violation of citizens ' First Amendment rights via the Fourteenth Amendment . Use of the Regent 's prayer was initially upheld in both New York State Court and in the New York Court of Appeals , prompting Engels to petition the US Supreme Court in the Engel v. Vitale case in 1962 . With its 8 -- 1 vote to make public recitation of the Regents ' Prayer in public schools unlawful , the U.S. Supreme Court made its first - ever decision on prayer in public schools . It made its second in 1963 -- the Abington School District v. Schempp ruling , which made the corporate reading of the Bible and recitation of the Lord 's Prayer unlawful in public schools . 1963 and after ( edit ) In these two landmark decisions , Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) and Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) , the Supreme Court established what is now the current prohibition on state - sponsored prayer in US schools . While the Engel decision held that the promulgation of an official state - school prayer stood in violation of the First Amendment 's Establishment Clause ( thus overruling the New York Courts ' decisions ) , Abington held that Bible readings and other public school - sponsored religious activities were prohibited . Madalyn Murray 's lawsuit , Murray v. Curlett , contributed to the removal of compulsory Bible reading from the public schools of the United States , and has had lasting and significant effects . Until the lawsuit , it was commonplace for students to participate in many types of religious activities while at school , including religious instruction itself . Nonreligious students were compelled to participate in such activities and were not usually given any opportunity to opt out . The Murray suit was combined with an earlier case , so the Court might have acted without Murray 's intervention . With the success of the lawsuit , the intent of the Constitution with regard to the relationship between church and state again came under critical scrutiny and has remained there to this day . While students do continue to pray in public schools , even in organized groups such as `` See You at the Pole '' , the lawsuit disallowed schools from including prayer as a compulsory activity required of every student . The success of O'Hair's lawsuit led to subsequent lawsuits by Mormon and Catholic families in Texas in 2000 to limit compulsory prayer at school - sponsored football games . Following these two cases came the Court 's decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , a ruling that established the Lemon test for religious activities within schools . The Lemon test states that , in order to be constitutional under the Establishment Clause , any practice sponsored within state - run schools ( or other public state - sponsored activities ) must adhere to the following three criteria : Have a secular purpose ; Must neither advance nor inhibit religion ; and Must not result in an excessive entanglement between government and religion . Controversy ( edit ) Reactions to Engel and Abington were widely negative , and many school districts and states have attempted to reestablish school - sponsored prayer in different forms since 1962 . Since the 1990s , controversy in the courts has tended to revolve around prayer at school - sponsored extracurricular activities . Examples can be seen in the cases of Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) and Santa Fe Independent School Dist . v. Doe ( 2000 ) , where public prayers at graduation ceremonies and those conducted via public address system prior to high school games ( at state school facilities before a school - gathered audience ) were , respectively , ruled unconstitutional . Despite their attempts to present a clear stance on school - sponsored religious activity , Engel , Abington , and the cases for which these serve as precedent are cited by some proponents of school prayer as evidence of a contradiction between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses . While the Establishment Clause proscribes the state sponsorship of religion , the Free Exercise Clause forbids state interference in individual religious exercise . Where a state entity moves to accommodate the right to individual religious expression under the latter clause , opponents of that `` expression '' may cite such accommodation as state `` promotion '' of one religious activity over another . Regarding the Free Exercise Clause , the courts have consistently stated that students ' setting forth of religious views through prayer can not be forbidden unless such activity can be shown to cause disruption in the school , yet it remains beyond the scope of the state to require such practice . Thus , anyone is allowed to pray in schools in the United States , as long as it is not officially sponsored by the school and it does not disrupt others from doing their work . The United States Supreme Court : A Political and Legal Analysis discussed the results of a 1991 survey , stating that : `` The Court 's school prayer decisions were , and still are , deeply unpopular with the public , many politicians and most religions organizations . 95 percent of the population believe in God and some 60 percent belong to a religious organization . In a 1991 opinion poll , 78 percent of Americans support the reintroduction of school prayer . '' As a result of public support for school prayer in the United States , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States reports , `` the public 's support for school prayer was translated by various state legislatures into statutes aiding religious schools and practices . '' Analysis of multiple polls since the 1970s by sociologist Philip Schwadel showed support for school prayer dipped slightly but remains popular with the majority of Americans , with a recent 2011 poll showing 65 percent support . Canada ( edit ) British Columbia ( edit ) Prior to 1944 , in British Columbia , the Public Schools Act ( 1872 ) permitted the use of the Lord 's Prayer in opening or closing school . In 1944 , the government of British Columbia amended the Public Schools Act to provide for compulsory Bible reading at the opening of the school day , to be followed by a compulsory recitation of the Lord 's Prayer . This amendment appeared as section 167 of the Public Schools Act , and read as follows : 167 . All public schools shall be opened by the reading , without explanation or comment , of a passage of Scripture to be selected from readings prescribed or approved by the Council of Public Instruction . The reading of the passage of Scripture shall be followed by the recitation of the Lord 's Prayer , but otherwise the schools shall be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles . The highest morality shall be inculcated , but no religious dogma or creed shall be taught . 1948 , c. 42 , s. 167 The compulsory nature of the Bible reading and prayer recitation was slightly modified by regulations drawn up by the Council of Public Instruction . These regulations provided that either a teacher or student who has conscientious ground for objecting to the religious observances may be excused from them . The procedure to be followed in such cases was outlined in the regulations , which follow in full : Division ( 15 ) -- Scripture Readings ( Section 167 ) 15.01 Where a teacher sends a written notice to the Board of School Trustees or official trustee by whom he is employed that he has conscientious objections to conducting the . ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord 's Prayer ( as provided by Section 167 of the Public Schools Act ) , he shall be excused from such duty , and in such case it shall be the duty of the Board of School Trustees or official trustee concerned to arrange with the Principal to have the ceremony conducted by some other teacher in the school , or by a school trustee , or , where neither of these alternatives is possible , by one of the senior pupils of the school or by some other suitable person other than an ordained member of a religious sect or denomination . 15.02 Where the parent or guardian of any pupil attending a public school sends a written notice to the teacher of the pupil stating that for conscientious reasons he does not wish the pupil to attend the ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord 's Prayer at the opening of school , the teacher shall excuse the pupil from attendance at such ceremony and at his discretion may assign the pupil some other useful employment at school during that period , but the pupil so excused shall not be deprived of any other benefits of the school by reason of his non-attendance at the ceremony . In 1982 , the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent . Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act ( 1872 ) . Sixteen years later in 1996 , based on precedent that would be established in Ontario ( 1989 ) , required recitation of the Lord 's Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Ontario ( edit ) The challenges to Christian opening and closing exercises occurred mainly in Ontario with the crucial case being fought in The Ontario Court of Appeal in 1988 . Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education ( Director ) The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the use of the Lord 's Prayer in opening exercises in public schools offended the Charter s . 2 ( a ) . 1988 . ( 1988 ) , 65 O.R. ( 2d ) 641 , 29 O.A.C. 23 ( C.A. ) . Education regulations did not require the use of the Lord 's Prayer and there was an exemption provision . The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the regulation infringed religious freedom because schools could use only the Lord 's Prayer rather than a more inclusive approach . It was argued that the exemption provision effectively stigmatized children and coerced them into a religious observance which was offensive to them . The Ontario Court of Appeal was persuaded by the argument that the need to seek exemption from Christian exercises is itself a form of religious discrimination . The judges described as insensitive the position of the respondents that it was beneficial for the minority children to confront the fact of their difference from the majority . Russow v. British Columbia ( edit ) In 1989 , Joan Russow challenged , in the British Columbia Supreme Court , the Public Schools Act 's requirement that in British Columbia all public schools were to be opened with the Lord 's Prayer and a Bible reading . The argument was similar to the Zylberberg case and the result was the same : The offending words in the Public Schools Act were removed as being inconsistent with freedom of conscience and religion guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Further following the Zylberberg case to strike down use of the Lord 's Prayer in schools , the British Columbia Supreme Court incorporated the Ontario Court of Appeal 's decision in Zylberberg in its entirety . From 1871 to 1989 , observance of school prayer had declined . With the unfavorable court decision , the requirement for Christian morning exercises was replaced with the following clauses found in the School Act ( 1996 ) in British Columbia . Conduct : 76 ( 1 ) All schools and Provincial schools must be conducted on strictly secular and nonsectarian principles . ( 2 ) The highest morality must be inculcated , but no religious dogma or creed is to be -- taught in a school or Provincial school . France ( edit ) As a declared ' laïque ' ( roughly ' religiously neutral ' , secular ) state , France has no school prayers . Instead , public servants are advised to keep their religious faith private , and may be censured if they display it too openly . The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools goes beyond restricting prayer in schools and bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols by pupils in public primary and secondary schools . Turkey ( edit ) The predominantly Muslim country of Turkey is in the public sphere a strongly secular nation . In this regard , it is much like France , on whose system of laïcism its founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk modelled the rules on religion when he reformed his country in the early 20th century . School prayer is therefore unknown , and suspected religious motivations can cause serious difficulties for public servants . Despite its primarily secular stance , however , courses of religion and morals ( which are dominantly Islamic ) are compulsory to all students during the last years of elementary and throughout high school . In these instances , various Islamic prayers and verses are both taught and tested for . Countries that permit school - sponsored prayer ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) Main articles : Education in the United Kingdom and Religion in the United Kingdom This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2018 ) In England and Wales , the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 states that all pupils in state schools must take part in a daily act of collective worship , unless their parents request that they be excused from attending . The majority of these acts of collective worship are required to be `` wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character '' , with two exceptions : Religious schools , which should provide worship appropriate to the school 's religion ( although most religious schools in the UK are Christian . ) Schools where the local education authority 's Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education has determined that Christian worship would not be appropriate for part or all of the school . Despite this statutory requirement for schools to hold a daily act of collective worship , most do not . Ofsted 's 2002 - 03 annual report , for example , stated that 80 % of secondary schools were not providing daily worship for all pupils . Ongoing debate ( edit ) Arguments for and against school prayer ( edit ) The issue of school prayer remains contentious even where courts as diverse as those in Canada , the United States , Russia , and Poland attempt to strike a balance between religious and secular activity in state - sponsored arenas . Some arguments have held that religion in schools is both an effective sociomoral tool as well as a valuable means to psychological stability . On the opposing side , others have argued that prayer has no place in a classroom where impressionable students are continually subject to influence by the majority . The latter kind of claim holds that , to the extent that a public school itself promotes the majority religion , the state is guilty of coercive interference in the lives of the individual . In recent years , programs derived from yoga , a Hindu religious practice , have been introduced into public schools in the U.S. Advocates for the programs say they help children to relax and concentrate , but critics counter that the programs violate the separation of church and state . `` Moment of silence '' ( edit ) Despite ongoing debate , there are some instances where religious freedom and secular stability have been temporarily balanced . In the United States , some administrations have introduced a `` moment of silence '' or `` moment of reflection '' in which a student may , if he or she wishes to , offer a silent prayer . The US Supreme Court decision in Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1984 ) held that a moment of silence in schools for the purpose of individual prayer or meditation constituted a valid application of the Free Exercise Clause , while a moment of silence for the clear intended purpose of a state - approved devotional activity constituted a violation of the Establishment Clause . In this same case , the issue of school prayer was further complicated by a distinction made between a public assembly attended by participants of their own free will , and a public event where attendance is legally required . A voluntarily attended Congress may open sessions with a prayer , but schools full of public pupils may not . Here the US Supreme Court has interpreted the issue as revolving around the degree of a government 's ability to indoctrinate its citizens . If it appears that participants at a state - sponsored event are more likely to influence the State itself , courts may treat prayer as `` legislative prayer '' . If , on the other hand , the State is more likely to influence participants at its events , courts may treat prayer as `` state - sponsored '' prayer and thereby rule it unconstitutional . See also ( edit ) Freedom of religion Moment of silence Madalyn Murray O'Hair Separation of church and state Status of religious freedom by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall , W.P. ( 1999 ) . The School Prayer Decisions . Constitutional Commentary , 16 ( 3 ) , 535 . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Edgerton Bible Case ( Weiss v. District Board ( 1890 ) ) : case in 1890 centering around in - school prayer . ^ Jump up to : LAATS , ADAM . `` Our Schools , Our Country : American Evangelicals , Public Schools , And The Supreme Court Decisions Of 1962 And 1963 . '' Journal of Religious History 36.3 ( 2012 ) : 319 - 334 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 28 Oct. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Boston , Rob . `` How Five New York Families Ended Coercive Prayer In America 's Public Schools . '' Church & State 65.6 ( 2012 ) : 12 . MasterFILE Complete . Web . 28 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale. ( 1999 ) . Supreme Court Cases : The Dynamic Court ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , N. PAG . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ School District of Abington Township , Pennsylvania v. Schempp. ( 1999 ) . Supreme Court Cases : The Dynamic Court ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , N. PAG . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman. ( 1999 ) . Supreme Court Cases : The Dynamic Court ( 1930 -- 1999 ) , N. PAG . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . ^ Jump up to : Wallace v. Jaffree . Great American Court Cases . Ed . Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda . Vol. 1 : Individual Liberties . Detroit : Gale , 1999 . Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context . Web . 7 Sep. 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman . Great American Court Cases . Ed . Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda . Vol. 1 : Individual Liberties . Detroit : Gale , 1999 . Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context . Web . 7 Sep. 2011 . Jump up ^ Establishment Clause. ( 2006 ) . In L.J. Fundukian & J. Wilson ( Eds . ) , American Law Yearbook 2005 ( pp. 60 - 64 ) . Detroit : Gale . ^ Jump up to : Preface to `` Does Separation of Church and State Threaten Religious Liberty ? '' ( 2003 ) . In J.D. Torr ( Ed . ) , Current Controversies . Civil Liberties . San Diego : Greenhaven Press . Jump up ^ McKeever , Robert J. The United States Supreme Court : A Political and Legal Analysis . Manchester University Press . 1997 . p 34 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit . Ely , James W. Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . 2005 . p 1061 . Jump up ^ Jason Koebler . `` Study : Catholic , Protestant Support for In - School Prayer Falls '' . US News & World Report . Jump up ^ `` BCCLA Position Paper Religion in public schools , 1969 '' Archived 2010 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved December 04 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : * `` Charter section 2 ( a ) cases '' Retrieved December 04 , 2006 Jump up ^ Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education ( Director ) , 1989 , and Russow v. AG ( BC ) , 1989 ) Jump up ^ `` School Act '' . British Columbia Revised School Statues . Jump up ^ `` '' Collective Worship '' and school assemblies : your rights `` . British Humanist Association . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Standards and Quality 2002 / 03 '' . Ofsted. 2004 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ There Should Be Prayer and Bible Study in Public Schools . ( 2009 ) . In B. Rosenthal ( Ed . ) , Opposing Viewpoints . Atheism . Detroit : Greenhaven Press . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Supreme Court Should Not Limit the Role of Religion in Public Life '' by Robert Bork . The U.S. Supreme Court . Margaret Haerens , Ed . Opposing Viewpoints Series . Greenhaven Press , 2010 . Robert Bork , Coercing Virtue : The Worldwide Rule of Judges . Washington , DC : The AEI Press , 2003 Jump up ^ Francis , L.J. , Robbins , M. , Lewis , C. , & Barnes , L. ( 2008 ) . Prayer and psychological health : A study among sixth - form pupils attending Catholic and Protestant schools in Northern Ireland . Mental Health , Religion & Culture , 11 ( 1 ) , 85 - 92 . Jump up ^ Dierenfield , B.J. ( 2007 ) . `` The Most Hated Woman in America '' : Madalyn Murray and the Crusade against School Prayer . Journal of Supreme Court History , 32 ( 1 ) , 62 - 84 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5818.2007. 00150. x . Jump up ^ `` Yoga causes controversy in public schools '' . Associated Press . January 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Parents , Religious Leaders Want Yoga Out of New York High School '' . Associated Press . October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ School Board Meeting Prayer Ruled Unconstitutional. ( 2011 ) . Education Week , 31 ( 1 ) , 4 . Retrieved from EBSCOhost . ( hide ) Social conservatism in the United States Issues Anti-pornography movement Drug prohibition Eminent domain Euthanasia Family values Homosexual agenda Pro-life School prayer Advocates Michele Bachmann Chuck Baldwin William Bennett Pat Buchanan William F. Buckley , Jr . Ben Carson Darrell Castle Tom Coburn Ted Cruz James Dobson Jerry Falwell Robert P. George Louie Gohmert Mike Huckabee Alan Keyes Steve King Rush Limbaugh Roy Moore Sarah Palin Michael Peroutka Rick Perry Howard Phillips Pat Robertson Gayle Ruzicka Rick Santorum Tom Tancredo Organizations Alliance Defending Freedom American Decency Association American Family Association American Life League Concerned Women for America Focus on the Family Foundation for Moral Law Moral Majority Morality in Media National Organization for Marriage National Right to Life Committee Think tanks Eagle Forum Family Research Council Heritage Foundation Institute on the Constitution Traditional Values Coalition Political parties America First Party American Solidarity Party America 's Party Christian Liberty Party Constitution Party Prohibition Party Republican Party See also Christian Right Culture wars Manhattan Declaration Paleoconservatism Conservatism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_prayer&oldid=831702441 '' Categories : Prayer Religion and education Religion and children Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 21 : 03 . 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4729096484573851462	Brittney Karbowski	Brittney Karbowski - wikipedia Brittney Karbowski Jump to : navigation , search Brittney Karbowski Karbowski at the 2008 Anime Supercon Brittney Marie Karbowski ( 1986 - 06 - 26 ) June 26 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Sugar Land , Texas , U.S. Alma mater University of Houston Occupation Voice actress Years active 2005 -- present Spouse ( s ) Matthew Hernandez ( m . 2013 ) Children Brittney Marie Karbowski ( born June 26 , 1986 ) is an American voice actress who has voiced in a number of English - language versions of Japanese anime films and television series for ADV Films , Funimation , and Sentai Filmworks , most notably Black Star from Soul Eater which aired on Adult Swim . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Anime 3.2 Video games 3.3 Live action 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) In Houston , Texas , Karbowski had been working in theater productions such as Little Shop of Horrors , Seussical , and Pirates of Penzance . She got into the anime business from a director contact when she played Janet in a local stage production of The Rocky Horror Show . She voiced in Yumeria , Madlax , and Hakugei : Legend of the Moby Dick . Her first leading role with ADV Films came in Gilgamesh where she played Fuko . She attended University of Houston briefly where she majored in theater . In 2006 , she had starring voice roles as Himeko Katagiri in Pani Poni Dash and as Aoba Tsuzaki in Jinki : Extend . In 2008 , she voiced the lead heroine Ayu Tsukimiya in Kanon . In 2007 , she began voicing for Funimation with a starring role as Mai in Itsudatte My Santa ! and as Apis in a One Piece storyline . In 2008 , she had starring roles in ensemble casts as Anri Misugi in Sasami : Magical Girls Club , Ku Shiratori in Shattered Angels and Sia in Shuffle ! In 2009 she voiced the lead role Nina Yamada in Save Me ! Lollipop . In 2010 , she landed the starring voice role of Black Star in the Funimation English dub of Soul Eater , which would broadcast on Adult Swim in 2013 . She also voiced Selim Bradley / Pride in Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood and Ryou Fujibayashi in Clannad . In 2011 , she voiced starring characters including Yuri Nakamura in Angel Beats ! , Ikaros in Heaven 's Lost Property , Nanami Nishijo in Chaos ; Head , and Eve Neuschwanstein in Needless . She continued to voice main characters in 2012 such as Yamada in B Gata H Kei : Yamada 's First Time , Chizuru Yukimura in Hakuoki , and Mikoto Misaka in the A Certain Magical Index series . She joined the Fairy Tail cast as the tween character Wendy Marvell . In 2013 , she played starring characters Rin Natsume in Little Busters ! , Himiko in Btooom ! , and Manami Kinjou in Cat Planet Cuties . In 2017 , she voiced her first video game as mascot character Pinkun in Akiba 's Beat . Outside of voice acting , Karbowski has had roles in films such as Celie in Up & Down , Susie in Puncture , and a backpack girl in the parody film The Starving Games . She was slated to be a lead character Zax in an upcoming sci - fi movie Code of Evil . She also starred in the 2015 horror film Atrocity . Personal Life ( edit ) Karbowski was briefly hospitalized with a broken neck in 2010 due to a car accident . She married Matthew Hernandez on October 11 , 2013 . Filmography ( edit ) Anime ( edit ) List of voice performances in anime Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 Chrono Crusade Sister Anna Eps. 14 -- 26 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 Gilgamesh Fuko Omuro 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 Madlax Nakhl 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 Yumeria Mone 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Air Gear Ren Fa 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Le Chevalier D'Eon Anna Rochefort 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Diamond Daydreams Miki 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Guyver : The Bioboosted Armor Shizu Onuma 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Jinki : Extend Aoba Tsuzaki 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Pani Poni Dash ! Himeko Katagiri 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Utawarerumono Dorī 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Air Ayu 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Coyote Ragtime Show Franca 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Hell Girl Minami Shibuya Ep. 10 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Itsudatte My Santa ! Mai 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Mushishi Ito Tozawa Ep. 17 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 One Piece Apis , others Funimation dub 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Red Garden Rose Sheedy 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Shin - Chan Ryuuko Funimation dub 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Xenosaga : The Animation M.O.M.O 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Best Student Council Mayura Ichikawa 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Claymore Riful 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Darker than Black Kiko Kayanuma 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Ghost Hunt Thanat Eps. 12 -- 13 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Kanon Ayu Tsukimiya 2006 series 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Ouran High School Host Club Hinako Tsuwabuki 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Sasami : Magical Girls Club Anri Misugi 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Shattered Angels Ku Shiratori 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Shuffle ! Sia 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Tokyo Majin Kyoko `` Anko '' Tohno 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 The Wallflower Laseine 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Kenichi : The Mightiest Disciple Kaede Tanimoto 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Kiba Roya 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Murder Princess Milano 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Negima ! ? Anya 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Save Me ! Lollipop Nina Yamada 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Clannad Ryou Fujibayashi 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 -- 11 Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Selim Bradley / Pride 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Halo Legends Sister ( Odd One Out ) 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Master of Martial Hearts Yu Daimonji 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Sekirei Hikari 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Soul Eater Black Star 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Angel Beats ! Yuri Nakamura 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Blue Drop Tsubael 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Chaos ; Head Nanami Nishijo , Ui 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Heaven 's Lost Property series Ikaros 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Highschool of the Dead Alice Maresato 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Maken - ki ! Furan Takaki 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Needless Eve Neuschwanstein 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Night Raid 1931 Yukina Sonogi 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Phantom ~ Requiem for the Phantom Cal `` Drei '' Devens 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Summer Wars Yuhei Jinnouchi 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 A Certain Magical Index Mikoto Misaka , Last Order 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 B Gata H Kei : Yamada 's First Time Yamada 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Ef : A Fairy Tale of the Two Kei Shindou 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Fairy Tail Wendy Marvell 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Freezing Ingrid Bernstein 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Gintama : The Movie Tetsuko Murata , Yagyu Jubei 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Hakuoki Chizuru Yukimura 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 The World God Only Knows Kanon Nakagawa , Chihiro Kosaka ( Season 2 ) 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 A Certain Scientific Railgun Mikoto Misaka 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 AKB0048 Orine Aida 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Another Yukari Sakuragi 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Bodacious Space Pirates Mami Endo 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Cat Planet Cuties Manami Kinjou 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Kokoro Connect Rina Yaegeshi 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 A Certain Scientific Railgun S Mikoto Misaka 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Jormungand series Schokolade 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Psycho - Pass Chika Ep. 1 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Rozen Maiden Zurücksplen Suiseiseki 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Akame ga Kill ! Aria 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Beyond the Boundary Ai Shindo 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Black Bullet Yuzuki Katagiri 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Dog & Scissors Maxi Akizuki 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Love , Chunibyo & Other Delusions Sanae Dekomori 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Magical Warfare Futaba Ida 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Muv - Luv Alternative : Total Eclipse Inia Sestina 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 -- 16 Parasyte Migi 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Selector Infected WIXOSS Piruluk 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 The Boy and the Beast Jiromaru ( Young ) 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Cross Ange Vivian 000000002016 - 06 - 01 - 0000 2016 Den - noh Coil Fumie Hashimoto 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 KanColle Sendai 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Gate Lelei La Lalena 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 2017 Monster Musume Papi 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 2017 Gamers ! Karen Tendō Video games ( edit ) List of voice performances in video games Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 2017 Akiba 's Beat Pinkun First major video game role Live action ( edit ) List of acting performances in film Year Title Role Notes Refs Up & Down Celie 2011 Garage Band : The Mini-Musical Patti Grouped under Additional Vocals film produced by Chuck Norfolk 2011 Puncture Susie 000000002012 - 09 - 15 - 0000 2012 Abel 's Field Stacy 2012 Code of Evil Zax In production , lead role 2012 Conjecture Reporter Short feature film 2013 The Starving Games Backpack Girl 2015 Atrocity directed by Jeff S. Chimenti References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Brittney Karbowski -- FAQ '' . Brittney Karbowski official website . Active Anime . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( May 8 , 2012 ) . Cat Planet Cuties -- Available on BD / DVD Combo on 5.15. 12 -- Cast Interview . Interview with Tia Ballard and Brittney Karbowski ^ Jump up to : `` Karbowski - Hernandez Engagement '' . Fortbend Southwest Star Newspaper . August 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brittney Karbowski profile '' . Pastorini - Bosby Talent . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voices For Peace Players '' . Voicesfor.org . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Anime Supercon ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` Anime Supercon Adds Four New Guests '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brittney Karbowski resume '' . Pastorini - Bosby Talent . Resumes.breakdownexpress.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brittney Karbowski '' . Misty Ikubi . November 23 , 2010 . Reprinted from her profile at the Ikkicon V anime convention . ^ Jump up to : `` Ani - Jam is Proud to Announce the Return of Brittney Karbowski as a Guest of Honor '' . Anime News Network . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Madsen , Hayes ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Akiba 's Beat Gets a Release Date Along With a Stylish New Trailer '' . Twinfinite . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jenni ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Akiba 's Beat Coming To North America And Europe In May '' . Siliconera . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cast , Creeper ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Creepercast : Atrocity ( 2015 ) Review '' . creepercast01.blogspot.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brittney Karbowski Briefly Hospitalized After Accident '' . Anime News Network . March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Brittney Karbowski Florida Anime Experience May 23 -- 25 , 2014 '' . Florida Anime Experience . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Town '' . Air . Episode 2 . Jump up ^ Martin , Theron ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` My Santa DVD '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTAC Welcomes Brittney Karbowski '' . Middle Tennessee Anime Convention . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Heart Unswaying On the Water 's Surface , Part 1 '' . Darker Than Black . Episode 13 . Jump up ^ `` File 5 : Silent Christmas Part 1 '' . Ghost Hunt . Episode 12 . Jump up ^ Karbowski , Brittney ( November 19 , 2007 ) . `` I 'm Playing Ayu Tsukimiya in Kanon Karbowski '' . Active Anime . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fate '' . Murder Princess . Episode 5 -- via Hulu . ^ Jump up to : `` Brittney Karbowski '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Review : Soul Eater '' . Leeds Guide Magazine . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Eater Part 1 -- Review '' . Anime News Network . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rejection '' . Chaos ; Head ( anime ) . Episode 9 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Chris ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation Reveals ' Maken - Ki ! ' Anime Dub Cast & Trailer '' . The Fandom Post . Jump up ^ `` Summer Wars - Movie Info - Houston , TX - 29-95.com '' . Events.chron.com . August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.japanator.com/review-a-certain-magical-index-season-1-28510.phtml Jump up ^ Rojas , Justin ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cast Announcement for B Gata H Kei -- Yamada 's First Time '' . Funimation . Jump up ^ Carroll , Luke ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Yamada 's First Time : B Gata H Kei -- Review '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . The English cast , spearheaded by Brittany Karbowski as Yamada , all put in interesting and enjoyable versions of their chosen characters . ^ Jump up to : Funimation Reveals A Certain Scientific Railgun 's English Cast by Egan Loo , Anime News Network , February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sentai Filmworks Announces `` AKB0048 '' and `` Campione ! '' English Dub Casts `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Sentai Filmworks Announces `` Another '' English Dub Cast `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Anime News Network , April 19 , 2014. M Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Jormungand 's English Voice Cast , English Trailer -- News '' . Anime News Network . August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime Coefficient '' . Psycho - Pass . Episode 1 . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rozen Maiden Zurücksplen English Dub Cast '' . Sentai Filmworks . September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Akame ga Kill . Episode 1 . Jump up ^ `` Full ' Beyond the Boundary ' Anime Dub Cast Revealed '' . The Fandom Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Patton , Luci Christian Star in Black Bullet English Dub '' . Anime News Network . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` '' Dog & Scissors '' English Dub Cast Announced `` . Crunchyroll . Jump up ^ `` Official Love , Chunibyo & Other Delusions ! English Dub Cast List '' ( Press release ) . Sentai Filmworks . January 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Magical Warfare English Dub Cast List '' . Anime News Network . May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Muv - Luv Alternative : Total Eclipse English Dub Voice Cast '' . Sentai Filmworks . January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brittney Karbowski , Adam Gibbs Star in Parasyte English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` That Poisonous Meeting '' . Selector Infected WIXOSS . Episode 2 . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Boy and the Beast 's English Dub Cast , March Opening Announced '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sentai Filmworks ( April 28 , 2016 ) . Cross Ange : Rondo of Angel and Dragon Cast Reveal : Vivian . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Martin , Theron ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Den - noh Coil Blu - Ray '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Casting choices and performances are mostly great , especially Luci Christian in a virtually unrecognizable rendition of Haraken , Brittney Karbowski in a fully predictable casting as Fumie , and Laura Chapman as Specsgranny , but really , the dub has no weak spots . Jump up ^ `` Funimation on Twitter '' . twitter.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roll Some L 's With Sentai Filmworks ' Introduction Of `` Gate '' LeLei La Lalena English Casting `` . Crunchyroll . June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sentai Filmworks Introduces `` Monster Musume '' English Dub Cast `` . crunchyroll.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Simuldub Casts for A Centaur 's Life , Hina Logic , Gamers ! , Convenience Store Boy Friends '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Propes , Richard . `` '' Up & Down '' a Feel - Good Romantic Comedy `` . The Independent Critic . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Up and Down : Philip Hayes , Tod Huntington , Julin Jean , Brittney Karbowski : Amazon Video '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B00BO29ZV8 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Garage Band : The Mini-Musical '' ( Facebook profile ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rolfe , Donna . `` Abel 's Field -- Review '' . Dove Family Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` First Casting Announcement For The Upcoming Sci - fi / Horror Film CODE OF EVIL -- GeekTyrant '' . Geek Tyrant . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Starving Games publicity still of Maiara Walsh & Brittney Karbowski '' . Moviestillsdb.com . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Atrocity - Movie '' . Moviefone . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atrocity Review '' . wegotthiscovered.com . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Brittney Karbowski convention appearances on AnimeCons.com Brittney Karbowski at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Brittney Karbowski on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brittney_Karbowski&oldid=821135555 '' Categories : 1986 births Actresses from Texas American voice actresses Living people People from Sugar Land , Texas 21st - century American actresses University of Houston alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 16 : 39 . 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5258895826066586367	Only Prettier	Only Prettier - wikipedia Only Prettier Jump to : navigation , search `` Only Prettier '' Single by Miranda Lambert from the album Revolution Released July 26 , 2010 Format Music download Recorded 2009 Genre Country Length 3 : 09 Label Columbia Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Natalie Hemby Miranda Lambert Producer ( s ) Frank Liddell Mike Wrucke Miranda Lambert singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` Only Prettier '' ( 2010 ) `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` The House That Built Me '' ( 2010 ) `` Only Prettier '' ( 2010 ) `` Heart Like Mine '' ( 2011 ) Music video `` Only Prettier '' at CMT.com `` Only Prettier '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Miranda Lambert . It was released in July 2010 as the fourth single from her album Revolution . Co-written with Natalie Hemby , the song has both a country girl and city girl facing each other over the differences of their respective lifestyles , coming to an agreement that they have similarities but the former says that she 's like her `` only prettier '' . Critics gave praise to Lambert 's vocal performance and lyricism but were critical about the song 's production . `` Only Prettier '' reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , giving Lambert her seventh top 20 hit . It also peaked at number 61 on the Hot 100 chart . The accompanying music video for the song , directed by Trey Fanjoy , features Lambert along with fellow country artists Kellie Pickler , Laura Bell Bundy , and Hillary Scott of Lady Antebellum , in dual roles as both `` good girls '' and `` bad girls '' at a 1950s high school sock hop . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Content ( edit ) `` Only Prettier '' is an up - tempo song in the key of A ♭ major backed by electric and steel guitars and percussion . The song 's female narrator , a typical rough - and - rowdy country girl , finds herself facing off with a stereotypical city girl ( `` I got a mouth like a sailor and yours is more like a Hallmark card '' ) . Although the song 's verses find the narrator describing the differences between the two , she offers in the chorus that the two actually have quite a lot in common ( `` You got your friends , just like I got mine '' ) and that they should put their differences aside ( `` So let 's shake hands and reach across those party lines '' ) . She gets the last word in , stating that `` ( country girls are ) just like you , only prettier '' , but in the very last chorus , she states `` I 'm just like you , only prettier . '' Lambert relates to the song as her own anthem : `` It 's antagonistic in a fun way , and I loved the attitude behind it . It kind of fools you , because it 's got this really country , laid - back intro , but then it 's balls - to - the - wall the rest of the way . It 's so much fun ! '' Co-writer Natalie Hemby told The Boot that she and Lambert wanted the song to be `` clever . '' She referred to the lyrics as being like `` a smack in the face , but you do n't realize it . It 's like wait ... did you just insult me ? '' Critical reception ( edit ) The song received positive reviews from music critics . Blake Boldt of Engine 145 gave the song a thumbs up , complimenting that `` once again , Lambert has bent the iron - clad rules of radio to bring us sharp material like this . '' He also commented that the `` cleverness of her performance makes up for the clumsiness of the production . '' Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a B+ rating , comparing it to Lambert 's own `` Dry Town '' and complimenting the lyrics and vocals . However , he was not as impressed with the production , in which he felt `` thrashing guitars drown out the steel guitar and come close to overshadowing a great vocal performance from Lambert . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Only Prettier '' was directed by Trey Fanjoy and filmed in Joelton , Tennessee in June 2010 , and premiered on VEVO on August 3 , 2010 . It features a 1950s theme and appearances by fellow country artists Kellie Pickler , Laura Bell Bundy , and Hillary Scott of Lady Antebellum in dual roles . In the video , Lambert and her friends portray two rival cliques -- `` good girls '' dressed in formal white attire with blonde hair , the other as `` bad girls '' in more provocative dark hair and outfits -- attending a high school sock hop . The `` bad girl '' alter - egos are shown doing things such as spiking the punch , stuffing their bras and smoking . Ultimately , both groups have a good time at the party . Additionally , Lambert is also shown performing with her band on stage at the event . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Only Prettier '' debuted at number 45 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of July 17 , 2010 . After spending 24 weeks on the chart , it reached a peak of number 12 for the week of December 25 , 2010 . Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 61 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 96 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Peter Cronin ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` New Single , New Video For Miranda Lambert '' . Music Row . Jump up ^ Conaway , Alanna ( 27 August 2010 ) . `` Miranda Lambert , ' Only Prettier ' -- Story Behind the Lyrics '' . The Boot . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Boldt , Blake ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Miranda Lambert -- `` Only Prettier '' `` . Engine 145 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Kevin J ( 2010 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Single Review : Miranda Lambert , `` Only Prettier '' `` . Country Universe . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Releasing `` Only Prettier '' as Next Single , Video `` . CMT . Jump up ^ `` '' Only Prettier '' Video Premiere `` . 22 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Miranda Lambert Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Miranda Lambert singles Kerosene `` Me and Charlie Talking '' `` Bring Me Down '' `` Kerosene '' `` New Strings '' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend `` Crazy Ex-Girlfriend '' `` Famous in a Small Town '' `` Gunpowder & Lead '' `` More Like Her '' Revolution `` Dead Flowers '' `` White Liar '' `` The House That Built Me '' `` Only Prettier '' `` Heart Like Mine '' Four the Record `` Baggage Claim '' `` Over You '' `` Fastest Girl in Town '' `` Mama 's Broken Heart '' `` All Kinds of Kinds '' Platinum `` Automatic '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' ( with Carrie Underwood ) `` Little Red Wagon '' `` Smokin ' and Drinkin ' '' ( with Little Big Town ) The Weight of These Wings `` Vice '' `` We Should Be Friends '' `` Tin Man '' Featured singles `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' ( with Loretta Lynn and Sheryl Crow ) `` We Were Us '' ( with Keith Urban ) Promotional singles `` Jingle Bell Rock '' ( with Blake Shelton ) Related articles `` Home '' ( with Blake Shelton ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_Prettier&oldid=831781637 '' Categories : 2009 songs 2010 singles Miranda Lambert songs Columbia Nashville Records singles Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy Song recordings produced by Frank Liddell Songs written by Natalie Hemby Songs written by Miranda Lambert Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 04 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	miranda lambert just like you only prettier lyrics	[]	[]
-5691056953775997484	Sex linkage	Sex linkage - wikipedia Sex linkage This article is about sex linked inheritance . For hybrid chickens with sexually differentiated hatchling color , see Sex link . Experimental cross performed by Thomas Hunt Morgan , illustrating the X-linked inheritance of white - eyed mutation in fruit flies . Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an allele related to the allosome ( sex chromosome ) of the individual . In autosomal chromosomes both sexes have the same probability of existing ( see Fisher 's principle ) , but since humans have many more genes on the female X chromosome than on the male Y chromosome , these are much more common than Y - linked traits . In mammals , the female is homogametic , with two X chromosomes ( XX ) , while the male is the heterogametic sex , with one X and one Y chromosome ( XY ) . Genes on the X or Y chromosome are called sex - linked . In ZW sex - determination system used by birds the opposite is true : the male is the homogametic sex ( ZZ ) , and the female is heterogametic ( ZW ) . X-linked recessive traits are expressed in all heterogametics , but are only expressed in those homogametics that are homozygous for the recessive allele . For example , an X-linked recessive allele in humans causes haemophilia , which is much more common in males than females because males are hemizygous ( see zygosity ) and therefore express the trait when they inherit one mutant allele . In contrast , a female must inherit two mutant alleles , a less frequent event since the mutant allele is rare in the population . The incidence of recessive X-linked phenotypes in females is the square of that in males : for example , if 1 in 20 males in a human population are red - green color blind , then 1 in 400 females in the population are expected to be color - blind ( / ) * ( / ) . ( The term ' color - blind ' is not completely accurate . There are degrees of weakness in color vision and it is now called ' color vision deficiency ' . ) X-linked traits are maternally inherited from carrier mothers or from an affected father . Each son born to a carrier mother has a 50 % probability of inheriting the X-chromosome carrying the mutant allele . Each daughter born to a affected father and a non-carrier mother will be a carrier . There are a few Y - linked traits ; these are inherited by sons from their father . In classical genetics , a reciprocal cross is performed to test if a trait is sex - linked . ( A ) ( B ) ( C ) Illustration of some X-linked heredity outcomes ( A ) the affected father has one X-linked dominant allele , the mother is homozygous for the recessive allele : only daughters ( all ) will be affected . ( B ) the affected mother is heterozygous with one copy of the X-linked dominant allele : both daughters and sons will have 50 % probability to be affected . ( C ) the heterozygous mother is called `` carrier '' because she has one copy of the recessive allele : sons will have 50 % probability to be affected , 50 % of unaffected daughters will become carriers like their mother . Contents ( hide ) 1 X-linked dominant inheritance 1.1 Examples 2 X-linked recessive inheritance 2.1 Examples 3 Y - linked 4 Sex - linked traits in other animals 5 Related terms 5.1 Sex - influenced traits 5.2 Sex - limited traits 6 See also 7 References X-linked dominant inheritance ( edit ) Main article : X-linked dominant inheritance An example pedigree chart of the inheritance of a sex linked disorder . Each child of a mother affected with an X-linked dominant trait has a 50 % chance of inheriting the mutation and thus being affected with the disorder . If only the father is affected , 100 % of the daughters will be affected , since they inherit their father 's X-chromosome , and 0 % of the sons will be affected , since they inherit their father 's Y - chromosome . Examples ( edit ) Alport 's syndrome Aarskog - Scott syndrome Coffin -- Lowry syndrome ( CLS ) idiopathic hypoparathyroidism incontinentia pigmenti Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency Rett syndrome ( RS ) vitamin D resistant rickets ( XLH ) fragile X syndrome X-linked recessive inheritance ( edit ) Main article : X-linked recessive inheritance Females possessing one X-linked recessive mutation are considered carriers and will generally not manifest clinical symptoms of the disorder . All males possessing an X-linked recessive mutation will be affected , since males have only a single X-chromosome and therefore have only one copy of X-linked genes . All offspring of a carrier female have a 25 % chance of inheriting the mutation if the father does not carry the recessive allele . All female children of an affected father will be carriers ( assuming the mother is not affected or a carrier ) , as daughters possess their father 's X-chromosome . If the mother is not a carrier , no male children of an affected father will be affected , as males only inherit their father 's Y - chromosome . Examples ( edit ) ALD Duchenne muscular dystrophy Hunter syndrome Menkes disease ( kinky hair syndrome ) Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Haemophilia A and B Fabry 's disease Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome Bruton 's agammaglobulinemia Color blindness Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome Congenital aqueductal stenosis ( hydrocephalus ) Inherited nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Y - linked ( edit ) Main article : Y linkage VAJ Various failures in the SRY genes Sex - linked traits in other animals ( edit ) White eyes in Drosophila melanogaster flies -- the first sex - linked gene discovered . Fur color in domestic cats : the gene that causes orange pigment is on the X chromosome ; thus a Calico or tortoiseshell cat , with both black ( or gray ) and orange pigment , is nearly always female . The first sex - linked gene ever discovered was the `` lacticolor '' X-linked recessive gene in the moth Abraxas grossulariata by Leonard Doncaster . Related terms ( edit ) It is important to distinguish between sex - linked characters , which are controlled by genes on sex chromosomes , and two other categories . Sex - influenced traits ( edit ) Sex - influenced or sex - conditioned traits are phenotypes affected by whether they appear in a male or female body . Even in a homozygous dominant or recessive female the condition may not be expressed fully . Example : baldness in humans . Sex - limited traits ( edit ) These are characters only expressed in one sex . They may be caused by genes on either autosomal or sex chromosomes . Examples : female sterility in Drosophila ; and many polymorphic characters in insects , especially in relation to mimicry . Closely linked genes on autosomes called `` supergenes '' are often responsible for the latter . See also ( edit ) X-linked dominant X-linked recessive References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morgan , Thomas Hunt 1919 . The physical basis of heredity . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company . Jump up ^ Genetics home reference ( 2006 ) , genetic conditions illustrations , National Library of Medicine . Jump up ^ Morgan T.H. 1910 . Sex - limited inheritance in Drosophila . Science 32 : 120 - 122 Jump up ^ Doncaster L. & Raynor G.H. 1906 . Breeding experiments with Lepidoptera . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . 1 : 125 - 133 Jump up ^ Zirkle , Conway ( 1946 ) . The discovery of sex - influenced , sex limited and sex - linked heredity . In Ashley Montagu M.F. ( ed ) Studies in the history of science and learning offered in homage to George Sarton on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday . New York : Schuman , p167 -- 194 . ^ Jump up to : King R.C ; Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006 . A dictionary of genetics . 7th ed , Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530761 - 5 Jump up ^ Mallet J. ; Joron M. ( 1999 ) . `` The evolution of diversity in warning color and mimicry : polymorphisms , shifting balance , and speciation '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 30 : 201 -- 233 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ecolsys. 30.1. 201 . Jump up ^ Ford E.B. ( 1965 ) Genetic polymorphism . p17 - 25 . MIT Press 1965 . Jump up ^ Joron M , Papa R , Beltrán M , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` A conserved supergene locus controls colour pattern diversity in Heliconius butterflies '' . PLoS Biol. 4 ( 10 ) : e303 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0040303 . PMC 1570757 . PMID 17002517 . hide Sex linkage : X-linked disorders X-linked recessive Immune Chronic granulomatous disease ( CYBB ) Wiskott -- Aldrich syndrome X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia Hyper - IgM syndrome type 1 IPEX X-linked lymphoproliferative disease Properdin deficiency Hematologic Haemophilia A Haemophilia B X-linked sideroblastic anemia Endocrine Androgen insensitivity syndrome / Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy KAL1 Kallmann syndrome X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita Metabolic Amino acid : Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency Oculocerebrorenal syndrome Dyslipidemia : Adrenoleukodystrophy Carbohydrate metabolism : Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency Danon disease / glycogen storage disease Type IIb Lipid storage disorder : Fabry 's disease Mucopolysaccharidosis : Hunter syndrome Purine -- pyrimidine metabolism : Lesch -- Nyhan syndrome Mineral : Menkes disease / Occipital horn syndrome Nervous system X-linked mental retardation : Coffin -- Lowry syndrome MASA syndrome Alpha - thalassemia mental retardation syndrome Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome Eye disorders : Color blindness ( red and green , but not blue ) Ocular albinism ( 1 ) Norrie disease Choroideremia Other : Charcot -- Marie -- Tooth disease ( CMTX2 - 3 ) Pelizaeus -- Merzbacher disease SMAX2 Skin and related tissue Dyskeratosis congenita Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia ( EDA ) X-linked ichthyosis X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy Neuromuscular Becker 's muscular dystrophy / Duchenne Centronuclear myopathy ( MTM1 ) Conradi -- Hünermann syndrome Emery -- Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 1 Urologic Alport syndrome Dent 's disease X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Bone / tooth AMELX Amelogenesis imperfecta No primary system Barth syndrome McLeod syndrome Smith -- Fineman -- Myers syndrome Simpson -- Golabi -- Behmel syndrome Mohr -- Tranebjærg syndrome Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome X-linked dominant X-linked hypophosphatemia Focal dermal hypoplasia Fragile X syndrome Aicardi syndrome Incontinentia pigmenti Rett syndrome CHILD syndrome Lujan -- Fryns syndrome Orofaciodigital syndrome 1 Craniofrontonasal dysplasia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_linkage&oldid=842604421 '' Categories : Genetics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español Euskara Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 13 : 59 . About Wikipedia	an example of x- and y- linked disorder	[]	[]
-3911976348479163260	Assignment (law)	Assignment ( law ) - wikipedia Assignment ( law ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Assignee '' redirects here . For the racehorse , see Assignee ( horse ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An assignment ( Latin cessio ) is a term used with similar meanings in the law of contracts and in the law of real estate . In both instances , it encompasses the transfer of rights held by one party -- the assignor -- to another party -- the assignee . It can also be a transfer of a benefit , including an equitable interest , according to established rules ( at Common Law or in Equity ) . The rights may be vested or contingent . The details of the assignment determines some additional rights and liabilities ( or duties ) . Typically a third - party is involved in a contract with the assignor , and the contract is in effect transferred to the assignee . For example , a borrower borrows money from a local bank . The local bank receives a mortgage note and can thereafter transfer that note to a financial institution in exchange for a lump - sum of cash , thereby assigning the right to receive payment from the borrower to another entity . Mortgages and lending contracts are relatively amenable to assignment since the lendor 's duties are relatively limited ; other contracts which involve personal duties such as legal counsel may not be assignable . The related concept of novation is not assignment ; rather than assigning only the rights to another party , novation involves the replacement of the original party with a new party or the replacement of the original contract with a new contract . Since novation creates a new contract , it requires the consent of all parties whereas assignment does not require the consent of the nonassigning party , although in the case of assignment the consent of the nonassigning party may be required through a contractual provision . Contents ( hide ) 1 Procedure 2 Liabilities and duties 3 Assignment of contract rights 3.1 When assignment will be permitted 3.2 Requirements for an effective assignment 3.2. 1 Requirement of a writing 3.3 Compare : Delegation 4 Remedies 4.1 Revocability 4.2 Breach and defenses 4.3 Successive assignments 5 Special rules for assignment of certain rights 5.1 Property rights 5.2 Partnership rights 5.3 Intellectual property rights 5.4 Personal injury torts 5.5 Legal malpractice 6 Equitable assignment 6.1 General principles 6.2 Mere expectancies 7 References Procedure ( edit ) The assignment does not necessarily have to be in writing ; however , the assignment agreement must show an intent to transfer rights . The effect of a valid assignment is to extinguish privity ( in other words , contractual relationship , including right to sue ) between the assignor and the third - party obligor and create privity between the obligor and the assignee . Liabilities and duties ( edit ) Unless the contractual agreement states otherwise , the assignee typically does not receive greater rights than the assignor , and the assignor may remain liable to the original counterparty for the performance of the contract . The assignor often delegates duties in addition to rights to the assignee , but the assignor may remain ultimately responsible . However , in the United States there are various laws which limit the liability of the assignee , often in order to facilitate credit , since assignees are typically lenders . Notable examples include a provision in the Truth in Lending Act and provisions in the Consumer Leasing Act and the Home Ownership Equity Protection Act . In other cases , the contract may be a negotiable instrument in which the person receiving the instrument may become a holder in due course , which is similar to an assignee except that issues such as lack of performance by the assignor may not be a valid defense for the obligor . As a response to this , the United States Federal Trade Commission promulgated Rule 433 , formally known as the `` Trade Regulation Rule Concerning Preservation of Consumers ' Claims and Defenses '' , which `` effectively abolished the ( holder in due course ) doctrine in consumer credit transactions '' . In 2012 , the FTC reaffirmed the regulation . Assignment of contract rights ( edit ) Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Implication - in - fact Collateral contract Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third - party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law Other common law areas Tort law Property law Wills , trusts , and estates Criminal law Evidence Assignment of rights under a contract is the complete transfer of the rights to receive the benefits accruing to one of the parties to that contract . For example , if Party A contracts with Party B to sell Party A 's car to Party B for $10 , Party A can later assign the benefits of the contract - i.e. , the right to be paid $10 - to Party C. In this scenario , Party A is the obligee / assignor , Party B is an obligor , and Party C is the assignee . Such an assignment may be donative ( essentially given as a gift ) , or it may be contractually exchanged for consideration . It is important to note , however , that Party C is not a third party beneficiary , because the contract itself was not made for the purpose of benefitting Party C. When an assignment is made , the assignment always takes place after the original contract was formed . An Assignment only transfers the rights / benefits to a new owner . The obligations remain with the previous owner . Compare Novation . When assignment will be permitted ( edit ) The common law favors the freedom of assignment , so an assignment will generally be permitted unless there is an express prohibition against assignment in the contract . Where assignment is thus permitted , the assignor need not consult the other party to the contract . An assignment can not have any effect on the duties of the other party to the contract , nor can it reduce the possibility of the other party receiving full performance of the same quality . Certain kinds of performance , therefore , can not be assigned , because they create a unique relationship between the parties to the contract . For example , the assignment of a legal malpractice claim is void since an assignee would be a stranger to the attorney - client relationship , who was owed no duty by the attorney and would imperil the sanctity of the highly confidential and fiduciary relationship existing between attorney and client . Torts are not assignable as public policy , and various statutes may prohibit assignment in certain instances . In addition , the Restatement ( Second ) of Contracts lists prohibitions in § 317 ( 2 ) ( a ) based upon the effect to the nonassigning party ( obligor ) , with similar prohibitions in the Uniform Commercial Code § 2 - 210 . For example , UCC § 2 - 210 states the following : `` Unless otherwise agreed all rights of either seller or buyer can be assigned except where the assignment would materially change the duty of the other party , or increase materially the burden or risk imposed on him by his contract , or impair materially his chance of obtaining return performance . A right to damages for breach of the whole contract or a right arising out of the assignor 's due performance of his entire obligation can be assigned despite agreementotherwise ( sic ) . '' Requirements for an effective assignment ( edit ) For assignment to be effective , it must occur in the present . No specific language is required to make such an assignment , but the assignor must make some clear statement of intent to assign clearly identified contractual rights to the assignee . A promise to assign in the future has no legal effect . Although this prevents a party from assigning the benefits of a contract that has not yet been made , a court of equity may enforce such an assignment where an established economic relationship between the assignor and the assignee raised an expectation that the assignee would indeed form the appropriate contract in the future . A contract may contain a non-assignment clause , which prohibits the assignment of specific rights and some various rights , or of the entire contract , to another . However , such a clause does not necessarily destroy the power of either party to make an assignment . Instead , it merely gives the other party the ability to sue for breach of contract if such an assignment is made . However , an assignment of a contract containing such a clause will be ineffective if the assignee knows of the non-assignment clause , or if the non-assignment clause specifies that `` all assignments are void '' . Two other techniques to prevent the assignment of contracts are rescission clauses or clauses creating a condition subsequent . The former would give the other party to the contract the power to rescind the contract if an assignment is made ; the latter would rescind the contract automatically in such circumstances . Requirement of a writing ( edit ) There are certain situations in which the assignment must be in writing . Assignment of wages ; additionally , statutes may prohibit this assignment Assignment of any interest in real property Assignment of choses in action worth over $5,000 Compare : delegation ( edit ) A parallel concept to assignment is delegation , which occurs when one party transfers his duties or liabilities under a contract to another . A delegation and an assignment can be accomplished at the same time , although a non-assignment clause may also bar delegation . Remedies ( edit ) Legal remedies may be available if the nonassigning party 's rights are affected by the assignment . Revocability ( edit ) Assignments made for consideration are irrevocable , meaning that the assignor permanently gives up the legal right to take back the assignment once it has been made . Donative assignments , on the other hand , are generally revocable , either by the assignor giving notice to the assignee , taking performance directly from the obligor , or making a subsequent assignment of the same right to another . There are some exceptions to the revocability of a donative assignment : The assignment can not be revoked if the obligor has already performed The assignment can not be revoked if the assignee has received a token chose ( chose being derived from the French word for `` thing '' , as in a chose of action ) - a physical object that signifies a right to collect , such as a stock certificate or the passbook to a savings account . The assignment can not be revoked if the assignor has set forth in writing the assignment of a simple chose - a contract right embodied in any form of token . Estoppel can prevent the revocation of a donative assignment if the assignee changed their position in reliance on the assignment . Finally , the death or declaration of bankruptcy by the assignor will automatically revoke the assignment by operation of law . Breach and Defenses ( edit ) A cause of action for breach on the part of the obligor lies with the assignee , who will hold the exclusive right to commence a cause of action for any failure to perform or defective performance . At this stage , because the assignee `` stands in the shoes '' of the assignor , the obligor can raise any defense to the contract that the obligor could have raised against the assignor . Furthermore , the obligor can raise against the assignee counterclaims and setoffs that the obligor had against the assignor . For example , suppose that A makes a contract to paint B 's house in exchange for $500 . A then assigns the right to receive the $500 to C , to pay off a debt owed to C. However , A does such a careless job painting the house that B has to pay another painter $400 to correct A 's work . If C sues B to collect the debt , B can raise his counterclaim for the expenses caused by the poor paint job , and can reduce the amount owed to C by that $400 , leaving only $100 to be collected . When the assignor makes the assignment , he makes with it an implied warranty that the right to assign was not subject to defenses . If the contract had a provision that made the assignment ineffective , the assignee could sue the assignor for breach of this implied warranty . Similarly , the assignee could also sue under this theory if the assignor wrongfully revoked the assignment . Successive assignments ( edit ) Occasionally , an unscrupulous assignor will assign exactly the same rights to multiple parties ( usually for some consideration ) . In that case , the rights of the assignee depend on the revocability of the assignment , and on the timing of the assignments relative to certain other actions . In a quirk left over from the common law , if the assignment was donative , the last assignee is the true owner of the rights . However , if the assignment was for consideration , the first assignee to actually collect against the assigned contract is the true owner of the rights . Under the modern American rule , now followed in most U.S. jurisdictions , the first assignor with equity ( i.e. the first to have paid for the assignment ) will have the strongest claim , while remaining assignees may have other remedies . In some countries , the rights of the respective assignees are determined by the old common law rule in Dearle v Hall . Earlier donative assignees for whom the assignment was revocable ( because it had not been made irrevocable by any of the means listed above ) have no cause of action whatsoever . Earlier donative assignees for whom the assignment was made irrevocable can bring an action for the tort of conversion , because the assignment was technically their property when it was given to a later assignee . Later assignees for consideration have a cause of action for breaches of the implied warranty discussed above . See interpleader . Special rules for assignment of certain rights ( edit ) Property rights ( edit ) Property law Part of the common law series Types Real property Personal property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost , mislaid , and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interest remainder Concurrent estate Leasehold estate Condominiums Real estate Conveyancing Bona fide purchaser Torrens title Strata title Estoppel by deed Quitclaim deed Mortgage Equitable conversion Action to quiet title Escheat Future use control Restraint on alienation Rule against perpetuities Rule in Shelley 's Case Doctrine of worthier title Nonpossessory interest Easement Profit Usufruct Covenant Equitable servitude Related topics Fixtures Waste Partition Practicing without a license Property rights Mineral rights Water rights prior appropriation riparian Lateral and subjacent support Assignment Nemo dat Quicquid plantatur Conflict of property laws Blackacre Security deposit Other common law areas Contract law Tort law Wills , trusts and estates Criminal law Evidence See also : Rule in Dumpor 's Case and Privity of estate Real property rights can be assigned just as any other contractual right . However , special duties and liabilities attach to transfers of the right to possess property . With an assignment , the assignor transfers the complete remainder of the interest to the assignee . The assignor must not retain any sort of reversionary interest in the right to possess . The assignee 's interest must abut the interest of the next person to have the right to possession . If any time or interest is reserved by a tenant assignor then the act is not an assignment , but is instead a sublease . The liability of the assignee depends upon the contract formed when the assignment takes place . However , in general , the assignee has privity of estate with a lessor . With privity of estate comes the duty on the part of the assignee to perform certain obligations under covenant , e.g. pay rent . Similarly , the lessor retains the obligations to perform on covenants to maintain or repair the land . If the assignor agrees to continue paying rent to the lessor and subsequently defaults , the lessor can sue both the assignor under the original contract signed with the lessor as well as the assignee because by taking possession of the property interest , the assignee has obliged himself to perform duties under covenant such as the payment of rent . Unlike a Novation where consent of both the lessor and lesse is required for the third party to assume all obligations and liabilities of the original lessee , an assignment does not always need the consent of all parties . If the contract terms state specifically that the lessor 's consent is not needed to assign the contract , then the lesee can assign the contract to whomever the lesee wants to . Absent language to the contrary , a tenant may assign their rights to an assignee without the landlord 's consent . In the majority of jurisdictions , when there is a clause that the landlord may withhold consent to an assignment , the general rule is that the landlord may not withhold consent unreasonably unless there is a provision that states specifically that the Landlord may withhold consent at Landlord 's sole discretion . Partnership rights ( edit ) A person can also assign their rights to receive the benefits owed to a partner in a partnership . However , the assignee can not thereby gain any of the assignor 's rights with respect to the operation of the partnership . The assignee may not vote on partnership matters , inspect the partnership books , or take possession of partnership property ; rather , the assignee can only be given the right is to collect distributions of income , unless the remaining partners consent to the assignment of a new general partner with operational , management , and financial interests . If the partnership is dissolved , the assignee can also claim the assignor 's share of any distribution accompanying the dissolution . Intellectual property rights ( edit ) See also : transfer ( patent ) Ownership of intellectual property , including patents , copyrights , and trademarks , may be assigned , but special conditions attach to the assignment of patents and trademarks . In the United States , assignment of a patent is governed by statute , 35 U.S.C. § 261 . Patent rights are assignable by an `` instrument in writing . '' Title in a patent can also be transferred as a result of other financial transactions , such as a merger or a takeover , or as a result of operation of law , such as in an inheritance process , or in a bankruptcy . An assignment of a patent can be recorded with the United States Patent and Trademark Office . Although such recording is not required , if an assignment is not recorded at the USPTO within three ( 3 ) months or prior to a subsequent assignment , the assignment will be void against a subsequent assignee without notice of the earlier , unrecorded assignment . With respect to a trademark , the owner of the mark may not transfer ownership of the mark without transferring the goodwill associated with the mark . Companies sometimes request from employees that they assign all intellectual property they create while under the employment of the company . This is typically done within an Employment Agreement , but is sometimes done through a specific agreement called Proprietary Information and Inventions Agreement ( PIIA ) . Personal injury torts ( edit ) The standard rule is that personal injury tort causes of action are nonassignable as a matter of public policy . These should be distinguished from final settlements or judgments resulting from lawsuits brought on such causes of action , which may be assignable . Legal malpractice ( edit ) In the majority of jurisdictions , assignments of legal malpractice causes of action are void as against public policy . Equitable assignment ( edit ) An equitable assignment is an assignment , or transfer of rights , in equity . General principles ( edit ) There are numerous requirements that exist for an equitable assignment of property , outside the ' standard ' clear and unconditional intention to assign . These requirements are fundamental characteristics of a statutory assignment : Absolute assignment ( an unconditional transfer : conditions precedent or part of a debt are not absolute ) and the assignment must be made in writing and signed by the assignor , and in particular , this applies to real property . Assigning future property in equity can not be gratuitous . The assignor must receive consideration for the agreement , otherwise the assignment will be ineffective . However , an absolute assignment does not require consideration to be given . Secondly , between the period of agreement between assignor and assignee and acquisition by the assignor , the assignees rights are not contractual , but rather a proprietary right to the property . This means the assignee has an interest in this future property , in the same manner any owner has over property . In equity , these principles operate to protect both the assignor and the assignee . In Norman v. FCT a taxpayer attempted to assign by deed , to his wife certain moneys which he was eventually going to receive . This included dividends and interest due on loans . The court held the interest and the dividends were expectancies or possibilities which could not be assigned without consideration . The court 's worry was that assignments without consideration might be used as instruments of fraud , to avoid creditors and tax collection . Mere expectancies ( edit ) Courts will not enforce a contract to assign an expectancy unless there is a valuable consideration . For example , under a settlement of property the respondent `` the son '' would have been entitled to an equal portion of properties along with his other siblings which was gained in a settlement by his mother . This portion was only his when allocated to him at his mothers discretion . Prior to this allocation being made , the respondent allotted his benefit to trustees for a voluntary settlement . He was assigning or purporting to assign something which he might become entitled to in the future , not a contingent interest . The judgment held it ineffective and elaborated on previous points to state the respondent can not be compelled to allow the trustees to retain the appointed sum . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For the assignment of claim : Trans-Lex.org Jump up ^ Australian Law Dictionary ( second ed . ) . oxford university press . Jump up ^ `` Norman v Federal Commissioner of Taxation ( 1963 ) 109 CLR 9 . '' . Jump up ^ Tips and traps in contracting : novation versus assignment Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Association for General Counsel . ( Australia ) . ^ Jump up to : Assignee Liability : Through the Minefield . Arnstein & Lehr LLP . Jump up ^ See 15 U.S.C. 1641 ( a ) . ^ Jump up to : Commercial Paper : Holder in Due Course & Defenses Archived 2012 - 11 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ FTC Opinion Letter Affirms Consumers ' Rights under the Holder Rule . FTC . ^ Jump up to : Stark T. ( 2003 ) . Negotiating and Drafting Contract Boilerplate , Ch. 3 : Assignment and Delegation . ALM Publishing . Jump up ^ Chapter 18 : Assignment and Delegation . LexisNexis study outline . Jump up ^ Uniform Commercial Code § 2 - 210 . Delegation of Performance ; Assignment of Rights . Jump up ^ Pony v. County of Los Angeles , 433 F. 3d 1138 ( 9th Cir. 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Cowan Liebowitz & Latman , PC v. Kaplan , 902 So . 2d 755 , 759 - 760 ( Fla. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Westbourne Grammar School v Sanget Pty ( 2007 ) VSCA 39 Jump up ^ Conveyancing Act 1919 ( NSW ) s 23C ^ Jump up to : Norman v FCT ( 1963 ) 109 CLR 9 Jump up ^ FCT v Everett ( 1978 ) 21 ALR 625 , 643 Jump up ^ Northumberland ( Duke ) v Inland Revenue Comrs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assignment_(law)&oldid=794524465 '' Categories : Contract law Real estate Legal terminology Rights Landlord -- tenant law Real property law Equity ( law ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2015 USA - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in the united states sales contracts and contracts for the payment of money are not assignable	[]	[]
-2311371501168100989	Climate of Asia	Climate of Asia - wikipedia Climate of Asia Jump to : navigation , search Worldwide climate classifications The Climate of Asia is wet across southeast sections , and dry across much of the interior . Some of the largest daily temperature ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia . The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections , due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer . Southwestern sections of the continent experience low relief as a result of the subtropical high pressure belt ; they are hot in the summer , warm to cool in winter , and may snow at higher altitudes . Siberia is one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere , and can act as a source of arctic air masses for North America . The most active place on Earth for tropical cyclone activity lies northeast of the Philippines and south of Japan , and the phase of the El Niño - Southern Oscillation modulates where in Asia landfall is more likely to occur , Contents ( hide ) 1 Temperature 2 Precipitation 3 Monsoon 4 Tropical cyclones 5 References 6 External links Temperature ( edit ) The Southern sections of Asia are mild to hot , while far northeastern areas such as Siberia are very cold . East Asia has a temperate climate . The highest temperature recorded in Asia was 54.0 ° C ( 129.2 ° F ) at Tirat Zvi , Israel on June 21 , 1942 . West - central Asia experiences some of the largest diurnal temperature ranges on Earth . The lowest temperature measured was − 67.8 ° C ( − 90.0 ° F ) at Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon , both in Sakha Republic of Russia on February 7 , 1892 and February 6 , 1933 respectively . Precipitation ( edit ) Long - term mean precipitation by month A large annual rainfall minimum , composed primarily of deserts , stretches from the Gobi Desert in Mongolia west - southwest through the Taklamakan Desert in Western China , the Thar Desert in Western India and Iranian Plateau into the Arabian Desert in the Arabian Peninsula . Rainfall around the continent is favored across its southern portion from Eastern India and Northeast India across the Philippines , Indochina , Malay Peninsula , Malay Archipelago and Southern China into Korean Peninsula Taiwan and Japan due to the Monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the Indian Ocean into the region . The monsoon trough can reach as far north as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August before moving southward thereafter . Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure ( a thermal low ) over the warmest part of Asia . Cherrapunji , situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalaya in Shillong , India is one of the wettest places on Earth , with an average annual rainfall of 11,430 mm ( 450 in ) . The highest recorded rainfall in a single year was 22,987 mm ( 904.9 in ) in 1861 . The 38 - year average at Mawsynram , Meghalaya , India is 11,873 mm ( 467.4 in ) . Lower rainfall maxima are found around Turkey and central Russia . In March 2008 , El Niño caused a drop in sea surface temperatures around Southeast Asia by an amount of 2 ° C. It also caused heavy rains over Malaysia , Philippines and Indonesia . Monsoon ( edit ) Main article : Monsoon Onset dates and prevailing wind currents of the southwest summer monsoons in India . The Asian monsoons may be classified into a few sub-systems , such as the South Asian Monsoon which affects the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions , and the East Asian Monsoon which affects southern China , Korea and parts of Japan . The southwestern summer monsoons occur from June through September . The Thar Desert and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heats up considerably during the hot summers , which causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent . To fill this void , the moisture - laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush into the subcontinent . These winds , rich in moisture , are drawn towards the Himalayas , creating winds blowing storm clouds towards the subcontinent . The Himalayas act like a high wall , blocking the winds from passing into Central Asia , thus forcing them to rise . With the gain in altitude of the clouds , the temperature drops and precipitation occurs . Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm ( 390 in ) of rain . The moisture - laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian subcontinent , due to its topography , become divided into two parts : the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch . The Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala , India , thus making the area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon . This branch of the monsoon moves northwards along the Western Ghats with precipitation on coastal areas , west of the Western Ghats . The eastern areas of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats . The Bay of Bengal Branch of Southwest Monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal heading towards northeast India and Bengal , picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal . The winds arrive at the Eastern Himalayas with large amounts of rain . Mawsynram , situated on the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalayas in Shillong , India , is one of the wettest places on Earth . After the arrival at the Eastern Himalayas , the winds turns towards the west , travelling over the Indo - Gangetic Plain at a rate of roughly 1 -- 2 weeks per state , pouring rain all along its way . June 1 is regarded as the date of onset of the monsoon in India , as indicated by the arrival of the monsoon in the southernmost state of Kerala . The monsoon accounts for 80 % of the rainfall in India . Indian agriculture ( which accounts for 25 % of the GDP and employs 70 % of the population ) is heavily dependent on the rains , for growing crops especially like cotton , rice , oilseeds and coarse grains . A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can badly affect the economy , as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 1990s . The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city - dwellers as well , for it provides relief from the climax of summer heat in June . However , the condition of the roads take a battering each year . Often houses and streets are waterlogged and the slums are flooded in spite of having a drainage system . This lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns causes severe economical loss including damage to property and loss of lives , as evidenced in the Bombay floods of 2005 . Bangladesh and certain regions of India like Assam and West Bengal , also frequently experience heavy floods during this season . And in the recent past , areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year , like the Thar Desert , have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season . The influence of the Southwest Monsoon is felt as far north as in China 's Xinjiang . It is estimated that about 70 % of all precipitation in the central part of the Tian Shan Mountains falls during the three summer months , when the region is under the monsoon influence ; about 70 % of that is directly of `` cyclonic '' ( i.e. , monsoon - driven ) origin ( as opposed to `` local convection '' ) . Monsoon clouds in Calcutta Around September , with the sun fast retreating south , the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly . With this air pressure begins to build over northern India , the Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat . This causes the cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo - Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan peninsula . This is known as the Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon . While traveling towards the Indian Ocean , the dry cold wind picks up some moisture from the Bay of Bengal and pours it over peninsular India and parts of Sri Lanka . Cities like Madras , which get less rain from the Southwest Monsoon , receives rain from this Monsoon . About 50 % to 60 % of the rain received by the state of Tamil Nadu is from the Northeast Monsoon . In Southern Asia , the northeastern monsoons take place from December to early March when the surface high - pressure system is strongest . The jet stream in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet . The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia , creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India . Meanwhile , a low pressure system develops over South - East Asia and Australasia and winds are directed toward Australia known as a monsoon trough . The East Asian monsoon affects large parts of Indochina , Philippines , China , Korea and Japan . It is characterised by a warm , rainy summer monsoon and a cold , dry winter monsoon . The rain occurs in a concentrated belt that stretches east - west except in East China where it is tilted east - northeast over Korea and Japan . The seasonal rain is known as Meiyu in China , Changma in Korea , and Bai - u in Japan , with the latter two resembling frontal rain . The onset of the summer monsoon is marked by a period of premonsoonal rain over South China and Taiwan in early May . From May through August , the summer monsoon shifts through a series of dry and rainy phases as the rain belt moves northward , beginning over Indochina and the South China Sea ( May ) , to the Yangtze River Basin and Japan ( June ) and finally to North China and Korea ( July ) . When the monsoon ends in August , the rain belt moves back to South China . Tropical cyclones ( edit ) See also : Tropical cyclone and Typhoons in the Philippines World tropical cyclone activity between 1945 and 2006 Tropical cyclones form in any month of the year across the northwest Pacific Ocean , and concentrate around June and November in the northern Indian Ocean . The area just northeast of the Philippines is the most active place on Earth for tropical cyclones to exist . Across the Philippines themselves , activity reaches a minimum in February , before increasing steadily through June , and spiking from July through October , with September being the most active month for tropical cyclones across the archipelago . Activity falls off significantly in November . The most active season , since 1945 , for tropical cyclone strikes on the island archipelago was 1993 when nineteen tropical cyclones moved through the country . There was only one tropical cyclone which moved through the Philippines in 1958 . The most frequently impacted areas of the Philippines by tropical cyclones are northern Luzon and eastern Visayas . A ten - year average of satellite determined precipitation showed that at least 30 percent of the annual rainfall in the northern Philippines could be traced to tropical cyclones , while the southern islands receive less than 10 percent of their annual rainfall from tropical cyclones . Most tropical cyclones form on the side of the subtropical ridge closer to the equator , then move poleward past the ridge axis before recurving into the main belt of the Westerlies . When the subtropical ridge position shifts due to El Nino , so will the preferred tropical cyclone tracks . Areas west of Japan and Korea tend to experience much fewer September -- November tropical cyclone impacts during El Niño and neutral years . During El Niño years , the break in the subtropical ridge tends to lie near 130 ° E which would favor the Japanese archipelago . During La Niña years , the formation of tropical cyclones , along with the subtropical ridge position , shifts westward across the western Pacific Ocean , which increases the landfall threat to China . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Asia : Highest Temperature '' . ASU World Meteorological Organization . 1942 - 06 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 21 . The climate of asia also depends on the western ghats . Jump up ^ W. Timothy Liu ; Xiaosu Xie ; Wenqing Tang ( 2006 ) . `` Monsoon , Orography , and Human Influence on Asian Rainfall '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the First International Symposium in Cloud - prone & Rainy Areas Remote Sensing ( CARRS ) , Chinese University of Hong Kong . National Aeronautic and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ National Centre for Medium Range Forecasting . Chapter - II Monsoon - 2004 : Onset , Advancement and Circulation Features . Archived 2009 - 08 - 04 at WebCite Retrieved on 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Monsoon . Retrieved on 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dr. Alex DeCaria . Lesson 4 -- Seasonal - mean Wind Fields . Archived 2009 - 08 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ A.J. Philip ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Mawsynram in India '' ( PDF ) . Tribune News Service . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hong , Lynda ( 2008 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Recent heavy rain not caused by global warming '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Official Web Site of District Sirsa , India . District Sirsa . Archived 2010 - 12 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Blumer , Felix P. ( 1998 ) . `` Investigations of the precipitation conditions in the central part of the Tianshan mountains '' . In Kovar , Karel . Hydrology , water resources and ecology in headwaters . Volume 248 of IAHS publication ( PDF ) . International Association of Hydrological Sciences . pp. 343 -- 350 . ISBN 1 - 901502 - 45 - 7 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/northeast_monsoon.htm Jump up ^ Robert V. Rohli ; Anthony J. Vega ( 2007 ) . Climatology . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 3828 - 0 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ricardo García - Herrera ; Pedro Ribera ; Emiliano Hernández ; Luis Gimeno ( 2003 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Typhoons in the Philippine Islands , 1566 - 1900 '' ( PDF ) . David V. Padua . p. 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( 2009 ) . `` Member Report Republic of the Philippines '' ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( 1959 ) . `` 1958 '' . United States Navy . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Colleen A. Sexton ( 2006 ) . Philippines in Pictures . Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 2677 - 3 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Edward B. Rodgers ; Robert F. Adler ; Harold F. Pierce . `` Satellite - measured rainfall across the Pacific Ocean and tropical cyclone contribution to the total '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( 2006 ) . `` 3.3 JTWC Forecasting Philosophies '' ( PDF ) . United States Navy . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : M.C. Wu ; W.L. Chang ; W.M. Leung ( 2003 ) . `` Impacts of El Nino - Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific '' . Journal of Climate. 17 ( 6 ) : 1419 -- 1428 . Bibcode : 2004JCli ... 17.1419 W . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0442 ( 2004 ) 017 < 1419 : IOENOE > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 11 . ( hide ) Climate of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau External links ( edit ) Precipitation characteristics of northern Eurasia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_Asia&oldid=819633233 '' Categories : Climate of Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca 한국어 हिन्दी Magyar Norsk nynorsk Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 13 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the large annual precipitation in the wet equatorial climate is caused by which of the following	[]	[]
7442680357125678902	List of Xbox 360 games	List of Xbox 360 games - wikipedia List of Xbox 360 games Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of retail Xbox 360 games that are released on dual layer DVD 's . This list contains details such as the genre of the game and the release date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Games 2 See also 2.1 Xbox 360 game lists 2.2 Lists of video games 2.3 Console exclusivity 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Games ( edit ) There are currently 1,230 games on this list . Exclusive = 106 Console exclusive = 72 Multiplatform = 993 Xbox One compatible = 129 Xbox 360 Exclusive Microsoft Console Multiplatform ( Non-exclusive ) Top 0 -- 9 Q U V X Y Z Title Genre ( s ) Developer ( s ) Publisher ( s ) Release date Xbox One compat . Japan North America Europe Australia 007 James Bond : Blood Stone Third - person Shooter , Action - adventure Bizarre Creations Activision 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002011 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 2011 007 Legends First - person Shooter Eurocom Activision 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002012 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2012 007 : Quantum of Solace First - person Shooter Treyarch Activision 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002008 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2008 000000002009 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2009 11eyes Crossover Visual novel 5pb . 5pb . 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002009 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2009 2006 FIFA World Cup Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002006 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2006 000000002006 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2006 000000002006 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2006 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2010 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002014 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2014 000000002014 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2014 000000002014 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2014 50 Cent : Blood on the Sand Third - person Shooter Swordfish Studios THQ 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002009 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2009 000000002009 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2009 A-Train HX Train Sim Artdink 505 Games , Artdink 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002008 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2008 000000002006 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2006 Absolute : Blazing Infinity Tactical RPG Idea Factory Idea Factory 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002007 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2007 AC / DC Live : Rock Band Track Pack Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002008 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 2008 Unreleased Ace Combat 6 : Fires of Liberation Combat Flight Simulator Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games , Atari 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002007 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2007 Ace Combat : Assault Horizon Combat Flight Simulator Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002011 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2011 Adventure Time : Explore the Dungeon Because I DON 'T KNOW ! Action - adventure , Brawler WayForward Technologies D3 Publisher 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2013 Unreleased Adventure Time : Finn & Jake Investigations Action - adventure Vicious Cycle Software Little Orbit 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002015 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2015 Unreleased Adventure Time : The Secret of the Nameless Kingdom Action - adventure WayForward Technologies Little Orbit 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002014 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2014 Unreleased Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn , The Action - adventure Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002011 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2011 Unreleased AFL Live Sports Big Ant Studios Tru Blu Entertainment 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2011 AFL Live 2 Sports Wicked Witch Software Tru Blu Entertainment 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2013 Afro Samurai Action Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002009 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2009 Unreleased Air Conflicts : Pacific Carriers Action , Flight simulator Games Farm bitComposer 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002012 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2012 Unreleased Air Conflicts : Secret Wars Action , Flight simulator Games Farm bitComposer 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002011 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2011 Unreleased Air Conflicts : Vietnam Action , Flight simulator Kalypso Media Kalypso Media 000000002013 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2013 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Akai Katana Shin Bullet hell Cave Cave 000000002012 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2012 000000002011 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2011 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Alan Wake Third - person Shooter , Action , Psychological Thriller Remedy Entertainment Microsoft Game Studios 000000002010 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Alice : Madness Returns Action - adventure , Platform , Survival Horror Spicy Horse Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Alien : Isolation First - person Shooter , Survival Horror The Creative Assembly Sega 000000002014 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2014 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Alien Breed Trilogy Isometric shooter Team17 Mastertronic Unreleased 000000002011 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Aliens vs. Predator First - person Shooter , Survival Horror , Action Rebellion Developments Sega 000000002010 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Aliens : Colonial Marines First - person Shooter Gearbox Software Sega 000000002013 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2013 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 All Round Hunter Hunting / Fishing Beast Studios 505 Games 000000002010 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 All - Pro Football 2K8 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002007 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2007 000000002007 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Alone in the Dark Survival Horror Eden Games Atari 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2008 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Alpha Protocol Action RPG Obsidian Entertainment Sega 000000002010 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Amazing Spider - Man , The Action - adventure , Open World Beenox Activision 000000002012 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2012 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Amazing Spider - Man 2 , The Action - adventure , Open World Beenox Activision 000000002014 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2014 000000002014 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2014 000000002014 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2014 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 America 's Army : True Soldiers Tactical Shooter Red Storm Entertainment Ubisoft 000000002007 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Amped 3 Sports Indie Built 2K Sports 000000002005 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Anarchy Reigns Brawler PlatinumGames Sega 000000002013 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2013 000000002013 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2013 000000002012 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2012 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Angry Birds Star Wars Puzzle , Strategy Rovio Entertainment , Exient Entertainment Activision 000000002012 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Angry Birds Trilogy Platformer Rovio Entertainment Activision 000000002012 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2012 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Apache : Air Assault Combat Flight Simulator Gaijin Entertainment Activision 000000002010 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Apocalypse : Desire Next Tactical RPG Idea Factory Idea Factory Unreleased 000000002007 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2007 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 AquaZone : Life Simulator Sim Frontier Groove Frontier Groove Unreleased Unreleased 000000002006 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2006 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Arcana Heart 3 Fighting Examu Arc System Works Unreleased 000000002011 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2011 000000002011 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 2011 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Arcania : Gothic 4 Action RPG Spellbound Entertainment JoWood 000000002010 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Armored Core 4 Vehicular Combat FromSoftware Sega , 505 Games , From Software 000000002007 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2007 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Armored Core V Vehicular Combat FromSoftware Namco Bandai Games America 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2012 000000002012 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2012 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Armored Core : For Answer Vehicular Combat FromSoftware Sega 000000002008 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2008 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Armored Core : Verdict Day Vehicular Combat FromSoftware Namco Bandai 000000002013 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2013 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Army of Two Third - person Shooter EA Montreal Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2008 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Army of Two : The 40th Day Third - person Shooter EA Montreal Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Army of Two : The Devil 's Cartel Third - person Shooter Visceral Games Electronic Arts 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Ashes Cricket 2009 Sports Transmission Games Codemasters Unreleased 000000002009 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Assassin 's Creed Action - adventure , Open World , Stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2007 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Assassin 's Creed II Action - adventure , Open World , Stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002009 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Assassin 's Creed III Action - adventure , Open World , Stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2012 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Action - adventure , Open World , Stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002013 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2013 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Action - adventure , Open World , Stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002010 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Action - adventure , Open World , Stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Assassin 's Creed Rogue Action - adventure , Open World , Stealth Ubisoft Sofia Ubisoft 000000002014 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Asterix at the Olympic Games Sports , Platform , Adventure , Action Étranges Libellules Atari 000000002008 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 2008 000000002008 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Asura 's Wrath Action , Beat ' em Up CyberConnect2 Capcom 000000002012 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2012 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Burning Earth Action - adventure THQ THQ 000000002007 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Back to the Future : The Game Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games 000000002015 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Backbreaker Sports NaturalMotion 505 Games 000000002010 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Backyard Football 2010 Sports Humongous Entertainment Atari 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Backyard Sports : Rookie Rush Sports Humongous Entertainment Atari 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Backyard Sports : Sandlot Sluggers Sports Humongous Entertainment Atari 000000002010 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Baja : Edge of Control Racing 2XL Games THQ 000000002008 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Bakugan Battle Brawlers Action NOW Production Activision 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Bakugan : Defenders of the Core Action NOW Production Activision 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Band Hero Music Neversoft Activision 000000002009 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 BandFuse : Rock Legends Music Realta Entertainment Group Mastiff 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 2013 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Action - adventure , Platform , Construct / Manage Sim Rare Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2008 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Barbie and Her Sisters : Puppy Rescue Party Game Little Orbit Little Orbit 000000002015 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2015 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Bass Pro Shops : The Hunt Hunting / Fishing Piranha Games XS Games 000000002010 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Bass Pro Shops : The Strike Hunting / Fishing Piranha Games XS Games 000000002009 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Batman : Arkham Asylum Action - adventure , Stealth , Beat ' em Up , Open World Rocksteady Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002009 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2009 000000002009 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2009 000000002010 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Batman : Arkham City Action - adventure , Stealth , Beat ' em Up , Open World Rocksteady Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2011 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Batman : Arkham Origins Action - adventure , Stealth , Beat ' em Up , Open World WB Games Montréal Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002013 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2013 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Batman : The Telltale Series Action - adventure , Stealth , Beat ' em Up , Open World Telltale Games Telltale Games 000000002016 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2016 000000002016 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2016 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battle Fantasia Fighting Arc System Works Arc System Works 000000002008 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2008 000000002009 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2009 000000002008 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2008 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battle vs. Chess Board Game TopWare Interactive , Gaijin Entertainment SouthPeak Games Unreleased 000000002011 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battlefield Hardline First - person Shooter EA Digital Illusions CE , Visceral Games Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2015 000000002015 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2015 000000002015 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2015 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battlefield 2 : Modern Combat First - person Shooter EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts 000000002006 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2006 000000002006 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2006 000000002006 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2006 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battlefield 3 First - person Shooter EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battlefield 4 First - person Shooter EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts 000000002013 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2013 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battlefield : Bad Company First - person Shooter , Action , Tactical Shooter EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2008 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battlefield : Bad Company 2 First - person Shooter , Action EA Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battleship First - person Shooter Double Helix Games Activision 000000002012 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2012 000000002012 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battlestations : Midway Action , RTT Eidos Interactive Eidos Interactive , Spike 000000002007 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2007 000000002007 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2007 000000002008 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2008 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Battlestations : Pacific Action , RTT Eidos Interactive Eidos Interactive 000000002009 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2009 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Bayonetta Hack & Slash , Action PlatinumGames Sega 000000002010 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2010 000000002009 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2009 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Beatles : Rock Band , The Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002009 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2009 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Beautiful Katamari Puzzle , Action , Third - person Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002007 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2007 000000002008 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 2008 000000002007 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2007 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Bee Movie Game Action , Adventure Beenox Activision 000000002007 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Beijing 2008 Sports Eurocom Sega 000000002008 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2008 000000002008 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bejeweled 3 Puzzle PopCap Games PopCap Games 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002012 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ben 10 Alien Force : Vilgax Attacks Action Papaya Studio D3 Publisher 000000002009 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ben 10 Ultimate Alien : Cosmic Destruction Action - adventure Papaya Studio D3 Publisher 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ben 10 : Galactic Racing Racing Monkey Bar Games D3 Publisher 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ben 10 : Omniverse Action , Beat ' em up Vicious Cycle Software D3 Publisher 000000002012 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ben 10 : Omniverse 2 Action , Beat ' em up High Voltage Software D3 Publisher 000000002013 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Beowulf : The Game Action , Hack & Slash Ubisoft Ubisoft 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Big Bumpin ' Racing , Action Blitz Games King Games 000000002006 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2006 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bigs , The Sports , baseball Blue Castle Games 2K Sports 000000002007 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2007 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bigs 2 , The Sports , baseball Blue Castle Games 2K Sports 000000002009 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2009 000000002009 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Binary Domain Tactical Shooter , Third - person Shooter Ryū ga Gotoku Studios Sega 000000002012 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 BioHazard : Revival Selection Compilation Capcom Capcom Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bionic Commando Action , Platform GRIN Capcom 000000002009 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bionicle Heroes Third - person Shooter Traveller 's Tales Eidos Interactive 000000002006 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 BioShock First - person Shooter , Survival Horror 2K Boston / 2K Australia 2K Games , Spike 000000002007 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2007 000000002007 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2007 000000002008 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 BioShock 2 First - person Shooter , Survival Horror 2K Marin 2K Games 000000002010 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2010 000000002010 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2010 000000002010 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 BioShock Infinite First - person Shooter Irrational Games 2K Games 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 BioShock Ultimate Rapture Edition First - person Shooter Irrational Games , 2K Marin 2K Games 000000002013 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2013 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Birds of Steel Combat flight simulator Gaijin Entertainment Konami 000000002012 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2012 000000002013 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Black College Football : The Xperience Sports Nerjyzed Entertainment Aspyr 000000002009 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 BlackSite : Area 51 First - person Shooter Midway Games Midway Games 000000002007 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blackwater First - person Shooter Zombie Studios 505 Games 000000002011 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blades of Time Hack and Slash , Action , Platformer Gaijin Entertainment Konami 000000002012 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bladestorm : The Hundred Years ' War RTT Omega Force Koei 000000002007 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 BlazBlue : Calamity Trigger Fighting Arc System Works Arc System Works 000000002009 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2009 000000002010 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2010 000000002009 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 BlazBlue : Continuum Shift Fighting Arc System Works Arc System Works 000000002010 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 BlazBlue : Continuum Shift Extend Fighting Arc System Works Arc System Works 000000002012 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2012 000000002011 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Combat Flight Simulator Ubisoft Bucharest Ubisoft 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blazing Angels 2 : Secret Missions of WWII Combat Flight Simulator Ubisoft Bucharest Ubisoft 000000002007 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2007 000000002008 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blitz : The League Sports Midway Games Midway Games 000000002006 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2006 000000002007 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blitz : The League II Sports Midway Games Midway Games 000000002008 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blood Bowl Sports , RTS , Turn - based Strategy Cyanide Focus Home Interactive 000000002010 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blood Drive Vehicular Combat Sidhe Activision 000000002010 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blue Dragon RPG Mistwalker Microsoft Game Studios 000000002007 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2007 000000002007 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2007 000000002006 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Blur Racing , Vehicular Combat Bizarre Creations Activision 000000002010 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bodycount First - person Shooter Guildford Studio Codemasters 000000002011 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bolt Adventure Avalanche Software Disney Interactive Studios 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2008 000000002009 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bomberman : Act Zero Action Hudson Soft Konami , Hudson Soft 000000002006 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2006 000000002006 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Borderlands First - person Shooter , Action RPG Gearbox Software 2K Games 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2009 000000002010 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Borderlands Double Game Add On Pack The Zombie Island of Dr. Ned / Mad Moxxi 's Underdome Riot First - person Shooter , Action RPG Gearbox Software 2K Games 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Borderlands 2 First - person Shooter , Action RPG Gearbox Software 2K Games 000000002012 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Borderlands 2 Add - On Pack Version 2.0 First - person Shooter , Action RPG Gearbox Software 2K Games 000000002011 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2011 000000002013 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel First - person Shooter , Action RPG 2K Australia 2K Games 000000002014 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bound by Flame Action RPG Spiders Focus Home Interactive 000000002014 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Brave Action - adventure Behaviour Interactive Disney Interactive Studios 000000002012 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2012 000000002012 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Brave : A Warrior 's Tale Action - adventure Collision Studios SouthPeak Games 000000002009 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Brian Lara International Cricket 2007 Sports Codemasters Codemasters Unreleased 000000002007 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Brink First - person Shooter Splash Damage Bethesda Softworks 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2011 000000002011 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Brothers in Arms : Hell 's Highway Action Gearbox Software Ubisoft 000000002008 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Brunswick Pro Bowling Sports FarSight Studios Crave Entertainment 000000002011 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Brütal Legend Action - adventure , RTS Double Fine Productions Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bullet Soul Shoot ' em up 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bullet Witch Third - person Shooter , Action Cavia Atari , AQ Interactive 000000002007 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2007 000000002006 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bulletstorm First - person Shooter People Can Fly Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bully : Scholarship Edition Action - adventure , Open World Rockstar New England Rockstar Games 000000002008 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2008 000000002008 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Bureau : XCOM Declassified , The Tactical shooter 2K Marin , 2K Australia , 2K China 2K Games 000000002013 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Burnout Paradise Racing , Nonlinear Criterion Games Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2008 000000002008 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Burnout Revenge Racing , Vehicular Combat Criterion Games Electronic Arts 000000002006 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's African Adventures Hunting / Fishing Fun Labs Activision 000000002013 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2013 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's African Safari Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002006 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2006 000000002007 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002006 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Big Game Hunter Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002007 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2007 000000002008 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Big Game Hunter 2010 Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002009 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Big Game Hunter 2012 Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002011 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Big Game Hunter Pro Hunts Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002014 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2014 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2009 Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002008 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2011 Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002011 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002012 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Hunting / Fishing Fun Labs Activision 000000002012 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's North American Adventures Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002010 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Outdoor Adventures Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002009 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002012 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cabela 's Trophy Bucks Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002007 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty 2 First - person Shooter Infinity Ward Activision 000000002005 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2005 000000002005 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2005 000000002006 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty 3 First - person Shooter Treyarch Activision 000000002006 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2006 000000002007 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare First - person Shooter Infinity Ward Activision 000000002007 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty : World at War First - person Shooter Treyarch Activision 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 First - person Shooter Infinity Ward Activision 000000002009 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty : Black Ops First - person Shooter Treyarch Activision 000000002010 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 First - person Shooter Infinity Ward , Sledgehammer Games Activision 000000002011 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty : Black Ops II First - person Shooter Treyarch Activision 000000002012 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty : Ghosts First - person Shooter Infinity Ward Activision , Square Enix 000000002013 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare First - person Shooter Sledgehammer Games , High Moon Studios Activision 000000002014 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Duty : Black Ops III First - person Shooter Treyarch , Beenox Activision 000000002015 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2015 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Juarez First - person Shooter , Western Techland Ubisoft 000000002007 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2007 000000002008 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Juarez : Bound in Blood First - person Shooter , Western Techland Ubisoft 000000002009 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2009 000000002009 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 2009 000000002009 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Call of Juarez : The Cartel First - person Shooter , Western Techland Ubisoft 000000002011 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Capcom Digital Collection Compilation Capcom Capcom 000000002012 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Capcom Platinum Hits Triple Pack Compilation Capcom Capcom 000000002009 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Captain America : Super Soldier Action Next Level Games Sega 000000002011 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Carrier Command : Gaea Mission Real - time strategy , Action Bohemia Interactive Bohemia Interactive , Mastertronic , Rising Star Games 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cars Racing , Adventure Rainbow Studios THQ 000000002006 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cars 2 Racing , Adventure Avalanche Software Disney Interactive Studios 000000002011 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cars 3 : Driven to Win Racing , Adventure Avalanche Software Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2017 000000002017 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2017 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cars Mater - National Championship Racing Rainbow Studios THQ 000000002007 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cars Race - O-Rama Racing Rainbow Studios THQ 000000002009 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cartoon Network : Punch Time Explosion Fighting Papaya Studio Crave Entertainment , Deep Silver 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002012 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Castlevania : Lords of Shadow Action - adventure , Platformer MercurySteam , Kojima Productions Konami 000000002010 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2010 000000002010 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Castlevania : Lords of Shadow 2 Action - adventure , Platformer MercurySteam , Kojima Productions Konami 000000002014 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Castlevania : Lords of Shadow Collection Action - adventure , Platformer MercurySteam , Kojima Productions Konami 000000002013 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2013 Catherine Puzzle Platform , Survival Horror , Adult Atlus Persona Team Atlus 000000002011 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2011 000000002012 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2012 000000002011 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Championship Manager 2007 Sports , Sports Management Beautiful Game Eidos Interactive Unreleased 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Chaos ; Head Love Chu Chu ! Visual Novel , Romantic Comedy 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Chaos ; Head Noah Visual Novel 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002009 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Chaotic : Shadow Warriors Action Activision Activision 000000002009 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Child of Eden Rail Shooter , Music Q Entertainment Ubisoft 000000002011 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Chromehounds Tank & Mecha Sim From Software Sega 000000002006 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2006 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 000000002006 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian , The Action - adventure Traveller 's Tales Disney Interactive Studios 000000002008 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Chronicles of Riddick : Assault on Dark Athena , The First - person Shooter , Action - adventure , Stealth Starbreeze Studios Atari 000000002009 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Civilization Revolution Turn - based Strategy Firaxis Games 2K Games 000000002008 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Clannad Visual Novel Key Prototype Unreleased Unreleased 000000002008 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Clash of the Titans Action - adventure Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002010 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Clive Barker 's Jericho First - person Shooter , Survival Horror Codemasters Codemasters 000000002007 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Platform Ubisoft Shanghai Ubisoft 000000002009 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Club , The Third - person Shooter Bizarre Creations Sega 000000002008 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 code 18 Visual novel CyberFront CyberFront Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Colin McRae : DiRT Racing Codemasters Codemasters 000000002007 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Colin McRae : DiRT 2 Racing Codemasters Codemasters 000000002009 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 College Hoops 2K6 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002006 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2006 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 College Hoops 2K7 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002006 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2006 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 College Hoops 2K8 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002007 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2007 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Command & Conquer 3 : Kane 's Wrath RTS EA Los Angeles Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Command & Conquer 3 : Tiberium Wars RTS EA Los Angeles Electronic Arts 000000002007 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2007 000000002007 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Command & Conquer : Red Alert 3 RTS EA Los Angeles Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Conan Action - adventure , Platformer Nihilistic Software THQ 000000002007 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Condemned : Criminal Origins Survival Horror Monolith Productions Sega 000000002005 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 000000002006 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Condemned 2 : Bloodshot Survival Horror Monolith Productions Sega 000000002008 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2008 000000002008 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Conflict : Denied Ops Tactical Shooter Pivotal Games Eidos Interactive 000000002008 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Conveni 200X , The Sim Hamster Corporation Masterpiece Unreleased Unreleased 000000002006 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crackdown Third - person Shooter , Action - adventure , Open World Real Time Worlds Microsoft Game Studios 000000002007 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crackdown 2 Third - person Shooter , Open World Ruffian Games Microsoft Game Studios 000000002010 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crash of the Titans Platform Radical Entertainment Sierra Entertainment 000000002007 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crash Time : Autobahn Pursuit Racing Mission Synetic Crave Entertainment , RTL Games 000000002008 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 2008 000000002008 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crash Time II : Burning Wheels Racing Mission Synetic RTL Games Unreleased 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crash Time III : Highway Nights Racing Mission Synetic RTL Games Unreleased 000000002009 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crash Time IV : The Syndicate Racing Mission Synetic dtp entertainment 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crash Time V : Undercover Racing Mission Synetic dtp entertainment Unreleased 000000002012 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crash : Mind over Mutant Platform Radical Entertainment Sierra Entertainment 000000002008 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Create Open World EA Bright Light Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 The Crew Racing Ivory Tower , Ubisoft Reflections , Asobo Studio Ubisoft 000000002014 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2014 000000002014 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2014 000000002014 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crysis First - person Shooter Crytek Electronic Arts Unreleased 000000002011 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crysis 2 First - person Shooter Crytek Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Crysis 3 First - person Shooter Crytek Electronic Arts 000000002013 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 CSI : Deadly Intent Adventure Telltale Games Ubisoft 000000002009 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 CSI : Fatal Conspiracy Adventure Telltale Games Ubisoft 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 CSI : Hard Evidence Adventure Telltale Games Ubisoft 000000002007 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Culdcept Saga Board Game , Card Based Omiya Soft , Jamsworks Namco Bandai Games 000000002008 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002006 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cursed Crusade , The Action - adventure , Third - person Kylotonn Games Atlus 000000002011 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Force Tank & Mecha Sim , Action Hitmaker Sega Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Damage Inc . Pacific Squadron WW2 Combat Flight Simulator Trickstar Games Mad Catz Interactive 000000002012 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2012 000000002012 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2012 000000002012 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Damnation Third - person Shooter Blue Omega Codemasters 000000002009 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dance Dance Revolution Universe Music Konami Digital Entertainment Konami 000000002007 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2007 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dance Dance Revolution Universe 2 Music Konami Digital Entertainment Konami 000000002007 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2007 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3 Music Konami Digital Entertainment Konami 000000002008 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dancing Stage Universe Music Konami GmbH Konami GmbH Unreleased 000000002007 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dancing Stage Universe 2 Music Konami GmbH Konami GmbH Unreleased 000000002008 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dante 's Inferno Platformer , Hack & Slash , Action - adventure , Third - person EA Redwood Shores Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2010 000000002010 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dark Stealth , Action RPG Realmforge Studios Kalypso Media 000000002013 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2013 000000002013 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dark Messiah of Might and Magic : Elements First - person Shooter , Action RPG Ubisoft Annecy Ubisoft 000000002008 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2008 000000002008 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dark Sector Third - person Shooter , Action Digital Extremes D3 Publisher 000000002008 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dark Souls Action RPG FromSoftware Namco Bandai Games , From Software 000000002011 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dark Souls II Action RPG FromSoftware Namco Bandai Games , From Software 000000002014 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2014 000000002014 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2014 000000002014 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dark Void Third - person Shooter , action - adventure Airtight Games Capcom 000000002010 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Darkest of Days First - person Shooter 8monkey Labs Phantom EFX 000000002009 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Darkness , The First - person Shooter , Survival Horror Starbreeze Studios 2K Games 000000002007 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2007 000000002008 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Darkness II , The First - person Shooter Digital Extremes , Top Cow Productions 2K Games 000000002012 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Darksiders Hack & Slash , Action - adventure Vigil Games THQ 000000002010 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Darksiders II Hack & Slash , Action - adventure Vigil Games THQ 000000002012 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2012 000000002012 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DarkStar One : Broken Alliance Space Combat Sim Gaming Minds Studio Kalypso Media 000000002010 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 de Blob 2 Puzzle , Platform Blue Tongue Entertainment THQ 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead Island First - person Shooter , Survival Horror , Open World Techland Deep Silver 000000002011 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead Island : Riptide First - person Shooter , Survival Horror , Open World Techland Deep Silver 000000002013 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead or Alive 4 Fighting Team Ninja Tecmo 000000002005 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2005 000000002006 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2006 000000002005 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2005 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead or Alive 5 Fighting Team Ninja Tecmo Koei 000000002012 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead or Alive Xtreme 2 Sports Team Ninja Tecmo 000000002006 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead Rising Action - adventure , Survival Horror , Open World Capcom Capcom 000000002006 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead Rising 2 Action - adventure , Survival Horror Blue Castle , Capcom Capcom 000000002010 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead Rising 2 : Off the Record Action - adventure , Survival Horror Capcom Vancouver Capcom 000000002011 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead Space Third - person Shooter , Survival Horror EA Redwood Studios Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead Space 2 Third - person Shooter , Survival Horror Visceral Games Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead Space 3 Third - person Shooter , Survival Horror Visceral Games Electronic Arts 000000002013 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dead to Rights : Retribution Action Volatile Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002010 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Deadfall Adventures First - person shooter , Action - adventure The Farm 51 Nordic Games 000000002013 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2013 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Deadliest Catch : Alaskan Storm Sim , God Game Liquid Dragon Studios Greenwave Games 000000002008 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Deadliest Catch : Sea of Chaos Sim , God Game DoubleTap Games Crave Entertainment 000000002010 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Deadliest Warrior : Ancient Combat Fighting game Pipeworks Software 345 Games 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2012 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Deadly Premonition Survival Horror , Open World Access Games UTV Ignition Entertainment 000000002010 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Deadpool Third - person Shooter , Fighting High Moon Studios Activision 000000002013 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2013 000000002013 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2013 000000002013 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DeathSmiles Bullet Hell Cave Aksys Games , Cave 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002009 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Def Jam Rapstar Music , Sim 4mm Games Konami 000000002010 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Def Jam : Icon Fighting EA Chicago Electronic Arts 000000002007 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Defiance Third - person Shooter , RPG Trion Worlds Trion Worlds 000000002013 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Destiny Action role - playing , First - Person Shooter Bungie Activision 000000002014 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Destroy All Humans ! Path of the Furon Third - person Shooter , Adventure Sandblast Games THQ 000000002008 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2008 000000002009 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Action RPG , Stealth game Eidos Montréal Square Enix 000000002011 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2011 000000002011 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Action RPG , Stealth game Eidos Montréal Square Enix 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Devil May Cry 4 Hack & Slash , Action Capcom Capcom 000000002008 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2008 000000002008 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Devil May Cry HD Collection Hack & Slash , Action Capcom Capcom 000000002012 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2012 000000002012 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Diario : Rebirth Moon Legend RPG Idea Factory Idea Factory Unreleased Unreleased 000000002007 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Diablo III Action RPG Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment 000000002013 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Diablo III : Reaper of Souls Action RPG Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment 000000002014 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2014 000000002014 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2014 000000002014 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DiRT 3 Racing Codemasters Codemasters 000000002011 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2011 000000002011 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DiRT : Showdown Racing Codemasters Southam Codemasters 000000002012 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dishonored Action Arkane Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002012 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Disney Infinity Action - adventure Avalanche Software Disney Interactive Studios 000000002013 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Disney Sing It Music Zoë Mode Disney Interactive Studios 000000002008 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Disney Sing It ! -- High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Music Zoë Mode Disney Interactive Studios 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2009 000000002008 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Disney Universe Fantasy Eurocom Disney Interactive Studios 000000002011 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Divinity II : Ego Draconis Action RPG Larian Studios CDV Software Entertainment 000000002010 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 2010 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Divinity II : The Dragon Knight Saga Action RPG Larian Studios Atlus 000000002011 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2011 000000002010 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DJ Hero Music FreeStyleGames Activision 000000002009 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DJ Hero 2 Music FreeStyleGames Activision 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DmC : Devil May Cry Hack & Slash , Action Ninja Theory Capcom 000000002013 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2013 000000002013 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2013 000000002013 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Do - Don - Pachi Dai - Fukkatsu Bullet Hell Cave Cave Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DoDonPachi Dai Ou Jou Black Label Extra Bullet Hell Cave 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002008 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Don Bradman Cricket 14 Sports Big Ant Studios Tru Blu Entertainment Unreleased 000000002014 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Doom 3 BFG Edition First - person Shooter id Software Bethesda Softworks 000000002012 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Don King Presents : Prizefighter Sports Venom Games 2K Sports 000000002008 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dragon Age : Origins RPG BioWare Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dragon Age : Origins -- Awakening RPG BioWare Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dragon Age II Action RPG BioWare Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dragon Age : Inquisition Action RPG BioWare Electronic Arts 000000002014 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dragon Ball : Raging Blast Fighting Spike Namco Bandai Games 000000002009 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 Fighting Spike Namco Bandai Games 000000002010 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2010 000000002013 - 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06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dragon Ball Z : Ultimate Tenkaichi Fighting Spike Namco Bandai Games 000000002011 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2011 000000002011 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dragon 's Dogma Action RPG , Open World Capcom Capcom 000000002012 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dragon 's Dogma : Dark Arisen Action RPG , Open World Capcom Capcom 000000002013 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dream Club Sim Tamsoft D3 Publisher Unreleased Unreleased 000000002009 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dream Club Zero Sim Tamsoft D3 Publisher Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dreamcast Collection Compilation Sega Sega 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DreamWorks Super Star Kartz Racing High Impact Games Activision 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Driver : San Francisco Racing Mission , Open World Ubisoft Reflections Ubisoft 000000002011 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 DuckTales : Remastered Platformer Capcom , WayForward Technologies Capcom , Disney Interactive Studios 000000002013 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2013 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Duke Nukem Forever First - person Shooter Gearbox Software 2K Games 000000002011 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dunamis 15 Adventure , Visual Novel 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dungeon Siege III Action RPG Obsidian Entertainment Square Enix 000000002011 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dynasty Warriors 5 Empires Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Omega Force Koei 000000002006 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2006 000000002006 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dynasty Warriors 6 Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Omega Force Koei 000000002008 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2008 000000002007 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dynasty Warriors 6 Empires Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Omega Force Koei 000000002009 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2009 000000002009 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dynasty Warriors 7 Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Omega Force Koei 000000002011 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dynasty Warriors 8 Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Omega Force Koei 000000002013 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2013 000000002013 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dynasty Warriors : Gundam Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Koei , Omega Force Namco Bandai , Koei 000000002007 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dynasty Warriors : Gundam 2 Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Omega Force Namco Bandai , Koei 000000002009 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2009 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dynasty Warriors : Gundam 3 Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Koei , Omega Force Namco Bandai , Koei 000000002011 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2011 000000002010 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Dynasty Warriors : Strikeforce Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Koei Koei 000000002010 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2010 000000002009 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 EA Sports MMA Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Earth Defense Force 2017 Third - person Shooter Sandlot D3 Publisher 000000002007 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2007 000000002006 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Earth Defense Force 2025 Third - person Shooter Sandlot D3 Publisher 000000002014 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2014 000000002013 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon Third - person Shooter Vicious Cycle Software D3 Publisher 000000002011 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard Third - person Shooter Vicious Cycle Software D3 Publisher 000000002009 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2009 000000002009 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 El Chavo Kart Racing Efecto Studios ( along with Slang ) Televisa Home Entertainment 000000002014 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2014 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 El Shaddai : Ascension of the Metatron Action Ignition Tokyo UTV Ignition Entertainment 000000002011 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , The Action RPG , Open World Bethesda Game Studios 2K Games 000000002006 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2006 000000002007 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Elder Scrolls IV : Shivering Isles , The Action RPG , Open World Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002007 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim , The Action RPG , Open World Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002011 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2011 000000002011 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Enchanted Arms RPG From Software Ubisoft 000000002006 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2006 000000002006 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Enemy Front First - person Shooter City Interactive City Interactive 000000002014 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2014 000000002014 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2014 000000002014 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Enemy Territory : Quake Wars First - person Shooter id Software , Nerve Software Activision 000000002008 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2008 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Enslaved : Odyssey to the West Action - adventure , Platform Ninja Theory Namco Bandai Games 000000002010 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Action - adventure , Platform Blitz Games Disney Interactive Studios 000000002012 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Eragon Hack & Slash , Action - adventure Stormfront Studios Vivendi Games 000000002006 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Escape Dead Island Action , Survival Horror , Stealth Fatshark Deep Silver 000000002014 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Espgaluda II Bullet Hell Cave Cave Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Eternal Sonata RPG Tri-Crescendo Namco Bandai Games 000000002007 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ever17 Visual Novel , Sim 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Everyone Sing Party Game , Singing Game O - Games O - Games Unreleased 000000002012 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Evil Within , The Survival horror , third - person shooter Tango Gameworks Bethesda Softworks 000000002014 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F.E.A.R. First - person Shooter , Survival Horror Day 1 Studios Vivendi Games 000000002006 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F.E.A.R. 2 : Project Origin First - person Shooter , Survival Horror Monolith Productions Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002009 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F.E.A.R. 3 First - person Shooter , Survival Horror Day 1 Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002011 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F.E.A.R. Files First - person Shooter , Survival Horror TimeGate Studios Sierra Entertainment 000000002007 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F1 2010 Racing Codemasters Birmingham Codemasters 000000002010 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F1 2011 Racing Codemasters Birmingham Codemasters 000000002011 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F1 2012 Racing Codemasters Birmingham Codemasters 000000002012 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F1 2013 Racing Codemasters Birmingham Codemasters 000000002013 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F1 2014 Racing Codemasters Birmingham Codemasters 000000002014 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 F1 Race Stars Racing Codemasters Birmingham Codemasters 000000002012 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fable Anniversary Action RPG , Open World Lionhead Studios Microsoft Game Studios 000000002014 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fable II Action RPG , Open World Lionhead Studios Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fable III Action RPG , Open World Lionhead Studios Microsoft Game Studios 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FaceBreaker Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fairytale Fights Hack & Slash , Action - adventure Playlogic Playlogic 000000002009 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Falling Skies : The Game Strategy Torus Games Little Orbit 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2014 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fallout 3 Action RPG , Open World Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002008 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fallout 3 Game Add - On Pack - The Pitt and Operation Anchorage Action RPG , Open World Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002009 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fallout 3 Game Add - On Pack - Broken Steel and Point Lookout Action RPG , Open World Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002009 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fallout : New Vegas Action RPG Obsidian Entertainment Bethesda Softworks Unreleased 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2010 Family Feud 2012 Trivia Pipeworks Software THQ 000000002012 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased Unreleased Family Guy : Back to the Multiverse Action - adventure Heavy Iron Studios Activision 000000002012 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2012 Unreleased Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Action - adventure , Third - person Visual Concepts 2K Games 000000002007 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Far Cry 2 First - person Shooter , Open World Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002008 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Far Cry 3 First - person Shooter , Open world Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002012 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Far Cry 4 First - person Shooter , Open world Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002014 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Far Cry Compilation First - person Shooter , Open world Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002014 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Far Cry Instincts Predator First - person Shooter Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002006 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Farming Simulator Simulation Giants Software Focus Home Interactive 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Farming Simulator 15 Simulation Giants Software Focus Home Interactive 000000002015 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2015 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fast & Furious : Showdown Racing Firebrand Games Activision 000000002013 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2013 000000002013 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2013 000000002013 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fatal Inertia Racing Stormfront Studios Vivendi Games 000000002007 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 06 : Road to FIFA World Cup Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002005 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2005 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 07 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002006 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2006 000000002006 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 08 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002007 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 09 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002008 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 10 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 11 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002010 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 12 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002011 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 13 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002012 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 14 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002013 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 15 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002014 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 16 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002015 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA 17 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA Street Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002012 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FIFA Street 3 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002008 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fight Night Champion Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002011 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fight Night Round 3 Sports EA Chicago EA Sports 000000002006 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fight Night Round 4 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002009 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Final Fantasy XI MMORPG Square Enix Square Enix 000000002006 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2006 000000002006 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2006 000000002006 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Final Fantasy XI : Seekers of Adoulin MMORPG Square Enix Square Enix 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Final Fantasy XI : Vana'diel Collection 2008 MMORPG Square Enix Square Enix 000000002007 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Final Fantasy XI : Wings of the Goddess MMORPG Square Enix Square Enix 000000002007 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Final Fantasy XIII RPG Square Enix Square Enix 000000002010 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2010 000000002010 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Final Fantasy XIII - 2 RPG Square Enix Square Enix 000000002012 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2012 000000002011 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 First Templar , The Action - adventure Haemimont Games Kalypso Media 000000002011 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fist of the North Star : Ken 's Rage Beat ' em Up Omega Force Koei 000000002010 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fist of the North Star : Ken 's Rage 2 Beat ' em Up Koei Tecmo Koei 000000002013 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2013 000000002012 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 FlatOut : Ultimate Carnage Racing , Vehicular Combat Bugbear Entertainment Empire Interactive 000000002007 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2007 000000002008 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Football Manager 2006 Sports Management Sports Interactive Sega Europe Unreleased 000000002006 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Football Manager 2007 Sports Management Sports Interactive Sega Europe Unreleased 000000002006 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 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22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Forza Motorsport 3 Racing Turn 10 Studios Microsoft Game Studios 000000002009 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Forza Motorsport 4 Racing Turn 10 Studios Microsoft Studios 000000002011 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fracture Third - person Shooter Day 1 Studios LucasArts 000000002008 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Front Mission Evolved Tank & Mecha Sim , Third - person Shooter Double Helix Games Square Enix 000000002010 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Frontlines : Fuel of War First - person Shooter , Action Kaos Studios THQ 000000002008 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 2008 000000002008 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fuel Racing , Open World Asobo Studios Codemasters 000000002009 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Full Auto Vehicular Combat Pseudo Interactive Sega 000000002006 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2006 000000002006 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fuse Action Insomniac Games Electronic Arts 000000002013 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2013 000000002013 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Fuzion Frenzy 2 Party Hudson Soft Microsoft Game Studios 000000002007 - 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Joe : The Rise of Cobra Action Double Helix Games Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2009 000000002009 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Gal * Gun Rail Shooter Inti Creates Alchemist Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Game of Thrones Action RPG Cyanide Studios Atlus 000000002012 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Game of Thrones Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games 000000002014 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Gears of War Third - person Shooter Epic Games Microsoft Game Studios 000000002006 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2006 000000002007 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2007 000000002013 - 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Interactive Entertainment 000000002011 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Greg Hastings Paintball 2 First - person shooter Majesco Entertainment Activision 000000002010 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Grid 2 Racing Codemasters Southam Codemasters 000000002013 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2013 000000002013 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 2013 000000002013 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Grid Autosport Racing Codemasters Southam Codemasters 000000002014 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2014 000000002014 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2014 000000002014 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Guilty Gear 2 : Overture Action - adventure , RTS Arc System Works 505 Games 000000002008 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2008 000000002009 - 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07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Third - person Shooter EA Bright Light Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2009 000000002009 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Action - adventure EA Bright Light Electronic Arts 000000002007 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Hasbro Family Game Night Board Game EA Bright Light Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Hasbro Family Game Night 3 Board Game EA Bright Light Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 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Music Page 44 Studios Disney Interactive Studios 000000002008 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 History Channel : Battle for the Pacific , The First - person Shooter Cauldron Activision Value 000000002007 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2007 000000002008 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 History Channel : Civil War -- A Nation Divided , The First - person Shooter Cauldron Activision Value 000000002006 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2006 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 The History Channel : Great Battles Medieval First - person Shooter Slitherine Slitherine 000000002011 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Legends of War First - person Shooter Enigma Software Productions , Slitherine Maximum Games 000000002012 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 History -- Civil War : Secret Missions First - person Shooter , Stealth Cauldron Activision Value 000000002008 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Hitman HD Trilogy Stealth IO Interactive Square Enix 000000002013 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2013 000000002013 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Hitman : Absolution Stealth IO Interactive Square Enix 000000002012 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Hitman : Blood Money Stealth , Third - person Shooter , First - person Shooter IO Interactive Eidos Interactive 000000002006 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2006 000000002006 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2006 000000002006 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Homefront First - person Shooter Kaos Studios THQ 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Hot Wheels : Beat That ! 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Interactive Entertainment 000000002013 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Instant Brain Adventure CAVE CAVE Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Inversion Third - person Shooter Saber Interactive Namco Bandai Games 000000002012 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Iron Man Action Secret Level Sega 000000002008 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2008 000000002008 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Iron Man 2 Action - adventure Sega Studio USA Sega 000000002010 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Iron Sky : Invasion Space simulation Reality Pump TopWare Interactive Unreleased 000000002012 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 James Cameron 's Avatar : The Game Third - person Shooter , Action - adventure Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft , Lightstorm Entertainment , 20th Century Fox Games 000000002009 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2009 000000002009 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2009 000000002009 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 JASF : Jane 's Advanced Strike Fighters Combat flight simulator Trickstar Games Maximum Family Games 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Jeopardy ! : America 's Favorite Quiz Show Trivia Pipeworks Software THQ 000000002012 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Jackbox Party Pack , The Trivia Telltale Games Telltale Games 000000002015 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2015 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Jimmie Johnson 's Anything with an Engine Racing Isopod Labs Autumn Games 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Jonah Lomu Rugby Challenge Rugby Tru Blu Games Tru Blu Games 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Juiced 2 : Hot Import Nights Racing Juice Games THQ 000000002007 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2007 000000002008 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Jumper : Griffin 's Story Action Brash Entertainment Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002008 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Jurassic : The Hunted First - person Shooter Cauldron Activision 000000002009 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Jurassic Park : The Game Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Just Cause Third - person Shooter , Action - adventure , Open World Avalanche Studios Eidos Interactive 000000002006 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Just Cause 2 Third - person Shooter , Action - adventure , Open World Avalanche Studios Eidos Interactive 000000002010 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Kameo : Elements of Power Action - adventure , Platformer Rare Microsoft Game Studios 000000002005 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2005 000000002005 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2005 000000002006 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Kane & Lynch : Dead Men Third - person Shooter IO Interactive Eidos Interactive 000000002007 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2007 000000002008 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Third - person Shooter IO Interactive Eidos Interactive 000000002010 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2010 000000002010 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Karaoke Revolution Music Blitz Games Konami 000000002009 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2009 000000002010 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Karaoke Revolution Glee : Volume 3 Music Blitz Games Konami 000000002011 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Karaoke Revolution Presents : American Idol Encore Music Blitz Games Konami 000000002008 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Karaoke Revolution Presents : American Idol Encore 2 Music Blitz Games Konami 000000002008 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Kengo : Legend of the 9 Fighting Genki Majesco Entertainment 000000002007 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ketsui : Kizuna Jigoku Tachi EXTRA Bullet Hell Cave 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Kick - Ass 2 Action , Beat ' em up Freedom Factory UIG Entertainment Unreleased 000000002014 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Killer is Dead Action , Hack & slash Grasshopper Manufacture Xseed Games , Deep Silver , Kadokawa Games 000000002013 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 King of Fighters XII , The Fighting SNK Playmore SNK Playmore 000000002009 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2009 000000002009 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 King of Fighters XIII , The Fighting SNK Playmore Atlus , Rising Star Games , SNK Playmore 000000002011 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 King 's Quest : The Complete Collection Point and Click Sierra Sierra Studios 000000002016 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2016 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Kingdom Under Fire : Circle of Doom Action RPG Blueside Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2008 000000002007 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Kingdoms of Amalur : Reckoning Action RPG , Open World 38 Studios , Big Huge Games Electronic Arts 000000002012 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Knights Contract Action - adventure Game Republic Namco Bandai Games 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Konami Classics Vol. 1 Compilation Konami Konami 000000002009 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Konami Classics Vol. 2 Compilation Konami Konami 000000002009 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Kung Fu Panda Action - adventure , Platformer Luxoflux Activision 000000002008 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 L.A. Noire Third - person Shooter , Action - adventure , Open World Team Bondi Rockstar Games 000000002011 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2011 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Last Remnant , The RPG Square Enix Square Enix 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Left 4 Dead First - person Shooter , Survival Horror Valve Corporation Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 000000002009 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Left 4 Dead 2 First - person Shooter , Survival Horror Valve Corporation Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Legend of Spyro : Dawn of the Dragon , The Action Étranges Libellules Activision 000000002008 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole Combat Flight Simulator Krome Studios Warner Bros. Interactive 000000002010 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Legendary First - person Shooter Spark Unlimited Gamecock Media Group 000000002008 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Batman : The Videogame Action - adventure Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002008 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Action - adventure , Platformer Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002012 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Action - adventure , Platformer Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002014 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lego Dimensions Action - adventure , Platformer Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002015 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Action - adventure , Platformer Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Action - adventure , Platformer Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002011 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Action - adventure , Platformer Traveller 's Tales LucasArts 000000002008 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Action - adventure , Platformer Traveller 's Tales LucasArts 000000002009 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Jurassic World Action - adventure , Platformer Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002015 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2015 000000002015 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Marvel Super Heroes Action - adventure , Platformer TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Movie Videogame , The Action - adventure , Platformer TT Games Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002014 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2014 000000002014 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Action - adventure , Platformer Traveller 's Tales Disney Interactive Studios 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2011 000000002011 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Rock Band Music Harmonix Music Systems , Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment , MTV Games 000000002009 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy Action - adventure , Platform Traveller 's Tales LucasArts 000000002006 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Action - adventure , Platform Traveller 's Tales LucasArts 000000002011 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Action - adventure , Platform Traveller 's Tales LucasArts 000000002007 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens Action - adventure , Platform Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2016 000000002016 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2016 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO The Hobbit Action - adventure , Action role - playing , Platform Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment , MGM Interactive 000000002014 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2014 000000002014 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LEGO The Lord of the Rings Action - adventure , Action role - playing , Platform Traveller 's Tales Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Leisure Suit Larry : Box Office Bust Adventure Team17 Sierra Entertainment 000000002009 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2009 000000002009 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII RPG tri-Ace Square Enix 000000002014 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lips Music iNiS Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lips : Canta en Español Music iNiS Microsoft Game Studios Unreleased 000000002009 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lips : I Love the 80 's Music iNiS Microsoft Game Studios Unreleased 000000002010 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lips : Number One Hits Music iNiS Microsoft Game Studios 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lips : Party Classics Music iNiS Microsoft Game Studios 000000002010 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2010 000000002010 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Little League World Series Baseball 2010 Sports NOW Production Activision 000000002010 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 LMA Manager 2007 Sports Management Codemasters Codemasters Unreleased 000000002006 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lollipop Chainsaw Hack and slash Grasshopper Manufacture Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002012 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 London 2012 : The Official Video Game Sports , ( Olympic ) Sega Studios Australia Sega 000000002012 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Looney Tunes : Acme Arsenal Action - adventure Redtribe Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002007 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lord of the Rings : Conquest , The Action Pandemic Studios Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 2009 000000002009 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2009 000000002009 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - earth II , The RTS EA Los Angeles Electronic Arts 000000002006 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2006 000000002006 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lord of the Rings : War in the North , The RPG Snowblind Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lost Odyssey RPG Mistwalker Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 2008 000000002007 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lost : Via Domus Action - adventure Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002008 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lost Planet 2 Third - person Shooter Capcom Capcom 000000002010 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lost Planet 3 Third - person Shooter Spark Unlimited Capcom 000000002013 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lost Planet : Extreme Condition Third - person Shooter Capcom Capcom 000000002007 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2007 000000002007 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2007 000000002006 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Love Football Sports Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games Unreleased Unreleased 000000002006 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Lucha Libre AAA 2010 : Héroes del Ring Sports Immersion Software Sabarasa Studios 000000002010 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa Action Papaya Studio Activision 000000002008 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madagascar 3 : The Video Game Action - adventure , Platformer Monkey Bar Games D3 Publisher 000000002012 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madagascar Kartz Racing Sidhe Interactive Activision 000000002009 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 06 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002005 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 07 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002006 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 08 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002007 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2007 000000002007 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 09 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002008 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 2008 000000002008 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 10 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002009 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2009 000000002009 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 11 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002010 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 2010 000000002010 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 12 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002011 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 13 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002012 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2012 000000002012 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 25 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002013 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 15 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002014 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2014 000000002013 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 16 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002015 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2015 000000002015 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Madden NFL 17 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mafia II Third - person Shooter , Action - adventure 2K Czech 2K Games 000000002010 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2010 000000002010 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 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03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Major League Baseball 2K9 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002009 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002009 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Major League Baseball 2K10 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002010 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Major League Baseball 2K11 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002011 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Major League Baseball 2K12 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002012 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Major League Baseball 2K13 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002013 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2013 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mamoru - kun wa Norowarete Shimatta ! Scrolling Shooter Crave Games Discovery Channel Unreleased Unreleased 000000002009 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Man Vs. Wild With Bear Grylls Adventure G. rev G. rev 000000002011 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet Beat ' em Up Griptonite Games THQ 000000002010 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds Fighting Capcom Capcom 000000002011 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance Action RPG Raven Software Activision 000000002006 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Action RPG Raven Software Activision 000000002009 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mass Effect Action RPG BioWare Microsoft Studios 000000002007 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2007 000000002009 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mass Effect 2 Action RPG BioWare Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mass Effect 3 Action RPG BioWare Electronic Arts 000000002012 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mass Effect Trilogy Action RPG BioWare Electronic Arts 000000002012 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Max Payne 3 Third - person Shooter Rockstar Vancouver Rockstar Games 000000002012 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mayhem 3D Racing Left Field Productions Rombax Games 000000002011 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Medal of Honor First - person Shooter Danger Close Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Medal of Honor : Airborne First - person Shooter EA Los Angeles Electronic Arts 000000002007 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Medal of Honor : Warfighter First - person Shooter Danger Close Electronic Arts 000000002012 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Meet the Robinsons Action - adventure , Platformer Avalanche Software Disney Interactive Studios 000000002007 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Megamind : Ultimate Showdown Action THQ THQ 000000002010 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Memories Off : Yubikiri no Kioku Visual Novel 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Memories Off 6 : Next Relation Visual Novel 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002009 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Memories Off 6 : T - wave Visual Novel 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002009 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mercenaries 2 : World in Flames Third - person Shooter , Open World Pandemic Studios Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Hack & Slash , Action Kojima Productions Konami 000000002013 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Metal Gear Solid HD Collection Third - person Shooter , Stealth , Action Kojima Productions Konami 000000002011 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2011 000000002012 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2012 000000002011 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Metal Gear Solid V : Ground Zeroes Stealth , Action Kojima Productions Konami 000000002014 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2014 000000002014 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2014 000000002014 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain Stealth , Action Kojima Productions Konami 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2015 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Metro 2033 Survival Horror , First - person Shooter 4A Games THQ 000000002010 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Metro : Last Light Survival Horror , First - person Shooter 4A Games Deep Silver 000000002013 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2013 000000002013 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MIB : Alien Crisis Action - adventure Fun Labs Activision 000000002012 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Microsoft Children 's Miracle Network Games Bundle Compilation Various Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Action role - playing game Monolith Productions Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002014 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Midnight Club : Los Angeles Racing Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games 000000002008 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2008 000000002009 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Midway Arcade Origins Compilation Backbone Entertainment Warner Bros . 000000002012 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MindJack Third - person Shooter feelplus Square Enix 000000002011 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2011 000000002011 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Minecraft Xbox 360 Edition Sandbox 4J Studios Microsoft Studios 000000002012 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Minecraft : Story Mode Adventure TellTale Games Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two Adventure TellTale Games Microsoft Studios Unreleased 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2017 Unreleased Unreleased Mini Ninjas Action - adventure IO Interactive Eidos Interactive 000000002009 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mirror 's Edge Action - adventure , Platform , Digital Illusions CE Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MLB Front Office Manager Sports Management Blue Castle Games 2k Sports 000000002009 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mobile Ops : The One Year War Tank & Mecha Sim , First - person Shooter , Third - person Shooter Dimps Namco Bandai Games Unreleased Unreleased 000000002008 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Monopoly Board Game EA Bright Light Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Monopoly Streets Board Game Electronic Arts Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Monster High : New Ghoul in School Action Game Little Orbit Little Orbit 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Monster Hunter Frontier Action RPG Capcom Microsoft Game Studios Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Monster Jam Racing Torus Games Activision 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Monster Jam : Path of Destruction Racing Virtuos Activision 000000002010 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Monster Madness : Battle for Suburbia Shoot ' em Up , Action - adventure Artificial Studios SouthPeak Games 000000002007 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Monsters vs. Aliens Action - adventure , Platformer Activision Activision 000000002009 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MorphX Action - adventure , Third - person shooter Buka Entertainment , Targem Games 505 Games 000000002010 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mortal Kombat Fighting NetherRealm Studios Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002011 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe Fighting Midway Games Midway Games 000000002008 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MotoGP ' 06 Racing Black Rock Studio THQ 000000002006 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2006 000000002006 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2006 000000002006 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MotoGP ' 07 Racing Black Rock Studio THQ 000000002007 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2007 000000002007 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MotoGP ' 08 Racing Milestone Capcom 000000002008 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MotoGP 09 / 10 Racing Monumental Games Capcom 000000002010 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2010 MotoGP 10 / 11 Racing Monumental Games Capcom 000000002011 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2011 MotoGP 13 Racing Milestone Capcom Unreleased 000000002013 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mud - FIM Motocross World Championship Racing Namco Bandai Games Milestone Unreleased 000000002013 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2013 Unreleased Unreleased Murdered : Soul Suspect Action - adventure , Puzzle Airtight Games , Square Enix 000000002014 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2014 000000002014 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Mushihime - sama Futari Scrolling Shooter , Bullet Hell Cave Cave Unreleased Unreleased 000000002009 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MuvLuv Visual Novel 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MuvLuv Alternative Visual Novel 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MuvLuv Twin Pack Visual Novel , Compilation 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MX vs. ATV Alive Racing Rainbow Studios THQ 000000002012 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2012 000000002011 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MX vs. ATV Reflex Racing Rainbow Studios THQ 000000002009 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2009 000000002010 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MX vs. ATV : Supercross Racing Rainbow Studios Nordic Games 000000002014 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MX vs. ATV : Untamed Racing Rainbow Studios THQ 000000002007 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2007 000000002008 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MXGP Racing Bandai Namco Milestone 000000002014 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 My Horse & Me 2 Racing Atari Atari Unreleased 000000002008 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 MySims SkyHeroes Combat Flight Simulator , Sim The Sims Studio Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 N3 : Ninety - Nine Nights Hack & Slash , Action Q Entertainment , Phantagram Microsoft Game Studios 000000002006 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2006 000000002006 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 N3II : Ninety - Nine Nights Hack & Slash , RPG Q Entertainment , Feelplus Microsoft Game Studios 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 nail 'd Racing Techland Deep Silver 000000002010 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2010 000000002011 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Namco Museum Virtual Arcade Compilation Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002008 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2008 000000002009 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 2 Fighting CyberConnect2 Namco Bandai Games 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 3 Fighting CyberConnect2 Namco Bandai Games 000000002013 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm Generations Fighting CyberConnect2 Namco Bandai Games 000000002012 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm Revolution Fighting CyberConnect2 Namco Bandai Games 000000002014 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Naruto : Rise of a Ninja Fighting , RPG Ubisoft Ubisoft 000000002007 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Naruto : The Broken Bond Fighting , Action - adventure Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002008 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NASCAR 08 Racing EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002007 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NASCAR 09 Racing EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002008 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NASCAR The Game : 2011 Racing Eutechnyx Activision 000000002011 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NASCAR The Game : Inside Line Racing Eutechnyx Activision 000000002012 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NASCAR Unleashed Racing Firebrand Games Activision 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NASCAR ' 14 Racing Eutechnyx Activision 000000002014 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2014 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NASCAR ' 15 Racing Dusenberry Martin Racing Activision 000000002015 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2015 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NASCAR ' 15 Victory Edition Racing Dusenberry Martin Racing Activision 000000002015 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2015 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Naughty Bear Action Artificial Mind and Movement 505 Games 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Naval Assault : The Killing Tide Simulaton Artech Studios 505 Games 000000002010 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K6 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002005 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2005 000000002006 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K7 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002006 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K8 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002007 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K9 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002008 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K10 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002009 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K11 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002010 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K12 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002011 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K13 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002012 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K14 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002013 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA 2K15 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002014 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2014 NBA 2K16 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002015 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2015 NBA 2K17 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 NBA 2K18 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2017 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2017 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2017 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2017 NBA Ballers : Chosen One Sports Midway Games Midway Games 000000002008 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA Jam Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002010 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA Live 06 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002005 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 000000002006 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA Live 07 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002006 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2006 000000002006 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA Live 08 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002007 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA Live 09 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002008 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA Live 10 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002009 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NBA Street Homecourt Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002007 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Basketball 09 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002008 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Basketball 10 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002009 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Football 07 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002006 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2006 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Football 08 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002007 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 2007 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Football 09 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002008 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Football 10 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002009 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Football 11 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002010 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Football 12 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002011 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Football 13 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002012 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA Football 14 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002013 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2013 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA March Madness 07 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002007 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 2007 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCAA March Madness 08 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002007 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2007 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NCIS : The Game Adventure Ubisoft Ubisoft 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : Carbon Racing EA Black Box Electronic Arts 000000002006 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit Racing Criterion Games Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2005 ) Racing EA Black Box Electronic Arts 000000002005 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2005 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Racing Criterion Games Electronic Arts 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : ProStreet Racing EA Black Box Electronic Arts 000000002007 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2007 000000002008 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : Rivals Racing Ghost Games Electronic Arts 000000002013 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : Shift Racing Slightly Mad Studios Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : Shift 2 Unleashed Racing Slightly Mad Studios Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : The Run Racing EA Black Box Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Need for Speed : Undercover Racing EA Black Box Electronic Arts 000000002008 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NeverDead Action Rebellion Developments Konami 000000002012 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NFL Head Coach 09 Sports Management EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002008 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NFL Tour Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002008 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 07 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002006 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 08 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002007 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 09 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002008 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 10 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002009 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 11 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002010 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 12 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002011 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 13 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002012 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 14 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002013 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 15 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002014 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 16 EA Legacy Edition Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002015 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 2K6 Sports Kush Games 2K Sports 000000002005 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2005 000000002006 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 2K7 Sports Kush Games 2K Sports 000000002006 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 2K8 Sports Kush Games 2K Sports 000000002007 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 2K9 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002008 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2008 000000002009 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NHL 2K10 Sports Visual Concepts 2K Sports 000000002009 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Nier Action RPG Cavia Square Enix 000000002010 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Action Amaze Entertainment Majesco Entertainment 000000002009 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ninja Blade Action - adventure From Software Microsoft Game Studios 000000002009 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2009 000000002009 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ninja Gaiden II Hack & Slash , Action - adventure Team Ninja Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ninja Gaiden 3 Hack & Slash , Action - adventure Team Ninja Tecmo Koei 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2012 000000002010 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ninja Gaiden 3 : Razor 's Edge Hack & Slash , Action - adventure Team Ninja Tecmo 000000002013 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 No Fate ! Only the Power of Will Visual Novel Alchemist Alchemist Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 No More Heroes : Heroes ' Paradise Hack & Slash , Action - adventure feelplus Marvelous Entertainment Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Nobunaga no Yabou : Tendou Grand Strategy Wargame , Action RPG , Turn - based Strategy Koei Koei Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 NPPL Championship Paintball 2009 First - person Shooter Sand Grain Studios Activision 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Of Orcs and Men Action RPG Cyanide Studio Focus Home Interactive Unreleased 000000002012 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Omerta -- City of Gangsters Simulation game Haemimont Games Kalypso Media 000000002013 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2013 000000002013 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Onechanbara : Bikini Samurai Squad Hack & Slash Tamsoft D3 Publisher 000000002009 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2009 000000002006 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Open Season Action - adventure Ubisoft Ubisoft 000000002006 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2006 000000002006 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Operation Darkness Tactical RPG Success Corporation Success Corporation 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002007 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Tactical Shooter , Open World Codemasters Codemasters 000000002009 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2009 000000002010 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Tactical Shooter Codemasters Codemasters 000000002011 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2011 000000002011 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Orange Box , The First - person Shooter , Puzzle Valve Corporation Electronic Arts 000000002007 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2007 000000002008 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Otomedius Excellent Scrolling Shooter Konami Konami 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002011 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Otomedius G Scrolling Shooter Konami Konami Unreleased Unreleased 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Outfit , The Tactical RPG Relic Entertainment THQ 000000002006 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Over G Fighters Combat Flight Simulator Taito Corporation Ubisoft 000000002006 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2006 000000002006 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2006 000000002006 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Overlord Action - adventure , RPG Triumph Studios Codemasters 000000002007 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2007 000000002008 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Overlord II Action - adventure , RPG Triumph Studios Codemasters 000000002009 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures Platformer Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002013 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2013 000000002014 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures 2 Platform Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002014 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Painkiller : Hell & Damnation First - person shooter The Farm 51 Nordic Games Unreleased 000000002013 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Payday 2 First - person shooter , Tactical shooter Overkill Software , Starbreeze Studios 505 Games 000000002013 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 PDC World Championship Darts 2008 Sports Mere Mortals Oxygen Interactive Unreleased 000000002008 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 PDC World Championship Darts Pro Tour Sports Redoubt Oxygen Interactive Unreleased 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 The Peanuts Movie : Snoopy 's Grand Adventure Platform Beenox Activision 000000002015 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2015 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Perfect Dark Zero First - person Shooter , Stealth Rare Microsoft Game Studios 000000002005 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2005 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Persona 4 : The Ultimate in Mayonaka Arena Fighting Arc System Works Atlus 000000002012 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002012 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Peter Jackson 's King Kong : The Official Game of the Movie Action - adventure Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft 000000002005 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2005 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Phantasy Star Universe Action RPG Sonic Team Sega 000000002006 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Phantom Breaker Fighting 5pb . 5pb . Unreleased 000000002012 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2012 000000002011 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Phantom : Phantom of Inferno Visual Novel Nitro+ Nitro+ Unreleased Unreleased 000000002012 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Phineas and Ferb : Quest for Cool Stuff Platformer Behaviour Interactive Majesco Entertainment , 505 Games 000000002013 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 2013 000000002014 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pimp My Ride Racing Eutechnyx Activision 000000002006 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2006 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pinball Hall of Fame : The Williams Collection Sim FarSight Studios Crave Entertainment 000000002009 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Action - adventure Eurocom Buena Vista Games 000000002007 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2007 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Planet 51 Action - adventure Pyro Studios Sega 000000002009 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Plants vs. Zombies Tower defense , Third - person shooter PopCap Games Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Plants vs. Zombies : Garden Warfare Tower defense , Third - person shooter PopCap Games Electronic Arts 000000002014 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 PocketBike Racer Racing Blitz Games King Games 000000002006 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2006 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 PopCap Arcade Volume 1 Compilation PopCap PopCap 000000002007 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 PopCap Arcade Volume 2 Compilation PopCap PopCap 000000002009 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Port Royale 3 : Pirates & Merchants Business simulation Gaming Minds Studio Kalypso Media 000000002012 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Portal 2 Puzzle Platform Valve Corporation Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Power Gig : Rise of the SixString Music Seven45 Studios Seven45 Studios 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Prey First - person Shooter Human Head Studios 2K Games 000000002006 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2006 000000002006 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 The Price is Right : The Decades Game show , Skill Ludia Ubisoft 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Prince of Persia Action - adventure , Platform Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002008 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Prince of Persia : The Forgotten Sands Action - adventure , Platform , Hack & Slash Ubisoft Ubisoft 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Prison Break : The Conspiracy Action - adventure ZootFly Deep Silver 000000002010 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Evolution Soccer 2008 Sports Konami Konami 000000002008 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2008 000000002007 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Evolution Soccer 2009 Sports Konami Konami 000000002008 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Evolution Soccer 2010 Sports Konami Konami 000000002009 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Evolution Soccer 2011 Sports Konami Konami 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Evolution Soccer 2012 Sports Konami Konami 000000002011 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Evolution Soccer 2013 Sports Konami Konami 000000002012 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2012 000000002012 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Evolution Soccer 2014 Sports Konami Konami 000000002013 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Evolution Soccer 2015 Sports Konami Konami 000000002014 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Evolution Soccer 2016 Sports Konami Konami 000000002015 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2015 Pro Evolution Soccer 2017 Sports Konami Konami 000000002016 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2016 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Pro Evolution Soccer 2018 Sports Konami Konami 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2017 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2017 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2017 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2017 Pro Evolution Soccer 6 Sports Konami Konami 000000002007 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2007 000000002006 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pro Yakyū Spirits 3 Sports Konami Konami Unreleased Unreleased 000000002006 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Project Gotham Racing 3 Racing Bizarre Creations Microsoft Game Studios 000000002005 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 000000002006 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Project Gotham Racing 4 Racing Bizarre Creations Microsoft Game Studios 000000002007 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Project Sylpheed Space Combat Sim Game Arts Square Enix 000000002007 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2007 000000002006 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Prototype Action , Open World Radical Entertainment Sierra Entertainment 000000002009 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Prototype 2 Action , Open World Radical Entertainment Activision 000000002012 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2012 000000002012 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pure Racing Black Rock Studio Disney Interactive Studios 000000002008 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2008 000000002009 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Pure Football Sports Ubisoft Vancouver Ubisoft 000000002010 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Quake 4 First - person Shooter Raven Software Activision 000000002005 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Quantum Theory Third - person Shooter Team Tachyon Tecmo 000000002010 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Qubed Rail Shooter , Puzzle Q Entertainment Atari 000000002009 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 R.U.S.E. RTS Eugen Systems Ubisoft 000000002010 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rabbids Invasion : The Interactive TV Show Party Ubisoft Ubisoft 000000002014 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Race Driver : Grid Racing Codemasters Codemasters 000000002008 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2008 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2008 000000002009 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Race Pro Racing SimBin Atari 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2009 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Radirgy Noa Massive Scrolling Shooter Milestone Inc . Milestone Inc . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rage First - person Shooter , Racing , Open World Id Software Bethesda Softworks 000000002011 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Raiden Fighters Aces Compilation GULTI Co Ltd Success Corporation 000000002009 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Raiden IV Scrolling Shooter MOSS Taito 000000002009 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002008 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rambo : The Video Game First - person shooter , Action - adventure , Stealth Teyon Reef Entertainment Unreleased 000000002014 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rango Action - adventure Behaviour Interactive Electronic Arts , Paramount Digital Entertainment 000000002011 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rapala Fishing Frenzy 2009 Hunting / Fishing FUN Labs Activision 000000002008 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rapala Pro Bass Fishing Hunting / Fishing FUN Labs Activision 000000002010 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rapala Tournament Fishing Hunting / Fishing Activision Activision 000000002006 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2006 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ratatouille Action Heavy Iron Studios THQ 000000002007 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Raven Squad : Operation Hidden Dagger RTS , First - person Shooter Atomic Motion Evolved , SouthPeak Games 000000002009 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Raven 's Cry Action - adventure , role - playing Reality Pump Studios TopWare Interactive Unreleased 000000002015 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rayman Legends Platform Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft 000000002013 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rayman Origins Platform Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft 000000002011 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rayman Raving Rabbids Party Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft 000000002007 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2007 000000002007 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Record of Agarest War Zero Tactical RPG Compile Heart Idea Factory 000000002011 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002010 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Record of Agarest War : Re-appearance Tactical RPG Compile Heart Compile Heart 000000002010 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Red Dead Redemption Third - person , Open World , Western Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games 000000002010 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Third - person , Open World , Western Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games 000000002010 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Red Faction : Armageddon Third - person Shooter Volition THQ 000000002011 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Red Faction : Guerrilla Third - person Shooter , Open World Volition THQ 000000002009 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2009 000000002009 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Remember Me Action - adventure , Third - person Shooter , Stealth , Interactive cinema Dontnod Entertainment Capcom 000000002013 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2013 000000002013 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2013 000000002013 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Resident Evil 4 Third - person Shooter , Survival Horror Capcom Capcom Unreleased 000000002012 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Resident Evil 5 Third - person Shooter , Survival Horror Capcom Capcom 000000002009 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2009 000000002009 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2009 000000002009 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Resident Evil 6 Third - person Shooter , Survival Horror Capcom Capcom 000000002012 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Resident Evil : Operation Raccoon City Third - person Shooter , Survival Horror Slant Six Games Capcom 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2012 000000002012 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Resident Evil : Revelations Third - person shooter , Survival Horror Capcom , Tose Capcom 000000002013 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2013 000000002013 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2013 000000002013 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2013 Resident Evil : Revelations 2 Third - person Shooter , Survival Horror Capcom , Tose Capcom 000000002015 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2015 000000002015 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2015 000000002015 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2015 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Resonance of Fate RPG tri-Ace Sega 000000002010 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ride Racing Bandai Namco Games , PQube Milestone S.r.l. Unreleased 000000002015 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ride to Hell : Retribution Action - adventure Eutechnyx Deep Silver 000000002013 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2013 000000002013 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ridge Racer 6 Racing Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002005 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2005 000000002006 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2006 000000002005 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2005 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ridge Racer Unbounded Racing Bugbear Entertainment Namco Bandai Games 000000002012 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2012 000000002012 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rio Party Game THQ , Eurocom Entertainment Software THQ 000000002011 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rise of the Argonauts Action RPG Liquid Entertainment Codemasters 000000002008 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rise of the Guardians Action - adventure Torus Games D3 Publisher 000000002012 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rise of the Tomb Raider Action - adventure , Platform Crystal Dynamics Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2015 000000002015 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2015 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Risen Action RPG , Open World Piranha Bytes Deep Silver 000000002010 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2010 000000002009 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Risen 2 : Dark Waters Action RPG , Open World Piranha Bytes Deep Silver 000000002012 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2012 000000002012 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Risen 3 : Titan Lords Action RPG , Open World Piranha Bytes Deep Silver 000000002014 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2014 000000002014 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Robert Ludlum 's The Bourne Conspiracy Third - person Shooter High Moon Studios Sierra Entertainment 000000002008 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock Band Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002007 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2007 000000002008 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock Band 2 Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002008 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock Band 3 Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock Band Classic Rock Track Pack Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002009 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock Band Country Track Pack Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002009 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock Band Country Track Pack 2 Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002011 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2011 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock Band Metal Track Pack Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002009 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock Band Track Pack Volume 2 Music Harmonix MTV Games 000000002008 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2008 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock of the Dead Music Epicenter Studios Conspiracy Entertainment , UFO Interactive 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rock Revolution Music Zoë Mode Konami 000000002008 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2008 000000002009 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rocksmith Music video game Ubisoft San Francisco Ubisoft 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2011 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rocksmith 2014 Edition Music video game Ubisoft Ubisoft 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis Sports Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games 000000002006 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2006 000000002006 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2006 000000002006 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rogue Warrior First - person Shooter Rebellion Developments Bethesda Softworks 000000002009 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rugby World Cup 2011 Sports HB Studios 505 Games 000000002011 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2011 000000002011 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2011 000000002011 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rugby Challenge 2 Sports Tru Blu Entertainment Sidhe Unreleased 000000002013 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2013 000000002013 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rugby League Live 3 Sports game Tru Blu Entertainment Sidhe Unreleased 000000002013 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2013 000000002013 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Rumble Roses XX Fighting Konami , Yuke 's Konami 000000002006 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2006 000000002006 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Saboteur , The Action - adventure , Open World Pandemic Studios Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2009 000000002009 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sacred 2 : Fallen Angel Action RPG Ascaron Ascaron 000000002009 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sacred 3 Action RPG Keen Games Deep Silver 000000002014 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2014 000000002014 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Saints Row Action - adventure , Open World Volition THQ 000000002006 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 2006 000000002007 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Saints Row 2 Action - adventure , Open World Volition THQ 000000002008 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2008 000000002008 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Saints Row IV Action - adventure , Open World Volition Deep Silver 000000002013 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Saints Row : Gat out of Hell Action - adventure , Open World Volition Deep Silver 000000002015 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2015 000000002015 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2015 000000002015 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2015 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Saints Row : The Third Action - adventure , Open World Volition THQ 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Samurai Shodown : Sen Fighting SNK Playmore SNK Playmore 000000002010 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2010 000000002009 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Samurai Warriors 2 Hack & Slash Omega Force Koei 000000002006 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2006 000000002006 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Samurai Warriors 2 Empires Hack & Slash Omega Force Koei 000000002007 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Saw Third - person Shooter , Survival Horror Zombie Studios Konami 000000002009 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Saw II : Flesh & Blood Action , Survival Horror Zombie Studios Konami 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 SBK : Superbike World Championship Racing Tommo Conspiracy 000000002009 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 SBK - 08 : Superbike World Championship Racing Milestone Koch Media Unreleased 000000002008 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 SBK - 09 : Superbike World Championship Racing Milestone Koch Media Unreleased 000000002009 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 SBK X : Superbike World Championship Racing Milestone Black Bean Games 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Scene It ? Box Office Smash Party Krome Studios , Screenlife Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Scene It ? Bright Lights ! Big Screen ! Party Screenlife Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002009 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 2009 000000002009 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Scene It ? Lights , Camera , Action Party Screenlife Microsoft Game Studios 000000002007 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 SCORE International Baja 1000 Racing Left Field Productions Activision 000000002008 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Screamride Puzzle Frontier Developments Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2015 000000002015 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Secret Service First - person Shooter Cauldron Activision 000000002008 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2008 000000002009 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Section 8 First - person Shooter TimeGate Studios SouthPeak Games 000000002009 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sega Rally Revo Racing Sega Racing Studio Sega 000000002007 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2007 000000002008 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sega Superstars Tennis Sports Sumo Digital Sega 000000002008 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Serious Sam Collection , The First - person shooter Croteam Majesco Entertainment 000000002013 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2013 000000002013 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Shadowrun First - person Shooter FASA Interactive Microsoft Game Studios 000000002007 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Shadows of the Damned Third - person Shooter , Action Grasshopper Manufacture Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Shaun White Skateboarding Sports Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002010 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Shaun White Snowboarding Sports Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002008 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Shellshock 2 : Blood Trails First - person Shooter Rebellion Developments Eidos Interactive 000000002009 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sherlock Holmes vs. Jack the Ripper Adventure Frogwares Focus Home Interactive 000000002009 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sherlock Holmes : Crimes & Punishments Adventure Frogwares Focus Home Interactive 000000002014 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Shin Sangokumusou 4 Special Hack & Slash , Tactical RPG Omega Force Koei Unreleased Unreleased 000000002006 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Shooting Love , 200X Shoot ' em Up Triangle Service Triangle Service Unreleased Unreleased 000000002009 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Shrek Forever After Action - adventure XPEC Activision 000000002010 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Shrek the Third Action - adventure 7 Studios Activision 000000002007 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Silent Hill HD Collection Survival Horror Konami Konami 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Silent Hill : Downpour Survival Horror Vatra Games Konami 000000002012 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Silent Hill : Homecoming Survival Horror Konami Konami 000000002008 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2008 000000002009 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 The Simpsons Game Action , Platform Electronic Arts Electronic Arts 000000002007 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sims 3 , The Sim The Sims Studio Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sims 3 : Pets , The Sim The Sims Studio , Edge of Reality Electronic Arts 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Singularity First - person Shooter Raven Software Activision 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Skate Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts 000000002007 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2007 000000002008 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Skate 2 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2009 000000002009 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2009 000000002009 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Skate 3 Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ski - Doo : Snowmobile Challenge Sports , Racing Coldwood Interactive Crave Entertainment 000000002009 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Skylanders : Giants Platformer Toys for Bob Activision 000000002012 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Skylanders : Imaginators Platformer Toys for Bob Activision 000000002016 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2016 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Skylanders : Spyro 's Adventure Platformer Toys for Bob Activision 000000002011 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Skylanders : SuperChargers Platformer Beenox Activision 000000002015 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2015 000000002015 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Skylanders : Swap Force Platformer Vicarious Visions Activision 000000002013 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Skylanders : Trap Team Platformer Vicarious Visions Activision 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sleeping Dogs Action , Open World United Front Games Square Enix 000000002012 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2012 000000002012 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Smash Court Tennis 3 Sports Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002008 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2008 000000002008 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2008 000000002007 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Smurfs 2 , The Platformer WayForward Technologies Ubisoft 000000002013 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sneak King Stealth , Action Blitz Games King Games 000000002006 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2006 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sniper : Ghost Warrior First - person Shooter City Interactive City Interactive 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sniper : Ghost Warrior 2 First - person Shooter City Interactive City Interactive 000000002013 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sniper Elite V2 Tactical shooter , stealth Rebellion Developments 505 Games 000000002012 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2012 000000002013 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sniper Elite III Tactical shooter , stealth Rebellion Developments 505 Games 000000002014 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2014 000000002014 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Soldier of Fortune : Payback First - person Shooter Activision Activision 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Racing Sumo Digital Sega 000000002012 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sonic & Sega All - Stars Racing Racing Sumo Digital Sega 000000002010 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2010 000000002010 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sonic Generations Platform , Action - adventure Sonic Team Sega 000000002011 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2011 000000002011 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sonic the Hedgehog Platform Sonic Team Sega 000000002006 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sonic Unleashed Platform , Action Sonic Team Sega 000000002008 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2008 000000002009 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Sonic 's Ultimate Genesis Collection Compilation Backbone Entertainment Sega 000000002009 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Soulcalibur IV Fighting Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002008 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 2008 000000002008 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2008 000000002008 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Soulcalibur V Fighting Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002012 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2012 000000002012 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 South Park : The Stick of Truth RPG Obsidian Entertainment Ubisoft 000000002014 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2014 000000002014 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2014 000000002014 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Space Chimps Platform , Adventure Redtribe Brash Entertainment 000000002008 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2008 000000002008 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Spec Ops : The Line Third - person Shooter , Tactical Shooter Yager 2K Games 000000002012 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2012 000000002012 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Spectral Force 3 : Innocent Rage Tactical RPG Idea Factory Idea Factory 000000002008 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002006 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Spider - Man 3 Action , Open World Treyarch Activision 000000002007 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2007 000000002007 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Spider - Man : Edge of Time Action - adventure , Open World Beenox Activision 000000002011 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Spider - Man : Friend or Foe Action - adventure , Beat ' em Up Next Level Games Activision 000000002007 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Action - adventure , Platform , Stealth Beenox Activision 000000002010 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Spider - Man : Web of Shadows Action - adventure , Beat ' em Up , Platform Shaba Games Activision 000000002008 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2008 000000002008 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Spiderwick Chronicles , The Action - adventure Sierra Entertainment Sierra Entertainment 000000002008 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Splatterhouse Beat ' em Up , Survival Horror Bottlerocket Entertainment Namco Bandai Games 000000002010 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Split / Second Racing Black Rock Studio Disney Interactive Studios 000000002010 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 SpongeBob HeroPants Action - adventure , Platformer Behaviour Interactive Activision 000000002015 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2015 000000002015 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 SpongeBob SquarePants : Plankton 's Robotic Revenge Action - adventure , Platformer Third - person shooter Behaviour Interactive Activision 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 SpongeBob 's Truth or Square Action Heavy Iron Studios THQ 000000002009 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2009 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 SSX Sports EA Canada Electronic Arts 000000002012 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Star Ocean : The Last Hope Action RPG tri-Ace Square Enix 000000002009 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Star Trek Action Digital Extremes Namco Bandai Games , Paramount Digital Entertainment 000000002013 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Star Trek : Legacy RTS , Action - adventure Mad Doc Software Bethesda Softworks 000000002006 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Star Wars : The Clone Wars -- Republic Heroes Action - adventure Krome Studios LucasArts 000000002009 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Hack & Slash LucasArts LucasArts 000000002008 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Action LucasArts LucasArts 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Steins ; Gate Visual Novel , Adventure 5pb. , Nitroplus 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002009 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Steins ; Gate Double Pack Visual Novel , Adventure 5pb. , Nitroplus 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling Visual Novel , Adventure 5pb. , Nitroplus 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Stoked Sports Bongfish Destineer 000000002009 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Stormrise RTT The Creative Assembly Sega 000000002009 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2009 000000002009 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Stranglehold Third - person Shooter , Action Midway Games Midway Games , Success 000000002007 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2007 000000002008 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Street Fighter IV Fighting Dimps Capcom 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Street Fighter X Tekken Fighting Capcom Capcom 000000002012 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Strike Witches : Shirogane no Tsubasa Visual Novel CyberFront CyberFront Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Stuntman : Ignition Racing , Action Paradigm Entertainment THQ 000000002007 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2007 000000002007 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Summer Athletics 2009 Sports 49Games dtp entertainment Unreleased 000000002009 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Summer Athletics : The Ultimate Challenge Sports 49Games dtp entertainment 000000002008 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 2008 000000002008 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Super Robot Wars XO Tactical RPG Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games Unreleased Unreleased 000000002006 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Super Street Fighter IV Fighting Dimps Capcom 000000002010 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Superman Returns Action EA Tiburon Electronic Arts 000000002006 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Superstars V8 Racing Racing Milestone Black Bean Games 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002009 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Superstars V8 Next Challenge Racing Milestone Black Bean Games Unreleased 000000002010 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Supremacy MMA Sports Kung Fu Factory 505 Games 000000002011 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Supreme Commander RTS Hellbent Games Aspyr 000000002008 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Supreme Commander 2 RTS Gas Powered Games Square Enix 000000002010 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Surf 's Up Sports Ubisoft Ubisoft 000000002007 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2007 000000002007 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Syndicate First - person Shooter Starbreeze Studios Electronic Arts 000000002012 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tales of Vesperia RPG Namco Tales Studio Namco Bandai Games 000000002008 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2008 000000002009 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2009 000000002008 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Beat ' em Up Magic Pockets Activision 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Danger of the Ooze Beat ' em Up WayForward Technologies Activision 000000002014 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tekken 6 Fighting , Beat ' em Up Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002009 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Fighting , Beat ' em Up Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002012 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2012 000000002012 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tenchu Z Stealth K2 Interactive Microsoft Game Studios 000000002007 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2007 000000002006 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tengai Makyou Ziria : Haruka naru Jipang RPG Hudson Soft Hudson Soft Unreleased Unreleased 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Terminator Salvation Third - person Shooter GRIN Studios Equity , Evolved Games 000000002009 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Terraria Collector 's Edition Action - adventure Re-Logic , Engine Software 505 Games 000000002013 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Test Drive Unlimited Racing Eden Games Atari 000000002006 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 2006 000000002006 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2006 000000002007 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Test Drive Unlimited 2 Racing , Open World Eden Games Atari 000000002011 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2011 000000002011 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Test Drive : Ferrari Racing Legends Racing Evolved Games , Slightly Mad Studios Atari 000000002012 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 2012 000000002012 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Testament of Sherlock Holmes , The Action - RPG Frogwares Focus Home Interactive 000000002013 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2013 000000002013 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tetris Evolution Puzzle Mass Media THQ 000000002007 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2007 000000002007 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Thief action - adventure , stealth Eidos Montréal Square Enix 000000002014 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 2014 000000002014 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Thor : God of Thunder Action Liquid Entertainment Sega 000000002011 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Thrillville : Off the Rails RTS , Sim , Party Frontier Developments LucasArts 000000002007 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002005 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 000000002006 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002006 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2006 000000002006 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 08 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002007 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2007 000000002007 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 09 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002008 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2008 000000002008 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002009 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2009 000000002009 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 11 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002010 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12 : The Masters Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002011 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 13 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002012 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2012 000000002012 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tiger Woods PGA Tour 14 Sports EA Tiburon EA Sports 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Time Leap Visual Novel , Adult Front Wing Prototype Unreleased 000000002009 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 TimeShift First - person Shooter Saber Interactive Vivendi Games 000000002007 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Titanfall First - person shooter , Mecha Respawn Entertainment Electronic Arts 000000002014 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2014 000000002014 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2014 000000002014 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 TMNT Action - adventure Ubisoft Quebec Ubisoft 000000002007 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 TNA iMPACT ! Fighting , Sports Midway Studios -- Los Angeles Midway Games 000000002008 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's EndWar RTT Ubisoft Shanghai Ubisoft 000000002008 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2008 000000002009 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter Tactical Shooter Red Storm Entertainment Ubisoft 000000002006 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2006 000000002006 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2006 000000002006 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 2 Tactical Shooter Red Storm Entertainment Ubisoft 000000002007 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 2007 000000002007 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Tactical Shooter Red Storm Entertainment Ubisoft 000000002012 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2012 000000002012 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2012 000000002012 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's H.A.W.X Combat Flight Simulator Ubisoft Bucharest Ubisoft 000000002009 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2009 000000002009 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's H.A.W.X 2 Combat Flight Simulator Ubisoft Bucharest Ubisoft 000000002010 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2010 000000002010 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas First - person Shooter , Tactical Shooter Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002006 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2006 000000002007 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 First - person Shooter , Tactical Shooter Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002008 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2008 000000002008 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Blacklist Action - adventure , Stealth Ubisoft Toronto Ubisoft 000000002013 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2013 000000002013 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Action - adventure , Stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002010 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Double Agent Action - adventure , Stealth Ubisoft Shanghai Ubisoft 000000002006 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2006 000000002006 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2006 000000002007 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tomb Raider Action - adventure , Platform Crystal Dynamics Square Enix 000000002013 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tomb Raider : Anniversary Action - adventure , Platform Crystal Dynamics Eidos Interactive 000000002007 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2007 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tomb Raider : Collection Action - adventure , Platform Crystal Dynamics Eidos Interactive Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tomb Raider : Legend Action - adventure , Platform Crystal Dynamics Eidos Interactive 000000002006 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2006 000000002006 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2006 000000002006 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tomb Raider : Underworld Action - adventure , Platform Crystal Dynamics Eidos Interactive 000000002008 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2008 000000002009 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tomoyo After : It 's a Wonderful Life CS Edition Visual Novel , Adult Key Prototype Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tony Hawk 's American Wasteland Sports , Adventure Neversoft Activision 000000002005 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2005 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2005 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tony Hawk 's Pro Skater 5 Sports Neversoft Activision 000000002015 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2015 000000002015 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2015 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tony Hawk 's Project 8 Sports Neversoft Activision , Spike 000000002006 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tony Hawk 's Proving Ground Sports Neversoft Activision 000000002007 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tony Hawk : Ride Sports Robomodo Activision 000000002009 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tony Hawk : Shred Sports Robomodo Activision 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Too Human Action RPG Silicon Knights Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2008 000000002008 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2008 000000002008 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Top Gun : Hard Lock Sports , Combat flight simulator Headstrong Games 505 Games 000000002012 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Top Spin 2 Sports Indie Built 2K Sports 000000002006 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2006 000000002006 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2006 000000002006 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Top Spin 3 Sports PAM Development 2K Sports 000000002008 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2008 000000002008 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2008 000000002009 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Top Spin 4 Sports 2K Czech 2K Sports 000000002011 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tornado Outbreak Action Loose Cannon Studios Konami 000000002009 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2009 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tour de France 2011 Sports , Racing Cyanide Focus Home Interactive Unreleased 000000002011 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tour de France 2012 Sports , Racing Cyanide Focus Home Interactive Unreleased 000000002012 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tour de France 2013 : 100 Edition Sports Cyanide Focus Home Interactive Unreleased 000000002013 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Platform Avalanche Software Disney Interactive Studios 000000002010 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2010 000000002010 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Toy Story Mania ! Party game Papaya Studio , High Voltage Software Disney Interactive Studios 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Transformers : Devastation Action , Beat ' em up PlatinumGames Activision 000000002015 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2015 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Transformers : Fall of Cybertron Third - person Shooter High Moon Studios Activision 000000002012 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2012 000000002012 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2012 000000002012 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Third - person Shooter Luxoflux Activision 000000002009 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Transformers : Rise of the Dark Spark Third - person Shooter Edge of Reality Activision 000000002014 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2014 000000002014 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2014 000000002014 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Transformers : The Game Third - person Shooter Traveller 's Tales Activision 000000002007 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2007 000000002007 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Transformers : War for Cybertron Third - person Shooter High Moon Studios Activision 000000002010 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Trivial Pursuit Board Game Electronic Arts Electronic Arts 000000002009 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2009 000000002009 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tron : Evolution Action - adventure Propaganda Games Disney Interactive Studios 000000002010 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tropico 3 Construct / Manage Sim Haemimont Games Kalypso Media 000000002010 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 2010 000000002009 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tropico 4 Construct / Manage Sim Haemimont Games Kalypso Media , FX Interactive 000000002011 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2011 000000002011 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Tropico 5 Construct / Manage Sim Haemimont Games Kalypso Media , FX Interactive 000000002014 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2014 000000002014 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Truth or Lies : Someone will get caugth Party Big Ant Studios THQ 000000002010 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2010 000000002010 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Turning Point : Fall of Liberty First - person Shooter Spark Unlimited Codemasters 000000002008 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Turbo : Super Stunt Squad Action , Racing Monkey Bar Games D3 Publisher 000000002013 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2013 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Turok First - person Shooter , Action Propaganda Games Buena Vista Games 000000002008 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2008 000000002008 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2008 000000002008 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Two Worlds RPG Reality Pump Studios SouthPeak Games 000000002007 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Two Worlds II RPG Reality Pump Studios SouthPeak Games 000000002011 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2011 000000002010 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 uDraw Marvel Super Hero Squad : Comic Combat Fighting Griptonite Games THQ 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 uDraw Pictionary Party game Page 44 Studios THQ 000000002010 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2010 000000002011 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 uDraw Studio Instant Artist Party game Pipeworks Software THQ 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 UEFA Champions League 2006 -- 2007 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002007 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 UEFA Euro 2008 Sports EA Canada EA Sports 000000002008 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2008 000000002008 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 UFC 2009 Undisputed Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002009 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 UFC Undisputed 2010 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002010 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 2010 000000002010 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 UFC Undisputed 3 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002012 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2012 000000002012 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2012 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 Fighting Capcom Capcom 000000002011 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Ultra Street Fighter IV Fighting Capcom Capcom 000000002014 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2014 000000002014 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2014 000000002014 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Universe at War : Earth Assault RTS Petroglyph Games Sega 000000002008 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Unreal Tournament 3 First - person Shooter Epic Games Midway Games 000000002008 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2008 000000002008 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Up Action - adventure Heavy Iron Studios THQ 000000002009 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Vampire Rain Stealth , Survival Horror Artoon AQ Interactive 000000002007 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2007 000000002007 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Vancouver 2010 Sports ( Olympic ) Eurocom Sega 000000002010 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2010 000000002010 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Vanquish Third - person Shooter PlatinumGames Sega 000000002010 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Velvet Assassin Stealth Replay Studios SouthPeak Games 000000002009 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Venetica RPG Deck 13 Rombax Games 000000002011 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2011 000000002009 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Viking : Battle for Asgard Hack & Slash , Action - adventure Creative Assembly Sega 000000002008 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2008 000000002008 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Virtua Fighter 5 Online Fighting Sega - AM2 Sega 000000002007 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2007 000000002007 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Virtua Tennis 2009 Sports Sumo Digital Sega 000000002009 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Virtua Tennis 3 Sports Sumo Digital Sega 000000002007 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Virtua Tennis 4 Sports SEGA - AM3 Sega 000000002011 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2011 000000002011 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Viva Piñata Sim Rare Microsoft Game Studios 000000002006 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2006 000000002006 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2006 000000002007 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Viva Piñata : Party Animals Sim Krome Studios Microsoft Game Studios 000000002007 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2007 000000002007 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Sim Rare Microsoft Game Studios 000000002008 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 The Voice I Want You Party Game Activision Activision 000000002014 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2014 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 W.L.O. Sekai Renai Kikō Visual Novel 5pb. / Akabeisoft2 5pb . Unreleased Unreleased 000000002010 - 06 - 03 - 0000 June 3 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Walking Dead , The Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games 000000002012 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2012 000000002013 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2013 000000002013 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 The Walking Dead : Season Two Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games 000000002014 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Walking Dead : Survival Instinct , The First - person Shooter Terminal Reality Activision 000000002013 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2013 000000002013 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2013 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WALL - E Platformer Heavy Iron Studios THQ 000000002008 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 2008 000000002008 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Wanted : Weapons of Fate Third - person Shooter GRIN Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002009 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2009 000000002009 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Warhammer 40,000 : Space Marine Action , Third - person Relic Entertainment THQ 000000002011 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Warhammer : Battle March RTT Namco Bandai Games Namco Bandai Games 000000002008 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Warriors Orochi Hack & Slash Omega Force Koei 000000002007 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2007 000000002007 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2007 000000002007 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Warriors Orochi 2 Hack & Slash Omega Force Koei 000000002008 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2008 000000002008 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Warriors Orochi 3 Hack & Slash Omega Force Tecmo Koei 000000002012 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2012 000000002012 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2012 000000002011 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Warriors : Legends of Troy Hack & Slash Koei Canada Tecmo Koei Unreleased 000000002011 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2011 000000002011 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WarTech : Senko no Ronde Fighting , Shoot ' em Up G. rev Ubisoft 000000002007 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2007 000000002007 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2007 000000002006 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Watch Dogs Action - adventure , Open World , Stealth Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Watchmen : The End Is Nigh Parts 1 and 2 Beat ' em Up , Action Deadline Games Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002009 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2009 000000002009 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Way of the Samurai 3 Action - adventure Acquire Spike 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 000000002010 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2010 000000002009 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Wet Third - person Shooter , Action Artificial Mind and Movement Bethesda Softworks 000000002009 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Wheel of Fortune Trivia Pipeworks Software THQ 000000002012 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Wheelman Racing , Action , Open World Tigon Studios Midway Games 000000002009 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2009 000000002009 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Where the Wild Things Are Platform Amaze Entertainment Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002009 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2009 000000002009 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Winter Sports 2 : The Next Challenge Sports 49 Games Conspiracy Entertainment 000000002008 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 2008 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Wipeout : Create & Crash Sports Activision Activision Unreleased 000000002013 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2013 Unreleased Unreleased The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings Action RPG , Hack & Slash CD Projekt RED Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2012 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2012 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Wolfenstein First - person Shooter Raven Software Activision 000000002009 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2009 000000002009 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 The Wolf Among Us Graphic adventure Telltale Games Telltale Games 000000002014 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2014 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Wolfenstein : The New Order First - person shooter MachineGames Bethesda Softworks 000000002014 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2014 000000002014 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 World Championship Poker : Featuring Howard Lederer `` All In '' Poker Crave Entertainment Crave Entertainment 000000002006 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2006 000000002007 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 World of Outlaws : Sprint Cars Racing Big Ant Studios THQ 000000002010 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2010 000000002010 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 World of Tanks XBox 360 Edition First - person shooter Microsoft Studios WarGaming.net 000000002014 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 2014 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 World Snooker Championship 2007 Sports Blade Interactive Sega Europe Unreleased 000000002007 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 World Series of Poker 2008 : Battle for the Bracelets Poker Left Field Productions Activision 000000002007 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2007 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 World Series of Poker : Tournament of Champions Poker Left Field Productions Activision 000000002006 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2006 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Worms Collection Artillery , Strategy Team17 Maximum Games 000000002012 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WRC : FIA World Rally Championship Racing Milestone S.r.l. Black Bean Games Unreleased 000000002010 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2010 WRC 2 : FIA World Rally Championship Racing Milestone S.r.l. Black Bean Games Unreleased Unreleased 000000002011 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2011 WRC 3 : FIA World Rally Championship Racing Milestone S.r.l. Black Bean Games Unreleased 000000002013 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 2013 000000002012 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2012 000000002012 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2012 WRC 4 : FIA World Rally Championship Racing Milestone S.r.l. Bigben Interactive Unreleased 000000002013 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WRC 5 Racing Kylotonn Bigben Interactive 000000002015 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2015 Wrestle Kingdom Fighting , Sports Yuke 's Yuke 's Unreleased Unreleased 000000002005 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2005 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WSC REAL 09 : World Snooker Championship Sports Blade Interactive Koch Media Unreleased 000000002009 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE ' 12 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002011 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2011 000000002011 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2011 000000002012 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE ' 13 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002012 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2012 000000002012 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2012 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE 2K14 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's 2K Sports 000000002013 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2013 000000002013 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2013 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE 2K15 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's 2K Sports 000000002014 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2014 000000002014 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2014 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE 2K16 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's 2K Sports 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2015 000000002015 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2015 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE 2K17 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's 2K Sports 000000002016 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2016 000000002016 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2016 000000002016 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2016 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE All Stars Fighting , Sports THQ San Diego THQ 000000002011 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2011 000000002011 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2011 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE Legends of WrestleMania Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002009 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2009 000000002009 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002006 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2006 000000002007 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2007 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 000000002007 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 2007 000000002008 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2008 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002008 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2008 000000002008 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2008 000000002009 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 000000002009 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2009 000000002010 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2010 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 Fighting , Sports Yuke 's THQ 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 000000002010 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2010 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 X-Blades Action - adventure , Hack & Slash Gaijin Entertainment TopWare Interactive 000000002009 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2009 000000002009 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2009 000000002009 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 2009 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 X-Men Origins : Wolverine Action - adventure Raven Software Activision 000000002009 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2009 000000002009 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 X-Men : Destiny Beat'em Up , Action RPG Silicon Knights Activision 000000002011 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2011 000000002011 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2011 000000002011 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2011 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 X-Men : The Official Game Beat'em Up , Action Z - Axis Activision 000000002006 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2006 000000002006 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 2006 000000002006 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2006 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Xbox Live Arcade Game Pack Compilation Compilation Microsoft Games Studio 000000002009 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 2009 000000002009 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2009 Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 Xbox Live Arcade Unplugged Vol. 1 Compilation Compilation Microsoft Games Studio 000000002006 - 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Puzzle PopCap Games PopCap Games 000000002012 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2012 Unreleased Unreleased 000000002013 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2013 See also ( edit ) Video games portal Xbox portal Xbox 360 game lists ( edit ) List of best - selling Xbox 360 video games List of cooperative games for the Xbox 360 List of Kinect games List of Xbox 360 Games on Demand List of Xbox 360 System Link games List of Xbox games on Windows Phone List of Xbox Live Arcade games List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 List of Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One Lists of video games ( edit ) Lists of video games Console exclusivity ( edit ) Console exclusivity Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alien Breed Trilogy is a compilation of three Xbox Live Arcade games : Alien Breed Evolution , Alien Breed 2 : Assault , and Alien Breed 3 : Descent . Jump up ^ Also known as Field & Stream : Outdoorsman Challenge . Jump up ^ Avatar : The Legend of Aang -- The Burning Earth in Europe . 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Jump up ^ The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Game of the Year Edition was released on September 10 , 2007 in North America and September 21 , 2007 in Europe . It was The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , The Elder Scrolls IV : Knights of the Nine , and The Elder Scrolls IV : Shivering Isles combined into one game . Jump up ^ Originally released as downloadable content on March 26 , 2007 , but was then re-released in retail form on October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( eM ) - eNCHANT arM - in Japan . Jump up ^ F.E.A.R. Extraction Point and F.E.A.R. Perseus Mandate combined together into one game . Jump up ^ Along with the original game , also includes the first three expansions Final Fantasy XI : Rise of the Zilart , Final Fantasy XI : Chains of Promathia , and Final Fantasy XI : Treasures of Aht Urhgan . Jump up ^ Hokuto Musō in Japan . Jump up ^ Shin Hokuto Musō in Japan . Jump up ^ An episodic expansion pack titled Grand Theft Auto IV : The Lost and Damned was released exclusively on the Xbox Live Marketplace on February 17 , 2009 . A second episodic expansion pact titled Grand Theft Auto : The Ballad of Gay Tony was later released exclusively on the Xbox Live Marketplace on October 29 , 2009 . Both of these expansion packs were then released in a set titled Grand Theft Auto : Episodes from Liberty City exclusively on Xbox 360 on October 29 , 2009 , but later on PlayStation 3 and Microsoft Windows on April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A compilation of Grand Theft Auto IV : The Lost and Damned and Grand Theft Auto : The Ballad of Gay Tony . Jump up ^ Shutokou Battle Ten in Japan . Jump up ^ Drift Nights : Juiced 2 in Japan . Jump up ^ Rockstar Games released a Complete Edition of the game that included all DLC content in addition to the original game , released on November 15 , 2011 in the US and November 18 , 2011 in the UK . Jump up ^ Mobile Suit Gundam Operation : Troy in Japan . Jump up ^ MuvLuv Twin Pack is a compilation of MuvLuv and MuvLuv Alternative . Jump up ^ NCAA Basketball 09 : March Madness Edition , a downloadable expansion for NCAA Basketball 09 , was released on March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Half - Life 2 , Half - Life 2 : Episode One , Half - Life 2 : Episode Two , Portal , and Team Fortress 2 combined together into one game . Jump up ^ Overlord : Raising Hell , an expansion for the original game was released over Xbox Live on February 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ Phantasy Star Universe : Ambition of the Illuminus , an expansion pack to the original game , was released over Xbox Live on November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PopCap Arcade Volume 1 is a compilation of four Xbox Live Arcade Games : Astropop , Bejeweled 2 , Feeding Frenzy , and Zuma . Jump up ^ PopCap Arcade Volume 2 is a compilation of three Xbox Live Arcade Games : Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown , Heavy Weapon , and Peggle . Jump up ^ World Soccer Winning Eleven 2008 in Japan . Jump up ^ World Soccer Winning Eleven 2009 in Japan . Jump up ^ World Soccer Winning Eleven 2010 in Japan Jump up ^ World Soccer Winning Eleven 2011 in Japan Jump up ^ World Soccer Winning Eleven 2012 in Japan Jump up ^ World Soccer Winning Eleven 2013 in Japan Jump up ^ Winning Eleven 2014 in Japan Jump up ^ Winning Eleven 2015 in Japan Jump up ^ Winning Eleven 2016 in Japan Jump up ^ Winning Eleven 2017 in Japan Jump up ^ Winning Eleven 2018 in Japan Jump up ^ Winning Eleven : Pro Evolution Soccer 2007 in North America and World Soccer Winning Eleven X in Japan . Jump up ^ Also known as Pure Futbol in North America . Jump up ^ Quake II was included with the bonus disc that came with Quake 4 . Jump up ^ Qubed is a compilation of three Xbox Live Arcade games : Every Extend Extra Extreme , Lumines Live ! , and Rez HD . Jump up ^ An expansion pack titled Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare was later released on October 26 , 2010 , on the Xbox Live Marketplace and the PlayStation Network . Jump up ^ BioHazard 4 in Japan . Jump up ^ BioHazard 5 in Japan . Jump up ^ BioHazard 6 in Japan . Jump up ^ Biohazard Revelations in Japan . Jump up ^ Biohazard Revelations 2 in Japan . Jump up ^ End of Eternity in Japan . Jump up ^ Collects Serious Sam HD : The First Encounter , Serious Sam HD : The Second Encounter , Serious Sam : BFE ( and its Jewel of the Nile DLC ) and Serious Sam Double - D XXL , originally only available in digital download form onto a single DVD disc . Jump up ^ Trizeal Remix , a new version of Trizeal , and Exzeal combined together into one game . Jump up ^ Sonic World Adventure in Japan . Jump up ^ SEGA Mega Drive Ultimate Collection everywhere but North America . Jump up ^ working title SSX : Deadly Descents Jump up ^ Steins ; Gate Double Pack is a compilation of Steins ; Gate and Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling . Jump up ^ Tenchu Senran in Japan . Jump up ^ Formerly known as Zephyr : Rise of the Elementals . Jump up ^ Virtua Fighter 5 Live Arena in Japan and titled Virtua Fighter 5 with no subtitle in Europe and Australia . Jump up ^ Warhammer : Mark of Chaos and its upcoming expansion pack combined together into one game . Jump up ^ Musō Orochi in Japan Jump up ^ Musō Orochi Maō Sairin in Japan Jump up ^ Originally released as Musou Orochi 2 in Japan . Jump up ^ Ressuru Kingudamu in Japan . Jump up ^ This is a high - definition remastering of the first three games in the series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Amped 3 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Lucas M. ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Out This Week : May 5 , 2014 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bound By Flame '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty 2 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Condemned : Criminal Origins '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Dead or Alive 4 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rose , Mike ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Bungie 's Destiny is a PlayStation exclusive in Japan '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Lucas M. ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Out This Week : February 23 , 2015 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Dragon Ball Xenoverse Sees A Slight Delay '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2013-09-13-fable-anniversary-delayed-to-february-2014 ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Soccer 06 Road to World Cup '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas - Xbox 360 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas - Xbox 360 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gun '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Madden NFL 06 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Yin - Pool , Wesley ( 2015 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Metal Gear Solid 5 : The Phantom Pain release date revealed '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2K6 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Live 2006 '' . IGN . 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-2275245420847864109	Life-Size	Life - Size - wikipedia Life - Size This article is about the film from 2000 . For the novel from 1992 , see Life - Size ( novel ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Life - Size Life - Size DVD cover Written by Mark Rosman ( teleplay ) Stephanie Moore ( teleplay / story ) Directed by Mark Rosman Starring Lindsay Lohan Tyra Banks Jere Burns Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Fitch Cady Running time 101 minutes Distributor Walt Disney Television ABC Budget $7 million Release Original network Disney Channel Original release March 5 , 2000 Life - Size is a 2000 American fantasy - comedy television film directed by Mark Rosman and starring Lindsay Lohan and Tyra Banks . It originally premiered on ABC , and was released on DVD and VHS in the same year . The film follows a young girl whose Eve doll ( somewhat like Barbie ) is transformed into a perfect living woman . The tagline for the film was `` She was a perfect doll . Now she 's the real thing . '' Filmed during 1999 , it premiered as part of The Wonderful World of Disney on ABC , and made its début on Disney Channel in March 2000 . However , the film was n't released in the United Kingdom until August 3 , 2002 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Sequel 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Casey Stuart ( Lindsay Lohan ) , is a tomboy who is the quarterback of her school 's seventh grade football team . Since her mother died 2 years ago , she has been avoiding her old friends and arguing with a boy on her team . Wanting to bring her mother back to life , Casey finds a book of magic with a section on resurrecting the dead at a local book store . A successful resurrection will become permanent unless it is undone before sunset on the fourth day after it begins . However , since the book was expensive , she left all the money she had on the shelf in a glass compartment which is where the book was . Following the book 's instructions , Casey collects artifacts from her mother 's life , including strands of hair in her hairbrush . However , the resurrection is unwittingly sabotaged when Drew Mitchell ( Anne Marie Loder ) , a woman who works with and is romantically interested in Casey 's father Ben ( Jere Burns ) , gives Casey an Eve doll . Eve is a plastic doll in the form of a beautiful young woman , manufactured by Marathon Toys . She has lots of accessories , including outfits appropriate to challenging careers such as law enforcement , medicine , and aerospace , and lives in Sunnyvale , `` in the middle of America '' . As Casey is preparing to resurrect her mother , Drew stops by to give her the doll for her birthday and uses the hairbrush to brush the doll 's hair . With strands from the doll remaining on the brush as Casey utters the incantation , the magic acts on the doll rather than Casey 's mother , and Casey wakes up the next morning to find Eve in bed with her in full size human form ( Tyra Banks ) . Casey is upset by this , but Eve is excited about being human . Over the next few days , Eve buys clothes at the local shopping mall , uses her police training to stop a truck that almost runs Casey over , smells and eats for the first time , tries to do secretarial work , sings her theme song , and almost sets the Stuarts ' kitchen on fire . She also helps Casey cope with the loss of her mother . Meanwhile , Casey discovers that she needs the second volume of the magic book to reverse Eve 's spell . During this time , tension builds between Casey and her father , who has been missing her football games while trying to secure a promotion in his law firm . The tension is further increased by Ben 's attraction to Eve , which Casey resents as a betrayal of her mother . Eve helps people turn into a better version of themselves . As the film proceeds , Casey and Eve gradually become friends . Eve displays insight and sensitivity in talking with Casey about her mother , and she helps Casey with her self - confidence . In exchange , Casey gives Eve tips on how to be a popular doll and a good role model . By the time the magic book arrives at the local bookstore , Casey has decided she likes Eve , so she does n't buy it . Unfortunately , Eve has been getting homesick . Discouraged by her difficulties in being human and worried about being discontinued by Marathon , Eve decides to undo the spell herself . After buying the book , and saying goodbye to Ben at Casey 's championship game , she goes to Sunnyvale , a specially decorated room at Marathon headquarters , and recites the incantation . When Casey and Ben arrive , she tearfully bids them farewell and turns back into a doll . Sometime later , with the lessons learned from her experiences in the human world , she becomes a popular toy again . Casey resumes her old friendships , Ben is promoted at work , and Drew takes him to lunch . The film ends as the cast dances to Eve 's theme song . Cast ( edit ) Lindsay Lohan as Casey Stuart Tyra Banks as Eve Jere Burns as Ben Stuart Anne Marie Loder as Drew Mitchell Garwin Sanford as Richie Tom Butler as Phil Jillian Fargey as Ellen Dee Jay Jackson as Coach Kerry Sandomirsky as Phyllis Weiner Corrine Koslo as Toy store owner Alfred Humphreys as Bookstore owner Kerry Sandomirsky as Ms. Weiner Sam MacMillan as Sam Katelyn Wallace as Sarah Shaina Tianne Unger as Jessica Jessica Lee Owens as Shannon Chantal Strand as Sara 's sister Laurie Murdoch as Mr. Boring Candice Connelly as Mrs. Boring Alvin Sanders as Guard Ryan de Boer as Weiner Lesley Ewen as Francine Kaitlyn Burke as Girl with doll George Blondheim as Bandleader Joanna Piros as Newscaster Stephanie Moore as Woman in mink Campbell Lane as Judge Peterman Kasper Michaels as Litter man Monika Lisowska and Rosa Zavaglia as Mall extras Garvin Cross as Truck driver Ali Lohan as Girl at Football Stands ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Since the film was a television movie , Lohan did n't have to audition for the role of Casey Stuart , the girl whose doll comes to life . The producers of the film offered her the role as a part of a three - picture contract with The Walt Disney Company . She had to learn how to play football for the role and found it to be `` hard . '' In the film , her character 's mother has died . Lohan found it challenging to act like her mother was dead since she could not relate . Banks was given the role of Eve , the doll that is magically transformed into a live woman during Casey 's attempt to bring her mother back to life . Costume designer Maya Mani said , `` It was a joy to work with Tyra because she knows how to wear clothes . No matter what we put on her , she could carry it off . '' Burns , known for his past annoying and obnoxious characters , was cast for his sympathetic acting ability . His character , Casey 's father , is too caught up with law practice to pay much close attention to Casey since his wife died of cancer . Lindsay Lohan 's siblings have small parts in the film . At Casey 's football game , her siblings Michael , Ali , and Dakota can be seen sitting in the stands , cheering for the team . Filming ( edit ) Stephanie Moore came up with the idea of a doll coming to life . She collaborated with the director , Mark Rosman , on the teleplay for the film . Pre production began in the summer of 1999 , and filming began in October 1999 . The beginning of the film starts with a commercial that promotes buying Eve dolls . For the doll commercial , production designer David Fischer deliberately went for a retro 1950s look , similar to The Jetsons . `` It had to look dated but fun and inviting '' stated director Mark Rosman . Filming took place for three weeks . For the location , the producers thought Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada would be a good location for the film . The toy store used in the film is named Kaboodles . This is the actual toy store 's name , as it was n't changed during production . It is located in Point Grey in Vancouver . There are British Columbia flags on Ben 's license plate , indicating that it is set in British Columbia Canada . However , also on the license plate , it says : Evergreen State . The Evergreen State is Washington . The film was originally going to première as a part of The Wonderful World of Disney on February 27 , 2000 . It was delayed by one week , and later released on March 5 . Music ( edit ) George Blondheim and Mark Rosman wrote a song titled `` Be a Star '' that Tyra Banks sings at a business party . The song is the theme song for the film , and was also reprised at the end of the film . Two songs by the group B * Witched were used in the film : `` C'est la Vie '' and `` Rollercoaster '' . A song from Nobody 's Angel 's debut album , `` Keep Me Away '' , was used near the end of the film . Sequel ( edit ) A sequel to the movie was first reported in November 2012 . In January 2014 , Disney Channel announced that they are working on a sequel to Life - Size in title as Life - Size 2 , with Tyra Banks reprising the role of Eve . In March 2015 , Banks tweeted that they are still working on the script . In September 2015 , Tyra said to Hollywood Life : `` We have gotten many drafts of scripts , and the one thing I can say is that to the Disney Channel executives , Life - Size is so precious . It 's like their baby , so they just want it perfect . They keep redoing it , and redoing it , and redoing the script , and we are in another round of redos , and we 're hoping for Christmas 2016 . '' Banks once again announced her involvement with the film during an interview with Variety in December 2015 , `` '' There is no one else that can play Eve but me , thank you very much ! I 'm just joking with you , but yes , I am going to be Eve . '' In April 2017 , it was announced the film would debut on Freeform in December 2018 . Banks said in a January 2018 interview that the script is almost finished and that production is expected to start in Summer 2018 . In July , Francia Raisa was confirmed to star . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shine bright , shine far ! Disney plans a sequel to Tyra Banks / Lindsay Lohan flick ' Life - Size ' Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved January 20 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tyra Banks on Life - Size sequel : ' It will be very modern ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tyra Banks ( @ tyrabanks ) ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` We are working on the script still . Gotta get it to sparkle and shine ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Tyra Banks : Life - Size 2 Is Happening , and There Are Script Reads to Prove It '' . September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tyra Banks Confirmed to Reprise Role as Eve in Disney Channel 's ' Life - Size ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) Variety , Retrieved December 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Life - Size 2 ' Starring Tyra Banks A Go At Freeform For 2018 Premiere '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Life - Size ' Sequel Movie Starring Tyra Banks Officially Greenlit at Freeform '' . Variety . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Tyra Banks reveals Francia Raisa as her costar , more Life - Size 2 plot details '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Life - Size on IMDb Official website Films directed by Mark Rosman The House on Sorority Row ( 1983 ) The Blue Yonder ( 1985 ) Spot Marks the X ( 1986 ) The Force ( 1994 ) Evolver ( 1995 ) The Invader ( 1997 ) Life - Size ( 2000 ) Model Behavior ( 2000 ) A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) The Perfect Man ( 2005 ) Princess ( 2008 ) Snow 2 : Brain Freeze ( 2008 ) William & Kate : The Movie ( 2011 ) A Wish Come True ( 2015 ) Time Toys ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life-Size&oldid=849879402 '' Categories : 2000 television films American children 's comedy films 2000s comedy films American television films American films English - language films Films shot in Vancouver Films directed by Mark Rosman Size change in fiction Disney television films Sentient toys in fiction Films about dolls Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 01 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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63451171352247229	Mars Exploration Rover	Mars Exploration rover - wikipedia Mars Exploration rover This article is about the mission that launched in 2003 . For the Mars rover that landed in 2012 , see Curiosity ( rover ) . For the generic topic , see Mars rover . Artist 's conception of rover on Mars NASA 's Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers , Spirit and Opportunity , exploring the planet Mars . It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rovers : MER - A Spirit and MER - B Opportunity -- to explore the Martian surface and geology ; both landed on Mars at separate locations in January 2004 . Both rovers far outlived their planned missions of 90 Martian solar days : MER - A Spirit was active until 2010 , while MER - B Opportunity is still active in 2018 , and holds the record for the longest distance driven by any off - Earth wheeled vehicle . Contents 1 Objectives 2 History 3 Spacecraft design 3.1 Cruise stage 3.1. 1 Navigation 3.1. 2 Communication 3.2 Aeroshell 3.2. 1 Parts 3.2. 2 Composition 3.3 Parachute 3.3. 1 Design 3.3. 2 Composition 3.3. 3 Connected systems 3.4 Airbags 3.5 Lander 3.5. 1 Uprighting 3.5. 2 Moving the payload onto Mars 4 Rover design 4.1 Drive system 4.2 Power and electronic systems 4.3 Communication 4.4 Scientific instrumentation 5 Naming of Spirit and Opportunity 6 Test rovers 7 SAP 8 Planetary science findings 8.1 Spirit Landing Site , Gusev Crater 8.1. 1 Plains 8.1. 2 Dust 8.1. 3 Columbia Hills 8.2 Opportunity Landing Site , Meridiani Planum 9 Landing locations 10 Glossary 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Objectives ( edit ) The mission 's scientific objective was to search for and characterize a wide range of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity on Mars . The mission is part of NASA 's Mars Exploration Program , which includes three previous successful landers : the two Viking program landers in 1976 and Mars Pathfinder probe in 1997 . The total cost of building , launching , landing and operating the rovers on the surface for the initial 90 - sol primary mission was US $820 million . Since the rovers have continued to function beyond their initial 90 sol primary mission , they have each received five mission extensions . The fifth mission extension was granted in October 2007 , and ran to the end of 2009 . The total cost of the first four mission extensions was $104 million , and the fifth mission extension is expected to cost at least $20 million . In July 2007 , during the fourth mission extension , Martian dust storms blocked sunlight to the rovers and threatened the ability of the craft to gather energy through their solar panels , causing engineers to fear that one or both of them might be permanently disabled . However , the dust storms lifted , allowing them to resume operations . On May 1 , 2009 , during its fifth mission extension , Spirit became stuck in soft soil on Mars . After nearly nine months of attempts to get the rover back on track , including using test rovers on Earth , NASA announced on January 26 , 2010 that Spirit was being retasked as a stationary science platform . This mode would enable Spirit to assist scientists in ways that a mobile platform could not , such as detecting `` wobbles '' in the planet 's rotation that would indicate a liquid core . Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) lost contact with Spirit after last hearing from the rover on March 22 , 2010 and continued attempts to regain communications lasted until May 25 , 2011 , bringing the elapsed mission time to 6 years 2 months 19 days , or over 25 times the original planned mission duration . In recognition of the vast amount of scientific information amassed by both rovers , two asteroids have been named in their honor : 37452 Spirit and 39382 Opportunity . The mission is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , which designed , built , and is operating the rovers . On January 24 , 2014 , NASA reported that current studies by the remaining rover Opportunity as well as by the newer Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity will now be searching for evidence of ancient life , including a biosphere based on autotrophic , chemotrophic and / or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms , as well as ancient water , including fluvio - lacustrine environments ( plains related to ancient rivers or lakes ) that may have been habitable . The search for evidence of habitability , taphonomy ( related to fossils ) , and organic carbon on the planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective . The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission are to : Search for and characterize a variety of rocks and soils that hold clues to past water activity . In particular , samples sought include those that have minerals deposited by water - related processes such as precipitation , evaporation , sedimentary cementation , or hydrothermal activity . Determine the distribution and composition of minerals , rocks , and soils surrounding the landing sites . Determine what geologic processes have shaped the local terrain and influenced the chemistry . Such processes could include water or wind erosion , sedimentation , hydrothermal mechanisms , volcanism , and cratering . Perform calibration and validation of surface observations made by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter instruments . This will help determine the accuracy and effectiveness of various instruments that survey Martian geology from orbit . Search for iron - containing minerals , and to identify and quantify relative amounts of specific mineral types that contain water or were formed in water , such as iron - bearing carbonates . Characterize the mineralogy and textures of rocks and soils to determine the processes that created them . Search for geological clues to the environmental conditions that existed when liquid water was present . Assess whether those environments were conducive to life . History ( edit ) Launch of MER - A Spirit Launch of MER - B Opportunity The MER - A and MER - B probes were launched on June 10 , 2003 and July 7 , 2003 , respectively . Though both probes launched on Boeing Delta II 7925 - 9.5 rockets from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17 ( CCAFS SLC - 17 ) , MER - B was on the heavy version of that launch vehicle , needing the extra energy for Trans - Mars injection . The launch vehicles were integrated onto pads right next to each other , with MER - A on CCAFS SLC - 17A and MER - B on CCAFS SLC - 17B . The dual pads allowed for working the 15 - and 21 - day planetary launch periods close together ; the last possible launch day for MER - A was June 19 , 2003 and the first day for MER - B was June 25 , 2003 . NASA 's Launch Services Program managed the launch of both spacecraft . The probes landed in January 2004 in widely separated equatorial locations on Mars . Timeline of the Mars Exploration mission On January 21 , 2004 , the Deep Space Network lost contact with Spirit , for reasons originally thought to be related to a thunderstorm over Australia . The rover transmitted a message with no data , but later that day missed another communications session with the Mars Global Surveyor . The next day , JPL received a beep from the rover , indicating that it was in fault mode . On January 23 , the flight team succeeded in making the rover send . The fault was believed to have been caused by an error in the rover 's flash memory subsystem . The rover did not perform any scientific activities for ten days , while engineers updated its software and ran tests . The problem was corrected by reformatting Spirit 's flash memory and using a software patch to avoid memory overload ; Opportunity was also upgraded with the patch as a precaution . Spirit returned to full scientific operations by February 5 . On March 23 , 2004 , a news conference was held announcing `` major discoveries '' of evidence of past liquid water on the Martian surface . A delegation of scientists showed pictures and data revealing a stratified pattern and cross bedding in the rocks of the outcrop inside a crater in Meridiani Planum , landing site of MER - B , Opportunity . This suggested that water once flowed in the region . The irregular distribution of chlorine and bromine also suggests that the place was once the shoreline of a salty sea , now evaporated . On April 8 , 2004 , NASA announced that it was extending the mission life of the rovers from three to eight months . It immediately provided additional funding of US $15 million through September , and $2.8 million per month for continuing operations . Later that month , Opportunity arrived at Endurance crater , taking about five days to drive the 200 meters . NASA announced on September 22 that it was extending the mission life of the rovers for another six months . Opportunity was to leave Endurance crater , visit its discarded heat shield , and proceed to Victoria crater . Spirit was to attempt to climb to the top of the Columbia Hills . With the two rovers still functioning well , NASA later announced another 18 - month extension of the mission to September 2006 . Opportunity was to visit the `` Etched Terrain '' and Spirit was to climb a rocky slope toward the top of Husband Hill . On August 21 , 2005 , Spirit reached the summit of Husband Hill after 581 sols and a journey of 4.81 kilometers ( 2.99 mi ) . Spirit celebrated its one Martian year anniversary ( 669 sols or 687 Earth days ) on November 20 , 2005 . Opportunity celebrated its anniversary on December 12 , 2005 . At the beginning of the mission , it was expected that the rovers would not survive much longer than 90 Martian days . The Columbia Hills were `` just a dream '' , according to rover driver Chris Leger . Spirit explored the semicircular rock formation known as Home Plate . It is a layered rock outcrop that puzzles and excites scientists . It is thought that its rocks are explosive volcanic deposits , though other possibilities exist , including impact deposits or sediment borne by wind or water . Spirit 's front right wheel ceased working on March 13 , 2006 , while the rover was moving itself to McCool Hill . Its drivers attempted to drag the dead wheel behind Spirit , but this only worked until reaching an impassable sandy area on the lower slopes . Drivers directed Spirit to a smaller sloped feature , dubbed `` Low Ridge Haven '' , where it spent the long Martian winter , waiting for spring and increased solar power levels suitable for driving . That September , Opportunity reached the rim of Victoria crater , and Spaceflight Now reported that NASA had extended mission for the two rovers through September 2007 . On February 6 , 2007 , Opportunity became the first spacecraft to traverse ten kilometers ( 6.2 miles ) on the surface of Mars . Opportunity was poised to enter Victoria Crater from its perch on the rim of Duck Bay on June 28 , 2007 , but due to extensive dust storms , it was delayed until the dust had cleared and power returned to safe levels . Two months later , Spirit and Opportunity resumed driving after hunkering down during raging dust storms that limited solar power to a level that nearly caused the permanent failure of both rovers . On October 1 , 2007 , both Spirit and Opportunity entered their fifth mission extension that extended operations into 2009 , allowing the rovers to have spent five years exploring the Martian surface , pending their continued survival . On August 26 , 2008 , Opportunity began its three - day climb out of Victoria crater amidst concerns that power spikes , similar to those seen on Spirit before the failure of its right - front wheel , might prevent it from ever being able to leave the crater if a wheel failed . Project scientist Bruce Banerdt also said , `` We 've done everything we entered Victoria Crater to do and more . '' Opportunity will return to the plains in order to characterize Meridiani Planum 's vast diversity of rocks -- some of which may have been blasted out of craters such as Victoria . The rover had been exploring Victoria Crater since September 11 , 2007 . As of January 2009 , the two rovers had collectively sent back 250,000 images and traveled over 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) . Comparison of distances driven by various wheeled vehicles on the surface of Earth 's moon and Mars ( July 28 , 2014 ) . After driving about 3.2 kilometers ( 2.0 mi ) since it left Victoria crater , Opportunity first saw the rim of Endeavour crater on March 7 , 2009 . It passed the 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) mark along the way on sol 1897 . Meanwhile , at Gusev crater , Spirit was dug in deep into the Martian sand , much as Opportunity was at Purgatory Dune in 2005 . On January 3 and January 24 , 2010 , Spirit and Opportunity marked six years on Mars , respectively . On January 26 , NASA announced that Spirit will be used as a stationary research platform after several months of unsuccessful attempts to free the rover from soft sand . NASA announced on March 24 , 2010 , that Opportunity , which has an estimated remaining drive distance of 12 km to Endeavour Crater , has traveled over 20 km since the start of its mission . Each rover was designed with a mission driving distance goal of just 600 meters . One week later , they announced that Spirit may have gone into hibernation for the Martian winter and might not wake up again for months . On September 8 , 2010 , it was announced that Opportunity had reached the halfway point of the 19 - kilometer journey between Victoria crater and Endeavour crater . On May 22 , 2011 , NASA announced that it will cease attempts to contact Spirit , which has been stuck in a sand trap for two years . The last successful communication with the rover was on March 22 , 2010 . The final transmission to the rover was on May 25 , 2011 . In April 2013 , a photo sent back by one of the rovers became widely circulated on social networking and news sites such as Reddit that appeared to depict a human penis carved into the Martian dirt . On May 16 , 2013 , NASA announced that Opportunity had driven further than any other NASA vehicle on a world other than Earth . After Opportunity 's total odometry went over 35.744 km ( 22.210 mi ) , the rover surpassed the total distance driven by the Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle . On July 28 , 2014 , NASA announced that Opportunity had driven further than any other vehicle on a world other than Earth . Opportunity covered over 40 km ( 25 mi ) , surpassing the total distance of 39 km ( 24 mi ) driven by the Lunokhod 2 lunar rover , the previous record - holder . On March 23 , 2015 , NASA announced that Opportunity had driven the full 42.2 km ( 26.2 mi ) distance of a marathon , with a finish time of roughly 11 years , 2 months . Spacecraft design ( edit ) MER launch configuration , break apart illustration The Mars Exploration Rover was designed to be stowed in the nose of a Delta II rocket . Each spacecraft consists of several components : Rover : 185 kg ( 408 lb ) Lander : 348 kg ( 767 lb ) Backshell / Parachute : 209 kg ( 461 lb ) Heat Shield : 78 kg ( 172 lb ) Cruise Stage : 193 kg ( 425 lb ) Propellant : 50 kg ( 110 lb ) Instruments : 5 kg ( 11 lb ) Total mass is 1,063 kg ( 2,344 lb ) . Cruise stage ( edit ) Cruise stage of Opportunity rover MER cruise stage diagram The cruise stage is the component of the spacecraft that is used for travel from Earth to Mars . It is very similar to the Mars Pathfinder in design and is approximately 2.65 meters ( 8.7 ft ) in diameter and 1.6 m ( 5.2 ft ) tall , including the entry vehicle ( see below ) . The primary structure is aluminium with an outer ring of ribs covered by the solar panels , which are about 2.65 m ( 8.7 ft ) in diameter . Divided into five sections , the solar arrays can provide up to 600 watts of power near Earth and 300 W at Mars . Heaters and multi-layer insulation keep the electronics `` warm '' . A freon system removes heat from the flight computer and communications hardware inside the rover so they do not overheat . Cruise avionics systems allow the flight computer to interface with other electronics , such as the sun sensors , star scanner and heaters . Navigation ( edit ) The star scanner ( without a backup system ) and sun sensor allowed the spacecraft to know its orientation in space by analyzing the position of the Sun and other stars in relation to itself . Sometimes the craft could be slightly off course ; this was expected , given the 500 - million - kilometer ( 320 million mile ) journey . Thus navigators planned up to six trajectory correction maneuvers , along with health checks . To ensure the spacecraft arrived at Mars in the right place for its landing , two light - weight , aluminium - lined tanks carried about 31 kg ( about 68 lb ) of hydrazine propellant . Along with cruise guidance and control systems , the propellant allowed navigators to keep the spacecraft on course . Burns and pulse firings of the propellant allowed three types of maneuvers : An axial burn uses pairs of thrusters to change spacecraft velocity ; A lateral burn uses two `` thruster clusters '' ( four thrusters per cluster ) to move the spacecraft `` sideways '' through seconds - long pulses ; Pulse mode firing uses coupled thruster pairs for spacecraft precession maneuvers ( turns ) . Communication ( edit ) The spacecraft used a high - frequency X band radio wavelength to communicate , which allowed for less power and smaller antennas than many older craft , which used S band . Navigators sent commands through two antennas on the cruise stage : a cruise low - gain antenna mounted inside the inner ring , and a cruise medium - gain antenna in the outer ring . The low - gain antenna was used close to Earth . It is omni - directional , so the transmission power that reached Earth fell faster with increasing distance . As the craft moved closer to Mars , the Sun and Earth moved closer in the sky as viewed from the craft , so less energy reached Earth . The spacecraft then switched to the medium - gain antenna , which directed the same amount of transmission power into a tighter beam toward Earth . During flight , the spacecraft was spin - stabilized with a spin rate of two revolutions per minute ( rpm ) . Periodic updates kept antennas pointed toward Earth and solar panels toward the Sun . Aeroshell ( edit ) Overview of the Mars Exploration Rover aeroshell The aeroshell maintained a protective covering for the lander during the seven - month voyage to Mars . Together with the lander and the rover , it constituted the `` entry vehicle '' . Its main purpose was to protect the lander and the rover inside it from the intense heat of entry into the thin Martian atmosphere . It was based on the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Viking designs . Parts ( edit ) The aeroshell was made of two main parts : a heat shield and a backshell . The heat shield was flat and brownish , and protected the lander and rover during entry into the Martian atmosphere and acted as the first aerobrake for the spacecraft . The backshell was large , cone - shaped and painted white . It carried the parachute and several components used in later stages of entry , descent , and landing , including : A parachute ( stowed at the bottom of the backshell ) ; The backshell electronics and batteries that fire off pyrotechnic devices like separation nuts , rockets and the parachute mortar ; A Litton LN - 200 Inertial Measurement Unit ( IMU ) , which monitors and reports the orientation of the backshell as it swings under the parachute ; Three large solid rocket motors called RAD rockets ( Rocket Assisted Descent ) , each providing about a ton of force ( 10 kilonewtons ) for about 60 seconds ; Three small solid rockets called TIRS ( mounted so that they aim horizontally out the sides of the backshell ) that provide a small horizontal kick to the backshell to help orient the backshell more vertically during the main RAD rocket burn . Composition ( edit ) Built by the Lockheed Martin Astronautics Co. in Denver , Colorado , the aeroshell is made of an aluminium honeycomb structure sandwiched between graphite - epoxy face sheets . The outside of the aeroshell is covered with a layer of phenolic honeycomb . This honeycomb is filled with an ablative material ( also called an `` ablator '' ) , that dissipates heat generated by atmospheric friction . The ablator itself is a unique blend of cork wood , binder and many tiny silica glass spheres . It was invented for the heat shields flown on the Viking Mars lander missions . A similar technology was used in the first US manned space missions Mercury , Gemini and Apollo . It was specially formulated to react chemically with the Martian atmosphere during entry and carry heat away , leaving a hot wake of gas behind the vehicle . The vehicle slowed from 19,000 to 1,600 km / h ( 5,300 to 440 m / s ) in about a minute , producing about 60 m / s ( 6 g ) of acceleration on the lander and rover . The backshell and heat shield are made of the same materials , but the heat shield has a thicker , 13 mm ( ⁄ in ) , layer of the ablator . Instead of being painted , the backshell was covered with a very thin aluminized PET film blanket to protect it from the cold of deep space . The blanket vaporized during entry into the Martian atmosphere . Parachute ( edit ) Mars Exploration Rover 's parachute test The parachute helped slow the spacecraft during entry , descent , and landing . It is located in the backshell . Design ( edit ) The 2003 parachute design was part of a long - term Mars parachute technology development effort and is based on the designs and experience of the Viking and Pathfinder missions . The parachute for this mission is 40 % larger than Pathfinder 's because the largest load for the Mars Exploration Rover is 80 to 85 kilonewtons ( kN ) or 80 to 85 kN ( 18,000 to 19,000 lbf ) when the parachute fully inflates . By comparison , Pathfinder 's inflation loads were approximately 35 kN ( about 8,000 lbf ) . The parachute was designed and constructed in South Windsor , Connecticut by Pioneer Aerospace , the company that also designed the parachute for the Stardust mission . Composition ( edit ) The parachute is made of two durable , lightweight fabrics : polyester and nylon . A triple bridle made of Kevlar connects the parachute to the backshell . The amount of space available on the spacecraft for the parachute is so small that the parachute had to be pressure - packed . Before launch , a team tightly folded the 48 suspension lines , three bridle lines , and the parachute . The parachute team loaded the parachute in a special structure that then applied a heavy weight to the parachute package several times . Before placing the parachute into the backshell , the parachute was heat set to sterilize it . Connected systems ( edit ) Descent is halted by retrorockets and lander is dropped 10 m ( 33 ft ) to the surface in this computer generated impression . Zylon Bridles : After the parachute was deployed at an altitude of about 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) above the surface , the heatshield was released using 6 separation nuts and push - off springs . The lander then separated from the backshell and `` rappelled '' down a metal tape on a centrifugal braking system built into one of the lander petals . The slow descent down the metal tape placed the lander in position at the end of another bridle ( tether ) , made of a nearly 20 m ( 66 ft ) long braided Zylon . Zylon is an advanced fiber material , similar to Kevlar , that is sewn in a webbing pattern ( like shoelace material ) to make it stronger . The Zylon bridle provides space for airbag deployment , distance from the solid rocket motor exhaust stream , and increased stability . The bridle incorporates an electrical harness that allows the firing of the solid rockets from the backshell as well as provides data from the backshell inertial measurement unit ( which measures rate and tilt of the spacecraft ) to the flight computer in the rover . Rocket assisted descent ( RAD ) motors : Because the atmospheric density of Mars is less than 1 % of Earth 's , the parachute alone could not slow down the Mars Exploration Rover enough to ensure a safe , low landing speed . The spacecraft descent was assisted by rockets that brought the spacecraft to a dead stop 10 -- 15 m ( 33 -- 49 ft ) above the Martian surface . Radar altimeter unit : A radar altimeter unit was used to determine the distance to the Martian surface . The radar 's antenna is mounted at one of the lower corners of the lander tetrahedron . When the radar measurement showed the lander was the correct distance above the surface , the Zylon bridle was cut , releasing the lander from the parachute and backshell so that it was free and clear for landing . The radar data also enabled the timing sequence on airbag inflation and backshell RAD rocket firing . Airbags ( edit ) Artist 's concept of inflated airbags Airbags used in the Mars Exploration Rover mission are the same type that Mars Pathfinder used in 1997 . They had to be strong enough to cushion the spacecraft if it landed on rocks or rough terrain and allow it to bounce across Mars ' surface at highway speeds ( about 100 km / h ) after landing . The airbags had to be inflated seconds before touchdown and deflated once safely on the ground . The airbags were made of Vectran , like those on Pathfinder . Vectran has almost twice the strength of other synthetic materials , such as Kevlar , and performs better in cold temperatures . Six 100 denier ( 10 mg / m ) layers of Vectran protected one or two inner bladders of Vectran in 200 denier ( 20 mg / m ) . Using 100 denier ( 10 mg / m ) leaves more fabric in the outer layers where it is needed , because there are more threads in the weave . Each rover used four airbags with six lobes each , all of which were connected . Connection was important , since it helped abate some of the landing forces by keeping the bag system flexible and responsive to ground pressure . The airbags were not attached directly to the rover , but were held to it by ropes crisscrossing the bag structure . The ropes gave the bags shape , making inflation easier . While in flight , the bags were stowed along with three gas generators that are used for inflation . Lander ( edit ) MER lander petals opening ( Courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech ) The spacecraft lander is a protective shell that houses the rover , and together with the airbags , protects it from the forces of impact . The lander is a tetrahedron shape , whose sides open like petals . It is strong and light , and made of beams and sheets . The beams consist of layers of graphite fiber woven into a fabric that is lighter than aluminium and more rigid than steel . Titanium fittings are glued and fitted onto the beams to allow it to be bolted together . The rover was held inside the lander by bolts and special nuts that were released after landing with small explosives . Uprighting ( edit ) After the lander stopped bouncing and rolling on the ground , it came to rest on the base of the tetrahedron or one of its sides . The sides then opened to make the base horizontal and the rover upright . The sides are connected to the base by hinges , each of which has a motor strong enough to lift the lander . The rover plus lander has a mass of about 533 kilograms ( 1,175 pounds ) . The rover alone has a mass of about 185 kg ( 408 lb ) . The gravity on Mars is about 38 % of Earth 's , so the motor does not need to be as powerful as it would on Earth . The rover contains accelerometers to detect which way is down ( toward the surface of Mars ) by measuring the pull of gravity . The rover computer then commanded the correct lander petal to open to place the rover upright . Once the base petal was down and the rover was upright , the other two petals were opened . The petals initially opened to an equally flat position , so all sides of the lander were straight and level . The petal motors are strong enough so that if two of the petals come to rest on rocks , the base with the rover would be held in place like a bridge above the ground . The base will hold at a level even with the height of the petals resting on rocks , making a straight flat surface throughout the length of the open , flattened lander . The flight team on Earth could then send commands to the rover to adjust the petals and create a safe path for the rover to drive off the lander and onto the Martian surface without dropping off a steep rock . Moving the payload onto Mars ( edit ) Spirit 's lander on Mars The moving of the rover off the lander is called the egress phase of the mission . The rover must avoid having its wheels caught in the airbag material or falling off a sharp incline . To help this , a retraction system on the petals slowly drags the airbags toward the lander before the petals open . Small ramps on the petals fan out to fill spaces between the petals . They cover uneven terrain , rock obstacles , and airbag material , and form a circular area from which the rover can drive off in more directions . They also lower the step that the rover must climb down . They are nicknamed `` batwings '' , and are made of Vectran cloth . About three hours were allotted to retract the airbags and deploy the lander petals . Rover design ( edit ) Mars Exploration Rover ( rear ) vs. Sojourner rover ( Courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech ) 3D Interactive 3D model of the MER The rovers are six - wheeled , solar - powered robots that stand 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) high , 2.3 m ( 7.5 ft ) wide and 1.6 m ( 5.2 ft ) long . They weigh 180 kg ( 400 lb ) , 35 kg ( 77 lb ) of which is the wheel and suspension system . Drive system ( edit ) Drive wheel from the Mars Exploration Rovers , with integral suspension flexures . Each rover has six wheels mounted on a rocker - bogie suspension system that ensures wheels remain on the ground while driving over rough terrain . The design reduces the range of motion of the rover body by half , and allows the rover to go over obstacles or through holes that are more than a wheel diameter ( 250 millimeters ( 9.8 in ) ) in size . The rover wheels are designed with integral compliant flexures which provide shock absorption during movement . Additionally , the wheels have cleats which provide grip for climbing in soft sand and scrambling over rocks . Each wheel has its own drive motor . The two front and two rear wheels each have individual steering motors . This allows the vehicle to turn in place , a full revolution , and to swerve and curve , making arching turns . The rover is designed to withstand a tilt of 45 degrees in any direction without overturning . However , the rover is programmed through its `` fault protection limits '' in its hazard avoidance software to avoid exceeding tilts of 30 degrees . Each rover can spin one of its front wheels in place to grind deep into the terrain . It is to remain motionless while the digging wheel is spinning . The rovers have a top speed on flat hard ground of 50 mm / s ( 2 in / s ) . The average speed is 10 mm / s , because its hazard avoidance software causes it to stop every 10 seconds for 20 seconds to observe and understand the terrain into which it has driven . Power and electronic systems ( edit ) See also : Comparison of embedded computer systems on board the Mars rovers Circular projection showing MER - A Spirit 's solar panels covered in dust in October 2007 on Mars . Unexpected cleaning events have periodically increased power . When fully illuminated , the rover triplejunction solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day ( sol ) . The rover needs about 100 watts to drive . Its power system includes two rechargeable lithium ion batteries weighing 7.15 kg ( 15.8 lb ) each , that provide energy when the sun is not shining , especially at night . Over time , the batteries will degrade and will not be able to recharge to full capacity . For comparison , the Mars Science Laboratory 's power system is composed of a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator ( MMRTG ) produced by Boeing . The MMRTG is designed to provide 125W of electrical power at the start of the mission , falling to 100W after 14 years of service . It is used to power the MSL 's many systems and instruments . Solar panels were also considered for the MSL , but RTGs provide constant power , regardless of the time of day , and thus the versatility to work in dark environments and high latitudes where solar energy is not readily available . The MSL generates 2.5 kilowatt hours per day , compared to the Mars Exploration Rovers , which can generate about 0.6 kilowatt hours per day . It was thought that by the end of the 90 - sol mission , the capability of the solar arrays to generate power would likely be reduced to about 50 watts . This was due to anticipated dust coverage on the solar arrays , and the change in season . Over three Earth years later , however , the rovers ' power supplies hovered between 300 watt - hours and 900 watt - hours per day , depending on dust coverage . Cleaning events ( dust removal by wind ) have occurred more often than NASA expected , keeping the arrays relatively free of dust and extending the life of the mission . During a 2007 global dust storm on Mars , both rovers experienced some of the lowest power of the mission ; Opportunity dipped to 128 watt - hours . In November 2008 , Spirit had overtaken this low - energy record with a production of 89 watt - hours , due to dust storms in the region of Gusev crater . The rovers run a VxWorks embedded operating system on a radiation - hardened 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM with error detection and correction and 3 MB of EEPROM . Each rover also has 256 MB of flash memory . To survive during the various mission phases , the rover 's vital instruments must stay within a temperature of − 40 ° C to + 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F to 104 ° F ) . At night , the rovers are heated by eight radioisotope heater units ( RHU ) , which each continuously generate 1 W of thermal energy from the decay of radioisotopes , along with electrical heaters that operate only when necessary . A sputtered gold film and a layer of silica aerogel are used for insulation . Communication ( edit ) Pancam Mast Assembly ( PMA ) Rock Abrasion Tool ( RAT ) Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer ( APXS ) ( Courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech ) The rover has an X band low - gain and an X band high - gain antenna for communications to and from the Earth , as well as an ultra high frequency monopole antenna for relay communications . The low - gain antenna is omnidirectional , and transmits data at a low rate to Deep Space Network ( DSN ) antennas on Earth . The high - gain antenna is directional and steerable , and can transmit data to Earth at a higher rate . The rovers use the UHF monopole and its CE505 radio to communicate with spacecraft orbiting Mars , the Mars Odyssey and ( before its failure ) the Mars Global Surveyor ( already more than 7.6 terabits of data were transferred using its Mars Relay antenna and Mars Orbiter Camera 's memory buffer of 12 MB ) . Since MRO went into orbit around Mars , the landers have also used it as a relay asset . Most of the lander data is relayed to Earth through Odyssey and MRO . The orbiters can receive rover signals at a much higher data rate than the Deep Space Network can , due to the much shorter distances from rover to orbiter . The orbiters then quickly relay the rover data to the Earth using their large and high - powered antennas . Each rover has nine cameras , which produce 1024 - pixel by 1024 - pixel images at 12 bits per pixel , but most navigation camera images and image thumbnails are truncated to 8 bits per pixel to conserve memory and transmission time . All images are then compressed using ICER before being stored and sent to Earth . Navigation , thumbnail , and many other image types are compressed to approximately 0.8 to 1.1 bits / pixel . Lower bit rates ( less than 0.5 - bit / pixel ) are used for certain wavelengths of multi-color panoramic images . ICER is based on wavelets , and was designed specifically for deep - space applications . It produces progressive compression , both lossless and lossy , and incorporates an error - containment scheme to limit the effects of data loss on the deep - space channel . It outperforms the lossy JPEG image compressor and the lossless Rice compressor used by the Mars Pathfinder mission . Scientific instrumentation ( edit ) The rover has various instruments . Three are mounted on the Pancam Mast Assembly ( PMA ) : Panoramic Cameras ( Pancam ) , two cameras with color filter wheels for determining the texture , color , mineralogy , and structure of the local terrain . Navigation Cameras ( Navcam ) , two cameras that have larger fields of view but lower resolution and are monochromatic , for navigation and driving . A periscope assembly for the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer ( Mini-TES ) , which identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination , and determines the processes that formed them . The Mini-TES was built by Arizona State University . The periscope assembly features two beryllium fold mirrors , a shroud that closes to minimize dust contamination in the assembly , and stray - light rejection baffles that are strategically placed within the graphite epoxy tubes . The cameras are mounted 1.5 meters high on the Pancam Mast Assembly . The PMA is deployed via the Mast Deployment Drive ( MDD ) . The Azimuth Drive , mounted directly above the MDD , turns the assembly horizontally a whole revolution with signals transmitted through a rolling tape configuration . The camera drive points the cameras in elevation , almost straight up or down . A third motor points the Mini-TES fold mirrors and protective shroud , up to 30 ° above the horizon and 50 ° below . The PMA 's conceptual design was done by Jason Suchman at JPL , the Cognizant Engineer who later served as Contract Technical Manager ( CTM ) once the assembly was built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. , Boulder , Colorado . Raul Romero served as CTM once subsystem - level testing began . Satish Krishnan did the conceptual design of the High - Gain Antenna Gimbal ( HGAG ) , whose detailed design , assembly , and test was also performed by Ball Aerospace at which point Satish acted as the CTM . Four monochromatic hazard cameras ( Hazcams ) are mounted on the rover 's body , two in front and two behind . The instrument deployment device ( IDD ) , also called the rover arm , holds the following : Mössbauer spectrometer ( MB ) MIMOS II , developed by Dr. Göstar Klingelhöfer at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz , Germany , is used for close - up investigations of the mineralogy of iron - bearing rocks and soils . Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer ( APXS ) , developed by the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz , Germany , is used for close - up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils . Universities involved in developing the APXS include the University of Guelph , University of California , and Cornell University Magnets , for collecting magnetic dust particles , developed by Jens Martin Knudsen 's group at the Niels Bohr Institute , Copenhagen . The particles are analyzed by the Mössbauer Spectrometer and X-ray Spectrometer to help determine the ratio of magnetic particles to non-magnetic particles and the composition of magnetic minerals in airborne dust and rocks that have been ground by the Rock Abrasion Tool . There are also magnets on the front of the rover , which are studied extensively by the Mössbauer spectrometer . Microscopic Imager ( MI ) for obtaining close - up , high - resolution images of rocks and soils . Development was led by Ken Herkenhoff 's team at the USGS Astrogeology Research Program . Rock Abrasion Tool ( RAT ) , developed by Honeybee Robotics , for removing dusty and weathered rock surfaces and exposing fresh material for examination by instruments on board . The robotic arm is able to place instruments directly up against rock and soil targets of interest . Naming of Spirit and Opportunity ( edit ) Sofi Collis with a model of Mars Exploration Rover The Spirit and Opportunity rovers were named through a student essay competition . The winning entry was by Sofi Collis , a third - grade Russian - American student from Arizona . I used to live in an orphanage . It was dark and cold and lonely . At night , I looked up at the sparkly sky and felt better . I dreamed I could fly there . In America , I can make all my dreams come true . Thank you for the ' Spirit ' and the ' Opportunity . ' -- Sofi Collis , age 9 Prior to this , during the development and building of the rovers , they were known as MER - 1 ( Opportunity ) and MER - 2 ( Spirit ) . Internally , NASA also uses the mission designations MER - A ( Spirit ) and MER - B ( Opportunity ) based on the order of landing on Mars ( Spirit first then Opportunity ) . Test rovers ( edit ) Rover team members simulate Spirit in a Martian sandtrap . The Jet Propulsion Laboratory maintains a pair of rovers , the Surface System Test - Beds ( SSTB ) at its location in Pasadena for testing and modeling of situations on Mars . One test rover , SSTB1 , weighing approximately 180 kilograms ( 400 lb ) , is fully instrumented and nearly identical to Spirit and Opportunity . Another test version , SSTB - Lite , is identical in size and drive characteristics but does not include all instruments . It weighs in at 80 kilograms ( 180 lb ) , much closer to the weight of Spirit and Opportunity in the reduced gravity of Mars . These rovers were used in 2009 for a simulation of the incident in which Spirit became trapped in soft soil . SAP ( edit ) The NASA team uses a software application called SAP to view images collected from the rover , and to plan its daily activities . There is a version available to the public called Maestro . Planetary science. findings ( edit ) See also : Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission Spirit landing site , Gusev crater ( edit ) Plains ( edit ) Although the Gusev crater appears from orbital images to be a dry lakebed , the observations from the surface show the interior plains mostly filled with debris . The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt . They contain the minerals olivine , pyroxene , plagioclase , and magnetite , and they look like volcanic basalt as they are fine - grained with irregular holes ( geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs ) . Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks . Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils ; probably from meteorites . Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water . Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals , maybe bromine compounds . All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material . One type can be brushed off , while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool ( RAT ) . There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills , some of which have been altered by water , but not by very much water . Adirondack Coordinates 14 ° 36 ′ S 175 ° 30 ′ E / 14.6 ° S 175.5 ° E / - 14.6 ; 175.5 Coordinates : 14 ° 36 ′ S 175 ° 30 ′ E / 14.6 ° S 175.5 ° E / - 14.6 ; 175.5 These rocks can be classified in different ways . The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts -- also called picritic basalts . The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic komatiites . Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites , meteorites which came from Mars . One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph ; in this system , Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt , picrobasalt , and tephite . The Irvine - Barager classification calls them basalts . Plain 's rocks have been very slightly altered , probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds , as well as coatings or rinds . It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes ) . Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust . One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth . The first rock that Spirit studied was Adirondack . It turned out to be typical of the other rocks on the plains . First color picture from Gusev crater . Rocks were found to be basalt . Everything was covered with a fine dust that Spirit determined was magnetic because of the mineral magnetite . Cross-sectional drawing of a typical rock from the plains of Gusev crater . Most rocks contain a coating of dust and one or more harder coatings . Veins of water - deposited veins are visible , along with crystals of olivine . Veins may contain bromine salts . Dust ( edit ) The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet . All the dust was found to be magnetic . Moreover , Spirit found the magnetism was caused by the mineral magnetite , especially magnetite that contained the element titanium . One magnet was able to completely divert all dust hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic . The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright , low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites . A thin layer of dust , maybe less than one millimeter thick covers all surfaces . Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water . Columbia Hills ( edit ) As the rover climbed above the plains onto the Columbia Hills , the mineralogy that was seen changed . Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills , and they placed them into six different categories . The six are : Clovis , Wishbone , Peace , Watchtower , Backstay , and Independence . They are named after a prominent rock in each group . Their chemical compositions , as measured by APXS , are significantly different from each other . Most importantly , all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids . They are enriched in the elements phosphorus , sulfur , chlorine , and bromine -- all of which can be carried around in water solutions . The Columbia Hills ' rocks contain basaltic glass , along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates . The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates . This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates . The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer ( MB ) detected goethite in it . Goethite forms only in the presence of water , so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills 's rocks . In addition , the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence , although the rocks probably once contained much olivine . Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water . Sulfate was found , and it needs water to form . Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase , some olivine , and anhydrate ( a sulfate ) . Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water , so hydrated sulfates are suspected . Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water . The Independence class showed some signs of clay ( perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group ) . Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form . One type of soil , called Paso Robles , from the Columbia Hills , may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur , phosphorus , calcium , and iron . Also , MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized , Fe form . Towards the middle of the six - year mission ( a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days ) , large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil . The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment . After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer , or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate - rich rocks , which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water . The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called `` Comanche . '' In summary , Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev , but no evidence that a lake was there . However , in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering . The evidence included sulfates and the minerals goethite and carbonates which only form in the presence of water . It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago , but it has since been covered by igneous materials . All the dust contains a magnetic component which was identified as magnetite with some titanium . Furthermore , the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars . Opportunity landing site , Meridiani Planum ( edit ) Self - portrait of Opportunity near Endeavour Crater on the surface of Mars ( January 6 , 2014 ) . Cape Tribulation southern end , as seen in 2017 by Opportunity rover The Opportunity rover landed in a small crater , dubbed `` Eagle '' , on the flat plains of Meridiani . The plains of the landing site were characterized by the presence of a large number of small spherules , spherical concretions that were tagged `` blueberries '' by the science team , which were found both loose on the surface , and also embedded in the rock . These proved to have a high concentration of the mineral hematite , and showed the signature of being formed in an aqueous environment . The layered bedrock revealed in the crater walls showed signs of being sedimentary in nature , and compositional and microscopic - imagery analysis showed this to be primarily with composition of Jarosite , a ferrous sulfate mineral that is characteristically an evaporite that is the residue from the evaporation of a salty pond or sea . The mission has provided substantial evidence of past water activity on Mars . In addition to investigating the `` water hypothesis '' , Opportunity has also obtained astronomical observations and atmospheric data . The extended mission took the rover across the plains to a series of larger craters in the south , with the arrival at the edge of a 25 - km diameter crater , Endeavour Crater , eight years after landing . The orbital spectroscopy of this crater rim show the signs of phyllosilicate rocks , indicative of older sedimentary deposits . Landing locations ( edit ) Interactive imagemap of the global topography of Mars , overlain with locations of Mars landers and rovers ( Red label = Rover ; Blue label = Lander ; bold red / blue = currently active ) . Hover your mouse to see the names of over 25 prominent geographic features , and click to link to them . Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations , based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA 's Mars Global Surveyor . Reds and pinks are higher elevation ( + 3 km to + 8 km ) ; yellow is 0 km ; greens and blues are lower elevation ( down to − 8 km ) . Whites ( > + 12 km ) and browns ( > + 8 km ) are the highest elevations . Axes are latitude and longitude ; Poles are not shown . ( See also : Mars map & Mars Memorials & Mars Memorials map ) ( view discuss ) ← Beagle 2 ( 2003 ) Curiosity ( 2012 ) → Deep Space 2 ( 1999 ) → Mars 2 ( 1971 ) → ← Mars 3 ( 1971 ) Mars 6 ( 1973 ) → Polar Lander ( 1999 ) ↓ ↑ Opportunity ( 2004 ) ← Phoenix ( 2008 ) Schiaparelli EDM ( 2016 ) → ← Sojourner ( 1997 ) Spirit ( 2004 ) ↑ Viking 1 ( 1976 ) → Viking 2 ( 1976 ) → Glossary ( edit ) APXS : Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer DSCC : Deep Space Communications Center DSN : Deep Space Network DTS : Dead Time Start ERT : Earth - received time , UTC of an event FSW : flight software HGA : High Gain Antenna LGA : Low Gain Antenna MER : Mars Exploration Rover MSL : Mars Science Laboratory Mini-TES : Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( USA ) Navcam : Navigation camera Pancam : Panoramic camera RAT : Rock Abrasion Tool RCS : Reaction Control System See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars Exploration Rover . Aeolis quadrangle Astrogeology Research Program of the United States Geological Survey Boeing Integrated Defense Systems Composition of Mars Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex Lunokhod programme ( Lunar rovers ) Maestro ( software ) Space exploration Syd Lieberman ( Official storyteller of the Mars Exploration Mission ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , Jon . `` Mars Exploration Rover - Spirit '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Jon . `` Mars Exploration Rover - Opportunity '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Exploration Rover Mission Overview '' . NASA . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA extends Mars rovers ' mission '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Exploration Rover Mission : Press Releases '' . marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mars Exploration Rover Status Report : Rovers Resume Driving '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Henry Fountain ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Crater was Shaped by Wind and Water , Mars Rover Data Shows '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Now a Stationary Research Platform , NASA 's Mars Rover Spirit Starts a New Chapter in Red Planet Scientific Studies '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Concludes Attempts to Contact Mars Rover Spirit '' . NASA . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Grotzinger , John P. ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Introduction to Special Issue - Habitability , Taphonomy , and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars '' . Science . 343 ( 6169 ) : 386 -- 387 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 343 ... 386G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1249944 . PMID 24458635 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Various ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Special Issue - Table of Contents - Exploring Martian Habitability '' . Science . 343 ( 6169 ) : 345 -- 452 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Various ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Special Collection - Curiosity - Exploring Martian Habitability '' . Science . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Grotzinger , J.P. et al. ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Habitable Fluvio - Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay , Gale Crater , Mars '' . Science . 343 ( 6169 ) : 1242777 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 343A. 386G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1242777 . PMID 24324272 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover '' . marsrovers.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 300px - View_over_Launch_Complex_17 '' . upload.wikimedia.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit Mars Rover Reaches ' Home Plate ' : Formation Has Researchers Puzzled '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 01 . 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Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wheels in the Sky '' . NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ D. Crisp , , a , A. Pathareb and R.C. Ewell ( 2004 ) . `` The performance of gallium arsenide / germanium solar cells at the Martian surface '' . Progress in Photovoltaics : Research and Applications. 54 ( 2 ) : 83 -- 101 . Bibcode : 2004AcAau ... 54 ... 83C . doi : 10.1016 / S0094 - 5765 ( 02 ) 00287 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Technologies of Broad Benefit : Power '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of NASA Program on Development of Radioisotope Power Systems with High Specific Power '' ( PDF ) . Pdf.aiaa.org . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Watson , Traci ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Troubles parallel ambitions in NASA Mars project '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Mars dust storms threaten rovers '' . BBC News . 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( 2004 ) . `` Magnetic Properties on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 827 -- 829 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 305 ... 827B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1100112 . PMID 15297664 . Jump up ^ Bell , J ( ed . ) The Martian Surface. 2008 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86698 - 9 Jump up ^ Gelbert R. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Chemistry of Rocks and Soils in Gusev Crater from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer '' . Science . 305 ( 5685 ) : 829 -- 32 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 305 ... 829G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1099913 . PMID 15297665 . Jump up ^ Arvidson R. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Gusev Crater : Landing Site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 111 : E02S01 . Bibcode : 2006JGRE ... 111.2 S01A . doi : 10.1029 / 2005je002499 . Jump up ^ Crumpler L. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Mars Exploration Rover Geologic Traverse by the Spirit Rover in the Plains of Gusev Crater , Mars '' . Geology. 33 ( 10 ) : 809 -- 812 . Bibcode : 2005Geo ... 33 ... 809C . doi : 10.1130 / g21673. 1 . Jump up ^ Squyres S. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Rocks of the Columbia Hills '' . J. Geophys . Res . Planets. 111 . Jump up ^ Ming D. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater , Mars '' . J. Geophys . Res. 111 : n / a . Bibcode : 2006JGRE ... 111.2 S12M . doi : 10.1029 / 2005je002560 . ^ Jump up to : Schroder , C. , et al. ( 2005 ) European Geosciences Union , General Assembly , Geophysical Research abstr. , Vol. 7 , 10254 , 2005 Jump up ^ Christensen , P.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly , 23 - 27 May 2005 '' . Agu.org . Jump up ^ Klingelhofer , G. , et al. ( 2005 ) Lunar Planet . Sci. XXXVI abstr. 2349 Jump up ^ Morris , S. , et al. Mossbauer mineralogy of rock , soil , and dust at Gusev crater , Mars : Spirit 's journal through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills . J. Geophys . Res. : 111 Jump up ^ Ming , D. , et al. 2006 Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater , Mars . J. Geophys . Res. 111 Jump up ^ `` NASA - Mars Rover Spirit Unearths Surprise Evidence of Wetter Past '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Outcrop of long - sought rare rock on Mars found '' . Sciencedaily.com. 2010 - 06 - 04 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 329 ... 421M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1189667 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Morris Richard V. ; Ruff Steven W. ; Gellert Ralf ; Ming Douglas W. ; Arvidson Raymond E. ; Clark Benton C. ; Golden D.C. ; Siebach Kirsten ; Klingelhöfer Göstar ; Schröder Christian ; Fleischer Iris ; Yen Albert S. ; Squyres Steven W. ( 2010 ) . `` Identification of Carbonate - Rich Outcrops on Mars by the Spirit Rover '' . Science . 329 ( 5990 ) : 421 -- 424 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 329 ... 421M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1189667 . PMID 20522738 . Jump up ^ Squyres S. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The Opportunity Rover 's Athena Science Investigation At Meridiani Planum , Mars '' . Science . 306 ( 5702 ) : 1698 -- 1703 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 306.1698 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1106171 . PMID 15576602 . Jump up ^ Squyres S. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Overview of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Meridiani Planum : Eagle Crater to Purgatory Dune '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 111 : E12S12 . Bibcode : 2006JGRE ... 11112S12S . doi : 10.1029 / 2006je002771 . References ( edit ) Mars Curiosity Portions of this article are adopted from NASA / JPL MER article . Additional information was adapted from the MER homepage Further reading ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Roving Mars : Spirit , Opportunity , and the Exploration of the Red Planet by Steve Squyres ( published August 2005 ; ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0149 - 5 ) Postcards from Mars : The First Photographer on the Red Planet by Jim Bell ( published November 2006 ; ISBN 0 - 525 - 94985 - 2 ) Technical papers by JPL Robotics Engineers Interview : The driver behind NASA 's Mars Rovers from Australian PC World External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars Exploration Rovers . NASA JPL 's MER website Spirit Mission Profile Opportunity Mission Profile Mars Exploration Rover project , NASA / JPL document NSS ISDC 2001 27 May 2001 Science , 6 August 2004 - Scientific papers from the first phase of the Spirit mission Mars Rover Manual : Centralized resource for all publicly released rover technical details MER Analysts Notebook ( access to the MER scientific data set ) Scientific American Magazine ( March 2004 Issue ) `` The Spirit of Exploration '' Li2 - Rover Official PanCam True Color Images Gallery Rover image gallery Nonofficial Daily PanCam Color Image Gallery Mars Exploration Rover program General Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) Spirit rover ( MER - A ) Opportunity rover ( MER - B ) Scientific information Spirit rover Gusev crater Surface features of Mars imaged by Spirit Opportunity rover Timeline Meridiani Planum Argo crater Eagle crater Endeavour crater Surface features of Mars imaged by Opportunity Instruments APXS Cameras ( Hazcam , Navcam , Pancam , Microscopic Imager ) MIMOS II Mini-TES Rock Abrasion Tool ( RAT ) Rover embedded computers MarsDial ( Calibration Target / Plauque ) Related Computers ( IBM RAD6000 ) DSN JPL Maestro Rocker - bogie Rockets ( Delta II Heavy ) Cleaning event 37452 Spirit 39382 Opportunity Features on Mars visited by Opportunity rover List of surface features of Mars imaged by Opportunity Craters Argo Eagle Fram Endurance Vostok Naturaliste Erebus Beagle Emma Dean Victoria ( Cape Verde ) Santa Mara Endeavour Endeavour Cape York Solander Point Cape Tribulation Rocks Block Island meteorite Bounce Rock El Capitan ( Mars ) Heat Shield Rock Last Chance ( Mars ) Mackinac Island meteorite Oileán Ruaidh ( Mars rock ) Shelter Island meteorite Martian spherules Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity mission timeline Spacecraft missions to Mars Current Flybys Mars Cube One ( MarCO ) ( en route ) Orbiters ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Mangalyaan Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter MAVEN 2001 Mars Odyssey Landers InSight ( en route ) Rovers Curiosity timeline Opportunity observations Past Flybys Dawn Mariner 4 Mariner 6 Mariner 7 Mars 1 Mars 6 Mars 7 Nozomi Rosetta Zond 2 Orbiters Mariner 9 Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 4 Mars 5 Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Global Surveyor Mars Observer Phobos program Phobos 1 Phobos 2 Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Landers Beagle 2 ExoMars Schiaparelli Mars 2 Mars 3 Mars 6 Mars 7 Mars Pathfinder Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2 Phoenix Viking 1 Viking 2 Rovers Prop - M Sojourner Spirit observations Mars - crossing orbit tests Zond 3 Elon Musk 's Tesla Roadster Failed launches Fobos - Grunt / Yinghuo - 1 Kosmos 419 1M No. 1 1M No. 2 2MV - 4 No. 1 2MV - 3 No. 1 Mariner 3 2M No. 521 2M No. 522 Mariner 8 Mars 96 Planned Hope Mars Mission ( 2020 ) ExoMars ( 2020 ) rover surface platform Mars 2020 ( 2020 ) Mars Helicopter Scout Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover ( 2020 ) Mars Terahertz Microsatellite ( 2020 ) Mars Orbiter Mission 2 ( 2021 or 2022 ) Psyche ( 2023 , flyby only ) Martian Moons Exploration ( MMX ) ( 2024 ) Active proposals Biological Oxidant and Life Detection ( BOLD ) Icebreaker Life Mars Geyser Hopper Mars - Grunt Mars Micro Orbiter ‎ Mars One MELOS rover MetNet Next Mars Orbiter ( NeMO ) PADME Phootprint Sky - Sailor Cancelled proposals Aerial Regional - scale Environmental Survey ( ARES ) Astrobiology Field Laboratory Beagle 3 Mars 4NM & 5NM Mars 5M ( Mars - 79 ) Mars - Aster Mars Astrobiology Explorer - Cacher ( MAX - C ) Mars Surveyor Lander Mars Telecommunications Orbiter NetLander Northern Light Red Dragon Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars ( SCIM ) Vesta Voyager Mars Exploration Concepts Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Manned mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Strategies Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race Lists List of missions to Mars List of Mars orbiters List of artificial objects on Mars indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned . 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REx PROCYON Solar science ACE DSCOVR Parker Solar Probe SOHO STEREO Wind Others Gaia Juno THEMIS Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Completed after 2000 ( by termination date ) NEAR Shoemaker Deep Space 1 2003 Pioneer 10 Galileo Nozomi Genesis 2005 Huygens 2006 Mars Global Surveyor 2008 Phoenix 2009 Chang'e 1 Ulysses Chandrayaan - 1 SELENE LCROSS Hayabusa MER Spirit 2011 Stardust 2012 GRAIL 2013 Deep Impact 2014 LADEE Venus Express Chang'e 5 - T1 2015 MESSENGER Chang'e 3 / Yutu 2016 Rosetta / Philae ExoMars Schiaparelli 2017 LISA Pathfinder Cassini List of Solar System probes List of lunar probes List of space telescopes NASA Policy and history History NACA ( 1915 ) National Aeronautics and Space Act ( 1958 ) Space Task Group ( 1958 ) Paine ( 1986 ) Rogers ( 1986 ) Ride ( 1987 ) Space Exploration Initiative ( 1989 ) Augustine ( 1990 ) U.S. National Space Policy ( 1996 ) CFUSAI ( 2002 ) CAIB ( 2003 ) Vision for Space Exploration ( 2004 ) Aldridge ( 2004 ) Augustine ( 2009 ) General Space Race Administrator and Deputy Administrator Chief Scientist Astronaut Corps Budget Spin - 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Coordinates on Wikidata Incomplete lists from November 2009 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 10 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the names of the two rovers currently exploring mars	[ "NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, Spirit[1] and Opportunity,[2] exploring the planet Mars. It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rovers: MER-A Spirit and MER-B Opportunity—to explore the Martian surface and geology; both landed on Mars at separate locations in January 2004. Both rovers far outlived their planned missions of 90 Martian solar days: MER-A Spirit was active until 2010, while MER-B Opportunity is still active in 2018, and holds the record for the longest distance driven by any off-Earth wheeled vehicle.\n", "NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, Spirit[1] and Opportunity,[2] exploring the planet Mars. It began in 2003 with the launch of the two rovers: MER-A Spirit and MER-B Opportunity—to explore the Martian surface and geology; both landed on Mars at separate locations in January 2004. Both rovers far outlived their planned missions of 90 Martian solar days: MER-A Spirit was active until 2010, while MER-B Opportunity is still active in 2018, and holds the record for the longest distance driven by any off-Earth wheeled vehicle.\n" ]	[ "MER-A Spirit", "MER-B Opportunity" ]
2486080483172901704	List of Horrible Histories episodes	List of Horrible Histories episodes - wikipedia List of Horrible Histories episodes Horrible Histories is a children 's live - action historical sketch - comedy TV series based on the book series of the same name written by Terry Deary . The show ran for five series of thirteen episodes each ( plus seven full - length one - off specials ) , between 2009 and 2013 . Series producer was Caroline Norris . Series 1 was directed by Chloe Thomas and Steve Connelly , with all future series directed by Connelly and Dominic Brigstocke . Writers are listed as per credits of each episode . Original music was -- except where noted -- written by Richie Webb ( music ) and Dave Cohen ( lyrics ) , with instrumentals by Webb . The songs were not given formal titles ; where possible their creators ' names for them have been used . The starring troupe over all five series consisted of Mathew Baynton , Simon Farnaby , Martha Howe - Douglas , Jim Howick , Laurence Rickard and Ben Willbond , some combination of whom appear , with very rare exceptions , in every live - action sketch ; their voices can also be heard in the animated sketches . Supporting cast was headed by Sarah Hadland , Lawry Lewin and Dominique Moore . Notable guest stars are indicated in the episode in which they appear , or in the case of recurring roles , on first appearance . Several sketches incorporate parodies of other UK pop - culture media and / or personalities ; these parody inspirations are likewise indicated on first appearance . In 2015 , the series returned with a new cast in a revised format . Episodes centred around the life of one prominent historical figure played by an established comedy actor . It was in 2016 that a seventh series began with just three specials before the full series in 2017 . The three specials marked anniversaries through the year : 400 years since Shakespeare died , the BBCs ' Love to Read ' campaign and 350 years since the Great Fire of London . There was a slight change in cast where the main stars Jalaal Hartley , Tom Stourton and Jessica Ransom continued with new members . This was the first series where none of the main original cast were present . A full seventh series is due to air in 2017 , each episode themed . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Series 1 : 2009 3 Series 2 : 2010 4 Series 3 : 2011 5 Series 4 : 2012 6 Series 5 : 2013 7 Series 6 : 2015 8 Series 7 Specials : 2016 9 Series 7 : 2017 10 Specials 11 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 13 16 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) 9 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) 14 31 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 31 ) 26 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) 13 30 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) 26 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) 15 9 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) 8 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ) 5 15 27 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 27 ) 23 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) 6 15 7 February 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 07 ) 24 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 24 ) 7 ( S ) 19 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) 5 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 7 15 15 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 6 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) Series 1 : 2009 ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Original airdate 101 `` Series 1 , Episode 1 '' TBA 16 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) Song : Gorgeous Georgians : `` The 4 Georges : Born 2 Rule '' ( boyband parody ) . Lyrics by Dave Cohen with additional lyrics by Laurence Rickard and Caroline Norris . Performed by Ben Willbond , Mathew Baynton , Simon Farnaby and Jim Howick . Sketches : Rotten Romans : The pre-gladiatorial custom of staging fights at funerals . Imagine spot : High school for aspiring gladiators . Frightful First World War : Lice wars ( partly animated ) . `` Ready Steady Feast '' : German wartime food substitutes ( parody of Ready Steady Cook ) . Putrid Pirates : The Black Spot . Captain Black Bart lists off his rules to the new recruits . Savage Stone Age : Stone Age Tool Set ( advertisement ) . The ( not - so - ) carefully reconstructed funeral of a tribal chief . Vicious Vikings : Video game : Warrior ! Viking vs Monk . `` Historical hairdressers '' Ear spoons . Gorgeous Georgians : Special guest Meera Syal is the storyteller of Twisted Fairytales : `` The Three Little Pigs '' ( window tax ) . How to vote in Georgian elections . 102 `` Series 1 , Episode 2 '' Mark Blakewill , Lucy Clarke , James Harris , George Poles , Steve Punt , George Sawyer and Ben Ward 23 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) Song : Terrible Tudors : `` The Wives of Henry VIII : Divorced Beheaded & Died '' . Lyrics by Terry Deary . Performed by Ben Willbond . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : Shouty Man : New ! Pee - sil Non-Bio Laundry Detergent ( two parts , parody of Persil ) . City officials discuss how to curb defecating out of windows -- while walking below them . Savage Stone Age : `` Historical Hospital '' : Tattoo and trepanning treatments . Caveman Art Show : Preserving the head of a dead relative . Woeful Second World War : Mary , the heroic carrier pigeon ( animated ) . The commandant of a German POW camp tries to keep a determined British officer from escaping . Slimy Stuarts : Stupid Deaths : Francis Bacon . `` My Stuart Family '' tries to keep up with the neighbors with the help of some exotic new foods . Awful Egyptians : King Pepi II 's Super Sticky Anti-Fly Honey Slave ( advertisement ) . Imagine spot : An over-entitled pharaoh insists on the invention of the pyramid . Twisted Fairytales : `` The Princess and the Pea '' ( eliminating rivals to the throne ) Terrible Tudors : `` This Is Your Reign '' : King Henry VIII reunites with his friends , advisors and wives -- too bad he 's had most of them executed ( parody of This Is Your Life ) . 103 `` Series 1 , Episode 3 '' Mark Blakewill , James Harris , Jon Holmes , Steve Punt , Ben Ward and Arnold Widdowson 30 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) Song : Awful Egyptians : `` Making a Mummy '' . Performed by Jim Howick . Sketches : Wicked Witches : Let a random old lady take the blame for your bad luck with Witchfinder 's Direct ( infomercial ) . Twisted Fairytales : `` The Frog Prince '' ( witchcraft ) . The Middle Ages ( Witch ) Craft Show demonstrates how accusations can also be used to get revenge . Vicious Vikings : Top Three Weird Viking Beliefs : the origin of the first man and woman , who holds the sky up and the story of Thor searching for his stolen hammer ( partially animated ) . Asgot the Clumsy attempts to bluff his way into Valhalla -- to avoid the Viking equivalent of hell . Potty Pioneers : Captain Robert Scott is well - prepared for his disastrous race to the South Pole . Stupid Deaths : Franz Reichelt . Awful Egyptians : A picky widow chooses a mummification style for her husband . Shouty Man : New ! All - Purpose Ancient Egyptian Mummy . Nefarious Nero : Nero uses Christians as candles . Imagine spot : HHTV Sport : Lions vs Christians . Slimy Stuarts : HHTV News : Charles I 's execution . `` Historical Wife Swap '' : The Miserables , a Puritan family , swap with Cavalier family the Merrys post-Restoration ( parody of Wife Swap ) . 104 `` Series 1 , Episode 4 '' Dave Cohen , Greg Jenner , Jon Holmes , Steve Punt and Ben Ward 7 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) Song : Terrible Tudors : `` Terrible Tudors '' . Performed by Martha Howe - Douglas and Ben Willbond . Sketches : Smashing Saxons : `` Saxon EastEnders '' finds a ruler trying to mediate a family feud via the new Weregeld law ( parody of EastEnders ) . A paranormal researcher attempts to locate the source of a haunting in `` Anglo - Saxon Ghost Hunt '' ( parody of Ghost Hunt ) . Vile Victorians : `` Ready Steady Feast '' : Dr William Buckland , famed eater of weird things -- including the preserved heart of a king . Stupid Deaths : Matthew Webb . Frightful First World War : TNT Hair Dye ( advertisement ) . Dodgy War Inventions No. 16 : Zeppelin airship ( animated ) . Groovy Greeks : `` Historical Hospital '' : Hippocrates demonstrates his unorthodox diagnostic techniques . Alexander the Great and his adviser Hephaestion debate whether or not to name yet another city Alexandria . Rotten Romans : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Roman Report touches on the Year of the Five Emperors and the Six emperors in 238 CE . Caligula tries improving his image with the help of a speechwriter . Evil Elizabeth and Horrid Henry the 8th : Elizabeth I 's habit of nicknaming her courtiers . Oh Yea ! Magazine : Execution Special . 105 `` Series 1 , Episode 5 '' Mark Blakewill , James Harris , Jon Holmes , George Poles , Steve Punt and Arnold Widdowson 14 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) Song : No song is included in this episode ( for the only time in series history ) . Sketches : Awful Egyptians : Pharaoh Phashion magazine offers beauty tips for peasants and aristocrats ( advertisement ) . Mouse Fresh Max toothpaste ( advertisement ) . Ruthless Rulers : Louis XI and the Pig Piano , with special guest Simon Cowell ( animated ) . Measly Middle Ages : HHTV News : taking a census for the Domesday Book . William the Conqueror 's increasingly unusual funeral . Rotten Romans : Caligula declares war against Poseidon , god of the sea . Savage Stone Age : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Stone Age Report . Imagine spot : A Homo sapiens couple invite the local Neanderthals to dinner . Smashing Saxons : `` Court of Historical Law '' : Ethelred the Unready determines a horse thief 's guilt via ordeal by cake . Twisted Fairytales : `` Goldilocks and the Three Bears '' ( Saxon punishments ) . Gorgeous Georgians : Join the Georgian Navy ! ( advertisement ) . `` Historical Hospital '' : ' Master of medicaments ' Montague Fuzzlepeck diagnoses a patient . 106 `` Series 1 , Episode 6 '' Greg Jenner , Simon Littlefield , Laurence Rickard , George Sawyer and Ben Ward 21 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 21 ) Song : Gorgeous Georgians : `` A Gorgeous Georgian Lady '' . Lyrics by Terry Deary ( adapted from his book Gorgeous Georgians ) . Performed by Martha Howe - Douglas . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : A hapless thief tries to mug a flagellant . Highlights from a typical medieval bestiary are spotlighted on `` The Made - Up Planet '' ( animated ) . Vile Victorians : Be an exploited child labourer and get absolutely no compensation from Victorian Claims Direct ( advertisement ) . A chimney sweep and his young apprentice face unexpected obstacles on the job . Gorgeous Georgians : `` Historical Wife Swap '' : Lord and Lady Posh from the Manor swap with the Peasant family of Poorville . Rotten Romans : Imagine spot : Things to remember when you 're a galley slave ( parody of airline passenger announcements . Two parts ) . Dodgy War Inventions No. 7 : the Onager ( animated ) . Frightful First World War : Twisted Fairytales : `` The Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' ( urinating on boots to soften the leather ) . A soldier 's frantic hunt for his lucky charms might prove lucky itself . Groovy Greeks : Chat show `` Greek Myth Talk '' tells the lurid story of Kronos and his attempt at filicide . 107 `` Series 1 , Episode 7 '' Toby Davies , Susie Donkin , Jon Holmes , Chris Pell and Ben Ward 28 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) Song : Measly Middle Ages : `` I 'm a Knight '' ( Monty Python pastiche ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton , Steve Punt and Jim Howick . Sketches : Terrible Tudors : Oh Yea ! Magazine : Royal Special . `` Historical Hospital '' : Treating a blister rapidly turns fatal . Groovy Greeks : The story of Helen of Troy retold as inner - city melodrama , complete with chav accents . Imagine spot : Smuggling the Trojan horse past the guards -- apparently , much simpler than you 'd think . Measly Middle Ages : `` That Was Entertainment ! '' : Jousting on ice and other peculiar past - time fun . Woeful Second World War : Twisted Fairytales : `` Cinderella '' ( rationing clothes ) . Fake nylon stockings made with gravy and eye - liner ( advertisement ) . Awful Egyptians : Imagine spot : Selling pyramid real estate . Meet the Egyptian gods ( animated ) . Vile Victorians : Imagine spot : A little girl must wash in dirty water . Parliamentarians try to find a solution to -- or at least , a way to ignore -- the Great Stink of 1858 . 108 `` Series 1 , Episode 8 '' Lucy Clarke , Dave Cohen , Susie Donkin , Jon Holmes , Greg Jenner , Simon Littlefield , George Poles , Steve Punt and Ben Ward 4 June 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 04 ) Song : Savage Stone Age : `` Caveman Love '' ( 1950 's doo - wop parody ) . Performed by Susie Donkin and Sarah Hadland , with Jim Howick , Ben Willbond and Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Vicious Vikings : Stupid Deaths : Edmund II . Valhalla Tours : Come to England for the burning and pillaging , stay for the plunder ! Savage Stone Age : `` Ready Steady Feast '' : Sampling the best in cave foods . Rotten Romans : Fearsome Gaulish leader Vercingetorix is unexpectedly stymied by bad weather in `` The Battle of Avaricum '' ( movie trailer ) . The invention of decimation as a military punishment . Smashing Saxons : `` Historical Hairdressers '' : Hair treatments . Holiday presents demonstrate the many useful uses of dung . Gorgeous Georgians : This is Georgian Food ( parody of Marks & Spencer advertisements ) . A Georgian dentist prepares to replace a tooth . Frightful First World War : Outlining the causes of the war , as simply as possible -- that is , not very . The evolution of the fighter plane ( animated ) . Measly Middle Ages : The Peasant 's Revolt is led by the confusingly named Wat Tyler . The rules of chivalry , and more importantly how to find the loopholes . 109 `` Series 1 , Episode 9 '' Dave Cohen , Jon Holmes , Steve Punt and Ben Ward 11 June 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) Song Terrible Teachers : `` It 's Not True ! '' . Performed by Mathew Baynton and Martha Howe - Douglas . Sketches : Terrible Tudors : Weather forecast . Twisted Fairytales : `` Thumbelina '' ( dirty streets ) Vile Victorians : Shouty Man : New ! Victorian Child Chimney Cleaner . An inspector gets a rundown from strict teachers on school punishments . Rotten Romans : Make all your wishes come true ( sort of ) with Roman Gods Direct . A general tries desperately to appease all the right gods prior to battle . Vicious Vikings : Words We Get From the : Vikings . Debunking the myth of horned helmets ( animated ) . Groovy Greeks : `` Historical Wife Swap '' : Effete Athenians vs. legendarily tough Spartans . Slimy Stuarts : HHTV News : Mike Peabody reports on efforts to cope with the Great Plague of London . Ye Sun newspaper : Plague Special. ( Parody of The Sun newspaper . ) `` Ready Steady Feast '' : How to start the Great Fire of London . 110 `` Series 1 , Episode 10 '' Susie Donkin , Steve Punt , Mark Shillabeer , Ben Ward and Arnold Widdowson 18 June 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 18 ) Song Measly Middle Ages : `` The Plague Song '' ( musical theatre parody ) . Lyrics by Terry Deary . Performed by Ben Willbond and Katy Wix with Mathew Baynton and Sarah Hadland . Sketches : Rotten Romans : Sponge on a Stick and Viper Deodorant ( advertisements ) . Vile Victorians : An upper - class couple are conned by a thief using street slang . Great Victorian Inventions : The Car ( animated ) . Terrible Tudors : `` Ready Steady Feast '' : Comparing the diets of rich and poor . `` Historical Hairdressers '' : The latest skin treatments . Cut - Throat Celts : Home decorating with severed heads . Video game : Warrior ! Romans vs Celts . Measly Middle Ages : Twisted Fairytales : `` The Pied Piper of Hamelin '' ( plague spreading ) . Ruthless Rulers : `` This Is Your Reign '' : Napoleon Bonaparte is reunited with his rather unexpectedly accented family . Groovy Greeks : Spartan warriors suit up at the weapons store pre-battle . HHTV News : Mike Peabody live from the Battle of Thermopylae . 111 `` Series 1 , Episode 11 '' Dave Cohen , Jon Holmes , George Poles , Steve Punt & Ben Ward 25 June 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 25 ) Song Vile Victorians : `` British Things '' . Performed by Sarah Hadland and Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Terrible Tudors : Oh Yea ! magazine : Royal Special . Imagine spot : Choosing the next royal executioner on `` The Axe Factor '' ( parody of The X Factor ) . Groovy Greeks : Stupid Deaths : General Pausanias . `` Court of Historical Law '' : Draco imposes his truly draconian punishments on an apple thief . Twisted Fairytales : `` Sleeping Beauty '' ( disobeying Draco 's non-idleness law in particular ) . Vile Victorians : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's British Empire Report . Vicious Vikings : Words We Get From the : Vikings . A returning warrior enthusiastically recites battle poetry to his distinctly sceptical friend . Slimy Stuarts : Bonfire safety tips with Guy Fawkes . HHTV News : The English Civil War breaks out . Measly Middle Ages : Stupid Deaths : The Grim Reaper finally gets fed up while processing the overflow of casualties from the plague , floods , Hundred Years ' War etc . `` Ready Steady Feast '' : Live from the Siege of Orléans . 112 `` Series 1 , Episode 12 '' Dave Cohen , George Sawyer , Jon Holmes and Ben Ward 2 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) Song Groovy Greeks : `` We are Greek '' ( Flanders & Swann pastiche ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton and Jim Howick . ( Two parts . ) Sketches : Smashing Saxons : Mealtime charades in a monastery take an unexpected turn . The Monk Art Show : How to write like a monk -- if you can survive the ink - making process . Vile Victorians : Schoolchildren have some very unusual names . Queen Victoria pitches her workout regime . Rotten Romans : The gladiator games run out of animals at the worst possible moment . Checking in with Execution Animals `` Я '' Us . Measly Middle Ages : Twisted Fairytales : `` The Ugly Duckling '' ( swan hunting ) . The Earl of Warwick checks on preparations for his dinner party . Groovy Greeks : The first play in history . Stupid Deaths : Aeschylus . Woeful Second World War : A prim couple must choose from a difficult set of inner - city evacuee children . Joining the Hitler Youth -- or else . Top Three Strangest Hitler Survival Rumours ( animated ) . 113 `` Series 1 , Episode 13 '' Dave Cohen , Jon Holmes and Ben Ward 9 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) Song Vile Victorians : `` Burke & Hare '' . Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick and Simon Farnaby . Sketches : Rotten Romans : A Roman chef is disgusted with the state of newly conquered Britain 's cuisine on `` Roman Kitchen Nightmares '' ( Gordon Ramsay parody ) . A naive visitor is forced to use Rome 's ( very ) public communal toilets . Vile Victorians : Florence Nightingale arrives at a Crimean hospital clearly in need of her help . Awful Egyptians : `` This Is Your Reign '' : Sorting Cleopatra 's tangled family tree . The story of Hatshepsut , first female pharaoh . Terrible Tudors : The tumultuous history of the Globe Theatre ( animated ) . The ghost of Richard III challenges William Shakespeare over the historical accuracy of the play based on the King 's life . Vicious Vikings : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Viking Report . King Alfred is a Saxon king who fight the Vikings in the 800s . The city of Swansea is a city of the sea named after the Viking ( Danish ) king Swayne . Stupid Deaths : Sigurd the Mighty . Gorgeous Georgians : John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich , `` invents '' the sandwich . HHTV Sport : Lice racing . Series 2 : 2010 ( edit ) Episode . Title Written by Original airdate 201 `` Series 2 , Episode 1 '' Mathew Baynton , Gerard Foster , Jon Holmes , Greg Jenner , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard 31 May 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 31 ) Song : Vicious Vikings : `` Literally ( The Viking Song ) '' ( 1980 's glam metal power ballad parody ) . Lyrics by Mathew Baynton and Laurence Rickard . Performed by Mathew Baynton , Jim Howick , Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard . Sketches : Rotten Romans : `` Roman Come Dine with Me '' : Emperor Elagabalus plays some very nasty practical jokes on his dinner guests ( parody of Come Dine with Me ) . Terrible Tudors : Elizabeth I is picky about her portrait . `` Historical Mastermind '' : Shakespeare , category ' Words What I Made Up ' ( parody of Mastermind ) . Incredible Incas : Shouty Man : New ! Multi-Purpose Incan Hole . Incan Sham - pee ( advertisement ) . Vile Victorians : The invention of badminton . Meet the many eccentric pets of Walter Rothschild , 2nd Baron Rothschild ( animated ) . Stupid Deaths : Bobby Leach . Slimy Stuarts : The story of the Gunpowder Plot as action movie `` Fawkes ' 13 '' ( movie trailer ) . Charles I 's unusual punishments for government critics . Woeful Second World War : PM Winston Churchill discusses arming the British Home Guard . Video game : Operation Defend Britain . The Durham Home Guard branch do more damage to themselves than to the enemy . Vicious Vikings : Attempting to navigate by following ( but not necessarily feeding ) a raven . 202 `` Series 2 , Episode 2 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Greggory Jenner , Oriane Messina , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Colin Swash , Joe Tucker and Raphael Warner 1 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 01 ) Song : Slimy Stuarts : `` Charles II : King of Bling '' ( rap music parody , feat . My Name Is by Eminem ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton with Martha Howe - Douglas , Jim Howick , Ben Willbond , Laurence Rickard and Lawry Lewin . Sketches : Putrid Pirates : Captain Basil Hood quickly regrets stealing a herd of seasick cows . `` Historical Hospital '' : The ship 's carpenter steps in to perform an amputation . Woeful Second World War : World War II Art Show : Magician Jasper Maskelyne helps the Allies hide military installations . Wrapping children in brown paper for warmth leads to a postal mix - up . Groovy Greeks : Stupid Deaths : Heraclitus . Evil - Spirit - Preventing - Door - Frame - Tar ( advertisement ) . The Oracle of Delphi predicts Aeschylus ' death . Slimy Stuarts : Oliver Cromwell bans Christmas celebrations -- among many other things . Awful Egyptians : Historical Desktops : Cleopatra courts Mark Antony via social network . Gorgeous Georgians : HHTV Sport : Ex-slave Bill Richmond revolutionises boxing . Parents tour a boarding school during a violent pupil rebellion . 203 `` Series 2 , Episode 3 '' Lucy Clarke , Dave Cohen , Greg Jenner , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Fay Rusling 2 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 02 ) Song : Groovy Greeks : `` Spartan High School Musical '' ( parody of Disney 's High School Musical ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton , Jim Howick , Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard . Sketches : Rotten Romans : Christians compete to avoid Roman persecution on `` I 'm a Christian , Get Me out of Here ! '' ( parody of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me out of Here ! ) . Emperor Nero 's marital woes are featured in `` Love You to Death '' ( movie trailer ) . Ave ! Magazine : Profiling celebrity gladiator Spiculus . Measly Middle Ages : The `` Historical Paramedics '' try reviving an unconscious patient with treacle and wee . Vincenzo Larfoff ( special guest David Baddiel ) is your host for Scary Stories : `` The Children of Woolpit '' . Groovy Greeks : Sending a student off to school . Terrible Tudors : Jester Will Somers is the only man who can safely break the news of Queen Catherine Howard 's infidelities to Henry VIII . Stupid Deaths : Tudor entertainer . Savage Stone Age : Preparing for a hunting trip . The Caveman Workout , the low - tech way to get in shape ( advertisement ) . Awesome USA : The invention of the telegraph means bad news for Pony Express riders . PR agent Cliff Whiteley gives advice to Wyatt Earp and Billy the Kid . 204 `` Series 2 , Episode 4 '' Mathew Baynton , Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Greg Jenner , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Ben Ward and Ben Willbond 3 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 03 ) Song : Woeful Second World War : `` We 're the WWII Girls '' ( girl group parody , mainly Promise by Girls Aloud ) . Performed by Alice Lowe , Katy Wix and Martha Howe - Douglas . Sketches : Gorgeous Georgians : Legendary Admiral Horatio Nelson turns out to be a trifle less than physically impressive . HHTV News : The public execution of escape artist Jack Sheppard . Measly Middle Ages : `` Historical Hospital '' : A European physician and Arabian healer ( special guest star Alexei Sayle ) clash over treatment philosophies . Stupid Deaths : Humphrey de Bohun , 4th Earl of Hereford . Incredible Incas : Historical Shopping Channel : Inca Hour . `` Stay Calmer When You Want to Harm a Llama '' ( advertisement ) . Vile Victorians : Scary Stories : `` The Cabinet of Mystery '' . A con - artist sells tapeworm traps . Pioneering epidemologist John Snow refuses to endorse the ' health benefits ' of New ! Victorian Beer ( advertisement ) . Groovy Greeks : HHTV Sport : Live from the Siege of Troy -- Paris vs Achilles . Dodgy War Machines No. 14 : Elephant warfare ( animated ) . Woeful Second World War : Winston Churchill plans D - Day late into the night , much to the dismay of his secretary and a general . 205 `` Series 2 , Episode 5 '' Mark Blakewill , James Harris , Oriane Messina , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Colin Swash 4 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 04 ) Song : Gorgeous Georgians : `` George IV : Could n't Stand My Wife '' ( pop ballad parody ) . Lyrics by Laurence Rickard . Performed by Jim Howick with Lawry Lewin . Sketches : Putrid Pirates : A new recruit is baffled by what his Captain considers treasure . Historical Shopping Channel : Pirate Hour . Incredible Incas : CD set : `` Live like an Incan '' ( advertisement ) . An Incan child gets some offbeat birthday presents . Awful Egyptians : Video game : The Real Tomb Raider . Scary Stories : `` The Curse of Tutankhamun '' . Gorgeous Georgians : Prince Regent George IV has an unexpectedly good reaction to some bad news -- not so much to the news that his corset 's no longer working . Measly Middle Ages : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Crusades Report . Old Crone : do n't leave for the Crusades without one ( advertisement ) . Awesome USA : Agent Moses helps smuggle plantation slaves past their master to freedom . Rotten Romans : Door - to - door dung salesman . How to behave at a Roman dinner party ( parody of an educational film ) . 206 `` Series 2 , Episode 6 '' Lucy Clarke , Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Jon Holmes , Greg Jenner , Giles Pilbrow and Laurence Rickard 8 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) Song : Putrid Pirates : `` Blackbeard 's Song '' ( Gilbert & Sullivan parody ) . Performed by Jim Howick with Laurence Rickard , Ben Willbond and Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Gorgeous Georgians : Mad King George III 's royal physicians torture him in the name of treatment . `` Ready Steady Feast '' : On the run from the cure , the King pauses to plant a beef loin . Rotten Romans : Emperor Elagabalus ' Romo Lottery Millions -- with luck , your prize wo n't be poisonous . Paranoid Emperor Tiberius is suspicious of a Capresi peasant bearing gifts . Smashing Saxons : Weather forecast . A farmer has n't quite thought through his latest attempt to ward off ghosts . Suggestions for coping with famine . Awesome USA : Stupid Deaths : Clement Vallandingham . Dodgy War Tactics No. 23 : Battle of the Crater ( animated ) . Savage Stone Age : Trepanadol , the surefire headache cure . European and Peruvian tribes compete on `` Stone Age Family Fortunes '' ( parody of Family Fortunes ) . Vile Victorians : Cliff Whiteley advises Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole . Schoolchildren forced to learn by rote turn the tables on their teacher . 207 `` Series 2 , Episode 7 '' Dave Cohen , Greg Jenner , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , Fay Rusling 15 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) Song : Vile Victorians : `` Victorian Inventions '' ( music hall pastiche ) . Performed by Ben Willbond and Alice Lowe . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : A marauding knight ca n't get into a lord 's castle , so attacks the lord 's serfs instead . Imagine spot : Peasant Joan of Arc is confused when an angel announces she 's destined for great things . Putrid Pirates : ( Reluctantly ) dressing in women 's clothing and other tricks to lure ships close enough for attack . `` Ready Steady Feast '' : Captain Ned Low displays a decided taste for cruelty -- if not actual human flesh . Vile Victorians : The proposed inventions have an unusual power source in common on `` Victorian Dragon 's Den '' ( parody of Dragon 's Den ) . Smashing Saxons : Words We Get From the : Saxons . New ! Saxon Sign of the Cross ( advertisement ) . Two peasants discuss ergotism in - between the wild flailing . Slimy Stuarts : HHTV News : Civil War . Bob Hale gives the Civil War Report , while Mike Peabody reports live from the Battle of Marston Moor . Cut - Throat Celts : Dodgy War Inventions No. 79 : Romans try using stilts to cross marshland ( animated ) . `` Historical Wife Swap '' : An upscale Roman couple moves into newly conquered Britain and swaps with a traditional Celtic family . 208 `` Series 2 , Episode 8 '' Mathew Baynton , Dave Cohen , Toby Davies & Chris Pell , Jon Holmes , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , George Sawyer , Mark Shillabeer and Ben Willbond 22 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 22 ) Song : Awful Egyptians : `` Learn Your Hieroglyphics '' ( parody of ABC by the Jackson 5 ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton with children 's chorus . Sketches : Vicious Vikings : An attempt at fearsome war paint . The attack on Lindisfarne monastery is interrupted when the warriors ca n't quite remember why they 're attacking . Terrible Tudors : HHTV Sport : Inter-village football matches are serious business . A mugger tries to adjust his rates to avoid punishment . Woeful Second World War : Some of the more gruesome German attempts to keep warm at Stalingrad . Dodgy War Inventions No. 28 : Russian anti-tank dog bombs ( animated ) . Gorgeous Georgians : Shouty ( Wo ) Man : New ! Georgian Fan , the communications revolution . A courtship is conducted entirely via fan sign language . `` Historical Fashion Fix '' : A peasant gets a taste of aristocratic Macaroni fashion . Slimy Stuarts : Stupid Deaths : Arthur Aston . Scary Stories : `` The Terror of Tedworth '' . Rotten Romans : News of the Empire : Julius Caesar Special . `` Crimewatch BC '' attempts to help locate Caesar 's assassins ( parody of Crimewatch UK ) . 209 `` Series 2 , Episode 9 '' Mathew Baynton , Gerard Foster , Greg Jenner , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , Mark Shillabeer , Colin Swash and Ben Willbond 29 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 29 ) Song : Awesome USA : `` Real Live Cowboys '' ( bluegrass parody ) . Performed by Ben Willbond , Laurence Rickard and Nathaniel Martello - White . Sketches : Slimy Stuarts : The introduction of a novel new drink called ' tea ' . `` Historical Hospital '' : A physician tries a cure involving pigeons . Vicious Vikings : HHTV Sport : The rules of a family feud , including when to bring out the berserker . A chief 's funeral celebration dissolves into a massive brawl . Woeful Second World War : Anderson Bomb Shelter : one size fits all ( advertisement ) . Stupid Deaths : Cockney businessman . An evacuee child from the city thinks he 's landed in a den of monsters in `` The Farm '' ( horror movie trailer parody ) . Incredible Incas : The Chasqui messenger service turns into a game of Chinese Whispers . HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Incan Report reviews the reigns of Manco , Sinchi , Lloque , Mayta , Cápac , Roca , Yahua , Viracocha ( name of an Incan god ) , Pachacuti , and Tupac . In 1493 , Huayna goes up to conquer Ecuador . Vile Victorians : Welsh schoolchildren are forbidden to speak their native language under the Welsh Not punishment system . A little girl debates attending school with her parents in `` Victorian EastEnders '' . Awesome USA : New ! Multi-purpose bandanna ( advertisement ) . 210 `` Series 2 , Episode 10 '' Mathew Baynton , Dave Cohen , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , Ben Ward and Ben Willbond 6 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) Song : Cut - Throat Celts : `` Boudicca '' ( alternative rock parody ) . Performed by Martha Howe - Douglas with Mathew Baynton , Jim Howick , Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : The News at 1066 provides updates from the Norman Conquest via Bayeux Tapestry . Trubador Bertran de Born releases `` Now That 's What I Call Miserable ! : Vol. 3 '' to mixed reviews including Simon Cowell 's ( a call back to the animated pig piano sketch in Series 1 ) . Vile Victorians : All a seventh child wants for his birthday is a name in `` Victorian EastEnders '' . Shouty Man : New ! Victorian Maid . Scary Stories : `` The Freaks '' . Cut - Throat Celts : `` Historical Fashion Fix '' : A warrior gets an unusual pre-battle makeover . Slimy Stuarts : King Charles I 's French bride is less than pleased to learn he 's sent a stand - in groom . A Scots congregation needs some serious persuasion to accept the new English prayer books . Gorgeous Georgians : HHTV Sport : Play - by - play of a pinching match . A fresh army recruit gets a rude surprise on reporting for duty . Awful Egyptians : Cleopatra 's beauty regime . `` Historical Hospital '' : Dr Isis prescribes some surprisingly effective treatments . 211 `` Series 2 , Episode 11 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Jon Holmes , Greg Jenner , Caroline Norris , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Colin Swash , Ben Ward 13 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) Song : Smashing Saxons : `` Funky Monks '' ( parody of Play That Funky Music by Wild Cherry , incorporating Gregorian - style chanting ) . Performed by Ben Willbond , Mathew Baynton and Jim Howick with Terry Deary and Alice Lowe . Sketches : Rotten Romans : Caligula recoups by attacking the sea after forgetting to tell the army about his planned British invasion . Life as a legionary . Measly Middle Ages : The plague forecast . Scots warriors do n't notice the glaring flaw in their plan to invade plague - weakened England until it 's too late . An English groom encounters some awkward marriage traditions in `` My Big Fat ( Medieval Scottish ) Wedding '' . Awful Egyptians : `` Ready Steady Feast '' : Comparing the diets of a peasant and pyramid builder . Pyramid Weekly magazine offers a stone - of - the - month scheme ( advertisement ) . Awesome USA : Dodgy War Inventions No. 21 : the first ironclad ship ( animated ) . General Stonewall Jackson shows off his narcolepsy and ( many ) other eccentricities . Groovy Greeks : Spartan High 's parent / teacher night . Stupid Deaths : Draco . Terrible Tudors : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Catholic Report . King Henry VIII plays tennis while his Queen Anne Boleyn is executed . 212 `` Series 2 , Episode 12 '' Mathew Baynton , Susie Donkin , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , George Sawyer , Joe Tucker , Raphael Warner and Ben Willbond 20 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) Song : Incredible Incas : `` Do the Pachacuti '' ( parody of novelty dance songs ) . Lyrics by Laurence Rickard . Performed by Mathew Baynton with Martha Howe - Douglas , Alice Lowe and Laurence Rickard . Sketches : Savage Stone Age : `` DI Bones : Historical Crime Squad '' : The case of the caveman 's death . Caveman Art Show : Cave wall painting . Woeful Second World War : Codebreakers are just a little too clever for their own good . Agent Sophie shows off spy gadgets to a French Resistance contact . Rotten Romans : An Andabatae gladiator needs encouragement before heading into the arena . Stupid Deaths : Diodorus the hunchback . Smashing Saxons : Bag - O - Swallow - Chick Stomach Stones : works great against headaches , not so much against Vikings ( advertisement ) . The Saxon Helmet Company offers a sympathy refund on a ( badly ) failed lucky helmet . Words We Get From the : Saxons . Terrible Tudors : `` Horrible Histories World Wrestling '' : Francis I of France defeats Henry VIII by tripping him up . Historical Desktops : Henry VIII surfs dating services and winds up starting the English Reformation online . Incredible Incas : Francisco Pizarro 's `` Very Rough Guide '' to Mexico . 213 `` Savage Songs Special '' Mathew Baynton , Dave Cohen , Laurence Rickard 27 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Savage Songs : A chronological compilation of standout music videos from the second series , as chosen by the producers -- including a special encore from the first series . `` Spartan School Musical '' ( from S02E03 ) , `` Boudicca '' ( S02E10 ) , `` Literally ( The Viking Song ) '' ( S02E01 ) , `` Do the Pachacuti '' ( S02E12 ) , `` Charles II : King of Bling '' ( S02E02 ) , `` Blackbeard 's Song '' ( S02E06 ) , `` George IV : Could n't Stand My Wife '' ( S02E05 ) , `` Real Live Cowboys '' ( S02E09 ) , `` Victorian Inventions '' ( S02E07 ) , `` We 're the World War II Girls '' ( S02E04 ) . Encore : `` The 4 Georges : Born 2 Rule '' ( S01E01 ) . Series 3 : 2011 ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Original air date 301 `` Series 3 , Episode 1 '' Dave Cohen , Rosanna Lowe , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Colin Swash and Ben Ward 30 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) Song : Gorgeous Georgians : `` Dick Turpin , Highwayman '' ( parody of Stand and Deliver by Adam and the Ants ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick , Simon Farnaby , Laurence Rickard , Ben Wilbond and Martha Howe - Douglas . Sketches : Rotten Romans : A general will go to any lengths to qualify for the Roman triumph . Introducing the new aBook ( parody of Apple advertisements ) . Fabulous French : A prankster count sets up his own reality show , `` You 've Been Artois 'd ! '' ( parody of Punk 'd ) . Terrible Tudors A gong farmer tries to convince his son to follow in his footsteps . Elizabeth I unexpectedly arrives at a noble 's home to stay . Angry Aztecs : Dog steak and pond scum biscuits are on the menu of `` Historical Masterchef '' ( parody of Masterchef ) . Howler monkeys realise why they 're a favourite hunting target ( animated ) . Gorgeous Georgians : Pay your way to luxury in Newgate Prison ( parody of Premier Inn advertisements ) . Vicious Vikings : Words We Get From the : Vikings . The `` Historical Paramedics '' try using runic symbols to treat a cycling injury . Vile Victorians : A picnicking couple have a less - than - polite debate over etiquette . Another couple work out their differences via floral messaging system . Frightful First World War : The less - than - encouraging results of the Somme campaign . Fabulous Fat King 's Fat Factory , for all your ( surprisingly extensive ) wartime fat needs ( advertisement ) . 302 `` Series 3 , Episode 2 '' Dave Cohen , Susie Donkin , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 31 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) Song : Ruthless Rulers : `` The Monarchs ' Song ( The English Kings and Queens ) '' ( Chas & Dave parody ) . Performed by Simon Farnaby , Jim Howick , Laurence Rickard , Mathew Baynton , Ben Wilbond and Martha Howe - Douglas . Sketches : Nasty Knights : A raiding party can either overcome a series of incredibly dangerous obstacles to get into a castle -- or they can do it the hard way . The siege forecast . Slimy Stuarts : Whale phlegm is on the menu on `` Historical Masterchef '' . A dinner party is made awkward by Walter Raleigh 's severed head . Groovy Greeks : Stupid Deaths : A Greek boxer is killed by the statue of Theagenes of Thasos . Words We Get From the : Greeks . Gorgeous Georgians : Historical Pet Shop : Smuggling lace in a goose 's crop . Inventor John Joseph Merlin belatedly discovers a few key design flaws while filming an advertisement for the first practical roller skates . Smashing Saxons : HHTV News : Mike Peabody live from the Battle of Maldon . Monk Magazine : All the ' modern ' monk needs to know . Vile Victorians : Opening the first public toilet in more ways than one . The strange story behind the establishment of Alfred Nobel 's Peace Prize . 303 `` Series 3 , Episode 3 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , George Sawyer and Ben Ward 1 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) Song : Measly Middle Ages : `` William Wallace , Scottish Rebel '' ( hard rock parody ) . Performed by Ben Willbond with Simon Farnaby , Jim Howick , Laurence Rickard and Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Frightful First World War : A naive young recruit tries to learn the ropes . Shouty Man : New ! WWI Wee - Wee , the multi-purpose liquid revolution . Smashing Saxons : The host of `` Invasion , Invasion , Invasion '' inadvertently helps Hengist and Horsa steal Kent from Vortigern ( parody of Location , Location , Location ) . Slimy Stuarts : Scary Stories : `` Evil Edmund '' . The `` Historical Paramedics '' try treating a fainting victim with a live sheep and heavy stones . Measly Middle Ages : Stupid Deaths : James II of Scotland . Terrible Tudors : The story of Lady Jane Grey , queen for nine days . The invention of the English mile . Fabulous French : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's French Revolution Report . 304 `` Series 3 , Episode 4 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Colin Swash and Ben Ward 2 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 02 ) Song : Vile Victorians : `` Work , Terrible Work ! '' ( parody of Food , Glorious Food from the musical Oliver ! ) . Performed by Ben Willbond , Laurence Rickard and Mathew Baynton with children 's chorus . Sketches : Slimy Stuarts : Eccentric highwayman James Hind refuses to steal from Royalists . Charles II is less than impressed with his coronation gift . Measly Middle Ages : `` Historical Fashion Fix '' : A peasant 's transformation into a nobleman is so good it 's literally illegal . A leech collector inadvertently ends up demonstrating the job to a skeptical pal . Rotten Romans : `` DI Bones : Historical Crime Squad '' : The case of Caligula and the mystery assassins . Video game : Arena Fighter . Making sure gladiator casualties were really dead . Nasty Knights : `` Dominic Duckworth : HHTV Investigates ' : Cheating in the age of chivalry . Stupid Deaths : Knights Templar . Groovy Greeks : Words We Get From the : Greeks . Historical Head Teachers : Spartan Mr Brasidas is pleased to learn a student 's been stealing . Gorgeous Georgians : `` George IV : Who on Earth Are You ? '' : The newly crowned King takes a genealogist on a most unusual tour of the family tombs ( parody of Who Do You Think You Are ? ) . 305 `` Series 3 , Episode 5 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Colin Swash and Ben Ward 3 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) Song : Awful Egyptians : `` Ra Ra Cleopatra '' ( Lady Gaga parody , feat . Bad Romance ) . Performed by Martha Howe - Douglas with Ben Willbond and Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : John Balliol is dissatisfied with his luxurious exile . Stupid Deaths : Griffith Ap Llewelyn . Rotten Romans : `` Historical Hospital '' : A Roman physician prescribes gladiator 's blood as a tonic . Shouty Man : New ! Criminal 's Head . Fabulous French : `` Historical Wife Swap '' : Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette swap with a distinctly unimpressed starving peasant family . Frightful First World War : A new British arrival to the trenches struggles to locate a familiar accent amid the Commonwealth forces . Ladies ' tights help Scots soldiers keep warm and safe in the trenches ( advertisement ) . Terrible Tudors : Elizabeth I 's Christmas present turns out to be a timekeeping revolution ( from the Christmas Special ) . Special footwear helped women keep dry in muddy streets -- but looking where they were going helped even more ( animated ) . `` Historical Fashion Fix '' : The latest peasant to have a makeover is unappreciative of his noble transformation . Awful Egyptians : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Tutankhamun Report . 306 `` Series 3 , Episode 6 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 7 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) Song : Measly Middle Ages : `` The Truth About Richard III '' ( pop ballad parody ) . Performed by Jim Howick . Sketches : Terrible Tudors : Henry VIII unveils his patented all - you - can - meat Tudor diet plan . The `` Historical Paramedics '' try treating an asthma victim with buttered spiders . Cut - Throat Celts : `` Horrible Points of View '' : Taking questions and comments -- also severed heads -- from the era 's viewer mailbag . Historical Pet Shop : Odd superstitions surrounding dogs . Measly Middle Ages : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's War of the Roses Report . Angry Aztecs : `` Aztec Come Dine With Me '' : The annual days of maize and beans have a rather anti-social side effect . Savage Stone Age : A man tries to convince his skeptical hunter friend that settling down on a farm is the wave of the future . Shouty Man : New ! Multi-Purpose String . Gorgeous Georgians : The controversial final moments of Admiral Nelson , and then the unusual preservation method used on his body . Stupid Deaths : Countess of Coventry . 307 `` Series 3 , Episode 7 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Colin Swash 14 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) Song : Rotten Romans : `` The Evil Emperors ' Song '' ( parody of Bad by Michael Jackson ) . Performed by Simon Farnaby , Mathew Baynton , Ben Willbond and Jim Howick . Sketches : Awful Egyptians : A tomb builder tries to convince a pharaoh that protecting his treasure is more important than a magnificent monument . Shouty Man : Ushabti Coffin Dolls . Gorgeous Georgians : George I 's English is n't any better than Robert Walpole 's German , which poses a serious problem re : running the country -- or does it ? HHTV Sport : Twisting the hindquarters off a dead cow at the Highland Games . Slimy Stuarts : `` Horrible Points of View '' : Taking questions and comments on that new theatrical phenomenon , ' actresses ' . Stupid Deaths : Molière . Vicious Vikings : `` Historical Wife Swap '' : A well - to - do warrior family swaps with their slave thralls . Awesome USA : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's American Report . Paul Revere 's All - American Toothpaste ( advertisement ) . Rotten Romans : A newly recovered Caligula demands that those who offered their lives to the gods in exchange for his must now pay up . 308 `` Series 3 , Episode 8 '' Dave Cohen , Greg Jenner , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Joe Tucker , Ben Ward and Raphael Warner 21 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) Song : Potty Pioneers : `` The Suffragettes ' Song '' ( synthpop parody ) . Performed by Martha Howe - Douglas and Alice Lowe with Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : William II meets his death in a mysterious hunting accident . Stupid Deaths : Henry I . Fabulous French : HHTV News : Mike Peabody live from the storming of the Bastille . `` Madam Tussaud 's Make Show '' : How to make wax figures using freshly guillotined heads . Smashing Saxons : A lone man embarks on a ( not - entirely - ) desperate quest to find his stolen wife in `` Kidnapped ! '' ( historical epic movie trailer parody ) . Words We Get From the : Saxons . Terrible Tudors : Historical Head Teachers : Mr Bullen demands that a student start his schoolday at 4 : 30 am . HHTV Sport : Horse racing with King Henry VIII -- and child jockeys . Vicious Vikings : `` Winter Cooking with the Hairy Vikings '' always involves a bit of walrus ( parody of the Hairy Bikers ) . Historical Desktops : Ethelred the Unready suffers cyberbullying at the hands of Viking raiders . 309 `` Series 3 , Episode 9 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , Colin Swash and Ben Ward 28 June 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) Song : Angry Aztecs : `` Discaztec ( Ai n't Staying Alive ) '' ( disco parody , feat . Stayin ' Alive by the Bee Gees ) . Performed by Laurence Rickard , Mathew Baynton and Jim Howick . Sketches : Vicious Vikings : A literate monk convinces marauding raiders to spare him so he can record their badassery for all time . Other monastic captives are on sale at the ' new market town of Dublin ' in `` We Sell Any Monk '' ( advertisement parody of We Buy Any Car ) . Vile Victorians : Historical Pet Shop : The animal - loving 2nd Baron Rothschild makes his third appearance in as many series . The traffic report . Terrible Tudors : A foreign traveller has difficulty grasping pre-decimal British coinage . A nobleman inadvertently runs afoul of Elizabeth I 's peculiar clothing laws . Angry Aztecs : `` Aztec Gardeners ' World '' discusses fertilizing fields with human blood . Enjoy hours of family fun with Aztec Whodunnit - o ( parody of Cluedo ) . Frightful First World War : A general arrives to inspect the troops and discovers just how hard up both sides are for new recruits . Video Game : Splat That Rat ! Rotten Romans : Tabellarii messenger service , the classical equivalent of text messaging . A nervous smuggler runs into an unexpected obstacle in trying to run weapons past the gates of Rome . Measly Middle Ages : `` Medieval Come Dine with Me '' : When dying of the plague was the ultimate social faux pas . 310 `` Series 3 , Episode 10 '' Dave Cohen , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Ben Ward 12 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 12 ) Song : Slimy Stuarts : `` The English Civil War Song '' ( parody of Cool from West Side Story ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton , Jim Howick , Lawry Lewin and Ben Willbond with Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby . Sketches : Frightful First World War : Trying -- and failing -- to keep warm in the trenches in wintertime . Wartime improvisation is the order of the day on `` Historical Masterchef '' Smashing Saxons : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Anglo - Saxon Report . The tumultuous love story of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders is retold in `` Mud and Matilda '' ( romantic comedy movie trailer parody ) . Words We Get From the : Normans . Gorgeous Georgians : A fashionable day out to view the patients in Bedlam. Mercury is the key ingredient in Solomon 's Live ( not so very ) Long Water ( advertisement ) . Angry Aztecs : Scary Stories : `` The Mystery of Motecuhzoma '' . Video game : Warrior ! Spanish Conquistador vs. Aztec Warrior . Rotten Romans : Danke magazine : Barbarian fashion tips . The conquering barbarian hordes find deciding where exactly to begin sacking Rome is n't as simple as it seems . Slimy Stuarts : William Harvey is willing to go to any lengths to further his anatomical research . 311 `` Series 3 , Episode 11 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Jon Holmes , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Ben Ward and Ben Willbond 5 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) Song : Savage Stone Age : `` The Ages of Stone '' ( bebop parody ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Terrible Tudors : The not - quite - love story of Phillip and Mary is retold in the style of a graphic novel . Elizabeth I endorses Sugar - Paste Toothpaste ( advertisement ) . Putrid Pirates : A hippie buccaneer finds having an extra hook comes in handy on `` Historical Masterchef '' . Pirate weather forecast . Vile Victorians : `` Victorian EastEnders '' tells the story of one family 's aspirations to move on up through the sewers . The `` Historical Paramedics '' try treating a collapsed victim with bacon , potato and the sheer fabulousness of top hats . Savage Stone Age : A distinctly ' grown - up drink ' is among the innovative ideas pitched on `` Stone Age Dragons ' Den '' . Groovy Greeks : HHTV Sport : On - the - spot coverage of a typical day at the Ancient Olympics ( with special guest star Tanni Grey - Thompson ) . Stupid Deaths : Milo of Croton . Slimy Stuarts : Historical Pet Shop : Rupert of the Rhine wants a dog that does a very specific set of tricks . A young man plans a less - than - romantic elopement on `` Historical Do n't Tell the Bride '' ( parody of Do n't Tell the Bride ) . 312 `` Series 3 , Episode 12 '' Gerard Foster , Rosanna Lowe , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Fay Rusling , Ben Ward 19 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) Song : Cut - Throat Celts : `` Celtic Boast Battle '' ( hip - hop parody , incorporating beatboxing ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton and Jim Howick with Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : A peasant tries to leverage his rare and desirable plague - free status into a pay rise . The people of Strasbourg catch literal dance fever in 1518 . Groovy Greeks : Historical Pet Shop : Zeno of Elea requires subjects for some odd thought experiments . HHTV Festival News : Presenter Fearne Polyester participates in the all - female Thesmophoria ( parody of Fearne Cotton ) . HHTV Sport : Crowning the winner at the Isthmian Games . Cut - Throat Celts : An Irish king 's attempt to ban all rhyme turns out to not be very well - thought - through . Savage Stone Age : Comparisons between Stonehenge and the pyramids are eye - opening ( animated ) . Cliff Whiteley discusses the many theories re : Stonehenge with one of its builders . Angry Aztecs : Hi - Tec All - in - One Cactus multipurpose tool and Chuckle Resin chewing gum ( advertisements ) . Slimy Stuarts : `` Horrible Points of View '' : Another look at the unsettling phenomenon of females playing female roles onstage . Thomas Blood is brought before Charles II , who winds up being unexpectedly impressed -- and entertained . 313 `` Savage Songs Special '' Dave Cohen and Ben Ward 26 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) Savage Songs : Chronological compilation of the standout music videos from the third series , as chosen by the producers . An encore is omitted this year to make room for the slightly longer `` Monarchs ' Song '' . `` The Ages of Stone '' ( from S03E011 ) , `` Ra Ra Cleopatra '' ( S03E05 ) , `` Celtic Boast Battle '' ( S03E12 ) , `` William Wallace : Scottish Rebel '' ( S03E03 ) , Discaztec ( Ai n't Staying Alive ) '' ( S03E09 ) , `` The Truth About Richard III '' ( S03E06 ) , `` Dick Turpin , Highwayman '' ( S03E01 ) , `` Work , Terrible Work ! '' ( S03E04 ) , `` The Suffragettes ' Song '' ( S03E08 ) and `` The Monarchs ' Song ( The English Kings and Queens ) '' ( S03E02 ) . Series 4 : 2012 ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Original air date 401 `` Series 4 , Episode 1 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Joe Tucker and Ben Ward 9 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) Song : Woeful Second World War : `` The Few ( RAF Pilots ) '' ( Take That parody ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton , Jim Howick , Ben Willbond , Simon Farnaby and Laurence Rickard . Sketches : Slimy Stuarts : A clergyman makes an unusual patriotic request of his female parishoners . Oliver Cromwell requests that Peter Lely paint his portrait ' warts and all ' . Measly Middle Ages : HH Movie Pitch : Lord Mayor Dick Whittington , pitching his life story to a panel of Hollywood producers , tries to avoid co-starring with a talking cat ( pastiche of Orange mobile reminder advertisements , starring special guests Mark Gatiss , Reece Shearsmith and Steve Pemberton of the League of Gentlemen ) . Terrible Tudors : Vengeful Philip II of Spain tries -- and fails -- repeatedly to launch `` The Spanish Armada '' against Britain ( movie trailer ) part 1 . Stupid Deaths : Archery accidents . The Spanish Armada ( movie trailer ) part 2 . Awful Egyptians : A ' hot scientist ' extolls the `` Wonders of the Egyptian Universe '' ( parody of Brian Cox 's Wonders of the Universe ) . Video game : Duat ! Egyptian Book of the Dead . Gorgeous Georgians : The perils of for - profit fire brigades . The toilet queues in Queen Caroline of Ansbach 's court are less than dignified . Savage Stone Age : World of Stone : for all your ( surprisingly extensive ) stone furniture needs ( advertisement ) . HHTV Early News : Eager customers queue up for the opening of the Bronze Age ( parody of a modern technology product launch ) . Woeful Second World War : German fighter pilots use tourist guides to find high - profile targets during the Baedeker Blitz . 402 `` Series 4 , Episode 2 '' Dave Cohen , Ali Crockatt , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , David Scott , George Sawyer and Ben Ward 10 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) Song : Savage Stone Age : `` Charles Darwin : Natural Selection '' ( parody of Changes by David Bowie ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick . Sketches : Vile Victorians : Victoria and Albert 's love story . Terrible Tudors : Martin Luther 's obsession with his own effluent makes a visit to his office distinctly awkward . Henry VIII hopes to do very well indeed out of his appearance on `` Cash in the Abbey '' ( parody of Cash in the Attic ) . Protestants and Catholics alike are up for a rousing game of Hide and Priest ( advertisement ) . Savage Stone Age : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Human Evolution Report . Putrid Pirates : `` Historical Apprentice '' : Team Pirate and Team Merchant vie to move cargo overseas ( featuring special guest Chris Addison ) . Woeful Second World War : An attempt to foil German railway spies creates unexpected problems for the British passengers . Finding unique ways to cope with petrol rationing ( animated ) . Slimy Stuarts : Oh Yea ! Magazine : Nell Gwynn Special -- Superstars of the Stuart Stage ! An ambassador learns the hard way just how literally Charles II dines in public . 403 `` Series 4 , Episode 3 '' Dave Cohen , Ali Crockatt , Charlie Martin , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , David Scott , Joe Tucker , Ben Ward and Raphael Warner 11 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 11 ) Song : Groovy Greeks : `` The Thinkers '' ( parody of ( Theme From ) The Monkees , incorporating elements of The Beatles and Monty Python ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton , Jim Howick , Ben Willbond and Laurence Rickard . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : Would - be Crusader Emicho of the Rhineland sets off to find the Holy Land with the help of some very unusual guides . Dominic Duckworth : HHTV Investigates : Dodgy religious relics . Smashing Saxons : The `` Historical Dentist '' is confused by his modern patient 's false tooth . A famine victim trades his son for ingredients on `` Historical Masterchef '' . Groovy Greeks : A condemned Socrates patiently explains to his followers why rescuing him would be illogical . Terrible Tudors : Historical Desktops : Elizabeth I takes her search for the perfect consort online . Vile Victorians : Shouty Man : New ! Great Western Railway . Great Victorian Institutions : The postal service , up to twelve deliveries a day -- like it or not . Vicious Vikings : Prospective Icelandic emigrants make the most of the British real estate market -- not to mention the current British tenants -- in `` New Home Abroad '' . HH Movie Pitch : King Canute tries to avoid a climactic scene by the seashore . 404 `` Series 4 , Episode 4 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , Colin Swash and Ben Ward 12 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) Song : Awesome USA : `` It 's a New World ( Pilgrim Fathers ) '' ( parody of Empire State of Mind by Jay - Z feat . Alicia Keys ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton , Martha Howe - Douglas , Ben Willbond , Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby . Sketches : Groovy Greeks : Spartans have the battle phalanx down to an art -- until the warrior on the end notices a problem . `` Pausanias : A True Story '' tells the full story of the General 's badly thought - through betrayal ( movie trailer ) . Measly Middle Ages : HHTV News : Mike Peabody live from the Norman siege of Palermo . Stupid Deaths : Gyrth and Leofwine , King Harold II 's brothers , at the Battle of Hastings . Words We Get From the : Normans . Awesome USA : The first settlers at Jamestown , Virginia nearly lose the battle with their own naivety in `` Colonisation , Colonisation , Colonisation '' . Woeful Second World War : The Fuhrer 's guards refuse to disturb his lie - in for anything -- even the news of D - Day . Dodgy War Machines No. 81 : Poor toilet planning on the U-Boat ( animated ) . Savage Stone Age : `` Historical Apprentice '' : Team Neanderthal and Team Homo Sapiens vie to demonstrate who 's more advanced . Vile Victorians : A less - than - ethical ice cream salesman . `` DI Bones : Historical Crime Squad '' : The case of the dodgy slum diet . 405 `` Series 4 , Episode 5 '' Dave Cohen , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt and Laurence Rickard 13 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 13 ) Song : Vile Victorians : `` Mary Seacole '' ( parody of Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) by Beyoncé ) . Performed by Dominique Moore . Sketches : Savage Stone Age : A chef from Skara Brae dispels the myth of primitive Neolithic cuisine on `` Historical Masterchef '' . The first town planners must explain to skeptical would - be residents why a town is needed in the first place . Wild Warriors : Hannibal and his Carthaginian ruthless battle tactics star in the blockbusters `` Snakes on a Ship '' and its sequel , `` Elephants on a Plain '' ( both parodies of Snakes on a Plane ) . Radical Renaissance : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Renaissance Report . Mona Lisa grows impatient with Leonardo da Vinci 's inability to finish anything , including her portrait . Awful Egyptians : Egyptian Make Show : The mummification process . Kids can practice embalming their own dead body with Mummification ( parody of Operation ) . Terrible Tudors : William Shakespeare is called out by a tavern drunk and ends up in a battle of insults . Oh Yea ! Magazine : Elizabeth I 's formidable temper . Vile Victorians : Lord Raglan explains his plan to ensure the Charge of the Light Brigade is a complete and unmitigated disaster . 406 `` Series 4 , Episode 6 '' Dave Cohen , Ali Crockatt , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , David Scott and Ben Ward 20 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 20 ) Song : Vile Victorians : `` Victoria & Albert : A Love Ballad '' ( parody of 1980 's easy - listening romantic duets ) . Performed by Martha Howe - Douglas and Jim Howick . Sketches : Potty Pioneers : Christopher Columbus insists to a skeptical crewman that he 's discovered India -- also , mermaids . HH Movie Pitch : Leif Ericsson tries to explain that the film he 's pitching about discovering America before Columbus is n't a fantasy . Measly Middle Ages : HHTV ' Royalty Today : Henry II 's pilgrimage to Canterbury as penance for the death of Thomas a Becket . All your misdeeds can now be forgiven for the right price with Cash My Sin ( infomercial ) . Gorgeous Georgians : `` Court of Historical Law '' : Tsarevich Peter III brings a case against a very odd defendant . Stupid Deaths : Hannah Twynnoy . Rotten Romans : A legionary on payday is dismayed to discover that he 's on the wrong end of the controversy surrounding the origins of the word ' salary ' . A reluctant army conscript comes up with some truly creative -- if not very original -- excuses to avoid service . God Compare helps Gaulish warriors decide to which of their pantheon to sacrifice a prisoner ( parody of Go Compare advertisements ) . Savage Stone Age : HHTV Early Show : The first man to domesticate wild dogs tries to explain why . Mammoth hunting ( animated ) . Vile Victorians : The Queen is exposed to some of the bugs -- and birds -- still to be worked out on a pre-opening tour of The Great Exhibition . 407 `` Series 4 , Episode 7 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 27 April 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) Song : Shocking Scotland : `` We 've got The Blue - Blooded Blues '' ( parody of `` Sleeping on the Sidewalk '' by Queen ) . Performed by Ben Willbond , Mathew Baynton and Martha Howe - Douglas . Sketches : Gorgeous Georgians : `` Le Survival Guide '' gives tips on ( literally ) staying cool in the French army during Napoleon 's march on Moscow . HHTV Sport : Napoleon 's famed strategic gifts are no match for the mechanical chess - playing Turk . `` Waterloo '' tells the very personal story of Le Petit Caporal 's last stand ( movie trailer ) . Vile Victorians : Fashion does n't equal practicality . Dodgy Inventions No. 84 : The SS Bessemer ( animated ) Rotten Romans : The Praetorian guard is much better at saluting than they are protecting Emperors -- and they are n't very good at saluting . Shouty Man : New ! Always - Current Emperor Statue . Shocking Scotland : Historical Dates : James Hamilton , 1st Earl of Arran , seeks a groom for his cousin , the infant Mary , Queen of Scots ( played by Mathew Baynton 's young son ) . Woeful Second World War : MI5 is willing to recruit literally anyone to help the war effort , including a dead tramp . A Berlin housewife demonstrates some truly outlandish wartime substitutes on `` Historical Masterchef '' . Measly Middle Ages : A snowball fight interrupts the Earl of Lancaster 's execution . Stupid Deaths : Richard the Raker . 408 `` Series 4 , Episode 8 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Katherine Jakeways , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 4 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) Song : Gorgeous Georgians : `` The Luddites ! '' ( parody of early punk rock , feat . the Sex Pistols and The Clash ) . Performed by Jim Howick , Mathew Baynton , Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby . Sketches : Vicious Vikings : A ' gorgeous scientist ' extols the `` Wonders of the Viking Universe '' . Historical Dates : A Nordic warrior outlines his courting and marriage requirements . Rotten Romans : Nero provides typically disastrous disaster relief to the victims of the Great Fire of Rome . Video game : Scorpus Chariot Racer . Nasty Knights : Stupid Deaths : Richard the Lionheart . A Crusader prepares new recruits for the exotic monsters they might encounter in the Holy Land . New ! Mellified Man : a mummy in honey that 's yummy ! ( advertisement ) . Gorgeous Georgians : `` Historical Apprentice '' : Viscount ' Turnip ' Townshend ( special guest Chris Addison ) and his Team Whig vie with peasant Team Go Wurzel to negotiate the agricultural revolution . Groovy Greeks : Interpreting messages from the gods . Shouty Man : New ! Ancient Greek Tattoo Messenger . Terrible Tudors : The `` Historical Dentist '' suggests some genuinely disgusting painkillers . HHTV Behind the Throne : Interview with Sir Thomas Heneage , Henry VIII 's Groom of the Stool . 409 `` Series 4 , Episode 9 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 11 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) Song : Radical Renaissance : `` The Borgia Family '' ( parody of Addams Family Theme ) . Performed by Jim Howick , Mathew Baynton , Martha Howe - Douglas and Ben Willbond . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : Edward III 's wedding at newly built York Minster hits some unexpected snags . Unexpected snags are also the order of the day for the French side in `` Agincourt : The Movie '' ( movie trailer ) Vile Victorians : Planning a robbery gets complicated when the new recruit does n't understand the slang . Real Victorian Hustle : A Faginesque crime boss and his small associate demonstrate common street cons . Rotten Romans : Balding but still style - conscious Julius Caesar invents the ' Romeover ' ( advertisement ) . HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Roman Britain Report . Radical Renaissance : A young church official investigates corruption at the court of Pope Alexander VI ( parody of The Godfather ) . Gorgeous Georgians : The `` Historical Dentist '' offers some bizarre options for cleaning teeth . Changing wig fashions lead to spats among the fashionable aristocracy . Groovy Greeks : Words We Get From the : Greeks ( medical ) . Dominic Duckworth : HHTV Investigates : Asclepeion doctor - priests -- dedicated healers or daring frauds ? 410 `` Series 4 , Episode 10 '' Dave Cohen , Ali Crockatt , Gerard Foster , Katherine Jakeways , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , David Scott and Ben Ward 18 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) Song : Terrible Tudors : `` Mary the First '' ( parody of Wuthering Heights by Kate Bush ) . Performed by Sarah Hadland . Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : HHTV News : Mike Peabody live from the last Saxon stronghold on the Isle of Ely . Enjoy hours of fun and conscience - free conquest with Normanopoly ( parody of Monopoly ) . Groovy Greeks : Diogenes debates life in a barrel with a startled passer - by . Stupid Deaths : Pythagoras . Vile Victorians : Historical Wife Swap : The Tombleby - Pumblechooks of Mayfair swap with the Smikes of the London slums . Smashing Saxons : Belief in various mythological monsters badly complicates a journey . Historical Dates : A peasant does n't see why his lack of hygiene should impede his love life . Putrid Pirates : Keelhauling as exfoliating beauty treatment ( advertisement ) . HHTV Cribs : Blackbeard shows off his ship . Terrible Tudors : Edward VI 's whipping boy , Barnaby Fitzpatrick , faces the wrath of the royal tutors . 411 `` Series 4 , Episode 11 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Charlie Martin , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Joe Tucker and Ben Ward 25 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 25 ) Song : Terrible Tudors : `` William Shakespeare & the Quills '' ( big band parody ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton with Ben Willbond , Jim Howick , Martha Howe - Douglas , Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby . Sketches : Slimy Stuarts : Charles II tries to mediate between Royal Astronomer John Flamsteed and the ravens of the Tower of London . Tobacco is the signature cure - all at Dr Culpepper 's Health Spa ( advertisement ) Nasty Knights : A Crusader has his old crone prepare some disturbing dishes from the latest campaign on `` Historical Masterchef '' . Elsewhere , another returning Crusader 's wife is less than impressed by his latest homecoming gifts . Terrible Tudors : The News in Tudor Criminal Slang ( with signer for hard of hearing ) . A spelling bee in the age of non-formalised spelling . Measly Middle Ages : Historical Desktops : King John 's concern for his social media status leads him to accidentally sign the Magna Carta . Jocelin had e-mailed him the document . Awful Egyptians : The `` Historical Dentist '' diagnoses ' mouth - worms ' as the cause of a patient 's toothache . The results of New ! Egyptian 2000 hair dye are best appreciated from a distance ( advertisement ) Vile Victorians : A suitor 's efforts to warn his beloved 's father of a fire are hampered by its very impolite location . House - hunting in the slums . 412 `` Series 4 , Episode 12 '' Dave Cohen , Rosanna Lowe , Charlie Martin , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 1 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) Song : Gorgeous Georgians : `` ( We 're the ) Georgian Navy '' ( parody of Vindaloo by Fat Les , incorporating John Barnes ' rap from World in Motion ) . Written by Greg Jenner and Giles Pilbrow . Performed by Jim Howick , Mathew Baynton , Ben Willbond , Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby . Sketches : Vile Victorians : It 's always a one - way ticket for the coffins transported on the London Necropolis Railway . Stupid Deaths : Robert Cocking . Rotten Romans : The `` Historical Dentist '' goes to extreme measures to get ingredients for a treatment . What happened if the criminals thrown from the Tarpeian Rock were n't killed by the fall . Terrible Tudors : There 's lots of meat on the menu on `` Historical Masterchef '' . Paranoid Henry VIII demands extreme security measures before he can sleep . Smashing Saxons : When a bank was literally a bank -- of earth . HH Movie Pitch : Alfred the Great tries to avoid being typecast as `` Cake Guy '' . Groovy Greeks : Words We Get From the : Greeks ( scholarly ) . `` Historical Mastermind '' : Nikos Ancientgreekios , category `` Greek Inventions '' . Alexander the Great takes the most direct route to solving the riddle of the Gordian knot Gorgeous Georgians : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Napoleon Report . 413 `` Savage Songs Special '' Dave Cohen , Caroline Norris , Giles Pillbrow 4 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 04 ) Savage Songs : Chronological compilation of standout music videos from the fourth series as chosen by the producers . One song is omitted in order to include longer inset skits , featuring puppet host Rattus Rattus babysitting his young nephew . `` The Thinkers '' ( from S04E03 ) , `` Mary I '' ( S04E10 ) , `` William Shakespeare '' ( S04E11 ) , `` The New World ( Pilgrim Fathers ) '' ( S04E04 ) , `` Luddites ! '' ( S04E08 ) , `` Victoria & Albert : A Love Ballad '' ( S04E06 ) , `` Mary Seacole '' ( S04E05 ) , `` Charles Darwin : Natural Selection '' ( S04E02 ) and `` The Few ( RAF Pilots ) '' ( S04E01 ) . Series 5 : 2013 ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Original air date 501 `` Series 5 , Episode 1 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 27 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 27 ) Song : Troublesome 20th Century : `` Rosa Parks : I Sat on a Bus '' ( Motown parody , feat . Aretha Franklin ) . Performed by Dominique Moore with Gospel Singers Incognito . Sketches : Smashing Saxons : Woden calls on select members of his pantheon to form ... part of a unit of time ? in `` Weekdays Assemble '' ( parody of Avengers Assemble ) . A farmer shares his surefire -- if ridiculously complex -- secret for growing crops with his neighbour . Slimy Stuarts : The `` Historical Grimefighters '' from the Great Plague of London in 1665 arrive to clean up after Charles II 's courtiers ( parody of Grimefighters ) . Groovy Greeks : Video game : Play as elderly Archimedes and outwit the brawny opposition in Ultimate City Defender . Alms - distributing Aesop ends up on the wrong end of the story of the pretentious fable - writer and the angry mob . Vile Victorians : `` The Only Way is Hertfordshire '' : Upper - class women share their most outrageous beauty secrets ( parody of The Only Way is Essex ) . The Beach Watch tries to remain modest and do their jobs at the same time . Troublesome 20th Century : Neil Armstrong pitches his Apollo 11 Weight Loss Programme ( advertisement ) . Measly Middle Ages : A vow of love means a knight must head into battle with a serious handicap . Richard the Lionheart can barely wait for his coronation to be over before heading off to the Crusades . Gorgeous Georgians : Hostile Environment Training : Escorting an unpopular nobleman through the streets of London . Jonathan Wild , Thief - Taker General , hits upon a novel method of keeping himself employed ( parody of Sherlock ) . 502 `` Series 5 , Episode 2 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 28 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) Song : Vicious Vikings : `` Vikings and Garfunkel '' ( Simon & Garfunkel parody ) . Performed by Jim Howick and Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Slimy Stuarts : Highwayman Claude Duval unexpectedly charms his victims . Woeful Second World War : Dodgy War Inventions No. 92 : Bat bombs . The Allied cover story to hide their new radar tracking systems translates to an unusual new diet for German pilots . Groovy Greeks : CD set : Now That 's What I Call Greek Battle Music ! ( advertisement ) . A bride must transform herself into not only her warrior groom 's dream but his double in `` Do n't Tell the Spartan Bride '' . Troublesome 20th Century : The officers of the RMS Titanic run through a highly dubious safety measures check . Stupid Deaths : Arthur John Priest . Vicious Vikings : The traditional warrior method of settling a dispute : peaceful negotiation . Terrible Tudors : Time to get ready for the Religious Switchover ( parody of the Digital Switchover ) . Botched executions are caught on the candid cameras of `` Thou Hast Been Framed ! '' ( parody of You 've Been Framed ! ) . Gorgeous Georgians : HH Movie Pitch : Mary Shelley tries for a Frankenstein reboot in which the monster is correctly named ... Adam ? Brooding Lord Byron is forced to disillusion a breathless groupie in `` Twit Light '' ( parody of the Twilight movie series ) . 503 `` Series 5 , Episode 3 '' Chris Chantler , Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Howard Read , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 29 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 29 ) Song : Vile Victorians : `` Charles Dickens '' ( The Smiths parody , feat . This Charming Man and Heaven Knows I 'm Miserable Now ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick , Laurence Rickard and special guest Al Murray . Sketches : Awful Egyptians : The Persian army comes up with an inspired -- and very cute -- variant on a human shield at the Battle of Pelusium . I Love Cats magazine : Everything the ancient cat - lover needs to know . Shocking Scotland : While on the run , Bonnie Prince Charlie gets some gender - bending assistance from a resourceful peasant woman . HH Movie Pitch : Robert the Bruce tries to avoid starring in ' Spider - Guy II ' . Savage Stone Age : Invention no . 28 : Wearing clothes . Testing a radical new innovation in horse riding on `` Historical Top Gear '' ( parody of Top Gear ) . Vile Victorians : Victorian Word Battles : Charles Dickens vs. Lewis Carroll over their quixotic contributions to the English language . Groovy Greeks : `` Greek Come Dine With Me '' : Great classical thinkers approach dinner with varying degrees of philosophy . Terrible Tudors : Francis Walsingham 's postal service advert with bloopers . HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Mary , Queen of Scots Report ; the Ridolfi plot and Babington Plots fail . Ruthless Rulers : `` Gross Designs '' : Vlad the Impaler takes landscaping to deliberately insane extremes ( parody of Grand Designs ) . Stupid Deaths : Ivan the Terrible . 504 `` Series 5 , Episode 4 '' Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 30 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 30 ) Song : Rotten Romans : `` Crassus : Minted '' ( parody of Bonkers by Dizzee Rascal ) . Performed by Simon Farnaby . Sketches : Slimy Stuarts : Dominc Duckworth : HHTV Investigates : Charles II 's supposed ability to cure scrofula with a touch . Woeful Second World War : German attempts to train canine spies get a bit over-optimistic . The story of very furry Polish Corporal Wojtek ( animated ) . Vicious Vikings : I Ca n't Believe You Fed Me Seal Blubber ! ( parody of I Ca n't Believe It 's Not Butter ! advertisements ) . Erik the Red makes a commercial ( and gets frostbite ) in an attempt to lure settlers to the ' sun - drenched paradise ' of Greenland ( parody of Iceland advertisements ) . Rotten Romans : `` Thou Hast Been Framed ! '' features the best of royal bloopers . Gorgeous Georgians : A noble patron is bewildered by a visit to Jeremy Bentham 's office . Words We Get From : Jeremy Bentham . Stupid Deaths : Madame Blanchard . Measly Middle Ages : Keeping up with tumultuous medieval times just got easier thanks to Anglo - Saxon Chronicle magazine ( newsmagazine parody ) . `` Historical Apprentice '' : Team Johannes Gutenberg and Team Monk vie to demonstrate the most efficient printing technology . Vile Victorians : Grace Darling discovers a unique peril of pre-Internet celebrity . HHTV Sport : Live -- if disbelieving -- with Emma Sharp , the woman who walked a thousand miles in as many hours . 505 `` Series 5 , Episode 5 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 31 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) Song : Fabulous French : `` Joan of Arc '' ( parody of Price Tag by Jessie J feat . B.o.B ) . Performed by Martha Howe - Douglas with Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Smashing Saxons : A ' surprisingly handsome ' scientist extols the `` Wonders of the Saxon Universe '' ; people in Magonia cause storms . King Aethelred is suspicious of witchcraft on first meeting Brother Augustine . Slimy Stuarts : Aromatherapy takes a deeply dubious turn with the invention of the Whiffy jar . Samuel Pepys makes some equally dubious publishing decisions as treasurer of the Royal Society . Woeful Second World War : Sacrifice your health for your country 's at the Sorby Research Institute . Wartime mechanic and future monarch Elizabeth II also stars in a sprightly `` Queen - Fit - Fitters '' jingle ( parody of Kwik - fit advertisements ) . Groovy Greeks : For Spartans , identifying cowardice in battle was simple -- or was it ? Spartan Girl dolls come with some offbeat accessories ( advertisement ) . Gorgeous Georgians : `` History 's Greatest Escapes '' : The wife of the Earl of Nithsdale has a daring plan to break him out of the Tower of London . Terrible Tudors : Tudor Wildlife Magazine : Henry VIII discusses his conservation schemes -- specifically , conserving farmland by placing bounties indiscriminately on the wildlife . Stupid Deaths : Hans Steininger . Fabulous French : The Dauphin of France introduces Joan of Arc to his openly skeptical army . 506 `` Series 5 , Episode 6 '' Dave Cohen , Ali Crockatt , Gerard Foster , Oriane Messina , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , David Scott and Ben Ward 4 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) Song : Groovy Greeks : `` Alexander the Great '' ( Stadium rock parody ) . Performed by Ben Willbond with Jim Howick , Laurence Rickard and Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Vile Victorians : Queen Victoria 's solemn coronation hits some less - than - dignified snags . Prince Albert 's moustaches are ridiculous -- until they become the fashion ( featuring special guest Al Murray ) . Rotten Romans : Shouty Man : New ! Roman Dog , the cuddly multi - ' furpose ' companion . Cato the Elder and his equally universal cabbage cures . Gorgeous Georgians : `` Georgian Come Dine With Me '' : A round of dinner parties with George III , George IV , Beau Brummell and Sake Dean Mahomed includes a trip to the first curry house in London . Groovy Greeks : Alexander the Great 's Conquest of Greece board game comes with mandatory multiple expansion packs . Potty Pioneers : The `` Historical Grimefighters '' are there to witness -- if not be impressed by -- medical history in the making at Alexander Fleming 's laboratory . HH Movie Pitch : Ernest Shackleton tries to pitch a thrilling adventure story about not actually reaching the South Pole . Savage Stone Age : CD set : Now That 's What Me Call Music ! -- featuring the first - ever musical notes played on the first - ever instrument ( advertisement ) . `` Historical Springwatch '' : Exploring the hidden lives of Pleistocene wildlife , if they are n't eaten by cavemen first ( parody of Springwatch ) . Putrid Pirates : A nobleman needs pirate slang translated . HHTV Sport : Live from the Pirate Races , riding on captured monks . 507 `` Series 5 , Episode 7 '' Lucy Clarke , Dave Cohen , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 11 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) Song : Measly Middle Ages : `` Owain Glyndŵr : First Prince of Wales '' ( Tom Jones parody , feat . Delilah and Kiss ) . Performed by Jim Howick with Mathew Baynton , Simon Farnaby and Ben Willbond . Sketches : Rotten Romans : Army officers might just be underestimating the possibility of a barbarian ambush in the Teutoburg Forest . An Emperor becomes a legend in `` Augustus : the Movie '' -- with some not - so - incidental help from the guy who actually did all the work ( movie trailer ) . Terrible Tudors : `` Who on Earth Are You ? '' : Attempting to establish a plausible royal pedigree for Lambert Simnel , pretender to the throne of Henry VII . Henry VIII shows off the Tudor King Lift . Woeful Second World War : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's World War II Report . Gorgeous Georgians : The odd antics of absentminded Reverend Harvest . Some equally offbeat celebrities are featured on `` Georgian Showbiz News '' . Awful Egyptians : A cure for baldness might be more trouble than it 's worth . A lavish makeup kit turns out to be Only For Men ( advertisement ) . Measly Middle Ages : `` Gross Designs '' : Edward I plans a massive extension in Wales . 508 `` Series 5 , Episode 8 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Greg Jenner , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 18 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 18 ) Song : Potty Pioneers : `` Transportation '' ( parody of Greased Lightnin ' from Grease ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton , Simon Farnaby , Jim Howick , Laurence Rickard and Ben Willbond . Sketches : Terrible Tudors : Edward De Vere passes wind in Elizabeth I 's court . Stupid Deaths : Diane de Poitiers . Vicious Vikings : Shouty Man : New ! Runic Alphabet . A merchant hawking Old Norse religious relics has to do some fast thinking to cope with the introduction of Christianity . Troublesome 20th Century : HHTV Sport : Profiling Lily Parr , only female inductee into the Football Hall of Fame . French performance - art sensation Le Pétomane releases -- in every sense of the word -- his first DVD . Potty Pioneers : George Stephenson makes the case for his railway plans to some very skeptical politicians . Isambard Kingdom Brunel joins the song . Shocking Scotland : Black Agnes defends against the Earl of Salisbury 's siege of Dunbar Castle . Woeful Second World War : Interbellum hyperinflation complicates an episode of `` Who Wants to Be a German Millionaire ? '' ( parody of Wer wird Millionär ? ) . Gals ' Magazine : Yankee Crazy ! Comparing the ( very ) average British squaddie with a shiny - new American GI . Rotten Romans : A farmer protests against the building of the Hadrian 's Wall . HH Movie Pitch : Can Julius Caesar 's unconventional rise to power really earn him the first movie deal ? 509 `` Series 5 , Episode 9 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Greg Jenner , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 25 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) Song : Terrible Tudors : `` Henry VII : The Original Tu - Tu - Tudor '' ( parody of `` Block Buster ! '' by Sweet ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton with Jim Howick , Laurence Rickard and Simon Farnaby . Sketches : Slimy Stuarts : Plague victim finder recruitment comes with some built - in occupational hazards . Charles II 's attempt to discourage anti-government plotters leads to some difficulty in securing a hot beverage . Rotten Romans : A ' handsome scientist ' extols the `` Wonders of the Roman Universe '' . The Battle of Drepanum hinges on the fate of a sacred -- and not incidentally seasick -- chicken . Measly Middle Ages : The experts of `` Middle Ages Antiques Roadshow '' assess the value of a well - travelled lump of medicinal metal ( parody of Antiques Roadshow ) . Creating your own miracles is easy with the Middle Ages Magic Set ( advertisement ) . Terrible Tudors : Lord Stanley literally waits to the last minute to decide who to fight for at the Battle of Bosworth Field . Awful Egyptians : `` Historical Wife Swap '' : Pharaoh Rameses II and Queen Nefertari swap with a peasant family . Vile Victorians : Thomas Edison makes an essential -- if rather surprising -- improvement to the new telephone . Photographic Monthly Chronicle : Pioneering photographer William Henry Fox Talbot shares his tips for a great photo , including neck irons ; post-mortem photography , the latest craze in remembering the dead . Savage Stone Age : Words We Get From the : Stone Age . A cave couple are hopeful of a more permanent home in `` A Historical Place in the Sun '' ( parody of A Place in the Sun ) . 510 `` Series 5 , Episode 10 '' Chris Chantler , Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Rosanna Lowe , Charlie Martin , Howard Read , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 2 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) Song : Measly Middle Ages : `` Matilda ( s ) and Stephen ... and Henry '' ( parody of the songs of ABBA ) . Performed by Martha Howe - Douglas , Laurence Rickard , Alice Lowe and Jim Howick . Sketches : Rotten Romans : Shouty Man : New ! Roman Baths . Stupid Deaths : Emperor Domitian . Vile Victorians : The mill owner Titus Salt investigates the horrific plight of his own workers and comes to some surprising conclusions on `` Victorian Undercover Proprietor '' ( parody of Undercover Boss ) . Measly Middle Ages : Soldiers are less than impressed to learn they 're fighting the War of the Bucket . Gorgeous Georgians : `` Historical Apprentice '' : James Watt and Team ( Spinning ) Jenny vie to produce textiles . ' Mad Jack ' Mytton 's wildly unconventional election campaign . Troublesome 20th Century : HHTV News : Live from a schoolboy strike in Llanelli . Suffragettes find a surefire way to reach the powerful . Terrible Tudors : `` Real Tudor Hustle '' : Market day scams exploit the greedy and gullible . A forehead brand for perjury proves hard to explain during a job interview . 511 `` Series 5 , Episode 11 '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Howard Read , Laurence Rickard , Joe Tucker and Ben Ward 9 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) Song : Gorgeous Georgians : `` Australia '' ( parody of Kylie Minogue , feat . I Should Be So Lucky and Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ) . Performed by Martha Howe - Douglas with Simon Farnaby and Ben Willbond . Sketches : Vile Victorians : `` DI Bones : Historical Crime Squad '' : The case of the baffling velocipede accident . My Little Pit Pony dolls fit perfectly in their accompanying Coal Mine playset ( advertisement , parody of My Little Pony ) . Awful Egyptians : Planning a funeral means it 's all in the many details for a hapless husband on `` Do n't Tell the Corpse '' . It 's fun for the whole literate priesthood only with Hieroglabble ( Scrabble parody ) . Rotten Romans : Stupid Deaths : Pliny the Elder . `` Historical Apprentice '' : Team Maximus and Team Minimus vie to create and exploit a celebrity gladiator . Gorgeous Georgians : Arthur Phillip awaits supply replenishments . Salvation is close at hand for the beleaguered settlers of Port Jackson -- or is it ? Woeful Second World War : Historical Desktops : Neville Chamberlain gauges the reaction to his new European peace settlement . Winston Churchill , Britain 's Wittiest Man , releases his first comedy special on DVD . Measly Middle Ages : Great Historical Country Walks : The ' harrowing of the countryside ' ( Harrying of the North ) was n't as pleasant as it sounds . The fad for French words causes confusion at a dinner party . 512 `` Series 5 , Episode 12 '' Dave Cohen , Chris Chantler , Gerard Foster , Giles Pilbrow , Howard Read , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 16 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) Song : Potty Pioneers : `` We 're History ( The Finale ) '' ( charity single parody , with the format for Dumb Ways to Die ) . Performed by Mathew Baynton , Simon Farnaby , Martha Howe - Douglas , Jim Howick , Laurence Rickard , Ben Willbond , Sarah Hadland , Lawry Lewin , Dominique Moore , Alice Lowe and Giles Terera . Sketches : Vile Victorians : Good Day Magazine : Profiling eccentric ' Little Giant ' Isambard Kingdom Brunel and his many massive engineering projects . Meanwhile , Mary Anning finds much more than seashells by the seashore . Groovy Greeks : Words We Get From the : Greeks . A surprisingly modest -- but still slightly mad -- scientist extols the `` Wonders of the Greek Universe '' . Awful Egyptians : HH Movie Pitch : Rameses II tries to make his case as the other iconic Ancient Egyptian ruler . A prospective labourer is dismayed to discover it was n't all about building majestic monuments . Troublesome 20th Century : HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Space Race Report . Measly Middle Ages : `` Making It in the Middle Ages '' takes a look at the wannabe cool science of alchemy featuring Bernard de Treviso . Stupid Deaths : John of Bohemia . Woeful Second World War : The war effort cuts into pool time at the Carlton Ladies Club ( animated ) . Expert landscaper Alan Smallbog attempts to demonstrate some further wartime sacrifices on `` Homefront Gardening '' ( parody of Alan Titchmarsh ) . 513 `` Series 5 , Episode 13 '' Dave Cohen , Caroline Norris , Ben Ward 23 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) Savage Songs : Chronological compilation of standout music videos from the fifth series as chosen by the producers . One song is omitted to make room for the longer finale song . `` Alexander the Great '' ( from S05E06 ) , `` Crassus : Minted '' ( S05E04 ) , `` Vikings and Garfunkel '' ( S05E02 ) , `` Joan of Arc '' ( S05E05 ) , `` Henry VII : The Original Tu - Tu - Tudor '' ( S05E09 ) , `` Transportation '' ( S05E08 ) , `` Charles Dickens '' ( S05E03 ) , `` Rosa Parks : I Sat on a Bus '' ( S05E01 ) , `` We 're History ( The Finale ) '' ( S05E12 ) . Series 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Horrible Histories ( 2015 TV series ) Series 7 Specials : 2016 ( edit ) Main article : Horrible Histories ( 2015 TV series ) § The Specials II ( 2016 ) Series 7 : 2017 ( edit ) Main article : Horrible Histories ( 2015 TV series ) § Series 7 ( 2016 ) Specials ( edit ) Title Written by Original air date `` Christmas Special : Horrible Christmas '' Lucy Clarke , Gerard Foster , Jon Holmes , Giles Pilbrow and Laurence Rickard 17 December 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 17 ) Songs : In lieu of the usual single music video , the often less - than - inspiring origins of classic carols from various historical eras are explored with the help of a traditional group of carollers , including Mathew Baynton , Simon Farnaby , Jim Howick , Martha Howe - Douglas , Alice Lowe and Ben Willbond . Measly Middle Ages : `` ( Not - So ) Silent Night '' ( Silent Night parody ) . Smashing Saxons : `` Bad Duke Wenceslas '' ( Good King Wenceslas parody ) . Slimy Stuarts : `` We Wish You a Merry Christmas '' ( We Wish You a Merry Christmas parody ) Vile Victorians : `` O Christmas Tree '' ( O Christmas Tree parody ) Sketches : Measly Middle Ages : Henry II 's unique jester , Roland the Farter , and his tradition of breaking wind on Christmas Day . Scary Stories : `` The Night Before Childermass '' ( a poem ) . HHTV News : William the Conqueror 's Christmas Crowning Riot . Smashing Saxons : A group of peasants are delighted to receive useful gifts of various types of animal dung ( from S01E08 ) . Terrible Tudors : Mr. Tudor advertises his Exceedingly Nice Mince Pies . Meat , meat and more meat are on the menu on `` Historical Masterchef '' . Elizabeth I 's Christmas present is an innovation fit for a Queen -- a teeny clock on a strap . Slimy Stuarts : Oliver Cromwell has his visiting relatives arrested for wishing him a Merry Christmas ( from S02E02 ) . Charles II delivers a characteristic Royal Christmas Message for 1666 . Vile Victorians : A prison Christmas . Odd Christmas cards . Frightful First World War : HHTV Sport : Opposing sides play a friendly game of football during the Christmas truce of 1914 . `` The Horrible Histories Big Prom Party '' Dave Cohen , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard and Ben Ward 30 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 30 ) -- Radio 9 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 09 ) -- TV Music from Horrible Histories was the theme of the 2011 free BBC children 's Prom , held at the Royal Albert Hall . The concert was hosted by Rattus Rattus the puppet rat and featured the starring cast of the TV show performing a selection of songs from the first three series , interspersed with classical pieces from the same historical eras performed by the Aurora Orchestra . On hand to assist were the Choir from the Music Centre and the Kids Company Choir . The subsequent hourlong BBC television special features all the songs but one ( an extended reprise of `` The Plague Song '' ) , excerpts from the classical pieces and original linking sketches set in - and - around the concert hall . Program : Overture : Mike Peabody reports from outside the Hall . Arrival of Queen Victoria , Charles II and Rattus Rattus . Excerpt from Strauss ' Also sprach Zarathustra . `` Horrible Histories Theme Tune '' , performed by the combined choirs . HHTV News : Bob Hale 's Orchestra Report . Excerpt from John Cage 's 4'33 `` . `` Born 2 Rule '' . George III and George IV uneasily share a dressing room . Excerpt from Liszt 's Danse Macabre . Queen Victoria takes her seat . `` The Truth About Richard III '' William Shakespeare comments from backstage . Excerpt from Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Rattus Rattus checks in from a box seat . Queen Victoria is offered a selection of odd historical snacks . `` The Wives of Henry VIII : Divorced Beheaded Died '' Charles II interrupts a mock - execution set to Berlioz 's March to the Scaffold . `` Charles II : King of Bling '' George III and George IV look over the rest of the program in their dressing room . Excerpt from Handel 's Royal Fireworks Music . Rattus Rattus checks in . Interval : Mike Peabody meets an Early Man who 's late arriving for the concert . Shouty Man promotes the `` brand - new '' Royal Albert Hall . Queen Victoria , Charles II , George III and George IV queue impatiently for the royal toilets , behind Henry VIII and his Groom of the Stool . Excerpt from Marche pour la cérémonie des Turcs . Stupid Deaths : Jean - Baptiste Lully . Mozart and Beethoven have a heated onstage debate over the title of Greatest Composer Who Ever Lived . Overture from Mozart 's The Marriage of Figaro . Rattus Rattus checks in . `` George IV : Could n't Stand My Wife '' . Excerpt from Mendelssohn 's Wedding March . William Shakespeare and the Early Man find themselves together in a box . Mike Peabody with a breaking exclusive : Queen Victoria is unable to perform ; another legendary Queen has stepped in at the last minute . `` Ra Ra Cleopatra '' William Shakespeare and the Early Man discuss language and literature with great pretentiousness and a club , respectively . `` The Ages of Stone '' The Vikings invade the stage to Wagner 's Ride of the Valkyries . `` Literally ( The Viking Song ) '' The entire cast joins the choirs onstage for the `` Horrible Histories Theme Tune ( Close ) '' . `` Sport Relief 2012 '' TBA 23 March 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) Stephen Fry introduces two HHTV Sport sketches starring real - life UK sporting heroes : Amir Khan takes on various historical boxers and Jermain Defoe meets a Tudor football team . Meanwhile , Bob Hale gives the Sport Relief Report . `` The Diamond Jubilee sketches '' TBA 3 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) During the BBC live coverage of the Queen 's Diamond Jubilee celebrations , Bob Hale presented the Thames Report from Tower Bridge . Two more sketches -- involving Charles II , Richard III , Queen Victoria and a HHTV News correspondent -- were scheduled but eventually cancelled due to time constraints , although the first two characters did appear briefly with a BBC reporter in a ' what 's upcoming ' promo . Series producer Caroline Norris later confirmed the unaired material would never be subsequently filmed , since it was especially written for the occasion . `` Blue Peter 's Big Olympic Tour '' TBA 16 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 16 ) Episode 4 of Blue Peter 's Big Olympic Tour featured a new Horrible Histories music video , `` Flame ( It 's Gonna Burn Forever ) '' , which tells the origin and history of the Olympic Games . Parody of Theme from Fame . Performed by Laurence Rickard , Mathew Baynton , Jim Howick , Ben Willbond and Giles Terera . `` Sport Special '' Dave Cohen , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Mark Shillabeer , Colin Swash and Ben Ward 20 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 20 ) In honour of the 2012 London Olympic Games , the show presents a compilation of sport - themed sketches both old and new , with linking segments featuring Giles Terera 's HHTV Sport presenter and Rattus Rattus . Includes a reprise of the Olympic song , `` Flame ( It 's Gonna Burn Forever ) '' . Sketches : HHTV Sport : Live from the Battle of Marathon , where dedicated messenger Pheidippides is about to inadvertently invent what 's sure to become an iconic long - distance race ... if only we could figure out what to call it ... Mad Marathon Cheats : Counting down the top three most blatant , including Rosie Ruiz , Fred Lorz , and twins Sergio and Fika Motsoeneng . Barmy Boxing : Stupid Deaths : Unnamed contemporary of famous Greek boxer Theagenes of Thasos beats his rival 's statue until it topples over onto him ( S03E02 ) . Ex-slave Bill Richmond revolutionises Georgian boxing with one simple innovation ( S02E02 ) . Shocking Scotland : HHTV Sport : Live with the winner of the ' twist a hindquarter off a dead cow ' event at the new Highland Games ( S03E07 ) . Foul Football : Two Three Five magazine : Profiling Victorian - era Sheffield United celebrity goalkeeper William ' Fatty ' Foulke . HHTV Sport : Live during a rare moment of players not trying to kill each other in a Tudor - era inter-village football match ( S02E08 ) . Rotten Romans : The origin of the gladiatorial games involved staging fights to the death at funerals ( S01E01 ) . Video game : Scorpus Chariot Racer ( S04E08 ) . Outlandish Olympics : HH Movie Pitch : The Baron de Coubertin is forced to admit his idea for a modern Games revival was n't exactly original . HHTV Sport : Live as the ( severely disappointed ) winner of the Ancient Greek Isthmian Games is crowned with celery ( S03E12 ) . `` Scary Special '' Mathew Baynton , Dave Cohen , Toby Davies , Gerard Foster , Chris Pell , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard and Ben Willbond 29 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 29 ) To celebrate Halloween , Death , host of `` Stupid Deaths '' , uses spooky songs and sketches from past Horrible Histories episodes to illustrate a list of his `` Top 12 Scary Things '' , interspersed with new linking segments from his mum 's chintz - intensive home in the suburbs . Sketches : No. 12 : Witches . Wicked Witches : Witchfinder 's Direct infomercial ( from S01E03 ) . No. 11 : Aliens . Measly Middle Ages : Scary Stories : `` The Children of Woolpit '' ( S02E03 ) . No. 10 : More Witches . Terrible Tudors : Witches as pets ( previously unaired sketch ) . No. 9 : Rotten Romans : Emperor Nero 's complicated love life features in `` Love You To Death '' ( spoof of romantic comedy trailers , from S02E03 ) No. 8 : Deaths . Measly Middle Ages : Stupid Deaths : Henry I is made fatally ill by a meal of eels ( S03E08 ) . No. 7 : Vicious Vikings : Exploring ways to intimidate with war paint ( S02E08 ) . No. 6 : Horror . Woeful Second World War : A city child is evacuated to what he thinks is a den of monsters in `` The Farm '' ( spoof of horror movie trailers , from S02E09 ) . No. 5 : Angry Aztecs : `` Discaztec ( Ai n't Staying Alive ) '' ( music video from S03E09 , here sped up slightly to fit ) . No. 4 : Georgian Art . Fabulous French : `` Madame Tussaud 's Make Show '' , featuring freshly guillotined models ( S03E08 ) . No. 3 : Putrid Pirates : `` Historical Hospital '' : The pirate doctor is actually the ship 's carpenter , and he 's about to perform an amputation ( S02E02 ) . No. 2 : Executions . Gorgeous Georgians : HHTV News : Live report from the public hanging of anti-hero Jack Sheppard ( S02E04 ) . No. 1 : Death himself . `` Death 's Favourite Things '' , parody of My Favorite Things from The Sound of Music feat . Thriller - style zombie chorus ( new song , written by Greg Jenner and performed by Simon Farnaby ) . `` Ridiculous Romance '' Dave Cohen , Rosanna Lowe , Giles Pilbrow , Laurence Rickard , Joe Tucker , Ben Ward , Raphael Warner 14 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) It 's Valentine 's Day , Horrible Histories - style ... meaning the course of true love is about guaranteed not to run smoothly . Rattus Rattus presents a mix of old and new sketches and songs on the theme , in - between preparations for his own ( hopefully ) romantic dinner with new love Ratalie . Song : Famous lovers from throughout history assemble to confess their caddishness in `` Love Rats '' ( parody of The Love Cats by The Cure ) . Performed by Ben Willbond , Jim Howick , Simon Farnaby , Martha Howe - Douglas and Mathew Baynton . Sketches : Terrible Tudors : `` Dating in Darkness '' : Henry VIII does n't realise that he 's been deceived by Anne of Cleves ' flattering portrait until it 's too late ( parody of Dating in the Dark ) . Elizabeth I 's temper tantrum over another portrait may help explain why she never married ( from S02E01 ) . Measly Middle Ages : William the Conqueror skips the charm and cuts straight to the shoving in `` Mud and Matilda '' ( spoof of romantic comedy movie trailers , from S03E10 ) . My Middle Ages Wedding Magazine : All the tips you need to make your Dark Ages day special , including how to make sure the thrown cakes are nice and soft . Rotten Romans : Historical Desktops : Mark Antony inadvertently demonstrates the ( extreme ) dangers of online dating when he accepts a friend request from Cleopatra ( S02E02 ) . Emperor Nero 's similarly complicated love life features in `` Love You To Death '' ( spoof of romantic comedy trailers , from S02E03 ) . Gorgeous Georgians : `` History 's Greatest Escapes '' : The Countess of Nithsdale demonstrates her devotion to her husband by breaking him out of the Tower of London ( S05E05 ) . Vile Victorians : A picnicking couple have a lover 's spat over the lady 's strict insistence on etiquette , while another negotiates a messy break - up via floral messaging system ( both S03E01 ) . `` Victoria & Albert : A Love Ballad '' ( music video , from S04E06 ) . `` Frightful First World War Special '' Dave Cohen , Gerard Foster , Caroline Norris , Giles Pilbrow , Steve Punt , Laurence Rickard , Ben Ward 4 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) On the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the original Great War , Bob Hale and Rattus Rattus host a chronological look at some of the more strange , sad and outright Horrible aspects of the conflict . Sketches : 1914 : Outlining the causes of the war , as simply as possible -- that is , not very ( from S01E08 ) . A naive young recruit to the trenches tries to learn the ropes ( from S03E03 ) . The dos and don'ts of keeping the war effort going strong at home , including a ban on feeding ducks ( educational film parody ) . Image consultants tackle the touchy problem of renaming people and things with German antedecents . Now That 's What I Call Trench Music ! ( advertisement ) . HHTV Sport : Opposing sides play a friendly game of football during the Christmas truce of 1914 ( from the Christmas Special ) . 1915 : Computer game : Flying Aces . Shouty Man : New ! WWI Wee - Wee , the multi-purpose liquid revolution ( S03E03 ) . Sign up for the Girl Guides and learn to be a spy for the secret service . 1916 : Summing up the less - than - encouraging results of the Somme campaign ( S03E01 ) . Wartime improvisation is the order of the day on `` Historical Masterchef '' ( S03E10 ) . Boosting morale in the trenches via the satirical Wipers Times magazine . 1917 : A general arrives to inspect the troops and discovers just how hard up both sides are for new recruits ( S03E09 ) . `` Cousins '' George V , Kaiser Wilhelm II and Tsar Nicholas II sing of the war 's impact on their family ties ( new song , incorporates parody of the Charleston ) . 1918 : The Red Baron 's demands for a new war trophy are hampered by a shortage of silver . Trapped in occupied France , Patrick Fowler must find creative ways to hide from his German housemates in `` Big Bother '' ( parody of Big Brother ) . Scenes from the poignantly pointless chaos in the trenches , in the few minutes between learning of the November 11th truce and its actual implementation . `` The Suffragettes ' Song '' ( music video , from S03E08 ) . `` Shakespeare 400 sketch '' TBA 23 April 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 23 ) To celebrate 400 years since William Shakespeare died , the BBC held a special live Shakespeare show on BBC2 . Just a few days before this Series 7 begun with the ' Sensational Shakespeare ' Special . In the live show on BBC2 one sketch from the episode , which featured Shakespeare attempting to find some writing advice from some other Tudor writers in the Pub , only to be offended , was performed live on sketch and was received positively by a laughing audience . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 0.00 . `` Richie Webb 's sounds on SoundCloud '' . Soundcloud.com . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.webuyanycarusa.com/video Jump up ^ Robin Parker ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` Horrible Histories Jubilee sketches will never be aired '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` South African athlete , Sergio Motsoeneng , admits to cheating in Comrades Marathon '' . South Africa History Online . sahistory.org . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Horrible Histories Book series ( 1993 ) ( List of books ) Television Live - action series Horrible Histories with Stephen Fry ( 2011 ) Prom ( 2011 ) 2015 Revival List of episodes Animated series ( 2001 ) Gory Games ( 2011 ) Films Bill ( 2015 ) Stage shows The Mad Millennium ( 1999 ) Terrible Tudors ( 2005 ) Vile Victorians ( 2005 ) Awful Egyptians ( 2007 ) Ruthless Romans ( 2007 ) Nottingham ( 2008 ) Frightful First World War ( 2009 ) Blitzed Brits ( 2009 ) Barmy Britain ( 2012 ) Horrible Christmas ( 2013 ) Groovy Greeks ( 2015 ) Incredible Invaders ( 2015 ) Wicked Warwick ( 2015 ) Exhibitions Funfair of Fear ( 2000 ) Frightful First World War ( 2008 ) Terrible Trenches ( 2009 ) Spies ( 2013 ) Rotten Rationing ( 2013 ) Plague , Poverty and Prayer ( 2013 ) Blitzed Brits at IWM North ( 2015 ) Games and toys Horrible Histories : Ruthless Romans ( video game ) ( 2009 ) Horrible Histories World ( 2011 ) Spin - offs Horrible Science Book series ( 1996 ) Stage show ( 2010 ) Horrible Science of Submarines exhibition ( 2013 ) TV series ( 2015 ) Horrible Geography ( 1999 ) Horribly Famous Totally ( formerly The Knowledge ) ( 1997 ) Murderous Maths ( 1997 ) Foul Football ( 2000 ) America 's Funny But True History ( 2001 ) Boring Bible ( 2003 ) Fair Dinkum Histories ( 2006 ) Key people and companies Terry Deary & Martin Brown Nick Arnold & Tony De Saulles Anita Ganeri Kjartan Poskitt & Philip Reeve Scholastic Corporation CBBC The Birmingham Stage Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Horrible_Histories_episodes&oldid=848595912 '' Categories : Horrible Histories Lists of children 's television series episodes Depictions of Caligula on television Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from November 2012 Use British English from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 23 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	horrible histories english kings and queens song episode	[]	[]
6001793254199725481	List of people on the postage stamps of India	List of people on the postage stamps of India - wikipedia List of people on the postage stamps of India Further information : Postage stamps and postal history of the Indian states This is a list of people on the postage stamps of India . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . ( complete through 1961 ) Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Anandamayi Ma , 1987 Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Freedom Fighter & First Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar ( 1988 ) Salim Ali , Ornithologist , explorer , ecologist , teacher and writer ( 1996 ) Anand Rishiji ( 2002 ) Dhirubhai Ambani , industrialist of Gujarat ( 2002 ) Frank Anthony Parliamentarian , jurist , educationist and philanthropist ( 2003 ) Annamacharya Saint , social reformer and singer - poet ( 2004 ) Jyoti Prasad Agarwala Cultural icon , nationalist , musician , poet and humanist ( 2004 ) Abdul Qaiyum Ansari ( 2005 ) Maraimalai Adigal , Tamil lecturer , scholar and researcher ( 2007 ) Alluri Sitarama Raju , Freedom fighter ( 1986 ) Vallabhsuri , Jain saint ( 2009 ) Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Congress President Ghazipur Subramania Bharati , poet and statesman ( 1960 ) Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande musician ( 1961 ) Buddha ( 1956 , 2007 ) Jagadis Chandra Bose , scientist ( 1958 ) Homi Bhaba ( 1996 ) Sibnath Banerjee ( 1997 ) Swami Brahmanand , Freedom fighter , member of parliament , social reformer ( 1997 ) Basaveswara , Social reformer , From Karnataka ( 1997 ) D.R. Bendre , Kannada Author and Jnanpith Award Winner ( 1998 ) Sant Gadge Baba Religious philosopher , social reformer and saint ( 1998 ) Tarashankar Bandopadhyay , Bangla Author and Jnanpith Award Winner ( 1998 ) Raja Bhamashah ( 2000 ) Rajarshi Bhagyachandra ( 2000 ) Radha Gobinda Baruah ( 2000 ) Chaudhary Brahm Parkash , Leader and former chief minister of Delhi ( 2001 ) Bhagwan Baba , Ascetic , mystic and saint - poet ( 2002 ) Kanika Bandopadhyay , Exponent of Rabindra Sangeet ( 2002 ) Brajlal Biyani ( 2002 ) Mukut Behari Bhargava ( 2003 ) Harivansh Rai Bachchan , Hindi writer and poet ( 2003 ) Allah Jilai Bai ( 2003 ) Acharya Bhikshu , Founder of Jain Svetambar Terapanth sect ( 2004 ) Neeraja Bhanot , Indian Flight Attendant and Ashok Chakra Winner ( 2004 ) Panna Lal Barupal ( 2006 ) S.D. Burman , Music composer and singer ( 2007 ) Begum Hazrat Mahal ( 1984 ) M. Bhaktavatsalam ( 2008 ) Louis Braille ( 2009 ) Vaikom Muhammad Basheer ( 2009 ) William Carey , missionary Subhadra Kumari Chauhan , poet . ( 1976 ) Tripuraneni Ramaswamy , Freedom Fighter ( 1987 ) T.B. Cunha , Goan freedom Fighter ( 1998 ) Thakur Anukul Chandra ( 1987 ) Chhatrasal , Bundela Ruler ( 1987 ) Father Kuriakose Elias Chavara ( 1987 ) Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar ( 1987 ) Frédéric Chopin , Music composer for the Piano ( 2001 ) Arun Kumar Chanda ( 2000 ) Jaglal Choudhary ( 2000 ) Prithviraj Chauhan ( 2000 ) MC Chagla , Jurist , judge , educationist , diplomat , Union Cabinet Minister and Statesman ( 2004 ) Dheeran Chinnamalai ( 2005 ) A.M.M. Murugappa Chettiar ( 2005 ) Prabodh Chandra ( 2005 ) R.M. Algappa Chettiar ( 2007 ) S.B. Chavan , politician ( 2007 ) Henry Dunant , Red Cross founder ( 1957 ) Waldemar Haffkine , Plague Vaccine formulator ( 1960 ) Rukmini Devi Arundale ( 1987 ) Nargis , actress and parliament member ( 1993 ) Kunji Lal Dubey ( 1996 ) D.B. Deodhar , Cricket Player ( 1996 ) Hazari Prasad Dwivedi , Hindi author ( 1997 ) Dnyaneshwar , saint ( 1997 ) Baba Raghav Das , Ascetic , reformer and freedom fighter ( 1998 ) Bishnu Dey , Bangla Author and Jnanpith Award Winner ( 1998 ) Ashapoorna Devi , Bangla Author and Jnanpith Award Winner ( 1998 ) Lokanayak Omeo Kumar Das ( 1998 ) Purushottam Laxman Deshpande ( 2002 ) Durgadas Rathore ( 2003 ) Eknath , saint ( 2003 ) C.D. Deshmukh ( 2004 ) Guru Dutt , Director , actor and film producer ( 2004 ) Jawaharlal Darda ( 2005 ) Lala Deen Dayal ( 2006 ) Dhoundo Keshav Karve Edward VII of the United Kingdom ( 1902 ) Albert Einstein , physicist ( 2005 ) Lalan Fakir ( 2003 ) Mahatma Gandhi ( 1948 , 1998 , 2001 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ) George V of the United Kingdom ( 1911 ) George VI of the United Kingdom ( 1937 ) Mirza Ghalib , poet ( 1953 ) Sanjay Gandhi , ( 1981 ) Indira Gandhi , Politician and Indian Prime Minister ( 1984 , 1985 ) Sagarmal Gopa , Freedom fighter ( 1986 ) Guru Ghasidas , ( 1987 ) Tyagamurti Goswami Ganeshdutt ( 1987 ) D.V. Gundappa , Kannada poet ( 1988 ) Kasturba Gandhi ( 1996 ) Shyam Lal Gupt ' Parshad ' ( 1997 ) V.K. Gokak , Kannada Author and Jnanpith Award Winner ( 1998 ) Narayan Ganesh Goray ( 1998 ) Sane Guruji , Socio / Political Development Leader ( 2001 ) Aloysius Gonzaga ( 2001 ) Babu Gulabrai , writer and philosopher ( 2002 ) Santidev Ghose ( 2002 ) Goparaju Ramachandra Rao ( 2002 ) Bhaurao Krishnarao Gaikwad ( 2002 ) Ghantsala , Playback singer and music director ( 2003 ) BD Garware , Industrialist ( 2004 ) Guru Dutt ( 2004 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 2004 ) Gemini Ganesan ( 2006 ) Ritwik Ghatak , Script writer and Film Director ( 2007 ) D.R. Gadgil , Economist ( 2008 ) Tripuraneni Gopichand , Telugu Novelist and Film Director ( 2011 ) Lala Hardayal , Freedom Fighter ( 1987 ) Dr. Hiralal , ( 1987 ) Zakir Hussain ( 1998 ) Matangini Hazra ( 2002 ) Harakh Chand Nahata ( 2009 ) Hafiz ( 2004 ) Walchand Hirachand ( 2004 ) Asrar Ul Haq ' Majaaz ' , Urdu Poet ( 2008 ) . Hemu Kalani Sir Phiroze Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy , financier , philanthropist ( 1959 ) Jiddu Krishnamurti ( 1987 ) Sir William Jones ( 1997 ) Dr. Jagdish Chandra Jain ( 1998 ) Jhalkari Bai ( 2001 ) Jayadeva Sant Santaji Jagnade Maharaj ( 2009 ) Jaiprakash Narayan Tiyagi Immanuvel Sekaranaar ( 2010 ) Kabir , poet / saint ( 1953 , 2004 ) Kalidasa , poet ( 1960 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve , educator ( 1958 ) Hakim Ajmal Khan , Freedom fighter ( 1987 ) Dr. Kailash Nath Katju , Freedom fighter ( 1987 ) Pandit Hridya Nath Kunzru , Freedom fighter ( 1987 ) Saifuddin Kitchlew , freedom fighter ( 1989 ) Abai Konunbaev ( 1996 ) Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar ( 1998 ) Syed Ahmad Khan ( 1998 ) Vakkom Abdul Khader ( 1998 ) Ustad Hafiz Ali Khan ( 2000 ) T.T. Krishnamachari ( 2002 ) Arran Kali ( 2002 ) Bade Ghulam Ali Khan ( 2003 ) Kusumagraj ( 2003 ) Kishore Kumar ( 2003 ) Hemant Kumar ( 2003 ) G. Sankara Kurup ( 2003 ) K. Shivarama Karanth , Kannada Author and Jnanpith Award Winner ( 2003 ) S.L. Kirloskar ( 2003 ) Tirupur Kumaran , Freedom fighter ( 2004 ) Krishan Kant ( 2005 ) Pratap Singh Kairon ( 2005 ) Vi . Kalyanasundarnar ( 2005 ) Mehboob Khan ( 2007 ) Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi , mathematician , statistician , and polymath ( 2008 ) Ustad Bismillah Khan , Shehnai maestro ( 2008 ) Udumalai Narayan Kavi ( 2008 ) joseph vijay Laxmibai , Rani of Jhansi ( 1957 ) Harchand Singh Longowal , ( 1987 ) Madhu Limaye ( 1997 ) Ram Manohar Lohia ( 1997 ) Rukmini Lakshmipathi ( 1997 ) V Lakshminarayana ( 2004 ) Nupee Lal ( 2004 ) Narayan Meghaji Lokhande ( 2005 ) Henning Holck - Larsen , cofounder of Larsen and Tubro ( 2008 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 2008 ) Martin Luther King ( 2008 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya , educator ( 1961 ) Meera , princess ( 1953 ) Chaitanya Mahaprabhu ( 1986 ) Vinoo Mankad , Cricket Player ( 1996 ) Vijay Merchant , Cricket Player ( 1996 ) Sri Ramana Maharshi ( 1998 ) Balwantrai Mehta ( 2000 ) Dr. Harekrushna Mahtab ( 2000 ) B.P. Mandal ( 2001 ) Giani Gurumukh Singh Musafir , Socio / Political Development Leader ( 2001 ) Chandragupta Maurya ( 2001 ) Dwarka Prasad Mishra ( 2001 ) Syama Prasad Mookerjee , Nationalist ( 2001 ) Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee ( 2002 ) Muktai , Poet - saint ( 2003 ) Kakaji Maharaj ( 2003 ) Mukesh , Playback singer ( 2003 ) Narendra Mohan ( 2003 ) Murasoli Maran ( 2004 ) A.V. Meiyappan ( 2006 ) Pankaj Kumar Mullick ( 2006 ) Madhubala , Film Actress ( 2008 ) Field Marshal SHFJ Manekshaw , Indian Army Officer ( 2008 ) Lord Mountbatten of Burma , last viceroy and first governor - general of India Motilal Nehru , freedom leader ( 1961 ) Rameshwari Nehru , Women 's rights campaigner ( 1987 ) Col. C.K. Nayudu , Cricket Player ( 1996 ) Jawaharlal Nehru , Political leader and the first Prime Minister of independent India ( 1997 , 2005 ) E.M.S. Namboodiripad , Socio / Political Development Leader ( 2001 ) C. Sankaran Nair , Nationalist ( 2001 ) U Kiang Nongbah , Nationalist ( 2001 ) S. Nijalingappa , Ex chief minister Of Karnataka , Former of Modern Karnataka ( 2003 ) Raj Narain ( 2007 ) J.P. Naik ( 2007 ) Rani Velu Nachchiyar ( 2008 ) Kamala Nehru R.K. Narayan , Writer ( 2009 ) Bipin Chandra Pal , freedom leader ( 1958 ) K.V. Puttapa , The Great Kannada Author and Jnanpith Award Winner ( 1998 ) Savitribai Phule ( 1998 ) Maharaja Bijli Pasi ( 2000 ) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit ( 2000 ) Jagdev Prasad ( 2001 ) Swami Pranavananda ( 2002 ) Vithalrao Vikhe Patil ( 2002 ) Govindaro Pansare ( 2003 ) S.K. Pottekkatt ( 2003 ) Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai ( 2003 ) Marudhu Pandiar Brothers ( 2004 ) Nanabhoy Palkhivala ( 2004 ) Baji Rao Peshwa ( 2004 ) PN Panicker ( 2004 ) Pāṇini ( 2004 ) Kavimani Desika Vinayagam Pillai ( 2005 ) Ayothidhasa Pandithar ( 2005 ) Devaneya Pavanar , Tamil author ( 2006 ) L.V. Prasad , Film actor , producer and director ( 2006 ) Manoharbhai Patel ( 2007 ) Dr. B.P. Pal ( 2008 ) Rajesh Pilot , politician ( 2008 ) A.T. Paneerselvam ( 2008 ) Sheikh Tambi Pavalar ( 2008 ) Mangal Pandey Chittu Pandey Kavi Pradeep ( 2011 ) Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy , Politician ( 2010 ) Prafulla Chandra Roy , scientist ( 1961 ) Veer Surendra Sai , Freedom fighter ( 1986 ) M.N. Roy , Freedom Fighter ( 1987 ) Rabindranath Tagore ( 1987 ) Kotamaraju Rama Rao ( 1997 ) Lt. Indra Lal Roy , Fighter Pilot , Distinguished Flying Cross ( 1998 ) Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao ( 2000 ) Sant Ravidas ( 2001 ) N.G. Ranga , Socio / Political Development Leader ( 2001 ) V.K. Rajwade ( 2003 ) Mohammad Rafi ( 2003 ) Svetoslav Roerich ( 2004 ) Bimal Roy ( 2007 ) Bishwanath Rai ( 2006 ) Swami Rangnathananda Maharaj ( 2008 ) T.V. Ramasubbaiyer ( 2008 ) Bishnu Prasad Rabha ( 2009 ) Shrimad Rajchandra , ( 2017 ) Sree Sree Thakur Anukulchandra , ( 1987 ) Sree Sree Borda , ( 2010 ) Savithri , ( 2011 ) Sachin Tendulkar , ( 2013 ) Chatrapati Shivaji , Maratha King ( 1961 ) Surdas , poet and saint ( 1953 ) Bhim Sen Sachar , Freedom fighter ( 1986 ) Swami Sivananda ( 1986 ) S. Satyamurti , Freedom fighter ( 1987 ) Veer Narayan Singh , patriot ( 1987 ) Nain Singh , pundit ( 2004 ) Ramakrishna Paramahamsa , Saint ( 1967 ) Alluri Sitaramaraju , Freedom fighter ( 1986 ) Yellapragada Subbarao , Scientist ( 1995 ) Giani Zail Singh ( 1995 ) Muhammad Ismail Sahib ( 1996 ) Sant Kavi Sunderdas ( 1997 ) Bhaktivedanta Swami ( 1997 ) Muhammed Abdurahiman Shahib ( 1998 ) R. Srinivasan ( 2000 ) Shanker Dayal Sharma ( 2000 ) Raj Kumar Shukla ( 2000 ) Bihar * General Zorawar Singh ( 2000 ) Basawon Singh ( Sinha ) ( 2000 ) Swami Sahajanand Saraswati ( 2000 ) Ghazipur Swami Shraddhanand ( 1970 ) Potti Sriramulu ( 2000 ) Suraj Narain Singh ( 2001 ) Yogendra Shukla , Freedom fighter and revolutionary ( 2001 ) Baikunth Shukla , Freedom fighter and revolutionary ( 2001 ) Jubba Sahni , Freedom fighter and revolutionary ( 2001 ) Krishna Nath Sarmah , Nationalist ( 2001 ) Samanta Chandra Sekhar ( 2001 ) Thakur Satyananda ( 2002 ) Chandraprava Saikiani ( 2002 ) Anna Bhau Sathe ( 2002 ) Tipu Sultan , Sultan of Mysore and Freedom fighter ( 1974 ) Janardan Swami ( 2003 ) Swami Swaroopanandji ( 2003 ) Major Somnath Sharma , Paramveer Chakra ( 2003 ) Siddhar Swamigal ( 2004 ) Indra Chandra Shastri ( 2004 ) Radhanath Sikdar ( 2004 ) Nain Singh ( 2004 ) K Subrahmanyam ( 2004 ) Bhagat Puran Singh ( 2004 ) Bhaskara Sethupathy ( 2004 ) Padampat Singhania ( 2005 ) Madhavrao Scindia ( 2005 ) Dr. T.S. Soundram ( 2005 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi ( 2005 ) NMR Subbaraman ( 2006 ) M. Singaravelar ( 2006 ) Ma Po Shivagnanam ( 2006 ) Satyendra Narain Singh , freedom fighter & Bihar chief minister V.G. Suryanarayana Sastriar , Tamil scholar and writer ( 2007 ) Damodaram Sanjivayya , Politician and chief minister ( 2008 ) Maharshi Bulusu Sambamurthy ( 2008 ) Shri Shirdi Sai Baba , saint ( 2008 ) Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rahul Sankrityayan Purushottam Das Tandon , freedom fighter ( 1982 ) Rabindranath Tagore , poet ( 1953 , 1961 ) J.R.D. Tata , industrialist ( 1958 ) Thiruvalluvar , Tamil poet ( 1960 ) Bal Gangadhar Tilak , independence leader ( 1956 ) Tulsidas , poet and saint ( 1953 ) Tyagaraja , musician ( 1961 ) Tansen , Singer ( 1986 ) P.M. Thevar ( 1995 ) Omkarnath Thakur ( 1997 ) Prabodhankar Thackeray ( 2002 ) Sant Tukaram ( 2002 ) Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata , industrialist ( 2008 ) Mother Teresa , Humanitarian , Nobel Peace Prize Winner ( 1980 and 1997 ) V ( edit ) Swami Vivekananda Sadhu T.L. Vaswani , Educationist ( 1969 ) Vaidyanatha Iyer , freedom fighter , Madurai , Tamil Nadu ( 1999 ) ( 1 ) Victoria of the United Kingdom ( 1854 ) Visvesvarayya , The Great engineer and statesman from karnataka ( 1960 ) Sardar A. Vedaratnam ( 1998 ) Pandit Suryanarayan Vyas , Author ( 2002 ) Vaidyaratnam P.S. Varier , Founder of Arya Vaidya Sala , Kottakkal ( 2002 ) S.S. Vasan ( 2004 ) Randhir Prasad Verma , Superintendent of Police and Ashok Chakra Winner ( 2004 ) Tenneti Viswanatham ( 2004 ) Thirumuruga Kirubananda Variyar ( 2006 ) G. Varadaraj ( 2006 ) Saint Vallalar ( 2007 ) Thillaiyadi Valliammai ( 2008 ) Virchand Gandhi , 19th Century Indian Legend ( 8 November 2009 ) Ecoman Vijaypal Baghel , environmentalist , ( 2001 ) Y ( edit ) Ram Sewak Yadav ( 1997 ) Sheel Bhadra Yajee ( 2001 ) Yashpal ( 2003 ) Paramahansa Yogananda ( 1977 ) Z ( edit ) Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg , Missionary ( 2006 ) French India ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) See also ( edit ) List of postage stamps of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mohan , p. 211 Jump up ^ `` Sree Sree Thakur on Indian Stamp '' . Jump up ^ `` Sree Sree Borda on Indian Stamp '' . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Four-stamps-released-on-Vivekanandas-150th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/17995793.cms Jump up ^ http://www.istampgallery.com/sadhu-vaswani/ Who 's who on Indian stamps ( 451 brief biographies ) . Mohan B. Daryanani. 1999 . ISBN 84 - 931101 - 0 - 8 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_on_the_postage_stamps_of_India&oldid=862623575 '' Categories : Lists of people on postage stamps Lists of Indian people Postage stamps of India Hidden categories : Incomplete lists from August 2008 Articles to be expanded from July 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2010 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 15 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who was the first living indian to feature on a postage stampof india	[]	[]
7306603904739697807	Gun laws in Montana	Gun laws in Montana - wikipedia Gun laws in Montana Gun laws in Montana regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Montana in the United States . Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit required to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine Capacity Restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Concealed Carry permits required ? No Yes / No Montana 45 - 8 - 321 Montana is a `` shall issue '' state for citizens and permanent lawful residents who are 18 years old . The law was challenged for previously denying non-citizens permits . The lawsuit was put on hold to give the legislature to opportunity to pass a bill to include permanent lawful residents . Such bill was signed by the governor on April 7 , 2017 . Concealed carry without a permit is generally allowed outside city , town , or logging camp limits . Open Carry ? Yes Yes May carry openly without permit / license . State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes M.C.A 45 - 8 - 351 Complete state preemption of firearms laws except localities may regulate the carrying of concealed or openly carried firearms to a public assembly , a publicly owned building , a park under its jurisdiction or a school . Localities may also regulate the possession of firearms by felons , minors , illegal aliens , or the mentally incompetent . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Permitted as long such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations . Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes Background checks required for private sales ? No No Missoula enacted a universal background check ordinance in 2016 , however Attorney General Tim Fox has opined that the ordinance is unlawful . Location of Montana in the United States Mt gun laws ( edit ) Montana has some of the most permissive gun laws in the United States . It is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . The county sheriff shall issue a concealed weapons permit to a qualified applicant within 60 days . Concealed carry is not allowed in government buildings , financial institutions , or any place where alcoholic beverages are served . Carrying a concealed weapon while intoxicated is prohibited . No weapons , concealed or otherwise , are allowed in school buildings . Montana recognizes concealed carry permits issued by most but not all other states . Concealed carry without a permit is generally allowed outside city , town , or logging camp limits . Under Montana law a permit is necessary only when the weapon is `` wholly or partially covered by the clothing or wearing apparel `` , therefore it is legal to carry and / or keep a firearm inside a vehicle without a permit ( as long as it is not concealed on the person ) . If you do not have a CWP it could be considered a violation of the law for you to conceal a gun in a purse or backpack , since the law defines a concealed weapon as one that is `` wholly or partially covered by the clothing or wearing apparel of the person carrying or bearing the weapon . As of 2017 , the concealed weapons law applies only to firearms , excluding items such as knives , slingshots , billies , etc. from the permit requirement . Open carry is generally allowed without a permit . Montana has state preemption of most firearms laws . Local units of government may not prohibit , register , tax , license , or regulate the purchase , sale or other transfer , ownership , possession , transportation , use , or unconcealed carrying of any weapon . However , local governments may restrict the firing of guns , or the carrying of firearms at public assemblies or in public buildings or parks . Montana has a number of restrictions on lawsuits against firearms manufacturers , dealers , or trade associations . Such lawsuits may be filed by the state , but not by local governments . Montana House Bill 246 , the Montana Firearms Freedom Act , was signed into law by Governor Brian Schweitzer on April 15 , 2009 , and became effective October 1 , 2009 . This legislation declares that certain firearms and firearms accessories manufactured , sold , and kept within the state of Montana are exempt from federal firearms laws , since they can not be regulated as interstate commerce . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SAF Sues Montana over Law Barring CCW Permits for Legal Resident Aliens '' . Second Amendment Foundation . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LAWS Detailed Bill Information Page '' . laws.leg.mt.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Montana : Attorney General 's Opinion States Missoula Background Check Ordinance is Illegal '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Laws of Montana '' . Davekopel.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montana Code Annotated , Title 45 , Chapter 8 , Part 3 : Weapons Jump up ^ `` Montana Shooting Sports Association -- Montana Gun Laws '' . Mtssa.org . February 9 , 2000 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Permits to carry guns held by 9 lawmakers , February 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Firearms Questions in Montana '' . Montana Department of Justice . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LAWS Detailed Bill Information Page '' . laws.leg.mt.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Montana Department of Justice -- Concealed Weapons '' . Doj.mt.gov . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montana Concealed Carry CCW Laws and Information on carryconcealed.net Archived November 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Montana Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montana Code Annotated -- 45 - 8 - 351 : Restriction on Local Government Regulation of Firearms Jump up ^ `` Firearms Laws for Montana on nraila.org '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montana State Law Summary on '' . Lcav.org . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Deines , Kahrin . `` New Gun Law Aimed at Asserting Sovereignty '' , Helena Independent Record , April 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Text of House Bill 246 , 2009 Montana Legislature Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Montana&oldid=846361910 '' Categories : Montana law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 08 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	do you have to register a gun in montana	[]	[]
-171656290375994407	Pax Romana	Pax Romana - wikipedia Pax Romana Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pax Romana ( disambiguation ) . Ancient Rome This article is part of a series on the politics and government of ancient Rome Periods Roman Kingdom 753 -- 509 BC Roman Republic 509 -- 27 BC Roman Empire 27 BC -- AD 1453 Empire of Trebizond 1204 -- 1461 Principate Dominate Timeline Roman Constitution Constitution of the Kingdom Constitution of the Republic Constitution of the Empire Constitution of the Late Empire Senate Legislative Assemblies Executive Magistrates Ordinary magistrates Consul Praetor Quaestor Promagistrate Aedile Tribune Censor Governor Extraordinary magistrates Dictator Magister equitum Consular tribune Rex Triumviri Decemviri Titles and honours Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Precedent and law Roman law Imperium Mos maiorum Collegiality Auctoritas Roman citizenship Cursus honorum Senatus consultum Senatus consultum ultimum Assemblies Centuriate Curiate Plebeian Tribal Other countries Atlas Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus . Yellow represents the extent of the Republic in 31 BC , while green represents gradually conquered territories under the reign of Augustus , and pink areas represent client states . AR Antoninianus of Gordian III , struck Antioch 243 - 244 AD with Pax Augusta on the reverse Pax Romana ( Latin for the `` ( Peace in Rome ) '' ) was the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century . During this time , the Roman empire reached its peak land mass area and its population grew up to 70 million people . Since it was established by Augustus , it is sometimes called Pax Augusta . Its span was approximately 206 years ( 27 BC to AD 180 ) , from the time of Augustus becoming emperor to the death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Analogous peaces 2.1 In fiction 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) Fresco of a relaxed seated woman from Stabiae , 1st century AD The Pax Romana is said to have been a `` miracle '' because prior to it there had never been peace for so many centuries in a given period of history . However , Walter Goffart wrote : `` The volume of the Cambridge Ancient History for the years A.D. 70 -- 192 is called ' The Imperial Peace ' , but peace is not what one finds in its pages '' . Arthur M. Eckstein writes that the period must be seen in contrast to the much more frequent warfare in the Roman Republic in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC . Eckstein also notes that the incipient Pax Romana appeared during the Republic , and that its temporal span varied with geographical region as well : `` Although the standard textbook dates for the Pax Romana , the famous `` Roman Peace '' in the Mediterranean , are 31 BC to AD 250 , the fact is that the Roman Peace was emerging in large regions of the Mediterranean at a much earlier date : Sicily after 210 ( BC ) ; peninsular Italy after 200 ( BC ) ; the Po Valley after 190 ( BC ) ; most of Spain after 133 ( BC ) ; North Africa after 100 ( BC ) ; and for ever longer stretches of time in the Greek East . '' The first known record of the term Pax Romana appears in a writing by Seneca the Younger in 55 AD . The concept was highly influential , and the subject of theories and attempts to copy it in subsequent ages . Arnaldo Momigliano noted that `` Pax Romana is a simple formula for propaganda , but a difficult subject for research . '' In fact , the `` Pax Romana '' was broken by the First Jewish -- Roman War , the Kitos War ( also in Judea , 115 -- 117 ) , the Bar Kokhba Revolt ( also known as the Third Jewish -- Roman War ) , the Roman -- Parthian War of 58 -- 63 , Trajan 's Roman -- Parthian War of 113 , the Dacian Wars , various battles with Germanic tribes , including the Teutoburg Forest , and Boudica 's war in Britain in AD 60 or 61 . The Pax Romana began when Octavian ( Augustus ) defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BC and became the Roman emperor . He became princeps , or first citizen . Lacking a good precedent of successful one - man rule , Augustus created a junta of the greatest military magnates and stood as the front man . By binding together these leading magnates in a coalition , he eliminated the prospect of civil war . The Pax Romana was not immediate , despite the end of the civil wars , because fighting continued in Hispania and in the Alps . Nevertheless , Augustus closed the Gates of Janus ( a ceremony indicating that Rome was at peace ) three times , first in 29 BC and again in 25 BC . The third closure is undocumented , but Inez Scott Ryberg ( 1949 ) and Gaius Stern ( 2006 ) have persuasively dated the third closure to 13 BC with the commissioning of the Ara Pacis . At the time of the Ludi Saeculares in 17 BC the concept of Peace was publicized , and in 13 BC was proclaimed when Augustus and Agrippa jointly returned from pacifying the provinces . The order to construct the Ara Pacis was no doubt part of this announcement . Augustus faced a problem making peace an acceptable mode of life for the Romans , who had been at war with one power or another continuously for 200 years . Romans regarded peace not as an absence of war , but the rare situation which existed when all opponents had been beaten down and lost the ability to resist . Augustus ' challenge was to persuade Romans that the prosperity they could achieve in the absence of warfare was better for the Empire than the potential wealth and honor acquired when fighting a risky war . Augustus succeeded by means of skillful propaganda . Subsequent emperors followed his lead , sometimes producing lavish ceremonies to close the Gates of Janus , issuing coins with Pax on the reverse , and patronizing literature extolling the benefits of the Pax Romana . After Augustus died in 14 AD many other Roman emperors ruled during this time . The last five emperors of the Pax Romana were considered the `` Five Good Emperors '' . Analogous peaces ( edit ) See also : List of periods of regional peace The prominence of the concept of the Pax Romana led to historians coining variants of the term to describe other systems of relative peace that have been established , attempted , or argued to have existed . Some variants include : Pax Americana Pax Britannica Pax Europaea Pax Hispanica Pax Mongolica Pax Ottomana Pax Sinica Pax Khazarica Pax Syriana Pax Islamica Pax Sovietica More generically , the concept has been referred to as pax imperia , ( sometimes spelled as pax imperium ) meaning imperial peace , or -- less literally -- hegemonic peace . Raymond Aron notes that imperial peace -- peace achieved through hegemony -- sometimes , but not always -- can become civil peace . As an example , the German Empire 's imperial peace of 1871 ( over its internal components like Saxony ) slowly evolved into the later German state . As a counter-example , the imperial peace of Alexander the Great 's empire dissolved because the Greek city states maintained their political identity and more importantly , embrios of their own armed forces . Aron notes that during the Pax Romana , the Jewish war was a reminder that the overlapping of the imperial institutions over the local ones did not erase them and the overlap was a source of tension and flare - ups . Aron summarizes that , `` In other words , imperial peace becomes civil peace insofar as the memory of the previously independent political units are effaced , insofar as individuals within a pacified zone feel themselves less united to the traditional or local community and more to the conquering state . '' The concept of Pax Romana was highly influential , and attempts to imitate it occurred in the Byzantine Empire , and in the Christian West , where it morphed into the Peace and Truce of God ( pax Dei and treuga Dei ) . A theoretician of the imperial peace during the Middle Ages was Dante Aligheri . Dante 's works on the topic were analyzed at the beginning of the 20th century by William Mitchell Ramsay in the book The Imperial Peace ; An Ideal in European History ( 1913 ) . In fiction ( edit ) Isaac Asimov 's fictional Galactic Empire and Foundation series refer to Pax Trantorica and Pax Imperium . Pax Soprana is the sixth episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos . In Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic , Reim 's Peace is the Reim Empire 's version of Pax Romana , established about 200 years prior to the series by Empress Scherazade . Reim is a nation based on the Roman Empire . In Fallout : New Vegas Caesar aims to use his Roman - style army to create a new Pax Romana across the wasteland . First episode of season 4 of Gotham is known as `` Pax Penguina '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pax Romana '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pax Romana '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Walter Goffart ( 1989 ) . Rome 's Fall and After . Hambledon Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 001 - 2 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Eckstein ( 2011 ) ( 2006 ) . `` Conceptualizing Roman Imperial Expansion under the Republic : An Introduction '' . In Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein - Marx . A Companion to the Roman Republic . John Wiley & Sons . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5720 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ali Parchami ( 2009 ) . Hegemonic Peace and Empire : The Pax Romana , Britannica and Americana . Routledge . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 00704 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Momigliano , Arnaldo ( 1942 ) . `` The Peace of the Ara Pacis '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes . 5 : 228 -- 231 . doi : 10.2307 / 750454 . JSTOR 750454 . Jump up ^ Davis , Paul K. ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present : The World 's Major Battles and How They Shaped History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 5760 - 7075 - 1 . Jump up ^ Augustus states in Res Gestae 13 that he closed the Gates three times , a fact documented by many other historians ( See Gates of Janus ) . Jump up ^ Scott Ryberg , Inez ( 1949 ) . `` The Procession of the Ara Pacis '' . Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome . 19 : 77 , 79 -- 101 . doi : 10.2307 / 4238621 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Gaius ( 2010 ) ( 2006 ) . Women , children , and senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae : A study of Augustus ' vision of a new world order in 13 BCE . ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 83411 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sir Ronald Syme had suggested a later date ( but Rome was then at war ) . Jump up ^ Tatah Mentan ( 2010 ) . The State in Africa : An Analysis of Impacts of Historical Trajectories of Global Capitalist Expansion and Domination in the Continent . African Books Collective . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 9956 - 616 - 12 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hyo - Dong Lee ( 2013 ) . Spirit , Qi , and the Multitude : A Comparative Theology for the Democracy of Creation . Oxford University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 5501 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stephen Ross ( 2004 ) . Conrad and Empire . University of Missouri Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1518 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond Aron ( 2003 ) . Peace and War : A Theory of International Relations . Transaction Publishers . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0504 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : David Gress ( 1985 ) . Peace and Survival : West Germany , The Peace Movement & European Security . Hoover Press . pp. 96 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 8093 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ali Parchami ( 2009 ) . Hegemonic Peace and Empire : The Pax Romana , Britannica and Americana . Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 00704 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Brown Scott ( 2002 ) ( 1939 ) . Law , the State , and the International Community . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . pp. 223 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 178 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The imperial peace ; an ideal in European history '' . Internet Archive . External links ( edit ) United Nations of Roma Victrix History : Pax Romana Pax Romana Discussion group Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films Periods of regional and relative peace Contemporary Pax Americana Pax Europaea Pax Praetoriana Pax Sinica Historical Pax Assyriaca Pax Britannica Pax Dei Pax Hispanica Pax Islamica Pax Khazarica Pax Minoica Pax Mongolica Pax Ottomana Pax Praetoriana Pax Romana Pax Sinica Pax Sovietica Pax Sumerica Pax Syriana Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pax_Romana&oldid=809131514 '' Categories : Pax Foreign relations of Ancient Rome History of the Roman Empire 1st century BC in international relations 1st century in international relations 2nd century in international relations Augustus 1st century BC in the Roman Empire 1st century in the Roman Empire 2nd century in the Roman Empire Latin political phrases Ancient international relations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 08 : 53 . 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6981147327029399435	Striped bass	Striped bass - wikipedia Striped bass `` Striper '' redirects here . For other uses , see Stripe ( disambiguation ) . Striped bass Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Actinopterygii Order : Perciformes Family : Moronidae Genus : Morone Species : M. saxatilis Binomial name Morone saxatilis ( Walbaum , 1792 ) Synonyms Perca saxatilis Walbaum , 1792 Roccus saxatilis ( Walbaum , 1792 ) Sciaena lineata Bloch , 1792 Morone lineatus ( Bloch , 1792 ) Roccus lineatus ( Bloch , 1792 ) Perca mitchilli alternata Mitchill , 1815 The striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) , also called Atlantic striped bass , striper , linesider , rock or rockfish , is an anadromous Perciforme fish of the family Moronidae found primarily along the Atlantic coast of North America . It has also been widely introduced into inland recreational fisheries across the United States . Striped bass found in the Gulf of Mexico are a separate strain referred to as Gulf Coast striped bass . The striped bass is the state fish of Maryland , Rhode Island , and South Carolina , and the state saltwater ( marine ) fish of New York , New Jersey , Virginia , and New Hampshire . The history of the striped bass fishery in North America dates back to the Colonial period . Many written accounts by some of the first European settlers describe the immense abundance of striped bass , along with alewives , traveling and spawning up most rivers in the coastal Northeast . Contents 1 Morphology and lifespan 2 Distribution 2.1 Natural distribution 2.2 Introductions outside their natural range 3 Environmental factors 4 Lifecycle 5 Hybrids with other bass 6 Fishing for striped bass 7 Landlocked striped bass 8 Management 9 As food 10 References 11 External links Morphology and lifespan ( edit ) The striped bass is a typical member of the Moronidae family in shape , having a streamlined , silvery body marked with longitudinal dark stripes running from behind the gills to the base of the tail . Common mature size is 8 to 40 pounds . The largest specimen recorded was 124 pounds , netted in 1896 . Striped bass are believed to live for up to 30 years . The maximum length is 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) . The average size is about 67 -- 100 cm ( 2.20 -- 3.28 ft ) . Distribution ( edit ) A researcher holding up a large striped bass Natural distribution ( edit ) Striped bass are native to the Atlantic coastline of North America from the St. Lawrence River into the Gulf of Mexico to approximately Louisiana . They are anadromous fish that migrate between fresh and salt water . Spawning takes place in fresh water . Introductions outside their natural range ( edit ) Striped bass have been introduced to the Pacific Coast of North America and into many of the large reservoir impoundments across the United States by state game and fish commissions for the purposes of recreational fishing and as a predator to control populations of gizzard shad . These include : Elephant Butte Lake in New Mexico ; Lake Ouachita , Lake Norman in North Carolina ; Lake Norfork , Beaver Lake and Lake Hamilton in Arkansas ; Lake Thunderbird in Illinois ; Lake Pleasant , and Lake Havasu in Arizona ; Lake Powell along the Arizona / Utah border ; Castaic Lake , Pyramid Lake , Silverwood Lake , Diamond Valley Lake , and San Francisco Bay - Delta in California ; Lewis Smith Lake in Alabama ; Lake Cumberland in Kentucky ; Lake George in Florida ; Lake Murray in South Carolina ; Lake Lanier in Georgia ; Watts Bar Lake , in Tennessee ; Lake Mead , Nevada ; Lake Texoma , Lake Tawakoni , Lake Whitney , Possum Kingdom Lake , and Lake Buchanan in Texas ; Raystown Lake in Pennsylvania ; Umpqua River in Oregon and in Virginia 's Smith Mountain Lake and Leesville Lake . Striped bass have also been introduced into waters in Ecuador , Iran , Latvia , Mexico , Russia , South Africa , and Turkey , primarily for sport fishing and aquaculture . Environmental factors ( edit ) The spawning success of striped bass has been studied in the San Francisco Bay - Delta water system , with a finding that high total dissolved solids ( TDS ) reduce spawning . At levels as low as 200 mg / l TDS , an observable diminution of spawning productivity occurs . They can be found in lakes , ponds , streams , and wetlands . Though the population of striped bass was growing and repopulating in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s , a study executed by the Wildlife and Fisheries Program at West Virginia University found that the rapid growth of the striped bass population was exerting a tremendous pressure on its prey ( river herring , shad , and blueback herring ) . This pressure on their food source was putting their own population at risk due to the population of prey naturally not coming back to the same spawning areas . In the United States , the striped bass was designated as a protected game fish in 2007 , and executive agencies were directed to use existing legal authorities to prohibit the sale of striped bass caught in federal waters in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico . In Canada , the province of Quebec designated the striped bass population of the Saint Lawrence as extirpated in 1996 . Analysis of available data implicated overfishing and dredging in the disappearance . In 2002 , a reintroduction program was successful . Lifecycle ( edit ) A striped bass caught off the New Jersey coast Preserved specimen X-ray image Striped bass spawn in fresh water , and although they have been successfully adapted to freshwater habitat , they naturally spend their adult lives in saltwater ( i.e. , they are anadromous ) . Four important bodies of water with breeding stocks of striped bass are : Chesapeake Bay , Massachusetts Bay / Cape Cod , Hudson River , and Delaware River . Many of the rivers and tributaries that emptied into the Atlantic , had at one time , bred stock of striped bass . This occurred until the 1860s . One of the largest breeding areas is the Chesapeake Bay , where populations from Chesapeake and Delaware bays have intermingled . The very few successful spawning populations of freshwater striped bass include Lake Texoma , Lake Weiss ( Coosa River ) , the Colorado River and its reservoirs downstream from and including Lake Powell , and the Arkansas River , as well as Lake Marion ( South Carolina ) that retained a landlocked breeding population when the dam was built ; other freshwater fisheries must be restocked with hatchery - produced fish annually . Stocking of striped bass was discontinued at Lake Mead in 1973 once natural reproduction was verified . Hybrids with other bass ( edit ) Striped bass have also been hybridized with white bass to produce hybrid striped bass also known as wiper , whiterock bass , sunshine bass , palmetto bass , and Cherokee bass . These hybrids have been stocked in many freshwater areas across the US . Fishing for striped bass ( edit ) Main article : Striped bass fishing Striped bass are of significant value for sport fishing , and have been introduced to many waterways outside their natural range . A variety of angling methods are used , including trolling and surf casting with topwater lures a good pick for surf casting , as well as bait casting with live and dead bait . Striped bass will take a number of live and fresh baits , including bunker , clams , eels , sandworms , herring , bloodworms , mackerel , and shad , bluegills , worms , crayfish , bucktails jigs , silver spoons , and sassy shad baits with the last being an excellent bait for freshwater fishing . The largest striped bass ever taken by angling was an 81.88 - lb ( 37.14 - kg ) specimen taken from a boat in Long Island Sound , near the Outer Southwest Reef , off the coast of Westbrook , Connecticut . The all - tackle world record fish was taken by Gregory Myerson on the night of August 4 , 2011 . The fish took a drifted live eel bait , and fought for 20 minutes before being boated by Myerson . A second hook and leader was discovered in the fish 's mouth when it was boated , indicating it had been previously hooked by another angler . The fish measured 54 in length and had a girth of 36 in . The International Game Fish Association declared Myerson 's catch the new all - tackle world record striped bass on October 19 , 2011 . In addition to now holding the All - Tackle record , Meyerson 's catch also landed him the new IGFA men 's 37 - kg ( 80 - lb ) line class record for striped bass , which previously stood at 70 lb . The previous all - tackle world record fish was a 78.5 - lb ( 35.6 - kg ) specimen taken in Atlantic City , New Jersey on September 21 , 1982 by Albert McReynolds , who fought the fish from the beach for 1 : 20 after it took his Rebel artificial lure . Recreational bag limits vary by state and province . Landlocked striped bass ( edit ) Striped bass are an anadromous fish , so their upriver spawning migrations led some individuals to become `` landlocked '' during lake dam constructions . The first area where this was documented was at the Santee - Cooper River during the construction of the two dams that impounded Lakes Moultrie and Marion , and because of this , the state game fish of South Carolina is the striped bass . Recently , biologists came to believe that striped bass stayed in rivers for long periods of time , with some not returning to sea unless temperature changes forced migration . Once fishermen and biologists caught on to rising striped bass populations , many state natural resources departments started stocking striped bass in local lakes . Striped bass still continue to exhibit upstream migrations from freshwater lakes during the spawning period . Landlocked stripers have a hard time reproducing naturally , and one of the few and most successful rivers they have been documented reproducing successfully is the Coosa River in Alabama and Georgia . A 70.6 - lb ( 32.0 - kg ) landlocked bass was caught in February 2013 by James Bramlett on the Warrior River in Alabama , a current world record . This fish had a length of 44 inches ( 110 cm ) and a girth of 37.75 inches ( 95.9 cm ) . In Canada there are no landlocked Striped Bass , but a large number of bass overwinter in Grand Lake , Nova Scotia . They migrate out in early April into the Shubenacadie River to spawn . These bass also spawn in the Stewiacke River ( a tributary of the Shubenacadie ) . The Shubenacadie River system is one of five known spawning areas in Canada for striped bass , with the others being the St. Lawerence River , Miramichi River , Saint John River , Annapolis River and Shubenacadie / Stewiacke Rivers . Management ( edit ) The striped bass population declined to less than 5 million by 1982 , but efforts by fishermen with throw back lengths for smaller striped bass and management programs to rebuild the stock proved successful , and in 2007 , there were nearly 56 million fish , including all ages . Recreational anglers and commercial fisherman caught an unprecedented 3.8 million fish in 2006 . The management of the species includes size limits , commercial quotas , and biological reference points for the health of the species . The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission states that striped bass are `` not overfished and overfishing is not occurring . '' Another way to replenish and help repopulate the striped bass population is to reintroduce the species back to original spawning grounds in coastal rivers and estuaries in the Northeast . As food ( edit ) Striped bass ( 3 oz , baked ) Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 461 kJ ( 110 kcal ) Carbohydrates 0 g Fat 3 g Saturated 1 g Polyunsaturated omega ‐ 3 0.8 g Protein 19 g Minerals Quantity % DV Sodium 5 % 75 mg Source : Seafood Nutrition Chart , New York Sea Grant and the New York Seafood Council , 1996 . Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Striped bass brisket with a lima - fava bean puree Striped bass has white meat with a mild flavor and a medium texture . It is extremely versatile in that it can be pan-seared , grilled , steamed , poached , roasted , broiled , sautéed , and deep fried ( including batter - frying ) . The flesh can also be eaten raw or pickled . The primary market forms for fresh bass include headed and gutted ( with the head and organs removed ) and filets ; the primary market forms for frozen bass include headed and gutted and loins . It can also be found in steaks , chunks , or whole . Fresh striped bass is available year - round , and is typically sold in sizes from two to fifteen pounds , and can be sold up to fifty pounds . Striped bass has firm and flavorful flesh with a large flake . The hybrid striped bass yields more meat , has a more fragile texture , and a blander flavor than wild striped bass . The fish has a mild and distinctive flavor . In recipes , it can be substituted for milder fish like cod , as well as for stronger fish like bluefish . Other fish can substitute it , including weakfish , tilefish , blackfish , small bluefish , catfish , salmon , swordfish , and shark . Striped bass is easily grilled in fillets , and is therefore popular in beach communities . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NatureServe ( 2015 ) . `` Morone saxatilis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 4.1 ( 4.1 ) . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Jump up ^ Gulf Coast Striped Bass . Welaka National Fish Hatchery . Fws.gov ( September 16 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Little , Michael J. ( 1995 ) . `` A Report on the Historic Spawning Grounds of the Striped Bass , `` Morone Saxatilis '' `` . Maine Naturalist. 3 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 113 . JSTOR 3858211 . ^ Jump up to : Froese , Rainer and Pauly , Daniel , eds. ( 2007 ) . `` Morone saxatilis '' in FishBase . March 2007 version . Jump up ^ National Audubon Society ( May 2001 ) . National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fishes . Knopf , Rev Sub edition ( May 21 , 2002 ) . ISBN 0375412247 . Jump up ^ Striped Bass Management Plan retrieved on June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania State Fish & Boat Commission , Gallery of Pennsylvania Fishes , Chapter 21 . Archived July 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Indiana Fish and Wildlife , Evaluation of Striped Bass Stockings at Harden Reservoir . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ East Fork Lake Fishing Map . ODNR Division of Wildlife . state.oh.us Jump up ^ Lakes VDGIF . Dgif.virginia.gov . Retrieved on November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lakes VDGIF . Dgif.virginia.gov . Retrieved on November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaiser Engineers , California ( 1969 ) . Final Report to the State of California , San Francisco Bay - Delta Water Quality Control Program , State of California , Sacramento , CA Jump up ^ Hartman , K.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Population - level consumption by Atlantic coastal striped bass and the influence of population recovery upon prey communities '' . Fisheries Management and Ecology. 10 ( 5 ) : 281 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2400.2003. 00365. x . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13449 : Protection of Striped Bass and Red Drum Fish Populations '' . Office of the Federal Register . October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Reintroduction of the striped bass into the St. Lawrence '' ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Minister of the Environment. 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reproduction of striped bass - A historical first : spawning ground identified in Montmagny '' . Gouvernement du Québec , 2003 - 2012 . September 1 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Striped Bass Morone saxatilis . Chesapeake Bay Program Jump up ^ Wilde , G.R. & L.J. Paulson ( 1989 ) . `` Food habits of subadult striped bass in Lake Mead Arizona - Nevada '' . The Southwestern Naturalist. 34 ( 1 ) : 118 -- 123 . JSTOR 3671816 . Jump up ^ Illinois Department of Natural Resources , Status of the Striped Bass / Hybrid Bass Bass Fishery March 2006 retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania State Fish & Boat Commission , Gallery of Pennsylvania Fishes , Chapter 21 . Archived July 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greg Myerson 's World Record Striper Official Website . Worldrecordstriper.com . Retrieved on November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IGFA all - tackle world record striped bass . Igfa.org . Retrieved on November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DiBenedetto , David ( October 13 , 2009 ) . On the Run : An Angler 's Journey Down the Striper Coast . HarperCollins . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 187735 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` History of Freshwater Striped Bass '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Striped Bass in River Systems '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Word Record Landlocked Bass '' . May 2013 . Jump up ^ Aquatic Species at Risk - Striped Bass ( Bay of Fundy Population ) . Fisheries and Oceans Canada Jump up ^ `` Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission : Striped Bass '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Striped Bass '' . New York Seafood Council . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Coast Striped Bass : Prep & Nutrition '' . Seattle Fish Company . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ainsworth , Mark ( 2009 ) . Fish and Seafood : Identification , Fabrication , Utilization . Clifton Park , New York : Delmar , Cengage Learning . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4354 - 0036 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The Culinary Institute of America ( 2011 ) . The Professional Chef ( 9th ed . ) . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 42135 - 2 . OCLC 707248142 . Jump up ^ McGee , Harold ( 2004 ) . On Food and Cooking : the Science and Lore of he Kitchen . New York , New York : Scribner . p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80001 - 1 . LCCN 2004058999 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morone saxatilis . Atlantic striped bass NOAA FishWatch . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Striped bass at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q842647 Wikispecies : Morone saxatilis ADW : Morone_saxatilis EoL : 211032 FishBase : 353 GBIF : 2394612 iNaturalist : 51392 IRMNG : 10154025 ITIS : 167680 IUCN : 192942 NCBI : 34816 WoRMS : 151179 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Striped_bass&oldid=847711202 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Morone Sport fish Symbols of Rhode Island Fishkeeping Fauna of Newfoundland and Labrador Fish of the Eastern United States Fish of the Gulf of Mexico Fish of the Western Atlantic Fish described in 1792 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 07 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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-2958352494701852388	Hook (Blues Traveler song)	Hook ( Blues Traveler song ) - wikipedia Hook ( Blues Traveler song ) This article is about the Blues Traveler song . For musical `` hooks '' in general , see Hook ( music ) . `` Hook '' Single by Blues Traveler from the album Four Released 1995 Format CD Recorded Summer 1994 Genre Rock Length 4 : 49 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) John Popper Blues Traveler singles chronology `` Run - Around '' ( 1995 ) `` Hook '' ( 1995 ) `` The Mountains Win Again '' ( 1995 ) `` Run - Around '' ( 1995 ) `` Hook '' ( 1995 ) `` The Mountains Win Again '' ( 1995 ) `` Hook '' is a song by the jam band Blues Traveler , from their 1994 album Four . The song peaked at # 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The title of the song is a reference to the term hook : `` A hook is a musical idea , often a short riff , passage , or phrase , that is used in popular music to make a song appealing and to `` catch the ear of the listener '' . The lyrics are a commentary on the banality and vacuousness of successful pop songs , making `` Hook '' both a hit song and a satire of a hit song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Satire 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The chord progression of `` Hook '' is very similar to the basic structure of Pachelbel 's Canon in D , ( D-A - Bm - F # m-G-D-G-A , or I-V - vi - iii - IV - I - IV - V ) , but transposed to the key of A major . This chord progression is very widely used in popular music , often as the hook , leading to other satirical takes on the use of this chord structure . There are several allusions in the song , one to the story of Peter Pan and his nemesis Captain Hook `` no matter how much Peter loved her , what made the Pan refuse to grow , was that the Hook brings you back '' . Satire ( edit ) The song 's lyrics , aimed directly at the listener , assert that the lyrical content of any song is effectively meaningless , as the song 's musical hook will keep listeners coming back , even if they are unaware of the reason . In the introduction , John Popper sings : `` It does n't matter what I say / So long as I sing with inflection / That makes you feel that I 'll convey / Some inner truth or vast reflection . '' This is followed by more lyrics about how he has nothing to say . These lyrics are a satirical take on the formulaic way popular music is generated . Further on in the song however , the lyrics become even more blatant , claiming that formulaic music is an easy way to make money `` When I 'm feeling stuck and need a buck / I do n't rely on luck , because / the hook brings you back ... '' The musically `` lazy '' chord structure viewed in combination with the meta - lyrics reveal the true extent of the song 's `` genius '' : `` the commentary is a big joke about how listeners will like just about anything laid on top of the chords of the infinitely clichéd Pachelbel canon , even lyrics that openly mock them for liking it . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Frank W. Ockenfels and depicts a man , played by game show host Ken Ober , channel surfing through late - night television . He first watches a beauty pageant whose contestants lip - synch the song as the host interviews them , then a Charles Foster Kane - type politician doing the same at a campaign rally . The band appears in each of these segments , then plays the bridge of the song in the man 's apartment , with John Popper taking his place on the couch . During the final portion of the song , the man starts changing channels quickly , often returning to see Paul Shaffer lip - synch the lyrics and play keyboard with the band . Finally the man turns off his TV set and starts to read a book about the American Civil War . Shaffer contributed backing keyboards to `` Stand , '' another track on Four . During the final sequence of channel changes , several split - second clips from the video for the earlier single `` Run - Around '' are seen . Charts ( edit ) Year Chart Peak position Top 40 Mainstream 8 1995 Modern Rock Tracks 13 1995 Mainstream Rock Tracks 15 Adult Top 40 22 The Billboard Hot 100 23 Adult Contemporary 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) U.S. Billboard Hot 100 # 60 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Covach , John ( 2005 ) . `` Form in Rock Music : A Primer '' . In Stein , Deborah . Engaging Music : Essays in Music Analysis . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517010 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Something Of Substance : Blues Traveler `` Hook '' `` . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Songfacts : `` Hook '' by Blues Traveler ^ Jump up to : Guendelsberger , Emily ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Why `` Hook '' by Blues Traveler is actually a pretty genius work of metafiction `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdxkVQy7QLM Jump up ^ Music Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 1996 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Blues Traveler Brendan Hill Chan Kinchla Tad Kinchla John Popper Ben Wilson Bobby Sheehan Studio albums Blues Traveler ( 1990 ) Travelers and Thieves ( 1991 ) Save His Soul ( 1993 ) four ( 1994 ) Straight On till Morning ( 1997 ) Decisions of the Sky ( 2000 ) Bridge ( 2001 ) Truth Be Told ( 2003 ) ¡ Bastardos ! ( 2005 ) Cover Yourself ( 2007 ) North Hollywood Shootout ( 2008 ) Suzie Cracks the Whip ( 2012 ) Blow Up the Moon ( 2015 ) Live albums On Tour Forever Live from the Fall Live on the Rocks ¡ Bastardos en Vivo ! Compilations Travelogue : Blues Traveler Classics 25 Songs `` Run - Around '' `` Hook '' Related articles Discography Stolen Ogre The John Popper Project Zygote H.O.R.D.E. Jam bands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hook_(Blues_Traveler_song)&oldid=839027698 '' Categories : Blues Traveler songs 1994 songs 1995 singles Metasongs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 19 : 56 . About Wikipedia	blues traveler the heart brings you back lyrics	[]	[]
-1083888276239519963	Russian Empire	Russian Empire - wikipedia Russian Empire The subject of this article was previously also known as Russia . For other uses , see Russia ( disambiguation ) . Russian Empire Российская Империя ( Russian ) 1721 -- 1917 Flag Lesser coat of arms Motto S nami Bog ! Съ нами Богъ ! `` God is with us ! '' Anthem Bozhe , Tsarya khrani ! Боже , Царя храни ! `` God Save the Tsar ! '' Russian Empire at its peak in 1865 : Russian Empire Protectorates and sphere of influence Capital Saint Petersburg ( 1721 -- 28 ; 1730 -- 1917 ) Moscow ( 1728 -- 30 ) Languages Official : Russian Regional : Armenian Azerbaijani Belarusian Chechen Estonian Finnish Georgian Iranian Kazakh Kyrgyz Latvian Lithuanian Mongolian Polish Romanian Swedish Tajik Turkish Turkmen Ukrainian Uzbek Religion Dominant : Orthodox Christianity Minor : Roman Catholicism Protestantism Lutheranism Judaism Islam Buddhism Government Absolute monarchy ( 1721 -- 1906 ) Constitutional monarchy ( 1906 -- 17 ; de jure ) Emperor 1721 -- 1725 Peter I ( first ) 1894 -- 1917 Nicholas II ( last ) Prime Minister 1905 -- 1906 Sergei Witte ( first ) 1917 Nikolai Golitsyn ( last ) Legislature Emperor along with the legislative assembly Upper house State Council Lower house State Duma History Empire proclaimed by Peter I 22 Oct ( O.S. 11 Oct ) 1721 Decembrist revolt took place 26 Dec ( O.S. 14 Dec ) 1825 Emancipation reform proclaimed 3 Mar ( O.S. 19 Feb ) 1861 1905 Revolution took place Jan -- Dec 1905 Constitution adopted 6 May ( O.S. 23 Apr ) 1906 February Revolution took place Feb -- Mar 1917 Abdication of Nicholas II 15 Mar ( O.S. 2 Mar ) 1917 Republic proclaimed by the Provisional Government 14 Sep ( O.S. 1 Sep ) 1917 Area 1895 22,800,000 km ( 8,800,000 sq mi ) Population 1897 est . 125,640,021 Currency Ruble Preceded by Succeeded by Tsardom of Russia Russian Republic Today part of Armenia Afghanistan Azerbaijan Belarus China Estonia Finland Georgia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Mongolia North Korea Poland Romania Russia Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan United States a . ^ After 1866 , Alaska was sold to the United States , but Batum , Kars , Pamir and Transcaspia were acquired . b . ^ Renamed Petrograd in 1914 . c . ^ Russia continued to use the Julian calendar until after the collapse of the empire ( see Old Style and New Style dates ) . Warning : Value specified for `` continent '' does not comply The Russian Empire ( Russian : Российская Империя ) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721 , following the end of the Great Northern War , until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917 . The third largest empire in world history , stretching over three continents , the Russian Empire was surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires . The rise of the Russian Empire happened in association with the decline of neighboring rival powers : the Swedish Empire , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , Persia and the Ottoman Empire . It played a major role in 1812 -- 1814 in defeating Napoleon 's ambitions to control Europe and expanded to the west and south . The House of Romanov ruled the Russian Empire from 1721 until 1762 , and its German - descended cadet branch , the House of Holstein - Gottorp - Romanov , ruled from 1762 . At the beginning of the 19th century , the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea in the south , from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean , and ( until 1867 ) into Alaska in America on the east . With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census , it had the third - largest population in the world at the time , after Qing China and India . Like all empires , it included a large disparity in terms of economics , ethnicity , and religion . There were numerous dissident elements , who launched numerous rebellions and assassination attempts ; they were closely watched by the secret police , with thousands exiled to Siberia . Economically , the empire had a predominantly agricultural base , with low productivity on large estates worked by serfs ( until they were freed in 1861 ) . The economy slowly industrialized with the help of foreign investments in railways and factories . The land was ruled by a nobility ( the boyars ) from the 10th through the 17th centuries , and subsequently by an emperor . Tsar Ivan III ( 1462 -- 1505 ) laid the groundwork for the empire that later emerged . He tripled the territory of his state , ended the dominance of the Golden Horde , renovated the Moscow Kremlin , and laid the foundations of the Russian state . Emperor Peter the Great ( 1682 -- 1725 ) fought numerous wars and expanded an already huge empire into a major European power . He moved the capital from Moscow to the new model city of St. Petersburg , and led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political mores with a modern , scientific , Europe - oriented , and rationalist system . Empress Catherine the Great ( reigned 1762 -- 1796 ) presided over a golden age ; she expanded the state by conquest , colonization and diplomacy , continuing Peter the Great 's policy of modernization along West European lines . Emperor Alexander II ( 1855 -- 1881 ) promoted numerous reforms , most dramatically the emancipation of all 23 million serfs in 1861 . His policy in Eastern Europe involved protecting the Orthodox Christians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire . That connection by 1914 led to Russia 's entry into the First World War on the side of France , the United Kingdom , and Serbia , against the German , Austrian , and Ottoman empires . The Russian Empire functioned as an absolute monarchy until the Revolution of 1905 and then became a de jure constitutional monarchy . The empire collapsed during the February Revolution of 1917 , largely as a result of massive failures in its participation in the First World War . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Population 1.2 Foreign relations 1.3 Eighteenth century 1.3. 1 Peter the Great ( 1672 -- 1725 ) 1.3. 2 Catherine the Great ( 1762 -- 1796 ) 1.3. 3 State budget 1.4 First half of the nineteenth century 1.5 Second half of the nineteenth century 1.5. 1 Alexander III 1.6 Early twentieth century 1.7 War , revolution , collapse 2 Territory 2.1 Boundaries 2.2 Geography 2.3 Territorial development 2.4 Imperial territories 3 Government and administration 3.1 Emperor 3.2 Imperial Council 3.3 State Duma and the electoral system 3.4 Council of Ministers 3.5 Most Holy Synod 3.6 Senate 3.7 Administrative divisions 4 Judicial system 5 Local administration 5.1 Municipal dumas 5.2 Baltic provinces 6 Economy 6.1 Mining and Heavy Industry 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Railways 7.2 Seaports 8 Religion 9 Military 10 Society 10.1 Estates 10.2 Serfdom 10.3 Peasants 10.4 Landowners 10.5 Media 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Surveys 14.2 Geography , topical maps 14.3 1801 -- 1917 14.4 Military and foreign relations 14.5 Economic , social and ethnic history 14.6 Historiography and memory 15 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Russia and Territorial changes of Russia Though the Empire was only officially proclaimed by Tsar Peter I , following the Treaty of Nystad ( 1721 ) , some historians would argue that it was truly born either when Ivan III of Russia conquered Veliky Novgorod in 1478 , or when Ivan the Terrible conquered Khanate of Kazan in 1552 . According to another point of view , the term Tsardom , which was used after the coronation of Ivan IV in 1547 , was already a contemporary Russian word for empire . Population ( edit ) Much of Russia 's expansion occurred in the 17th century , culminating in the first Russian colonisation of the Pacific in the mid-17th century , the Russo - Polish War ( 1654 -- 67 ) that incorporated left - bank Ukraine , and the Russian conquest of Siberia . Poland was divided in the 1790 - 1815 era , with much of the land and population going to Russia . Most of the 19th century growth came from adding territory in Asia , south of Siberia . Year Population of Russia ( millions ) Notes 1720 15.5 includes new Baltic & Polish territories 1795 37.6 includes part of Poland 1812 42.8 includes Finland 1816 73.0 includes Congress Poland , Bessarabia 1914 170.0 includes new Asian territories Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign policy of the Russian Empire Eighteenth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1721 -- 96 ) Peter the Great ( 1672 -- 1725 ) ( edit ) Peter the Great officially renamed the Tsardom of Russia as the Russian Empire in 1721 and became its first emperor . He instituted sweeping reforms and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power . Peter I the Great ( 1672 -- 1725 ) played a major role in introducing Russia to the European state system . While the vast land had a population of 14 million , grain yields trailed behind those of agriculture in the West , compelling nearly the entire population to farm . Only a small percentage lived in towns . The class of kholops , close in status to slavery , remained a major institution in Russia until 1723 , when Peter converted household kholops into house serfs , thus including them in poll taxation . Russian agricultural kholops were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679 . Peter 's first military efforts were directed against the Ottoman Turks . His attention then turned to the North . Peter still lacked a secure northern seaport , except at Archangel on the White Sea , where the harbor was frozen for nine months a year . Access to the Baltic was blocked by Sweden , whose territory enclosed it on three sides . Peter 's ambitions for a `` window to the sea '' led him to make a secret alliance in 1699 with Saxony , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and Denmark against Sweden , resulting in the Great Northern War . The war ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia . Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the Gulf of Finland . The coveted access to the sea was now secured . There he built Russia 's new capital , Saint Petersburg , to replace Moscow , which had long been Russia 's cultural center . In 1722 , he turned his aspirations as first Russian monarch toward increasing Russian influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of the weakened Safavid Persians . He made Astrakhan the centre of military efforts against Persia , and waged the first full - scale war against them in 1722 -- 23 . Peter reorganized his government based on the latest political models of the time , moulding Russia into an absolutist state . He replaced the old boyar Duma ( council of nobles ) with a nine - member Senate , in effect a supreme council of state . The countryside was divided into new provinces and districts . Peter told the Senate that its mission was to collect taxes , and tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign . As part of the government reform , the Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country 's administrative structure , in effect making it a tool of the state . Peter abolished the patriarchate and replaced it with a collective body , the Holy Synod , led by a government official . Meanwhile , all vestiges of local self - government were removed . Peter continued and intensified his predecessors ' requirement of state service for all nobles . Peter died in 1725 , leaving an unsettled succession . After a short reign of his widow Catherine I , the crown passed to empress Anna who slowed down the reforms and led a successful war against the Ottoman Empire , which brought a significant weakening of the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate , a long - term Russian adversary . The discontent over the dominant positions of Baltic Germans in Russian politics brought Peter I 's daughter Elizabeth on the Russian throne . Elizabeth supported the arts , architecture and the sciences ( for example with the foundation of the Moscow University ) . However , she did not carry out significant structural reforms . Her reign , which lasted nearly 20 years , is also known for her involvement in the Seven Years ' War . It was successful for Russia militarily , but fruitless politically . Catherine the Great ( 1762 -- 1796 ) ( edit ) See also : Russia in the American Revolutionary War § Russian Diplomacy during the War Empress Catherine the Great , who reigned from 1762 to 1796 , continued the empire 's expansion and modernization . Considering herself an enlightened absolutist , she played a key role in the Russian Enlightenment . Catherine the Great was a German princess who married Peter III , the German heir to the Russian crown . After the death of Empress Elizabeth , she came to power when her coup d'état against her unpopular husband succeeded . She contributed to the resurgence of the Russian nobility that began after the death of Peter the Great . State service was abolished , and Catherine delighted the nobles further by turning over most state functions in the provinces to them . Catherine the Great extended Russian political control over the lands of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . Her actions included the support of the Targowica Confederation , although the cost of her campaigns , on top of the oppressive social system that required serfs to spend almost all of their time laboring on their owners ' land , provoked a major peasant uprising in 1773 , after Catherine legalised the selling of serfs separate from land . Inspired by a Cossack named Pugachev , with the emphatic cry of `` Hang all the landlords ! '' , the rebels threatened to take Moscow before they were ruthlessly suppressed . Instead of the traditional punishment of being drawn and quartered , Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioner should carry the sentence out quickly and with a minimum of suffering , as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law . She also ordered the public trial of Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova , a member of the highest nobility , on charges of torture and murder . These gestures of compassion garnered Catherine much positive attention from Europe experiencing the Enlightenment age , but the specter of revolution and disorder continued to haunt her and her successors . In order to ensure continued support from the nobility , which was essential to the survival of her government , Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes . Nevertheless , Catherine realized that serfdom must be ended , going so far in her `` Instruction '' to say that serfs were `` just as good as we are '' -- a comment the nobility received with disgust . Catherine successfully waged war against the Ottoman Empire and advanced Russia 's southern boundary to the Black Sea . Then , by plotting with the rulers of Austria and Prussia , she incorporated territories of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Partitions of Poland , pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe . In accordance with the treaty Russia had signed with the Georgians to protect them against any new invasion of their Persian suzerains and further political aspirations , Catherine waged a new war against Persia in 1796 after they had again invaded Georgia and established rule over it about a year prior and expelled the newly established Russian garrisons in the Caucasus . By the time of her death in 1796 , Catherine 's expansionist policy had turned Russia into a major European power . This continued with Alexander I 's wresting of Finland from the weakened kingdom of Sweden in 1809 and of Bessarabia from the Principality of Moldavia , ceded by the Ottomans in 1812 . State budget ( edit ) Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble ( 1771 ) is made of solid copper measuring 77 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ in ) ( diameter ) , 26 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ in ) ( thickness ) , and weighs 1.022 kg ( 2.25 lb ) . It is the largest copper coin ever issued . Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis . While revenue rose from 9 million rubles in 1724 to 40 million in 1794 , expenses grew more rapidly , reaching 49 million in 1794 . The budget allocated 46 percent to the military , 20 percent to government economic activities , 12 percent to administration , and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg . The deficit required borrowing , primarily from Amsterdam ; five percent of the budget was allocated to debt payments . Paper money was issued to pay for expensive wars , thus causing inflation . For its spending , Russia obtained a large and well - equipped army , a very large and complex bureaucracy , and a court that rivaled Paris and London . However the government was living far beyond its means , and 18th century Russia remained `` a poor , backward , overwhelmingly agricultural , and illiterate country . '' First half of the nineteenth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1796 -- 1855 ) Napoleon , following a dispute with Tsar Alexander I , launched an invasion of Russia in 1812 . The campaign was a catastrophe . Although Napoleon 's Grande Armée made its way to Moscow , the Russians ' scorched earth strategy prevented the invaders from living off the country . In the bitter Russian Winter , thousands of French troops were ambushed and killed by peasant guerrilla fighters . As Napoleon 's forces retreated , the Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris . After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon , Alexander became known as the ' saviour of Europe ' , and he presided over the redrawing of the map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) , that ultimately made Alexander the monarch of Congress Poland . Battle of Borodino Although the Russian Empire would play a leading political role in the next century , thanks to its defeat of Napoleonic France , its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress of any significant degree . As Western European economic growth accelerated during the Industrial Revolution , Russia began to lag ever farther behind , creating new weaknesses for the Empire seeking to play a role as a great power . This status concealed the inefficiency of its government , the isolation of its people , and its economic backwardness . Following the defeat of Napoleon , Alexander I had been ready to discuss constitutional reforms , but though a few were introduced , no major changes were attempted . Fort Ross , an early - 19th - century outpost of the Russian - American Company in Sonoma County , California The liberal tsar was replaced by his younger brother , Nicholas I ( 1825 -- 1855 ) , who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising . The background of this revolt lay in the Napoleonic Wars , when a number of well - educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns , where their exposure to the liberalism of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to autocratic Russia . The result was the Decembrist revolt ( December 1825 ) , the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas ' brother as a constitutional monarch . But the revolt was easily crushed , leading Nicholas to turn away from the modernization program begun by Peter the Great and champion the doctrine of Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality . The retaliation for the revolt made `` December Fourteenth '' a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements . In order to repress further revolts , censorship was intensified , including the constant surveillance of schools and universities . Textbooks were strictly regulated by the government . Police spies were planted everywhere . Would - be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia -- under Nicholas I hundreds of thousands were sent to katorga there . After the Russian armies liberated allied ( since the 1783 Treaty of Georgievsk ) Georgia from the Qajar dynasty 's occupation in 1802 , in the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) they clashed with Persia over control and consolidation over Georgia , and also got involved in the Caucasian War against the Caucasian Imamate . The conclusion of the 1804 - 1813 war with Persia made it irrevocably cede what is now Dagestan , Georgia , and most of Azerbaijan to Russia following the Treaty of Gulistan . To the south west , Russia attempted to expand at the expense of the Ottoman Empire , using recently acquired Georgia at its base for the Caucasus and Anatolian front . The late 1820s were successful military years . Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the Russo - Persian War of 1826 -- 28 , Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms with the Treaty of Turkmenchay , including the official gains of what is now Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Iğdır Province . In the 1828 - 29 Russo - Turkish War , Russia invaded northeastern Anatolia and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of Erzurum and Gümüşhane and , posing as protector and saviour of the Greek Orthodox population , received extensive support from the region 's Pontic Greeks . Following a brief occupation , the Russian imperial army withdrew back into Georgia . The question of Russia 's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great 's program of modernization . Some favored imitating Western Europe while others were against this and called for a return to the traditions of the past . The latter path was advocated by Slavophiles , who held the `` decadent '' West in contempt . The Slavophiles were opponents of bureaucracy who preferred the collectivism of the medieval Russian obshchina or mir over the individualism of the West . More extreme social doctrines were elaborated by such Russian radicals on the left as Alexander Herzen , Mikhail Bakunin , and Peter Kropotkin . Russian tsars crushed two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories : the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863 . The Russian autocracy gave the Polish artisans and gentry reason to rebel in 1863 by assailing national core values of language , religion , culture . The result was the January Uprising , a massive Polish revolt , which was crushed by massive force . France , Britain and Austria tried to intervene in the crisis but were unable to do so . The Russian patriotic press used the Polish uprising to unify the Russian nation , claiming it was Russia 's God - given mission to save Poland and the world . Poland was punished by losing its distinctive political and judicial rights , with Russianization imposed on its schools and courts . Second half of the nineteenth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1855 -- 92 ) Further information : Russia -- United Kingdom relations A panoramic view of Moscow in 1867 . Flag of the Russian Empire for `` Celebrations '' from 1858 to 1883 . It was not as popular as Peter the Great 's tricolour , the white - blue - red flag , which was adopted as the official flag in 1883 , officialised by the Tsar in 1896 ; however , it had been used as a de facto flag to represent Russia since the end of the 17th century . The Imperial Standard of the Tsar , used from 1858 to 1917 . Previous versions of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great 's time . The eleven - month siege of a Russian naval base at Sevastopol during the Crimean War Russian troops taking Samarkand ( 8 June 1868 ) Capturing of the Turkish redoubt during the Siege of Plevna ( 1877 ) In 1854 -- 55 Russia lost to Britain , France and Turkey in the Crimean War , which was fought primarily in the Crimean peninsula , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic . Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon , Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible , but against a coalition of the great powers of Europe , the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the decay and weakness of Tsar Nicholas ' regime . When Tsar Alexander II ascended the throne in 1855 , desire for reform was widespread . A growing humanitarian movement attacked serfdom as inefficient . In 1859 , there were more than 23 million serfs in usually poor living conditions . Alexander II decided to abolish serfdom from above , with ample provision for the landowners , rather than wait for it to be abolished from below in a revolutionary way that would hurt the landowners . The emancipation reform of 1861 that freed the serfs was the single most important event in 19th - century Russian history , and the beginning of the end for the landed aristocracy 's monopoly of power . Further reforms of 1860s included socio - economic reforms to clarify the position of the Russian government in the field of property rights and their protection . Emancipation brought a supply of free labour to the cities , stimulating industry , and the middle class grew in number and influence . However , instead of receiving their lands as a gift , the freed peasants had to pay a special tax for what amounted to their lifetime to the government , which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost . In numerous cases the peasants ended up with the smallest amount of land . All the property turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the mir , the village community , which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings . Although serfdom was abolished , since its abolition was achieved on terms unfavourable to the peasants , revolutionary tensions were not abated , despite Alexander II 's intentions . Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into wage slavery in the onset of the industrial revolution , and that the bourgeoisie had effectively replaced landowners . Alexander II obtained Outer Manchuria from the Qing China between 1858 -- 1860 and sold the last territories of Russian America , Alaska , to the USA in 1867 . In the late 1870s Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans . From 1875 to 1877 , the Balkan crisis intensified with rebellions against Ottoman rule by various Slavic nationalities , which the Ottoman Turks dominated since the 16th century . This was seen as a political risk in Russia , which similarly suppressed its Muslims in Central Asia and Caucasia . Russian nationalist opinion became a major domestic factor in its support for liberating Balkan Christians from Ottoman rule and making Bulgaria and Serbia independent . In early 1877 , Russia intervened on behalf of Serbian and Russian volunteer forces in the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) . Within one year , Russian troops were nearing Istanbul and the Ottomans surrendered . Russia 's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878 , creating an enlarged , independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans . When Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the Treaty of San Stefano , an exhausted Russia backed down . At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878 , Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller Bulgaria , as an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire . As a result , Pan-Slavists were left with a legacy of bitterness against Austria - Hungary and Germany for failing to back Russia . Disappointment at the results of the war stimulated revolutionary tensions , and helped Serbia , Romania and Montenegro to gain independence from and strengthen themselves against the Ottomans . Another significant result of the 1877 -- 78 Russo - Turkish War in Russia 's favour was the acquisition from the Ottomans of the provinces of Batum , Ardahan and Kars in Transcaucasia , which were transformed into the militarily administered regions of Batum Oblast and Kars Oblast . To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from an ethnically diverse range of communities in Kars Oblast , particularly the Georgians , Caucasus Greeks and Armenians , each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions on the back of the Russian Empire . Alexander III ( edit ) In 1881 Alexander II was assassinated by the Narodnaya Volya , a Nihilist terrorist organization . The throne passed to Alexander III ( 1881 -- 1894 ) , a reactionary who revived the maxim of `` Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality '' of Nicholas I. A committed Slavophile , Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from turmoil only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe . During his reign Russia declared the Franco - Russian Alliance to contain the growing power of Germany , completed the conquest of Central Asia and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from the Qing . The tsar 's most influential adviser was Konstantin Pobedonostsev , tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas , and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895 . He taught his royal pupils to fear freedom of speech and press , as well as disliking democracy , constitutions , and the parliamentary system . Under Pobedonostsev , revolutionaries were persecuted and a policy of Russification was carried out throughout the Empire . The movement south toward Afghanistan and India alarmed the British , who ignored Russia 's quest for a warm - water port and worked to block its advance in what observers called The Great Game . Both nations avoided escalating the tensions into a war , and they became allies in 1907 . Early twentieth century ( edit ) Main article : History of Russia ( 1892 -- 1917 ) A scene from the First Russian Revolution , by Ilya Repin . Play media View of Moscow River from Kremlin , 1908 In 1894 , Alexander III was succeeded by his son , Nicholas II , who was committed to retaining the autocracy that his father had left him . Nicholas II proved ineffective as a ruler and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by revolution . The Industrial Revolution began to show significant influence in Russia , but the country remained rural and poor . The liberal elements among industrial capitalists and nobility believed in peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy , forming the Constitutional Democratic Party or Kadets . On the left the Socialist Revolutionary Party ( SRs ) incorporated the Narodnik tradition and advocated the distribution of land among those who actually worked it -- the peasants . Another radical group was the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , exponents of Marxism in Russia . The Social Democrats differed from the SRs in that they believed a revolution must rely on urban workers , not the peasantry . In 1903 , at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in London , the party split into two wings : the gradualist Mensheviks and the more radical Bolsheviks . The Mensheviks believed that the Russian working class was insufficiently developed and that socialism could be achieved only after a period of bourgeois democratic rule . They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism . The Bolsheviks , under Vladimir Lenin , supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionists , subject to strong party discipline , to act as the vanguard of the proletariat in order to seize power by force . Defeat in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 1905 ) was a major blow to the Tsarist regime and further increased the potential for unrest . In January 1905 , an incident known as `` Bloody Sunday '' occurred when Father Georgy Gapon led an enormous crowd to the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg to present a petition to the Tsar . When the procession reached the palace , soldiers opened fire on the crowd , killing hundreds . The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared demanding a democratic republic . This marked the beginning of the Revolution of 1905 . Soviets ( councils of workers ) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity . Russia was paralyzed , and the government was desperate . In October 1905 , Nicholas reluctantly issued the October Manifesto , which conceded the creation of a national Duma ( legislature ) to be called without delay . The right to vote was extended and no law was to become final without confirmation by the Duma . The moderate groups were satisfied . But the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organise new strikes . By the end of 1905 , there was disunity among the reformers , and the tsar 's position was strengthened for the time being . War , Revolution , collapse ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War I , Eastern Front ( World War I ) , and October Revolution Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow in 1917 Tsar Nicholas II and his subjects entered World War I with enthusiasm and patriotism , with the defense of Russia 's fellow Orthodox Slavs , the Serbs , as the main battle cry . In August 1914 , the Russian army invaded Germany 's province of East Prussia and occupied a significant portion of Austrian - controlled Galicia in support of the Serbs and their allies -- the French and British . In September 1914 , in order to relieve pressure on France , the Russians were forced to halt a successful offensive against Austro - Hungary in Galicia in order to attack German - held Silesia . Military reversals and shortages among the civilian population soon soured much of the population . German control of the Baltic Sea and German - Ottoman control of the Black Sea severed Russia from most of its foreign supplies and potential markets . By the middle of 1915 , the impact of the war was demoralizing . Food and fuel were in short supply , casualties were increasing , and inflation was mounting . Strikes rose among low - paid factory workers , and there were reports that peasants , who wanted reforms of land ownership , were restless . The tsar eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front , leaving his wife , the Empress Alexandra in charge in the capital . The illness of her son Alexei led her to trust the semi-literate Siberian peasant Grigori Rasputin ( 1869 -- 1916 ) , who convinced the royal family that he possessed healing powers that would cure Alexei . He had gained enormous influence but did not shift any major decisions . His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles restored their honor but could not restore the Tsar 's lost prestige . The Bolsheviks said `` no annexations , no indemnities '' and called on workers to accept the policies of the Soviet Union and demanded the end of the war . On 3 March 1917 , a strike was organized on a factory in the capital , Saint Petersburg ; within a week nearly all the workers in the city were idle , and street fighting broke out . The Tsarist system was overthrown by a liberal February Revolution in 1917 . Rabinowitch argues , `` The February 1917 revolution ... grew out of prewar political and economic instability , technological backwardness , and fundamental social divisions , coupled with gross mismanagement of the war effort , continuing military defeats , domestic economic dislocation , and outrageous scandals surrounding the monarchy . '' Swain says , `` The first government to be formed after the October Revolution of 1917 had , with one exception , been composed of liberals . '' With his authority destroyed , Nicholas abdicated on 2 March 1917 . The execution of the Romanov family at the hands of Bolsheviks followed in 1918 . Territory ( edit ) Boundaries ( edit ) The Russian Empire in 1912 . The administrative boundaries of European Russia , apart from Finland and its portion of Poland , coincided approximately with the natural limits of the East - European plains . In the North it met the Arctic Ocean . Novaya Zemlya and the Kolguyev and Vaygach Islands also belonged to it , but the Kara Sea was referred to Siberia . To the East it had the Asiatic territories of the Empire , Siberia and the Kyrgyz steppes , from both of which it was separated by the Ural Mountains , the Ural River and the Caspian Sea -- the administrative boundary , however , partly extending into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals . To the South it had the Black Sea and Caucasus , being separated from the latter by the Manych River depression , which in Post-Pliocene times connected the Sea of Azov with the Caspian . The western boundary was purely conventional : it crossed the Kola Peninsula from the Varangerfjord to the Gulf of Bothnia . Thence it ran to the Curonian Lagoon in the southern Baltic Sea , and thence to the mouth of the Danube , taking a great circular sweep to the west to embrace Poland , and separating Russia from Prussia , Austrian Galicia and Romania . It is a special feature of Russia that it has few free outlets to the open sea other than on the ice - bound shores of the Arctic Ocean . The deep indentations of the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland were surrounded by what is ethnically Finnish territory , and it is only at the very head of the latter gulf that the Russians had taken firm foothold by erecting their capital at the mouth of the Neva River . The Gulf of Riga and the Baltic belong also to territory which was not inhabited by Slavs , but by Baltic and Finnic peoples and by Germans . The East coast of the Black Sea belonged to Transcaucasia , a great chain of mountains separating it from Russia . But even this sheet of water is an inland sea , the only outlet of which , the Bosphorus , was in foreign hands , while the Caspian , an immense shallow lake , mostly bordered by deserts , possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Russia Ethnic map of European Russia before the First World War By the end of the 19th century the size of the empire was about 22,400,000 square kilometers ( 8,600,000 sq mi ) or almost 1 / 6 of the Earth 's landmass ; its only rival in size at the time was the British Empire . However , at this time , the majority of the population lived in European Russia . More than 100 different ethnic groups lived in the Russian Empire , with ethnic Russians composing about 45 % of the population . Territorial development ( edit ) In addition to almost the entire territory of modern Russia , prior to 1917 the Russian Empire included most of Dnieper Ukraine , Belarus , Bessarabia , the Grand Duchy of Finland , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , the Central Asian states of Russian Turkestan , most of the Baltic governorates , as well as a significant portion of the Kingdom of Poland and Ardahan , Artvin , Iğdır , Kars and northeastern part of Erzurum Provinces from the Ottoman Empire . Between 1742 and 1867 , the Russian - American Company administered Alaska as a colony . The Company also established settlements in Hawaii , including Fort Elizabeth ( 1817 ) , and as far south in North America as Fort Ross Colony ( established in 1812 ) in Sonoma County , California just north of San Francisco . Both Fort Ross and the Russian River in California got their names from Russian settlers , who had staked claims in a region claimed until 1821 by the Spanish as part of New Spain . Following the Swedish defeat in the Finnish War of 1808 -- 1809 and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on 17 September 1809 , the eastern half of Sweden , the area that then became Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as an autonomous grand duchy . The tsar eventually ended up ruling Finland as a semi-constitutional monarch through the Governor - General of Finland and a native - populated Senate appointed by him . The Emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right , however , although his Finnish subjects came to consider the Grand Duchy as one . Map of governorates of the western Russian Empire in 1910 In the aftermath of the Russo - Turkish War , 1806 -- 12 , and the ensuing Treaty of Bucharest ( 1812 ) , the eastern parts of the Principality of Moldavia , an Ottoman vassal state , along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule , came under the rule of the Empire . This area ( Bessarabia ) was among the Russian Empire 's last territorial increments in Europe . At the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) , Russia gained sovereignty over Congress Poland , which on paper was an autonomous Kingdom in personal union with Russia . However , this autonomy was eroded after an uprising in 1831 , and was finally abolished in 1867 . Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the Caucasus in the course of the 19th century at the expense of Persia through the Russo - Persian Wars of 1804 -- 13 and 1826 -- 28 and the respectively ensuing treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay , as well as through the Caucasian War ( 1817 -- 1864 ) . The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia , especially in the later 19th century , conquering much of Russian Turkestan in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885 . Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire as Russian explorers found them : the New Siberian Islands from the early 18th century ; Severnaya Zemlya ( `` Emperor Nicholas II Land '' ) first mapped and claimed as late as 1913 . During World War I , Russia briefly occupied a small part of East Prussia , then part of Germany ; a significant portion of Austrian Galicia ; and significant portions of Ottoman Armenia . While the modern Russian Federation currently controls the Kaliningrad Oblast , which comprised the northern part of East Prussia , this differs from the area captured by the Empire in 1914 , though there was some overlap : Gusev ( Gumbinnen in German ) was the site of the initial Russian victory . Imperial territories ( edit ) See also : Russian colonization of the Americas and First Russian circumnavigation The Russian settlement of St. Paul 's Harbor ( present - day Kodiak town ) , Kodiak Island According to the 1st article of the Organic law , the Russian Empire was one indivisible state . In addition , the 26th article stated that `` With the Imperial Russian throne are indivisible the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Finland '' . Relations with the Grand Principality of Finland were also regulated by the 2nd article , `` The Grand Principality of Finland , constituted an indivisible part of the Russian state , in its internal affairs governed by special regulations at the base of special laws '' and the law of 10 June 1910 . Between 1744 and 1867 , the empire also controlled Russian America . With the exception of this territory -- modern - day Alaska -- the Russian Empire was a contiguous mass of land spanning Europe and Asia . In this it differed from contemporary colonial - style empires . The result of this was that while the British and French colonial empires declined in the 20th century , the Russian Empire kept a large portion of its territory , first as the Soviet Union , and latter as part of present - day Russia as well as the Commonwealth of Independent States . Furthermore , the empire at times controlled concession territories , notably the Kwantung Leased Territory and the Chinese Eastern Railway , both conceded by Qing China , as well as a concession in Tianjin . See for these periods of extraterritorial control the empire of Japan -- Russian Empire relations . In 1815 , Dr. Schäffer , a Russian entrepreneur , went to Kauai and negotiated a treaty of protection with the island 's governor Kaumualii , vassal of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii , but the Russian Tsar refused to ratify the treaty . See also Orthodox Church in Hawaii and Russian Fort Elizabeth . In 1889 , a Russian adventurer , Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov , tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa , Sagallo , situated on the Gulf of Tadjoura in present - day Djibouti . However this attempt angered the French , who dispatched two gunboats against the colony . After a brief resistance , the colony surrendered and the Russian settlers were deported to Odessa . Government and administration ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Russia Maykop 37th -- 30th century BCE Yamna 34th -- 27th century BCE Afanasevo 34th -- 26th century BCE Corded Ware 30th -- 24th century BCE Catacomb 29th -- 23rd century BCE Poltavka 28th -- 22nd century BCE Sintashta 22nd -- 19th century BCE Andronovo 21st -- 10th century BCE Srubna 19th -- 13th century BCE Cimmerians 12th -- 7th century BCE Scythians 8th -- 4th century BCE Sarmatians 5th century BCE -- 4th century CE Early Slavs / Rus ' pre-9th century Old Great Bulgaria 632 -- 668 Khazar Khaganate 650 - 969 Rus ' Khaganate 9th century Volga Bulgaria 9th -- 13th century Kievan Rus ' 882 -- 1240 Vladimir - Suzdal 1157 -- 1331 Novgorod Republic 1136 -- 1478 Mongol Yoke 1240s -- 1480 Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 -- 1547 Tsardom of Russia 1547 -- 1721 Russian Empire 1721 -- 1917 Russian Republic 1917 Russian SFSR 1917 -- 1922 Soviet Union 1922 -- 1991 Russian Federation 1991 -- present Timeline Russia portal See also : Tsarist absolutism From its initial creation until the 1905 Revolution , the Russian Empire was controlled by its tsar / emperor as an absolute monarch , under the system of tsarist autocracy . After the Revolution of 1905 , Russia developed a new type of government which became difficult to categorize . In the Almanach de Gotha for 1910 , Russia was described as `` a constitutional monarchy under an autocratic tsar . '' This contradiction in terms demonstrated the difficulty of precisely defining the system , essentially transitional and meanwhile sui generis , established in the Russian Empire after October 1905 . Before this date , the fundamental laws of Russia described the power of the Emperor as `` autocratic and unlimited . '' After October 1905 , while the imperial style was still `` Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias '' , the fundamental laws were remodeled by removing the word unlimited . While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives , including an absolute veto over all legislation , he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament , without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia . Not that the regime in Russia had become in any true sense constitutional , far less parliamentary . But the `` unlimited autocracy '' had given place to a `` self - limited autocracy . '' Whether this autocracy was to be permanently limited by the new changes , or only at the continuing discretion of the autocrat , became a subject of heated controversy between conflicting parties in the state . Provisionally , then , the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined as `` a limited monarchy under an autocratic emperor . '' Emperor ( edit ) Main article : Tsar § Russia The building on Palace Square opposite the Winter Palace was the headquarters of the Army General Staff . Today , it houses the headquarters of the Western Military District / Joint Strategic Command West . The Catherine Palace , located at Tsarskoe Selo , was the summer residence of the imperial family . It is named after Empress Catherine I , who reigned from 1725 to 1727 . Peter the Great changed his title from Tsar in 1721 , when he was declared Emperor of all Russia . While later rulers kept this title , the ruler of Russia was commonly known as Tsar or Tsaritsa until the fall of the Empire during the February Revolution of 1917 . Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto , the Emperor ruled as an absolute monarch , subject to only two limitations on his authority ( both of which were intended to protect the existing system ) : the Emperor and his consort must both belong to the Russian Orthodox Church , and he must obey the laws of succession ( Pauline Laws ) established by Paul I. Beyond this , the power of the Russian Autocrat was virtually limitless . On 17 October 1905 , the situation changed : the Emperor voluntarily limited his legislative power by decreeing that no measure was to become law without the consent of the Imperial Duma , a freely elected national assembly established by the Organic Law issued on 28 April 1906 . However , the Emperor retained the right to disband the newly established Duma , and he exercised this right more than once . He also retained an absolute veto over all legislation , and only he could initiate any changes to the Organic Law itself . His ministers were responsible solely to him , and not to the Duma or any other authority , which could question but not remove them . Thus , while the Emperor 's power was limited in scope after 28 April 1906 , it still remained formidable . Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia , reigning from 1894 to 1917 . Imperial council ( edit ) Main article : State Council of Imperial Russia Under Russia 's revised Fundamental Law of 20 February 1906 , the Council of the Empire was associated with the Duma as a legislative Upper House ; from this time the legislative power was exercised normally by the Emperor only in concert with the two chambers . The Council of the Empire , or Imperial Council , as reconstituted for this purpose , consisted of 196 members , of whom 98 were nominated by the Emperor , while 98 were elective . The ministers , also nominated , were ex officio members . Of the elected members , 3 were returned by the `` black '' clergy ( the monks ) , 3 by the `` white '' clergy ( seculars ) , 18 by the corporations of nobles , 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities , 6 by the chambers of commerce , 6 by the industrial councils , 34 by the governments having zemstvos , 16 by those having no zemstvos , and 6 by Poland . As a legislative body the powers of the Council were coordinate with those of the Duma ; in practice , however , it has seldom if ever initiated legislation . State Duma and the electoral system ( edit ) Main article : State Duma of the Russian Empire The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma ( Gosudarstvennaya Duma ) , which formed the Lower House of the Russian parliament , consisted ( since the ukaz of 2 June 1907 ) of 442 members , elected by an exceedingly complicated process . The membership was manipulated as to secure an overwhelming majority of the wealthy ( especially the landed classes ) and also for the representatives of the Russian peoples at the expense of the subject nations . Each province of the Empire , except Central Asia , returned a certain number of members ; added to these were those returned by several large cities . The members of the Duma were chosen by electoral colleges and these , in their turn , were elected in assemblies of the three classes : landed proprietors , citizens and peasants . In these assemblies the wealthiest proprietors sat in person while the lesser proprietors were represented by delegates . The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth , and elected delegates directly to the college of the Governorates . The peasants were represented by delegates selected by the regional subdivisions called volosts . Workmen were treated in special manner with every industrial concern employing fifty hands or over electing one or more delegates to the electoral college . In the college itself , the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day . Since the majority consisted of conservative elements ( the landowners and urban delegates ) , the progressives had little chance of representation at all save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government was to be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college . That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns -- Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Kiev , Odessa , Riga and the Polish cities of Warsaw and Łódź . These elected their delegates to the Duma directly , and though their votes were divided ( on the basis of taxable property ) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth , each returned the same number of delegates . Council of ministers ( edit ) Main article : Russian Council of Ministers By the law of 18 October 1905 , to assist the Emperor in the supreme administration a Council of Ministers ( Sovyet Ministrov ) was created , under a minister president , the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia . This council consists of all the ministers and of the heads of the principal administrations . The ministries were as follows : Ministry of the Imperial Court Ministry of Foreign Affairs ; Ministry of War ; Ministry of Navy Ministry of Finance ; Ministry of Commerce and Industry ( created in 1905 ) ; Ministry of Internal affairs ( including police , health , censorship and press , posts and telegraphs , foreign religions , statistics ) ; Ministry of Agriculture and State Assets ; Ministry of ways of Communications ; Ministry of Justice ; Ministry of National Enlightenment . Most Holy Synod ( edit ) Main article : Most Holy Synod The Senate and Synod headquarters -- today the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on Senate Square in Saint Petersburg . The Most Holy Synod ( established in 1721 ) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia . It was presided over by a lay procurator , representing the Emperor , and consisted of the three metropolitans of Moscow , Saint Petersburg and Kiev , the archbishop of Georgia , and a number of bishops sitting in rotation . Senate ( edit ) Main article : Governing Senate The Senate ( Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat , i.e. directing or governing senate ) , originally established during the government reform of Peter I , consisted of members nominated by the Emperor . Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided . It was the supreme court of cassation ; an audit office , a high court of justice for all political offences ; one of its departments fulfilled the functions of a heralds ' college . It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the Empire , notably differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self - government . Lastly , it promulgated new laws , a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the Supreme Court of the United States , of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Further information : History of the administrative division of Russia Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914 Residence of the Governor of Moscow ( 1778 -- 82 ) For administration , Russia was divided ( as of 1914 ) into 81 governorates ( guberniyas ) , 20 oblasts , and 1 okrug . Vassals and protectorates of the Russian Empire included the Emirate of Bukhara , the Khanate of Khiva and , after 1914 , Tuva ( Uriankhai ) . Of these 11 Governorates , 17 oblasts and 1 okrug ( Sakhalin ) belonged to Asian Russia . Of the rest 8 Governorates were in Finland , 10 in Poland . European Russia thus embraced 59 governorates and 1 oblast ( that of the Don ) . The Don Oblast was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war ; the rest had each a governor and deputy - governor , the latter presiding over the administrative council . In addition there were governors - general , generally placed over several governorates and armed with more extensive powers usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction . In 1906 , there were governors - general in Finland , Warsaw , Vilna , Kiev , Moscow , and Riga . The larger cities ( Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Odessa , Sevastopol , Kerch , Nikolayev , Rostov ) had an administrative system of their own , independent of the governorates ; in these the chief of police acted as governor . Judicial system ( edit ) Main article : Judicial system of the Russian Empire The judicial system of the Russian Empire , existed from the mid-19th century , was established by the `` tsar emancipator '' Alexander II , by the statute of 20 November 1864 ( Sudebny Ustav ) . This system -- based partly on English , partly on French models -- was built up on certain broad principles : the separation of judicial and administrative functions ; the independence of the judges and courts ; the publicity of trials and oral procedure ; and the equality of all classes before the law . Moreover , a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the jury system and -- so far as one order of tribunal was concerned -- the election of judges . The establishment of a judicial system on these principles constituted a major change in the conception of the Russian state , which , by placing the administration of justice outside the sphere of the executive power , ceased to be a despotism . This fact made the system especially obnoxious to the bureaucracy , and during the latter years of Alexander II and the reign of Alexander III there was a piecemeal taking back of what had been given . It was reserved for the third Duma , after the 1905 Revolution , to begin the reversal of this process . The system established by the law of 1864 was significant in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals , each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the Senate , as the supreme court of cassation . The first of these , based on the English model , are the courts of the elected justices of the peace , with jurisdiction over petty causes , whether civil or criminal ; the second , based on the French model , are the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges , sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases . Local administration ( edit ) Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions : the peasant assemblies in the mir and the volost ; the zemstvos in the 34 Governorates of Russia ; the municipal dumas . Municipal dumas ( edit ) The Moscow City Duma Since 1870 the municipalities in European Russia have had institutions like those of the zemstvos . All owners of houses , and tax - paying merchants , artisans and workmen are enrolled on lists in a descending order according to their assessed wealth . The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts , representing three groups of electors very unequal in number , each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma . The executive is in the hands of an elective mayor and an uprava , which consists of several members elected by the duma . Under Alexander III , however , by laws promulgated in 1892 and 1894 , the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos . In 1894 municipal institutions , with still more restricted powers , were granted to several towns in Siberia , and in 1895 to some in Caucasia . Baltic provinces ( edit ) Main article : Baltic governorates The formerly Swedish - controlled Baltic provinces ( Courland , Livonia and Estonia ) were incorporated into the Russian Empire after the defeat of Sweden in the Great Northern War . Under the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 , the Baltic German nobility retained considerable powers of self - government and numerous privileges in matters affecting education , police and the administration of local justice . After 167 years of German language administration and education , laws were declared in 1888 and 1889 where the rights of the police and manorial justice were transferred from Baltic German control to officials of the central government . Since about the same time a process of Russification was being carried out in the same provinces , in all departments of administration , in the higher schools and in the Imperial University of Dorpat , the name of which was altered to Yuriev . In 1893 district committees for the management of the peasants ' affairs , similar to those in the purely Russian governments , were introduced into this part of the empire . Economy ( edit ) 100 roubles ( 1910 ) Country equity capitalization 1900 - 2012 Russian and US equites , 1865 to 1917 Mining and heavy industry ( edit ) Output of mining industry and heavy industry of Russian Empire by region in 1912 ( in percent of the national output ) . Ural Region Southern Region Caucasus Siberia Kingdom of Poland Gold 21 % -- -- 88.2 % - Platinum 100 % -- -- -- -- Silver 36 % -- 24.3 % 29.3 % -- Lead 5.8 % -- 92 % -- 0.9 % Zinc -- -- 25.2 % -- 74.8 % Copper 54.9 % -- 30.2 % 14.9 % -- Pig Iron 19.4 % 67.7 % -- -- 9.3 % Iron and Steel 17.3 % 36.2 % -- -- 10.8 % Manganese 0.3 % 29.2 % 70.3 % -- -- Coal 3.4 % 67.3 % -- 5.8 % 22.3 % Petroleum -- -- 97 % -- -- Infrastructure ( edit ) Railways ( edit ) Tzarskoselskaya Railway , 1830 Map of Russian railroads in 1916 The planning and building of the railway network after 1860 had far - reaching effects on the economy , culture , and ordinary life of Russia . The central authorities and the imperial elite made most of the key decisions , but local elites set up a demand for rail linkages . Local nobles , merchants , and entrepreneurs imagined the future from `` locality '' ' ( mestnost ' ) ' to `` empire '' to promote their regional interests . Often they had to compete with other cities . By envisioning their own role in a rail network they came to understand how important they were to the empire 's economy . The Russian army built two major railway lines in Central Asia during the 1880s . The Trans - Caucasian Railway connected the city of Batum on the Black Sea and the oil center of Baku on the Caspian Sea . The Trans - Caspian Railway began at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea and reached Bukhara , Samarkand and Tashkent . Both lines served the commercial and strategic needs of the Empire , and facilitated migration . Year 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1911 Kilometers 26 601 1,590 11,243 23,982 32,390 56,976 78,468 Seaports ( edit ) Biggest seaports of Russian Empire by tonnage of visiting ships in 1912 ( the figures for tonnage are in thousands of tonns ) show Port Tonnage Position Riga 1528 Baltic Sea Kerch 33 Black Sea Arkhangelsk 549 White Sea Feodosia 175 Black Sea Onega 98 White Sea Mariupol 266 Black Sea Evpatoria 66 Black Sea Sukhum 45 Black Sea Izmail 47 Black Sea Astara 64 Caspian Sea Vladivostok 891 Pacific Ocean Nikolayevsk - on - Amur 57 Pacific Ocean Astrakhan 34 Caspian Sea Baku 286 Caspian Sea Reni 173 Black Sea Krasnovodsk 21 Caspian Sea Batum 898 Black Sea Poti 348 Black Sea Berdyansk 80 Black Sea Novorossiysk 646 Black Sea Nikolayev 721 Black Sea Libava 796 Baltic Sea Odessa 1243 Black Sea Narva 95 Baltic Sea Kherson 252 Black Sea Revel 65 Baltic Sea Sevastopol 44 Black Sea Saint Petersburg 2024 Baltic Sea Genichensk 67 Black Sea Pernov 23 Baltic Sea Taganrog 657 Black Sea Vindava 604 Baltic Sea Religion ( edit ) Main articles : Christianity in Russia , Islam in Russia , Roman Catholicism in Russia , and History of the Jews in Russia The Kazan Cathedral in Saint Petersburg was constructed between 1801 and 1811 , and prior to the construction of Saint Isaac 's Cathedral was the main Orthodox Church in Imperial Russia . Subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group ( 1897 ) The Russian Empire 's state religion was Orthodox Christianity . The Emperor was not allowed to '' profess any faith other than the Orthodox '' ( Article 62 of the 1906 Fundamental Laws ) and was deemed '' the Supreme Defender and Guardian of the dogmas of the predominant Faith and is the Keeper of the purity of the Faith and all good order within the Holy Church '' ( Article 64 ex supra ) . Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments , he did not determine the questions of dogma or church teaching . The principal ecclesiastical authority of the Russian Church that extended its jurisdiction over the entire territory of the Empire , including the ex-Kingdom of Kartli - Kakheti , was the Most Holy Synod , the civilian Over Procurator of the Holy Synod being one of the council of ministers with wide de facto powers in ecclesiastical matters . All religions were freely professed , except that certain restrictions were laid upon the Jews and some marginal sects . According to returns published in 1905 , based on the Russian Imperial Census of 1897 , adherents of the different religious communities in the whole of the Russian empire numbered approximately as follows . Religion Count of believers % Russian Orthodox 87,123,604 69.3 % Muslims 13,906,972 11.1 % Latin Catholics 11,467,994 9.1 % Jews 5,215,805 4.2 % Lutherans 3,572,653 2.8 % Old Believers 2,204,596 1.8 % Armenian Apostolics 1,179,241 0.9 % Buddhists and Lamaists 433,863 0.4 % Other non-Christian religions 285,321 0.2 % Reformed 85,400 0.1 % Mennonites 66,564 0.1 % Armenian Catholics 38,840 0.0 % Baptists 38,139 0.0 % Karaite Jews 12,894 0.0 % Anglicans 4,183 0.0 % Other Christian religions 3,952 0.0 % The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three metropolitans ( Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Kiev ) , fourteen archbishops and fifty bishops , all drawn from the ranks of the monastic ( celibate ) clergy . The parochial clergy had to be married when appointed , but if left widowers were not allowed to marry again ; this rule continues to apply today . Military ( edit ) Main article : Military history of the Russian Empire See also : Russo - Swedish Wars , Russo - Turkish Wars , Russo - Persian Wars , Russo - Polish Wars , Russo - Japanese War , and Russo - Circassian War Tsarist troops prepare for invading Persian forces during the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) , which occurred contemporaneously with the French invasion of Russia . An Imperial Russian Navy Brig `` Mercury '' Attacked by Two Turkish Ships in a scene from the Russo - Turkish War ( 1828 -- 29 ) , by Ivan Aivazovsky The Russian Empire 's military consisted of the Imperial Russian Army and the Imperial Russian Navy . The poor performance during the Crimean War , 1853 -- 56 , caused great soul - searching and proposals for reform . However the Russian forces fell further and further behind the technology , training and organization of the German , French and particularly the British military . Society ( edit ) See also : History of Russian culture , Russian literature , Russian opera , Technology in the Russian Empire , and Cinema of the Russian Empire Announcing the Coronation of Alexander II Maslenitsa by Boris Kustodiev , showing a Russian city in winter The Russian Empire was , predominantly , a rural society spread over vast spaces . In 1913 , 80 % of the people were peasants . Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis , which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the revolutions of the early 20th century . Recent research by Russian scholars disputes this interpretation . Mironov assesses the effects of the reforms of latter 19th - century especially in terms of the 1861 emancipation of the serfs , agricultural output trends , various standard of living indicators , and taxation of peasants . He argues that they brought about measurable improvements in social welfare . More generally , he finds that the well - being of the Russian people declined during most of the 18th century , but increased slowly from the end of the 18th century to 1914 . Estates ( edit ) Subjects of the Russian Empire were segregated into sosloviyes , or social estates ( classes ) such as nobility ( dvoryanstvo ) , clergy , merchants , cossacks and peasants . Native people of the Caucasus , non-ethnic Russian areas such as Tartarstan , Bashkirstan , Siberia and Central Asia were officially registered as a category called inorodtsy ( non-Slavic , literally : `` people of another origin '' ) . A majority of the people , 81.6 % , belonged to the peasant order , the others were : nobility , 0.6 % ; clergy , 0.1 % ; the burghers and merchants , 9.3 % ; and military , 6.1 % . More than 88 million of the Russians were peasants . A part of them were formerly serfs ( 10,447,149 males in 1858 ) -- the remainder being `` state peasants '' ( 9,194,891 males in 1858 , exclusive of the Archangel Governorate ) and `` domain peasants '' ( 842,740 males the same year ) . Serfdom ( edit ) Main articles : Russian serfdom and Emancipation reform of 1861 The serfdom that had developed in Russia in the 16th century , and had become enshrined by law in 1649 , was abolished in 1861 . The household servants or dependents attached to the personal service were merely set free , while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards , and allotments of arable land . These allotments were given over to the rural commune , the mir , which was made responsible for the payment of taxes for the allotments . For these allotments the peasants had to pay a fixed rent , which could be fulfilled by personal labour . The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown , and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord . The Crown paid the landlord and the peasants had to repay the Crown , for forty - nine years at 6 % interest . The financial redemption to the landlord was not calculated on the value of the allotments , but was considered as a compensation for the loss of the compulsory labour of the serfs . Many proprietors contrived to curtail the allotments which the peasants had occupied under serfdom , and frequently deprived them of precisely the parts of which they were most in need : pasture lands around their houses . The result was to compel the peasants to rent land from their former masters . Peasants ( edit ) Young Russian peasant women in front of traditional wooden house ( ca . 1909 to 1915 ) taken by Prokudin - Gorskii . Peasants in Russia . ( Photograph taken by Sergey Prokudin - Gorsky in 1909 . ) The former serfs became peasants , joining the millions of farmers who were already in the peasant status . After the Emancipation reform , one quarter of peasants received allotments of only 2.9 acres ( 12,000 m ) per male , and one - half less than 8.5 to 11.4 acres ; the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three - fields system is estimated at 28 to 42 acres ( 170,000 m ) . Land must thus of necessity be rented from the landlords . The aggregate value of the redemption and land taxes often reached 185 to 275 % of the normal rental value of the allotments , not to speak of taxes for recruiting purposes , the church , roads , local administration and so on , chiefly levied from the peasants . The areas increased every year ; one - fifth of the inhabitants left their houses ; cattle disappeared . Every year more than half the adult males ( in some districts three - quarters of the men and one - third of the women ) quit their homes and wandered throughout Russia in search of labor . In the governments of the Black Earth Area the state of matters was hardly better . Many peasants took `` gratuitous allotments , '' whose amount was about one - eighth of the normal allotments . The average allotment in Kherson was only 0.90 - acre ( 3,600 m ) , and for allotments from 2.9 to 5.8 acres ( 23,000 m ) the peasants pay 5 to 10 rubles of redemption tax . The state peasants were better off , but still they were emigrating in masses . It was only in the steppe governments that the situation was more hopeful . In Ukraine , where the allotments were personal ( the mir existing only among state peasants ) , the state of affairs does not differ for the better , on account of the high redemption taxes . In the western provinces , where the land was valued cheaper and the allotments somewhat increased after the Polish insurrection , the general situation was better . Finally , in the Baltic provinces nearly all the land belonged to the German landlords , who either farmed the land themselves , with hired laborers , or let it in small farms . Only one quarter of the peasants were farmers ; the remainder were mere laborers . Landowners ( edit ) The situation of the former serf - proprietors was also unsatisfactory . Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor , they failed to adapt to the new conditions . The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been effected . The forests were sold , and the only prosperous landlords were those who exacted rack - rents for the land without which the peasants could not live upon their allotments . During the years 1861 to 1892 the land owned by the nobles decreased 30 % , or from 210,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres ( 610,000 km ) ; during the following four years an additional 2,119,500 acres ( 8,577 km ) were sold ; and since then the sales went on at an accelerated rate , until in 1903 alone close to 2,000,000 acres ( 8,000 km ) passed out of their hands . On the other hand , since 1861 , and more especially since 1882 , when the Peasant Land Bank was founded for making advances to peasants who were desirous of purchasing land , the former serfs , or rather their descendants , had between 1883 and 1904 bought about 19,500,000 acres ( 78,900 km ) from their former masters . There was an increase of wealth among the few , but along with this a general impoverishment of the mass of the people , and the peculiar institution of the mir -- framed on the principle of community of ownership and occupation of the land -- , the effect was not conducive to the growth of individual effort . In November 1906 , however , the emperor Nicholas II promulgated a provisional order permitting the peasants to become freeholders of allotments made at the time of emancipation , all redemption dues being remitted . This measure , which was endorsed by the third Duma in an act passed on 21 December 1908 , is calculated to have far - reaching and profound effects on the rural economy of Russia . Thirteen years previously the government had endeavored to secure greater fixity and permanence of tenure by providing that at least twelve years must elapse between every two redistributions of the land belonging to a mir amongst those entitled to share in it . The order of November 1906 had provided that the various strips of land held by each peasant should be merged into a single holding ; the Duma , however , on the advice of the government , left this to the future , as an ideal that could only gradually be realized . Media ( edit ) Main article : History of journalism § Russia Censorship was heavy - handed until the reign of Alexander II , but it never went away . Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish , as intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets . Fyodor Dostoyevsky , for example , ridiculed the St. Petersburg newspapers , such as Golos and Peterburgskii Listok , which he accused of publishing trifles and distracting readers from the pressing social concerns of contemporary Russia through their obsession with spectacle and European popular culture . See also ( edit ) History portal Colonialism portal Russian Empire portal Alt Danzig Expansion of Russia 1500 -- 1800 Foreign policy of the Russian Empire List of Emperors of Russia List of largest empires Military history of Russia Russian conquest of Siberia Russian conquest of the Caucasus Russification Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From 1860 to 1905 , the Russian Empire occupied all territories of the present - day Russian Federation , with the exception of the present - day Kaliningrad Oblast , Kuril Islands , and Tuva . In 1905 Russia lost Southern Sakhalin to Japan , but in 1914 the Empire established a protectorate over Tuva . Jump up ^ An ukaz of 1879 gave the governors the right to report secretly on the qualifications of candidates for the office of justice of the peace . In 1889 Alexander III abolished the election of justices of the peace , except in certain large towns and some outlying parts of the Empire , and greatly restricted the right of trial by jury . The confusion of the judicial and administrative functions was introduced again by the appointment of officials as judges . In 1909 the third Duma restored the election of justices of the peace . Jump up ^ The Lutheran Church was the dominant faith of the Baltic Provinces , of Ingria , and of the Grand Duchy of Finland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The State Duma was more used just for show to lower dissent in the nation as only nobility voted in favor of the Tsar ; the Duma was dissolved in 1906 - 1907 More info Jump up ^ `` The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in conjunction with the State Council and State Duma '' . Fundamental laws , art . 7 Jump up ^ Rein Taagepera ( September 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 498 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( December 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 223 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Alaska was sold to the United States of America in 1867 . Jump up ^ . Swain says , `` The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had , with one exception , been composed of liberals . '' Geoffrey Swain ( 2014 ) . Trotsky and the Russian Revolution . Routledge . p. 15 . ; also see Alexander Rabinowitch ( 2008 ) . The Bolsheviks in Power : The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd . Indiana UP . p. 1 . Jump up ^ In pictures : Russian Empire in colour photos , BBC News Magazine , March 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Catchpole , A Map History of Russia ( 1974 ) pp 8 - 31 ; MArtin Gilbert , Atlas of Russian history ( 1993 ) pp 33 - 74 . Jump up ^ Brian Catchpole , A Map History of Russia ( 1974 ) p 25 . Jump up ^ Pipes , Richard ( 1974 ) . `` Chapter 1 : The Environment and its Consequences '' . Russia under the Old Regime . New York : Scribner . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ James Cracraft , The Revolution of Peter the Great ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Hughes , Russia in the Age of Peter the Great ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Philip Longworth and John Charlton , The Three Empresses : Catherine I , Anne and Elizabeth of Russia ( 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Isabel De Madariaga , Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great ( Yale University Press , 1981 ) Jump up ^ John T. Alexander , Autocratic politics in a national crisis : the Imperial Russian government and Pugachev 's revolt , 1773 -- 1775 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Robert K. Massie , Catherine the Great : Portrait of a woman ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Catherine II . Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771 , Heritage Auctions , retrieved 1 September 2015 Jump up ^ Nicholas Riasanovsky , A History of Russia ( 4th ed. 1984 ) , p 284 Jump up ^ Alan Palmer , Napoleon in Russia ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky , Alexander I of Russia : the man who defeated Napoleon ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Baykov , Alexander . `` The economic development of Russia . '' Economic History Review 7.2 ( 1954 ) : 137 -- 149 . Jump up ^ W. Bruce Lincoln , Nicholas I , emperor and autocrat of all the Russians ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Anatole Gregory Mazour , The first Russian revolution , 1825 : the Decembrist movement , its origins , development , and significance ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 728 . Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 729 . Jump up ^ David Marshall Lang , The last years of the Georgian monarchy , 1658 - 1832 ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Stein 1976 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Burant , `` The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland : Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt . '' European History Quarterly 15 # 2 ( 1985 ) : 131 - 156 . Jump up ^ Olga E. Maiorova , `` War as Peace : The Trope of War in Russian Nationalist Discourse during the Polish Uprising of 1863 . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 6 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 501 - 534 . Jump up ^ Norman Davies : God 's Playground : A History of Poland ( OUP , 1981 ) vol. 2 , pp. 315 -- 333 ; and 352 - 63 Jump up ^ Bonnell , p. 92 Jump up ^ Condee , p. 49 Jump up ^ National Museum of Science and Technology ( Canada ) . Material history review . Canada Science and Technology Museum , 2000 , p46 Jump up ^ CRWflags.com . K. Ivanov argues , that Russia has changed her official flag in 1858 Jump up ^ Edvard Radzinsky , Alexander II : The Last Great Tsar ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ David Moon , The abolition of serfdom in Russia 1762 -- 1907 ( Longman , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Hugh Seton - Watson , The Russian Empire 1801 - 1917 ( 1967 ) , pp 445 - 60 . Jump up ^ Charles Lowe , Alexander III of Russia ( 1895 ) online . Jump up ^ Robert F. Byrnes , Pobedonostsev : His Life and Thought ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Seton Watson , The Russian Empire , pp 441 - 44 679 - 82 . Jump up ^ * Rodric Braithwaite , `` The Russians in Afghanistan '' . Asian Affairs 42.2 ( 2011 ) : 213 - 229 . summarizes the long history . Jump up ^ Ascher , The Revolution of 1905 : A Short History ( 2004 ) pp 187 - 210 . Jump up ^ Sidney Harcave , First blood : the Russian Revolution of 1905 ( 1964 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Warth , Nicholas II : the life and reign of Russia 's last monarch ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Gregory L. Freeze , ed. , Russia : A History ( 3rd ed. 2009 ) pp 234 - 68 . Jump up ^ Oliver H. Radkey , `` An Alternative to Bolshevism : The Program of Russian Social Revolutionism . '' Journal of Modern History 25 # 1 ( 1953 ) : 25 - 39 . Jump up ^ Richard Cavendish , `` The Bolshevik - Menshevik split November 16th , 1903 . '' History Today 53 # 11 ( 2003 ) : 64 + Jump up ^ Abraham Ascher , The Revolution of 1905 : A Short History ( 2004 ) pp 160 - 86 . Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra : The Last Tsar and His Family ( 1967 ) p. 309 - 310 Jump up ^ Andrew Cook , To kill Rasputin : the life and death of Grigori Rasputin ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander Rabinowitch ( 2008 ) . The Bolsheviks in Power : The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd . Indiana UP . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Swain ( 2014 ) . Trotsky and the Russian Revolution . Routledge . p. 15 . ; also see Rabinowitch ( 2008 ) p 1 Jump up ^ Julian calendar ; the Gregorian date was 15 March . Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert , Routledge Atlas of Russian History ( 4th ed. 2007 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Dowling 2014 , p. 728 - 730 . Jump up ^ Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire , Chapter 1 , Article 7 . Jump up ^ Walter Sperling , `` Building a Railway , Creating Imperial Space : ' Locality , ' ' Region , ' ' Russia , ' ' Empire ' as Political Arguments in Post-Reform Russia , '' Ab Imperio ( 2006 ) Issue 2 , pp 101 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Sarah Searight , `` Russian railway penetration of Central Asia , '' Asian Affairs ( June 1992 ) 23 # 2 pp 171 -- 80 Jump up ^ Article 62 of the 1906 Fundamental Laws ( previously , Article 40 ) : '' The primary and predominant Faith in the Russian Empire is the Christian Orthodox Catholic Faith of the Eastern Confession . '' Jump up ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г . Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам ( First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897 . Distribution of the population by faiths and regions ) ( in Russian ) . archipelag.ru . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Jump up ^ David R. Stone , A Military History of Russia : From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Boris N. Mironov , `` The Myth of a Systemic Crisis in Russia after the Great Reforms of the 1860s -- 1870s , '' Russian Social Science Review ( July / Aug 2009 ) 50 # 4 pp 36 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Boris N. Mironov , The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia , 1700 -- 1917 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter , Russia 's age of serfdom 1649 -- 1861 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Jerome Blum , Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Steven L. Hoch , Serfdom and social control in Russia : Petrovskoe , a village in Tambov ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : David Moon , The Russian Peasantry 1600 -- 1930 : The World the Peasants Made ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Jerome Blum , Lord and Peasant in Russia : from the ninth to the nineteenth century ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ Steven Hoch , `` Did Russia 's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land ? Statistical Anomalies and Long - Tailed Distributions '' . Slavic Review ( 2004 ) 63 # 2 pp. 247 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Steven Nafziger , `` Serfdom , emancipation , and economic development in Tsarist Russia '' ( Working paper , Williams College , 2012 ) . online ^ Jump up to : Christine D. Worobec , Peasant Russia : family and community in the post-emancipation period ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Louise McReynolds , News under Russia 's Old Regime : The Development of a Mass - Circulation Press ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Katia Dianina , `` Passage to Europe : Dostoevskii in the St. Petersburg Arcade . '' Slavic Review ( 2003 ) : 237 - 257 . in JSTOR Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Ascher , Abraham . Russia : A Short History ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Bushkovitch , Paul . A Concise History of Russia ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Freeze , George ( 2002 ) . Russia : A History ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 556 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860511 - 9 . Hosking , Geoffrey . Russia and the Russians : A History ( 2nd ed. 2011 ) Hughes , Lindsey ( 2000 ) . Russia in the Age of Peter the Great . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . p. 640 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08266 - 1 . Kamenskii , Aleksandr B . The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century : Searching for a Place in the World ( 1997 ) . xii. 307 pp. A synthesis of much Western and Russian scholarship . Lincoln , W. Bruce . The Romanovs : Autocrats of All the Russias ( 1983 ) excerpt and text search , sweeping narrative history Longley , David ( 2000 ) . The Longman Companion to Imperial Russia , 1689 -- 1917 . New York , NY : Longman Publishing Group . p. 496 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31990 - 5 . McKenzie , David & Michael W. Curran . A History of Russia , the Soviet Union , and Beyond . 6th ed . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Publishing , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 58698 - 8 . Moss , Walter G. A History of Russia . Vol. 1 : To 1917 . 2d ed . Anthem Press , 2002 . Perrie , Maureen , et al . The Cambridge History of Russia . ( 3 vol . Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) . excerpt and text search Riasanovsky , Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg . A History of Russia . 7th ed . New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , 800 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515394 - 4 Ziegler ; Charles E. The History of Russia ( Greenwood Press , 1999 ) online edition Geography , topical maps ( edit ) Barnes , Ian . Restless Empire : A Historical Atlas of Russia ( 2015 ) , copies of historic maps Catchpole , Brian . A Map History of Russia ( Heinemann Educational Publishers , 1974 ) , new topical maps . Channon , John , and Robert Hudson . The Penguin historical atlas of Russia ( Viking , 1995 ) , new topical maps . Chew , Allen F. An atlas of Russian history : eleven centuries of changing borders ( Yale UP , 1970 ) , new topical maps . Gilbert , Martin . Atlas of Russian history ( Oxford UP , 1993 ) , new topical maps . Parker , William Henry . An historical geography of Russia ( Aldine , 1968 ) . 1801 -- 1917 ( edit ) Jelavich , Barbara . St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy , 1814 -- 1974 ( 1974 ) Manning , Roberta . The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia : Gentry and Government . Princeton University Press , 1982 . Pipes , Richard . Russia under the Old Regime ( 2nd ed. 1997 ) Seton - Watson , Hugh . The Russian empire 1801 -- 1917 ( 1967 ) online Waldron , Peter ( 1997 ) . The End of Imperial Russia , 1855 -- 1917 . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 16536 - 9 . Westwood , J.N. ( 2002 ) . Endurance and Endeavour : Russian History 1812 -- 2001 ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 656 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924617 - 5 . Military and foreign relations ( edit ) Adams , Michael . Napoleon and Russia ( 2006 ) . Dowling , Timothy C. ( 2014 ) . Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 948 - 6 . Englund , Peter ( 2002 ) . The Battle That Shook Europe : Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire . New York , NY : I.B. Tauris . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 847 - 2 . Fuller , William C. Strategy and Power in Russia 1600 -- 1914 ( 1998 ) excerpts ; military strategy Gatrell , Peter . `` Tsarist Russia at War : The View from Above , 1914 -- February 1917 . '' Journal of Modern History 87 # 3 ( 2015 ) : 668 - 700 . online Jelavich , Barbara . St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy , 1814 -- 1974 ( 1974 ) Lieven , D.C.B. Russia and the Origins of the First World War ( 1983 ) . Lieven , Dominic . Russia Against Napoleon : The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace ( 2011 ) . McMeekin , Sean . The Russian Origins of the First World War ( 2011 ) . Neumann , Iver B. `` Russia as a great power , 1815 -- 2007 . '' Journal of International Relations and Development 11 # 2 ( 2008 ) : 128 - 151 . online Saul , Norman E. Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy ( 2014 ) excerpt and text search Seton - Watson , Hugh . The Russian Empire 1801 -- 1917 ( 1967 ) pp 41 -- 68 , 83 - 182 , 280 - 331 , 430 - 60 , 567 - 97 , 677 - 97 . Stone , David . A Military History of Russia : From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya excerpts Economic , social and ethnic History ( edit ) Christian , David . A History of Russia , Central Asia and Mongolia . Vol. 1 : Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire . ( Blackwell , 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20814 - 3 . De Madariaga , Isabel . Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great ( 2002 ) , comprehensive topical survey Dixon , Simon ( 1999 ) . The Modernisation of Russia , 1676 -- 1825 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37100 - 1 . Etkind , Alexander . Internal Colonization : Russia 's Imperial Experience ( Polity Press , 2011 ) 289 pages ; discussion of serfdom , the peasant commune , etc . Franklin , Simon , and Bowers , Katherine ( eds ) . Information and Empire : Mechanisms of Communication in Russia , 1600 - 1850 ( Open Book Publishers , 2017 ) available to read in full online Freeze , Gregory L. From Supplication to Revolution : A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia ( 1988 ) Kappeler , Andreas ( 2001 ) . The Russian Empire : A Multi-Ethnic History . New York , NY : Longman Publishing Group . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 23415 - 4 . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) pp 365 -- 425 Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780 -- 1870 ( 2nd ed. 1979 ) , 552pp Mironov , Boris N. , and Ben Eklof . The Social History of Imperial Russia , 1700 -- 1917 ( 2 vol Westview Press , 2000 ) vol 1 online ; vol 2 online Mironov , Boris N. ( 2012 ) The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia , 1700 -- 1917 ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Mironov , Boris N. ( 2010 ) `` Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia , 1703 -- 1913 , '' Russian Review ( Jan 2010 ) 69 # 1 pp 47 -- 72 , with 13 tables and 3 charts online Moon , David ( 1999 ) . The Russian Peasantry 1600 -- 1930 : The World the Peasants Made . Boston , MA : Addison - Wesley . p. 396 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 09508 - 3 . Stein , Howard F. ( December 1976 ) . `` Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles '' . Ethos. 4 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 438 . doi : 10.1525 / eth. 1976.4. 4.02 a00010 . Stolberg , Eva - Maria . ( 2004 ) `` The Siberian Frontier and Russia 's Position in World History , '' Review : A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 27 # 3 pp 243 -- 267 Wirtschafter , Elise Kimerling . Russia 's age of serfdom 1649 -- 1861 ( 2008 ) . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Burbank , Jane , and David L. Ransel , eds . Imperial Russia : new histories for the Empire ( Indiana University Press , 1998 ) Cracraft , James . ed . Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia ( 1993 ) Lieven , Dominic . Empire : The Russian empire and its rivals ( Yale UP , 2002 ) , compares Russian with British , Habsburg & Ottoman empires . excerpt Kuzio , Taras . `` Historiography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs : towards a new framework . '' National Identities ( 2001 ) 3 # 2 pp : 109 -- 132 . Olson , Gust , and Aleksei I. Miller . `` Between Local and Inter-Imperial : Russian Imperial History in Search of Scope and Paradigm . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History ( 2004 ) 5 # 1 pp : 7 -- 26 . Sanders , Thomas , ed . Historiography of imperial Russia : The profession and writing of history in a multinational state ( ME Sharpe , 1999 ) Smith , Steve . `` Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism . '' Europe ‐ Asia Studies ( 1994 ) 46 # 4 pp : 563 -- 578 . Suny , Ronald Grigor . `` The empire strikes out : Imperial Russia , ' national ' identity , and theories of empire . '' in A state of nations : Empire and nation - making in the age of Lenin and Stalin ed. by Peter Holquist , Ronald Grigor Suny , and Terry Martin . ( 2001 ) pp : 23 -- 66 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian Empire . Wikivoyage has travel information for Russian Empire . 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-3865819058487665115	The Big Bang Theory	The Big Bang Theory - Wikipedia The Big Bang Theory Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the scientific theory , see Big Bang . For other uses , see Big Bang Theory ( disambiguation ) . `` TBBT '' redirects here . For the Discovery Channel series , see The Big Brain Theory . The Big Bang Theory Genre Sitcom Created by Chuck Lorre Bill Prady Directed by Mark Cendrowski Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Sara Gilbert Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Theme music composer Barenaked Ladies Opening theme `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 11 No. of episodes 238 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Chuck Lorre Steven Molaro Bill Prady Producer ( s ) Faye Oshima Belyeu Editor ( s ) Peter Chakos Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 18 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Chuck Lorre Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Young Sheldon External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/ The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . The series ' tenth season premiered on September 19 , 2016 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 . The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny 's social skills and common sense . Over time , supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles : Leslie Winkle , a physicist who dated Leonard and Howard ; neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website ( and later becomes Sheldon 's girlfriend ) ; Bernadette Rostenkowski , Howard 's wife ( previously his girlfriend ) , a microbiologist and former part - time waitress alongside Penny ; Stuart Bloom , the cash - strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit ; and Emily Sweeney , a dermatologist who dated Raj . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Theme song 1.2 Actors ' salaries 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Scientist cameos 3 Episodes 4 Recurring themes and elements 4.1 Science 4.2 Science fiction media 4.3 Leonard and Penny 's relationship 4.4 Sheldon and Amy 's relationship 4.5 Howard 's mother 4.6 Vanity cards 4.7 The Theorists 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. standard ratings 5.3 UK distribution and ratings 5.4 Canadian ratings 6 Broadcast 6.1 Syndication 6.2 Online media 7 Home media 8 Awards and nominations 9 Merchandise 10 Spin - off series 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Production The structure of the original , unaired pilot , developed for the 2006 -- 07 television season , was substantially different from the series ' current form . The only characters retained in both pilots were Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) , who are named after Sheldon Leonard , a longtime figure in episodic television as producer , director and actor . Althea ( Vernee Watson ) was a character featured in both pilots and the first series episode . Two female leads were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie , `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior , '' and Iris Bahr as Gilda , a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters . Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend and they invite her to share their apartment . Gilda is threatened by Katie 's presence . Test audiences reacted negatively to Katie , but they liked Sheldon and Leonard . The original pilot used Thomas Dolby 's hit `` She Blinded Me with Science '' as its theme song . Although the show was not picked up , its creators were given an opportunity to retool it and produce a second pilot . They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format . Katie was replaced by Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) . The original unaired pilot never has officially been released , but it has circulated on the Internet . On the evolution of the show , Chuck Lorre said , `` We did the ' Big Bang Pilot ' about two and a half years ago , and it sucked ... but there were two remarkable things that worked perfectly , and that was Johnny and Jim . We rewrote the thing entirely and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon and Kunal . '' As to whether the world will ever see the original pilot on a future DVD release , Lorre said , `` Wow , that would be something . We will see . Show your failures ... '' The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show . The reworked second pilot led to a 13 - episode order by CBS on May 14 , 2007 . Prior to its airing on CBS , the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge . The show premiered on September 24 , 2007 , and was picked up for a full 22 - episode season on October 19 , 2007 . The show is filmed in front of a live audience , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . Production was halted on November 6 , 2007 , due to the Writers Guild of America strike . Nearly three months later , on February 4 , 2008 , the series was temporarily replaced by a short - lived sitcom , Welcome to the Captain . The series returned on March 17 , 2008 , in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season . After the strike ended , the show was picked up for a second season , airing in the 2008 -- 2009 season , premiering in the same time slot on September 22 , 2008 . With increasing ratings , the show received a two - year renewal through the 2010 -- 11 season in 2009 . In 2011 , the show was picked up for three more seasons . In March 2014 , the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016 -- 17 season . This marks the second time the series has gained a three - year renewal . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to 12 , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . David Saltzberg , a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California , Los Angeles , checks scripts and provides dialogue , mathematics equations , and diagrams used as props . According to executive producer / co-creator Bill Prady , `` We 're working on giving Sheldon an actual problem that he 's going to be working on throughout the ( first ) season so there 's actual progress to the boards ... We worked hard to get all the science right . '' Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne , including Johnny Galecki , Sara Gilbert , Laurie Metcalf ( who plays Sheldon 's mother , Mary Cooper ) , and Meagen Fay ( who plays Bernadette 's mother ) . Additionally , Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons . Theme song Single cover for `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' by Barenaked Ladies ( 2007 ) The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show 's theme song , which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth . Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band 's concerts in Los Angeles . By coincidence , Robertson had recently read Simon Singh 's book Big Bang , and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe . Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song . Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows , but ending up being rejected because of producer 's favor of other artist 's song , Robertson agreed to write the theme only after learning that Lorre and Prady had not asked anyone else . On October 9 , 2007 , a full - length ( 1 minute and 45 seconds ) version of the song was released commercially . Although some sources identify the song title as `` History of Everything , '' the cover art for the single identifies the title as `` Big Bang Theory Theme . '' A music video also was released via special features on The Complete Fourth Season DVD and Blu - ray set . The theme was included on the band 's greatest hits album , Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before , released on September 27 , 2011 . In September 2015 , TMZ uncovered court documents showing that Steven Page sued former bandmate Robertson over the song , alleging that he was promised 20 % of the proceeds , but that Robertson has kept that money entirely for himself . Actors ' salaries For the first three seasons , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco , the three main stars of the show , received at most $60,000 per episode . The salary for the three went up to $200,000 per episode for the fourth season . Their per - episode pay went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons , culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season . In September 2013 , Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010 . On their old contracts , each was making $20,000 -- $30,000 per episode , while the new contracts doubled that , beginning at $60,000 per episode , increasing steadily to $100,000 per episode by the end of the contract , as well as adding another year for both . By season seven , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco were also receiving 0.25 % of the series ' back - end money . Before production began on the eighth season , the three plus Helberg and Nayyar , looked to renegotiate new contracts , with Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco seeking around $1 million per episode , as well as more back - end money . Contracts were signed in the beginning of August 2014 , giving the three principal actors an estimated $1 million per episode for three years , with the possibility to extend for a fourth year . The deals also include larger pieces of the show , signing bonuses , production deals , and advances towards the back - end . Helberg and Nayyar were also able to renegotiate their contracts , giving them a per - episode pay in the `` mid-six - figure range '' , up from around $100,000 per episode they each received in years prior . The duo , who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season eight . By season 10 , Helberg and Nayyar reached the $1 million per episode parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , due to a clause in their deals signed in 2014 . In March 2017 , the main cast members ( Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg , and Nayyar ) took a 10 % pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings . This put Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode , with Parsons , Galecki , and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television . By the end of April , Bialik and Rauch had signed deals to earn $500,000 per episode , each , with the deals also including a separate development component for both actors . The deal was an increase from the $175,000 -- $200,000 the duo had been making per episode . Cast and characters This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main characters in The Big Bang Theory . First row from left : Rajesh Koothrappali , Leonard Hofstadter , Penny , Sheldon Cooper , and Howard Wolowitz , second row from left : Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz and Amy Farrah Fowler These actors are credited in all episodes of the series : Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter : An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 , who received his PhD when he was 24 years old . Leonard is a nerd who loves video games , comic books , and Dungeons & Dragons . Leonard is the straight man of the series , in which he shares an apartment in Pasadena , CA , with Sheldon . Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet , and they eventually marry . Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper : Originally from Galveston , Texas , Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven , and earned a PhD at age sixteen . He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory , and despite his IQ of 187 , he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp . He is determined to have his own way , continually boasts of his intelligence , and he has an extremely ritualized way of living . Despite these quirks , he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler . Kaley Cuoco as Penny : An aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska . Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard . She waits and occasionally tends the bar at the Cheesecake Factory . After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress , Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative . Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy , and they often hang out in each other 's apartments . Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry . Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz : An aerospace engineer . Howard is Jewish and lives with his mother , Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ) . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , Raj , Bernadette and Amy , Howard does not hold a doctorate . He goes into space , training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist . Howard initially fancies himself a womanizer , but he later starts dating Bernadette , and they get engaged and married . Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist . Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali : A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi , India . Raj is initially unable to talk to women unless he drinks alcohol . Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role . Raj later dates Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) , who also suffers from social anxiety , but it eventually ends ; he later speaks to Penny without alcohol and thus overcomes his selective mutism . He begins dating Emily and their relationship later becomes exclusive . Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon . These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast : Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 , guest seasons 3 , 9 ) : A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart , and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon . Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard . Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season , but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character . Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode . Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( recurring season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school , where she is studying microbiology . Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny ; at first , they do not get along , apparently having nothing in common . They date and later get engaged and married . Although generally a sweet and good - natured person , Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked . Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler ( guest star season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon 's perfect mate . Amy is from Glendale , CA . While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness , after befriending Penny and Bernadette she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction . Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend . Amy believes she and Penny are best friends , a sentiment that Penny does not initially share . Amy has a PhD in neurobiology . Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom ( recurring seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 , starring seasons 6 , 8 -- ) : A mild - mannered , under - confident owner of a comic book store . A competent artist , Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design , and though he is socially awkward he possesses slightly better social skills . Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home . He is later invited to join the guys ' group while Howard is in space . Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard 's mother later . After Mrs. Wolowitz 's death , Stuart continues to live in her home , along with Howard and Bernadette , until he finds a place of his own . Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney ( recurring seasons 7 -- 8 , starring season 9 ) : A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital . Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre and states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives . Prior to meeting Raj , Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard . After finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead . Their relationship becomes exclusive , but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with the bartender Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) . Scientist cameos See also : List of The Big Bang Theory characters § Guest stars appearing as themselves As the theme of the show revolves around science , many distinguished and high - profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show . Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in the second season . Theoretical physicist Brian Greene also appeared on the show in the fourth season . Astrophysicist , science populizer , and physics outreach specialist Neil deGrasse Tyson also appeared in the fourth season . Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth - season episode ; in the eighth season , Hawking video conferences with Sheldon and Leonard , and makes another appearance in the 200th episode . In the fifth and sixth seasons , NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino played himself multiple times in the role of Howard 's fellow astronaut . Bill Nye appeared in the seventh season , and Elon Musk made an appearance in the ninth season . Episodes Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20 8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19 10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Recurring themes and elements Science Much of the series focuses on science , particularly physics . The four main male characters are employed at Caltech and have science - related occupations , as do Bernadette and Amy . The characters frequently banter about scientific theories or news ( notably around the start of the show ) , and make science - related jokes . Science has also interfered with the characters ' romantic lives . Leslie breaks up with Leonard when he sides with Sheldon in his support for string theory rather than loop quantum gravity . When Leonard joins Sheldon , Raj , and Howard on a three - month Arctic research trip , it separates Leonard and Penny at a time their relationship is budding . When Bernadette takes an interest in Leonard 's work , it makes both Penny and Howard envious and results in Howard confronting Leonard , and Penny asking Sheldon to teach her physics . Sheldon and Amy also briefly end their relationship after an argument over which of their fields is superior . David Saltzberg , who has a PhD in physics , has served as the science consultant for the show for six seasons and attends every taping . While Saltzberg knows physics , he sometimes needs assistance from Mayim Bialik , who has a PhD in neuroscience . Saltzberg sees early versions of scripts which need scientific information added to them , and he also points out where the writers , despite their knowledge of science , have made a mistake . He is usually not needed during a taping unless a lot of science , and especially the whiteboard , is involved . Science fiction media Star Trek : The Next Generation actor Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictional version of himself on the show . The four main male characters are all avid science fiction , fantasy , and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors . Star Trek in particular is frequently referenced and Sheldon identifies strongly with the character of Spock , so much so that when he is given a used napkin signed by Leonard Nimoy as a Christmas gift from Penny he is overwhelmed with excitement and gratitude ( `` I possess the DNA of Leonard Nimoy ? ! '' ) . Star Trek : The Original Series cast member George Takei has made a cameo , and Leonard Nimoy made a cameo as the voice of Sheldon 's vintage Mr. Spock action figure ( both cameos were in dream sequences ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton have had cameos as themselves , while Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself . They are also fans of Star Wars , Battlestar Galactica , and Doctor Who . In the episode `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' , when there is a delay in watching Star Wars on Blu - ray , Howard complains , `` If we do n't start soon , George Lucas is going to change it again '' ( referring to Lucas ' controversial alterations to the films ) and in `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' , Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as Howard 's fantasy dream girl . The characters have different tastes in franchises with Sheldon praising Firefly but disapproving of Leonard 's enjoyment of Babylon 5 . With regard to fantasy , the four make frequent references to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter novels and movies . Additionally , Howard can speak Sindarin , one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings . Wednesday night is the group 's designated `` comic book night '' because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released . The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart . On a number of occasions , the group members have dressed up as pop culture characters , including The Flash , Aquaman , Frodo Baggins , Superman , Batman , Spock , The Doctor , Green Lantern , and Thor . As a consequence of losing a bet to Stuart and Wil Wheaton , the group members are forced to visit the comic book store dressed as Catwoman , Wonder Woman , Batgirl , and Supergirl . DC Comics announced that , to promote its comics , the company will sponsor Sheldon wearing Green Lantern T - shirts . Various games have been featured , as well as referenced , on the series ( e.g. World of Warcraft , Halo , Mario , etc . ) , including fictional games like Mystic Warlords of Ka'a ( which became a reality in 2011 ) and Rock - paper - scissors - lizard - Spock . Leonard and Penny 's relationship One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny . Leonard becomes attracted to Penny in the pilot episode and his need to do favors for her is a frequent point of humor in the first season . Meanwhile , Penny dates a series of muscular , attractive , unintelligent , and insensitive jocks . Their first long term relationship begins when Leonard returns from a three - month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere . However , when Leonard tells Penny that he loves her , she realizes she can not say it back . Both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people ; most notably with Leonard dating Raj 's sister Priya for much of season 4 . This relationship is jeopardized when Leonard comes to falsely believe that Raj has slept with Penny , and ultimately ends when Priya sleeps with a former boyfriend in `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' . Penny , who admits to missing Leonard in `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' , accepts his request to renew their relationship in `` The Beta Test Initiation '' . After Penny suggests having sex in `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her . Penny says `` no '' but does not break up with him . She stops a proposal a second time in `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' . In the sixth - season episode , `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , Penny finally tells Leonard that she loves him . Although they both feel jealousy when the other receives significant attention from the opposite sex , Penny is secure enough in their relationship to send him off on an exciting four - month expedition without worrying in `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' . After Leonard returns , their relationship blossoms over the seventh season . In the penultimate episode `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , Penny admits that they should marry and when Leonard realizes that she is serious , he proposes with a ring that he had been saving for years . Leonard and Penny decide to elope to Las Vegas in the season 8 finale , but beforehand , wanting no secrets , Leonard admits to kissing another woman , Mandy Chow ( Melissa Tang ) while on an expedition on the North Sea . Despite this , Leonard and Penny finally elope in the season 9 premiere . Sheldon and Amy 's relationship In the third - season finale , Raj and Howard search for a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler . Like him , she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother . This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved . In `` The Agreement Dissection '' , Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips . Instead of getting annoyed , Sheldon says `` fascinating '' and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . The same night he draws up `` The Relationship Agreement '' to verify the ground rules of him as her boyfriend and vice versa ( similar to his `` Roommate Agreement '' with Leonard ) . Amy agrees but later regrets not having had a lawyer read through it . In the episode `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Amy tries to use her `` neurobiology bag of tricks '' to increase the attraction between herself and Sheldon . In the final fifth - season episode `` The Countdown Reflection '' , Sheldon takes Amy 's hand as Howard is launched into space . In the sixth season first episode `` The Date Night Variable '' , after a dinner in which Sheldon fails to live up to this expectation , Amy gives Sheldon an ultimatum that their relationship is over unless he tells her something from his heart . Amy accepts Sheldon 's romantic speech even after learning that it is a line from the first Spider - Man movie . In `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that `` it 's a possibility '' that he could one day have sex with Amy . Amy is revealed to have similar feelings in `` The Love Spell Potential '' . Sheldon explains that he never thought about intimacy with anyone before Amy . `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' is the first episode in which Sheldon initiates a kiss with Amy . Although initially done in a fit of sarcasm , he discovers that he enjoys the feeling . Consequently , Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the rest of the season , and starts a more intimate relationship with Amy . However , in the season finale , Sheldon leaves temporarily to cope with several changes and Amy becomes distraught . However , in `` The Prom Equivalency '' , he hides in his room to avoid going to a mock prom reenactment with her . In the resulting stand - off , Amy is about to confess that she loves Sheldon , but he surprises her by saying that he loves her too . This prompts Amy to have a panic attack . In the season eight finale , Sheldon and Amy get into a fight about commitment on their 5 - year anniversary . Amy tells Sheldon that she needs to think about the future of their relationship , unaware that Sheldon was about to propose to her . Season nine sees Sheldon harassing Amy about making up her mind until she breaks up with him . Both struggle with singlehood and trying to be friends for the next few weeks until they reunite in episode ten and have sex for the first time on Amy 's birthday . Howard 's mother In scenes set at Howard 's home , he interacts with his rarely - seen mother ( voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death ) by shouting from room to room in the house . She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner . She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways , such as being overly controlling of Howard 's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble . She is dependent on Howard , as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning . Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him , takes him to the dentist , does his laundry and `` grounds '' him when he returns home after briefly moving out . Until Howard 's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth - season finale , Howard 's former living situation led Leonard 's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology , and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal . In season 8 , Howard 's mother dies in her sleep while in Florida , which devastates Howard and Stuart , who briefly lived with Mrs. Wolowitz . Vanity cards Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre , The Big Bang Theory ends by showing a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits , followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo . These cards are archived on Lorre 's website . The Theorists Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes , Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus . Officially titled Теоретики ( The Theorists ) , the show features `` clones '' of the main characters , a similar opening sequence , and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts . Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Bros. legal department about options . The television production company and station 's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government . However , no legal action was required to end production of the other show : as soon as it became known that the show was unlicensed , the actors quit and the producers cancelled it . Dmitriy Tankovich ( who plays Leonard 's counterpart , `` Seva '' ) said in an interview , `` I 'm upset . At first , the actors were told all legal issues were resolved . We did n't know it was n't the case , so when the creators of The Big Bang Theory started talking about the show , I was embarrassed . I ca n't understand why our people first do , and then think . I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career . And I do n't want to take part in a stolen show '' . Reception Critical reception Initial reception for the series was mixed . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 55 % approval rating for the first season based on reviews from 22 critics , with an average rating of 5.18 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television , but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff . '' On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Later seasons received more acclaim and in 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series # 52 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . US standard Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off slowly in the ratings , failing to make the top 50 in its first season ( ranking 68th ) , and ranking 40th in its second season . When the third season premiered on September 21 , 2009 , however , The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS 's highest - rated show of that evening in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic ( 4.6 / 10 ) along with a then - series - high 12.83 million viewers . After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights , CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8 : 00 ET for the 2010 -- 2011 schedule , to be in direct competition with NBC 's Comedy Block and Fox 's American Idol ( then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011 ) . During its fourth season , it became television 's highest rated comedy , just barely beating out eight - year champ Two and a Half Men . However , in the age 18 -- 49 demographic ( the show 's target age range ) , it was the second highest rated comedy , behind ABC 's Modern Family . The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million . The sixth season boasts some of the highest - rated episodes for the show so far , with a then - new series high set with `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , with 20 million viewers , a first for the series , which along with NCIS , made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007 . In the sixth season , the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18 -- 49 demographic , trailing only the live regular NBC Sunday Night Football coverage , and was third in total viewers , trailing NCIS and Sunday Night Football . Season seven of the series opened strong , continuing the success gained in season six , with the second episode of the premiere , `` The Deception Verification '' , setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million . Showrunner Steve Molaro , who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season , credits some of the show 's success to the sitcom 's exposure in off - network syndication , particularly on TBS , while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier . Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro , in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships , such as the on - again , off - again relationship between Leonard and Penny . Throughout much of the 2012 -- 13 season , The Big Bang Theory placed first in all of syndication ratings , receiving formidable competition from only Judge Judy and Wheel of Fortune ( first - run syndication programs ) . By the end of the 2012 -- 13 television season , The Big Bang Theory had dethroned Judge Judy as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1 , Judy descending to second place for that season with a 7.0 . The Big Bang Theory did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013 -- 14 television season , beaten out by Judge Judy . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 9 -- 17 ) 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 9.52 May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 7.34 2007 -- 08 68 8.31 3.3 / 8 ( 46 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 30pm ( 15 ) 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 9.36 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 9.81 2008 -- 09 40 10.03 N / A Monday 9 : 30pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 00pm ( 20 ) 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 12.96 May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.78 2009 -- 10 12 14.22 5.3 / 13 ( 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.04 May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 11.30 2010 -- 11 13 13.21 4.4 / 13 ( 7 ) 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 14.30 May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 13.72 2011 -- 12 8 15.82 5.5 / 17 ( 6 ) 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 15.66 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 15.48 2012 -- 13 18.68 6.2 / 19 ( 2 ) 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 18.99 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 16.73 2013 -- 14 19.96 6.2 / 20 ( 2 ) 8 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 6 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 7 -- 24 ) 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 18.08 May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 14.64 2014 -- 15 19.05 5.6 / 17 ( 4 ) 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 18.20 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 14.73 2015 -- 16 20.36 5.8 / 19 ( 3 ) 10 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 15.82 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 12.99 2016 -- 17 18.99 4.9 / 19 ( 3 ) 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 17.65 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD UK distribution and Ratings The show made its United Kingdom debut on Channel 4 on February 14 , 2008 . The show was also shown as a ' first - look ' on Channel 4 's digital offshoot E4 prior to the main channel 's airing . While the show 's ratings were not deemed strong enough for the main channel , they were considered the opposite for E4 . For each following season , all episodes were shown first - run on E4 , with episodes only aired on the main channel in a repeat capacity , usually on a weekend morning . From the third season , the show aired in two parts , being split so that it could air new episodes for longer throughout the year . This was due to rising ratings . The first part began airing on December 17 , 2009 at 9 : 00 p.m. while the second part , containing the remaining eleven episodes , began airing in the same time period from May 6 , 2010 . The first half of the fourth season began airing on November 4 , 2010 , at 9 : 00 p.m. , drawing 877,000 viewers , with a further 256,000 watching on the E4 + 1 hour service . This gave the show an overall total of 1.13 million viewers , making it E4 's most watched programme for that week . The increased ratings continued over subsequent weeks . The fourth season 's second half began on June 30 , 2011 . Season 5 began airing on November 3 , 2011 at 8 : 00 p.m. as part of E4 's Comedy Thursdays , acting as a lead - in to the channel 's newest comedy , Perfect Couples . Episode 19 , the highest - viewed episode of the season , attracted 1.4 million viewers . Season 6 premiered on November 15 , 2012 , with 1.89 million viewers and a further 469,000 on the time shift channel , bringing the total to 2.31 million , E4 's highest viewing ratings of 2012 , and the highest the channel had received since June 2011 . The sixth season returned in mid 2013 to finish airing the remaining episodes . Season 7 premiered on E4 on October 31 , 2013 at 8 : 30pm and hit multiple ratings records this season . The second half of season seven aired in mid 2014 . The eighth season premiered on E4 on October 23 , 2014 at 8 : 30 p.m. During its eighth season , The Big Bang Theory shared its 8 : 30 p.m. time period with fellow CBS comedy , 2 Broke Girls . Following the airing of the first eight episodes of that show 's fourth season , The Big Bang Theory returned to finish airing its eighth season on March 19 , 2015 . Netflix UK & Ireland announced on February 13 , 2016 that seasons 1 -- 8 would be available to stream from February 15 , 2016 . Canadian Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada , but managed to garner major success in later seasons . The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates . Now immensely popular in Canada , The Big Bang Theory is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network . The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada . This is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends ( 12.4 million viewers ) . The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most - watched entertainment television show in Canada . Broadcast The Big Bang Theory premiered in the United States on September 24 , 2007 on CBS . The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007 . On February 14 , 2008 , the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 and Channel 4 . In Australia the first seven seasons of the series began airing on the Seven Network and 7mate from October 2015 and also gained the rights to season 8 in 2016 , though the Nine Network has rights to air seasons nine & ten . Syndication In May 2010 , it was reported that the show had been picked up for syndication , mainly among Fox 's owned and operated stations and other local stations , with Warner Bros. Television 's sister cable network TBS holding the show 's cable syndication rights . Broadcast of old shows began airing in September 2011 . TBS now airs the series in primetime on Tuesdays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays , with evening broadcasts on Saturdays ( TBS 's local sister station in Atlanta also holds local weeknight rights to the series ) . Although details of the syndication deal have not been revealed , it was reported the deal `` set a record price for a cable off - network sitcom purchase '' . CTV holds national broadcast syndication rights in Canada , while sister cable network The Comedy Network holds cable rights . Online media Warner Bros. Television controls the online rights for the show . Full episodes are available at tv.com , while short clips and recently aired full episodes are available on cbs.com . In Canada , recent episode ( s ) and pictures are available on CTV.ca . After the show has aired in New Zealand the shows are available in full online at TVNZ 's on demand web service . Home media Name Release dates No. of episodes Additional Information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season September 2 , 2008 January 12 , 2009 April 3 , 2009 17 3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive ) The Complete Second Season September 15 , 2009 October 19 , 2009 March 3 , 2010 23 4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics '' The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 September 27 , 2010 October 13 , 2010 23 3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel The Complete Fourth Season September 13 , 2011 September 26 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel The Complete Fifth Season September 11 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel The Complete Sixth Season September 10 , 2013 September 2 , 2013 October 11 , 2013 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel The Complete Seventh Season September 16 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 24 String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The Complete Eighth Season September 15 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 24 Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel The Complete Ninth Season September 13 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 24 The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release in 2008 and 2009 . Starting with the release of the third season in 2010 and continuing every year with every new season , a Blu - ray disc set has also been released in conjunction with the DVD . In 2012 , Warner Bros. released the first two seasons on Blu - ray , marking the first time that all episodes were available on the Blu - ray disc format . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Big Bang Theory In August 2009 , the sitcom won the best comedy series TCA award and Jim Parsons ( Sheldon ) won the award for individual achievement in comedy . In 2010 , the show won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy , while Parsons won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 16 , 2011 , Parsons was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical , an award that was presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco . On September 18 , 2011 , Parsons was again awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 9 , 2013 , the show won People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for a second time . August 25 , 2014 , Jim Parsons was awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . The Big Bang Theory also won the 2016 People 's Choice Awards for under Favorite TV Show and Favorite Network TV Comedy with Jim Parsons winning Favorite Comedic TV Actor . On January 20 , 2016 , The Big Bang Theory also won the International category at the UK 's National Television Awards . Merchandise On March 16 , 2014 , a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as minifigures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform , which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board . On November 7 , 2014 , Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it . The set was released in August 2015 , with an exclusive pre-sale taking place at the San Diego Comic - Con International . Spin - off series Main article : Young Sheldon In November 2016 , it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin - off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon as a young boy . The prequel series , described as `` a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single - camera family comedy '' would be executive produced by Lorre and Molaro , with Prady expected to be involved in some capacity , and intended to air in the 2017 -- 18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory . The initial idea for the series came from Parsons , who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers . In early March 2017 , Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon , as well as Zoe Perry as his mother , Mary Cooper . Perry is the real - life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory . On March 13 , 2017 , CBS ordered the spin - off Young Sheldon series . Jon Favreau will direct and executive produce the pilot . Created by Lorre and Molaro , the series follows 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in East Texas . Alongside Armitage as 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper and Perry as Mary Cooper , Lance Barber stars as George Cooper , Sheldon 's father ; Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister ; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper , Sheldon 's older brother . Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper , as narrator for the series . Parsons , Lorre , Molaro and Todd Spiewak will also serve as executive producers on the series , for Chuck Lorre Productions , Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television . It is scheduled to begin airing on November 2 , 2017 , after The Big Bang Theory . It had a special preview on September 25 , 2017 . Notes Jump up ^ During season 5 , episode 21 ( `` The Hawking Excitation '' ) , Raj states that Sheldon had begged three times before : He begged the Fox network not to cancel Firefly , he begged TNT to cancel Babylon 5 , and when he got food poisoning , he begged a deity he does not believe in to end his life quickly . 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Jump up ^ Friedlander , Whitney ; Littleton , Cynthia ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' : Production to Resume as Simon Helberg , Kunal Nayyar Set New Deals '' . Variety . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Why the ' Big Bang Theory ' Stars Took Surprising Pay Cuts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Stars Mayim Bialik and Melissa Rauch Seek Parity in New Contract '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' : Mayim Bialik , Melissa Rauch Reach New Deals '' . Variety . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CBS ( 2007 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory Cast -- Johnny Galecki '' . CBS . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBS ( 2007 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory Cast -- Jim Parsons '' . CBS . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBS ( 2007 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory Cast -- Kaley Cuoco '' . CBS . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBS ( 2007 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory Cast -- Simon Helberg '' . CBS . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBS ( 2007 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory Cast -- Kunal Nayyar '' . CBS . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Bang Theory ' scoop : Sara Gilbert taken off Big Bang Theory contract '' . Ausiellofiles.ew.com . January 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sara Gilbert '' . Imdb.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory 200th episode : Every star set to cameo , including Adam West and Sara Gilbert '' . The independent . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' 200th Episode : Wil Wheaton , Adam West Among Guest Stars '' . Variety . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Big Bang Theory ' promotes Melissa Rauch to series regular '' . Ausiellofiles.ew.com . October 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Bang Theory ' Ups Mayim Bialik to Regular '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lunar Excitation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 23 . May 24 , 2010 . Event occurs at 12 : 03 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory Makes ' Stuart ' a Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Laura Spencer Promoted to Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Robert ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` Cosmologist George Smoot meets TV 's ' Big Bang ' nerds '' . University of California Berkley . Jump up ^ `` Professor Stephen Hawking films Big Bang Theory cameo '' . BBC . March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Van De Kamp , Justin ( June 1 , 2008 ) . `` TV Ratings : 2007 -- 2008 Season Top - 200 '' . Televisionista . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` 2007 -- 08 Season Wrap '' ( PDF ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 31 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . June 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . deadline.com . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 Season Series Ratings - Deadline.com '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Wraps TV Season As Demo Champ for First Time Since ' 04 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Codpiece Topology '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 2 . September 29 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Gorilla Experiment '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 10 . December 7 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Zazzy Substitution '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 3 . October 7 , 2010 . 12 : 00 minutes in . CBS . I move our relationship terminate immediately Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' : A Behind the Scenes Diary of the Sweet Season 6 Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` TV Fact - Checker : Dropping Science on The Big Bang Theory '' . wired.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 11 . December 15 , 2008 . Event occurs at 18 : 00 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 5 . October 13 , 2011 . Event occurs at 19 : 48 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Toast Derivation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 17 . February 24 , 2011 . 20 : 47 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Large Hadron Collision '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 15 . February 8 , 2010 . 12 : 02 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Hofstadter Isotope '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 20 . April 13 , 2009 . 1 : 01 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Middle - Earth Paradigm '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 1 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Wheaton Recurrence '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 3 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ Did You Notice Sheldon 's Green Lantern T - Shirt Last Night ? DC Comics Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' Fake Game Turns Real , Chris Marlow , Digital Media Wire , September 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Big Bang Theory , Episode 6 / 23 , `` The Love Spell Potential . Jump up ^ `` The Countdown Reflection '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 5 . Episode 24 . May 10 , 2012 . 19 : 54 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Cohabitation Formulation '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 16 . February 17 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Maternal Capacitance '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 2 . Episode 15 . February 9 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Apology Insufficiency '' . The Big Bang Theory . Season 4 . Episode 7 . November 4 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Lorre Productions -- Vanity Cards '' . Chucklorre.com . May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Theorists ' : ' Big Bang Theory ' 's big Belarusian rip - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Lorre , Chuck ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Vanity Card # 277 '' . `` The Official Vanity Card Archives '' . Chuck Lorre Productions . Jump up ^ `` STV cancelled the pirated show ' The Theorists ' '' . Xaptbir97 . February 18 , 2010 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Theorists ' actors do n't want to stay with a stolen project '' . Xaptbir97. April 28 , 2017 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS opens the new season with a big bang `` The Big Bang Theory '' Premieres with its largest audience ever and highest adult 3 -- 12 rating `` . Cbspressexpress.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` CBS moves ' The Big Bang Theory ' to Thursday nights this fall to ' challenge ' other shows '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Voice ' & ' Modern Family ' '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Hits New Viewer Record '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot List 2013 '' . TV Guide . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bigger Bang Than Ever '' . TV Guide . pp. 6 and 7 . Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : At Syndie Season 's End , ' Phil , ' ' Judy , ' ' ET , ' ' Wheel , ' ' Big Bang ' on Top -- September 4 , 2013 17 : 41 : 39 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Albiniak , Paige ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Year 's Top Show , While ' Dr. Phil ' Leads Talk '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Nielsen Top 20 New Shows TV Ratings , Sept 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( Wk of 5 / 19 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Van De Kamp , Justin ( June 1 , 2008 ) . `` TV Ratings : 2007 -- 2008 Season Top - 200 '' . Televisionista . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ratings Monday , September 22 : First Night Wins to ABC , CBS & NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Ratings : House wins , Castle hangs on '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Monday broadcast final numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS WINS THE FINAL MONDAY OF THE SEASON IN KEY DEMOS '' . CBS . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 31 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . June 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : `` Sunday Night Football '' , `` Glee '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy '' , `` Dancing with the Stars '' Top Premiere Week Archived October 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , TV By the Numbers , September 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . deadline.com . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec . ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 Season Series Ratings - Deadline.com '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Wraps TV Season As Demo Champ for First Time Since ' 04 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Barb.co.uk . July 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' returns to form for E4 with 1.4 m '' . Digital Spy . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' becomes E4 's most - watched show of the year -- TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' . Geektown . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 -- TVWise '' . TVWise . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Return Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 '' . TVWise . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Netflix UK & Ireland ( @ NetflixUK ) ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Smart is the new sexy . Seasons 1 -- 8 of The Big Bang Theory hit Netflix UK on February 15th '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` No Theory : Big Bang Canada 's No. 1 Show '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Thursday : The Big Bang Theory '' . Postmedia News , Canada.com . January 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Next Time . `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory on Seven '' ( PDF ) . Seven West Media . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nine to lose free to air TV rights to The Big Bang Theory to Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Pavan ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` TBS Fall 2011 Schedule ; ION Adds Monk , Psych This Month , House in Fall 2012 -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Gets Syndication Deal '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Company credits for `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` . IMDB . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James McQuivey . `` Why CBS pulled The Mentalist from CBS.com '' . OmniVideo . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Watch Episodes and Video and Join the Ultimate Fan Community '' . CBS . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Big Bang Theory Online on CTV '' . Shows.ctv.ca . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- The Complete First Season : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2007 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 1st Season '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Season 2 DVD coming in September '' . The-big-bang-theory.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 2nd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Third Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Buy Big Bang Theory , The -- The Complete 3rd Season ( 3 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fourth Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2011 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 4 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 5 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - rays , DVDs for ' The Complete 6th Season ' : Possible Date , Cost , Box Art '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 6 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco , Simon Helberg : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 6 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Date , Cost , and LOTS of Extras for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 7 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 7 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Disc , DVD Press Release for ' The Complete 8th Season ' Set '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 8 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 8 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Press Release Announces DVDs , Blu - rays for ' The Complete 9th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 9 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 9 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- It 's Official : September Release Date Provided for Big Bang 's 1st Season DVDs '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Formal Press Release Arrives for The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Full Press Release , Finished Packaging for the 3rd Season on DVD and Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Releases Coming Soon for the Sitcom 's 1st and 2nd Seasons ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The TCA Awards turn 25 -- Sepinwall on TV New Jersey Entertainment -- TV & Film '' . NJ.com . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Winner List '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 People 's Choice Awards : See The Winners Here -- MTV '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Winners National Television Awards '' . National Television Awards . Jump up ^ `` Lego Ideas The Big Bang Theory List '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Eyes Young Sheldon Spinoff Prequel Series On CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Sheldon Prequel Series in the Works at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Spinoff ' Young Sheldon ' Gets CBS Series Order , Rounds Out Cast ; Jon Favreau Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Fall 2017 Schedule : No Major Changes , ' Young Sheldon ' Joins ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' On Thursday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . External links The Big Bang Theory portal Television portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Big Bang Theory Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Big Bang Theory . Official website `` Official Vanity Card Archives '' . The Big Bang Theory . Chuck Lorre Productions . The Big Bang Theory on IMDb The Big Bang Theory at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - ish , season 2 ( 2016 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Larry Sanders Show ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Action ( 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) Arrested Development ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 ) Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union ( 2008 ) Glee ( 2009 ) The Big C ( 2010 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2011 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2012 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 ) Transparent ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley ( 2015 ) Silicon Valley ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Comedy Series Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Community , season 3 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 ( 2013 ) Orange Is the New Black , season 1 ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley , season 2 ( 2015 ) Master of None , season 1 ( 2016 ) Silicon Valley , season 3 ( 2016 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series Friends ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Gilmore Girls ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) awarded as Choice TV Comedy / Musical Show Hannah Montana ( 2007 -- 09 ) Glee ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2014 -- 15 ) Fuller House ( 2016 -- 17 ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Candy Crush ( since 2017 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Me , Myself & I ( since 2017 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Wisdom of the Crowd ( since 2017 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Thursday Night Football ( since 2014 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming By the Book ( TBA ) Celebrity Big Brother ( 2018 ) F.B.I ( TBA ) Instinct ( TBA ) Television series created by Chuck Lorre Frannie 's Turn ( 1992 ) Grace Under Fire ( 1993 -- 98 ) Cybill ( 1995 -- 98 ) Dharma & Greg ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2003 -- 15 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) Disjointed ( since 2017 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) VIAF : 184185822 LCCN : no2010180132 GND : 7850552 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory&oldid=809687776 '' Categories : The Big Bang Theory 2007 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2010s American comedy television series American television sitcoms CBS network shows Cultural depictions of scientists English - language television programs Nerd culture Physics in fiction Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series created by Chuck Lorre Television shows set in Pasadena , California Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with Russian - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who writes the script for big bang theory	[ "The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro. All three also serve as head writers. The show premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.[3] The series' tenth season premiered on September 19, 2016.[4] In March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve, and running through the 2018–19 television season. The eleventh season premiered on September 25, 2017.[5]", "The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro. All three also serve as head writers. The show premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.[3] The series' tenth season premiered on September 19, 2016.[4] In March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve, and running through the 2018–19 television season. The eleventh season premiered on September 25, 2017.[5]", "The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady, both of whom serve as executive producers on the series, along with Steven Molaro. All three also serve as head writers. The show premiered on CBS on September 24, 2007.[3] The series' tenth season premiered on September 19, 2016.[4] In March 2017, the series was renewed for two additional seasons, bringing its total to twelve, and running through the 2018–19 television season. The eleventh season premiered on September 25, 2017.[5]" ]	[ "Chuck Lorre", "Bill Prady", "Steven Molaro" ]
4925827322291382626	Frank Dillane	Frank Dillane - wikipedia Frank Dillane Jump to : navigation , search Frank Dillane Dillane at the 2017 San Diego Comic Con International . ( 1991 - 04 - 21 ) 21 April 1991 ( age 27 ) London , England Occupation Actor Years active 1997 -- present Height 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Parent ( s ) Stephen Dillane Naomi Wirthner Frank Stephenson Dillane ( born 21 April 1991 ) is an English actor , best known for his portrayal of Nick Clark on Fear the Walking Dead ( 2015 -- 18 ) , and for playing Tom Riddle in the film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) . He also appeared as Owen Coffin in the film In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Childhood and early roles 2 Acting career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Childhood and early roles ( edit ) Frank Dillane was born in London , England . He spent part of his childhood in Brixton , before moving to East Sussex , where he grew up in a creative environment . His mother , Naomi Wirthner , is Afro - Jamaican . Wirthner manages a theatre company called The Barebones Project . His father , Stephen Dillane , is an actor who has starred in numerous movies and TV series ( e.g. , Game of Thrones and The Tunnel ) , and was awarded a BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor on Television in 2009 . Dillane made his film debut at his side as an extra in Welcome to Sarajevo ( 1997 ) when he was six . He became more widely known when he portrayed Tom Riddle ( a teenage Lord Voldemort ) in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) . After passing his A-level examinations , Dillane was accepted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) and graduated in 2013 , with a Bachelor of Arts in Acting . In spite of the school rules specifying that actors are not permitted to accept professional acting work for the duration of the course , Dillane was allowed to play James Papadopoulos in the independent movie Papadopoulos & Sons ( directed by Marcus Markou ) , since it was filmed during summer holidays in 2011 . After Dillane was cast , his father decided to rearrange his own filming schedule to play Harry Papadopoulos ( James ' dad ) at his side . Stephen Dillane declared it was rare to have the opportunity `` to work with your children after they left home '' . Acting career ( edit ) Kim Dickens , Cliff Curtis and Frank Dillane speaking at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con International , for `` Fear the Walking Dead '' , at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego , California . Since graduating from RADA , Dillane has participated in several projects . In July 2013 , he played in Candida at Theatre Royal , Bath , directed by Simon Godwin . Also in 2013 , Dillane played in In The Heart of the Sea , directed by Ron Howard ; Dillane portrayed young sailor Owen Coffin in this adaptation of a novel written by Nathaniel Philbrick , about the sinking of the whaler Essex in the Pacific Ocean . The film was released on 11 December 2015 . In 2014 , Dillane filmed the role of Keyes in ' Viena and the Fantomes ' directed by Gerardo Naranjo , in which he starred alongside Dakota Fanning Dillane appeared as Shugs in the Netflix 2015 series Sense8 , directed by The Wachowskis . Dillane was also been cast in an adaptation of Peter Goldsworthy 's best - selling novel Maestro , to be directed by Catherine Jarvis . Dillane is described by the production company Bow Street Films as having an `` amazing talent and screen presence '' . Dillane portrayed Nick Clark in the horror drama series Fear the Walking Dead , from its debut in 2015 until the fourth season . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Welcome to Sarajevo Christopher Henderson 2009 Harry Potter & The Half - Blood Prince 16 - year - old Tom Riddle 2012 Papadopoulos & Sons James Papadopoulos 2015 In The Heart of the Sea Owen Coffin 2016 Viena and the Fantomes Keyes 2018 Astral Alex Harmann Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 Sense8 Shugs 3 episodes 2015 -- 2018 Fear the Walking Dead Nick Clark 38 episodes Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series 2016 Fear the Walking Dead : Flight 462 Episode : `` Part 16 '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ; O'Connell , Michael ; Sandberg , Bryn Elise ; Stanhope , Kate ; Goldberg , Lesley ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` Next Gen Fall TV : 10 Stars Poised for Breakouts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hackney Citizen ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` African Gothic '' . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stephen Dillane , Clémence Poésy for ' The Bridge ' remake '' . Digital Spy. 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life after Harry Potter : Where are the graduates of Hogwarts now ? '' . The Independent . 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Graduates 2013 -- Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Jump up ^ Cineuropa ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` Papadopoulos & Sons : A Greek tragedy in the UK '' . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Interview of Stephen Dillane -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Candida -- Review '' . The Guardian . 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The Wrap ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Actor in Negotiations for Ron Howard 's ' In the Heart of the Sea ' '' . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Deadline.com ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Jeremy Allen White , Zoe Kravitz , Caleb Landry Jones , Frank Dillane Join Dakota Fanning in Gerardo Naranjo Punk Pic '' . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Frank-dillane.net . Jump up ^ `` Bow Films Taps Frank Dillane To Topline Jarvis ' ' Maestro ' '' . Variety . 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood ( 8 February 2014 ) . `` Berlin : ' Harry Potter ' Actor to Star in ' Maestro ' '' . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Kirkman Talks Walking Dead Companion Series External links ( edit ) Official website Frank Dillane on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Dillane&oldid=842227886 '' Categories : 1991 births English male film actors Living people Male actors from London 21st - century English male actors Male actors from Sussex People from Brixton Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art People from Wealden ( district ) 20th - century English male actors English male child actors English male television actors English people of Australian descent English people of Jamaican descent Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2017 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano მარგალური 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 02 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays tom riddle in the half blood prince	[ "Frank Stephenson Dillane (born 21 April 1991)[1] is an English actor, best known for his portrayal of Nick Clark on Fear the Walking Dead (2015–18), and for playing Tom Riddle in the film Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009). He also appeared as Owen Coffin in the film In the Heart of the Sea (2015)." ]	[ "Frank Stephenson Dillane" ]
6708180855685681171	German nationality law	German nationality law - wikipedia German nationality law German Citizenship Act Parliament of Germany An Act relating to German citizenship Enacted by Government of Germany Status : Current legislation German nationality law is the law governing the acquisition , transmission and loss of German citizenship . The law is based on a mixture of the principles of jus sanguinis and jus soli . In other words , one usually acquires German citizenship if a parent is a German citizen , irrespective of place of birth , or by birth in Germany to parents with foreign nationality if certain requirements are fulfilled . Naturalisation is also possible for foreign nationals after six to eight years of legal residence in Germany . However , non-EU and non-Swiss citizens must usually renounce their old citizenship before being naturalised in Germany . Citizens of other EU countries and of Switzerland usually can keep their old citizenship . Some EU countries do not allow dual citizenship even with other EU countries . German citizens wanting to acquire a non-EU or non-Swiss citizenship and to maintain their German citizenship must apply for a permission ( Beibehaltungsgenehmigung ) before acquiring the other citizenship , or they will automatically lose their German citizenship when they acquire the foreign citizenship . For details , see Dual citizenship section below . A significant reform to the nationality law was passed by the Bundestag ( the German parliament ) in 1999 , and came into force on 1 January 2000 . The reformed law makes it somewhat easier for foreigners resident in Germany on a long - term basis , and especially their children born in Germany , to acquire German citizenship . The previous German nationality law dated from 1913 . Nationality law was amended by the Nuremberg Laws of Nazi Germany ; these amendments were revoked after the defeat of Nazism by an Allied occupational ordinance during WWII in 1945 . Germany ratified the European Convention on Nationality , which came into force in Germany on 1 September 2005 . All German nationals are automatically also citizens of the European Union . Contents 1 History 2 Birth in Germany 3 Descent from a German parent 4 Adoption 5 Naturalisation as a German citizen 5.1 Naturalisation by entitlement 5.2 Naturalisation by discretion 5.3 Victims of Nazi persecution 5.4 Children born in Germany 6 Naturalization statistics 7 Loss of German citizenship 8 Dual citizenship 9 Citizenship of the European Union 10 Germans living abroad 10.1 German citizens living abroad 10.2 People of German ethnicity living abroad 11 Travel freedom of German citizens 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Before the formation of the German Empire in 1871 , the states that became part of the empire were sovereign with their own nationality laws , those of the southern ones ( notably Bavaria ) being quite liberal . Prussia 's nationality law can be traced back to the `` Law Respecting the Acquisition and Loss of the Quality as a Prussian subject , and his Admission to Foreign Citizenship '' of 31 December 1842 , which was based on the principle of jus sanguinis . Prussian law became the basis of the legal system of the German Empire , though the state nationality laws continued to apply , and a German citizen was a person who held citizenship of one of the states of the German Empire . On 22 July 1913 the Nationality Law of the German Empire and States ( Reichs - und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz , shorthand : RuStAG ) established a German citizenship , either derived from the citizenship of one of the component states or acquired through the central Reich government . Under the Third Reich , in 1934 , the German nationality law was amended to abolish separate state citizenships and creating a uniform Reich citizenship , with the central Reich authorities having power to grant or withdraw German nationality . In 1935 the Reich Citizenship Law ( Reichsbürgergesetz ) , the second of the Nuremberg Laws , created a new category called `` state subjects '' ( Staatsangehörige ) to which Jews were assigned , thereby withdrawing citizenship from Jews who had been citizens ; only those classed as being of `` German or related blood '' retained Reich citizenship . On 13 March 1938 the German nationality law was extended to Austria following the Anschluss which annexed Austria to Germany . On 27 April 1945 , after the defeat of Nazism , Austria was re-established and conferred Austrian citizenship on all persons who would have been Austrian on that date had the pre-1938 nationality law of Austria remained in force . Any Austrians who had held German nationality lost it . Also see Austrian nationality law . The Nazi amendments of 1934 and the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were revoked by Allied occupational ordinance in 1945 , restoring the 1913 nationality law , which remained in force until the 1999 reforms . Article 116 ( 1 ) of the German Basic Law ( constitution ) confers , subject to laws regulating the details , a right to citizenship upon any person admitted to Germany ( in its 1937 borders ) as `` refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such a person . '' Until 1990 ethnic Germans living abroad in a country in the former Eastern Bloc ( Aussiedler ) could obtain citizenship through a virtually automatic procedure . From 1990 the law was steadily tightened each year to limit the number of immigrants , requiring immigrants to prove language skills and cultural affiliation . Article 116 ( 2 ) entitles persons ( and their descendants ) , who were denaturalised by the Nazi government , to be renaturalised if they wish . Those among them , who after May 8 , 1945 take up residence in Germany are automatically considered German citizens . Both regulations , ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , allowed a considerable numbers of Poles and Israelis , residing in Poland and Israel , to be concurrently German citizens . Birth in Germany ( edit ) Children born on or after 1 January 2000 to non-German parents acquire German citizenship at birth if at least one parent : has a permanent residence permit and has been residing in Germany for at least eight years . In order to retain German citizenship , such children are required to take affirmative measures by age 23 , after which their German citizenship otherwise expires . These affirmative measures may include proof of the applicant 's link to Germany , as evidenced by at least one of the following : resided in Germany for at least eight years during their 21 first years of life has attended a school in Germany for at least six years has graduated from a school in Germany successfully finished vocational / professional training in Germany These requirements are fulfilled in the vast majority of cases . If they are not fulfilled , the applicant can alternatively prove that he or she does not hold any foreign citizenship other than in a European Union member nation or a nation such as Morocco , Nigeria , or Iran whose domestic law provides that its citizenship can not be lost . Parents who are citizens of European Economic Area states or Switzerland are eligible to receive permanent resident permits after five years . Descent from a German parent ( edit ) A person born of a parent with German citizenship at the time of the child 's birth is a German citizen . Place of birth is not a factor in citizenship determination based on parentage . Those born after 1 January 1975 are Germans if the mother or father is a German citizen . Those born before 1 January 1975 could normally only claim German citizenship from the father and not the mother . Exceptions included cases where the parents were unmarried ( in which case German mothers could pass on citizenship ) or where the German mother applied for the child to be registered as German on or before 31 December 1977 . Special rules exist for those born before 1 July 1993 if only the father is German and is not married to the mother . The father must acknowledge paternity and must have married the mother before 1 July 1998 . A child born in a foreign country will no longer receive German citizenship automatically by birth , if his / her German parent was born after 31 December 1999 in a foreign country and has his / her primary residence there . Exceptions are : The child would be stateless . The German parent registers the child 's birth within one year of birth to the responsible German agency abroad . In case both parents are German citizens , German citizenship will not be passed on automatically , if both parents were born abroad after 31 December 1999 and have their primary residence outside Germany . Exceptions are same as the above . Those born in Germany and adopted to a foreign country would need to contact their local German Consulate for clarification of German citizenship . Persons who are Germans on the basis of descent from a German parent do not have to apply to retain German citizenship by age 23 . If they acquire another citizenship at birth , they can usually continue to hold this . Adoption ( edit ) A child adopted by a German citizen becomes German national automatically if aged less than 18 on the date the application for adoption was made . So dual citizenship is granted . Naturalisation as a German citizen ( edit ) Naturalisation by entitlement ( edit ) An individual who fulfils all of the following criteria has an entitlement to naturalise as a German citizen : he / she has been ordinarily resident in Germany for at least the last 8 years ( this period can be reduced - see below ) he / she has legal capacity or a legal representative he / she confirms his / her present and past commitment to the free democratic constitutional system enshrined in the German Basic Law ( or that he / she is presently committed to such principles and has departed from former support of ideas contrary to such principles ) he / she is a European Union or Swiss citizen in possession of the appropriate residence permit which permits the free movement of persons OR is a non-EU / Swiss citizen who has been granted a permanent right of residence OR holds a EU Blue Card . he / she is able to support himself / herself without recourse to benefits he / she has not been sentenced for an unlawful act and is not subject to any court order imposing a measure of reform and prevention he / she possesses an adequate knowledge of German he / she possesses knowledge of the legal system , the society and living conditions in the Federal Republic of Germany he / she has passed a Citizenship Examination . The examination tests a person 's knowledge of the German Constitution , the Rule of Law and the basic democratic concepts behind modern German society . It also includes a section on the Constitution of the Federal State in which the applicant resides . The citizenship test is obligatory unless the applicant can claim an exemption such as illness , a disability , or old age . An individual who does not have legal capacity is entitled to naturalise as a German citizen merely through ordinary residence in Germany for at least 8 years - he / she does not have to fulfil the other criteria ( e.g. adequate command of the German language and ability to be self - supporting without recourse to benefits ) . Applicants for naturalisation are normally expected to prove they have renounced their existing nationality , or will lose this automatically upon naturalisation . An exception applies to those unable to give up their nationality easily ( such as refugees ) . A further exception applies to citizens of Switzerland and the European Union member states . An individual who is entitled to naturalise as a German citizen can also apply for his / her spouse and minor children to be naturalised at the same time ( his / her spouse and minor children need not have ordinarily resided in Germany for at least 8 years ) . Exceptions to the normal residence requirements include : persons who have completed an integration course may have the residence requirement reduced to 7 years If a person shows that he / she is especially well integrated and has a higher level of command of the German language than the basic requirement for the German citizenship ( i.e. , higher than CEFR level B1 ) may have the residence requirement reduced to 6 years The spouse of a German citizen may be naturalised after 3 years of continual residency in Germany . The marriage must have persisted for at least 2 years . refugees and stateless persons may be able to apply after 6 years of continual residency former German citizens There are special provisions for victims of Nazi persecution and their descendants . Naturalisation by discretion ( edit ) An individual who is ordinarily resident outside may be naturalised as a German citizen if he / she can demonstrate sufficient ties with Germany which justify his / her naturalisation . Victims of Nazi persecution ( edit ) Under Article 116 of Germany 's constitution , known as the Basic Law , anyone who had their German citizenship revoked during the Nazi regime for `` political , racist , or religious reasons '' may reobtain citizenship . The Article also includes the descendants of Nazi victims , and does not require them to give up the citizenship of their new home countries . This does not apply to those born before 1953 to a German Jewish mother : Although the law that German citizenship passed only through fathers was changed in 1953 , this was not made retroactive . Regulations stipulate that a descendant of those who had their citizenship revoked is entitled to re-naturalization only if `` the following hypothetical question can be answered with a ' yes ' : Had the primary claimant of the naturalization claim not been deprived of his / her German citizenship , would his / her descendants have acquired citizenship by birth according to the applicable German law of citizenship ? '' Note that children adopted by German Jews before 1945 are not elligible for German citizenship , even if they were born in Germany . The `` applicable German law of citizenship '' referred to states that `` Children born in wedlock between Jan. 1 , 1914 and Dec. 31 , 1974 , acquired German citizenship only if the father was a German citizen at the time of their birth . '' Some waivers were granted for `` Children born in wedlock between April 1 , 1953 and Dec. 31 , 1974 to a German mother and a non-German father '' -- but not for those born earlier . See also the German Citizenship Project . Children born in Germany ( edit ) Under transitional arrangements in the 1999 reforms ( effective 1 January 2000 ) , children who were born in Germany in 1990 or later , and would have been German had the law change been in force at the time , were entitled to be naturalised as German citizens . An application for naturalisation was required by 31 December 2000 . The child was required to apply for retention of German citizenship by age 23 and normally show that no other foreign citizenship was held at that time . Naturalization Statistics ( edit ) Between 1995 and 2004 , 1,278,424 people obtained German citizenship by naturalization . This means that about 1.5 % of the total German population was naturalized during that period . Naturalization of foreigners in Germany per ( selected ) country and year . Source ( 2015 ) : Official 2015 Migration Report , p. 235 Country / Year 1995 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2011 2012 2015 Turkey 31,578 46,294 42,240 59,664 103,900 82,861 76,573 64,631 56,244 44,465 28,103 33,246 19,695 Iran 874 649 1,171 1,529 1,863 14,410 12,020 13,026 9,440 6,362 2,728 2,463 2,533 Serbia and Montenegro 3,623 2,967 2,244 2,721 3,444 9,776 12,000 8,375 5,504 3,539 6,309 6,085 - Afghanistan 1,666 1,819 1,475 1,200 1,355 4,773 5,111 4,750 4,948 4,077 2,711 2,717 2,572 Morocco 3,288 2,918 4,010 4,981 4,312 5,008 4,425 3,800 4,118 3,820 - 2,852 2,551 Lebanon 595 784 1,159 1,782 2,491 5,673 4,486 3,300 2,651 2,265 - 1,283 1,485 Croatia 2,479 2,268 1,789 2,198 1,536 3,316 3,931 2,974 2,048 1,689 - - 3,328 Bosnia - Herzegovina 2,010 1,926 995 3,469 4,238 4,002 3,791 2,357 1,770 2,103 - 1,865 1,719 Vietnam 3,357 3,464 3,129 3,452 2,270 4,489 3,014 1,482 1,423 1,371 2,428 3,299 1,929 Pakistan - - - - - - - - - - 1,151 1,251 1,393 Poland 10,174 7,872 5,763 4,968 2,787 1,604 1,774 2,646 2,990 7,499 4,281 4,496 5,957 Russian Federation -- -- -- -- -- 4,583 4,972 3,734 2,764 4,381 2,965 3,167 2,329 Ukraine -- -- -- -- -- 2,978 3,295 3,656 3,889 3,844 4,264 3,691 4,168 Iraq 364 363 290 319 483 984 1,264 1,721 2,999 3,564 4,790 3,510 3,450 Israel 1,025 0 584 0 802 1,101 1,364 1,739 2,844 3,164 1,971 1,438 1,481 Nigeria -- -- -- -- -- - - - - - - - 1,099 Total ( including countries not mentioned ) 71,981 86,356 82,913 106,790 143,267 186,688 178,098 154,547 140,731 127,153 106,897 112,348 107,317 Loss of German citizenship ( edit ) German citizenship is automatically lost when a German citizen voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country , except : When the German citizen acquires a nationality from within the European Union , Switzerland , or another country with which Germany has a corresponding treaty . When permission to obtain a foreign citizenship has been applied for and granted in advance of foreign naturalization . Failure to obtain so - called permit to retain German citizenship prior to naturalization results in the individual automatically losing German citizenship upon becoming a naturalized citizen of another country . A proposed law called Brexit - Übergangsgesetz is intended to allow UK nationals who apply for German citizenship before the UK leaves the EU to retain dual nationality . Many UK and German nationals in each country are supporting the Permanent European Union Citizenship Initiative with the objective of ensuring that Germans taking UK citizenship retain their EU citizenship . Other cases where German citizenship can be lost include : Persons acquiring German citizenship on the basis of birth in Germany ( without a German parent ) lose German citizenship automatically at age 23 if they have not successfully applied to retain German citizenship . If it is desired to maintain a foreign citizenship , application must be made by age 21 . A German citizen who voluntarily serves in a foreign army ( over and above compulsory military service ) from 1 January 2000 may lose German citizenship unless permission is obtained from the German government . From 6 July 2011 , the permission to serve above compulsory military service is automatically given for the armies of EU , EFTA , and NATO countries and the armies of Australia , Israel , Japan , New Zealand , and the Republic of Korea . A German child adopted by foreign parents , where the child automatically acquires the nationality of the adoptive parents under the law of the adoptive parents ' country . ( For example , a German child adopted by Americans prior to 27 February 2001 -- the effective date of the U.S. Child Citizenship Act of 2000 -- would not have automatically lost his / her German citizenship , because the child did not automatically acquire United States citizenship by virtue of having been adopted by U.S. citizens . ) An exception applies where legal ties to the German parent are maintained . Dual citizenship ( edit ) Allowed under following circumstances : If the other citizenship is that of another EU country or of Switzerland . Non-EU and non-Swiss citizens must usually renounce their old citizenship if they want to become German citizens . There are exceptions made for citizens of countries that do not allow their citizens to renounce their citizenship ( e.g. , Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Costa Rica ; the following jus - soli countries allow renunciation only if the citizenship was acquired involuntarily by birth there to non-citizen parents : Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico , Nicaragua , Uruguay ) , or if the renunciation process is too difficult , humiliating or expensive ( e.g. , Afghanistan , Algeria , Angola , Cuba , Eritrea , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Morocco , Nigeria , Syria , Thailand , Tunisia , USA ) , or , rarely , in individual cases if the renunciation of the old citizenship means enormous disadvantages for the concerned person . If a German citizen acquires a non-EU or non-Swiss citizenship with the permission ( `` Beibehaltungsgenehmigung ( de ) '' ) of the German Government ( e.g. , existing relative ties or property in Germany or in the other country or if the occupation abroad requires domestic citizenship for execution ) . The voluntary acquisition of a non-EU or non-Swiss citizenship without permission usually means the automatic loss of the German citizenship ( but see Point 4 ) . The permission is not necessary if the other citizenship is of another EU country or of Switzerland or if dual citizenship was obtained at birth . If the person is a refugee and holds a refugee travel document during naturalization . If a person , or their qualified descendents , receives restored citizenship under Article 116 par . 2 of the Basic Law ( Grundgesetz ) that states former German citizens who between January 30 , 1933 , and May 8 , 1945 , were deprived of their German citizenship on political , racial , or religious grounds may re-invoke their citizenship ( as if it was never lost ) , and are permitted to hold dual ( or multiple ) citizenship. . Such restored citizens need not have ever lived in Germany . If a child born to German parents acquires another citizenship at birth ( e.g. , based on place of birth ( birth in jus - soli countries mostly of the Americas ) , or descent from one parent ( one German parent and one foreign parent ) ) . Children born on or after 1 January 2000 to non-German parents acquire German citizenship at birth if at least one parent has a permanent residence permit ( and had this status for at least three years ) and the parent was residing in Germany for at least eight years . The children must have lived in Germany for at least eight years or attended school for six years until their 21st birthday . Non-EU - and non-Swiss - citizen parents born and grown up abroad usually can not have dual citizenship themselves ( but see Point 1 ) . Citizenship of the European Union ( edit ) Because Germany forms part of the European Union , German citizens are also citizens of the European Union under European Union law and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament . When in a non-EU country where there is no German embassy , German citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . German citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty . Germans living abroad ( edit ) Main article : German diaspora Germans living abroad ( Auslandsdeutsche ) are German emigrants , namely , German citizens residing outside Germany . German emigrants usually do not pay taxes to Germany . Germans abroad are allowed to vote in the Republic 's federal elections ( general elections ) . According to the German Foreign Office , `` German citizens with permanent residence abroad can participate in federal elections in Germany and European elections . As a rule , German voters who reside permanently in non-EU countries abroad and are not resident in Germany any more , can not participate in German state and local elections . However , German citizens who are living permanently in other EU countries can vote in municipal elections of their country of residence . '' In addition to the above sense , Auslandsdeutsche also refers to ethnic Germans in German - speaking communities abroad who descend from settlers in those countries generations or centuries ago ( and therefore are mostly not citizens of Germany ) . To be unambiguous , modern - day German emigrants may be specified as `` German citizens with permanent residence abroad '' ( Deutsche Staatsbürger mit ständigem Wohnsitz im Ausland ) . The case is complicated by the German right of return law concerning Spätaussiedler , people who do not have German citizenship but who are in theory entitled to it because the German state considers them German nationals , like Volga Germans in Kazakhstan . Significant communities of German citizens abroad are found in the following countries : German citizens living abroad ( edit ) Netherlands : 368,512 ( 2008 , 2.19 % of Dutch population , includes second - generation immigrants ) Switzerland : 265,944 ( 2009 , 3.3 % of Swiss population ) Austria : 124,710 ( 2008 , 1.5 % of Austrian population ) Australia : 106,524 ( 2006 , 0.53 % of Australian population ) United Kingdom : 92,000 ( 2008 , 0.15 % of UK population ) France : 75,057 ( 1999 , 0.12 % of French population ) . Poland : 64,000 - both German and Polish citizenship ( 0.17 % of Polish population , 2011 ) , 45,000 - exclusively German citizenship ( 0.12 % , 2011 ) People of German ethnicity living abroad ( edit ) Romania : 36,884 ( 2011 census ) ( See : Germans in Romania ) Russia : 597,212 ( 2002 , 0.4 % of Russian population ) . ( See : Germans in Russia ) Hungary : 131,951 ethnic Germans ( 1.9 % of Hungarian population , 2011 census ) ( See : Germans in Hungary ) More statistics at German diaspora # Distribution . There were 786,000 Germans in interwar Romania in 1939 . USA : Large numbers of German citizens live permanently in the U.S. , especially academics , artists , computer experts , engineers , and businesspeople . According to the German Missions in the US , `` German citizens living abroad are not required to register with the German Embassy , so we are unable to say how many German citizens live in America . '' Some of those Germans abroad hold passports from both Germany and the United States . Travel freedom of German citizens ( edit ) Main article : Visa requirements for German citizens Visa requirements for German citizens Visa requirements for German citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Germany . In October 2018 , German citizens had visa - free or visa - on - arrival access to 188 countries and territories , ranking the German passport 3rd in the world according to the Henley & Partners Passport Index . The German nationality is ranked number two as of 2018 in The Quality of Nationality Index ( QNI ) . The ranking is considering internal factors such as peace & stability , economic strength , human development and external factors including travel freedom . France has taken number one after seven years , attributable mainly to the country 's former colonial empire . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Obtaining Citizenship '' . German Missions in the United States . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Amt , Auswärtiges . `` Federal Foreign Office - Law on Nationality '' . auswaertiges-amt.de . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` European Convention on Nationality : Status '' . Council of Europe . Jump up ^ BVerfGE 4 , 322 1 BvR 284 / 54Austrian Nationality , copy hosted at utexas.edu Jump up ^ Bös , Matthias : The Legal Construction of Membership : Nationality Law in Germany and the United States Archived 9 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Germany Nationality Act , Section 14 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Grundgesetz , GG ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Information on obtaining / reobtaining German citizenship for former German citizens and their descendants who were persecuted on political , racial or religious grounds between January 30 , 1933 and May 8 , 1945 '' . German Consulates . Archived from the original on 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/05__Legal/02__Directory__Services/02__Citizenship/__Restored.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ https://g8fip1kplyr33r3krz5b97d1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Brexit%C3%9CG.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-to-help-brits-stay-eu-citizens-during-brexit-transition-period/ Jump up ^ https://eci.ec.europa.eu/002/public/#/initiative Jump up ^ `` Verlust durch Eintritt in ausländische Streitkräfte '' ( in German ) . German Embassy Tel Aviv . Archived from the original on 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ German Mission to the United States . `` Information on the Naturalization Claim under Article 116 ( 2 ) of the German Basic Law '' ( PDF ) . www.germany.info . Government of Germany . Retrieved 18 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany '' . European Union . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 20 ( 2 ) ( c ) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . Jump up ^ Rights abroad : Right to consular protection : a right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of other Member States when in a non-EU Member State , if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen 's own state ( Article 23 ) : this is due to the fact that not all member states maintain embassies in every country in the world ( 14 countries have only one embassy from an EU state ) . Antigua and Barbuda ( UK ) , Barbados ( UK ) , Belize ( UK ) , Central African Republic ( France ) , Comoros ( France ) , Gambia ( UK ) , Guyana ( UK ) , Liberia ( Germany ) , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( UK ) , San Marino ( Italy ) , São Tomé and Príncipe ( Portugal ) , Solomon Islands ( UK ) , Timor - Leste ( Portugal ) , Vanuatu ( France ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty on the Function of the European Union ( consolidated version ) '' ( PDF ) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Auswärtiges Amt Berlin - Startseite Konsularinformationen '' . www.konsularinfo.diplo.de . Jump up ^ `` CBS StatLine - Bevolking ; generatie , geslacht , leeftijd en migratieachtergrond , 1 januari '' . statline.cbs.nl . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wohnbevölkerung nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigkeit Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Swiss Federal Statistical Office Jump up ^ Wer sind die Deutschen in Österreich ? Archived 27 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 20680 - Country of Birth of Person ( full classification list ) by Sex - Australia '' ( Microsoft Excel download ) . 2006 Census . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Total count of persons : 19,855,288 . Jump up ^ statistics.gov.uk Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ined.fr Jump up ^ http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/alte/2012/Comunicat%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011.pdf Jump up ^ `` Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года '' . Perepis2002.ru . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1.1. 6.1 Population by mother tongue , nationality and sex '' . Jump up ^ Dr. Gerhard Reichning , Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen , Teil 1 , Bonn 1995 , Page 17 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2014 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Henley Passport Index '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . 8 October 2018 . Retrieved 15 October 2018 . This graph shows the full Global Ranking of the 2018 Henley Passport Index . In certain cases , a rank is shared by multiple countries because these countries all have the same level of visa - free or visa - on - arrival access . Jump up ^ `` World 's Top Nationalities Revealed : France Is No. 1 , U.S. Ranks 27 '' . www.forbes.com. 2018 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Federal Agency for Immigration and Naturalisation ( German language ) Nationality Law , Federal Ministry of Justice ( Translation of the law in English ) Background Paper , German Citizenship Nationality laws By continent Africa Angola Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Egypt Ghana Liberia Morocco Namibia Nigeria Somalia South Africa South Sudan Tanzania Western Sahara Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Burma ( Myanmar ) China Cyprus Georgian Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nepal North Korea Northern Cyprus Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Europe European Union & Schengen Area Andorra Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Rest of Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia Turkey Ukraine North America Barbados Canada Greenland ( Kingdom of Denmark ) Grenada Jamaica Mexico Panama Honduras Guatemala Costa Rica Belize United States Oceania Australia Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Samoa Tonga South America Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Venezuela Rest of South America Chile Colombia Peru International organizations Commonwealth of Nations European Union By type Jus matrimonii Jus sanguinis Jus soli Naturalization Other Citizenship Act Birth aboard aircraft and ships Multiple citizenship Passport Internal Repatriation Right of return Second - class citizen Statelessness Travel visa Defunct Nazi Germany Ancient Rome British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_nationality_law&oldid=866283781 '' Categories : German nationality law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from May 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti 한국어 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 12 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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-3650386841748653714	Gold	Gold - Wikipedia Gold Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the element . For other uses , see Gold ( disambiguation ) . `` Element 79 '' redirects here . For the short story by Fred Hoyle , see Element 79 ( anthology ) . Gold , Au General properties Pronunciation / ˈɡoʊld / ( GOHLD ) Appearance metallic yellow Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7002196966569000000 ♠ 196.966 569 ( 5 ) Gold in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Ag ↑ Au ↓ Rg platinum ← gold → mercury Atomic number ( Z ) 79 Group , period group 11 , period 6 Block d - block Element category transition metal Electron configuration ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 18 , 1 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) solid Melting point 1337.33 K ( 1064.18 ° C , 1947.52 ° F ) Boiling point 3243 K ( 2970 ° C , 5378 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 19.30 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 17.31 g / cm Heat of fusion 12.55 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 342 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 25.418 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1646 1814 2021 2281 2620 3078 Atomic properties Oxidation states 5 , 3 , 2 , 1 , − 1 , − 2 , − 3 ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 2.54 Ionization energies 1st : 890.1 kJ / mol 2nd : 1980 kJ / mol Atomic radius empirical : 144 pm Covalent radius 136 ± 6 pm Van der Waals radius 166 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure face - centered cubic ( fcc ) Speed of sound thin rod 2030 m / s ( at r.t. ) Thermal expansion 14.2 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 318 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 22.14 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility − 28.0 10 cm / mol ( at 296 K ) Tensile strength 120 MPa Young 's modulus 79 GPa Shear modulus 27 GPa Bulk modulus 180 GPa Poisson ratio 0.4 Mohs hardness 2.5 Vickers hardness 188 -- 216 MPa Brinell hardness 188 -- 245 MPa CAS Number 7440 - 57 - 5 History Naming from Latin aurum , meaning gold Discovery In the Middle East ( before 6000 BCE ) Main isotopes of gold Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Au syn 186.10 d ε Pt Au syn 6.183 d ε Pt β Hg Au 100 % stable Au syn 2.69517 d β Hg Au syn 3.169 d β Hg view talk references in Wikidata Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au ( from Latin : aurum ) and atomic number 79 . In its purest form , it is a bright , slightly reddish yellow , dense , soft , malleable , and ductile metal . Chemically , gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element . It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions . Gold often occurs in free elemental ( native ) form , as nuggets or grains , in rocks , in veins , and in alluvial deposits . It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver ( as electrum ) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium . Less commonly , it occurs in minerals as gold compounds , often with tellurium ( gold tellurides ) . Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis , from the collision of neutron stars , and to have been present in the dust from which the Solar System formed . Because the Earth was molten when it was formed , almost all of the gold present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core . Therefore , most of the gold that is in the Earth 's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth later , by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment , about 4 billion years ago . Gold is resistant to most acids , though it does dissolve in aqua regia , a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid , which forms a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion . Gold is insoluble in nitric acid , which dissolves silver and base metals , a property that has long been used to refine gold and to confirm the presence of gold in metallic objects , giving rise to the term acid test . Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide , which are used in mining and electroplating . Gold dissolves in mercury , forming amalgam alloys , but this is not a chemical reaction . Historically , the value of gold was rooted in its relative rarity , easy handling and minting , easy smelting and fabrication , resistance to corrosion and other chemical reactions ( nobility ) and its distinctive color . As a precious metal , gold has been used for coinage , jewelry , and other arts throughout recorded history . In the past , a gold standard was often implemented as a monetary policy , but gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s , and the world gold standard was abandoned for a fiat currency system after 1976 . A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold exists above ground , as of 2015 . The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50 % in jewelry , 40 % in investments , and 10 % in industry . Gold 's high malleability , ductility , resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions , and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices ( its chief industrial use ) . Gold is also used in infrared shielding , colored - glass production , gold leafing , and tooth restoration . Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine . As of 2016 , the world 's largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Color 1.2 Isotopes 1.2. 1 Synthesis 2 Chemistry 2.1 Rare oxidation states 3 Occurrence 3.1 Seawater 4 History 4.1 Etymology 4.2 Culture 5 Production 5.1 Mining and prospecting 5.2 Extraction and refining 5.3 Consumption 5.4 Pollution 6 Monetary use 6.1 Price 6.2 History 7 Other applications 7.1 Jewelry 7.2 Electronics 7.3 Medicine 7.4 Cuisine 7.5 Miscellanea 8 Toxicity 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Characteristics A gold nugget of 5 millimetres ( 0.20 in ) in diameter ( bottom ) can be expanded through hammering into a gold foil of about 0.5 square metres ( 5.4 sq ft ) . Toi museum , Japan . Gold is the most malleable of all metals ; a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter , and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet . Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent . The transmitted light appears greenish blue , because gold strongly reflects yellow and red . Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect infrared light , making them useful as infrared ( radiant heat ) shields in visors of heat - resistant suits , and in sun - visors for spacesuits . Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity . Gold has a density of 19.3 g / cm , almost identical to that of tungsten at 19.25 g / cm ; as such , tungsten has been used in counterfeiting of gold bars , such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold , or taking an existing gold bar , drilling holes , and replacing the removed gold with tungsten rods . By comparison , the density of lead is 11.34 g / cm , and that of the densest element , osmium , is 22.588 ± 0.015 g / cm . Color Main article : Colored gold Different colors of Ag -- Au -- Cu alloys Whereas most metals are gray or silvery white , gold is slightly reddish - yellow . This color is determined by the frequency of plasma oscillations among the metal 's valence electrons , in the ultraviolet range for most metals but in the visible range for gold due to relativistic effects affecting the orbitals around gold atoms . Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic caesium . Common colored gold alloys include the distinctive eighteen - karat rose gold created by the addition of copper . Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys . Fourteen - karat gold - copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys , and both may be used to produce police and other badges . White gold alloys can be made with palladium or nickel . Fourteen - and eighteen - karat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish - yellow and are referred to as green gold . Blue gold can be made by alloying with iron , and purple gold can be made by alloying with aluminium . Less commonly , addition of manganese , aluminium , indium and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications . Colloidal gold , used by electron - microscopists , is red if the particles are small ; larger particles of colloidal gold are blue . Isotopes Main article : Isotopes of gold Gold has only one stable isotope , 197 Au , which is also its only naturally occurring isotope , so gold is both a mononuclidic and monoisotopic element . Thirty - six radioisotopes have been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 169 to 205 . The most stable of these is 195 Au with a half - life of 186.1 days . The least stable is 171 Au , which decays by proton emission with a half - life of 30 μs . Most of gold 's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of proton emission , α decay , and β decay . The exceptions are 195 Au , which decays by electron capture , and 196 Au , which decays most often by electron capture ( 93 % ) with a minor β decay path ( 7 % ) . All of gold 's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β decay . At least 32 nuclear isomers have also been characterized , ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200 . Within that range , only 178 Au , 180 Au , 181 Au , 182 Au , and 188 Au do not have isomers . Gold 's most stable isomer is 198m2 Au with a half - life of 2.27 days . Gold 's least stable isomer is 177m2 Au with a half - life of only 7 ns . 184m1 Au has three decay paths : β decay , isomeric transition , and alpha decay . No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths . Synthesis The production of gold from a more common element , such as lead , has long been a subject of human inquiry , and the ancient and medieval discipline of alchemy often focused on it ; however , the transmutation of the chemical elements did not become possible until the understanding of nuclear physics in the 20th century . The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka , who synthesized gold from mercury in 1924 by neutron bombardment . An American team , working without knowledge of Nagaoka 's prior study , conducted the same experiment in 1941 , achieving the same result and showing that the isotopes of gold produced by it were all radioactive . Gold can currently be manufactured in a nuclear reactor by irradiation either of platinum or mercury . Only the mercury isotope Hg , which occurs with a frequency of 0.15 % in natural mercury , can be converted to gold by neutron capture , and following electron capture - decay into Au with slow neutrons . Other mercury isotopes are converted when irradiated with slow neutrons into one another , or formed mercury isotopes which beta decay into thallium . Using fast neutrons , the mercury isotope Hg , which composes 9.97 % of natural mercury , can be converted by splitting off a neutron and becoming Hg , which then disintegrates to stable gold . This reaction , however , possesses a smaller activation cross-section and is feasible only with un-moderated reactors . It is also possible to eject several neutrons with very high energy into the other mercury isotopes in order to form Hg . However , such high - energy neutrons can be produced only by particle accelerators . Chemistry Gold ( III ) chloride solution in water Although gold is the most noble of the noble metals , it still forms many diverse compounds . The oxidation state of gold in its compounds ranges from − 1 to + 5 , but Au ( I ) and Au ( III ) dominate its chemistry . Au ( I ) , referred to as the aurous ion , is the most common oxidation state with soft ligands such as thioethers , thiolates , and tertiary phosphines . Au ( I ) compounds are typically linear . A good example is Au ( CN ) , which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining . The binary gold halides , such as AuCl , form zigzag polymeric chains , again featuring linear coordination at Au . Most drugs based on gold are Au ( I ) derivatives . Au ( III ) ( auric ) is a common oxidation state , and is illustrated by gold ( III ) chloride , Au Cl . The gold atom centers in Au ( III ) complexes , like other d compounds , are typically square planar , with chemical bonds that have both covalent and ionic character . Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature and , up to 100 ° C , is resistant to attack from ozone . Some free halogens react with gold . Gold is strongly attacked by fluorine at dull - red heat to form gold ( III ) fluoride . Powdered gold reacts with chlorine at 180 ° C to form AuCl . Gold reacts with bromine at 140 ° C to form gold ( III ) bromide , but reacts only very slowly with iodine to form the monoiodide . Gold does not react with sulfur directly , but gold ( III ) sulfide can be made by passing hydrogen sulfide through a dilute solution of gold ( III ) chloride or chlorauric acid . Gold readily dissolves in mercury at room temperature to form an amalgam , and forms alloys with many other metals at higher temperatures . These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties , to control melting point or to create exotic colors . Gold reacts with potassium , rubidium , caesium , or tetramethylammonium , to form the respective auride salts , containing the Au ion . Caesium auride is perhaps the most famous . Gold is unaffected by most acids . It does not react with hydrofluoric , hydrochloric , hydrobromic , hydriodic , sulfuric , or nitric acid . It does react with selenic acid , and is dissolved by aqua regia , a 1 : 3 mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid . Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to + 3 ions , but only in minute amounts , typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction . However , the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid , forming AuCl ions , or chloroauric acid , thereby enabling further oxidation . Gold is similarly unaffected by most bases . It does not react with aqueous , solid , or molten sodium or potassium hydroxide . It does however , react with sodium or potassium cyanide under alkaline conditions when oxygen is present to form soluble complexes . Common oxidation states of gold include + 1 ( gold ( I ) or aurous compounds ) and + 3 ( gold ( III ) or auric compounds ) . Gold ions in solution are readily reduced and precipitated as metal by adding any other metal as the reducing agent . The added metal is oxidized and dissolves , allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate . Rare oxidation States Less common oxidation states of gold include − 1 , + 2 , and + 5 . The − 1 oxidation state occurs in compounds containing the Au anion , called aurides . Caesium auride ( CsAu ) , for example , crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif . Other aurides include those of Rb , K , and tetramethylammonium ( CH ) N. Gold has the highest Pauling electronegativity of any metal , with a value of 2.54 , making the auride anion relatively stable . Gold ( II ) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au -- Au bonds such as ( Au ( CH ) P ( C H ) ) Cl . The evaporation of a solution of Au ( OH ) 3 in concentrated H 2SO 4 produces red crystals of gold ( II ) sulfate , Au ( SO ) . Originally thought to be a mixed - valence compound , it has been shown to contain Au 4 + 2 cations , analogous to the better - known mercury ( I ) ion , Hg 2 + 2 . A gold ( II ) complex , the tetraxenonogold ( II ) cation , which contains xenon as a ligand , occurs in ( AuXe ) ( Sb F ) . Gold pentafluoride , along with its derivative anion , AuF − 6 , and its difluorine complex , gold heptafluoride , is the sole example of gold ( V ) , the highest verified oxidation state . Some gold compounds exhibit aurophilic bonding , which describes the tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au -- Au bond but shorter than van der Waals bonding . The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a hydrogen bond . Well - defined cluster compounds are numerous . In such cases , gold has a fractional oxidation state . A representative example is the octahedral species ( Au ( P ( C H ) ) ) . Gold chalcogenides , such as gold sulfide , feature equal amounts of Au ( I ) and Au ( III ) . Occurrence Relative sizes of an 860 kg block of gold ore , and the 30 g of gold that can be extracted from it . Toi gold mine , Japan . Schematic of a NE ( left ) to SW ( right ) cross-section through the 2.020 billion year old Vredefort impact crater in South Africa and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures . The present erosion level is shown . Johannesburg is located where the Witwatersrand Basin ( the yellow layer ) is exposed at the `` present surface '' line , just inside the crater rim , on the left . Not to scale . Gold 's atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally . Traditionally , gold is thought to have formed by the R - process in supernova nucleosynthesis , but a relatively recent paper suggests that gold and other elements heavier than iron may also be produced in quantity by the collision of neutron stars . In both cases , satellite spectrometers only indirectly detect the resulting gold : `` we have no spectroscopic evidence that ( such ) elements have truly been produced , '' wrote author Stephan Rosswog . These gold nucleogenesis theories hold that the resulting explosions scattered metal - containing dusts ( including heavy elements such as gold ) into the region of space in which they later condensed into our solar system and the Earth . Because the Earth was molten when it was just formed , almost all of the gold present on Earth sank into the core . Most of the gold that is present today in the Earth 's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth later , by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment . The asteroid that formed Vredefort crater 2.020 billion years ago is often credited with seeding the Witwatersrand basin in South Africa with the richest gold deposits on earth . However , the gold - bearing Witwatersrand rocks were laid down between 700 and 950 million years before the Vredefort impact . These gold - bearing rocks had furthermore been covered by a thick layer of Ventersdorp lavas and the Transvaal Supergroup of rocks before the meteor struck . What the Vredefort impact achieved , however , was to distort the Witwatersrand basin in such a way that the gold - bearing rocks were brought to the present erosion surface in Johannesburg , on the Witwatersrand , just inside the rim of the original 300 km diameter crater caused by the meteor strike . The discovery of the deposit in 1886 launched the Witwatersrand Gold Rush . Some 22 % of all the gold that is ascertained to exist today on Earth has been extracted from these Witwatersrand rocks . On Earth , gold is found in ores in rock formed from the Precambrian time onward . It most often occurs as a native metal , typically in a metal solid solution with silver ( i.e. as a gold silver alloy ) . Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8 -- 10 % . Electrum is elemental gold with more than 20 % silver . Electrum 's color runs from golden - silvery to silvery , dependent upon the silver content . The more silver , the lower the specific gravity . Native gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock , often together with quartz or sulfide minerals such as `` Fool 's Gold '' , which is a pyrite . These are called lode deposits . The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes , grains or larger nuggets that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits called placer deposits . Such free gold is always richer at the surface of gold - bearing veins owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering , and washing of the dust into streams and rivers , where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets . Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite , krennerite , nagyagite , petzite and sylvanite ( see telluride minerals ) , and as the rare bismuthide maldonite ( Au Bi ) and antimonide aurostibite ( AuSb ) . Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper , lead , and mercury : the minerals auricupride ( Cu Au ) , novodneprite ( AuPb ) and weishanite ( ( Au , Ag ) Hg ) . Recent research suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits , transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits . Another recent study has claimed water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake , depositing gold . When an earthquake strikes , it moves along a fault . Water often lubricates faults , filling in fractures and jogs . About 6 miles ( 10 kilometers ) below the surface , under incredible temperatures and pressures , the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide , silica , and gold . During an earthquake , the fault jog suddenly opens wider . The water inside the void instantly vaporizes , flashing to steam and forcing silica , which forms the mineral quartz , and gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces . Seawater The world 's oceans contain gold . Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50 -- 150 femtomol / L or 10 -- 30 parts per quadrillion ( about 10 -- 30 g / km ) . In general , gold concentrations for south Atlantic and central Pacific samples are the same ( ~ 50 femtomol / L ) but less certain . Mediterranean deep waters contain slightly higher concentrations of gold ( 100 -- 150 femtomol / L ) attributed to wind - blown dust and / or rivers . At 10 parts per quadrillion the Earth 's oceans would hold 15,000 tonnes of gold . These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988 , indicating contamination problems with the earlier data . A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from sea water , but they were either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception . Prescott Jernegan ran a gold - from - seawater swindle in the United States in the 1890s , as did an English fraudster in the early 1900s . Fritz Haber did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany 's reparations following World War I. Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater a commercially successful extraction seemed possible . After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb it became clear that extraction would not be possible and he stopped the project . History Ancient golden Kritonios Crown , funerary or marriage material , 370 -- 360 BC . From a grave in Armento , Campania Gold artifacts found at the Nahal Kana cave cemetery dated during the 1980s , showed these to be from within the Chalcolithic , and considered the earliest find from the Levant . Gold artifacts in the Balkans also appear from the 4th millennium BC , such as those found in the Varna Necropolis near Lake Varna in Bulgaria , thought by one source ( La Niece 2009 ) to be the earliest `` well - dated '' find of gold artifacts . Gold artifacts such as the golden hats and the Nebra disk appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age . The oldest known map of a gold mine was drawn in the 19th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt ( 1320 -- 1200 BC ) , whereas the first written reference to gold was recorded in the 12th Dynasty around 1900 BC . Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold , which King Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was `` more plentiful than dirt '' in Egypt . Egypt and especially Nubia had the resources to make them major gold - producing areas for much of history . One of the earliest known maps , known as the Turin Papyrus Map , shows the plan of a gold mine in Nubia together with indications of the local geology . The primitive working methods are described by both Strabo and Diodorus Siculus , and included fire - setting . Large mines were also present across the Red Sea in what is now Saudi Arabia . Gold is mentioned in the Amarna letters numbered 19 and 26 from around the 14th century BC . The legend of the golden fleece may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from placer deposits in the ancient world . Gold is mentioned frequently in the Old Testament , starting with Genesis 2 : 11 ( at Havilah ) , the story of The Golden Calf and many parts of the temple including the Menorah and the golden altar . In the New Testament , it is included with the gifts of the magi in the first chapters of Matthew . The Book of Revelation 21 : 21 describes the city of New Jerusalem as having streets `` made of pure gold , clear as crystal '' . Exploitation of gold in the south - east corner of the Black Sea is said to date from the time of Midas , and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world 's earliest coinage in Lydia around 610 BC . From the 6th or 5th century BC , the Chu ( state ) circulated the Ying Yuan , one kind of square gold coin . In Roman metallurgy , new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing hydraulic mining methods , especially in Hispania from 25 BC onwards and in Dacia from 106 AD onwards . One of their largest mines was at Las Medulas in León , where seven long aqueducts enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit . The mines at Roşia Montană in Transylvania were also very large , and until very recently , still mined by opencast methods . They also exploited smaller deposits in Britain , such as placer and hard - rock deposits at Dolaucothi . The various methods they used are well described by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia written towards the end of the first century AD . During Mansa Musa 's ( ruler of the Mali Empire from 1312 to 1337 ) hajj to Mecca in 1324 , he passed through Cairo in July 1324 , and was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels where he gave away so much gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade , causing high inflation . A contemporary Arab historian remarked : Gold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year . The mithqal did not go below 25 dirhams and was generally above , but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now . The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less . This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there ( ... ) . -- Chihab Al - Umari , Kingdom of Mali The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by Native American peoples , especially in Mesoamerica , Peru , Ecuador and Colombia . The Aztecs regarded gold as the product of the gods , calling it literally `` god excrement '' ( teocuitlatl in Nahuatl ) , and after Moctezuma II was killed , most of this gold was shipped to Spain . However , for the indigenous peoples of North America gold was considered useless and they saw much greater value in other minerals which were directly related to their utility , such as obsidian , flint , and slate . Rumors of cities filled with gold fueled legends of El Dorado . Gold played a role in western culture , as a cause for desire and of corruption , as told in children 's fables such as Rumpelstiltskin -- where Rumpelstiltskin turns hay into gold for the peasant 's daughter in return for her child when she becomes a princess -- and the stealing of the hen that lays golden eggs in Jack and the Beanstalk . The top prize at the Olympic Games and many other sports competitions is the gold medal . 75 % of the presently accounted for gold has been extracted since 1910 . It has been estimated that the currently known amount of gold internationally would form a single cube 20 m ( 66 ft ) on a side ( equivalent to 8,000 m ) . One main goal of the alchemists was to produce gold from other substances , such as lead -- presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the philosopher 's stone . Although they never succeeded in this attempt , the alchemists did promote an interest in systematically finding out what can be done with substances , and this laid the foundation for today 's chemistry . Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center ( ☉ ) , which was also the astrological symbol and the ancient Chinese character for the Sun . Golden treasures have been rumored to be found at various locations , following tragedies such as the Jewish temple treasures in the Vatican , following the temple 's destruction in 70 AD , a gold stash on the Titanic , the Nazi gold train -- following World War II . The Dome of the Rock is covered with an ultra-thin golden glassier . The Sikh Golden temple , the Harmandir Sahib , is a building covered with gold . Similarly the Wat Phra Kaew emerald Buddhist temple ( wat ) in Thailand has ornamental gold - leafed statues and roofs . Some European king and queen 's crowns were made of gold , and gold was used for the bridal crown since antiquity . An ancient Talmudic text circa 100 AD describes Rachel , wife of Rabbi Akiva , receiving a `` Jerusalem of Gold '' ( diadem ) . A Greek burial crown made of gold was found in a grave circa 370 BC . Etymology `` Gold '' is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages , deriving via Proto - Germanic * gulþą from Proto - Indo - European * ǵhelh3 - ( `` to shine , to gleam ; to be yellow or green '' ) . The symbol Au is from the Latin : aurum , the Latin word for `` gold '' . The Proto - Indo - European ancestor of aurum was * h2é - h2us - o - , meaning `` glow '' . This word is derived from the same root ( Proto - Indo - European * h2u̯es - `` to dawn '' ) as * h2éu̯sōs , the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora , `` dawn '' . This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant `` shining dawn '' . Culture This section needs additional citations for verification . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Great human achievements are frequently rewarded with gold , in the form of gold medals , gold trophies and other decorations . Winners of athletic events and other graded competitions are usually awarded a gold medal . Many awards such as the Nobel Prize are made from gold as well . Other award statues and prizes are depicted in gold or are gold plated ( such as the Academy Awards , the Golden Globe Awards , the Emmy Awards , the Palme d'Or , and the British Academy Film Awards ) . Aristotle in his ethics used gold symbolism when referring to what is now known as the golden mean . Similarly , gold is associated with perfect or divine principles , such as in the case of the golden ratio and the golden rule . Gold is further associated with the wisdom of aging and fruition . The fiftieth wedding anniversary is golden . A person 's most valued or most successful latter years are sometimes considered `` golden years '' . The height of a civilization is referred to as a golden age . In some forms of Christianity and Judaism , gold has been associated both with holiness and evil . In the Book of Exodus , the Golden Calf is a symbol of idolatry , while in the Book of Genesis , Abraham was said to be rich in gold and silver , and Moses was instructed to cover the Mercy Seat of the Ark of the Covenant with pure gold . In Byzantine iconography the halos of Christ , Mary and the Christian saints are often golden . According to Christopher Columbus , those who had something of gold were in possession of something of great value on Earth and a substance to even help souls to paradise . Wedding rings have been made of gold . It is long lasting and unaffected by the passage of time and may aid in the ring symbolism of eternal vows before God and the perfection the marriage signifies . In Orthodox Christian wedding ceremonies , the wedded couple is adorned with a golden crown ( though some opt for wreaths , instead ) during the ceremony , an amalgamation of symbolic rites . Production Main article : List of countries by gold production Time trend of gold production The World Gold Council states that as of the end of 2014 , `` there were 183,600 tonnes of stocks in existence above ground '' . This can be represented by a cube with an edge length of about 21 meters . At $1,075 per troy ounce , 183,600 metric tonnes of gold would have a value of $6.3 trillion . As of 2014 , the world 's largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes and it was expected to reach 490 in 2015 . The second - largest producer , Australia , mined 274 tonnes in the same year , followed by Russia with 247 tonnes . Mining and prospecting Main articles : Gold mining and Gold prospecting A miner underground at Pumsaint gold mine , Wales ; c. 1938 . Since the 1880s , South Africa has been the source of a large proportion of the world 's gold supply , and about 50 % of the gold presently accounted is from South Africa . Production in 1970 accounted for 79 % of the world supply , about 1,480 tonnes . In 2007 China ( with 276 tonnes ) overtook South Africa as the world 's largest gold producer , the first time since 1905 that South Africa has not been the largest . As of 2014 , China was the world 's leading gold - mining country , followed in order by Australia , Russia , the United States , Canada , and Peru . South Africa , which had dominated world gold production for most of the 20th century , had declined to sixth place . Other major producers are the Ghana , Burkina Faso , Mali , Indonesia and Uzbekistan . In South America , the controversial project Pascua Lama aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of Atacama Desert , at the border between Chile and Argentina . Today about one - quarter of the world gold output is estimated to originate from artisanal or small scale mining . The city of Johannesburg located in South Africa was founded as a result of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest natural gold deposits in recorded history . The gold fields are confined to the northern and north - western edges of the Witwatersrand basin , which is a 5 -- 7 km thick layer of archean rocks located , in most places , deep under the Free State , Gauteng and surrounding provinces . These Witwatersrand rocks are exposed at the surface on the Witwatersrand , in and around Johannesburg , but also in isolated patches to the south - east and south - west of Johannesburg , as well as in an arc around the Vredefort Dome which lies close to the center of the Witwatersrand basin . From these surface exposures the basin dips extensively , requiring some of the mining to occur at depths of nearly 4000 m , making them , especially the Savuka and TauTona mines to the south - west of Johannesburg , the deepest mines on earth . The gold is found only in six areas where archean rivers from the north and north - west formed extensive pebbly Braided river deltas before draining into the `` Witwatersrand sea '' where the rest of the Witwatersrand sediments were deposited . The Second Boer War of 1899 -- 1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa . During the 19th century , gold rushes occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered . The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the Reed Gold Mine near Georgeville , North Carolina in 1803 . The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega . Further gold rushes occurred in California , Colorado , the Black Hills , Otago in New Zealand , Australia , Witwatersrand in South Africa , and the Klondike in Canada . Extraction and refining Gold jewelry consumption by country in tonnes Country 2009 2011 2012 2013 India 442.37 745.70 986.3 864 974 China 376.96 428.00 921.5 817.5 1120.1 United States 150.28 128.61 199.5 161 190 Turkey 75.16 74.07 143 118 175.2 Saudi Arabia 77.75 72.95 69.1 58.5 72.2 Russia 60.12 67.50 76.7 81.9 73.3 United Arab Emirates 67.60 63.37 60.9 58.1 77.1 Egypt 56.68 53.43 36 47.8 57.3 Indonesia 41.00 32.75 55 52.3 68 United Kingdom 31.75 27.35 22.6 21.1 23.4 Other Persian Gulf Countries 24.10 21.97 22 19.9 24.6 Japan 21.85 18.50 − 30.1 7.6 21.3 South Korea 18.83 15.87 15.5 12.1 17.5 Vietnam 15.08 14.36 100.8 77 92.2 Thailand 7.33 6.28 107.4 80.9 140.1 Total 1508.70 1805.60 Other Countries 251.6 254.0 390.4 393.5 450.7 World Total 1760.3 2059.6 3487.5 3163.6 3863.5 Main article : Gold extraction Gold extraction is most economical in large , easily mined deposits . Ore grades as little as 0.5 parts per million ( ppm ) can be economical . Typical ore grades in open - pit mines are 1 -- 5 ppm ; ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 ppm . Because ore grades of 30 ppm are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye , in most gold mines the gold is invisible . The average gold mining and extraction costs were about $317 per troy ounce in 2007 , but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality ; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes . After initial production , gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process which is based on electrolysis or by the Miller process , that is chlorination in the melt . The Wohlwill process results in higher purity , but is more complex and is only applied in small - scale installations . Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as cupellation , or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia . Consumption The consumption of gold produced in the world is about 50 % in jewelry , 40 % in investments , and 10 % in industry . According to World Gold Council , China is the world 's largest single consumer of gold in 2013 and toppled India for the first time with Chinese consumption increasing by 32 percent in a year , while that of India only rose by 13 percent and world consumption rose by 21 percent . Unlike India where gold is mainly used for jewelry , China uses gold for manufacturing and retail . Pollution Further information : Mercury cycle and International Cyanide Management Code Gold production is associated with contribution to hazardous pollution . Low - grade gold ore may contain less than one ppm gold metal ; such ore is ground and mixed with sodium cyanide to dissolve the gold . Cyanide is a highly poisonous chemical , which can kill living creatures when exposed in minute quantities . Many cyanide spills from gold mines have occurred in both developed and developing countries which killed aquatic life in long stretches of affected rivers . Environmentalists consider these events major environmental disasters . Thirty tons of used ore is dumped as waste for producing one troy ounce of gold . Gold ore dumps are the source of many heavy elements such as cadmium , lead , zinc , copper , arsenic , selenium and mercury . When sulfide - bearing minerals in these ore dumps are exposed to air and water , the sulfide transforms into sulfuric acid which in turn dissolves these heavy metals facilitating their passage into surface water and ground water . This process is called acid mine drainage . These gold ore dumps are long term , highly hazardous wastes second only to nuclear waste dumps . It was once common to use mercury to recover gold from ore , but today the use of mercury is largely limited to small - scale individual miners . Minute quantities of mercury compounds can reach water bodies , causing heavy metal contamination . Mercury can then enter into the human food chain in the form of methylmercury . Mercury poisoning in humans causes incurable brain function damage and severe retardation . Gold extraction is also a highly energy intensive industry , extracting ore from deep mines and grinding the large quantity of ore for further chemical extraction requires nearly 25 kW h of electricity per gram of gold produced . Monetary use Two golden 20 kr coins from the Scandinavian Monetary Union , which was based on a gold standard . The coin to the left is Swedish and the right one is Danish . Gold has been widely used throughout the world as money , for efficient indirect exchange ( versus barter ) , and to store wealth in hoards . For exchange purposes , mints produce standardized gold bullion coins , bars and other units of fixed weight and purity . The first known coins containing gold were struck in Lydia , Asia Minor , around 600 BC . The talent coin of gold in use during the periods of Grecian history both before and during the time of the life of Homer weighed between 8.42 and 8.75 grams . From an earlier preference in using silver , European economies re-established the minting of gold as coinage during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . Bills ( that mature into gold coin ) and gold certificates ( convertible into gold coin at the issuing bank ) added to the circulating stock of gold standard money in most 19th century industrial economies . In preparation for World War I the warring nations moved to fractional gold standards , inflating their currencies to finance the war effort . Post-war , the victorious countries , most notably Britain , gradually restored gold - convertibility , but international flows of gold via bills of exchange remained embargoed ; international shipments were made exclusively for bilateral trades or to pay war reparations . After World War II gold was replaced by a system of nominally convertible currencies related by fixed exchange rates following the Bretton Woods system . Gold standards and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments , led in 1971 by the United States ' refusal to redeem its dollars in gold . Fiat currency now fills most monetary roles . Switzerland was the last country to tie its currency to gold ; it backed 40 % of its value until the Swiss joined the International Monetary Fund in 1999 . Central banks continue to keep a portion of their liquid reserves as gold in some form , and metals exchanges such as the London Bullion Market Association still clear transactions denominated in gold , including future delivery contracts . Today , gold mining output is declining . With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century , and increasing foreign exchange , the world 's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold have been replaced by floating prices for gold and gold future contract . Though the gold stock grows by only 1 or 2 % per year , very little metal is irretrievably consumed . Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices . The gold proportion ( fineness ) of alloys is measured by karat ( k ) . Pure gold ( commercially termed fine gold ) is designated as 24 karat , abbreviated 24k . English gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown gold , for hardness ( American gold coins for circulation after 1837 contain an alloy of 0.900 fine gold , or 21.6 kt ) . Although the prices of some platinum group metals can be much higher , gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals , and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies . Gold has been used as a symbol for purity , value , royalty , and particularly roles that combine these properties . Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by Thomas More in his treatise Utopia . On that imaginary island , gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves , tableware , and lavatory seats . When ambassadors from other countries arrive , dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges , the Utopians mistake them for menial servants , paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party . The ISO 4217 currency code of gold is XAU . Many holders of gold store it in form of bullion coins or bars as a hedge against inflation or other economic disruptions . Modern bullion coins for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties ; they are typically fine gold at 24k , although the American Gold Eagle and the British gold sovereign continue to be minted in 22k ( 0.92 ) metal in historical tradition , and the South African Krugerrand , first released in 1967 , is also 22k ( 0.92 ) . The special issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity gold of any bullion coin , at 99.999 % or 0.99999 , while the popular issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99 % . In 2006 , the United States Mint began producing the American Buffalo gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99 % . The Australian Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the Australian Gold Nugget but changed the reverse design in 1989 . Other modern coins include the Austrian Vienna Philharmonic bullion coin and the Chinese Gold Panda . Price Further information : Gold as an investment Gold price history in 1960 -- 2011 As of September 2017 , gold is valued at around $42 per gram ( $1,300 per troy ounce ) . Like other precious metals , gold is measured by troy weight and by grams . The proportion of gold in the alloy is measured by karat ( k ) , with 24 karat ( 24k ) being pure gold , and lower karat numbers proportionally less . The purity of a gold bar or coin can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1 , known as the millesimal fineness , such as 0.995 being nearly pure . The price of gold is determined through trading in the gold and derivatives markets , but a procedure known as the Gold Fixing in London , originating in September 1919 , provides a daily benchmark price to the industry . The afternoon fixing was introduced in 1968 to provide a price when US markets are open . History Historically gold coinage was widely used as currency ; when paper money was introduced , it typically was a receipt redeemable for gold coin or bullion . In a monetary system known as the gold standard , a certain weight of gold was given the name of a unit of currency . For a long period , the United States government set the value of the US dollar so that one troy ounce was equal to $20.67 ( $0.665 per gram ) , but in 1934 the dollar was devalued to $35.00 per troy ounce ( $0.889 / g ) . By 1961 , it was becoming hard to maintain this price , and a pool of US and European banks agreed to manipulate the market to prevent further currency devaluation against increased gold demand . On 17 March 1968 , economic circumstances caused the collapse of the gold pool , and a two - tiered pricing scheme was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00 per troy ounce ( $1.13 / g ) but the price of gold on the private market was allowed to fluctuate ; this two - tiered pricing system was abandoned in 1975 when the price of gold was left to find its free - market level . Central banks still hold historical gold reserves as a store of value although the level has generally been declining . The largest gold depository in the world is that of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank in New York , which holds about 3 % of the gold known to exist and accounted for today , as does the similarly laden U.S. Bullion Depository at Fort Knox . In 2005 the World Gold Council estimated total global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes , giving a surplus of 105 tonnes . Sometime around 1970 the price began in trend to greatly increase , and between 1968 and 2000 the price of gold ranged widely , from a high of $850 per troy ounce ( $27.33 / g ) on 21 January 1980 , to a low of $252.90 per troy ounce ( $8.13 / g ) on 21 June 1999 ( London Gold Fixing ) . Prices increased rapidly from 2001 , but the 1980 high was not exceeded until 3 January 2008 when a new maximum of $865.35 per troy ounce was set . Another record price was set on 17 March 2008 at $1023.50 per troy ounce ( $32.91 / g ) . In late 2009 , gold markets experienced renewed momentum upwards due to increased demand and a weakening US dollar . On 2 December 2009 , gold reached a new high closing at $1,217.23 . Gold further rallied hitting new highs in May 2010 after the European Union debt crisis prompted further purchase of gold as a safe asset . On 1 March 2011 , gold hit a new all - time high of $1432.57 , based on investor concerns regarding ongoing unrest in North Africa as well as in the Middle East . From April 2001 to August 2011 , spot gold prices more than quintupled in value against the US dollar , hitting a new all - time high of $1,913.50 on 23 August 2011 , prompting speculation that the long secular bear market had ended and a bull market had returned . However , the price then began a slow decline towards $1200 per troy ounce in late 2014 and 2015 . Other applications Jewelry Moche gold necklace depicting feline heads . Larco Museum Collection . Lima - Peru Because of the softness of pure ( 24k ) gold , it is usually alloyed with base metals for use in jewelry , altering its hardness and ductility , melting point , color and other properties . Alloys with lower karat rating , typically 22k , 18k , 14k or 10k , contain higher percentages of copper or other base metals or silver or palladium in the alloy . Nickel is toxic , and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe . Palladium - gold alloys are more expensive than those using nickel . High - karat white gold alloys are more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver . The Japanese craft of Mokume - gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood - grain effects . By 2014 , the gold jewelry industry was escalating despite a dip in gold prices . Demand in the first quarter of 2014 pushed turnover to $23.7 billion according to a World Gold Council report . Gold solder is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high - temperature hard soldering or brazing . If the work is to be of hallmarking quality , the gold solder alloy must match the fineness ( purity ) of the work , and alloy formulas are manufactured to color - match yellow and white gold . Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting - point ranges referred to as Easy , Medium and Hard . By using the hard , high - melting point solder first , followed by solders with progressively lower melting points , goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints . Gold can also be made into thread and used in embroidery . Electronics Only 10 % of the world consumption of new gold produced goes to industry , but by far the most important industrial use for new gold is in fabrication of corrosion - free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices . For example , according to the World Gold Council , a typical cell phone may contain 50 mg of gold , worth about 50 cents . But since nearly one billion cell phones are produced each year , a gold value of 50 cents in each phone adds to $500 million in gold from just this application . Though gold is attacked by free chlorine , its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments ( including resistance to non-chlorinated acids ) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin - layer coating on electrical connectors , thereby ensuring good connection . For example , gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables , such as audio , video and USB cables . The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as tin in these applications has been debated ; gold connectors are often criticized by audio - visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy . However , the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres , and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost ( certain computers , communications equipment , spacecraft , jet aircraft engines ) remains very common . Besides sliding electrical contacts , gold is also used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to corrosion , electrical conductivity , ductility and lack of toxicity . Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts . Fine gold wires are used to connect semiconductor devices to their packages through a process known as wire bonding . The concentration of free electrons in gold metal is 5.91 × 10 cm . Gold is highly conductive to electricity , and has been used for electrical wiring in some high - energy applications ( only silver and copper are more conductive per volume , but gold has the advantage of corrosion resistance ) . For example , gold electrical wires were used during some of the Manhattan Project 's atomic experiments , but large high - current silver wires were used in the calutron isotope separator magnets in the project . It is estimated that 16 % of the world 's gold and 22 % of the world 's silver is contained in electronic technology in Japan . Medicine Metallic and gold compounds have long been used for medicinal purposes . Gold , usually as the metal , is perhaps the most anciently administered medicine ( apparently by shamanic practitioners ) and known to Dioscorides . In medieval times , gold was often seen as beneficial for the health , in the belief that something so rare and beautiful could not be anything but healthy . Even some modern esotericists and forms of alternative medicine assign metallic gold a healing power . In the 19th century gold had a reputation as a `` nervine '' , a therapy for nervous disorders . Depression , epilepsy , migraine , and glandular problems such as amenorrhea and impotence were treated , and most notably alcoholism ( Keeley , 1897 ) . The apparent paradox of the actual toxicology of the substance suggests the possibility of serious gaps in the understanding of the action of gold in physiology . Only salts and radioisotopes of gold are of pharmacological value , since elemental ( metallic ) gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters inside the body ( i.e. , ingested gold can not be attacked by stomach acid ) . Some gold salts do have anti-inflammatory properties and at present two are still used as pharmaceuticals in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions in the US ( sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin ) . These drugs have been explored as a means to help to reduce the pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis , and also ( historically ) against tuberculosis and some parasites . Gold alloys are used in restorative dentistry , especially in tooth restorations , such as crowns and permanent bridges . The gold alloys ' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns . The use of gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others . Colloidal gold preparations ( suspensions of gold nanoparticles ) in water are intensely red - colored , and can be made with tightly controlled particle sizes up to a few tens of nanometers across by reduction of gold chloride with citrate or ascorbate ions . Colloidal gold is used in research applications in medicine , biology and materials science . The technique of immunogold labeling exploits the ability of the gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces . Colloidal gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells . In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by electron microscopy , the immunogold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the antigen . Gold , or alloys of gold and palladium , are applied as conductive coating to biological specimens and other non-conducting materials such as plastics and glass to be viewed in a scanning electron microscope . The coating , which is usually applied by sputtering with an argon plasma , has a triple role in this application . Gold 's very high electrical conductivity drains electrical charge to earth , and its very high density provides stopping power for electrons in the electron beam , helping to limit the depth to which the electron beam penetrates the specimen . This improves definition of the position and topography of the specimen surface and increases the spatial resolution of the image . Gold also produces a high output of secondary electrons when irradiated by an electron beam , and these low - energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope . The isotope gold - 198 ( half - life 2.7 days ) is used , in nuclear medicine , in some cancer treatments and for treating other diseases . Cuisine Gold can be used in food and has the E number 175 . In 2016 , the European Food Safety Authority published an opinion on the re-evaluation of gold as a food additive . Concerns included the possible presence of minute amounts of gold nanoparticles in the food additive , and that gold nanoparticles have been shown to be genotoxic in mammalian cells in vitro . Gold leaf , flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods , notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient . Gold flake was used by the nobility in medieval Europe as a decoration in food and drinks , in the form of leaf , flakes or dust , either to demonstrate the host 's wealth or in the belief that something that valuable and rare must be beneficial for one 's health . Danziger Goldwasser ( German : Gold water of Danzig ) or Goldwasser ( English : Goldwater ) is a traditional German herbal liqueur produced in what is today Gdańsk , Poland , and Schwabach , Germany , and contains flakes of gold leaf . There are also some expensive ( c. $1000 ) cocktails which contain flakes of gold leaf . However , since metallic gold is inert to all body chemistry , it has no taste , it provides no nutrition , and it leaves the body unaltered . Vark is a foil composed of a pure metal that is sometimes gold , and is used for garnishing sweets in South Asian cuisine . Miscellanea Mirror for the James Webb Space Telescope coated in gold to reflect infrared light Gold produces a deep , intense red color when used as a coloring agent in cranberry glass . In photography , gold toners are used to shift the color of silver bromide black - and - white prints towards brown or blue tones , or to increase their stability . Used on sepia - toned prints , gold toners produce red tones . Kodak published formulas for several types of gold toners , which use gold as the chloride . Gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light , as well as radio waves . It is used for the protective coatings on many artificial satellites , in infrared protective faceplates in thermal - protection suits and astronauts ' helmets , and in electronic warfare planes such as the EA - 6B Prowler . Gold is used as the reflective layer on some high - end CDs . Automobiles may use gold for heat shielding . McLaren uses gold foil in the engine compartment of its F1 model . Gold can be manufactured so thin that it appears semi-transparent . It is used in some aircraft cockpit windows for de-icing or anti-icing by passing electricity through it . The heat produced by the resistance of the gold is enough to prevent ice from forming . Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium cyanide , to form the salt gold cyanide -- a technique that has been used in extracting metallic gold from ores in the cyanide process . Gold cyanide is the electrolyte used in commercial electroplating of gold onto base metals and electroforming . Gold chloride ( chloroauric acid ) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with citrate or ascorbate ions . Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make cranberry or red - colored glass , which , like colloidal gold suspensions , contains evenly sized spherical gold nanoparticles . Toxicity Pure metallic ( elemental ) gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of gold leaf . Metallic gold is also a component of the alcoholic drinks Goldschläger , Gold Strike , and Goldwasser . Metallic gold is approved as a food additive in the EU ( E175 in the Codex Alimentarius ) . Although the gold ion is toxic , the acceptance of metallic gold as a food additive is due to its relative chemical inertness , and resistance to being corroded or transformed into soluble salts ( gold compounds ) by any known chemical process which would be encountered in the human body . Soluble compounds ( gold salts ) such as gold chloride are toxic to the liver and kidneys . Common cyanide salts of gold such as potassium gold cyanide , used in gold electroplating , are toxic by virtue of both their cyanide and gold content . There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from potassium gold cyanide . Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with chelation therapy with an agent such as dimercaprol . Gold metal was voted Allergen of the Year in 2001 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society , gold contact allergies affect mostly women . Despite this , gold is a relatively non-potent contact allergen , in comparison with metals like nickel . A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution ; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes ; such as gold , silver , copper iron and zinc . The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides . See also Bulk leach extractable gold Chrysiasis ( dermatological condition ) Commodity fetishism ( Marxist economic theory ) Digital gold currency GFMS consultancy Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee Gold fingerprinting Gold phosphine complex Gold Prospectors Association of America List of countries by gold production Mining in Roman Britain Prospecting Tumbaga References Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. 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Retrieved 5 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Revere , Alan ( 1 May 1991 ) . Professional goldsmithing : a contemporary guide to traditional jewelry techniques . Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 978 - 0 - 442 - 23898 - 8 . Jump up ^ Uses of gold Accessed 4 November 2014 Jump up ^ Shepard , Krech ; McNeill , Robert John & Merchant , Carolyn ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of world environmental history . 3 . Routledge . p. 597 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93734 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` General Electric Contact Materials '' . Electrical Contact Catalog ( Material Catalog ) . Tanaka Precious Metals. 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2001 . Retrieved 21 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Fulay , Pradeep ; Lee , Jung - Kun ( 18 November 2016 ) . Electronic , Magnetic , and Optical Materials , Second Edition . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4987 - 0173 - 0 . Jump up ^ Peckham , James ( 23 August 2016 ) . `` Japan wants citizens to donate their old phone to make 2020 Olympics medals '' . TechRadar . 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( 2004 ) . `` Gold Complexes in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis '' . In Sigel , Astrid . Metal ions and their complexes in medication . CRC Press . pp. 280 -- 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 5351 - 1 . Jump up ^ Faulk , W.P. ; Taylor , G.M. ( 1971 ) . `` An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope '' . Immunochemistry. 8 ( 11 ) : 1081 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 2791 ( 71 ) 90496 - 4 . PMID 4110101 . Jump up ^ Roth , J. ; Bendayan , M. ; Orci , L. ( 1980 ) . `` FITC - protein A-gold complex for light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 28 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 7 . doi : 10.1177 / 28.1. 6153194 . PMID 6153194 . Jump up ^ Bozzola , John J. & Russell , Lonnie Dee ( 1999 ) . Electron microscopy : principles and techniques for biologists . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 0192 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Nanomedicine : Hybrid Nanoparticles In Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer '' . Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute , University of Missouri - Columbia . Archived from the original on 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hainfeld , James F. ; Dilmanian , F. Avraham ; Slatkin , Daniel N. ; Smilowitz , Henry M. ( 2008 ) . `` Radiotherapy enhancement with gold nanoparticles '' . Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology . 60 ( 8 ) : 977 -- 85 . doi : 10.1211 / jpp. 60.8. 0005 . PMID 18644191 . Jump up ^ `` Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers '' . Food Standards Agency , UK . 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of gold ( E 175 ) as a food additive '' . EFSA Journal . 14 ( 1 ) : 4362 . 2016 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2016.4362 . ISSN 1831 - 4732 . Jump up ^ `` The Food Dictionary : Varak '' . Barron 's Educational Services , Inc. 1995 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2006 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Kerner , Susanne ; Chou , Cynthia ; Warmind , Morten ( 26 February 2015 ) . Commensality : From Everyday Food to Feast . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85785 - 719 - 4 . Jump up ^ Baedeker , Karl ( 1865 ) . `` Danzig '' . Deutschland nebst Theilen der angrenzenden Länder ( in German ) . Karl Baedeker . Jump up ^ Guinness Book of World Records 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Many Uses of Gold '' . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Gold in Gastronomy deLafee , Switzerland ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Toning black - and - white materials . Kodak Technical Data / Reference sheet G - 23 , May 2006 . Jump up ^ Martin , Keith . 1997 McLaren F1 . Jump up ^ `` The Demand for Gold by Industry '' ( PDF ) . Gold bulletin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Colored glass chemistry '' . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Dierks , S. ( May 2005 ) . `` Gold MSDS '' . Electronic Space Products International . Jump up ^ Louis , Catherine ; Pluchery , Olivier ( 1 January 2012 ) . Gold Nanoparticles for Physics , Chemistry and Biology . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84816 - 807 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wright , I.H. ; Vesey , J.C. ( 1986 ) . `` Acute poisoning with gold cyanide '' . Anaesthesia. 41 ( 79 ) : 936 -- 939 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2044.1986. tb12920. x . PMID 3022615 . Jump up ^ Wu , Ming - Ling ; Tsai , Wei - Jen ; Ger , Jiin ; Deng , Jou - Fang ; Tsay , Shyh - Haw ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Cholestatic Hepatitis Caused by Acute Gold Potassium Cyanide Poisoning '' . Clinical Toxicology. 39 ( 7 ) : 739 -- 743 . doi : 10.1081 / CLT - 100108516 . PMID 11778673 . Jump up ^ Tsuruta , Kyoko ; Matsunaga , Kayoko ; Suzuki , Kayoko ; Suzuki , Rie ; Akita , Hirotaka ; Washimi , Yasuko ; Tomitaka , Akiko ; Ueda , Hiroshi ( 2001 ) . `` Female predominance of gold allergy '' . Contact Dermatitis. 44 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 49 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0536.2001. 440107 - 22. x . Jump up ^ Brunk , Doug ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` Ubiquitous nickel wins skin contact allergy award for 2008 '' . Jump up ^ Singh , Harbhajan ( 17 November 2006 ) . Mycoremediation : Fungal Bioremediation . p. 509 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 05058 - 3 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gold Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gold . Look up gold in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Hart , Matthew , Gold : the race for the world 's most seductive metal `` , New York : Simon & Schuster , 2013 . ISBN 9781451650020 `` Gold '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Chemistry in its element podcast ( MP3 ) from the Royal Society of Chemistry 's Chemistry World : Gold www.rsc.org Gold at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) Getting Gold 1898 book , www.lateralscience.co.uk Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold at the Wayback Machine ( archived 7 March 2008 ) , www.epa.gov ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Gold compounds Gold ( - I ) CsAu RbAu Gold ( I ) AuBr AuCl AuI AuOH Au S ( C H ) PAuSC H O ( CO CH ) CH OCOCH AuSC H O ( OH ) CH OH NaAuSCH CHOHCH SO BrAuSC H ClAuSC H ClAuS ( CH ) ClAuP ( C H ) Na AuSCHCO CH CO NaAuSCHCO CH CO H Na Au ( S O ) Organogold ( I ) compounds ( AuC H ( CH ) ) Gold ( II ) AuXe ( Sb F ) Gold ( I , III ) Au Cl Gold ( III ) HAuCl HAuBr AuBr AuCl AuF Au O Au ( OH ) Au S Gold ( V ) AuF AuF F Au ( C O ) Jewellery Forms Anklet Barrette Belt buckle Belly chain Bindi Bolo tie Bracelet Brooch Chatelaine Collar pin Crown Cufflink Earring Ferronnière Lapel pin Necklace Pectoral Pendant Ring Tiara Tie chain Tie clip Tie pin Toe ring Watch pocket strap Making People Bench jeweler Clockmaker Goldsmith Silversmith Jewelry designer Lapidary Watchmaker Processes Carving Casting centrifugal lost - wax vacuum Enameling Engraving Filigree Kazaziye Metal clay Plating Polishing Repoussé and chasing Soldering Stonesetting Wire sculpture Wire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plate File Hammer Mandrel Pliers Materials Precious metals Gold Palladium Platinum Rhodium Silver Precious metal alloys Britannia silver Colored gold Crown gold Electrum Shakudō Shibuichi Sterling silver Tumbaga Base metals Brass Bronze Copper Mokume - gane Pewter Stainless steel Titanium Tungsten Mineral gemstones Aventurine Agate Amethyst Beryl Carnelian Chrysoberyl Diamond Diopside Emerald Garnet Jade Jasper Lapis lazuli Larimar Malachite Marcasite Moonstone Obsidian Onyx Opal Pearl Peridot Prasiolite Quartz Ruby Sapphire Sodalite Spinel Sunstone Tanzanite Tiger 's eye Topaz Tourmaline Turquoise Zircon Organic gemstones Abalone Amber Ammolite Copal Coral Ivory Jet Nacre Other natural objects Bog - wood Hair Shell jewelry Toadstone Terms Carat ( mass ) Carat ( purity ) Finding Millesimal fineness Art jewelry Related topics Body piercing Fashion Gemology Phaleristics Metalworking Wearable art LCCN : sh85055692 GND : 4157819 - 3 BNF : cb133184606 ( data ) NDL : 00565802 BNE : XX526003 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold&oldid=815156287 '' Categories : Gold Chemical elements Transition metals Noble metals Precious metals Cubic minerals Dental materials Electrical conductors Native element minerals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing explicitly cited English - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is pure gold an element or a compound	[ "Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from Latin: aurum) and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as electrum) and also naturally alloyed with copper and palladium. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides)." ]	[ "chemical element" ]
5531434471967945580	Star Wars	Star Wars - Wikipedia Star Wars This article is about the film series and media franchise . For the original 1977 film , see Star Wars ( film ) . For other uses , see Star Wars ( disambiguation ) . Star Wars The franchise logo Created by George Lucas Original work Star Wars ( 1977 ) Owner Lucasfilm Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Main series ( 9 films ; 1977 -- 2019 ) Anthology ( 2 films ; since 2016 ) full list ... Television series Untitled live - action series ( 2019 ) Animated series List of animated series Games Role - playing List of role - playing games Video game ( s ) List of video games Audio Radio program ( s ) List of radio dramas Original music Music Miscellaneous Toys Toys Theme park attractions List of theme park attractions Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of characters `` A long time ago in a galaxy far , far away '' . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars ( later subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope ) , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by two successful sequels , The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , all together constituting the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005 , albeit to mixed reactions from both critics and fans . A more - recent third trilogy continues the story decades after Return of the Jedi , beginning in 2015 with Star Wars : The Force Awakens . The first eight films were nominated for Academy Awards , with wins going to the first two films released . The franchise has been commercially successful , with a combined box office revenue of over US $8.5 billion , making it the second highest - grossing film series . Theatrical spin - off films include Rogue One ( 2016 ) and Solo ( 2018 ) . The film series has spawned into other media , including television series , books , computer and video games , theme park attractions and lands , and comic books , resulting in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . Star Wars holds a Guinness World Record for the `` Most successful film merchandising franchise . '' In 2015 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US $42 billion . As of August 2018 , it is the third - highest - grossing media franchise of all time . Contents 1 Setting 2 Theatrical films 2.1 Main series 2.1. 1 Episode IV : A New Hope 2.1. 2 Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back 2.1. 3 Episode VI : Return of the Jedi 2.1. 4 Episode I : The Phantom Menace 2.1. 5 Episode II : Attack of the Clones 2.1. 6 Episode III : Revenge of the Sith 2.1. 7 Episode VII : The Force Awakens 2.1. 8 Episode VIII : The Last Jedi 2.1. 9 Episode IX 2.2 Anthology 2.2. 1 Rogue One 2.2. 2 Solo 2.2. 3 Untitled Boba Fett film 2.2. 4 Other potential anthology films 2.3 Other film series in development 2.3. 1 Untitled trilogy by Rian Johnson 2.3. 2 Untitled films by Benioff and Weiss 2.4 Animated film 3 In other media 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Early films and television specials 3.1. 2 Animation 3.1. 3 Untitled Star Wars series 3.2 Print media 3.2. 1 Novels 3.2. 2 Comics 3.3 Audio dramas 3.4 Video games 3.5 Multimedia projects 3.6 Theme park attractions 3.7 Merchandising 4 Themes of the franchise 4.1 Comparisons with historical events 5 Cultural impact 5.1 Industry 5.2 Fan works 5.3 Academia 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Setting R2 - D2 showing the map of the galaxy . `` Star Wars galaxy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Star Wars Galaxies . For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy , see Star Wars ( UK comics ) . See also : The Force and List of Star Wars planets and moons The Star Wars franchise takes place in a distant unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the ancient past , where many species of aliens ( often humanoid ) co-exist . People own robotic droids , who assist them in their daily routines , and space travel is common . The galaxy is ruled by various governments at different times , whose rises and falls are chronicled by the original , prequel , and sequel trilogies ; these include the Old Republic , the Empire , the New Republic , and the First Order . Each of these governments find themselves in conflict with different rebel factions . George Lucas Star Wars creator , director and writer of Episode IV and the prequel trilogy , and script supervisor of Episodes V and VI , who has had limited creative involvement with the franchise since 2012 . The spiritual and mystical element of the Star Wars galaxy is known as the Force . It is described in the original film as `` an energy field created by all living things ( that ) surrounds us , penetrates us , ( and ) binds the galaxy together '' . The people who are born deeply connected to the Force have better reflexes ; through training and meditation , they are able to achieve various supernatural feats ( such as telekinesis , clairvoyance , precognition , and mind control ) . The Force is wielded by two major factions at conflict : the Jedi , who harness the light side of the Force , and the Sith , who use the dark side of the Force through hate and aggression , and whose members are limited to two : a master and an apprentice . Theatrical films It has been suggested that sections about Theatrical films be split out and merged into the article titled List of Star Wars films and television series , which already exists . ( Discuss ) ( August 2018 ) Main article : List of Star Wars films and television series The Star Wars film series is divided into multiple sets of films , the central element of which is the `` trilogy of trilogies '' ( also called The Skywalker Saga or The Star Wars Saga ) . These trilogies are being released out of sequence : the original ( Episodes IV -- VI , 1977 -- 83 ) , prequel ( Episodes I -- III , 1999 -- 2005 ) , and sequel ( Episodes VII -- IX , 2015 -- 19 ) trilogy . The first two were released on three year intervals , the sequel trilogy films two years apart . Each trilogy centers on a generation of the Skywalker family , which is strong with the Force . The prequels focus on Anakin Skywalker , the original trilogy on his son Luke , and the sequel trilogy features Kylo Ren , Anakin 's grandson and the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa . The anthology series , began during the production of the sequel trilogy , is set between the main episodes , showing the backstory or origins of main characters . An untitled trilogy by Episode VIII 's director Rian Johnson has been announced . An additional untitled film series by Game of Thrones creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss is also in development . An animated film was also created in 2008 , titled The Clone Wars . It serves as a companion piece and pilot to an animated series of the same title . An upcoming live - action series , and various other animated series , take place in the same continuity as the films . Various videogames , and print works , such as comics and novels , also tell stories in the same continuity as the films and television series . Main series It has been suggested that sections about Theatrical films be split out and merged into the article titled List of Star Wars films and television series , which already exists . ( Discuss ) ( August 2018 ) Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Composer Initial distributor 05 Original trilogy 06 Episode IV A New Hope 02 May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz John Williams 20th Century Fox 07 Episode V The Empire Strikes Back 03 May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan George Lucas 08 Episode VI Return of the Jedi 04 May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian 01 Prequel trilogy 02 Episode I The Phantom Menace 06 May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas Rick McCallum John Williams 20th Century Fox 03 Episode II Attack of the Clones 07 May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas 04 Episode III Revenge of the Sith 08 May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas 09 Sequel trilogy 10 Episode VII The Force Awakens 07 December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk John Williams Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 11 Episode VIII The Last Jedi 08 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman 12 Episode IX 09 December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Michelle Rejwan The main cast members of the original trilogy at San Diego Comic - Con in July 2015 , from left to right : Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill , and Harrison Ford . The three of them reprised their characters in supporting roles for the sequel trilogy . In 1971 , Lucas signed a contract with Universal Studios to direct two films . He intended one of them to be a space opera ; however , knowing film studios were skeptical about the genre , Lucas decided to direct his other idea first , American Graffiti , a coming - of - age story set in the 1960s . In 1973 , Lucas started work on his second film 's script draft of The Journal of the Whills , a space opera telling the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a Jedi - Bendu space commando by the legendary Mace Windy . After Universal rejected the film , 20th Century Fox decided to invest in it . On April 17 , 1973 , Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand , so he began writing a 13 - page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress ; this draft was renamed The Star Wars . By 1974 , he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller . Numerous subsequent drafts evolved into the script of the original film . Lucas insisted that the movie would be part of a 9 - part series and negotiated to retain the sequel rights , to ensure all the movies would be made . Tom Pollock , then Lucas ' lawyer writes : `` So in the negotiations that were going on , we drew up a contract with Fox 's head of business affairs Bill Immerman , and me . We came to an agreement that George would retain the sequel rights . Not all the ( merchandising rights ) that came later , mind you ; just the sequel rights . And Fox would get a first opportunity and last refusal right to make the movie . '' Lucas was offered $50,000 to write , another $50,000 to produce , and $50,000 to direct the film . Later the offer was increased . American Graffiti cast member Harrison Ford had given up on acting and become a carpenter whom Lucas hired for his home renovations , until Lucas decided to cast him as Han Solo within his film . The plot of the original film and its two sequels centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire , as well as on Luke Skywalker and his sister , and Luke 's quest to become a Jedi . While the prequels focus on Luke 's father Anakin Skywalker , and the sequel trilogy on Luke 's nephew and Anakin 's grandson . While originally known as the main series , in 2018 , it was also renamed as the Skywalker Saga due to it 's focus on three generations of the Skywalker family . Episode IV : a New Hope Main article : Star Wars ( film ) Darth Vader Cosplay of the Sith lord Darth Vader , antagonist character in the original trilogy , the anthology film Rogue One , and the Rebels animated series . Vader 's backstory became a central plot point in Episodes V and VI , as well as the basis of the prequel trilogy and The Clone Wars animated series . Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine , a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire . Aboard , the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa , a secret member of the rebellion . Before her capture , Leia makes sure the astromech R2 - D2 , along with the protocol droid C - 3PO , escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi , who has been living in exile on Tatooine . The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker , an orphan farm boy raised by his step - uncle and aunt . Luke helps the droids locate Obi - Wan , now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi , who reveals himself as a friend of Luke 's absent father , the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker . Obi - Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was `` betrayed and murdered '' by Vader ( who was Obi - Wan 's former Jedi apprentice ) years ago , and he gives Luke his father 's former lightsaber to keep . After viewing Leia 's message , they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to , aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon , help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2 - D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire 's planet - destroying space station : the Death Star . For the second draft of The Star Wars , Lucas simplified the plot . It added a mystical energy field known as `` the Force '' and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . The third draft killed the father Annikin , replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi . Later , Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence , but a film in the second trilogy in the saga . The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about `` The Princess of Ondos '' , and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels . Not long after , Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster , to write two sequel novels , with the main creative restriction of plots that could be filmed on a low budget . In 1976 , a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography . The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller , as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . During production , Lucas changed Luke 's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars . At that point , Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels . The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded `` the Princess of Ondos '' sub-plot , to become a self - contained film , that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star . However , Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series . The intention was that if Star Wars was successful , Lucas could adapt Dean Foster 's novels into low - budget sequels . By that point , Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . Before its release , Lucas considered walking away from Star Wars sequels , thinking the film would be a flop . However the film exceeded all expectations . The success of the film as well as its merchandise sales both led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial , and use the profits to finance his film - making center , Skywalker Ranch . Star Wars was released on May 25 , 1977 , with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV : A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel , and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga. . Episode V : the Empire Strikes Back Main article : The Empire Strikes Back Lawrence Kasdan co-writer of Episodes V , VI and VII and also Solo : A Star Wars Story . Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21 , 1980 . Left : Ralph McQuarrie conceptual artist , whose sketches defined the aesthetics of the original trilogy . Right : Ben Burtt Sound designer , who created many of the iconic sound effects of the franchise . Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire . At the request of the late Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke travels to the swamp - infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training . However , Luke 's training is interrupted by Vader , who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City , governed by Han 's old friend Lando Calrissian . During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord , Luke learns that Vader is his father . In Alan Dean Foster 's sequel to the novelization of Star Wars , Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , Han Solo and Chewbacca were notably absent . But after the success of the original film , Lucas knew a sequel would be granted his desired budget . Knowing this , he decided not to adapt Foster 's work , and instead Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II from scratch with him . Han Solo and Chewbacca were included , but the main character was Luke . Based on that , Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; in it , Luke 's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . After writing these two drafts , Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker , Kenobi , and the Emperor . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan , who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , was then hired to write the next drafts , and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Episode VI : Return of the Jedi Main article : Return of the Jedi Return of the Jedi , the final film in the original trilogy , was released on May 25 , 1983 . A year after Vader 's shocking revelation , Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt . Afterward , Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training , only to find the 900 - year - old Yoda on his deathbed . In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke 's father , Anakin Skywalker , and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training . Moments later , the spirit of Obi - Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister , but Obi - Wan insists that Luke must face Vader again . As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II , Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches ; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice . John Williams composer of the scores for the main series of films . Kurtz wanted the bittersweet ending they originally outlined that saw Han dead , Leia struggling with her new responsibilities , Luke walking off alone , and the rebel forces in pieces -- an ending he felt was more nuanced -- while Lucas wanted a happier ending . This led to tension between the two , which resulted in Kurtz leaving the production . Episode I : the Phantom Menace Main article : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War , the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo . The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego , Senator Palpatine , a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic . At the Chancellor 's request , the Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice , a younger Obi - Wan Kenobi , are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation . However , the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo , Padmé Amidala , escape from the blockade and plead her planet 's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant . When their starship is damaged during the escape , they land on Tatooine for repairs . Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice , Darth Maul , to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors . While on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a nine - year - old slave named Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery , believing Anakin to be the `` Chosen One '' foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force . However , the Jedi Council ( led by Yoda ) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him . After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987 , George Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars , and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . At that point , the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of The Star Wars . Nevertheless , technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas , and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20 - year - old material . The popularity of the franchise was reinvigorated by the Star Wars expanded universe storylines set after the original trilogy films , such as the Thrawn trilogy of novels written by Timothy Zahn and the Dark Empire comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics . Due to the renewed popularity of Star Wars , Lucas saw that there was still a large audience . His children were older , and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing . Warwick Davis ( left ) and Anthony Daniels ( right ) , both have appeared in films across all trilogies , as well as in the anthology films . Daniels has portrayed C - 3PO in all theatrical films released to date , as well as voicing all animated appearances of the character . Episode I : The Phantom Menace was released on May 19 , 1999 . The plot of the trilogy focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic , as well as the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker 's turn to the dark side . Lucas began to reevaluate how the prequels would exist relative to the originals ; at first they were supposed to be a `` filling - in '' of history tangential to the originals , but he later realized that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` saga '' . In 1994 , Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel , initially titled Episode I : The Beginning . Following the release of that film , Lucas announced that he would be directing the next two , and began work on Episode II . Episode II : Attack of the Clones Main article : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Episode II : Attack of the Clones was released on May 16 , 2002 . Ten years after the Battle of Naboo , former Queen of Naboo Padmé , is now serving as the Senator to her planet , until her duty is interrupted by an assassination attempt . Obi - Wan and his apprentice Anakin are assigned to her protect her ; Obi - Wan goes on a mission to track the killer , while Anakin and Padmé go into hiding . They soon fall in love with each other , albeit secretly due to the Jedi Order 's rule against attachment . At the same time , Chancellor Palpatine schemes to sweep the entire galaxy up into the conflict ( known as the Clone Wars ) between the armies of the Republic led by the Jedi Order , and the Confederacy of Independent Systems led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku ; the former master of Obi - Wan 's deceased master Qui - Gon , and Palpatine 's new Sith apprentice . The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography , and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales , a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , to polish it . Unsure of a title , Lucas had jokingly called the film `` Jar Jar 's Great Adventure '' . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the `` Clone Wars '' mentioned by both Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi . The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II , with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis . Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Main article : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Frank Oz ( left ) and Ian McDiarmid ( right ) returned for the prequel trilogy , as Yoda and Darth Sidious , both characters were introduced in The Empire Strikes Back . Episode III : Revenge of the Sith was released on May 19 , 2005 . Three years after the start of the Clone Wars , Anakin and Obi - Wan lead a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine from Count Dooku and the droid commander General Grievous . Later , Anakin begins to have prophetic visions of his secret wife Padmé dying in childbirth . Palpatine , who had been secretly engineering the Clone Wars to destroy the Jedi Order , convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé 's life . Desperate , Anakin submits to Palpatine 's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader . While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire , Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order ; culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and his former master Obi - Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released , offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles . As he reviewed the storyline that summer , however , he says he radically re-organized the plot . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé 's life , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . Episode VII : the Force Awakens Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens See also : Star Wars sequel trilogy Main young cast members of the sequel trilogy : Adam Driver as Kylo Ren , master of the Knights of Ren and the grandson of Darth Vader . Daisy Ridley as Rey , an orphan girl trained as a Jedi knight by Luke Skywalker . John Boyega as Finn , a former stormtrooper who escaped to the Resistance . Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron , an ace X-wing pilot of the Resistance . About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II , Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build . The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order , and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic , while the Resistance opposes , led by princess - turned - general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic . On Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren , the son of Leia and Han Solo , capture Poe . Poe 's droid BB - 8 escapes with the map , and encounters a scavenger Rey . Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB - 8 . Stormtrooper FN - 2187 defects from the First Order , and frees Poe who dubs him `` Finn '' , while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku , seemingly killing Poe . Finn finds Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order does too ; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon . The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca , smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance . They agree to help deliver the map inside BB - 8 to the Resistance . Over the years , Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series ; many of the exaggerations stemmed from the post ‐ 1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon . Michael Kaminski explained that the exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure , further rationalizing that since the series ' story radically changed over the years , it was always Lucas 's intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective . The exaggerations created rumors of Lucas having outlines of a sequel trilogy ( Episodes VII , VIII , and IX ) that would continue the story after 1983 's Episode VI : Return of the Jedi . Lucasfilm and Lucas had denied plans for a sequel trilogy for many years , insisting that Star Wars was meant to be a six - part series and that no further films would be released after the conclusion of the prequel trilogy in 2005 . Although Lucas made an exception by releasing the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars film in 2008 , while promoting it he maintained his position on the sequel trilogy : `` I get asked all the time , ' What happens after Return of the Jedi ? , ' and there really is no answer for that . The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . '' Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen , in 2011 Lucas secretly began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films . His plans for the sequel trilogy were about the characters being reduced to microscopic size and encountering creatures known as the Whills , a microscopic lifeform that control the Star Wars universe and feed off The Force . The story was apparently inspired by Lucas 's own perception that the Earth would not be saved from human overpopulation and climate change , ending up like Mars , which while unfit for humans could sustain macrobiotic life . But Lucas later decided to cease involvement with the franchise he created and leave the sequel trilogy in the hands of other filmmakers . In January 2012 , Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films . Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the rereleases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire , Lucas said : `` Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are ? '' In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015 . Later , it was revealed that the three new upcoming films ( Episodes VII -- IX ) would be based on story treatments Lucas had written before the sale . The co-chairman of Lucasfilm , Kathleen Kennedy , became president of the company , reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn . Kennedy also served as executive producer of new Star Wars feature films , with Lucas serving as creative consultant . As announced by Lucasfilm , the sequel trilogy also meant the end of the existing Star Wars expanded universe ( SWEU or EU ) which ceased publication and consisted of every storytelling material that was not the theatrical films Episodes I - VI ; with the animated 2008 The Clone Wars film and animated series being the sole EU exceptions that remained canon . The EU was discarded to give `` maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience '' . The npn - canon expanded universe content would continue to be re-print under the Star Wars : Legends brand , which was created to brand the non-canonical works of the franchise . Star Wars storytelling material published after April 2014 is considered canon . The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII : The Force Awakens , released on December 18 , 2015 . The plot so far contains no elements of the Whills microbiotic worlds and creatures described by Lucas , focusing instead on the journey of female scavenger Rey toward becoming a Jedi Knight with the aid of the reluctant last Jedi Luke Skywalker while she helps the Resistance , led by Luke 's sister Leia , fight against the First Order , led by Supreme Leader Snoke and his apprentice Kylo Ren , who is Leia and Han Solo 's son . The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt , but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J.J. Abrams . On January 25 , 2013 , The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J.J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII 's director and producer , along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions . Episode VIII : the Last Jedi Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi Episode VIII : The Last Jedi was released on December 15 , 2017 . Rey attempts to convince the reluctant last Jedi , Luke Skywalker , to teach her the ways of the Force . She also seeks answers of her past and the origin of the conflict between Luke and his nephew Ben Solo ( now Kylo Ren ) . Unbeknownst to Luke , Rey starts using the Force to communicate with Ren . Meanwhile , Kylo 's mother ( and Luke 's sister ) Leia leads Poe , Finn , Rose Tico , BB - 8 , and the rest of the Resistance as they are pursued by the First Order , led by Supreme Leader Snoke with Kylo as his second in command . After hearing Ren 's perspective , Rey disagrees with Luke and despite his warnings leaves him in an attempt to redeem Kylo and achieve peace . To do this , Rey unknowingly helps Kylo assassinate Snoke . However , Ren 's intentions are to replace Snoke as Supreme Leader , believing that destroying the Jedi and the Resistance is the only way to achieve peace . Rey must choose between Kylo 's offer to rule the galaxy with him , or helping the outnumbered and cornered Resistance survive on Crait . On November 20 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg would write and produce Episodes VIII and IX . Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films , in addition to writing standalone films . In addition , John Williams , who wrote the music for the previous six episodes , was hired to compose the music for Episodes VII , VIII and IX . On March 12 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions . When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview , Johnson said `` it 's boring to talk about , because the only thing I can really say is , I 'm just happy . I do n't have the terror I kind of expected I would , at least not yet . I 'm sure I will at some point . '' Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016 . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May 2016 . Principal photography wrapped in July 2016 . On December 27 , 2016 , Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier . Before her death , Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi . The film was released on December 15 , 2017 . Episode IX Main article : Star Wars : Episode IX Episode IX is due to be released on December 20 , 2019 . Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX , but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment . Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old , and he 's not involved with the writing of that film . Production on Episode IX was scheduled to begin sometime in 2017 . Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX . Now , Lucasfilm , Disney and others involved with the film have been forced to find a way to address her death in the upcoming film and alter her character 's role . In January 2017 , Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher 's performance for the film . In April 2017 , Fisher 's brother Todd and daughter Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film , but later that month , Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film . Principal photography of Star Wars : Episode IX began on August 1 , 2018 . J.J. Abrams is set to return as director and co-writer alongside Chris Terrio . Most of the cast of The Last Jedi is set to return , including veteran actors Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker , Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO , and the late Carrie Fisher as General Leia ( using unreleased footage from the first two films of the sequel trilogy ) . They will be joined by Billy Dee Williams as Lando Calrissian , for the first time on - screen since Return of the Jedi . Anthology Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Composer Initial distributor 02 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 01 December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel Michael Giacchino Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 01 Solo : A Star Wars Story 02 May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Ron Howard Jon Kasdan & Lawrence Kasdan John Powell John Williams 03 Untitled Boba Fett film 03 2020 James Mangold James Mangold & Simon Kinberg Simon Kinberg TBA George Lucas had been producing spin - off material since the original film 's success , but in 2014 Disney declared all content but the two trilogies part of the lower - canon Legends . Before selling Lucasfilm , and parallel to his development of a sequel trilogy , Lucas and Lawrence Kasdan started development on a young Han Solo film . On February 5 , 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger made public the development of the Lawrence Kasdan standalone film and an undisclosed film written by Simon Kinberg . The next day , it was revealed that Kasdan 's film would focus on Han Solo , and the other on Boba Fett ( the latter info was never confirmed ) . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the spin - offs will not cross over with the sequel trilogy , stating : George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies ... they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars anthology series ( albeit the word anthology has not been used in any of the titles , instead carrying the promotional `` A Star Wars Story '' subtitle below the film 's main title ) . Rogue One Main article : Rogue One The idea for a film about a group of rebels stealing the Death Star plans was conceived by prequel trilogy VFX supervisor John Knoll . It sets up the events and ends just before the original Star Wars : Episode IV - A New Hope . In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft for a release on December 16 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One , with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , and starring Felicity Jones as Jyn Erso , with Ben Mendelsohn and Diego Luna also playing new characters . It would have supporting roles for characters from the original films including James Earl Jones as the voice of Darth Vader , and actors from the prequels as Bail Organa and Mon Mothma . The film is also the first to include characters created for the animated series ; The Clone Wars 's Saw Gerrera is Jyn Erso 's extremist mentor , and Chopper from Star Wars Rebels has a cameo . A teaser was shown at Star Wars Celebration in April 2015 . Lucasfilm announced filming would begin that summer and revealed the plot synopsis . Edwards stated , `` It comes down to a group of individuals who do n't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy , '' and , `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' After its debut , Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with its performances , action sequences , soundtrack , visual effects and darker tone being praised . The film grossed over US $500 million worldwide within a week of its release . Solo Main article : Solo : A Star Wars Story Solo is a film focusing on a younger Han Solo and the beginning of his career as a smuggler , as well as his friendship with the Wookiee Chewbacca , and their first encounter with the Millennium Falcon , which is owned by a younger Lando Calrissian . The film is set before the events of Rogue One and Han 's appearance in Episode IV : A New Hope . Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney , George Lucas started development on a film about a young Han Solo . Lucas hired Star Wars original trilogy veteran script writer Lawrence Kasdan , along with his son Jon Kasdan , to write the script . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo , Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca ( after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) , and Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian . Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson portray original characters . Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film , but due to creative differences , left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography . Their replacement was Ron Howard , who had previously declined George Lucas ' offer to direct The Phantom Menace . Howard had also collaborated with Lucas prior to Star Wars , in Lucas ' American Graffiti ( 1973 ) , which featured original Han Solo actor Harrison Ford . Howard also directed Willow for Lucasfilm in 1988 . Warwick Davis , who played the titular lead of that film , has a minor role in Solo . Untitled Boba Fett film Boba Fett Cosplay of bounty hunter Boba Fett , an antagonist character in the original trilogy . Fett has been digitally inserted into all director cuts of A New Hope since 1997 . The character is rumored to be the main focus of an upcoming anthology film . A third anthology film allegedly focusing on Boba Fett is scheduled to be released in 2020 , albeit neither its plot or main character have been officially confirmed . A writer for the film had been hired as of September 2016 . In February 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reported that a spin - off film would focus on bounty hunter Boba Fett and be set during the original trilogy , with Josh Trank expected to direct . In May 2015 , it was announced Trank had left the project . In December 2015 , Kathleen Kennedy said that the unfinished material from the cancelled Fett - centric video game Star Wars 1313 was `` gold '' , and that it could return in another form . By 2017 , an unknown film was still in early development at Lucasfilm . Lucasfilm never revealed any details , but confirmed that the film Trank left was separate from Solo and Rogue One . By May 2018 , reports emerged that James Mangold had signed on to write and direct a Boba Fett film , with Simon Kinberg attached as producer and co-screenwriter . Daniel Logan , who played Boba Fett as a child in Attack of the Clones and voiced him in The Clone Wars animated series , expressed interest in reprising his role . Temuera Morrison , who portrayed Jango Fett in Attack of the Clones and voiced Boba in the 2004 editions of the original trilogy , also expressed interest in the role . The author of Legends story The Last Man Standing said that Lucasfilm had interest in adapting elements from his Fett - focused short story ( which involved Han Solo ) , but noted that Lucasfilm might change their plans . Other potential anthology films In August 2016 , Ewan McGregor , who played Obi - Wan Kenobi in the prequel trilogy , stated that he would be open to return to the role in a spin - off film focusing on the character between Episode III and IV . In March 2017 , McGregor again stated his interest in starring in the film . By August 2017 , it was reported that an Obi - Wan film was in development with Stephen Daldry in early negotiations to co-write and direct the project . Liam Neeson expressed his interest in reprising his role as Qui - Gon Jinn . Joel Edgerton , who played Luke Skywalker 's step - uncle Owen in the prequel trilogy , said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi - Wan standalone film . As of 2018 , McGregor is still open to reprising his role , but there are no current plans for him to do so . In June 2018 , Lucasfilm told ABC News that there were multiple unannounced Star Wars films in development , despite Solo performing less than expected at box office . A previously unannounced Mos Eisley Spaceport film was reported postponed or cancelled . Productor designer Neil Lamont later implied a Tatooine - based film had ceased production . In 2018 , Alden Ehrenreich confirmed his contractual obligation to appear as Han Solo in two additional films . Emilia Clarke , who played Qi'ra , also signed on for future installments . Solo director Ron Howard said that while no sequel was in development , it was up to fans to decide . Critics noted the film intentionally left room open for sequels . Writer Jon Kasdan said , were he to write the sequel , he would include bounty hunter Bossk , who appeared in The Empire Strikes Back and The Clone Wars animated series . Ehrenreich said he would like sequels to differentiate themselves from the previous Star Wars trilogies by being standalone installments , in the vein of Indiana Jones or James Bond , rather than direct follow - ups . In 2015 , Guillermo Del Toro pitched Kathleen Kennedy and John Knoll a film idea for a Godfather - like Jabba the Hutt film . It was reported in 2017 that a film had at least been considered . In 2018 , Kennedy said a film focusing on Lando Calrissian could happen , but was not a priority at the time . Other film series in development Untitled trilogy by Rian Johnson In November 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that The Last Jedi 's writer and director Rian Johnson along said film 's producer Ram Bergman , would be working on a new trilogy . The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker - focused films in favor of focusing on new characters . Johnson is confirmed to write and direct the first film . Ram Bergman said that it could release possibly in 2020 at the earliest . Untitled films by Benioff and Weiss In February 2018 , Lucasfilm announced that David Benioff and D.B. Weiss would write and produce a series of Star Wars films not focused on the Skywalker family , similar to but separate from Rian Johnson 's upcoming installments in the franchise . Animated film Film Release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Composer Initial distributor Star Wars : The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy & Steven Melching & Scott Murphy George Lucas and Catherine Winder Kevin Kiner Warner Bros . Pictures On August 15 , 2008 , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars was released theatrically , as a lead - in to the animated TV series with the same name . The film and series are set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , revealing Anakin to have trained a Padawan apprentice of his own , Ahsoka Tano . The new character was originally criticized by fans , but by the end of the animated series had become a fan favorite . In other media Main article : Star Wars expanded to other media From 1977 to 2014 , the term Expanded Universe ( abbreviated as EU ) , was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films , including television series , novels , comics , and video games . Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25 , 2014 , when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production . Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label , with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars : The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced . The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , and its companion animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group , announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise . Lucasfilm announced that the change was made `` to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience ''. , The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement , followed by multiple comics series from Marvel , novels published by Del Rey , and the sequel film The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Television Further information : List of Star Wars films and television series Early films and television specials In the two - hour Star Wars Holiday Special produced for CBS in 1978 , Chewbacca returns to his home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate `` Life Day '' with his family . Along with the stars of the original 1977 film , celebrities Bea Arthur , Art Carney , Diahann Carroll , and Jefferson Starship appear in plot - related skits and musical numbers . Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to ever be aired again after its original broadcast , or reproduced on home video . An 11 - minute animated sequence in the Holiday Special featuring the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett , is considered to be the sole silver lining of the production , with Lucas even including it as a special feature on a 2011 Blu - ray release ( making it the only part of the Holiday Special to ever receive an official home media release ) . The segment is the first Star Wars animation ever produced . The television film Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure aired on ABC on Thanksgiving weekend in 1984 . With a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau , it features the Ewok Wicket from Return of the Jedi as he helps two children rescue their parents from a giant known as Gorax . The 1985 sequel , Ewoks : The Battle for Endor , finds Wicket and his friends protecting their village from invaders . Animation Dave Filoni supervising director on Star Wars animated series The Clone Wars and Rebels , later promoted to oversee the development of all future Lucasfilm Animation projects from 2016 onwards . Nelvana , the animation studio that had animated the animated segment of the Holiday Special was hired to create two animated series . Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) , which aired for one season on ABC , follows the adventures of the droids C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , 15 years before A New Hope . Its sister series Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1987 ) explores the adventures of the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies . After the release of Attack of the Clones , Cartoon Network animated and aired the micro-series Star Wars : Clone Wars from 2003 to weeks before the 2005 release of Revenge of the Sith , as the series was set between those films . It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005 . Lucas decided to invest in creating his own animation company , Lucasfilm Animation , and used it to create his first in - house Star Wars CGI - animated series . Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) was introduced through a animated film of the same name , and set within the same time period as the previous Clone Wars series . While all previous television works were reassigned to the Legends brand in 2014 , Lucasfilm accepted The Clone Wars and its originating film as part of the canon . All series released after would also be part of the canon . In 2014 , Disney XD began airing Star Wars Rebels , the next CGI - animated series . Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , it followed a band of rebels as they fight the Empire , and helped close some arcs introduced in The Clone Wars . The 2D animated micro-series Star Wars Forces of Destiny debuted in 2017 , focusing on the female characters of the franchise . The animated series Star Wars Resistance will debut in fall 2018 , be more anime - inspired , and focus on Resistance pilot Kazuda Zioni in the time between Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens . Untitled Star Wars series Since 2005 , when Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies , the television project has been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm Producer Rick McCallum revealed the working title , Star Wars : Underworld , in 2012 , and said in 2013 that 50 scripts had been written . He called the project `` The most provocative , the most bold and daring material that we 've ever done . '' The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the decades prior to A New Hope , and as of December 2015 was still in development at Lucasfilm . In November 2017 , Bob Iger discussed the development of a Star Wars series for Disney 's upcoming digital streaming service , due to launch in 2019 . It is unknown if the series would be based on the Star Wars Underworld scripts or if it would follow an entirely new idea . In February 2018 , it was reported that there are multiple live action Star Wars television series currently in development , with `` rather significant '' talent involved in the productions . Jon Favreau , who had previously voiced Pre Vizsla in The Clone Wars animated series , will produce and write one of the television series . In May 2018 , Favreau confirmed his series would be set three years after Return of the Jedi ( 27 years before The Force Awakens ) and that the series would feature motion capture characters . Print media Star Wars - based fiction predates the release of the first film , with the December 1976 novelization of Star Wars , subtitled From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker . Credited to Lucas , it was ghost - written by Alan Dean Foster . The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics ' Star Wars # 7 in January 1978 ( the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film ) , followed quickly by Foster 's novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following month . Novels Further information : List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn author of the Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 93 ) , which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise . Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker is a 1976 novelization of the original film by Alan Dean Foster , who followed it with the sequel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , which Lucas decided not to film . The film novelizations for The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn followed , as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy ( 1979 -- 1980 ) by Brian Daley , and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) trilogy by L. Neil Smith . Timothy Zahn 's bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn , Mara Jade , Talon Karrde , and Gilad Pellaeon . The first novel , Heir to the Empire , reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list , and the series finds Luke , Leia , and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn , who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes , but she and Han ultimately marry . Steve Perry 's Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) , set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game . The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor , another popular character who would appear in multiple other works . Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , the 14 - book Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 1998 ) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta , and the X-wing series ( 1996 -- 2012 ) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston . Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999 , releasing what would become a 19 - installment novel series called The New Jedi Order ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . Written by multiple authors , the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong , a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy . The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force ( 2006 -- 2008 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force ; among his evil deeds , he kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith . The story parallels the fallen son of Han and Leia , Ben Solo / Kylo Ren , in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Three series were introduced for younger audiences : the 18 - book Jedi Apprentice ( 1999 -- 2002 ) chronicles the adventures of Obi - Wan Kenobi and his master Qui - Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace ; the 11 - book Jedi Quest ( 2001 -- 2004 ) follows Obi - Wan and his own apprentice , Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones ; and the 10 - book The Last of the Jedi ( 2005 -- 2008 ) , set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith , features Obi - Wan and the last few surviving Jedi . Maul : Lockdown by Joe Schreiber , released in January 2014 , was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand . Though Thrawn had been designated a Legends character in 2014 , he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Star Wars Rebels , with Zahn returning to write more novels based in the character , and set in the reworked canon . Comics Main articles : Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986 . Original Star Wars comics were serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979 . The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form , as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series . From 1985 -- 1987 , the animated children 's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel 's Star Comics line . In the late 1980s , Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development , which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire sequence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy , including Tales of the Jedi ( 1993 -- 1998 ) , X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1995 -- 1998 ) , Star Wars : Republic ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , Star Wars Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Star Wars : Empire ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , and Knights of the Old Republic ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . After Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics , whose parent company , Marvel Entertainment , Disney had purchased in 2009 . Launched in 2015 , the first three publications in were titled Star Wars , Star Wars : Darth Vader , and the limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia . Audio dramas Further information : Star Wars ( radio ) Radio adaptations of the films were also produced . Lucas , a fan of the NPR - affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California , licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC - FM for US $1 . The production used John Williams ' original film score , along with Ben Burtt 's sound effects . The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden . It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 , adapting the original 1977 film into 13 - episodes . Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles . The overwhelming success , led to a 10 - episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back in 1982 . Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars , reprising his role as Lando Calrissian . In 1983 , Buena Vista Records released an original , 30 - minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell , written by Daley . In the 1990s , Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas : the three - part Dark Empire saga , Tales of the Jedi , Dark Lords of the Sith , the Dark Forces trilogy , and Crimson Empire ( 1998 ) . Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6 - episodes in 1996 , featuring Daniels . Video games Further information : Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The first officially licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner 's 1979 table - top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command . In 1982 , Parker Brothers published the first licensed Star Wars video game , Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back , for the Atari 2600 . It was followed in 1983 by Atari 's rail shooter arcade game Star Wars , which used vector graphics and was based on the `` Death Star trench run '' scene from the 1977 film . The next game , Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) , used more traditional raster graphics , with the following game The Empire Strikes Back ( 1985 ) returning to the 1983 's arcade game vector graphics , but recreating the `` Battle of Hoth '' scene instead . Lucasfilm had started its own video game company in the early 1980s , which became known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games . In 1993 , LucasArts released Star Wars : X-Wing , the first self - published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulation based on the franchise . X-Wing was one of the best - selling games of 1993 , and established its own series of games . Released in 1995 , Dark Forces was the first Star Wars first - person shooter video game . A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy , it featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games , made possible by LucasArts ' custom - designed game engine , called the Jedi . The game was well received and well reviewed , and was followed by four sequels . Dark Forces introduced the popular character Kyle Katarn , who would later appear in multiple games , novels , and comics . Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi , a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Disney has partnered with Lenovo to create the Augmented Reality game ' Star Wars : Jedi Challenges ' that works with a Lenovo Mirage AR headset , a tracking sensor and a Lightsaber controller that will launch in December 2017 . Multimedia projects Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) is a Lucasfilm multimedia project set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry , a comic book series , a video game , and toys . The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) is a similar project , set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , that includes a 2008 novel , a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel , a graphic novel , a role - playing game supplement , and action figures . Theme park attractions Main article : List of Star Wars theme parks attractions Title Park ( s ) Opening date Closing date Status Live attractions Star Tours Disneyland January 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 09 ) July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Closed Tokyo Disneyland July 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 12 ) April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) Disneyland Paris April 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) Star Wars Weekends Disney 's Hollywood Studios 1997 ( 1997 ) 2015 ( 2015 ) Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 19 - 01 ) November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios October 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disney 's Hollywood Studios May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) -- Operating Disneyland June 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) -- Tokyo Disneyland May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) -- Disneyland Paris March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) -- Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Disneyland November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Closed Hong Kong Disneyland June 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 11 ) -- Operating Disneyland Paris May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) -- Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) -- Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) -- Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) -- Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) -- Disneyland December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) -- Disneyland Paris July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) -- Hong Kong Disneyland June 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 25 ) -- Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Disney 's Hollywood Studios June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) -- Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Disneyland 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Under construction Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Star Wars Hotel Disney 's Hollywood Studios TBA N / A Proposed Merchandising Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , List of Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : The Vintage Collection , Lego Star Wars , List of Lego Star Wars sets , Star Wars trading card , and Star Wars role - playing games The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world . In 1977 , while filming the original film , George Lucas decided to take a 500,000 - dollar pay - cut to his own salary as director , in exchange for fully owning the merchandising rights of the franchise . Over the franchise 's lifetime , such exchange cost 20th Century Fox more than US $20 billion in merchandising revenue profits . Fox allowed the deal to happen , in part , because at the time films were n't expected to sell that much merchanise ; it was only after Star Wars , that Hollywood started to explore the potential of film merchandise , and how it could even create more profit than the films themelves . Disney acquired the merchandising rights as part of purchasing Lucasfilm . Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film , and today the remaining 80 's figures sell at extremely high prices in auctions . Since the 90 's Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga . Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego Group history , which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme . Lego has produced animated parody short films to promote their sets , among them Revenge of the Brick ( 2005 ) and The Quest for R2 - D2 ( 2009 ) . Due to their success , Lego created animated comedy mini-series among them The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 - 2014 ) and Droid Tales ( 2015 ) originally airing on Cartoon Network , but since 2014 moved into Disney XD . The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers . The first episode of the Netflix documentary series about toys , The Toys That Made Us is about the history of the Star Wars toys , while the second season 's third episode is about Lego and goes more in detail about the Lego Star Wars line . Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first `` blue '' series , by Topps , in 1977 . Dozens of series have been produced , with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States . Some of the card series are of film stills , while others are original art . Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare `` promos '' , such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II `` floating Yoda '' P3 card often commanding US $1,000 or more . While most `` base '' or `` common card '' sets are plentiful , many `` insert '' or `` chase cards '' are very rare . From 1995 until 2001 , Decipher , Inc. had the license for , created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars ; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game ( also known as SWCCG ) . In 1977 with the board game Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( not to be confused with another board game with the same title , published in 1990 ) . The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro : and Star Wars Risk : The Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) and Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) . Three different official tabletop role - playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe : a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s , one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s , and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s . Merchandise also influenced the plot of the films , with toy - makers requiring a name on the package of each toy , forcing Lucasfilm to name background characters . RPG games greatly influenced the plot of the series , due to Lucasfilm encouraging novelists to use them as a writing resource . Themes of the franchise See also : Star Wars sources and analogues The Star Wars world , unlike fantasy and science - fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings , was portrayed as dirty and grimy . Lucas ' vision of a `` used future '' was further popularized in the science fiction - horror films Alien , which was set on a dirty space freighter ; Mad Max 2 , which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert ; and Blade Runner , which is set in a crumbling , dirty city of the future . Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films , and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels . Out of all film franchises , the 1966 's originated Star Trek has been compared with Star Wars the most . The Star Trek series had been cancelled and was only revived as a film series ; due to the popularity of the original Star Wars ; the 1977 's film revitalized the interest in the genre . With , William Shatner , who played Captain Kirk in Trek , going as far as saying : `` Star Wars created Star Trek '' . Star Wars creator , George Lucas , also said that without Star Trek paving the way , there would be no Star Wars . The most noted similarity , happened in the 2010 's , when director J.J. Abrams , has directed two films of each franchise , with the most noted difference being that Trek revolves around humans from a futuristic planet Earth , while Star Wars takes place in the ancient past , in a galaxy far far away from our planet . It has also been noted that while other film franchises have rebooted multiple times , Star Wars has always kept the same film continuity since 1977 , letting the actors age along the characters and only recasting when needing a younger version of a character . While having small comedy to add levity , the Star Wars films take themselves more seriously . When asked if Star Wars , would ever embrace the full on comedy tone of Marvel Cinematic Universe 's space adventure films like Guardians of the Galaxy and Thor 3 , Lawrence Kasdan ( co-writer of main series Episodes V , VI , and VII and anthology film Solo ) , replied : `` That 's not Star Wars '' . However , he said that he respected the other films and that once the franchise is out of his hands , the people after him might think differently than him , adding he hoped they would break the mold without forgetting what the franchise is . Aside from its well - known science fictional technology , Star Wars features elements such as knighthood , chivalry , and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre , which further diferentiaties it from other franchises in the genre . Comparisons with historical events See also : Star Wars and History Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 , focusing on a struggle between democracy and dictatorship . Space battles in A New Hope were based on World War I and World War II dogfights and stormtroopers share a name with Nazi stormtroopers ( see also Sturmabteilung ) . Imperial officers ' uniforms resemble historical German uniforms of World War II and the political and security officers resemble the black - clad SS down to the stylized silver death 's head on their officer 's caps . World War II terms were used for names in the films ; e.g. the planets Kessel ( a term that refers to a group of encircled forces ) and Hoth ( Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow - laden Eastern Front ) . Palpatine being a chancellor before becoming the Emperor in the prequel trilogy alludes to Adolf Hitler 's role as chancellor before appointing himself Führer . Lucas has also drawn parallels to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte . The Great Jedi Purge mirrors the events of the Great Purge , the Cultural Revolution , and the Night of the Long Knives . The climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire . On the inspiration for the First Order formed `` from the ashes of the Empire '' , The Force Awakens director J.J. Abrams spoke of conversations the writers had about how the Nazis could have escaped to Argentina after WWII and `` started working together again . '' Cultural impact Main article : Cultural impact of Star Wars Just like the franchise , its fictional weapons , such as the lightsaber and the blaster , have been used in popular culture and have been an iconic part of the franchise . The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture . Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture ; Phrases like `` evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier , enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people . The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s , making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream . This very impact made it a prime target for parody works and homages , with popular examples including Spaceballs , Family Guy 's Laugh It Up , Fuzzball , Robot Chicken 's `` Star Wars Episode I '' , `` Star Wars Episode II '' and `` Star Wars Episode III '' , and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius . In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 . Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire -- or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions -- have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . Industry The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox , and was credited for reinvigorating the company . Within three weeks of the film 's release , the studio 's stock price doubled to a record high . Prior to 1977 , 20th Century Fox 's greatest annual profits were $37 million , while in 1977 , the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million . The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate . Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films , switching the focus of Hollywood - made films from deep , meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict , themes and irony to sprawling special - effects - laden blockbusters , as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways . Before Star Wars , special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s . The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state - of - the - art special effects in the late 1970s . Along with Jaws , Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry , where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important . It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did . Fan works Main article : Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy . In recent years , this has ranged from writing fan fiction to creating fan films . In 2002 , Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards , officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre . Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues , however , the contest was initially open only to parodies , mockumentaries , and documentaries . Fan fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible , but in 2007 , Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in - universe fiction entries . Lucasfilm , for the most part , has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan fiction works , so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way . While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story , they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon . Academia As the characters and the story line of the original trilogy are so well known , educationalists have advocated the use of the films in the classroom as a learning resource . For example , a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students story - telling skills by role playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio / visual scenery to enhance their performance . Others have used the films to encourage second - level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype light sabers . Similarly , psychiatrists in New Zealand and the US have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology . See also Star Wars portal Architecture of Star Wars Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of Star Wars creatures Physics and Star Wars Star Wars Day Music of Star Wars Star Wars documentaries The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars List of space science fiction franchises Notes Jump up ^ Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster , came out in November 1976 , but it was just a novelization of the film , which development began in 1971 . Jump up ^ ) Jump up ^ Marketed as just The Empire Strikes Back at the time of release . 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( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` Disney to Acquire Marvel Entertainment for $4 B '' . MarketWatch.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Dan ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` SDCC 2014 : Inside Marvel 's New Star Wars Comics '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Andrew ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` Force Works : Marvel Announces Three New Star Wars Titles From All - Star Creative Teams '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` SDCC 2014 : Marvel Announces 3 Star Wars Comics for 2015 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sterling , Christopher H. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Radio ( Vol. 3 ) . Routledge . p. 2206 . ISBN 9781135456498 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 Awesome Star Wars Media Collectibles '' . StarWars.com. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : John , Derek . `` That Time NPR Turned Star Wars Into A Radio Drama -- And It Actually Worked '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Alan ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sounds of Star Wars : The Audio Dramas '' . Tor.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenner Star Wars Battle Command '' . Handheldmuseum.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coopee , Todd . `` Star Wars Electronic Battle Command Game '' . ToyTales.ca . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bogost , Ian ; Montfort , Nick ( 2009 ) . Racing the Beam : The Atari Video Computer System . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01257 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Star War Games , Part 1 ( Slide 1 -- 6 ) '' . Tom 's Hardware . May 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Return of the Jedi '' . MobyGames . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . 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Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baldazo , Rex ( December 1995 ) . `` Today 's hot first - person 3 - D shoot - ' em - ups '' . Byte . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video game of the week : Star Wars : Dark Forces '' . Knight Ridder . March 21 , 1995 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . -- via AccessMyLibrary ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Kent , Steven L. ( March 19 , 1995 ) . `` Tech Reviews CD - Rom -- Dark Forces '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Dark Forces -- PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dulin , Ron ( May 1 , 1996 ) . `` Star Wars Dark Forces Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boulding , Aaron ( November 19 , 2002 ) . `` Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast Xbox review '' . IGN . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy Designer Diary # 1 '' . GameSpot . August 25 , 2003 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Top 25 Star Wars Heroes : Day 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Dark Forces '' . MobyGames . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katarn , Kyle '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kharpal , Arjun ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Lenovo , Disney launch ' Star Wars ' Jedi aurgmented reality game that lets you use a real Lightsaber '' . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed '' . LucasArts . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Force Unleashed Sells 1.5 Million Units Worldwide in Under One Week '' . StarWars.com . September 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar to Open May 27 , Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company '' . The Walt Disney Company . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Breaks Ground on ' Star Wars ' Land in California and Florida '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Star Wars land named Galaxy 's Edge , includes resort '' . CNET . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lego gets Lord Of The Rings and Hobbit licence '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Link Voxx . `` Star Wars Episode 7 News - New LEGO Star Wars Mini-Series Retelling the Whole Saga Coming to DisneyXD '' . Star Wars Episode 7 News . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trading Cards '' . Starwarscards.net . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Promotional Trading Card List '' . The Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1977 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Clone Wars Edition '' . Hasbro . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Star Wars : The Original Trilogy Edition '' . Board game geek . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Veekhoven , Tim ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` West End Games : Expanding That Galaxy Far , Far Away '' . Starwars.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Force Is With Them : The Legacy of Star Wars . Star Wars Original Trilogy DVD Box Set : Bonus Materials. 2004 . Jump up ^ https://io9.gizmodo.com/william-shatner-says-star-trek-wouldnt-exist-without-st-1784944019 Jump up ^ https://metro.co.uk/2013/07/10/george-lucas-there-would-have-been-no-star-wars-without-star-trek-3877196/ Jump up ^ https://www.indiewire.com/2018/05/star-wars-franchise-humor-tone-1201965443/ Jump up ^ Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( DVD ) . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( documentary ) . 2004 . Jump up ^ Christopher Klein . `` The Real History That Inspired `` Star Wars '' `` . HISTORY.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Attack of the Clones '' . Time . 2002 - 04 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . The people give their democracy to a dictator , whether it 's Julius Caesar or Napoleon or Adolf Hitler . Ultimately , the general population goes along with the idea ... That 's the issue I 've been exploring : how did the Republic turn into the Empire ? Jump up ^ Star Wars and History - Lucasfilm - Google Books . Books.google.ca . October 15 , 2012 . ISBN 9781118285251 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Utc.edu Archived June 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Radio New Zealand : National : Nights : 26 Aug 2010 : Star Wars and the Roman Empire '' . Radionz.co.nz . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Dyer ( 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danesi , Marcel ( 2012 ) . Popular Culture : Introductory Perspectives . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 165 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1783 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( 2002 ) . Using the Force : Creativity , Community , and Star Wars Fans . New York ( u.a. ) : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5287 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . May 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Jim ( 2007 ) . `` How Star Wars Shook The World '' . MSN Movies . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online NewsHour : The Impact of the Star Wars Trilogy Films -- May 19 , 2005 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Booker , M. Keith ; Thomas , Anne - Marie ( 30 March 2009 ) . The Science Fiction Handbook . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 9 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 1035 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Film Registry Titles '' . U.S. National Film Registry . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire Strikes Back ' among 25 film registry picks '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Empire Strikes Back , ' ' Airplane ! ' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . ^ Jump up to : Cook , David A. ( 2000 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 ( 1st paperback print . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23265 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bigsby , Christopher ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84132 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . May 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmmaker Kevin Smith Hosts ' The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards ' on SCI FI Channel ; George Lucas to Present Special Honor '' . Business Wire. April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Susan Hatters ; Hall , Ryan C.W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Teaching Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : The Light Side of the Force '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 725 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0340 - y . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ryan C.W. ; Friedman , Susan Hatters ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : the Use of Star Wars ' Dark Side in Teaching '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 726 -- 732 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0337 - 6 . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Bibliography Arnold , Alan ( 1980 ) . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Rinzler , Jonathan W ( 2005 ) . The Making of Star Wars , Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43139 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( Star Wars ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49476 - 8 . Further reading Decker , Kevin S. ( March 10 , 2005 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy . Open Court . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9583 - 6 . Campbell , Joseph ( June 1 , 1991 ) . The Power of Myth . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41886 - 8 . Henderson , Mary ( November 3 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Magic of Myth . Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10206 - 0 . Larsen , Stephen ( April 1 , 2002 ) . Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind . Inner Traditions . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 873 - 5 . Cavlelos , Jeanne ( May 1999 ) . The Science of Star Wars . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20958 - 4 . Lucasfilms ( November 13 , 2012 ) . Nancy Reagin , Janice Liedl , ed . Star Wars and History . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 111 - 82852 - 55 . National Geographic Society ( October 2005 ) . Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination . National Geographic & Boston Museum of Science . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 4183 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Star Wars Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . Official website Facebook page Official YouTube channel Wookieepedia : a Star Wars Wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens accolades box office records The Last Jedi Episode IX Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Resistance Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Solo Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back Classic Creatures : Return of the Jedi From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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-6872585826509779708	America (West Side Story song)	America ( West Side Story song ) - wikipedia America ( West Side Story song ) `` America '' is a song from the musical West Side Story . Stephen Sondheim wrote the lyrics and Leonard Bernstein composed the music . Contents 1 Content 2 Cover versions 3 Usage in popular culture 4 References 5 External links Content ( edit ) In the original stage version , Anita -- the most important female character after Maria and the girlfriend of Bernardo , the leader of the Sharks -- praises America while a fellow Puerto Rican immigrant , Rosalia , supports Puerto Rico . This version of the song deprecates the island and highlights the positive qualities of American life ( `` I 'll drive a Buick through San Juan / If there 's a road you can drive on '' ) . The irony of this supposedly pro-American number , however , is its vibrantly Hispanic musical style , with Latin percussion , complex cross-rhythm and Spanish guitar . In the 1961 film version , Anita , played by Rita Moreno , still sings in favor of the United States while Bernardo , played by George Chakiris , replies with corresponding criticisms of America and American anti-immigrant prejudice , especially against Puerto Ricans ( `` Life is all right in America / If you 're all white in America '' ) . Some of the original song 's disparagement was removed . In 2004 , this version finished at No. 35 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema . The song employs a mixed meter : Original Broadway Cast `` America '' ( 1957 ) 27 second sample from the original Broadway casting of `` West Side Story '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The alternating bars of ( six eighth - notes in two groups of three ) with ( three quarter - notes ) ( similar to a bulería ) is a distinctive characteristic of the song . This rhythm has been called both a hemiola and a habanera but is not really either . The two bar - types alternate and are not superposed , as in a hemiola . The alternation is comparable with the `` Habanera '' from `` Carmen '' , but `` America '' lacks the distinctive characteristic underlying rhythm of the habanera form . The composer 's tempo instruction is `` Tempo di Huapango '' . Cover versions ( edit ) An instrumental version , with the signature rhythm reduced to a uniform , was released in 1963 by Herb Alpert 's Tijuana Brass on their album Volume 2 . Trini Lopez covered `` America '' in 1963 for his first album Trini Lopez at PJ 's . In 1968 , The Nice , featuring Keith Emerson , covered an instrumental version of `` America '' as the band 's second single . This version had the main theme playing against a straight beat , also including pieces of Dvořák 's New World Symphony , then changing in the middle to for improvised guitar and organ solos . At a July 7 , 1968 , concert at the Royal Albert Hall , the band controversially burned an American flag after performing the song . Emerson later folded the melody into a great many of his jams including the 14 - minute `` Finale ( Medley ) '' on the 1993 Emerson , Lake & Palmer album Live at the Royal Albert Hall which also used musical themes from `` Blue Rondo à la Turk '' , a jazz standard composed by Dave Brubeck . The English psychobilly band King Kurt covered this song on an EP called America , released in 1986 . The heavy - metal band Metallica incorporated a few bars from the song in the opening riff from their song , `` Do n't Tread on Me '' . The `` America '' melody again featured prominently in a 1986 jam with Paul Shaffer on Late Night with David Letterman . Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem performed an instrumental rendition on a 1979 episode of The Muppet Show before being interrupted by various Muppets from other countries . A version of this song was performed by the in - house band and singers to introduce a 2012 episode of the Polish version of Name That Tune , Jaka to Melodia ? , complete with a set of dancers . This song was also used in an episode of Glee ( season 3 episode 5 : `` The First Time '' ) , and sung by Naya Rivera ( aka Santana Lopez ) in the role of Anita , and Mark Salling ( aka Noah `` Puck '' Puckerman ) in the role of Bernardo . In the progressive rock band Yes ' cover of Simon & Garfunkel 's `` America '' , bassist Chris Squire quotes the West Side Story song near the conclusion of their instrumental intro . Usage in popular culture ( edit ) A theme from `` America '' was referenced by John Williams for his celebratory For New York , composed in 1988 for Bernstein 's 70th birthday gala . In 2011 , the song was covered by the cast of musical comedy television series Glee in the fifth episode of the third season , `` The First Time '' ( aired on November 8 ) , with character Santana Lopez ( portrayed by Naya Rivera ) on the lead . A minor controversy was caused over using the film version of the song , while a high school would normally use the stage version . In 2003 , the song was used in advertisements for Admiral Insurance though with different lyrics . In 1994 , the song was also the unofficial anthem at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States and was sung by the 3 Tenors ( Plácido Domingo , José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti ) at Dodgers Stadium in Los Angeles to an estimated global TV audience of 1.3 billion viewers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dome , Malcolm . `` The Story Behind The Song : America by The Nice '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Joseph . `` For New York , variations on themes of Leonard Bernstein for orchestra '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://popdust.com/2011/11/04/glee-the-first-time-west-side-story-uptown-girl/ External links ( edit ) Song lyric ( stage version ) Song lyric ( film version ) http://loc.gov/loc/lcib/0709/westside.html Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America_(West_Side_Story_song)&oldid=837782206 '' Categories : Patter songs Songs about the United States Songs from West Side Story Songs with music by Leonard Bernstein Songs written by Stephen Sondheim Compositions in C major Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 00 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings i want to live in america	[]	[]
5215534828741590855	Doctrine of lapse	Doctrine of lapse - Wikipedia Doctrine of lapse Jump to : navigation , search For the legal doctrine , see Lapse and anti-lapse . Princely state Salute state British paramountcy Chamber of Princes Jagir Agencies of British India Residencies of British India ‎ Doctrine of lapse Political pensioner Privy Purse Standstill agreement Instrument of Accession Individual residencies Hyderabad Indore ( Holkar ) Jammu and Kashmir Mysore ( Maisur ) Travancore Sikkim Agencies Bagelkhand Baluchistan Baroda and Gujarat States Baroda , Western India and Gujarat States Bhopawar Bundelkhand Central India Deccan States Eastern States Gilgit Gwalior Residency Jaipur Residency Madras States Mahi Kantha Malwa Mewar ( Udaipur ) Residency & Western Rajputana Agency North - West Frontier Palanpur Punjab States Rajputana Rewa Kantha Western India States Lists States by region States by name Rajput States Maratha States The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India before 1858 . According to the doctrine , any princely state or territory under the direct influence ( paramountacy ) of the British East India Company ( the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent ) , as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system , would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either `` manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir '' . The latter supplanted the long - established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor . In addition , the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough . The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by many Indians as illegitimate . The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie , who was the Governor General for the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856 . However , it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1834 and several smaller states were already annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor - General . Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively , though , so it is generally associated with him . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie 3 Princely states annexed under the doctrine 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) At the time of its adoption , the British East India Company had imperial administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the subcontinent . The company took over the princely states of Satara ( 1848 ) , Jaitpur and Sambalpur ( 1849 ) , Nagpur and Jhansi ( 1854 ) , Tanjore and Arcot ( 1855 ) and Udaipur ( Chhattisgarh ) under the terms of the doctrine of lapse . Oudh ( 1856 ) is widely believed to have been annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse . However it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the pretext of mis - governance . Mostly claiming that the ruler was not ruling properly , the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine . Udaipur State , however , would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860 . With the increasing power of the East India Company , discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces ; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , also known as the Sepoy Mutiny . Following the rebellion , in 1858 , the new British Viceroy of India , whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company , renounced the doctrine . The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a ' doctrine of lapse ' . So it is debatable whether it was devised by Lord Dalhousie in 1848 , though he arguably made it official by documenting it . Dalhousie 's annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness among most ruling princes in India . Doctrine of lapse before Dalhousie ( edit ) Dalhousie applied the doctrine of lapse vigorously for annexing Indian princely states , but the policy was not solely of his invention . The Court of Directors of the East India Company had articulated this early in 1834 . As per this policy , the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839 , Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842 . Princely states annexed under the doctrine ( edit ) Angul ( 1848 ) Arcot ( 1855 ) Banda ( 1858 ) Guler ( 1813 ) Jaintia ( 1835 ) Jaitpur ( 1849 ) Jalaun ( 1840 ) Jaswan ( 1849 ) Jhansi ( 1854 ) Kachari ( 1830 ) Kangra ( 1846 ) Kannanur ( 1819 ) Kittur ( 1824 ) Kodagu ( 1834 ) Kolaba ( 1840 ) Kozhikode ( 1806 ) Kullu ( 1846 ) Kurnool ( 1839 ) Kutlehar ( 1825 ) Makrai ( 1890 ) ; local rule reinstated by the British in 1893 Nagpur ( 1854 ) Nargund ( 1858 ) Oudh ( 1854 ) Punjab ( 1849 ) Ramgarh ( 1858 ) Sambalpur ( 1849 ) Satara ( 1848 ) Surat ( 1842 ) Siba ( 1849 ) Tanjore ( 1855 ) Tulsipur ( 1854 ) Udaipur , Chhattisgarh ( 1854 ) ; local rule reinstated by the British in 1860 See also ( edit ) Colonialism Escheat List of princely states of India Presidencies and provinces of British India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keay , John . India : A History . Grove Press Books , distributed by Publishers Group West . United States : 2000 ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley . A New History of India ; 3rd ed. , pp. 226 - 28 . Oxford University Press , 1989 . Jump up ^ Rajput Provinces of India - Udaipur ( Princely State ) Jump up ^ Wolpert ( 1989 ) , p. 240 . Jump up ^ S.N. Sen , ed. ( 2006 ) . History of Modern India . New Age International ( P ) Ltd. p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 8122 - 41774 - 6 . ( hide ) Princely states annexed by the British Raj Angul ( 1848 ) Arcot ( Carnatic , as political pensioner ) ( 1855 ) Banda ( 1858 ) Banki ( 1840 ) Ballabhgarh ( 1867 ) Carnatic ( as state , 1801 ) Datarpur ( 1848 ) Guler ( 1813 ) Jaintia ( 1835 ) Jaitpur ( 1849 ) Jalaun ( 1840 ) Jaswan ( 1849 ) Jhansi ( 1854 ) Jubbal ( 1832 - 1840 ) Kachari ( 1830 ) Kangra ( 1846 ) Kanika ( 1805 ) Kannanur ( 1819 ) Kittur ( 1824 ) Kodagu ( 1834 ) Kolaba ( Colaba ) ( 1840 ) Kozhikode ( 1806 ) Kullu ( 1846 ) Kulpahar ( 1858 ) Kurnool ( 1839 ) Kutlehar ( 1825 ) Makrai ( 1890 - 1893 ) Nagpur ( 1854 ) Nargund ( 1858 ) Nurpur ( 1849 ) Oudh ( Awadh ) ( 1854 ) Pañjab ( 1849 ) Ramgarh ( 1858 ) Sambalpur ( 1849 ) Satara ( 1848 ) Surat ( 1842 ) Siba ( 1849 ) Tanjore ( 1855 ) Tulsipur ( 1859 ) Udaipur , Chhattisgarh ( 1854 - 1860 ) List of princely states of British India ( by region ) Princely states alphabetical Doctrine of lapse Annexation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_of_lapse&oldid=807331010 '' Categories : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Princely states of India Annexation Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 08 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the doctrine of lapse was causes of which rebellion	[ "With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the British East India Company, renounced the doctrine.[4]" ]	[ "Indian Rebellion of 1857" ]
-6551142951454227302	Route 66 (song)	Route 66 ( song ) - wikipedia Route 66 ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Nelson Riddle song , see Route 66 ( TV series ) § Theme song . `` ( Get Your Kicks on ) Route 66 '' Sheet music cover featuring the King Cole Trio Single by the King Cole Trio B - side `` Everyone Is Sayin ' Hello Again ( Why Must We Say Goodbye ) '' Released 1946 ( 1946 ) Format Ten - inch 78 rpm record Genre Rhythm and blues Length 2 : 57 Label Capitol ( 256 ) Songwriter ( s ) Bobby Troup `` ( Get Your Kicks on ) Route 66 '' is a popular rhythm and blues standard , composed in 1946 by American songwriter Bobby Troup . The song uses a twelve - bar blues arrangement and the lyrics follow the path of U.S. Route 66 ( US 66 ) , which traversed the western two - thirds of the U.S. from Chicago , Illinois , to Los Angeles , California . Nat King Cole , as the King Cole Trio , first recorded the song the same year and it became a hit , appearing on Billboard magazine 's R&B and pop charts . Another version to reach the Billboard charts was that recorded by Bing Crosby with the Andrews Sisters on May 11 , 1946 and this reached the No. 14 position in 1946 . The song was subsequently recorded by many artists including Chuck Berry , the Rolling Stones , Them , Dr. Feelgood , Asleep at the Wheel , the Manhattan Transfer , Depeche Mode , The Brian Setzer Orchestra , The Cramps , John Mayer , and George Benson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Other recorded versions 3 In popular culture 4 References Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Bobby Troup got the idea for the song on a cross-country drive from Pennsylvania to California . Troup wanted to try his hand as a Hollywood songwriter , so he and his wife , Cynthia , packed up their 1941 Buick and headed west . The trip began on US 40 and continued along US 66 to the California coast . Troup initially considered writing a tune about US 40 , but Cynthia suggested the title `` Get Your Kicks on Route 66 '' . The song was composed on the ten - day journey , and completed by referencing maps when the couple arrived in Los Angeles . The lyrics read as a mini-travelogue about the major stops along the route , listing several cities and towns through which Route 66 passes , viz . St Louis ; Joplin , Missouri ; Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Amarillo , Texas ; Gallup , New Mexico ; Flagstaff , Arizona ; Winona , Arizona ; Kingman , Arizona ; Barstow , California ; and San Bernardino , California . Winona is the only town out of sequence : it was a very small settlement east of Flagstaff , and might indeed have been forgotten if not for the lyric `` Do n't forget Winona '' , written to rhyme with `` Flagstaff , Arizona '' . Many artists who have covered the tune over the years have changed the initial lyrics , usually to `` It goes to St. Louis , down through Missouri ... '' then continuing on with Oklahoma City and so on . Of the eight states through which the actual route passes , only Kansas and its cities -- US 66 spends just eleven miles ( 18 km ) inside the state 's southeast corner -- are not mentioned by the song . Chuck Berry famously mispronounces Barstow to rhyme with `` cow '' instead of correctly pronouncing it to rhyme with `` go '' . `` Route 66 '' was first recorded in 1946 by Nat King Cole , whose rendition became a hit on both the U.S. R&B and pop record charts . Cole later re-recorded the tune in 1956 ( for the album After Midnight ) and 1961 ( The Nat King Cole Story ) . Other recorded versions ( edit ) Location of U.S. Route 66 The song has become a standard and has been recorded by numerous artists . The version recorded by Perry Como in 1959 ( on the album Como Swings ) is more lyrically complete , including the seldom - heard second verse and also the introductory verse . Chuck Berry 's version was closest to its R&B roots , with jazz overtones , often blended into his songs by Berry . Two of the leading British Invasion bands included `` Route 66 '' on their debut albums , Them ( Featuring Van Morrison ) and the Rolling Stones . Michael Martin Murphey covered the song on his 1989 album Land of Enchantment . His version was released as a single in 1990 and peaked at number 67 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . Little Willie Littlefield recorded a boogie - woogie version for his 1997 album The Red One . Essex - born English singer - songwriter Billy Bragg recorded an anglicised version of the song called `` A13 ( Trunk Road to the Sea ) '' for a John Peel session in 1985 . In the song -- strummed and sung to the same tune as the original -- the landmark cities are replaced with English towns along the route of the A13 , with Bragg inviting listeners to `` Go motoring , on the A-thirteen '' . According to Bragg he wrote the lyrics whilst playing with his band Riff Raff in 1977 : whilst the band played `` Route 66 '' as part of their set , Bragg `` objected to singing about these places that ( he ) did n't know ... there 's a tradition of driving down the A13 to the glory of Southend . Growing up in Barking , that was the promised land , in quite a Springsteenish way '' . The song was originally meant to be released on Bragg 's 1983 debut album Life 's a Riot with Spy vs Spy , however it was ultimately not included due to problems getting permission to use the music of `` Route 66 '' . It was finally released commercially on the bonus disc of the 2003 compilation Must I Paint You a Picture ? The Essential Billy Bragg . In popular culture ( edit ) Natalie Cole 's version of the song was one of many California - related songs played throughout `` Sunshine Plaza '' in the original Disney California Adventure . The song is also played in the 2006 Pixar film Cars and is sung at the end of the film RV , which was released the same year . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1988 ) . Top R&B Singles 1942 -- 1988 . Record Research , Inc. p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 068 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` The Rolling Stones : Route 66 -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corp . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Susan Croce ( 1990 ) . Route 66 : The Highway and Its People . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 148 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 0806122915 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 22 - Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66 : A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 4 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ de Lisle , Tim ( 25 August 2006 ) . `` Drive - time blues '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from Sunshine Plaza Area '' . parktunes.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Route_66_(song)&oldid=808361538 '' Categories : 1946 songs Depeche Mode songs List songs Nat King Cole songs Bing Crosby songs Songs about California Songs about Chicago The Rolling Stones songs U.S. Route 66 The Cheetah Girls songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs written by Bobby Troup Asleep at the Wheel songs Michael Martin Murphey songs Little Willie Littlefield songs Chuck Berry songs Songs from Cars ( franchise ) Pixar songs Songs about automobiles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 12 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	original singer of get your kicks on route 66	[ "Nat King Cole, as the King Cole Trio, first recorded the song the same year and it became a hit, appearing on Billboard magazine's R&B and pop charts.[1]\nAnother version to reach the Billboard charts was that recorded by Bing Crosby with the Andrews Sisters on May 11, 1946[2] and this reached the No. 14 position in 1946.[3] The song was subsequently recorded by many artists including Chuck Berry, the Rolling Stones, Them, Dr. Feelgood, Asleep at the Wheel, the Manhattan Transfer, Depeche Mode, The Brian Setzer Orchestra, The Cramps, John Mayer,[4] and George Benson." ]	[ "Nat King Cole" ]
6522238553879493104	Albus Dumbledore	Albus Dumbledore - wikipedia Albus Dumbledore Jump to : navigation , search Albus Dumbledore Harry Potter character Dumbledore as portrayed by Michael Gambon in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Richard Harris ( adult , films 1 & 2 ) Michael Gambon ( adult , films 3 -- 8 ) Toby Regbo ( youth , film 7 ) Jude Law ( adult , Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ) House Gryffindor Information Species Wizard Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is a fictional character in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . For most of the series , he is the headmaster of the wizarding school Hogwarts . As part of his backstory , it is revealed that he is the founder and leader of the Order of the Phoenix , an organisation dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort . Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . After Harris ' death , Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining Harry Potter films . Jude Law will portray Dumbledore in Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald . Rowling stated she chose the name Dumbledore , which is a dialectal word for `` bumblebee '' , because of Dumbledore 's love of music : she imagined him walking around `` humming to himself a lot '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 3 Portrayals within films 4 Characterisation 4.1 Appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 4.4 Possessions 4.5 Family 5 Reception 5.1 Sexuality 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 External links Character development The author has stated that she enjoys writing Dumbledore because he `` is the epitome of goodness . '' Rowling said that Dumbledore speaks for her , as he `` knows pretty much everything '' about the Harry Potter universe . Rowling mentioned that Dumbledore regrets `` that he has always had to be the one who knew , and who had the burden of knowing . And he would rather not know . '' As a mentor to the central character Harry Potter , `` Dumbledore is a very wise man who knows that Harry is going to have to learn a few hard lessons to prepare him for what may be coming in his life . He allows Harry to get into what he would n't allow another pupil to do , and he also unwillingly permits Harry to confront things he 'd rather protect him from . '' In a 1999 interview , Rowling stated that she imagined Dumbledore `` more as a John Gielgud type , you know , quite elderly and -- and quite stately . '' During his time as a student , Dumbledore was in Gryffindor House . Rowling said in an interview that Dumbledore was about 150 years old . However , on her website , she states that Dumbledore was born in 1881 , making him either 115 or 116 when he died . On 19 October 2007 , Rowling was asked by a young fan whether Dumbledore finds `` true love . '' Rowling said that she always thought of Dumbledore as being homosexual and that he had fallen in love with Gellert Grindelwald , which was Dumbledore 's `` great tragedy '' ; Rowling did not explicitly state whether Grindelwald returned his affections . Rowling explains this further by elaborating on the motivations behind Dumbledore 's flirtation with the idea of wizard domination of Muggles : `` He lost his moral compass completely when he fell in love and I think subsequently became very mistrustful of his own judgement in those matters so became quite asexual . He led a celibate and a bookish life . '' Appearances This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone In the opening chapter of the first novel of the series , Dumbledore arrives at number four , Privet Drive in Little Whinging , Surrey . When the evil wizard Lord Voldemort kills Harry 's parents before being reduced to a lesser form , Dumbledore decides to place the now - orphaned Harry in the home of Vernon and Petunia Dursley . He knows that Harry will be protected by the special magic caused by his mother 's sacrifice , after he evokes the magic of the bond of blood and Harry 's aunt , his mother 's sister - Petunia Evans Dursley , sealed it by accepting her nephew into her home . This old magic of binding love renders Voldemort incapable of touching Harry . Dumbledore leaves Harry upon the doorstep of the Dursley home with a letter explaining the situation . He departs with the final phrase , `` Good luck , Harry . '' When Harry arrives at Hogwarts , Dumbledore tells him about the secrets of the Mirror of Erised , claiming that when he looks into it , he sees himself `` holding a pair of thick , woollen socks . '' Harry later recalls in the final book that this was probably the only dishonest answer Dumbledore ever gave him . He is also responsible for somehow enchanting the Mirror so that it hides the Philosopher 's Stone and only someone who looked into the Mirror and whose desire was `` to find the Stone ... but not use it '' would receive it , as anybody else would only see themselves using the Stone due to the Mirror 's special magic . He is called out to the Ministry of Magic by a false message on the night when Professor Quirinus Quirrell , Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger enter the dungeons to retrieve the Stone , but realises during the trip that he is needed at Hogwarts and returns in time to rescue Harry from Quirrell and Voldemort . He also has a final conversation with Harry after the events down in the dungeons and tells him that he is too young to comprehend the information about why Voldemort attempts to kill him . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second novel , Dumbledore suspects that Tom Riddle is somehow involved in the attacks on the muggle born students , as he says , when asked who is the culprit , `` not who , but how ? '' A younger Dumbledore appears in Riddle 's diary , when Harry sees his memory , and asks Riddle if he knows anything about the attacks on the students . During the last half of the novel , Lucius Malfoy forces the school 's other eleven governors to suspend Dumbledore as Headmaster in the wake of attacks by a basilisk in the school when the Chamber of Secrets is opened . Dumbledore is reinstated when the governors discover that Ginny Weasley was taken into the Chamber of Secrets and Lucius is found to have coerced the other governors into suspending him . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban At the beginning of the third novel , Dumbledore is forced to accept Dementors onto his school 's grounds for the protection of his students from Sirius Black , the supposed murderer and accessory to murder , who had escaped from Azkaban . After Black 's breach into Hogwarts , Dumbledore issues orders to close every entrance to the school and grounds . After Harry falls off his broomstick during a Quidditch match because of the Dementors , Dumbledore becomes uncharacteristically angry with them and uses his wand to cause Harry to levitate safely to the ground . Later in that book , Dumbledore suggests Hermione Granger use her Ministry - approved Time - Turner to go back three hours to save Buckbeak the hippogriff and Sirius from their unjust executions . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the fourth novel , Dumbledore introduces the Triwizard Tournament . He also serves as a judge during the entire event . When Harry 's name comes out of the Goblet of Fire , Dumbledore is not enraged , but remains calm ; simply asking Harry whether he had himself , or had asked an older student to submit his name ( although in the film version he does get angry to the point of manhandling Harry ) . When Harry answers no , he believes him . By the end of the book , Dumbledore 's fears are realised when Harry returns from his encounter with Voldemort clutching the dead body of Cedric Diggory and when Mad - Eye Moody ( being impersonated by Barty Crouch Jr , through Polyjuice Potion ) takes Harry away from Dumbledore and to his office inside the castle . Dumbledore immediately becomes suspicious and heads straight towards Moody 's office with Minerva McGonagall and Severus Snape to save Harry and to interrogate Crouch . Afterwards , Dumbledore listens to Harry 's eyewitness account about Voldemort 's return . Harry though , only wakes up later to find Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge in the hospital wing arguing with McGonagall and Dumbledore . In the end , Fudge and Dumbledore `` part ways '' after an argument about the situation of Voldemort 's return and the consequences that would follow should Fudge remain in denial of this fact . Harry Potter and the Order of the phoenix In the fifth book , Dumbledore is demoted from Chief Warlock of the Wizengamot , voted out of the Chairmanship of the International Confederation of Wizards , and is almost stripped of his Order of Merlin First Class due to his speeches regarding the return of Voldemort , although it is reported that he is unconcerned as long as he is not taken off the Chocolate Frog cards . Meanwhile , the Ministry of Magic does everything they can to discredit him and Harry -- mainly through the Daily Prophet . At the beginning of the book , Dumbledore enrages Fudge when he stops by at Harry 's hearing with a witness ( Arabella Figg ) to ensure that he is not expelled . While Harry feels better when Dumbledore assists him , he becomes annoyed to the point of being angry that the headmaster refuses to speak to or even look at him . During the following year at Hogwarts , the Ministry passes Educational Decree Twenty - two , allowing Fudge to place Dolores Umbridge to the post of Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher ( after Dumbledore failed to find a suitable candidate ) . Through her , Fudge gradually gains power over Hogwarts and Dumbledore , who he fears is building an under - age wizard army to overthrow the Ministry . Umbridge forbids practical defence practice in her classes , forcing Harry , Ron , and Hermione to form Dumbledore 's Army ( a defence group led by Harry ) with fellow friends . It is when the Ministry discovers the D.A. that Dumbledore , choosing to accept the responsibility , falsely claims that the organisation was his own subversive creation , and allows himself to be removed as headmaster ( for the second time ) rather than allow Harry to be expelled . Dumbledore is not heard of again in the book until he arrives in the Department of Mysteries to aid the Order in the battle against the Death Eaters . He subdues all the Death Eaters , except for Bellatrix Lestrange , and binds them with an Anti-Disapparition Jinx to prevent them from magically escaping . He then saves Harry from the Avada Kedavra curse conjured by Voldemort and engages in a ferocious duel with the Dark Lord . This culminates in Voldemort 's attempting to possess Harry in an attempt to make Dumbledore kill the boy . Voldemort is forced to leave Harry 's body and flee with Bellatrix after this ruse fails . Many ministry officials having witnessed the end of the battle , Dumbledore is reinstated as headmaster and retrieves all his distinctions . Towards the end of the book , Dumbledore explains to Harry that Voldemort chose him as his equal and that one must kill the other in the end , and confesses that his great affection for Harry has clouded his judgement . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince In the sixth book , Dumbledore fetches Harry from Privet Drive and takes him to persuade Horace Slughorn to rejoin the Hogwarts staff . Harry notices that Dumbledore 's right hand is shrivelled and black . During the school year , Dumbledore teaches Harry of events in Voldemort 's past that he feels are of immense importance . Using the Pensieve , they visit the memories of others , which contain important information about Voldemort 's life and his genocidal rise to power . While using the pensieve , Harry sees a vision of Dumbledore 's first encounter with Voldemort , then a disturbed young orphan named Tom Riddle ; Dumbledore had known from the beginning that the boy was dangerous , but believed that Hogwarts would change him . It is learned that Voldemort created six Horcruxes to gain immortality and that they must all be destroyed before Harry goes after the final piece of Voldemort 's soul in the Dark Lord 's body . Harry also repeatedly warns Dumbledore in most of their lessons that Draco Malfoy is working for Voldemort . Dumbledore refuses to take any action against Draco , and instead tells Harry that he already knows more about what is happening than Harry does . By the end of the book , Dumbledore and Harry set out to the cave where Dumbledore believes a Horcrux resides . In the cave , Dumbledore drinks a potion inside the Horcrux 's container ; while drinking it , he begins to scream , seemingly enduring mental torture and being weakened . Dumbledore begins to call out for water after he finishes the potion , and Harry , realising he has no other choice , dips the goblet into the lake to give him a drink . When he does this though , all the Inferi that reside in the lake grab at Harry and attempt to drag him down and drown him in the lake . Dumbledore suddenly recovers , thanks to the water , and conjures a fire lasso around them . Dumbledore takes the horcrux ( a locket ) and both make their way back out of the cave and back to Hogsmeade . When they return , Madam Rosmerta informs them that the Dark Mark was conjured over the Astronomy Tower . In the tower , Dumbledore enjoins Harry not to interfere in the events that are about to take place there , and places him in a body - binding curse under his invisibility cloak . Hidden , Harry is unable to intervene as Dumbledore ( now extremely weak ) is disarmed by Draco . Dumbledore is conversing with Draco about the plot to kill him , when several other Death Eaters enter the tower and try to persuade Draco to kill Dumbledore . When Draco hesitates , Snape appears and performs the Killing Curse on Dumbledore , only after Dumbledore pleads with Snape saying , `` Severus , please ... '' . To what Dumbledore was referring is not revealed until the seventh book . Dumbledore dies in Hogwarts ' grounds . Shortly after his death , Dumbledore 's portrait magically appears in the Headmaster 's office . His funeral is attended by students , Hogwarts staff , members of the Ministry of Magic , ghosts , centaurs , merpeople and others who wish to pay their respects . Shrouded in purple velvet , he is entombed in a white marble sarcophagus beside the lake at Hogwarts , and it is said that he is the only headmaster to be buried on the school grounds . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Rowling used several chapters in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows to reveal two main matters concerning Dumbledore : his early life and his death . The book introduces his parents , Percival and Kendra Dumbledore , as well as his little sister , Ariana ; his brother , Aberforth Dumbledore , was mentioned in previous books . At six years old , Ariana was attacked by three Muggle boys who had witnessed her doing magic . Because of this attack , Ariana was seriously traumatised and never able to control her magic again , having recurring outbursts of magic . Enraged , Percival mercilessly attacked the Muggle boys ( killing them in the film version ) , and was sentenced to life in Azkaban . After this , Kendra moved her family to the village of Godric 's Hollow . In one of her outbursts , Ariana accidentally kills Kendra around the time Albus has completed his education . Albus becomes the head of the family and is forced to remain in his house with his sister Ariana while Aberforth completes his education . The Elder Wand , as reproduced in Harry Potter Warner Bros. films Soon afterward , a young Gellert Grindelwald arrived in Godric 's Hollow to live with his great - aunt , Bathilda Bagshot , author of A History of Magic . The two young men took to each other immediately , and together they dreamed of a world ruled by wizards over Muggles by uniting the legendary Deathly Hallows . They believed that if they were forced to destroy a few along the way , it would still be `` for the greater good '' , and the sufferings and losses would be rewarded a hundredfold in the end . This scenario would never happen , though . A discussion between Albus , Aberforth , and Grindelwald led to a duel that resulted in Ariana 's death . For the rest of his life , Albus felt guilty , never certain whether it was his own curse or another 's that had killed his sister . Grindelwald stormed back to Bagshot 's home and departed to begin his own rule , leaving the country hours later . As a result of his mistakes , Albus felt that he was not to be trusted with power and , because of this , never took the position of Minister for Magic , despite being offered it several times . Dumbledore returned to Hogwarts as professor of Transfiguration , and he served in recruiting students for the school . Decades later , in 1945 , Dumbledore finally defeated the now - Dark wizard Grindelwald , who had come to possess the Elder Wand . Grindelwald 's defeat made Dumbledore the master of the Elder Wand , which remained his until just before his death , when Draco used the Disarming Charm on him . Dumbledore had another Hallow in his keeping since the death of James Potter : the Invisibility Cloak , which he had borrowed to examine . When James died , Dumbledore kept the cloak and decided to pass it on to Harry , James 's son . The truth about Dumbledore 's death is revealed through Snape 's last memories in the Pensieve . Harry learns that Dumbledore made a terrible error by placing a cursed ring on his right hand , sometime between the fifth and sixth book , forgetting the curses that must be on the ring . The ring held the Resurrection Stone , which Dumbledore hoped to use to allow him to apologise to his sister and parents . Dumbledore called Snape to help him ; however , when Snape arrived and assessed the curse , all he could do was contain it . Snape told Dumbledore that he had little more than a year to live . After hearing this news , Dumbledore revealed to Snape that he knew about Voldemort 's plan to have Draco kill him . He asked Snape to use the Killing Curse on him when the time came because he did not want Draco to have to kill him , saying that the boy 's soul was still intact ; Draco 's soul would have been damaged in killing Dumbledore out of malice , whereas Snape was fully aware that he would be merely sparing Dumbledore pain and humiliation . He also intended for Snape to be the one to kill him and for the Elder Wand to be buried with him , in order to prevent the wand from being passed on again . Dumbledore 's spirit appears to Harry towards the end of the book in a limbo - like King 's Cross , after Harry is struck with the Killing Curse which was conjured by Voldemort . During the last book , Harry finds out that he must die because he is a Horcrux . When Voldemort conjures the Killing Curse , Harry does not fight back , which stops him from dying . When they meet again , the boy comforts Dumbledore as he confesses all of his many regrets . Dumbledore then informs Harry of the choice he still has : of moving on to the next life or returning to his body to face Voldemort one last time . After returning from the mystical King 's Cross and defeating Voldemort for good , Harry has a short conversation with Dumbledore 's portrait in the Headmaster 's office about the fate of each of the three Deathly Hallows . He keeps the Cloak , leaves the Stone in the Forbidden Forest where he dropped it , and returns the Elder Wand to Dumbledore 's tomb ( from which Voldemort had stolen it ) . In the epilogue , it is revealed that Harry names his second son Albus Severus Potter after Dumbledore and Snape . Portrayals within films Dumbledore as portrayed by Richard Harris in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In the film adaptations of Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) , Dumbledore was played by Richard Harris , who was expected to play the character throughout the series . Harris mentioned that he was originally not going to take the role , since he knew his own health was in decline . He accepted because his then - 11 - year - old granddaughter threatened never to speak to him again if he did not take it . Harris was determined to portray Dumbledore again in Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) , despite having been diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma , and asked David Heyman not to recast the role . However , his death on 25 October 2002 necessitated recasting . Ian McKellen was offered the role , but he turned it down , having played the similar character Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , as well as feeling it would have been inappropriate to take Harris 's role , as Harris had called McKellen a `` dreadful '' actor . Harris 's family had expressed an interest in seeing Peter O'Toole being chosen as his replacement . Michael Gambon was cast as Harris 's replacement four months after Harris 's death . Gambon was not concerned about bettering Harris , and he portrayed the character in his own way , putting on a slight Irish accent for the role , as well as completing his scenes in three weeks . Gambon reprised his role in all the remaining films . Toby Regbo was chosen to portray Dumbledore in his youth in Deathly Hallows Part 1 and Part 2 , for flashbacks scenes which provide essential information on the character 's backstory . Jude Law will be playing the role of a younger Dumbledore in the second prequel film , Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald . Characterisation This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Appearance Albus Dumbledore was tall and thin , with silver hair and beard ( auburn in his youth ) so long that they could be tucked into his belt . He had a very long and crooked nose that looked as if it had been broken at least twice . ( It is speculated that his brother 's punch during their sister 's funeral may have played a role in shaping his nose . ) He was also said to have had long and skillful fingers . His eyes were described to be a brilliant , soul - piercing shade of blue , and usually twinkled with kindness and mischief . Dumbledore wore half - moon spectacles and a colourful array of robes , ranging from purple to bright orange . He once claimed to have a scar above his left knee in the precise shape of a map of the London Underground , but whether or not he actually does is unknown . His demeanour is often -- if not always -- serene and ethereal , and he usually spoke in a calm , pleasant voice even when Harry thought that he was actually furious . During the last year of his life , Dumbledore 's right hand was scarred when he donned Marvolo Gaunt 's Ring , which was cursed . Had Snape not intervened with a counter-curse , Dumbledore would have died much more quickly . Regardless , the curse left his hand blackened and dead - looking , and no amount of healing could repair the appearance . According to Snape , the curse would eventually spread itself from the contained hand , and Dumbledore was doomed to die in no more than one year 's time . Whether this means the blackening dead - look appearance would spread throughout the entire body is unknown . Personality Considered the most powerful wizard in the world , Dumbledore is benevolent and wise , a good wizard in the style of Merlin . He almost constantly gives off an aura of serenity and composure , rarely displaying intense emotions of anger or fear . Yet despite his benign nature , it is said that Dumbledore was the only wizard Lord Voldemort ever truly feared . Dumbledore is very eccentric and even slightly effeminate ; he is very fond of knitting patterns and frequently wears flamboyant clothing ( at one point , he is seen wearing a flowered bonnet ) . He is also known for his odd displays of whimsicality ; he often uses humour to make people feel comfortable in his presence . As a supremely talented wizard , Dumbledore displays numerous examples of extraordinary powers . His abilities as a wizard are combined with a kind of cunning and subtlety of mind that allowed him to comprehend human nature and turn the better aspects of humanity ( trust , love , and friendship ) to Voldemort 's disadvantage in particular . More than anything else , Dumbledore has a deep capacity for love , frequently reminding Harry that love was the greatest magic of all . Dumbledore believes in the good in everyone and insists on giving second chances . The greatest example of this is Dumbledore 's relationship with Snape , in whom Dumbledore is willing to place a considerable amount of faith because he showed remorse . Dumbledore is highly perceptive and emotionally intelligent ; his knowledge of a person 's true personality goes beyond simply being a good judge of character . This is never more apparent than in his complex insights into Voldemort 's psyche , which he pieces together with Harry to deduce where Voldemort 's horcruxes are hidden . However , in spite of Dumbledore 's many extraordinary qualities , he was no saint . According to Rowling , `` Although Dumbledore seems to be so benign for six books , he 's quite a Machiavellian figure , really . He 's been pulling a lot of strings . '' In a 2005 interview , Rowling commented : `` Immense brainpower does not protect you from emotional mistakes , and I think Dumbledore really exemplifies that . '' Dumbledore 's greatest personality flaw , which he explained to Harry , was his desire for power . He eventually found that those best suited for power are those who do not seek it . When he and Grindelwald met each other , they made plans to enslave Muggles and re-establish wizards as the natural rulers of the world . However , Dumbledore was disillusioned of this fantasy after his sister Ariana was killed during a duel between himself , his brother Aberforth , and Grindelwald . Dumbledore was haunted by his sad family history . In particular , he was riddled with guilt over the circumstances surrounding the death of his sister . He felt enormous remorse for his selfishness and was tortured for the rest of his life by the possibility that he might have been the one who cast the spell that killed his sister . When he looked into the Mirror of Erised , he saw himself redeemed in the eyes of his brother and his entire family alive and together . Magical abilities and skills Since a young age , Dumbledore has always shown great magical abilities . During his education at Hogwarts , Dumbledore was known as the most brilliant student to have ever stepped into the school , winning `` every prize of note that the school offered '' , and in his N.E.W.T.s , `` ... did things with a wand ( the examiner had ) never seen before '' . Rowling has said that Dumbledore is primarily self - taught , although he `` had access to superb teachers at Hogwarts , '' and , as far as his education is concerned , `` Dumbledore 's family would be a profitable line of inquiry . '' While he is not vain , Dumbledore also exhibits no false modesty , readily acknowledging that he is unusually intelligent and an exceptionally powerful wizard . He admits a number of times to Harry in their occasional meetings in Half - Blood Prince that he makes mistakes , and since he is smarter than most men , his mistakes `` tend to be correspondingly huger . '' Dumbledore is an expert at nonverbal spells and is famous as an alchemist who has worked with Nicolas Flamel , the only known maker of the Philosopher 's Stone , and is credited with discovering the twelve uses of dragon 's blood . His Patronus takes the form of a phoenix , a recurring symbol in the books . His knowledge of the most powerful kind of magic , love , is extensive . He taught Harry about its very essence , and the innate power of his ability to love his parents , which eventually helped Harry realise his destiny to kill Lord Voldemort . He is known to be able to conjure Gubraithian fire ( magical everlasting fire ) . He has claimed to be able to become invisible without using an invisibility cloak , which is a powerful Disillusionment Charm . Dumbledore is also skilled in Occlumency and Legilimency . Dumbledore is an expert at Transfiguration too , having taught the subject before becoming headmaster . He frequently creates complex objects like sofa chairs out of thin air ( or from less comfortable chairs ) . Dumbledore is also proficient at Charms and Potions ; according to the obituary written by Elphias Doge , his papers were published in journals such as Achievements in Charming and The Practical Potioneer . Dumbledore is famous for defeating Grindelwald , who is second on a list of Most Dangerous Dark Wizards of All Time only to Voldemort himself , in a `` spectacular duel of legend '' , succeeding in doing so despite the fact that Grindelwald possessed the Elder Wand , which supposedly guarantees invincibility in duels due to its power . His skill at duelling is further shown when he calmly engages Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , overpowering him and eventually forcing him to possess Harry to be spared from total defeat . ( It is known in retrospect that Dumbledore possessed the Elder Wand when duelling Voldemort , having taken it from Grindelwald . ) Unlike most wizards who make a distinct popping sound when they apparate , Dumbledore notably is able to apparate silently ; the only other wizard shown to possess this skill is Voldemort . Dumbledore is known to be able to understand Mermish and Gobbledegook ( Goblin language ) and Parseltongue . Possessions Dumbledore 's office houses `` a number of curious ( ... ) instruments . '' Among them is a Pensieve , a stone receptacle used to store and review memories , which witches and wizards are able to extract from their heads as a type of fluid . Harry first discovers this device in Goblet of Fire , and it is frequently used for flashback scenes throughout the remainder of the series . In the first chapter of Philosopher 's Stone , Dumbledore is seen using the Deluminator , a device for removing and later returning light , and for use as a homing device . It is confirmed in Deathly Hallows when the object is inherited by Ron that the Deluminator is of Dumbledore 's own design . Dumbledore is the possessor and master of the Elder Wand , an extremely powerful object known also as the `` Wand of Destiny '' or the `` Deathstick '' , and one of the Deathly Hallows . Unlike many of the wand 's previous owners , Dumbledore keeps its identity a closely guarded secret . He also has a pet phoenix named Fawkes . It is revealed in Philosopher 's Stone by Mr. Ollivander that Harry 's wand carries a phoenix feather as its magical core and that particular phoenix only gave one other feather , the one in Voldemort 's wand that gave Harry his scar . It is later revealed in Goblet of Fire that Fawkes was the phoenix whose feathers provide the magical core in Harry 's and Voldemort 's wands . Family Through various interviews and discussions about the character , Rowling has established that Albus Dumbledore was born in July or August 1881 to Percival and Kendra Dumbledore . The character had previously referenced his brother Aberforth , and in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , it is revealed that Albus is three years older than Aberforth . The same book established their sister Ariana who , at six years old , suffered a vicious attack by three male Muggle youths who had witnessed her doing magic . Frightened , they first tried to get her to repeat what they had seen , and upon her failure to recreate it due to her young age , they tried to stop her from being `` different '' . It is not explicitly stated in the novel what form this attack took , but Percival was sentenced to life in Azkaban for tracking down and hexing the boys who seriously traumatised his daughter . The severe trauma of the attack left Ariana unable to function socially or to properly perform magic again . To prevent her being institutionalised in St. Mungo 's Hospital , or hurting someone accidentally with her uncontrolled magic , Kendra moved the family to Godric 's Hollow , and her illness was concealed . Neighbours assumed that Ariana was a non-magical squib . When Dumbledore and his friend Elphias left Hogwarts , they planned to take their `` then - traditional '' tour of the world . On the eve of their trip , the eighteen - year - old Dumbledore suffered the death of his mother Kendra , who was accidentally killed by Ariana during one of her uncontrolled outbursts of magic . Because Dumbledore 's parents were absent ( his father in Azkaban and his mother dead ) , Albus became the head of the family and it became his duty to put food on the table , as they were not left with much gold . He was forced to remain in his house with his sister Ariana while Aberforth completed his education . Aberforth knew of his brother 's resentment and offered to care for Ariana himself , saying that she preferred him , but Albus refused by stating that it was his duty as eldest to care for the family . When Grindelwald arrived at Godric 's Hollow , he immediately became friends with Dumbledore and together dreamed of a new world order in which wizards ruled over Muggles `` for the greater good '' . Dumbledore and Grindelwald suggested that they had to move to carry on their plans , but Aberforth refused because Ariana 's state did not allow her to be moved . The discussion between Albus , Aberforth and Grindelwald turned into a duel that resulted in Ariana 's accidental death . According to the author , as a result of this incident , Albus 's boggart became Ariana 's corpse . In Philosopher 's Stone , he mentions to Harry that the deepest desire of his heart , revealed by the Mirror of Erised , is to have a pair of woollen socks . In the seventh novel , Harry realises that he and Dumbledore see the same thing in the Mirror : their reunited families . Reception The character of Albus Dumbledore has been compared to other archetypal `` wise old man '' characters . Dumbledore acts much like Merlin from The Sword in the Stone , in the manner of an `` absent - minded professor '' ; both Merlin and Dumbledore educate a story 's main character in a castle . As writer Evelyn Perry notes , `` Dumbledore resembles Merlin both personally and physically ; he is an avid lover of books and wisdom who wears flowing robes and a long , white beard . '' Dumbledore has also been compared with Gandalf from Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings . Dave Kopel draws comparisons between Rowling 's writing and John Bunyan 's The Pilgrim 's Progress and states that , among the Christian symbols that Rowling has used in her books , Dumbledore acts like `` the bearded God the Father '' figure in which Harry puts his faith to be saved from Voldemort and his servants . IGN also listed Dumbledore as their fifth favourite Harry Potter character , saying that `` ( f ) or a character that was introduced into popular culture a mere twelve years ago , it speaks volumes that Professor Dumbledore has already taken his place among the great mentor figures in literature and film '' . IGN 's Joe Utichi called Dumbledore his third favourite Harry Potter character , calling the revelation that he was n't so `` infallible '' one of the most heartbreaking themes of the final book . Actor Michael Gambon received some criticism for his louder , more aggressive , portrayal of the character , who is depicted as exhibiting a more subdued , unflappable calm in the books . This has been attributed to Gambon 's policy of not reading the source material from which his films are adapted . As a main character of the series , major facts relating to Dumbledore have generated a vast number of essays and discussions . The death of Dumbledore at the end of Half - Blood Prince was discussed by fans and critics alike . A website named DumbledoreIsNotDead.com sought to understand the events of the sixth book in a different way and provided arguments to claim that the character did not really die . However , Rowling confirmed on 2 August 2006 that Dumbledore was , in fact , dead , humorously apologising to the website as she did so . Along with DumbledoreIsNotDead.com , a collection of essays , Who Killed Albus Dumbledore ? : What Really Happened in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ? Six Expert Harry Potter Detectives Examine the Evidence , was published by Zossima Press in November 2006 . In NextMovie. com 's Harry Potter Mega Poll , Dumbledore 's death was voted as the most unforgettable moment in the whole series . In the Chamber of Secrets DVD interview , screenwriter Steve Kloves stated that he considers Dumbledore a fascinating character because of the wisdom he provides , but he feels that `` Dumbledore bears such a tremendous dark burden , and he knows secrets and I think in many ways he bears the weight of the future of the wizard world '' and the `` only way that he can keep that at bay , the darkness , is to be whimsical and humorous '' . Sexuality The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rowling 's statement that Dumbledore was gay caused a great debate among critics . Melissa Anelli , webmaster of the fan site The Leaky Cauldron , told The Associated Press , `` J.K. Rowling calling any Harry Potter character gay would make wonderful strides in tolerance toward homosexuality ... By dubbing someone so respected , so talented and so kind , as someone who just happens to be also homosexual , she 's reinforcing the idea that a person 's gayness is not something of which they should be ashamed . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Mark Harris said `` her choice to make a beloved professor - mentor gay in a world where gay teachers are still routinely slandered as malign influences was , I am certain , no accident . '' The stars and director of the Harry Potter films were supportive of Rowling 's revelation as well . Some critics discussed the implications of this statement . New York Times columnist Edward Rothstein said that `` Ms. Rowling may think of Dumbledore as gay '' ; however , `` there is no reason why anyone else should '' . The East Tennessee State University 's student newspaper accused Rowling of lying , saying her answer was a publicity stunt . Michelle Smith quoted the Death of the Author principle , stating that Rowling 's subsequent commentary is irrelevant to the understanding of the books . Dumbledore 's sexuality was also condemned by several right - wing Christian groups , such as Mission America and the Christian Coalition of America . Slate quotes an attendee of the book talk who said , `` It was clear that JKR did n't plan to out Dumbledore . She just cares about being true to her readers . '' Mike Thomas of the Orlando Sentinel said that upon reflection , Dumbledore was gay from the beginning , and that this neatly explains the behaviour of his character and his relationship with Grindelwald . Thomas notes the skill Rowling displays in writing a gay character without having to put a gay label on him . Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell stated that `` It 's good that children 's literature includes the reality of gay people , since we exist in every society . But I am disappointed that she did not make Dumbledore 's sexuality explicit in the Harry Potter book . Making it obvious would have sent a much more powerful message of understanding and acceptance . '' A spokesperson for Stonewall praised Rowling , saying `` It 's great that JK has said this . It shows that there 's no limit to what gay and lesbian people can do , even being a wizard headmaster . '' Regarding Dumbledore 's sexuality in the Fantastic Beasts series , Rowling said in 2016 that , `` As far as his sexuality is concerned , watch the space . '' In popular culture Dumbledore has been parodied in several sketches and animated series : In The Simpsons episode `` The Haw - Hawed Couple '' , Lisa asks Homer to read her Angelica Button book to her for bedtime . Homer , learning that the character Headmaster Greystash will die ( as Dumbledore did in Half - Blood Prince ) , hides the fact from Lisa by inventing a happier ending , though Lisa does read the real ending and decides that Homer 's was better . Dumbledore also stars in Neil Cicierega 's Potter Puppet Pals , in which he frequently strips completely naked , except for his hat , randomly in the story . Also , in half of the `` Potter Puppet Pals '' videos Dumbledore is using the exclamation `` Alas ! '' in an apparently incorrect place , parodying Rowling 's love for unusual words . In the episode `` Ron 's Disease '' , Dumbledore reveals himself to be `` a gay android '' . Albus Dumbledore appears in some episodes of Robot Chicken voiced by Seth Green . In `` Password : Swordfish '' when the threat of the puberty creature Pubertis is known , Dumbledore gives Harry a stone that might help him fight Pubertis . During this appearance , Dumbledore is an African - American who states that he is played by a different actor in each of the movies . Upon confrontation with Pubertis , Harry rubs the stone two times , which summons ghosts to punch it . When it comes to the third time , Dumbledore appears and tells Harry that the stone can only be warmed up three times a day ( four if he takes a week off ) and that Pubertis can not be destroyed since it lives in everyone just like his own demon Wandus Limpus prevents him from having meaningful relationships . In `` Tell My Mum '' , Dumbledore tells the students that Professor Snape suffered a `` minor potion accident '' and has enlisted Criss Angel as their substitute teacher . In 2003 , Comic Relief performed a spoof story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan , in which Dumbledore is portrayed by Nigel Planer , who wore the beard and costume of late Richard Harris . Dumbledore also appears in one of the Harry Bladder sketches in All That , portrayed by Kenan Thompson 's old character Principal Williame Banes Pimpell ( who appeared as Headmaster Pimpell ) . After the revelation of Dumbledore 's sexuality , the American skit comedy Saturday Night Live featured a sketch featuring Rowling ( played by Amy Poehler ) showing deleted scenes from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban where Dumbledore ( played by Bill Hader ) acts stereotypically gay . In A Very Potter Musical , Dumbledore is played by actor Dylan Saunders . Dumbledore appears in an episode of Icons of Teen from the YouTube channel , Shut Up Cartoons voiced by Justin Roiland . As a teenager , Dumbledore liked to do magic and make robotic copies of himself . One day , he went scuba diving to earn his scuba diving badge for scouts . Dumbledore gets scared and stays on the boat while his crush Charlene and the scoutmaster go diving . They run into a giant sea monster and Charlene closes her eyes and says Dumbledore , a trick he taught her . Dumbledore receives her distress signal and dives in after them . He meets a talking dolphin who agrees to help Dumbledore if he can eat him in the end . Dumbledore suggests he eat the scoutmaster and the dolphin takes him to his friends . Dumbledore makes a robotic copy and sends it into the creature 's stomach , distracting the creature long enough for Dumbledore , Charlene and the scoutmaster to escape . Charlene thanks Dumbledore for saving them . Dumbledore makes a sexual comment but plays it off like she said it . Charlene asks where the scoutmaster is ; Dumbledore says he 's gone somewhere , when really the dolphin ate him . Dumbledore then decides to build a robot copy of the scoutmaster to prevent anyone from finding out what happened to him . Albus Dumbledore appears in The Lego Movie , though his voice actor is not credited . He is seen among the Master Builders who meet with Vitruvius in Cloud Cuckoo Land , including a Lego version of Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings . References Jump up ^ Hirsch , Anne - Christin ( 2008 ) . Names and Their Underlying Mythology in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter - Novels . GRIN Verlag . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 640 - 16412 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Jude Law to Play Young Dumbledore in ' Fantastic Beasts ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dumbledore '' in Merriam -- Webster `` . Machaut.uchicago.edu . 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This date supersedes Rowling 's statement in 2001 that Dumbledore was `` about 150 years old '' ( Blue Nose Day ) and fits better with the dates that appear in Book 7 . Regarding his month of birth , Rita Skeeter states in The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore that Dumbledore was `` nearing '' his 18th birthday when he left Hogwarts in June , but was still 17 when he met Grindelwald ( DH18 ) . Basically , at some point during Grindelwald 's stay at Godric 's Hollow Dumbledore turned 18 , so the month of his birth appears to be July or August . '' ( 1 ) retrieved 10 July 2008 Jump up ^ Time Line of Dumbledore 's Life retrieved July - 09 - 2008 Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling . `` J.K. Rowling Official Site '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling Web Chat Transcript -- The Leaky Cauldron Jump up ^ `` Real Wizards : The Search for Harry 's Ancestors '' . Channel4.com. 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` SNL Videos '' . Bill Hader Online . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Albus Dumbledore on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki J.K. Rowling quotes about Dumbledore at Accio-Quote.org Dumbledore 's page at the Harry Potter Lexicon J.K. Rowling defines Dumbledore 's sexuality Nancy Podcast # 5 : There Are No Gay Wizards ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played dumbledore in the goblet of fire	[ "Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the film adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. After Harris' death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining Harry Potter films. Jude Law will portray Dumbledore in Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald.[2]" ]	[ "Michael Gambon" ]
-763045407288162112	List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes	List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes - wikipedia List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation . The series centers on Star Butterfly , a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly , when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom . As an exchange student on Earth , she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school . Before the series was picked up , Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster . The first episode of the series premiered on January 18 , 2015 , on Disney Channel . Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30 , 2015 . The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere . In March 2016 , it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year . The episode `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season , according to Nefcy . The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays , with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day . In the same month , the series was renewed for a fourth season . The show will be moving from Disney XD to Disney Channel for its fourth season . A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni , which comprises the first four episodes of the third season , premiered on July 15 , 2017 . The season concluded on April 7 , 2018 , with a two - part one hour finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 13 January 18 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 41 22 July 11 , 2016 February 27 , 2017 38 21 July 15 , 2017 April 7 , 2018 Episode list ( edit ) The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11 - minute segments . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Star Comes to Earth '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 On her 14th birthday , Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand , but when she sets fire to the castle , she is sent to Earth to train . There , she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz , a reputed `` safe kid '' . Upon befriending Marco , Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters . 1b 1b `` Party with a Pony '' Mike Mullen Ian Wasseluk Daron Nefcy January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head , her best friend from Mewni . Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star 's best friend on Earth . She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs , but she competes with Marco for Star 's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade . Meanwhile , guards have been hot on Pony Head 's trail . Eventually , King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses . 2a 2a `` Matchmaker '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , Lane Lueras , & Dave Stone Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Star fails her first test , so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade . However , she winds up turning her into a troll . When Ludo and his minions attack , one of the monsters falls for Skullnick . 2b 2b `` School Spirit '' Aaron Hammersley Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley Nate Federman March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school . Marco tries to protect Ferguson , who has become the team mascot , from being kidnapped . Star takes the concept of going to battle literally , and booby traps the field with bombs , evil kittens , and giant birds . 3a 3a `` Monster Arm '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn Dave Wasson April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament . Star uses her wand to fix it , but transforms it into a tentacle arm . As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it , Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm . However , the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world . 3b 3b `` The Other Exchange Student '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao Danielle Koenig April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia , Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs , that Star feels neglected . She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack . 4a 4a `` Cheer up Star '' Aaron Hammersley Carrie Liao , Aaron Hammersley , & Dominic Bisignano Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army . As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off , he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush , a keytar - playing student named Oskar , but he has not called her back . Guest star : Jon Heder as Oskar 4b 4b `` Quest Buy '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano Mike Yank April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 When Star 's wand runs low on power , she and Marco visit Quest Buy , a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger . However , the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to . Meanwhile , Ludo and his minions , who are shopping there for a beak sharpener , pursue Star to try to take her wand . 5a 5a `` Diaz Family Vacation '' Piero Piluso Zeus Cervas , Christopher Graham , & Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Mike Yank April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 As an anniversary gift for Marco 's parents , Star invites them and Marco to Mewni , but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth . While they visit a Mewni village , Star sees her father strolling about , and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest . 5b 5b `` Brittney 's Party '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Jordana Arkin April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong 's birthday event which takes place on a party bus . While Star tries to make the party `` fun '' , Marco gets carsick . Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus . 6a 6a `` Mewberty '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 Star experiences `` mewberty '' , that is , her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys . Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition , Star 's is more extreme . She sprouts hearts all over her body , and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away . Marco turns to Glossaryck , a genie inside Star 's book of magic , for advice on how to stop her . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck 6b 6b `` Pixtopia '' Mike Mullen Christofer Graham , Mike Mullen , & Carlos Ramos Mike Yank June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror , Marco , Alfonzo , Ferguson , and Star must go to Pixtopia : Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill . When they ca n't pay it , they are forced to work in a mine shaft . The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson . Guest stars : Anna Camp as Pixie Empress , Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster 7a 7a `` Lobster Claws '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso Nate Federman June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard 's antler when trying to get Star 's wand . Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he can not be reformed . 7b 7b `` Sleep Spells '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Danielle Koenig , Mike Mullen , & Ian Wasseluk June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room , with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project . Marco discovers that Star has been `` sleep spelling '' , that is , casting spells when sleepwalking . He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder , revealed to be Princess Smooshy , an ugly `` goblin - elephant '' princess who wants to steal Star 's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it . 8a 8a `` Blood Moon Ball '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jordana Arkin , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Dave Wasson July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball , an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years . Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf , having hired an anger management consultant . Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway . When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light , Tom reverts to his old self . Guest star : Rider Strong as Tom 8b 8b `` Fortune Cookies '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Nate Federman July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions , Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant . Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future . Meanwhile , Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions . They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession . Guest star : Michael C. Hall as Toffee 9a 9a `` Freeze Day '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Mike Yank July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas . But when she is unable to cancel out the effects , she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time 9b 9b `` Royal Pain '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Keith Kaczorek July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself . After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf , he ends up overstaying his welcome . He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends , but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios . Guest star : Jamie Kennedy as Helios 10 10 `` St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso Nate Federman , Piero Piluso , & Mike Yank August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 110 0.50 Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday . They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous . Guest stars : Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous , Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher 11a 11a `` Mewnipendance Day '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , & Aaron Hammersley August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Star Butterfly recruits her classmates , Miss Skullnick , and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni 's Independence Day . Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities . Ludo 's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand . 11b 11b `` The Banagic Incident '' Mike Mullen Dominic Bisignano , Nate Cash , Mike Mullen , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Mike Yank August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Impressed by a commercial for a `` magical '' Earth product called a Banagic Wand , Star tries to get Marco to buy it , but Marco refuses as he has karate class . Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate - themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place . Meanwhile , Marco 's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals . 12a 12a `` Interdimensional Field Trip '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Nate Federman September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Miss Skullnick 's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring , so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement . But when she lets the students do whatever they want , she puts the entire class in danger . Meanwhile , Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history . When a yarn monster captures the class , Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them . 12b 12b `` Marco Grows a Beard '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Tyler Chen Mike Yank September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas . The hair grows out of control , engulfing the house , and Star loses her wand in the midst of it . Meanwhile , Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand . 13 13 `` Storm the Castle '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Christopher Graham , Aaron Hammersley , & Ian Wasseluk Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Mike Yank September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 113 0.68 Toffee has taken over Ludo 's castle ; he has one of Ludo 's minions abduct Marco . Star allies with Buff Frog ( and the kicked - out Ludo ) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo 's former minions and free Marco . However , Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse , forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco . The resulting explosion destroys Ludo 's castle and Toffee , after which Star banishes Ludo . Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14a 1a `` My New Wand ! '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 As Marco gets out of the shower , Star activates her new wand , but it accidentally knocks Marco , her wand , and her book of spells into her closet . Unable to open the closet door , Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to use magic without her wand . Meanwhile , as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star 's closet . When he finds and starts reading Star 's journal , Star panics and unleashes her innate magic , which unlocks the door and frees Marco . 14b 1b `` Ludo in the Wild '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 After the destruction of his castle , Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location . He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing . When a bag of potato chips is found , he and the giant spider fight until he wins . He also tames a bald eagle . When he spots Star in the woods , he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni . He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star 's wand magic . 15a 2a `` Mr. Candle Cares '' Giancarlo Volpe Le Tang & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Katie Crown , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni . She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style . Meanwhile , Marco , who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island , discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom , who planned to ensure `` Starco '' does n't happen . He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom , and must duel Tom to get his freedom . Guest star : Dave Allen as Mr. Candle 15b 2b `` Red Belt '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Marco trains for a red belt in karate . However , after visiting his sensei 's home , he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt . Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player . Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape . Meanwhile , Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained . 16a 3a `` Star on Wheels '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle , but Star does not know how to stop . To make things worse , she refuses to listen to Marco 's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike . Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand . Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun . 16b 3b `` Fetch '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amalia Levari & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go . She has to take care of the dog and find its owner . Meanwhile , Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies . She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet , so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia . Guest stars : Mayim Bialik as Willoughby , Amy Sedaris as Lydia 17a 4a `` Star vs. Echo Creek '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Todd Casey , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito with sugar , Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser . While trying to evade the police , Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of discarded hair and taking care of injured animals . She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing , but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience trying to convince her that she has n't made a big mistake . Missing her family and friends , she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service . Guest star : Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid 17b 4b `` Wand to Wand '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco 's parents return , but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess . Meanwhile , Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern , learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged . 18a 5a `` Starstruck '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Suzie Vleck August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day , Star encounters Mina Loveberry , a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol . Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth . Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways , which annoys Marco . At a park , when Mina announces she plans to take over the world , the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule , and Star is left to break the tie . Guest star : Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry 18b 5b `` Camping Trip '' John Infantino & Piero Piluso John Infantino , Brandon Kruse , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Ben Joseph , & Daron Nefcy August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 Marco wants to show Star the geyser '' Old Youthful '' during a Diaz camping trip . King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like . But , King Butterfly 's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger . When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser , and the ranger says it 's likely the last time it will ever erupt , the three try to rush there to see it . 19a 6a `` Starsitting '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog 's tadpoles . Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook , while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them . Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around . 19b 6b `` On the Job '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles , Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn , but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job , causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy . 20a 7a `` Goblin Dogs '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , John Infantino , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star , Marco , Pony Head , and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified desert - themed dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog ( a goblin version of a hot dog ) . They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck . Guest star : Jerry Trainor as Roy 20b 7b `` By the Book '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out . Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile . Meanwhile , Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand . 21a 8a `` Game of Flags '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 During a reunion between Star 's parents ' families -- the Butterflies and the Johansens -- Star is placed at the kids ' table . The two families compete in Flags , a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year . Against the wishes of her mother , Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags . Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning . 21b 8b `` Girls ' Day Out '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick 's class when she frees the class 's pet hamster Marisol . Although she could easily escape , she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention , and is assigned to help the students out with their needs . She helps all of them except for Toby , a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV . Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar . Meanwhile , Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe . 22a 9a `` Sleepover '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates ( Janna , Jackie , & Starfan13 ) and Pony Head . They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called `` Truth or Punishment '' , where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies , and refuses to free everyone until the game is over . The cube 's final question is who is their greatest crush . Marco admits he likes Jackie , but the cube insists someone has lied , and informs that Marco was n't the one who lied . When Star makes a monologue to the cube about how a person 's mind and heart disagree , and how feeling are always changing , the cube starts to malfunction after Star makes some examples and self - destructs . After everyone goes home , the discarded cube springs to life one last time , answering the question about Star 's crush , but it gets destroyed before the audience gets a clear answer . 22b 9b `` Gift of the Card '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Annisa Adjani & Natasha Kline Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 After having lost her job at St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses , Miss Heinous hires a lizard - man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture `` Princess Marco '' . Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card . Marco agrees , but because it 's a `` friends to the end '' card , he has to use it on something he really wants , and if he does n't redeem it by midnight when it expires , they will expire too . 23a 10a `` Friendenemies '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands , Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star . They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence , but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon , Tom refuses to let him go , and gets angry , voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge . Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song , and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead . Although they can not get into the theatre , Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 23b 10b `` Is Mystery '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork , a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand . Upon being put to work to grind corn , Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters . He encounters the rats as well as Ludo , who offers him Meat Fork 's job . Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork . Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back . 24a 11a `` Hungry Larry '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Bobby Miller , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house , Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry , reputed to be a very scary spirit , to haunt the house . Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house . But the kids get scared and go missing ; Star and Marco are attacked . Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone , and rescues them . Guest star : Billy West as Hungry Larry 24b 11b `` Spider with a Top Hat '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus , Piero Piluso , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party . Afterwards , he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall . Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock , he is unable to break through the wall . The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up . Encouraged by Rock 's words , Spider is finally called to fight a monster ' . Guest stars : Steve Little as Spider , Eric Christian Olsen as Rock , Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make - up Blast . 25a 12a `` Into the Wand '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star 's wand malfunctions , making a mess of her spell casting . Glossaryck tells Star that this is a result of there being something inside the wand that does no belong there and that in order to fix it she must go inside to remove said something . Inside Star finds memorials to past queens , including her mother , who is revealed to have fought Toffee and cut off his finger , as well as the ancient queen Eclipsa , who married a monster . Star eventually exists the wand after removing the something that does not inside of it , which is revealed to be Toffee 's missing finger . 25b 12b `` Pizza Thing '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , Piero Piluso , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star , Marco , and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show . Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio 's shop . But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans , inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking , and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio 's pizza that Emilio takes to heart . 26a 13a `` Page Turner '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic . Star chooses a mysterious chapter , but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page . However , Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic ; he tells Star not to turn to that page , and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension . While Glossaryck must deal with a not - so - helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is `` on the fritz '' , Star is tempted to turn the page , and enlists Marco to help do it . 26b 13b `` Naysaya '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , John Infantino , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date , but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself . He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things . It is a Naysaya , a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star . The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased , so Marco tries giving it what it wants , which is some cereal , but it does n't go away . Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up , so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie in an impassionate monologue . 27 14 `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 213 0.53 Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon , a clown who had died 100 years ago , but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco . Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie , who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park . During the seance , when Janna falls asleep , Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell , only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together , which makes her jealous . Star is surprised by Ludo , who steals Star 's spellbook . Marco and Jackie share a kiss under the Blood Moon light , but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her . They pull Star from being sucked through a portal , and Star tearfully cries about the loss of the spell book and Glossaryck . Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master . 28a 15a `` Raid the Cave '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 215 0.12 Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells . She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog , who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo 's hideout . There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo . Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back , but he refuses , saying that he belongs to the book , and the book belongs to Ludo now , despite the fact that he stole it . 28b 15b `` Trickstar '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 215 N / A Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei . Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O , who , after every magic trick he does , seems to be taking something spiritual from the person , and that his hat is becoming longer and longer . She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people , so she warns him not to do so or else she 'll blast him , but Preston does it anyway . When Star tells everyone what is happening , the audience is angry with Star for ruining the magic show and leaves . Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk , but when they open it , Preston has disappeared . Guest star : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Preston Change - O 29a 16a `` Baby '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Eric Acosta , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 216 0.20 Star 's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star , who takes the task seriously , as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni . At first , Star cleans up her room , shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets , but when Baby starts asking Star questions , and things start falling out of the pockets , Star 's responses are met with the same neutral phrase `` Interesting . '' followed by jotting down of notes . Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food . Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic , but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries . Baby concludes that Star failed , but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby . Star 's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized , losing the book of spells , and failing to do simple spells , Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age , and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa . Guest star : Melissa Rauch as Baby 29b 16b `` Running with Scissors '' Piero Piluso Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 216 0.19 Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies , but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences , opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things . Hekapoo , the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors , pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star ( Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star ) . Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head . Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco , who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge . When they return , Marco reverts to his teenage body as only eight minutes have passed on Earth time . Guest star : Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo 30a 17a `` Mathmagic '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland & Riccardo Durante Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Christian Magalhaes , Daron Nefcy , & Robert Snow February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 217 0.16 Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class , but she refuses to do it . She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop . However with each iteration , the scenario is slightly different . Star goes to Father Time 's dimension , but Father Time is too busy to help her , and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime , who is in charge of space - time . Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time , Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime 30b 17b `` The Bounce Lounge '' Piero Piluso & Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 217 0.20 Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge , their favorite partying venue , is closing . Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse . They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place , however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years . Afterwards , the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth that Ponyhead took from the lounge . Guest star : Constance Shulman as Milly , Dana Davis as Kelly 31a 18a `` Crystal Clear '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 218 0.23 Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal , believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions . When he inadvertently encases his boss , and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council , he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament . Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star 's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck . 31b 18b `` The Hard Way '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Sarah Oleksyk & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 218 0.21 Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells . He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way . Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment . But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star , he makes Glossaryck unlock them . Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic , but when he talks with Glossaryck , he now has the voice of Toffee , who has possessed him . 32a 19a `` Heinous '' Brett Varon Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 219 0.25 The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still - living , still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter , Rastacore . Heinous wants `` Princess Marco '' to pay for causing the students at St. Olga 's to rebel and to kick Heinous out , leaving her living out of a car . The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons . Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails . After Heinous negotiates with Marco 's parents over the kind of punishment , Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming . 32b 19b `` All Belts are Off '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 219 0.21 Dojo - sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How - To - Karate video series . When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo , Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise , but Sensei sticks with his choice . Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy 's shenanigans , and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration , but realizing it is n't honorable , he apologizes . Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend . Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo . 33a 20a `` Collateral Damage '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 220 N / A Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school 's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it crumbles into dust . The entire school is devastated . Star tries to make a replacement statue , but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character . After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue , Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore . 33b 20b `` Just Friends '' Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 220 N / A Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert , but also invites Jackie . Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek . Marco starts to feel bad about the mishaps he caused and wants them to go on without him , but Jackie and Star convince him otherwise . At the concert , everyone is having fun until couples start kissing , and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss , Star decides to let the two be . As Star leaves the concert , she fires a blast of tainted magic , destroying a billboard . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 34 21 `` Face the Music '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Sarah Oleksyk , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Daron Nefcy , & Chris Walsh February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 221 0.32 The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewman tradition of Song Day . However , Star is reluctant to participate as it portrays princesses as being perfect , until Reberiot reveals he wants to sing about the real Star . Meanwhile , Moon visits Ludo 's parents and with help from his brother , Dennis , learns that he is at the monster temple and in possession of the other half of Star 's wand . On Song Day , a large crowd , including Marco , Star 's parents and the Magic High Commission , gather to hear Star 's song . However , the song ends up revealing that she lost the Book of Spells and has a crush on Marco . These revelations cause the crowd to riot while the Commission gets angry at Moon for withholding information . Marco confronts Star about Buberiot 's claim that she has a crush on him , causing her to run off . Guest star : Patrick Stump as Ruberiot , Atticus Shaffer as Dennis 35 22 `` Starcrushed '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Evon Freeman , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , John Mathot , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 222 0.40 As Star and Marco 's class holds a end - of - the year party at Marco 's house , Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode . Star talks to Ponyhead , Janna , Kelly , and Starfan13 about her predicament and they convince her to ditch the party and instead attend another party where she meets Oskar . Meanwhile , Moon and the Magic High Commission invade the monster temple to take back the other half of Star 's wand and the Book of Spell from Ludo . However , Toffee takes control of Ludo 's body and uses the wand to drain the souls of Moon and the Commission members . In response , Commission chairman Lekmet sacrifices himself by transfering his own lifeforce into Moon , allowing her to escape with the other Commission members . When Star returns from the party , she is confronted by Moon , who informs her of Toffee 's return and that she will have to leave Earth immediately . Star confronts Marco and confesses that she has a crush on him . She then leaves Earth . Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36a 1a `` Return to Mewni '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 As Marco 's parents try to console him about Star leaving , Star and Moon try to take the Magical High Commission to the sanctuary , but their carriage breaks down due to the fritz . They encounter some of Ludo 's rats , who attempt to abduct the still soulless Commission members , but they fight them off . They eventually reach the sanctuary , but the well spring that is supposed to revive the Commission has been affected by the fritz . Moon urges Star to stay in the Sanctuary , to which she objects until Moon reveals that Toffee killed her mother . She then begins telling Star the story of how she defeated Toffee with help from Eclipsa , who she reveals is still alive . 36b 1b `` Moon the Undaunted '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Moon shares her story revolving around the death of her mother ( Star 's grandmother ) at the hand of Toffee when she was a teenager . Moon was set to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army , led by Toffee . Since Toffee is immortal , Moon approaches Eclipsa , who is revealed to have been held in suspended animation inside a crystal prison for 300 years , to learn a dark magic that can destroy him . They forge a magic pact ; in return for Eclipsa teaching Moon the magic , she would be set free once Toffee is defeated . She then confronts Toffee and uses the dark magic . However , it misses and only severs his finger , which he is unable to regenerate . Seeing their immortal leader wounded causes the monster army to panic and flee with Toffee following suit . 37a 2a `` Book Be Gone '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Ludo wakes up to find his wand is now fused with his hand is told by Glossaryck how he ( technically Toffee ) defeated the Magic High Commission . Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells , but the book no longer recognizes him as it 's owner and will not let him . After multiple failed attempts and different approaches , he ultimately throws the book into a fire in a fit of rage , destroying it along with Glossaryck . While Ludo is initially horrified at what he had done , Toffee , through the wand , convinces him that the book was a distraction and that he is now ready to take Butterfly Castle . 37b 2b `` Marco and the King '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day , but he and his subjects wear down quickly . Marco arrives , but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave . River tries to hide , but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster . River rallies the villagers to fight the monster , and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle , not to go away . It leaves peacefully , but as River is about to have a party to celebrate , Ludo and his minions appear and they take over the kingdom . 38a 3a `` Puddle Defender '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 With the sanctuary flooded with sludge , Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog 's . Star wants to sneak out to fight , so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewman board games such as Puddle Defender , which Moon realizes is biased towards monsters , and Buff Frog accuses Moon of being biased towards Mewmans . After a heated argument , they eventually reconcile , and Buff Frog blows Star 's cover and forbids her from leaving . However , Buff 's youngest tadpole , Katrina , later sneaks Star out . 38b 3b `` King Ludo '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe , Evon Freeman , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Ludo has taken over the kingdom , and has imprisoned Marco and River , but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom 's villagers . He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky . Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself , but River has eaten his part of the butter which leaves Marco with no choice but to steal Ludo 's key . He meets with some of the court entertainers , and they steal the key , but River refuses to escape . Ludo levitates River into the sky while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next . 39 `` Toffee '' `` The Battle for Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Star gets captured while attempting to attack Ludo , but she also realizes that he is being manipulated by Toffee . Marco and the entertainers try to rescue her , only to get captured themselves . While Moon and Buff Frog rescue Marco , Ludo finally realizes something is wrong and asks Star about his wand . She then uses the whispering spell , which causes a huge explosion that transports her to the Realm of Magic . Here she encounters Toffee , who reveals that the fritz is a result of him corrupting the realm . Toffee talks to Moon through Ludo and they make a deal ; Toffee 's finger in exchange for Star . Toffee is revived , but he does n't honor the deal . Star desperately searches the Realm of Magic for untainted magic , eventually finding some with help from Glossaryck . She is then revived with a new wand and Mewberty form and gravely injures Toffee , leaving him to be finished off by Ludo . Ludo then has Star to send him back to the void so that he can find himself while River is brought back to Mewni by a family of eagles . Remembering her magic pact with Eclipsa , Moon rushes to check on her crystal prison , which is still intact . However , as soon as she leaves , it begins to crack . 40a 5a `` Scent of a Hoodie '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 After helping defeat Toffee , Marco says goodbye to Star and returns to Earth , but he is missing his hoodie . Unknown to him , Star has been keeping his hoodie , but Pony Head arrives and throws it into the Royal Laundry for cleaning . Star tries to get the hoodie back from the Knight of the Wash , who insists it be cleaned to the highest standards . In spite of her efforts , the hoodie is eventually cleaned , but she is ecstatic that it has retained Marco 's scent . It is then shipped back to Earth where Marco receives it and is curious that his hoodie also has Star 's scent . 40b 5b `` Rest in Pudding '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 Star 's family and the Magic High Commission hold a memorial for Lekmet . Star notices Glossaryck in almost every waking moment that she starts believing he is haunting her over unfinished business . She contacts Janna for help and proceeds to tell her that anything that remains of Glossaryck must be properly buried in a place of meaning for him . Star then takes the remains of Glossaryck 's spell book and throws it into the well at the sanctuary . Star believes it 's over , only for Glossaryck to then be reborn . However , he has amnisia , with the only word he can pronounce being `` Globgor '' . 41a 6a `` Club Snubbed '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 During the annual Silver Bell Ball , all neighboring kingdoms ' rulers come to attend . Star is snubbed by Tom when his family arrives . After attempting to do the same by dancing with her other male dance partners , she then eventually confronts him alone to ask him why . Tom answers by saying he 's giving her space since he was present during Song Day , from which he misinterpreted that she and Marco are in a relationship . She denies this , and eventually reluctantly asks him to dance , which they begin to enjoy , and the Ball is declared a success . 41b 6b `` Stranger Danger '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 Star runs into Eclipsa , who is now free of her crystal prison . However , their friendly talk is interrupted by Moon and the Magic High Commission , who capture Eclipsa . Star asks why Eclipsa was crystalized and is outraged that it was just because she married a monster . While Moon and the Commission do n't trust Eclipsa and want to re-crystalize her , Star convinces them to give her a fair trial . In the meantime , Eclipsa is put under house arrest . Star later visits her and they start a friendship . 42a 7a `` Demoncism '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 A jittery Pony Head confides to Star that Tom is undergoing a `` demoncism , '' which is meant to turn him into a more normal , tamed being . They secretly infiltrate the ceremony for Star to rescue Tom , but the demoncism goes ahead as scheduled , only for its organizer to reveal that he still has plenty of rage in him . They are then seen holding hands , much to Pony Head 's dismay . 42b 7b `` Sophomore Slump '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , & Kirsten Gish Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 On Earth , Marco begins to spout so much of his adventures in Mewni that his friends , peers , and teachers begin to distance themselves from him except for Janna . Jackie suspects that he is n't letting go of these so easily , so Marco takes her out on a date to prove he 's moved on and a better boyfriend to her . Upon discovering he is secretly hiding the cape King River gave to him on Mewni under his hoodie , she tells him that he 's only staying in Echo Creek to make her happy for her sake . She kindly breaks up with him and leaves . Deciding he wants to return to Mewni as an exchange student , his family and friends see him off . 43a 8a `` Lint Catcher '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 Marco arrives on Mewni , but Star feels indifferent over his presence . She gives him a job below the castle as a squire to Knight of the Wash , Sir Lavabo . After a brief conversation with Eclipsa , Star runs back to the Royal Washroom to find Marco fighting off a giant lint monster . They eventually defeat it by turning on the lint blade catcher . Star apologizes to Marco and as an act of good faith , she magically creates an exact replica of his bedroom in the castle and appoints him as her own squire . 43b 8b `` Trial by Squire '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 Star and Marco prepare for the Midnight Warrior Blowout Sale at Quest Buy . During the event , they meet fellow shoppers who will stop at nothing to get the best knight gear . After meeting female squire Higgs , she ridicules Marco by telling him that in spite of being named squire , it was handed to him under the impression that he 's Star 's boyfriend , which he denies . With all their efforts , Star reassures him that she only named him squire so they can go on adventures again like they used to . They finish the blowout sale by buying random , fun things instead of suitable knight gear much to the praise of the knights and Higgs ' chagrin . 44a 9a `` Princess Turdina '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 Marco is set to receive an honorary degree from St. Olga 's for inciting the rebellion . Pony Head approves of this and insists that he does everything to maintain the facade of Princess Turdina , but Star wants him to reveal the truth . Marco decides to listen to Ponyhead , in order to maintain the self - esteem of the princess 's of St. Olga 's but also because they are throwing a party and building a statue of Princess Turdina . Miss Heinous arrives at the Party and reveals that `` Princess Turdina '' is a boy , and Marco confirms the truth . Miss Heinous says that just as the Princesses need her , she needs them , but the Princesses are unfazed by the truth , stating that his gender does n't matter , as her message of being true to yourself is true as well , and chase Miss Heinous off once more . 44b 9b `` Starfari '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 Star goes out into the field to understand why Mewmans treat Monsters unfairly . She meets the expert on the subject , the Royal Monster Examiner , who initally seems to understand Star 's point of view , but eventually reveals that she simply sees Monsters as animals and wants to put them in a sanctuary , by blowing up a dam and surrounding the monster village with water . Star manages to save village with Buff Frog and the other Monster 's help , and then , when the Monster Examiner decides to `` live like a monster '' in the mud , Star gives her position to Buff Frog . 45a 10a `` Sweet Dreams '' Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 Star has a dream that she is flying and eating goblin dogs to her heart 's content , only to wake up in her bedroom with Marco growing concern . To test her theory she has Marco watch her late at night with him chained to her , where he is dragged and discovers that she transforms into her butterfly form and is traveling through various dimensions into one portal . He wakes her up and with the help of Glossryck and Eclipsa , they manage to return to Mewni . Eclipsa suggests to Star that her dreams should be embraced openly as to understand what she is truly capable of . 45b 10b `` Lava Lake Beach '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 Star , Marco , Tom , and Kelly head out to Lava Lake Beach . Kelly however does n't feel too inclined on joining in too long with their festivities , so she wanders off alone . Marco chases after her , where she confides to him that she has broken up with her boyfriend Tad , but he is still living in her thick layer of hair and wo n't leave . Marco steps inside and tries to casually tell Tad that Kelly wants to move on , but Tad then easily guesses that Marco himself is miserable because of hidden feelings for his crush on Star . Conflicted , Marco runs off only to see Star kissing Tom from afar . Kelly finds him alone and offers to show him a grand view of the entire beach . He asks her if it 's already midnight to which she answers yes , indicating it 's Marco 's birthday . 46a 11a `` Death Peck '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Kenny Pittenger , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 Star urges the royal youth of Mewni to sign a petition calling for the equal treatment of Monsters . The only young royal who has not signed it , is Rich Pigeon , so Star , Marco and Ponyhead go to convince him . Marco assumes that Rich Pigeon is merely a normal pigeon and tries to make him sign the petition , but accidentally breaks his leg . The other Pigeons retaliate violently , and eventually capture the three , and plan on killing Marco through a slow execution called , `` Death by a Thousand Pecks '' in which Marco is apprently pecked repeatedly until he dies . However , Rich Pigeon intervenes , having learnt the common Mewmen language , in an attempt to help his kingdom and agrees to sign the petition believing it to be the path to a better future . 46b 11b `` Ponymonium '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kirsten Gish , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 Star is thrilled when Pony Head invites her to dinner with her sisters . Ponyhead claims that her sisters are dangerous and scheming , but they appear very nice and kind , making Pony Head seem like the mean one , who eventually leaves in anger after an argument . The Sisters begin to become very close to star , and eventually reveal their intention to frame Pony Head for the ( False ) Murder of one of the sisters , as doing so would result in Pony Head losing the right to succeed to the throne . Pony Head reveals that she knew their plan and used Star to simply prove it , having captured the conversation on video . Star leaves completely bewildered and confused by the relationship of the family , after Pony Head reveals that she still loves her sisters regardless . 47a 12a `` Night Life '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 Marco is going around helping Hekapoo dealing with Rouge interdimensional portals as they open up in seemingly random places , but at the cost of ignoring his duties as squire to Star , which includes taking care of Glossaryck , who since being revived seems to have lost his mind , repeating the words , `` Glob Gore '' and acting like an animal . Marco lies to Star , not telling her about the truth of his adventures and continues to help Hekapoo close portals . Hekapoo reveals that she has managed to find the source of the problem , which causes Marco to panic , as it is revealed that Star is the cause ; while she is asleep , and when she enters her butterfly form , she travels through various dimensions but fails to close any of her portals , which Marco and Hekapoo have been dealing with . Hekapoo discovers that Star can not control her form and power , but Marco convinces her to not tell the high - council . He also reveals the truth to Star who thanks him for his help . 47b 12b `` Deep Dive '' Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Casey Crowe , Aaron Hammersley , Charlotte Jackson , Kenny Pittenger , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 Star decides to find out what is causing her transformations into her Butterfly form in her sleep and she enlists Janna 's help to do so . They attach a camera to her head in her sleep . It is revealed the Star is attracted to a portal but as she passes through the camera is knocked off and Marco begins to panic . Star wakes up in the realm of magic where she meets the First - Born , a unicorn of her own creation when she purified her magic from Toffee 's taint . Star begins to lose focus and her memories as she enjoys her time in the Realm of Magic . Marco in a last ditch attempt , uses Star 's wand and activates the All - seeing eye spell and manages to contact Star and brings her back to her senses . After returning Star is able to enter in and out of her butterfly form at will . 48 13 `` Monster Bash '' Dominic Bisigano , Tyler Chen , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.29 Star decides to hold a party that unites both Mewmans and Monsters at an old palace , but when guests start disappearing one by one under unknown circumstances , she and Marco investigate . They soon discover in the palace 's underground chamber that Mina Loveberry has been camping out capturing unsuspecting monsters to keep order . At the same time , Miss Heinous barges in on them to get her revenge on Marco , only for her to recognize the chamber was once her old nursery as a young child . In a stunning revelation to Star and Marco , Mina explains that Miss Heinous is - in actuality - Eclipsa 's daughter Meteora , thus making her a Butterfly . Before Mina can capture Meteora , Star demands to know more , but it leads to a conflict between the two . The party guests flee as the Magic High Commission raid the palace , leaving Star only further curious about these turn of events . Miss Heinous is last seen fleeing into the woods where she readopts her true name as Meteora . 49a 14a `` Stump Day '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Olesyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 Stump Day is a holiday in Mewni where the people thank the stump , a literal tree stump that was pivotal in the formation of their kingdom . Star 's birthday falls on Stump day , but she never celebrates it as she says that they must pray to the stump , but Marco decides to hold her birthday anyway , as no one except Star believes that the Stump is real . However it proves to be real and attack them as they did not thank it that day . However it leaves , as soon as midnight passes since Stump Day ends , sparing their lives . 49b 14b `` Holiday Spellcial '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 The Spells within Star 's wand are ready to celebrate Stump Day , but they are all nervous about Star 's new spell , Seeing - Eye , who says nothing and watches everyone . Spider in a Top Hat attempts to make sure it gets along with the others , but Seeing - Eye only ruins the situation by telling the truth to everyone , and revealing their dark and shameful secrets . He eventually reveals Spider 's secret which is where he vented his frustrations at all the other spells when no one would get along with each other , and just as everyone is leaving , Seeing - Eye understands its mistakes , and remedies the situation by showing other truthful scenes where everyone is expressing their love for each other . 50a 15a `` The Bogbeast of Boggabah '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Aaron Hammersley , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) 315 0.18 Star tells Moon about Meteora , but her claims are dismissed . River then forces her to go on a hunt for the Bogbeast of Boggabah with him . Star is warned by a ' Bogbeast veteran ' to listen for the bogbeasts song . Star and River then go through several rituals that Star rushes causing them to have to start over . That night Star hears the bogbeast 's song and rushes after it getting trapped in mud . River then reveals that she is the Bogbeast as she is impulsive and runs headfirst into situations . Having learned to keep impulsiveness in check , Star decides to stay for a bog party instead of going straight to Moon . 50b 15b `` Total Eclipsa the Moon '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) 315 0.18 Moon grows curious over Star 's claims about Eclipsa 's daughter . According to the Butterfly Family book Eclipsa 's daughter 's is called Festivia . However , Eclipsa claims to have never heard of her . To find out the truth , Moon and Eclipsa team up and secretly infiltrate the Magical Archives , where the entire history of the Butterfly family is held . They eventually find Eclipsa 's scroll only to discover anything about her daughter was rewritten . They then flee back to the castle after Moon accidentally trips the alarm . Eclipsa becomes concerned about her daughter , but Moon assures her they 'll find what happened to her . 51a 16a `` Butterfly Trap '' Sabrina Cotugno Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) TBA 0.36 Eclipsa 's trial begins . Moon uses the Truth or Punishment Cube and allows every member of the Magic High Commission to ask Eclipsa one question . However , it soon becomes a mock - trial where everything Eclipsa says is used against her . About to be declared guilty , it 's revealed that she is allowed to ask them a question as well . She then asks the Commission about Meteora , who they deny to have any knowledge about . However , the cube reveals that they are lying and forces them to reveal the truth : Eclipsa 's ex-husband , King Shastacan , had them replace her with Festivia , who was actually a peasant . It 's then revealed that Moon , Eclipsa and Star were suspicious of the Commission and set - up the whole trial . Outraged that they are not the true royal family , Star frees Eclipsa and runs off . 51b 16b `` Ludo , Where Art Thou ? '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) TBA 0.36 Ludo 's brother Dennis stumbles upon dimensional scissors at their family home , so he decides to use it to find his brother . Ludo 's minions Spider and Eagle volunteer by venturing into each portal , but to no success in finding him . Spider senses something in one portal , so Dennis ventures into it and finds Ludo having a mental breakdown in a makeshift home with their parents made up of various objects to keep himself company . Dennis unsuccessfully tries various ways to convince Ludo to come home , but Ludo ultimately comes to realize that he 's just not ready to return home yet . Dennis wishes him the best and returns to his own dimension , leaving Ludo pondering over Star and Marco . 52a 17a `` Is Another Mystery '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) TBA 0.30 Marco comes across a message from Buff Frog that he 's leaving Mewni along with his children and other fellow monsters , so Star and Tom venture to his swamp where he tells them that there 's no room for them on Mewni anymore due to the discrimination of their kind escalating . Although they try to persuade them otherwise - including Tom expressing his half - monster heritage - Buff Frog ultimately decides to depart , but reassures Tom and Star that he will stay vigilant if he is ever needed by them . 52b 17b `` Marco Jr . '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) TBA 0.30 Marco and Star return to Earth to find out that he will soon have a baby brother named after him . He soon has a Mewni painter paint a portrait of him as a present to his new sibling , but the painter gets his image wrong , and the distorted magic painting disfigures him . 53a 18a `` Skooled ! '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) TBA 0.23 Pony Head returns to St. Olga 's Reform School , just as Meteora breaks into the facility with Gemini and Rasticore to find the robot maid who raised her , St. Olga . She has Gemini hack into her to discover what she knows about her true origins . It is revealed that King Shastacan gave Meteora to St. Olga as a baby , who then brainwashed her and taught her to despise her monster side . Believing they have come to retake the school , the princesses fight them but are defeated , with Meteora taking Pony Head 's horn . Terrified of Meteora , Rasticore tries to flee . However , Meteora destroys Gemini , revealing he 's a robot , with the resulting explosion reducing Rasticore back to an arm . Meteora then takes Rasticore and announces her intentions to take the throne of Mewni for herself . 53b 18b `` Booth Buddies '' Tyler Chen Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) TBA 0.23 During Foolduke 's and Ruberiot 's wedding , Star finds photo - booth and drags Marco inside to take a photo . However , Star is unsatisfied with it and forces Marco to redo them until they 're perfect . The photo - booth eventually breaks down , locking them inside . The photo - booth repair goblin , Ben Fotino , claims that the booth is magic and that they must take a sincere photo for it to release them . Star and Marco discuss how their relationship has been since Star confessed that she had a crush on Marco before finally taking a sincere photo that ultimately leads to them kissing , leaving them both flabbergasted and dumbstruck . Ben then reveals that he actually locked them inside in hopes this would happen , having deduced they had feelings for each other . Afterwards , Star and Marco agree to keep what happened between them . 54a 19a `` Bam Ui Pati ! '' Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Madeleine Flores , Aaron Hammersley , Brett Varon & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) TBA 0.32 Pony Head has fallen into a depression due to the loss of her horn , refusing to leave her room or talk to anyone while becoming addicted to soap operas . Star and her sisters try to cheer her up , but she runs away with them giving chase . Pony Head eventually snaps out of her depression after her favority soap opera manages to get a happy ending . She then agrees to get a horn transplant and returns to her former self , much to everyone 's annoyance . 54b 19b `` Tough Love '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) TBA 0.32 Moon and Eclipsa travel to the Pigeon Kingdom upon learning that Meteora has been leaving a trail of destruction there . With help from a local named Eddie , they eventually locate her and discover that she is now a huge monster as result of feeding on souls . Eclipsa convinces Moon to allow her to talk to her daughter and the two share a happy reunion until Meteora demands the throne of Mewni , which Eclipsa denies . Moon and Meteora fight each other and just as Meteora is about to win Eclipsa declares her love for her daughter , hoping they could start over . Moon uses this as an opportunity to counterattack . However , Eclipsa stops Moon , allowing Meteora to drain half her soul . Moon and Meteora then both flee , leaving a distraught Eclipsa by herself . 55 20 `` Divide '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , Sarah Oleksyk , Brett Varon , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 320 0.35 With Moon missing , Star is made acting queen , but struggles with the responsibility . As Meteora heads towards the castle , Star sends Marco to hold her off while she looks for her mother . Marco forms a team composed of himself , Tom , Pony Head , Hekapoo , Talon and Kelly and attempt to trap her , but their plan fails and they are forced to flee with Meteora giving chase . Meanwhile , Star deduces that Moon is in the Realm of Magic and heads there . She eventually finds her mother , who has regained the other half of her soul , but suffers from amnesia due to the realm 's influence . Star continuously tries to bring her home , but eventually succumbs to the realm 's effects herself . 56 21 `` Conquer '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Aaron Hammersley , & Brett Varon Tyler Chen , Sabrina Contugno , Casey Crowe , Aaron Hammersley , Charlotte Jackson , & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 321 0.37 Marco and his team once again try to trap Meteora , only for it to fail again . Everyone , with the exception of Tom , then has their soul drained . Meanwhile , the amnesiac Star and Moon fool around in the Realm of Magic , until the First - Born sends them away . Star then wakes up in her bed , with Moon still missing . As River fights Meteora , Star and Tom try to reach the sanctuary to attempt to revive Marco , but they are unable to access it . Tom proposes they flee to his realm , but seeing that Meteora has defeated River convinces Star that she must face her . She heads back to the castle and confronts Meteora , they fight and just as Star is about to be defeated Eclipsa takes her wand and regresses Meteora into a baby . As everyone 's souls return , Star allows Eclipsa to keep her wand as she believes it should be hers . However , Eclipsa then flees with Meteora and Glossaryck , whose amnesia was just an act . They arrive at the monster temple , where they find Eclipsa 's monster husband , Globgor , who has also been crystallized . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD . The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Friendenemies '' , Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers . He sings the Love Sentence song `` Awesome Feeling . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Tries Something New with ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women in Animation Host ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bryn , Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ( ' Bon Bon the Birthday Clown ' announcement ) '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . The 22 - minute mid-season finale you 've all been waiting for ! Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Channel Launching Toon Series ' Amphibia ' & ' The Owl House ' , Renews ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' For Season 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ DaronNefcy ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` I just want to be clear that the movie is the 1st 4 episodes of S3 played together . It will play like a movie but it is the premiere of S3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Marcy ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` You Should Give Star vs. The Forces of Evil a Try '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- Star vs. the Forces of Evil on Disney '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Catalog '' . United States Copyright Office . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 3.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 4.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Gotham ' on Fox Returns at Season - Low Numbers '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Scorpion ' on CBS Concludes Its Inaugural Season on a Positive Note '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 20 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 7.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 8.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Brian H. ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Awesome Feeling ( extended cut ) '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Nick Lachey in `` Friendenemies '' : Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 1 / 4 ) For today 's # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ep `` Friendenemies '' I got to fulfill not one , not two , but THREE lifelong dreams ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 2 / 4 ) 1 . Write a boyband song . ( And we wrote two ! ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 3 / 4 ) 2 . Record that song with an actual boyband member from the 90s . Many thanks @ NickLachey for being absurdly terrific '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 4 / 4 ) 3. Make @ _AdamM sing on national television . MISSION ACCOMPLISHED '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Larry / Spider with a Top Hat '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2016 '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.02 / 123K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 202K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.05 / 190K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.03 / 166K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 207K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 230K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 216K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 219K ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. The Forces of Evil '' . www.disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.6. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.8. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.16. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.2. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.31. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ( hide ) Disney XD original programming Current Avengers Assemble ( since 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( since 2016 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spider - Man ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Star Wars Resistance ( Fall 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Ultimate Spider - Man ( 2012 -- 17 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. ( 2013 -- 15 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Kirby Buckets ( 2014 -- 17 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( 2015 -- 18 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Pickle and Peanut ( 2015 -- 18 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( 2016 -- 18 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( 2016 -- 17 ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( 2017 ) DuckTales ( 2017 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Crossovers 25 Days of Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_vs._the_Forces_of_Evil_episodes&oldid=843481571 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's animated television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 12 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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-631918238794393454	United States Department of Homeland Security	United States Department of Homeland Security - wikipedia United States Department of Homeland Security Jump to : navigation , search `` DHS '' redirects here . For other uses , see DHS ( disambiguation ) . United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Nebraska Avenue Complex , DHS headquarters Agency overview Formed November 25 , 2002 ; 15 years ago ( 2002 - 11 - 25 ) Jurisdiction United States Headquarters Nebraska Avenue Complex , Washington , D.C. , U.S. 38 ° 56 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 59 '' W / 38.93889 ° N 77.08306 ° W / 38.93889 ; - 77.08306 Coordinates : 38 ° 56 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 59 '' W / 38.93889 ° N 77.08306 ° W / 38.93889 ; - 77.08306 Employees 229,000 ( 2017 ) Annual budget $ 40.6 billion ( 2017 ) Agency executives Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary Claire Grady , Acting Deputy Secretary Child agencies United States Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Transportation Security Administration United States Coast Guard National Protection and Programs Directorate United States Secret Service Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Management Directorate Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Office of General Counsel Office of Health Affairs Office of Intelligence & Analysis Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Operations Coordination Office of Partnership & Engagement Office of Policy Office of Public Affairs Office of the Inspector General Privacy Office Science & Technology Directorate Website www.dhs.gov `` The DHS March '' The United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security , roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries . Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism , border security , immigration and customs , cyber security , and disaster prevention and management . It was created in response to the September 11 attacks and is the youngest U.S. cabinet department . In fiscal year 2017 , it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion . With more than 240,000 employees , DHS is the third largest Cabinet department , after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs . Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council . Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services , Justice , and Energy . The former Secretary , John F. Kelly , was replaced by Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen on December 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Structure 3 National Terrorism Advisory System 4 History 4.1 Creation 4.2 Changes under Michael Chertoff 5 Seal 6 Headquarters 7 Disaster preparedness and response 7.1 Congressional budgeting effects 7.2 Ready.gov 7.3 National Incident Management System 7.4 National Response Framework 7.5 Surge Capacity Force 8 Cyber-security 9 Expenditures 9.1 Audit of expenditures 10 Criticism 10.1 Excess , waste , and ineffectiveness 10.2 Data mining ( ADVISE ) 10.3 Fusion centers 10.3. 1 MIAC report 10.3. 2 2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment 10.4 Mail interception 10.5 Employee morale 10.6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Function ( edit ) Whereas the Department of Defense is charged with military actions abroad , the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within , at , and outside its borders . Its stated goal is to prepare for , prevent , and respond to domestic emergencies , particularly terrorism . On March 1 , 2003 , DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) and assumed its duties . In doing so , it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies : Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services . The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations . Additionally , the border enforcement functions of the INS , including the U.S. Border Patrol , the U.S. Customs Service , and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS : U.S. Customs and Border Protection . The Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate . Structure ( edit ) Organizational chart showing the chain of command among the top - level officials in the Department of Homeland Security , as of July 17 , 2008 Play media A video released in 2016 by the DHS , detailing its duties and responsibilities . The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary . The Department contains the components listed below . Subordinate agency Title of head or leader Incumbent Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsman Director Julie Kirchner Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office Acting Assistant Secretary James F. McDonnell Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator Brock Long Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers Director Thomas J. Walters Management Directorate Under Secretary Claire Grady National Protection and Programs Directorate Acting Under Secretary Christopher Krebs Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Officer Cameron Quinn Office of General Counsel Acting General Counsel Joseph Maher Office of Intelligence and Analysis Under Secretary David Glawe Office of Legislative Affairs Assistant Secretary Benjamin Cassidy Office of Operations Coordination Director Richard M. Chávez Office of Partnership & Engagement Acting Assistant Secretary John Barsa Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans Acting Under Secretary Ambassador James D. Nealon Office of Public Affairs Assistant Secretary Jonathan Rath Hoffman Office of the Inspector General Acting Inspector General John V. Kelly Privacy Office Chief Privacy Officer / Chief FOIA Officer Philip S. Kaplan Science & Technology Directorate Acting Under Secretary William Bryan Transportation Security Administration Administrator David Pekoske United States Citizenship and Immigration Services Director Lee Cissna United States Coast Guard Commandant Admiral Paul F. Zukunft U.S. Customs and Border Protection Commissioner Kevin McAleenan U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Acting Director Thomas Homan United States Secret Service Director Randolph Alles Agencies United States Citizenship and Immigration Services : Processes and examines citizenship , residency , and asylum requests from aliens . U.S. Customs and Border Protection : Law enforcement agency that enforces U.S. laws along its international borders ( air , land , and sea ) including its enforcement of U.S. immigration , customs , and agriculture laws while at and patrolling between all U.S. ports - of - entry . U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement : Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus : An agency that enforces U.S. laws while it investigates and gathers intelligence on national and international criminal activities that threaten the security of the homeland ( Homeland Security Investigations ) ; and An agency that investigates violations of the Immigration and Nationality Act and enforces the detention , deportation , and removal of violators of United States immigration law ( Enforcement and Removal Operations ) . Transportation Security Administration : Responsible for aviation security ( domestic and international , most notably conducting passenger screenings at airports ) , as well as land and water transportation security United States Coast Guard : Military service responsible for law enforcement , maritime security , national defense , maritime mobility , and protection of natural resources . United States Secret Service : Law enforcement agency tasked with two distinct and critical national security missions : Investigative Mission -- The investigative mission of the USSS is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic - based crimes . Protective Mission -- The protective mission of the USSS is to ensure the safety of the President of the United States , the Vice President of the United States , their immediate families , and foreign heads of state . Federal Emergency Management Agency : agency that oversees the federal government 's response to natural disasters like earthquakes , hurricanes , tornadoes , floods , forest fires , etc . ( Passports for U.S. citizens are issued by the United States Department of State , not the Department of Homeland Security . ) Advisory groups : Homeland Security Advisory Council : State and local government , first responders , private sector , and academics National Infrastructure Advisory Council : Advises on security of public and private information systems Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee : Advise the Under Secretary for Science and Technology . Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council : Coordinate infrastructure protection with private sector and other levels of government Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities Task Force on New Americans : `` An inter-agency effort to help immigrants learn English , embrace the common core of American civic culture , and become fully American . '' Other components : Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office : Counter attempts by terrorists or other threat actors to carry out an attack against the United States or its interests using a weapon of mass destruction . Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen established the CWMD Office in December 2017 by consolidating primarily the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office and a majority of the Office of Health Affairs , as well as other DHS elements . Federal Law Enforcement Training Center : Interagency law enforcement training facilities located in Georgia , New Mexico , and South Carolina . National Protection and Programs Directorate : risk - reduction , encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements . Federal Protective Service : Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U.S. federal buildings , properties , assets , and federal government interests . National Communications System Directorate for Science and Technology : Research and development Directorate for Management : Responsible for internal budgets , accounting , performance monitoring , and human resources Office of Strategy , Policy , and Plans : Long - range policy planning and coordination Office of Immigration Statistics Office of Intelligence and Analysis : Identify and assess threats based on intelligence from various agencies Office of Operations Coordination : Monitor domestic security situation on a daily basis , coordinate activities with state and local authorities and private sector infrastructure Office of the Secretary includes the Privacy Office , Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties , Office of Inspector General , Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman , Office of Legislative Affairs , Office of the General Counsel , Office of Public Affairs , Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement ( CNE ) , Office of the Executive Secretariat ( ESEC ) , and the Military Advisor 's Office . National Cybersecurity Center In an August 5 , 2002 speech , President Bush said : `` We 're fighting ... to secure freedom in the homeland . '' Prior to the creation of DHS , American presidents had referred to the U.S. as `` the nation '' or `` the republic '' , and to its internal policies as `` domestic '' . Also unprecedented was the use , from 2002 , of the phrase `` the homeland '' by White House spokespeople . National terrorism Advisory System ( edit ) In 2011 , the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System , replacing it with a two - level National Terrorism Advisory System . The system has two types of advisories : Alerts and Bulletins . NTAS Bulletins permit the Secretary to communicate critical terrorism information that , while not necessarily indicative of a specific threat against the United States , can reach homeland security partners or the public quickly , thereby allowing recipients to implement necessary protective measures . Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the United States . Alerts themselves have two levels : Elevated and Imminent . An Elevated Alert is issued when there is credible information about an attack but only general information about timing or a target . An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific and impending in the very near term . The Homeland Security Advisory System scale On March 12 , 2002 , the Homeland Security Advisory System , a color - coded terrorism risk advisory scale , was created as the result of a Presidential Directive to provide a `` comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal , State , and local authorities and to the American people . '' Many procedures at government facilities are tied into the alert level ; for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is above a certain level . Since January 2003 , it has been administered in coordination with DHS ; it has also been the target of frequent jokes and ridicule on the part of the administration 's detractors about its ineffectiveness . After resigning , Tom Ridge stated that he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies . In January 2003 , the office was merged into the Department of Homeland Security and the White House Homeland Security Council , both of which were created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . The Homeland Security Council , similar in nature to the National Security Council , retains a policy coordination and advisory role and is led by the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security . As of January 13 , 2011 , the DHS advised the American public of an ' elevated national threat ' level , recommending that all Americans ' should establish an emergency preparedness kit and emergency plan for themselves and their family , and stay informed about what to do during an emergency ' . History ( edit ) Creation ( edit ) Seal of the Office of Homeland Security , the predecessor to DHS In response to the September 11 attacks , President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security ( OHS ) to coordinate `` homeland security '' efforts . The office was headed by former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge , who assumed the title of Assistant to the President for Homeland Security . The official announcement stated : `` The mission of the Office will be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks . The Office will coordinate the executive branch 's efforts to detect , prepare for , prevent , protect against , respond to , and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States . '' Ridge began his duties as OHS director on October 8 , 2001 . According to Peter Andreas , a border theorist , the creation of DHS constituted the most significant government reorganization since the Cold War , and the most substantial reorganization of federal agencies since the National Security Act of 1947 , which placed the different military departments under a secretary of defense and created the National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency . DHS also constitutes the most diverse merger of federal functions and responsibilities , incorporating 22 government agencies into a single organization . The Department of Homeland Security was established on November 25 , 2002 , by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . It was intended to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to `` homeland security '' into a single Cabinet agency . The following 22 agencies were incorporated into the new department : A U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer addresses Dick Cheney ( center ) , then Vice President of the United States , Saxby Chambliss ( center right ) , a U.S. senator from Georgia and Michael Chertoff ( far right ) , then United States Secretary of Homeland Security in 2005 Original agency Original department New agency or office after transfer U.S. Customs Service Treasury U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Immigration and Naturalization Service Justice U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Federal Protective Service General Services Administration National Protection and Programs Directorate Transportation Security Administration Transportation Transportation Security Administration Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Treasury Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( part ) Agriculture U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency none Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) Strategic National Stockpile National Disaster Medical System Health and Human Services Returned to HHS , July , 2004 Nuclear Incident Response Team Energy Responsibilities distributed within FEMA Domestic Emergency Support Team Justice Responsibilities distributed within FEMA Center for Domestic Preparedness Justice ( FBI ) Responsibilities distributed within FEMA CBRN Countermeasures Programs Energy Science & Technology Directorate Environmental Measurements Laboratory Energy Science & Technology Directorate National Biological Warfare Defense Analysis Center Defense Science & Technology Directorate Plum Island Animal Disease Center Agriculture Science & Technology Directorate Federal Computer Incident Response Center General Services Administration US - CERT , Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Directorate National Communications System Defense Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Directorate National Infrastructure Protection Center Justice ( FBI ) Office of Operations Coordination Office of Infrastructure Protection Energy Security and Assurance Program Energy Office of Infrastructure Protection U.S. Coast Guard Transportation U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Secret Service Treasury U.S. Secret Service Prior to the signing of the bill , controversy about its adoption centered on whether the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency should be incorporated in part or in whole ( neither were included ) . The bill was also controversial for the presence of unrelated `` riders '' , as well as for eliminating certain union - friendly civil service and labor protections for department employees . Without these protections , employees could be expeditiously reassigned or dismissed on grounds of security , incompetence or insubordination , and DHS would not be required to notify their union representatives . The plan stripped 180,000 government employees of their union rights . In 2002 , Bush officials argued that the September 11 attacks made the proposed elimination of employee protections imperative . Congress ultimately passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 without the union - friendly measures , and President Bush signed the bill into law on November 25 , 2002 . It was the largest U.S. government reorganization in the 50 years since the United States Department of Defense was created . Tom Ridge was named secretary on January 24 , 2003 and began naming his chief deputies . DHS officially began operations on January 24 , 2003 , but most of the department 's component agencies were not transferred into the new Department until March 1 . President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October 1 , 2003 . After establishing the basic structure of DHS and working to integrate its components and get the department functioning , Ridge announced his resignation on November 30 , 2004 , following the re-election of President Bush . Bush initially nominated former New York City Police Department commissioner Bernard Kerik as his successor , but on December 10 , Kerik withdrew his nomination , citing personal reasons and saying it `` would not be in the best interests '' of the country for him to pursue the post . Changes under Michael Chertoff ( edit ) On January 11 , 2005 , President Bush nominated federal judge Michael Chertoff to succeed Ridge . Chertoff was confirmed on February 15 , 2005 , by a vote of 98 -- 0 in the U.S. Senate . He was sworn in the same day . In February 2005 , DHS and the Office of Personnel Management issued rules relating to employee pay and discipline for a new personnel system named MaxHR . The Washington Post said that the rules would allow DHS `` to override any provision in a union contract by issuing a department - wide directive '' and would make it `` difficult , if not impossible , for unions to negotiate over arrangements for staffing , deployments , technology and other workplace matters . '' In August 2005 , U.S. District Judge Rosemary M. Collyer blocked the plan on the grounds that it did not ensure collective - bargaining rights for DHS employees . A federal appeals court ruled against DHS in 2006 ; pending a final resolution to the litigation , Congress 's fiscal year 2008 appropriations bill for DHS provided no funding for the proposed new personnel system . DHS announced in early 2007 that it was retooling its pay and performance system and retiring the name `` MaxHR '' . In a February 2008 court filing , DHS said that it would no longer pursue the new rules , and that it would abide by the existing civil service labor - management procedures . A federal court issued an order closing the case . Seal ( edit ) Main article : Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the Department of Homeland Security . A DHS press release dated June 6 , 2003 explains the seal as follows : The seal is symbolic of the Department 's mission -- to prevent attacks and protect Americans -- on the land , in the sea and in the air . In the center of the seal , a graphically styled white American eagle appears in a circular blue field . The eagle 's outstretched wings break through an inner red ring into an outer white ring that contains the words `` U.S. DEPARTMENT OF '' in the top half and `` HOMELAND SECURITY '' in the bottom half in a circular placement . The eagle 's wings break through the inner circle into the outer ring to suggest that the Department of Homeland Security will break through traditional bureaucracy and perform government functions differently . In the tradition of the Great Seal of the United States , the eagle 's talon on the left holds an olive branch with 13 leaves and 13 seeds while the eagle 's talon on the right grasps 13 arrows . Centered on the eagle 's breast is a shield divided into three sections containing elements that represent the American homeland -- air , land , and sea . The top element , a dark blue sky , contains 22 stars representing the original 22 entities that have come together to form the department . The left shield element contains white mountains behind a green plain underneath a light blue sky . The right shield element contains four wave shapes representing the oceans alternating light and dark blue separated by white lines . The seal was developed with input from senior DHS leadership , employees , and the U.S. Commission on Fine Arts . The Ad Council -- which partners with DHS on its Ready.gov campaign -- and the consulting company Landor Associates were responsible for graphic design and maintaining heraldic integrity . Headquarters ( edit ) Nebraska Avenue Complex in 2016 . Since its inception , the department has had its temporary headquarters in Washington , D.C. 's Nebraska Avenue Complex , a former naval facility . The 38 - acre ( 15 ha ) site , across from American University , has 32 buildings comprising 566,000 square feet ( 52,600 m ) of administrative space . In early 2007 , the Department submitted a $4.1 billion plan to Congress to consolidate its 60 - plus Washington - area offices into a single headquarters complex at the St. Elizabeths Hospital campus in Anacostia , Southeast Washington , D.C. The earliest DHS would begin moving to St. Elizabeths is 2012 . The move is being championed by District of Columbia officials because of the positive economic impact it will have on historically depressed Anacostia . The move has been criticized by historic preservationists , who claim the revitalization plans will destroy dozens of historic buildings on the campus . Community activists have criticized the plans because the facility will remain walled off and have little interaction with the surrounding area . On January 8 , 2009 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the Department of Homeland Security 's plans to move into the campus of St. Elizabeths Hospital . In February 2015 the General Services Administration said that the site would open in 2021 . Disaster Preparedness and response ( edit ) Congressional budgeting effects ( edit ) During a Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee hearing on the reauthorization of DHS , Elaine Duke , deputy secretary of DHS , said there is a weariness and anxiety within DHS about the repeated congressional efforts to agree to a long - term spending plan , which has resulted in several threats to shutdown the federal government . `` Shutdowns are disruptive , '' Duke said . She said the `` repeated failure on a longtime spending plan resulting in short - term continuing resolutions ( CRs ) has caused `` angst '' among the department 's 240,000 employees in the weeks leading up to the CRs . '' The uncertainty about funding hampers DHS 's ability to pursue major projects and it takes away attention and manpower from important priorities . Seventy percent of DHS employees are considered essential and are not furloughed during government shutdowns . Ready.gov ( edit ) Ready.gov program logo Soon after the formation of Department of Homeland Security , the department worked with the Ad Council to launch the Ready Campaign , a national public service advertising ( PSA ) campaign to educate and empower Americans to prepare for and respond to emergencies including natural and man - made disasters . With pro bono creative support from the Martin Agency of Richmond , Virginia , the campaign website `` Ready.gov '' and materials were conceived in March 2002 and launched in February 2003 , just before the launch of the Iraq War . One of the first announcements that garnered widespread public attention to this campaign was one by Tom Ridge in which he stated that in the case of a chemical attack , citizens should use duct tape and plastic sheeting to build a homemade bunker , or `` sheltering in place '' to protect themselves . As a result , the sales of duct tape skyrocketed and DHS was criticized for being too alarmist . On March 1 , 2003 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency was absorbed into the DHS , and in fall of 2008 , took over coordination of the campaign . The Ready Campaign and its Spanish language version Listo.gov asks individuals to do three things : build an emergency supply kit , make a family emergency plan and be informed about the different types of emergencies that can occur and how to respond . The campaign messages have been promoted through television , radio , print , outdoor and web PSAs , as well as brochures , toll - free phone lines and the English and Spanish language websites Ready.gov and Listo.gov . The general campaign aims to reach all Americans , but targeted resources are also available via `` Ready Business '' for small - to medium - sized business and `` Ready Kids '' for parents and teachers of children ages 8 -- 12 . In 2015 , the campaign also launched a series of PSAs to help the whole community , people with disabilities and others with access and functional needs prepare for emergencies , which included open captioning , a certified deaf interpreter and audio descriptions for viewers who are blind or have low vision . National incident management System ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On March 1 , 2004 , the National Incident Management System ( NIMS ) was created . The stated purpose was to provide a consistent incident management approach for federal , state , local , and tribal governments . Under Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 5 , all federal departments were required to adopt the NIMS and to use it in their individual domestic incident management and emergency prevention , preparedness , response , recovery , and mitigation program and activities . National response Framework ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In December 2004 , the National Response Plan ( NRP ) was created , in an attempt to align federal coordination structures , capabilities , and resources into a unified , all - discipline , and all - hazards approach to domestic incident management . The NRP was built on the template of the NIMS . On January 22 , 2008 , the National Response Framework was published in the Federal Register as an updated replacement of the NRP , effective March 22 , 2008 . Surge Capacity Force ( edit ) The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act directs the DHS Secretary to designate employees from throughout the Department to staff a Surge Capacity Force ( SCF ) . During a declared disaster , the DHS Secretary will determine if SCF support is necessary . The Secretary will then authorize FEMA to task and deploy designated personnel from DHS components and other Federal Executive Agencies to respond to extraordinary disasters . Cybersecurity ( edit ) See also : Cyber-security regulation The DHS National Cyber Security Division ( NCSD ) is responsible for the response system , risk management program , and requirements for cyber-security in the U.S. The division is home to US - CERT operations and the National Cyber Alert System . The DHS Science and Technology Directorate helps government and private end - users transition to new cyber-security capabilities . This directorate also funds the Cyber Security Research and Development Center , which identifies and prioritizes research and development for NCSD . The center works on the Internet 's routing infrastructure ( the SPRI program ) and Domain Name System ( DNSSEC ) , identity theft and other online criminal activity ( ITTC ) , Internet traffic and networks research ( PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed ) , Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises ( Livewire and Determined Promise ) , and wireless security in cooperation with Canada . On October 30 , 2009 , DHS opened the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center . The center brings together government organizations responsible for protecting computer networks and networked infrastructure . In January 2017 , DHS officially designated state - run election systems as critical infrastructure . The designation made it easier for state and local election officials to get cybersecurity help from the federal government . In October 2017 , DHS convened a Government Coordinating Council ( GCC ) for the Election Infrastructure Subsection with representatives from various state and federal agencies such as the Election Assistance Commission and National Association of Secretaries of State . Expenditures ( edit ) In the United States Federal Budget for 2010 , entitled ' A New Era of Responsibility ' , the DHS was allocated a discretionary budget of $42.7 billion ( financial year 2009 : $40.1 billion ) . The end - of - year DHS Annual Financial Report for financial year 2010 showed a net cost of operations of $56.4 billion ( FY 2009 , restated : $49.9 billion ) , out of total budgetary resources of $83.2 billion ( FY 2009 , restated : $85.2 billion ) . The components with the highest net cost were US Coast Guard ( $12.1 billion ) , U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( $11.6 billion ) , and Federal Emergency Management Agency ( $10.5 billion ) . Revenues of $10.4 billion were generated in the year ( FY 2009 , restated : $9.8 billion ) . According to the Washington Post , `` DHS has given $31 billion in grants since 2003 to state and local governments for homeland security and to improve their ability to find and protect against terrorists , including $3.8 billion in 2010 . '' Audit of expenditures ( edit ) The DHS independent auditor is KPMG , one of the Big Four audit firms . Due to the level of material weaknesses identified , KPMG was unable to audit the DHS financial statements for FY 2010 . KPMG was unable to express an audit opinion on the FY 2009 , FY 2008 , FY 2007 , FY 2005 , and FY 2003 financial statements . Attempts to access the reports for FY 2006 and FY 2004 within the ' information for citizens ' portal met with a 404 error . The Message from the DHS Chief Financial Officer in the FY 2010 report states ' This Annual Financial Report ( AFR ) is our principal financial statement of accountability to the President , Congress and the American public . The AFR gives a comprehensive view of the Department 's financial activities and demonstrates the Department 's stewardship of taxpayer dollars . ' The Message from the DHS Chief Financial Officer concludes ' I am extremely proud of the Department 's accomplishments ... we will continue to build upon our successes . ' The Secretary of Homeland Security endorsed this message saying that the DHS is ' continuing to be responsible stewards of taxpayer resources . The scope of our mission is broad , challenging , and vital to the security of the Nation ... Thank you for your partnership and collaboration . Yours very truly , Janet Napolitano . ' Criticism ( edit ) See also : Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina The Department of Homeland Security has received substantial criticism over excessive bureaucracy , waste , fraud , ineffectiveness and lack of transparency . Its information sharing centers have been accused of violating American civil liberties and targeting American citizens as potential threats to national security . Excess , waste , and ineffectiveness ( edit ) The Department of Homeland Security has been dogged by persistent criticism over excessive bureaucracy , waste , ineffectiveness and lack of transparency . Congress estimates that the department has wasted roughly $15 billion in failed contracts ( as of September 2008 ) . In 2003 , the department came under fire after the media revealed that Laura Callahan , Deputy Chief Information Officer at DHS with responsibilities for sensitive national security databases , had obtained her bachelor , masters , and doctorate computer science degrees through Hamilton University , a diploma mill in a small town in Wyoming . The department was blamed for up to $2 billion of waste and fraud after audits by the Government Accountability Office revealed widespread misuse of government credit cards by DHS employees , with purchases including beer brewing kits , $70,000 of plastic dog booties that were later deemed unusable , boats purchased at double the retail price ( many of which later could not be found ) , and iPods ostensibly for use in `` data storage '' . A 2015 inspection of IT infrastructure found that the department was running over a hundred computer systems whose owners were unknown , including Secret and Top Secret databases , many with out of date security or weak passwords . Basic security reviews were absent , and the department had apparently made deliberate attempts to delay publication of information about the flaws . Data Mining ( ADVISE ) ( edit ) The Associated Press reported on September 5 , 2007 , that DHS had scrapped an anti-terrorism data mining tool called ADVISE ( Analysis , Dissemination , Visualization , Insight and Semantic Enhancement ) after the agency 's internal Inspector General found that pilot testing of the system had been performed using data on real people without required privacy safeguards in place . The system , in development at Lawrence Livermore and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory since 2003 , has cost the agency $42 million to date . Controversy over the program is not new ; in March 2007 , the Government Accountability Office stated that `` the ADVISE tool could misidentify or erroneously associate an individual with undesirable activity such as fraud , crime or terrorism . '' Homeland Security 's Inspector General later said that ADVISE was poorly planned , time - consuming for analysts to use , and lacked adequate justifications . Fusion centers ( edit ) Main article : Fusion center Fusion centers are terrorism prevention and response centers , many of which were created under a joint project between the Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Justice 's Office of Justice Programs between 2003 and 2007 . The fusion centers gather information not only from government sources , but also from their partners in the private sector . They are designed to promote information sharing at the federal level between agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , Department of Justice , US Military and state and local level government . As of July 2009 , the Department of Homeland Security recognized at least seventy - two fusion centers . Fusion centers may also be affiliated with an Emergency Operations Center that responds in the event of a disaster . There are a number of documented criticisms of fusion centers , including relative ineffectiveness at counterterrorism activities , the potential to be used for secondary purposes unrelated to counterterrorism , and their links to violations of civil liberties of American citizens and others . David Rittgers of the Cato Institute has noted : a long line of fusion center and DHS reports labeling broad swaths of the public as a threat to national security . The North Texas Fusion System labeled Muslim lobbyists as a potential threat ; a DHS analyst in Wisconsin thought both pro - and anti-abortion activists were worrisome ; a Pennsylvania homeland security contractor watched environmental activists , Tea Party groups , and a Second Amendment rally ; the Maryland State Police put anti-death penalty and anti-war activists in a federal terrorism database ; a fusion center in Missouri thought that all third - party voters and Ron Paul supporters were a threat ... MIAC Report ( edit ) The Missouri Information Analysis Center ( MIAC ) made news in 2009 for targeting supporters of third party candidates ( such as Ron Paul ) , pro-life activists , and conspiracy theorists as potential militia members . Anti-war activists and Islamic lobby groups were targeted in Texas , drawing criticism from the American Civil Liberties Union . According to the Department of Homeland Security : The Privacy Office has identified a number of risks to privacy presented by the fusion center program : Justification for fusion centers Ambiguous Lines of Authority , Rules , and Oversight Participation of the Military and the Private Sector Data Mining Excessive Secrecy Inaccurate or Incomplete Information Mission Creep 2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment ( edit ) In 2009 , the Virginia Fusion Center came under criticism for publishing a terrorism threat assessment which stated that certain universities are potential hubs for terror related activity . The report targeted historically black colleges and identified hacktivism as a form of terrorism . Mail interception ( edit ) In 2006 , MSNBC reported that Grant Goodman , `` an 81 - year - old retired University of Kansas history professor , received a letter from his friend in the Philippines that had been opened and resealed with a strip of dark green tape bearing the words `` by Border Protection '' and carrying the official Homeland Security seal . '' The letter was sent by a devout Catholic Filipino woman with no history of supporting Islamic terrorism . A spokesman for U.S. Customs and Border Protection `` acknowledged that the agency can , will and does open mail coming to U.S. citizens that originates from a foreign country whenever it 's deemed necessary '' : `` All mail originating outside the United States Customs territory that is to be delivered inside the U.S. Customs territory is subject to Customs examination , '' says the CBP Web site . That includes personal correspondence . `` All mail means ' all mail , ' '' said John Mohan , a CBP spokesman , emphasizing the point . The Department declined to outline what criteria are used to determine when a piece of personal correspondence should be opened or to say how often or in what volume Customs might be opening mail . Goodman 's story provoked outrage in the blogosphere , as well as in the more established media . Reacting to the incident , Mother Jones remarked that `` ( u ) nlike other prying government agencies , Homeland Security wants you to know it is watching you . '' CNN observed that `` ( o ) n the heels of the NSA wiretapping controversy , Goodman 's letter raises more concern over the balance between privacy and security . '' Employee morale ( edit ) In July 2006 , the Office of Personnel Management conducted a survey of federal employees in all 36 federal agencies on job satisfaction and how they felt their respective agency was headed . DHS was last or near to last in every category including ; 33rd on the talent management index 35th on the leadership and knowledge management index 36th on the job satisfaction index 36th on the results - oriented performance culture index The low scores were attributed to major concerns about basic supervision , management and leadership within the agency . Examples from the survey reveal most concerns are about promotion and pay increase based on merit , dealing with poor performance , rewarding creativity and innovation , leadership generating high levels of motivation in the workforce , recognition for doing a good job , lack of satisfaction with various component policies and procedures and lack of information about what is going on with the organization . DHS is the only large federal agency to score below 50 % in overall survey rankings . It was last of large federal agencies in 2014 with 44.0 % and fell even lower in 2015 at 43.1 % , again last place . Freedom of information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data ) , the Department of Homeland Security earned a D by scoring 69 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . It also had not updated its FOIA policies since the 2007 FOIA amendments . See also ( edit ) United States portal Container Security Initiative E-Verify Electronic System for Travel Authorization Homeland Emergency Management Institute Homeland Security USA Homeland security grant National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center ( NBACC ) , Ft Detrick , MD National Interoperability Field Operations Guide National Strategy for Homeland Security Project Hostile Intent Public Safety Canada Shadow Wolves Terrorism in the United States United States visas United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology ( US - VISIT ) Visa Waiver Program Interior ministry . Generally in other countries `` interior ministries '' usually deal with internal police , immigration and border control duties . Home Office ( UK ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Budget In Brief : Fiscal Year 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Homeland Security . pp. 1 , 2 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Homeland Security . Jump up ^ `` About DHS '' . Homeland Security . June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Senate confirms Kirstjen Nielsen to head Homeland Security '' . CBS News . 2017 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Our Leadership FLETC '' . www.fletc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Richard `` Rich '' M. Chávez Homeland Security `` . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Senior Leadership '' . www.uscg.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner R. Gil Kerlikowske U.S. Customs and Border Protection '' . www.cbp.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ United States Department of Homeland Security . `` ICE Leadership '' . Immigration and Customs Enforcement . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leadership '' . www.secretservice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions . Title 14 of the United States Code provides that `` The Coast Guard as established January 28 , 1915 , shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times . '' Coast Guard units , or ships of its predecessor service , the Revenue Cutter Service , have seen combat in every war and armed conflict of the United States since 1790 , including the Iraq War . Jump up ^ Bovard , James . `` Moral high ground not won on battlefield '' , USA Today , October 8 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Naomi ( 2007 ) . The End of America , page 27 . Chelsea Green Publishing . 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'' United States Department of Homeland Security website Archived 2012 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 2005 ) . Imperial Ambitions , page 199 . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7967 - X . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Barr . `` DHS Withdraws Bid to Curb Union Rights '' , The Washington Post page D01 , February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Department of Homeland Security Seal '' , DHS press release , June 19 , 2003 . DHS website Archived October 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Secretary Tom Ridge '' . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Losey , Stephen ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Homeland Security plans move to hospital compound '' . Federal Times . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Most Endangered Places '' . 2 / 2009 . National Trust . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holley , Joel ( June 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tussle Over St. Elizabeths '' . The Washington Post . p . C01 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NCPC Approves Final Master Plan for DHS Headquarters at St. Elizabeths '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` DHS Gets Green Light '' . Federal Times . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Ed ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Spending stalemate has costs at Department of Homeland Security - Homeland Preparedness News '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Daniel ( May 28 , 2004 ) . `` $226 Million in Govt Ads Helped Pave the Way for War '' . Antiwar.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security : Ready.Gov '' . 12 / 29 / 2003 . Outdoor Advertising Association of America . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Live at daybreak '' . Aired February 20 , 2003 . CNN . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security Frequently Asked Questions '' . ready.gov . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Air '' . ready.gov . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Are You Ready.gov ? '' . February 21 , 2003 . lies.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Build A Kit Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Make A Plan Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` About the Ready Campaign Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Preparedness '' . AdCouncil . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Newswire , MultiVu - PR . `` FEMA , Ad Council Launch New PSA Focused on People with Disabilities Preparing for Emergencies '' . Multivu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 37 , 38 , 41 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Priest , Dana and Arkin , William ( December 20 , 2010 ) ( 1 ) , The Washington Post ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 147 ff . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2009 ( vid . p. 134 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2008 ( vid . p. 44 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2007 ( vid . p. 50 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2005 ( vid . p. 294 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2003 ( vid . p. 40 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2006 , FY 2004 ( 404 error ) '' . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 33 ff . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 4 f . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Congress Says DHS Oversaw $15 Billion in Failed Contracts '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Diplomas For Sale - Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Homeland Security Department Is Accused of Credit Card Misuse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jakes Jordan , Lara ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Credit Card Fraud at DHS '' . Homeland Security Weekly . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Government 's Katrina credit cards criticized '' . Associated Press . September 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Congress says DHS oversaw $15 billion in failed contracts '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Kieren ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's running dozens of top - secret unpatched databases ? The Dept of Homeland Security '' . The Register . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ADVISE Could Support Intelligence Analysis More Effectively '' ( PDF ) . pdf file . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Singel , Ryan ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Homeland Data Tool Needs Privacy Help , Report Says '' . Wired . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sniffen , Michael J. ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` DHS Ends Criticized Data - Mining Program '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Monahan , T. 2009 . The Murky World of ' Fusion Centres ' . Criminal Justice Matters 75 ( 1 ) : 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Report on Fusion Centers July 29 , 2009 Democracy Now Jump up ^ Monahan , T. and Palmer , N.A. 2009 . The Emerging Politics of DHS Fusion Centers . Security Dialogue 40 ( 6 ) : 617 - 636 . Jump up ^ Rittgers , David ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) We 're All Terrorists Now Archived 2011 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Cato Institute Jump up ^ `` ' Fusion Centers ' Expand Criteria to Identify Militia Members '' . Fox News . March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Privacy Impact Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security State , Local , and Regional Fusion Center Initiative December 11 , 2008 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` The Raw Story - Fusion center declares nation 's oldest universities possible terror threat '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Brock ( 2006 - 01 - 06 ) Homeland Security opening private mail , MSNBC Jump up ^ Cole , John ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) Your Mail - Free for Government Inspection , Balloon Juice Jump up ^ Dees , Diane ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) Department of Homeland Security opens Kansas professor 's mail , Mother Jones Jump up ^ Transcript from The Situation Room ( January 12 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security employees rank last in job satisfaction survey '' . ABC Inc. , WLS - TV Chicago . February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Bill ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` DHS memo reveals agency personnel are treated like `` human capital '' `` . Narco News . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Work Agency Rankings '' . Partnership for Public Service . Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : NSA to participate in U.S. cybersecurity Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Homeland Security . Official website DHS in the Federal Register `` DHS Organizational Chart '' ( PDF ) . ( 144 KB ) -- from March 20 , 2008 . 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6807307644388173213	Book of Ruth	Book of Ruth - wikipedia Book of Ruth This article is about the ancient Hebrew religious text . For the 20th - century English language novel , see The Book of Ruth ( novel ) . For the 1960 film , see The Story of Ruth . For the 2009 film , see The Book of Ruth : Journey of Faith . 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It is named after its central figure , Ruth the Moabitess , the great - grandmother of David . The book tells of Ruth 's accepting the God of the Israelites as her God and the Israelite people as her own . In Ruth 1 : 16 -- 17 , Ruth tells Naomi , her Israelite mother - in - law , `` Where you go I will go , and where you stay I will stay . Your people will be my people and your God my God . Where you die I will die , and there I will be buried . May the Lord deal with me , be it ever so severely , if even death separates you and me . '' The book is held in esteem by Jews who fall under the category of Jews - by - choice , as is evidenced by the considerable presence of Boaz in rabbinic literature . The Book of Ruth also functions liturgically , as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot ( `` Weeks '' ) . Contents 1 Structure 2 Summary 3 Composition 4 Themes and background 4.1 Levirate marriage and the `` redeemers '' 4.2 Mixed marriage 4.3 Contemporary interpretations 5 Genealogy : the descent of David from Ruth 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Structure ( edit ) The book is structured in four chapters : Act 1 : Prologue and Problem : Death and Emptiness ( 1 : 1 -- 22 ) Scene 1 : Setting the scene ( 1 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Naomi returns home ( 1 : 6 -- 18 ) Scene 3 : Arrival of Naomi and Ruth in Bethlehem ( 1 : 19 -- 22 ) Act 2 : Ruth Meets Boaz , Naomi 's Relative , on the Harvest Field ( 2 : 1 -- 23 ) Scene 1 : Ruth in the field of Boaz ( 2 : 1 -- 17 ) Scene 2 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 2 : 18 -- 23 ) Act 3 : Naomi Sends Ruth to Boaz on the Threshing Floor ( 3 : 1 -- 18 ) Scene 1 : Naomi Reveals Her Plan ( 3 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Ruth at the threshing - floor of Boaz ( 3 : 6 -- 15 ) Scene 3 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 3 : 16 -- 18 ) Act 4 : Resolution and Epilogue : Life and Fullness ( 4 : 1 -- 22 ) Scene 1 : Boaz with the men at the gate ( 4 : 1 -- 12 ) Scene 2 : A son is born to Ruth ( 4 : 13 -- 17 ) Genealogical appendix ( 4 : 18 -- 22 ) Summary ( edit ) Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake , 1795 During the time of the Judges when there was a famine , an Israelite family from Bethlehem -- Elimelech , his wife Naomi , and their sons Mahlon and Chilion -- emigrated to the nearby country of Moab . Elimelech died , and the sons married two Moabite women : Mahlon married Ruth and Chilion married Orpah . After about ten years , the two sons of Naomi also died in Moab ( 1 : 4 ) . Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem . She told her daughters - in - law to return to their own mothers and remarry . Orpah reluctantly left ; however , Ruth said , `` Intreat me not to leave thee , ( or ) to return from following after thee : for whither thou goest , I will go ; and where thou lodgest , I will lodge : thy people ( shall be ) my people , and thy God my God : Where thou diest , will I die , and there will I be buried : the LORD do so to me , and more also , ( if aught ) but death part thee and me . '' ( Ruth 1 : 16 -- 17 KJV ) The two women returned to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest , and in order to support her mother - in - law and herself , Ruth went to the fields to glean . As it happened , the field she went to belonged to a man named Boaz , who was kind to her because he had heard of her loyalty to her mother - in - law . Ruth told Naomi of Boaz 's kindness , and she gleaned in his field through the remainder of barley and wheat harvest . Boaz was a close relative of Naomi 's husband 's family . He was therefore obliged by the Levirate law to marry Mahlon 's widow , Ruth , in order to carry on his family 's inheritance . Naomi sent Ruth to the threshing floor at night and told her to go where he slept , and `` uncover his feet , and lay thee down ; and he will tell thee what thou shalt do '' ( 3 : 4 ) . Ruth did so . Boaz asked her who she was , and she replied : `` I ( am ) Ruth thine handmaid : spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid ; for thou ( art ) a near kinsman . '' ( 3 : 9 ) Boaz blessed her and agreed to do all that is required , and he noted that , `` all the city of my people doth know that thou ( art ) a virtuous woman . '' ( 3 : 11 ) He then acknowledged that he was a close relative , but that there was one who was closer , and she remained in submission at his feet until she returned into the city in the morning . Early that day , Boaz went to the city gate to meet with the other male relative before the town elders . The relative is not named : Boaz addresses him as ploni almoni , literally `` so and so '' . The unnamed relative is unwilling to jeopardize the inheritance of his own estate by marrying Ruth , and so relinquished his right of redemption , thus allowing Boaz to marry Ruth . They transferred the property and redeemed it , ratified by the nearer kinsman taking off his shoe and handing it over to Boaz . Ruth 4 : 7 notes for later generations that : This was the custom in former times in Israel concerning redeeming and exchanging , to confirm anything : one man took off his sandal and gave it to the other , and this was a confirmation in Israel . Boaz and Ruth were then married and have a son . The women of the city celebrate Naomi 's joy , for Naomi found a redeemer for her family name , and Naomi takes the child and places it in her bosom . The child is named Obed , who we discover is `` the father of Jesse , the father of David '' ( Ruth 4 : 13 -- 17 ) , that is , the grandfather of King David . The book concludes with an appendix which traces the Davidic genealogy all the way back from Perez , `` whom Tamar bore to Judah '' , through to Obed , down to David . Composition ( edit ) The book does not name its author . It is traditionally ascribed to the prophet Samuel , but Ruth 's identity as a non-Israelite and the stress on the need for an inclusive attitude towards foreigners suggests an origin in the fifth century BC , when intermarriage had become controversial ( as seen in Ezra 9 : 1 and Nehemiah 13 : 1 ) . A substantial number of scholars therefore date it to the Persian period ( 6th -- 4th centuries BC ) . The genealogy that concludes the book is believed to be a post-exilic Priestly addition , as it adds nothing to the plot ; nevertheless , it is carefully crafted and integrates the book into the history of Israel running from Genesis to Kings . Themes and Background ( edit ) Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld : `` Ruth in Boaz 's Field '' , 1828 Levirate marriage and the `` redeemers '' ( edit ) The Book of Ruth illustrates the difficulty of trying to use laws given in books such as Deuteronomy as evidence of actual practice . Naomi plans to provide security for herself and Ruth by arranging a Levirate marriage with Boaz . Her plan is overtly sexual : Ruth is to go to the threshing floor ( a place associated with sexual activity ) , wait until Boaz has finished eating and drinking ( a possible allusion to the story of Lot and his daughters , ancestors through incest of the Moabites ) , and to lie at his uncovered `` feet '' ( a euphemism for genitals ) . Since there was no heir to inherit Elimelech 's land , custom required a close relative ( usually the dead man 's brother ) to marry the widow of the deceased in order to continue his family line ( Deuteronomy 25 : 5 -- 10 ) . This relative was called the go'el , the `` kinsman - redeemer '' . As Boaz is not Elimelech 's brother , nor is Ruth his widow , scholars refer to the arrangement here as `` Levirate - like '' . A complication arises in the story : another man is a closer relative to Elimelech than Boaz and has first claim on Ruth . It is resolved through the custom that required land to stay in the family : a family could mortgage land to ward off poverty , but the law required a kinsman to purchase it back into the family ( Leviticus 25 : 25ff ) . Boaz meets the near kinsman at the city gate ( the place where contracts are settled ) ; the kinsman first says he will purchase Elimelech 's ( now Naomi 's ) land , but , upon hearing he must also take Ruth as his wife , withdraws his offer . Boaz thus becomes Ruth and Naomi 's `` kinsman - redeemer . '' Mixed marriage ( edit ) The book can be read as a political parable relating to issues around the time of Ezra and Nehemiah ( the 4th century BCE ) . The fictional nature of the story is established from the start through the names of the participants : the husband and father is Elimelech , meaning `` My God is King '' , and his wife is Naomi , `` Pleasing '' , but after the deaths of her sons Mahlon , `` Sickness '' , and Chilion , `` Wasting '' , she asks to be called Mara , `` Bitter '' . The reference to Moab raises questions , since in the rest of the biblical literature it is associated with hostility to Israel , sexual perversity , and idolatry , and Deuteronomy 23 : 3 -- 6 excluded an Ammonite or a Moabite from `` the congregation of the LORD ; even to their tenth generation '' . Despite this , Ruth the Moabitess married a Judahite and even after his death still regarded herself a member of his family ; she then married another Judahite and bore him a son who became an ancestor of David . Contrary to the message of Ezra - Nehemiah , where marriages between Jewish men and non-Jewish women were broken up , Ruth teaches that foreigners who convert to Judaism can become good Jews , foreign wives can become exemplary followers of Jewish law , and there is no reason to exclude them or their offspring from the community . Contemporary interpretations ( edit ) Scholars have increasingly explored Ruth in ways which allow it to address contemporary issues . Feminists , for example , have recast the story as one of the dignity of labour and female self - sufficiency , and even as a model for lesbian relations , while others have seen in it a celebration of the relationship between strong and resourceful women . Others have criticised it for its underlying , and potentially exploitative , acceptance of a system of patriarchy in which a woman 's worth can only be measured through marriage and child - bearing . Others again have seen it as a book that champions outcast and oppressed peoples . Genealogy : the descent of David from Ruth ( edit ) Elimelech Naomi Boaz Ruth Mahlon Orpah Chilion Obed Jesse David See also ( edit ) Goel Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For `` feet '' as a euphemism for genitals see , for example , Amy - Jill Levine , `` Ruth , '' in Newsom and Ringe ( eds . ) , The Women 's Bible Commentary , pp. 78 - 84 . The usual interpretation , as given here , is that Ruth is told to uncover Boaz 's genitals , but see Kirsten Nielsen , `` Other Writings , '' in McKenzie and Graham ( eds . ) , The Hebrew Bible Today , pp. 175 - 176 , where it is argued that Ruth is to uncover herself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coogan 2008 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ruth 1 : 1 Jump up ^ New International Version Jump up ^ Atteridge 2006 , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : West 2003 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Hubbard 1988 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Leith 2007 , p. 391 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2004 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ West 2003 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ West 2003 , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Allen 1996 , p. 521 - 522 . ^ Jump up to : Grabbe 2004 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Irwin 2008 , p. 699 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , Leslie C. ( 1996 ) . `` Ruth '' . In LaSor , William Sanford ; Hubbard , David Allan ; Bush , Frederic William ; et al. Old Testament Survey : The Message , Form , and Background of the Old Testament . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837882 . Atteridge , Harold W. ( 2006 ) . The HarperCollins Study Bible . HarperCollins . Coogan , Michael D. ( 2008 ) . A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in Its Context . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195332728 . Grabbe , Lester L. ( 2004 ) . The History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period , Volume 1 : Yehud , the Persian Province of Judah . Continuum . pp. 105 & , 312 . ISBN 9780567089984 . Hubbard , Robert L. Jr. ( 1988 ) . The Book of Ruth . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825261 . Irwin , B.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Ruth 4 : Person '' . In Longman , Tremper ; Enns , Peter . Dictionary of the Old Testament : Wisdom , Poetry & Writings . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830817832 . Leith , Mary Joan Winn ( 2007 ) . `` Ruth '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann ; et al . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195288803 . West , Gerald ( 2003 ) . `` Ruth '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ruth ( Bible ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Ruth . Jewish translations and study guides Ruth at Mechon Mamre -- ( Jewish Publication Society of America Version , 1917 ) Jewish Virtual Library Jewish Encyclopedia Ruth -- English translation ( with Rashi commentary ) Christian translations and study guides The Kinsman Redeemer Online Bible -- GospelHall.org Biblegateway Bible Study on Cross-Cultural Love -- InterVarsity website Redeemed Book of Ruth public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Encyclopedic entries Catholic Encyclopedia Book of Ruth History books Preceded by Song of Songs Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Lamentations Preceded by Judges Christian Old Testament Succeeded by 1 -- 2 Samuel Book of Ruth Bible Ruth 1 Place Bethlehem , Judah Moab People Amminadab Boaz David Elimelech Hezron Jesse Judah Chilion Leah Mahlon Nahshon Naomi Obed Orpah Perez Rachel Ram Ruth Salmon Tamar Term Goel Judges Levirate marriage ( Yibbum ) Sources Hebrew Bible Septuagint Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Judges ( chapter 21 ) Books of Samuel ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book GND : 4076907 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Ruth&oldid=865589915 '' Categories : 6th - century BC books 5th - century BC books 4th - century BC books Book of Ruth Ketuvim Moab Shavuot Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 21 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where in the bible is the story of ruth and naomi	[ "The Book of Ruth (Hebrew: מגילת רות‎, Megilath Ruth, \"the Scroll of Ruth\", one of the Five Megillot) is included in the third division, or the Writings (Ketuvim), of the Hebrew Bible; in most Christian canons it is treated as a history book and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel,[1] as it is set \"in the days when the judges judged\",[2] although the Syriac Christian tradition places it later, between Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs. It is named after its central figure, Ruth the Moabitess, the great-grandmother of David.\n" ]	[ "The Book of Ruth" ]
7572405163547975116	Statue of Liberty	Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye , president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . The Statue of Liberty from behind , showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace - Lorraine ) , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit. The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . 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The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Domino Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Park New York Botanical Garden Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly North and South Brother Islands Pelham Bay Orchard Beach Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Printer 's Park Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Williamsbridge Oval Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . 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-2499065682840791474	Effects of alcohol on memory	Effects of alcohol on memory - wikipedia Effects of alcohol on memory Jump to : navigation , search Ethanol is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages . It is a volatile , flammable , colorless liquid that acts as a central nervous system depressant . Ethanol can impair different types of memory . Ethanol Alcoholic beverages Contents ( hide ) 1 Mode of action 1.1 Effects on hippocampus 1.2 Molecular effects on GABA and NMDA receptors 1.3 Effects on other brain regions 2 Long - term memory 2.1 Explicit memory 2.2 Implicit memory 3 Short - term memory 3.1 Brain areas affected by alcohol 3.2 Tasks and intoxication findings 4 Effects on working memory 4.1 In the short term 4.2 In the long term 5 Prospective memory 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References Mode of action ( edit ) Effects on hippocampus ( edit ) Alcohol acts as a general central nervous system depressant , but it also affects specific areas of the brain to a greater extent than others . Memory impairment due to alcohol has been linked to disruption of hippocampal function -- in particular affecting gamma - Aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) and N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) neurotransmission which negatively impacts long - term potentiation ( LTP ) . The molecular basis of LTP is associated with learning and memory . Particularly , damage to hippocampal CA1 cells adversely affects memory formation , and this disruption has been linked to dose - dependent levels of alcohol consumption . At higher doses , alcohol significantly inhibits neuronal activity in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus . This impairs memory encoding since the hippocampus plays an important role in the formation of new memories . A Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Molecular effects on GABA and NMDA receptors ( edit ) A GABA Receptor Alcohol acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptors , specifically type GABA . Upon activation , these GABA receptors conduct Cl - , resulting in neuronal hyperpolarization . This hyperpolarization decreases the chance of an action potential occurring and , thus , has an inhibitory effect on neurotransmission in the central nervous system . GABA receptor subtypes vary in their sensitivity to dosage of alcohol consumed . Furthermore , acute alcohol intake promotes GABAergic neurotransmission via presynaptic release of GABA , dephosphorylation of GABA receptors ( increasing GABA sensitivity ) , and elevation of endogenous GABAergic neuroactive steroids . Protein kinase C ( PKC ) has been implicated in differentially modulating the response of the GABA receptor to alcohol , with effects depending on the PKC isozyme . Alcohol effects have also implicated protein kinase A in affecting GABA receptor function , such as promoting sensitivity . Enhancement of GABAergic transmission due to alcohol consumption can also be brought about by neuroactive steroids , such as allopregnanolone , which act as GABA receptor agonists . Chronic alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence are correlated with altered expression , properties , and functions of the GABA receptor that may contribute to alcohol tolerance . There is still much to be discovered about alcohol 's specific and varying effects on the GABA receptor and its subtypes . At higher doses , ethanol also affects NMDA receptors ( NMDARs ) by inhibiting the ion current induced by NMDA , a glutamate receptor agonist . This inhibition of synaptic excitation by alcohol has been shown to be dose - dependent ( up to a certain point , after which it did not differ by much ) . Alcohol appears to produce this inhibition by using a site of the NMDAR that is accessible from the extracellular environment . Thusly , this inhibition of an ion current usually produced by NMDAR activation leads to decreased LTP in hippocampal areas . Alcohol negatively affects LTP to a greater degree in immature versus mature animals . In adolescents , alcohol decreases the expression of the NMDAR NR2A subunit in the hippocampus and the NR1 subunit in the prefrontal cortex . Studies have also found a decrease in phosphorylation of 2B subunit in the prefrontal cortex , hippocampus , nucleus accumbens , and striatum . NMDARS may be affected by PKA regulation due to the actions of alcohol . Alcohol 's effects on GABA neurotransmission may indirectly inhibit the activity of the NMDAR and contribute to its blockade of LTP induction ; however , alcohol 's direct effects on NMDAR alone are sufficient for the inhibition of LTP . The varying dose - dependent response to alcohol relies on the combined interactions and responses of the GABA receptors , NMDARs , and metabotropic glutamate receptors subtype 5 ( mGluR5 ) . These changes prevent excitatory synaptic transmissions from occurring , affecting synaptic plasticity and , in turn , memory and learning . However , there is still much to be elucidated concerning specific molecular mechanisms of how alcohol affects memory formation . Effects on other brain regions ( edit ) Alcohol also impairs and alters functioning in the cerebellum , which affects motor function and coordination . It has a notable inhibitory effect on neurons of the cerebral cortex , affecting and altering thought processes , decreasing inhibition , and increasing the pain threshold . It also decreases sexual performance by depressing nerve centers in the hypothalamus . Alcohol also has an effect on urine excretion via inhibition of anti-diuretic hormone ( ADH ) secretion of the pituitary gland . Lastly , it depresses breathing and heart rate by inhibiting neuronal functioning of the medulla . Long - term memory ( edit ) Long - term memory ( LTM ) has a long duration and large capacity . Memories stored in LTM can last from a few days to a lifetime . LTM consists of explicit memory ( requiring conscious awareness ) and implicit memory ( unconscious awareness ) . Information selected for LTM goes through three processes . First , in the encoding stage , information from the senses is incorporated into mental activity in the form of a memory . Secondly , storage involves taking this information and holding it indefinitely in memory . Lastly , retrieval is the ability to recall information from the long - term memory storage . Each of these processes can be affected by alcohol . Animation : Hippocampus ( red ) Explicit memory ( edit ) Explicit memory requires conscious and intentional effort for recall . It includes both episodic memory ( for specific events , such as a party ) and semantic memory ( for general information , such as one 's name ) . Alcohol impairs episodic encoding , specifically for cued recall , recognition of completed word fragments , and free recall . A blackout is an example of a difficulty in encoding episodic memories due to alcohol . Blackouts are caused by a rapid increase in blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) which in turn distorts the neurons in the hippocampus . This distortion impairs a person 's ability to form new episodic memories . High doses of alcohol severely disrupt the storage process of semantic memories . Alcohol was found to impair the storage of novel stimuli but not that of previously learned information . Since alcohol affects the central nervous system , it hinders semantic storage functioning by restricting the consolidation of the information from encoding . Retrieval of explicit memory is significantly impaired by alcohol . When compared to sober participants , intoxicated participants performed quite poorly on a recall task for everyday events ( episodic memory ) . Intoxicated participants are also slower to respond in reaction time tasks . Alcohol also impairs retrieval in word recognition tasks . When both encoding and retrieval take place during intoxication , there are surprisingly more impairments for cued recall than for free recall . In terms of gender differences in retrieval processes , females tend to score lower than males on recall tasks when intoxicated . Implicit memory ( edit ) Implicit memory does not require conscious effort or intention for recall . It occurs when previous experience influences performance on a certain task . This is evident in priming experiments . Implicit memory includes procedural memory , which influences our everyday behaviours , such as riding a bike or tying shoes . People can perform these abilities without thinking about them , which means procedural memory functions automatically . While retrieval of explicit memory is severely impaired by alcohol , retrieval of implicit memory is not . Intoxicated subjects score higher on recognition tasks ( involving implicit memory ) than on recall tasks ( involving explicit memory ) . Short - term memory ( edit ) Short - term memory refers to temporary storage of small amounts of information over short delays . Digit span refers to the proposed number of pieces of information ( 5 - 9 ) that can be held in short - term memory . This is also referred to as the magic number seven -- plus or minus two . Any more pieces of information than this , and newer items replace previous items . Alcohol intoxication has been found to have dissociative effects on short - term memory and cognitive functioning . Anterior Cingulate Cortex ( yellow ) Animation : Parietal Lobe ( red ) Brain areas affected by alcohol ( edit ) Alcohol affects brain functioning . Neurochemical changes occurring in the anterior cingulate are correlated with altered short - term memory functions in the brains of young alcoholic men . fMRIs of alcohol - dependent women displayed significantly less blood oxygen in the frontal and parietal regions , especially in the right hemisphere . This is supported by findings of short - term memory impairment by lesions of the parietal lobe and prefrontal cortex . Associations between Third ventricle volume and cognitive performance on memory tests have been found in alcoholics . Specifically , increases in third ventricular volume correlate with a decline in memory performance . Tasks and intoxication findings ( edit ) Short - term memory is commonly tested with visual tasks . Short - term memory , especially for non-verbal and spatial material , are impaired by intoxication . Alcohol decreases iconic memory ( a type of visual short - term memory ) . With BACs between 80 -- 84 mg / dl , more intrusion errors occur in a delayed recall task compared to a control group . Intrusion errors , which represent reflective cognitive functioning , occur when irrelevant information is produced . Alcoholics have less control of inhibiting intrusions . Acute alcohol intoxication in social drinkers caused more intrusion errors in delayed recall tasks than in immediate free recall tasks . Acute alcohol intoxication increases susceptibility to interference , which allows for more intrusion errors when there is a short delay . Free recall ( given list of words then asked to recall list ) is significantly lower and therefore impaired by alcohol intoxication . Encoding deficits were found in verbal free recall and recognition tasks under the influence of alcohol . A discrimination task found significant alcohol - related impairments in depth perception and in visual short - term memory . State - dependent learning and relearning studies in male heavy drinkers demonstrate that the condition of intoxication while learning and sobriety when tested caused a performance deficit in free recall tasks . These findings are supportive of alcohol - induced storage deficits ( not retrieval deficits ) . The effects of acute alcohol consumption on visual short - term memory , stereoscopic depth perception , and attention were studied . A 33 % alcohol condition showed significant impairments in depth perception and in visual short - term memory ( assessed by the vernier discrimination task ) . Working Memory Model . Alcohol intoxication can disrupt rehearsal strategies which may involve the phonological loop and / or the visuospatial sketchpad . Effects on working memory ( edit ) Working memory allows one to keep things in mind while simultaneously performing complex tasks . It involves a system for the temporary storage and manipulation of information , forming a crucial link between perception and controlled action . Evidence suggests that working memory involves three components : the central executive which controls attention , the visuo - spatial sketchpad which holds and manipulates spatial information , and the phonological loop which performs a similar function for auditory and speech - based information . In the short term ( edit ) Alcohol consumption has substantial , measurable effects on working memory , though these effects vary greatly between individual responses . Little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie these individual differences . It is also found that alcohol impairs working memory by affecting mnemonic strategies and executive processes rather than by shrinking the basic holding capacity of working memory . Isolated acute - moderate levels of alcohol intoxication do not profoundly physically alter the structures which are critical for working memory function , such as the frontal cortex , parietal cortex , anterior cingulate , and parts of the basal ganglia . One finding regarding the effects of alcohol on working memory points out that alcohol reduces working memory only in individuals with a high baseline working memory capacity , which suggests that alcohol might not uniformly affect working memory in different individuals . Alcohol appears to impair the capacity of working memory to modulate response inhibition . Alcohol disinhibits behaviour , but only in individuals with a low baseline working memory capacity . An interesting finding is that incentive to perform well with working memory measurement tasks while under the influence of alcohol ' does in fact have some effect on working memory , in that it boosts scores in rate of mental scanning and reaction time to stimulus , but did not reduce number of errors compared to subjects with no incentive to perform well . Even acute alcohol intoxication ( a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 - 0.09 % ) produces a substantial impairment of working memory processes that require mnemonic rehearsal strategies . Alcohol is less likely to impair a working memory task that does not rely on memory rehearsal or associated mnemonic strategies . Because of this , working memory is very susceptible to falter when a person is participating in tasks involving retention concerning auditory and visual sequences . A real world and interesting example of this is failure of guitarists or other musicians performing concerts to cue in on auditory patterns and make it known that their performance is hindered by intoxication , whereas professional basketball ( a less sequence - heavy activity for working memory ) standout Ron Artest recently admitted in an interview with Sporting News to drinking heavily during half - time in the early days of his career and it having little if any recognizable effect on his working memory . His former coach Fran Fraschilla has gone on record saying : `` It 's a surprise because every day at practice , he came out in a mood to play . He came out in a basketball rage . He was fully committed ; he wanted to let our upperclassmen know that he was the alpha male . It never came up that he had any sort of a problem with alcohol . This is the first I 've heard of it . '' In the long term ( edit ) This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources , specifically : primary sources should be replaced ; consider using PMID 23905882 and PMID 28470828 . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) Alcohol has shown to have some long - term effect on working memory . Findings have shown that for working memory to be substantially affected , long - term , heavy drinking must be sustained over a long period of time as up to one drink per day does not impair cognitive function and may actually decrease the risk of cognitive decline . Furthermore , chronic alcoholism is associated with impairment in sustained attention and visual working memory . Thus , alcoholics have reduced ability , but not necessarily inability , to perform these executive tasks , assumed to be subserved by regions of prefrontal cortex . While it may not serve as a surprise that chronic alcoholism has been linked to decreased cognitive function including working memory , one surprising finding is not only that even moderate levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy were shown to have an adverse effect on the child 's working memory when tested at 7.5 years of age , but that working memory may be the most important aspect of attention that is adversely affected by prenatal alcohol exposure . Prospective memory ( edit ) Prospective memory involves remembering to carry out an intended action in the future without an explicit reminder . Alcohol has been found to impair this ability . Chronic heavy alcohol users report significantly more prospective forgetting compared to low - dose and alcohol - free controls . The Prospective Memory Questionnaire assesses short - term habitual prospective memory , long - term episodic prospective memory , and internally cued prospective memory . Chronic heavy alcohol users reported significantly greater deficits for all three aspects of prospective memory . Individuals that report heavy alcohol use report 24 % more difficulties with prospective memory than those who report that they are light drinkers and 30 % more difficulties than those who report that they never drink . The effects of alcohol on prospective memory can also be assessed in the laboratory by simulating prospective memory tasks that individuals face in everyday life . Individuals who are given 0.6 g / kg alcohol prior to performing prospective memory tasks do significantly poorer than a placebo group . Alcohol can damage the prefrontal and frontal areas of the brain , and this may be responsible for prospective memory impairments since prospective memory performance is highly correlated with frontal executive functions . In popular culture ( edit ) The memory inhibiting effects of alcohol are often a prominent topic in popular culture . It appears in movies , books , and television shows . Several movies show characters drinking alcohol to the point of memory loss and awakening the next morning with a host of problems due to actions they performed while intoxicated . One example is The Hangover , where three groomsmen lose the groom during a bachelor party in Las Vegas , so they retrace their steps to find him . The characters still had functioning implicit / procedural memory , which allowed them to carry out the many acts they performed that night , but their episodic memory was impaired and thus they had no recollection of the events occurring . In addition to alcohol the characters were also under the influence of flunitrazepam . Another movie is What Happens in Vegas . After an intoxicated night in `` Sin City , '' two people wake - up to find they got married . Songs such as Waking Up in Vegas by Katy Perry and Last Name by Carrie Underwood also depict characters waking up and not remembering the night before due to alcohol consumption . By some accounts , popular culture makes light of the memory problems that can result from alcohol consumption . The court case R. v. Daviault ( 1994 ) concerned the viability of a legal defense based on intoxication . Law and Order : Special Victims Unit ; in season 11 episode 4 , Hammered , a recovering alcoholic was coersed to drink by a business partner and later wakes up to a dead woman in his bed . See also ( edit ) Confabulation Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Online Dictionary Jump up ^ Rose , M.E. ; Grant , J.E. 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Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f27zNlmRMWU Human memory Basic concepts Encoding Storage Recall Attention Consolidation Neuroanatomy Types Sensory Echoic Eidetic Eyewitness Iconic Motor learning Visual Short - term `` The Magical Number Seven , Plus or Minus Two '' Working memory Intermediate Long - term Active recall Autobiographical Explicit Declarative Episodic Semantic Flashbulb Hyperthymesia Implicit Meaningful learning Personal - event Procedural Rote learning Selective retention Tip of the tongue Forgetting Amnesia anterograde childhood post-traumatic psychogenic retrograde transient global Decay theory Forgetting curve Interference theory Memory inhibition Motivated forgetting Repressed memory Retrieval - induced forgetting Selective amnesia Weapon focus Memory errors Confabulation False memory Hindsight bias Imagination inflation List of memory biases Memory conformity Misattribution of memory Misinformation effect Source - monitoring error Wernicke -- Korsakoff syndrome Research Art of memory Memory and aging Deese -- Roediger -- McDermott paradigm Exceptional memory Indirect tests of memory Lost in the mall technique Memory disorder Memory implantation Methods used to study memory The Seven Sins of Memory Effects of exercise on memory In society Collective memory Cultural memory False memory syndrome Memory and social interactions Memory sport Politics of memory Shas Pollak World Memory Championships Related topics Absent - mindedness Atkinson -- Shiffrin memory model Context - dependent memory Childhood memory Cryptomnesia Effects of alcohol Emotion and memory Exosomatic memory Flashbacks Free recall Involuntary memory Levels - of - processing effect Memory and trauma Memory improvement Metamemory Mnemonic Muscle memory Priming Intertrial Prospective memory Recovered - memory therapy Retrospective memory Sleep and memory State - dependent memory Transactive memory People Robert A. Bjork Stephen J. Ceci Susan Clancy Hermann Ebbinghaus Sigmund Freud Patricia Goldman - Rakic Jonathan Hancock Judith Lewis Herman HM ( patient ) Ivan Izquierdo Marcia K. Johnson Eric Kandel KC ( patient ) Elizabeth Loftus Geoffrey Loftus James McGaugh Paul R. McHugh Eleanor Maguire George Armitage Miller Brenda Milner Lynn Nadel Dominic O'Brien Ben Pridmore Henry L. Roediger III Steven Rose Cosmos Rossellius Daniel Schacter Richard Shiffrin Arthur P. Shimamura Andriy Slyusarchuk Larry Squire Susumu Tonegawa Anne Treisman Endel Tulving Robert Stickgold Clive Wearing Psychology Mind and brain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_alcohol_on_memory&oldid=795167588 '' Categories : Memory Health effects of alcohol Hippocampus ( Brain ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles needing additional medical references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 13 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what part of the brain is memory affected by alcohol	[ "Alcohol acts as a general central nervous system depressant, but it also affects specific areas of the brain to a greater extent than others. Memory impairment due to alcohol has been linked to disruption of hippocampal function—in particular affecting gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotransmission which negatively impacts long-term potentiation (LTP).[2] The molecular basis of LTP is associated with learning and memory.[3] Particularly, damage to hippocampal CA1 cells adversely affects memory formation,[4] and this disruption has been linked to dose-dependent levels of alcohol consumption.[5] At higher doses, alcohol significantly inhibits neuronal activity in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus.[6][7][8] This impairs memory encoding[9] since the hippocampus plays an important role in the formation of new memories." ]	[ "hippocampus" ]
2170824700592752979	El Paso, Texas	El Paso , Texas - wikipedia El Paso , Texas Jump to : navigation , search `` El Paso '' redirects here . For other uses , see El Paso ( disambiguation ) . El Paso , Texas City City of El Paso From upper left : The Cathedral of Saint Patrick , star on the Franklin Mountains , North Franklin Peak , downtown El Paso skyline , Wyler Aerial Tramway , Ysleta Mission Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Sun City , El Chuco Location in El Paso County and the state of Texas El Paso Location in the United States Coordinates : 31 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W / 31.79028 ° N 106.42333 ° W / 31.79028 ; - 106.42333 Coordinates : 31 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W / 31.79028 ° N 106.42333 ° W / 31.79028 ; - 106.42333 Country United States State Texas County El Paso Metropolitan area El Paso Founded 1680 Incorporated 1873 Government Type Council -- manager City Council Mayor Dee Margo ( R ) Peter Svarzbein Alexsandra Annello Cassandra Hernandez Sam Morgan Dr. Michiel Noe Claudia Ordaz Henry Rivera Cissy Lizarraga City manager Tommy Gonzalez Area City 256.3 sq mi ( 663.7 km ) Land 255.3 sq mi ( 661.1 km ) Water 1.0 sq mi ( 2.6 km ) Elevation 3,740 ft ( 1,140 m ) Population ( 2010 ) 649,133 Estimate ( 2015 ) 681,124 ( US : 20th ) Metro 838,972 ( US : 68th ) CSA 1,053,267 ( US : 58th ) Demonym ( s ) El Pasoan Time zone MST ( UTC - 7 ) Summer ( DST ) MDT ( UTC - 6 ) ZIP codes 79900 - 79999 , 88500 - 88599 ( PO Boxes ) Area code ( s ) 915 , 575 FIPS code 48 - 24000 GNIS feature ID 1380946 Primary Airport El Paso International Airport ELP ( Major / International ) Secondary Airport Biggs Army Airfield - KBIF ( Military ) Interstates U.S. Routes Website www.elpasotexas.gov El Paso ( / ɛl ˈpæsoʊ / el PASS - oh ; from Spanish , `` the pass '' ) is a city in and the seat of El Paso County , Texas , United States . It is situated in the far western corner of the U.S. state of Texas . El Paso stands on the Rio Grande river across the Mexico -- United States border from Ciudad Juárez , the largest city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua . The two cities , along with Las Cruces in the neighboring U.S. state of New Mexico , form a combined international metropolitan area sometimes referred to as the Paso del Norte or El Paso -- Juárez -- Las Cruces . The region of over 2.7 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere . The city is the headquarters of Western Refining , a Fortune 500 company , and three publicly traded companies , as well as home to the Medical Center of the Americas , the only medical research and care provider complex in West Texas and southern New Mexico , and the University of Texas at El Paso , the city 's primary university . The city hosts the annual Sun Bowl college football post-season game , the second oldest bowl game in the country . El Paso has a strong federal and military presence . William Beaumont Army Medical Center , Biggs Army Airfield , and Fort Bliss call the city home . Fort Bliss is one of the largest military complexes of the United States Army and the largest training area in the United States . Also headquartered in El Paso are the DEA domestic field division 7 , El Paso Intelligence Center , Joint Task Force North , U.S. Border Patrol El Paso Sector , and U.S. Border Patrol Special Operations Group ( SOG ) . In 2010 , El Paso received an All - America City Award . El Paso has been ranked the safest large city in the U.S. for four consecutive years and has ranked in the top three since 1997 . As of July 1 , 2016 , the population estimate for the city from the U.S. Census was 683,080 . Its U.S. metropolitan area covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth counties in Texas , and has a population of 841,971 . The El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso -- Las Cruces CSA , with a population of 1,056,178 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 1900 - present 2 Geography 3 Climate 3.1 Flooding 3.2 Monthly statistics 4 Neighborhoods 4.1 Downtown and central El Paso 4.2 Northwest El Paso 4.3 West central El Paso 4.4 Northeast El Paso 4.5 East El Paso 4.6 Mission Valley 4.7 Texas and New Mexico suburbs 4.8 Cityscape 4.9 Tallest buildings 5 Demographics 6 Economy 7 Arts and culture 7.1 Annual cultural events and festivals 7.1. 1 Amigo Airsho 7.1. 2 KLAQ Great River Raft Race 7.1. 3 Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo 7.1. 4 Fiesta de las Flores 7.1. 5 El Paso Balloonfest 7.2 Music Festivals 7.2. 1 El Paso Downtown Street Festival 7.2. 2 Neon Desert Music Festival 7.2. 3 Music Under the Stars 7.2. 4 Sun City Music Festival 7.2. 5 Texas Showdown Festival 7.3 Performing arts 7.3. 1 Viva ! El Paso 7.3. 2 El Paso Symphony Orchestra 7.3. 3 Ballet in El Paso 7.4 Theaters 7.5 Area museums 7.6 Sites within the city limits 7.7 Sites within the metro and surrounding area 8 Sports 9 Parks and recreation 9.1 Botanical Gardens 9.2 Golf courses 9.3 Zoo 10 Government 10.1 City 10.2 County 10.3 State 10.4 Federal 11 Education 11.1 Public libraries 12 Media 12.1 Newspapers 12.2 Radio stations 12.3 Television 12.4 Cellular phone coverage 13 El Paso in popular culture 14 Infrastructure 14.1 Healthcare 14.2 Transportation 14.2. 1 Airports 14.2. 2 Passenger rail 14.2. 3 Major highways 14.2. 4 Mass transit 14.2. 5 International border crossings 15 Notable people 16 See also 17 Notes 17.1 Footnotes 17.2 Source notes 18 References 19 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of El Paso , Texas and Timeline of El Paso , Texas Early years ( edit ) The El Paso region has had human settlement for thousands of years , as evidenced by Folsom points from hunter - gatherers found at Hueco Tanks . The evidence suggests 10,000 to 12,000 years of human habitation . The earliest known cultures in the region were maize farmers . When the Spanish arrived , the Manso , Suma , and Jumano tribes populated the area . These were subsequently incorporated into the Mestizo culture , along with immigrants from central Mexico , captives from Comanchería , and genízaros of various ethnic groups . The Mescalero Apache were also present . Ysleta Mission , constructed in 1680 by the Spanish Spanish explorer Don Juan de Oñate was born in 1550 in Zacatecas , Zacatecas , Mexico and was the first New Spain ( Mexico ) explorer known to have observed the Rio Grande near El Paso , in 1598 , celebrating a Thanksgiving Mass there on April 30 , 1598 ( decades before the Pilgrims ' Thanksgiving ) . However , the four survivors of the Narváez expedition , Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , Alonso del Castillo Maldonado , Andrés Dorantes de Carranza , and his enslaved Moor Estevanico , are thought to have passed through the area in the mid-1530s . El Paso del Norte ( present - day Ciudad Juárez ) was founded on the south bank of the Río Bravo del Norte ( Rio Grande ) , in 1659 by Fray Garcia de San Francisco . In 1680 , the small village of El Paso became the temporary base for Spanish governance of the territory of New Mexico as a result of the Pueblo Revolt , until 1692 when Santa Fe was reconquered and once again became the capital . El Paso remained the largest settlement in New Mexico until its cession to the U.S. in 1848 , when Texas took possession of it with the Compromise of 1850 . The Texas Revolution ( 1836 ) was generally not felt in the region , as the American population was small ; not being more than 10 % of the population . However , the region was claimed by Texas as part of the treaty signed with Mexico and numerous attempts were made by Texas to bolster these claims . However , the village which consisted of El Paso and the surrounding area remained essentially a self - governed community with both representatives of the Mexican and Texan government negotiating for control until Texas irrevocably took control in 1846 . Map of the city in 1886 During this interregnum , 1836 -- 1848 , Americans nonetheless continued to settle the region . As early as the mid-1840s , alongside long extant Hispanic settlements such as the Rancho de Juan María Ponce de León , Anglo settlers such as Simeon Hart and Hugh Stephenson had established thriving communities of American settlers owing allegiance to Texas . Stephenson , who had married into the local Hispanic aristocracy , established the Rancho de San José de la Concordia , which became the nucleus of Anglo and Hispanic settlement within the limits of modern - day El Paso , in 1844 . Given the reclamations of the Texas Republic that wanted a chunk of the Santa Fe trade , the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo effectively made the settlements on the north bank of the river a formal American settlement , separate from Old El Paso del Norte on the Mexican side . The present Texas -- New Mexico boundary placing El Paso on the Texas side was drawn in the Compromise of 1850 . El Paso County was established in March 1850 , with San Elizario as the first county seat . The United States Senate fixed a boundary between Texas and New Mexico at the 32nd parallel , thus largely ignoring history and topography . A military post called `` The Post opposite El Paso '' ( meaning opposite El Paso del Norte , across the Rio Grande ) was established in 1854 . Further west , a settlement on Coons ' Rancho called Franklin became the nucleus of the future El Paso , Texas . A year later , pioneer Anson Mills completed his plan of the town , calling it El Paso . However , the various communities never totalled more than several hundred residents with Hispanics and Americans holding an equal percentage of the population . During the Civil War , a Confederate presence was in the area until it was captured by the Union California Column in 1862 . It was then headquarters for the 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry until December 1864 . El Paso circa 1880 After the Civil War 's conclusion , the town 's population began to grow as Texans continued to move into the villages and soon became the majority . El Paso itself , incorporated in 1873 , encompassed the small area communities that had developed along the river . In the 1870s , a population of 23 non-Hispanic whites and 150 Hispanics was reported . With the arrival of the Southern Pacific , Texas and Pacific and the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe railroads in 1881 , the population boomed to 10,000 by the 1890 census , with many Anglo - Americans , recent immigrants , old Hispanic settlers , and recent arrivals from Mexico . The location of El Paso as well as the arrival of these more wild newcomers caused the city to become a violent and wild boomtown known as the `` Six Shooter Capital '' because of its lawlessness . Indeed , prostitution and gambling flourished until World War I , when the Department of the Army pressured El Paso authorities to crack down on vice ( thus benefitting vice in neighboring Ciudad Juárez ) . With the suppression of the vice trade and in consideration of the city 's geographic position , the city continued into developing as a premier manufacturing , transportation , and retail center of the U.S. Southwest . 1900 - present ( edit ) El Paso , Texas ( postcard ) , ca . 1910 . St. Louis Street , El Paso , Texas ( postcard , circa 1908 ) In 1909 , William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz planned a summit in El Paso , Texas , and Ciudad Juárez , Mexico , an historic first meeting between a U.S. president and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico But tensions rose on both sides of the border , including threats of assassination , so the Texas Rangers , 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops , U.S. Secret Service agents , FBI agents and U.S. marshals were all called in to provide security . Frederick Russell Burnham , the celebrated scout , was put in charge of a 250 private security detail hired by John Hays Hammond , who in addition to owning large investments in Mexico was a close friend of Taft from Yale and a U.S. Vice-Presidential candidate in 1908 . On October 16 , the day of the summit , Burnham and Private C.R. Moore , a Texas Ranger , discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route . Burnham and Moore captured , disarmed , and arrested the assassin within only a few feet of Taft and Díaz . By 1910 , the overwhelming number of people in the city were Americans creating a settled environment . However , this period was short lived as the Mexican Revolution greatly impacted the city , bringing an influx of refugees -- and capital -- to the bustling boom town . Spanish - language newspapers , theaters , movie houses , and schools were established , many supported by a thriving Mexican refugee middle class . Large numbers of clerics , intellectuals , and businessmen took refuge in the city , particularly between 1913 and 1915 . Downtown El Paso in 1908 Mesa Avenue , the heart of El Paso , Texas ( postcard , circa 1917 ) Ultimately , the violence of the Mexican Revolution followed with the large Mexican diaspora which had fled into El Paso . In 1915 and again in 1916 and 1917 various Mexican revolutionary societies planned , staged , and launched violent attacks against both Texans and their political Mexican opponents in El Paso . This state of affairs eventually led to the vast Plan de San Diego which resulted in the murder of 21 white citizens . The subsequent reprisals by local militia soon caused an escalation of violence , wherein it is estimated that approximately 300 Mexicans and Mexican - Americans lost their lives . These actions affected almost every resident of the entire lower Rio Grande Valley , resulting in millions of dollars of losses ; the end result of the Plan of San Diego was long - standing enmity between the two racial groups . Simultaneously , other Texans and Americans gravitated to the city and by 1920 , along with the U.S. Army troops , the population exceeded 100,000 and whites once again were in the clear majority . Nonetheless , the city increased the segregation between Mexicans and Mexican - Americans with Americans . In reply , the Catholic Church attempted to garner the Mexican - American community 's allegiance through education and political and civic involvement organizations , including the National Catholic Welfare Fund . In 1916 , the Census Bureau reported El Paso 's population as 53 % Mexican and 44 % white . General Pershing 's punitive expedition camp near the border , El Paso , Texas ( postcard , circa 1916 ) : Franklin Mountains , left - to - right ( i.e. , south - to - north ) are : Ranger Peak , Sugarloaf Mountain , and part of South Franklin Mountain Mining and other industries gradually developed in the area . The El Paso and Northeastern Railway was chartered in 1897 , to help extract the natural resources of surrounding areas , especially in southeastern New Mexico Territory . The 1920s and 1930s saw the emergence of major business development in the city , partially enabled by Prohibition - era bootlegging . However , the military demobilization , an agricultural economic depression which hit places like El Paso first before the larger Great Depression was felt in the big cities , hit the city hard . In turn , as in the rest of the United States , the Depression era overall hit the city hard , and El Paso 's population declined through the end of World War II with most of population losses coming from the white community . Nonetheless , whites remained the majority to the 1940s . During and following the war , military expansion in the area , as well as oil discoveries in the Permian Basin ( North America ) , helped to engender rapid economic expansion in the mid-1900s . Copper smelting , oil refining , and the proliferation of low - wage industries ( particularly garment making ) led the city 's growth . Additionally , the departure of region 's rural population , which was mostly white , to cities like El Paso , brought a short term burst of capital and labor . However , this was balanced by additional departures of middle class Americans to other parts of the country which offered new and better paying jobs . In turn , local businesses looked south to the opportunities afforded by cheap Mexican labor . Furthermore , the period from 1942 to 1956 saw the bracero program which brought in cheap Mexican labor into the rural area to replace the losses of the native white population . In turn , seeking better - paying jobs these migrants also moved to El Paso . By 1965 , Hispanics once again were a majority . Meanwhile , the post-war expansion slowed again in the 1960s , but the city continued to grow with the annexation of surrounding neighborhoods and in large part because of its significant economic relationship with Mexico . Geography ( edit ) El Paso and the Franklin Mountains with snow from winter storm Goliath ; neighborhoods around Austin High School ( center ) are shown , from central El Paso at the bottom to Northeast El Paso at the top . The Patriot Freeway ( aka the North -- South Freeway ) , US Highway 54 , is on the right . Looking northwest at the Franklin Mountains from Ranger Peak False - color satellite image of El Paso and Ciudad Juárez : Paved streets and buildings appear in varying shades of blue - gray , and red indicates vegetation . Image courtesy of NASA . El Paso is at 31 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 106 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W / 31.79028 ° N 106.42333 ° W / 31.79028 ; - 106.42333 ( 31.790208 , − 106.423242 ) . It lies at the intersection of three states ( Texas , New Mexico , and Chihuahua ) and two countries ( the U.S. and Mexico ) . It is the only major Texas city on Mountain Time . Ciudad Juarez used to be on Central Time , but both cities are now on Mountain Time . El Paso is closer to the capital cities of four other states - Phoenix , Arizona ( 348 miles away ) ; Santa Fe , New Mexico , ( 272 miles away ) ; Ciudad Chihuahua , Chihuahua , ( 212 miles away ) ; and Hermosillo , Sonora ( 327 miles away ) - than it is to the capital of its own state , Austin ( 526 miles away ) . It is closer to Los Angeles , California ( 702 miles away ) than it is to Orange , Texas ( 762 miles away ) , the easternmost town in the state . El Paso is located within the Chihuahuan Desert , the easternmost section of the Basin and Range Region . The Franklin Mountains extend into El Paso from the north and nearly divide the city into two sections ; the west side forms the beginnings of the Mesilla Valley , and the east side expands into the desert and lower valley . They connect in the central business district at the southern end of the mountain range . The city 's elevation is 3,800 ft ( 1,200 m ) above sea level . North Franklin Mountain is the highest peak in the city at 7,192 ft ( 2,192 m ) above sea level . The peak can be seen from 60 mi ( 100 km ) in all directions . Additionally , this mountain range is home to the famous natural red - clay formation , the Thunderbird , from which the local Coronado High School gets its mascot 's name . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 256.3 square miles ( 663.7 km ) . The 24,000 - acre ( 9,700 ha ) Franklin Mountains State Park , the largest urban park in the United States , lies entirely in El Paso , extending from the north and dividing the city into several sections along with Fort Bliss and El Paso International Airport . The Rio Grande Rift , which passes around the southern end of the Franklin Mountains , is where the Rio Grande flows . The river defines the border between El Paso and Ciudad Juárez to the south and west until the river turns north of the border with Mexico , separating El Paso from Doña Ana County , New Mexico . Mt . Cristo Rey , an example of a pluton , rises within the Rio Grande Rift just to the west of El Paso on the New Mexico side of the Rio Grande . Nearby volcanic features include Kilbourne Hole and Hunt 's Hole , which are Maar volcanic craters 30 miles ( 50 km ) west of the Franklin Mountains . Climate ( edit ) Palm trees in far east El Paso El Paso has a transitional climate between cold desert climate ( Köppen BWk ) and hot desert climate ( Köppen BWh ) with hot summers , usually with little humidity , and mild , dry winters . Rainfall averages 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) per year , much of which occurs during the summer from July through September , and is predominantly caused by the North American Monsoon . During this period , southerly and southeasterly winds carry moisture from the Pacific , the Gulf of California , and the Gulf of Mexico into the region . When this moisture moves into the El Paso area and places to the southwest , orographic lift from the mountains , combined with strong daytime heating , causes thunderstorms , some severe enough to produce flash flooding and hail , across the region . The sun shines 302 days per year on average in El Paso , 83 % of daylight hours , according to the National Weather Service ; from this , the city is nicknamed `` The Sun City '' . Due to its arid , windy climate , El Paso often experiences sand and dust storms during the dry season , particularly during the springtime between March and early May . With an average wind speed often exceeding 30 mph ( 50 km / h ) and gusts that have been measured at over 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , these wind storms kick up large amounts of sand and dust from the desert , causing loss of visibility . El Paso , at 3,800 ft ( 1,200 m ) elevation , also receives snow ; weather systems have produced over one foot ( 30 cm ) of snow on several occasions . In the 1982 -- 1983 winter season , three major snowstorms produced record seasonal snowfall . On December 25 -- 26 , 1982 , 6.0 inches ( 15 cm ) of snow fell , producing a white Christmas for the city . This was followed by another 7.0 inches ( 18 cm ) on December 30 -- 31 , 1982 . On April 4 -- 7 , 1983 , 16.5 inches ( 42 cm ) of snow fell on El Paso , bringing the seasonal total to nearly 30 inches ( 76 cm ) . On December 13 -- 14 , 1987 , a record storm dumped over 22 inches ( 56 cm ) of snow on El Paso , and two weeks later ( December 25 -- 26 ) , another three inches ( 7.6 cm ) fell , bringing the monthly total for December 1987 to an all - time record high of 25.9 inches ( 66 cm ) of snow . The average annual snowfall for the city varies widely between different neighborhoods at different elevations , but is 6.1 inches ( 15 cm ) at the airport ( but with a median of 0 , meaning most years see no snow at all ) . It is most rare around Ysleta and the eastern valley area , which usually include large numbers of palm trees ; while in the higher neighborhoods palm trees are more vulnerable to cold snaps and as a result many of which can be seen with brown leaves . Snow on Franklin Mountains One example of El Paso 's varying climate at its most extreme was the damaging winter storm of early February 2011 , which caused closures of schools , businesses , and City Hall . The snow , which was light , stopped after about a day , but during the ensuing cold episode , municipal utilities went into a crisis . The high temperature on February 2 , 2011 was 15 ° F ( − 9 ° C ) , the lowest daily maximum on record . In addition , the low temperature on February 3 was 1 ° F ( − 17 ° C ) , breaking the 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) monthly record low set during the cold wave of 1899 . Loss of desert vegetation , such as Mexican / California palm trees , oleanders , and iceplants to the cold weather was one of the results . Two local power plants failed , forcing El Paso Electric to institute rolling blackouts over several days , and electric wires were broken , causing localised blackouts . Many water utility pipes froze , causing areas of the city to be without water for several days . Rio Grande in west El Paso near New Mexico state line Monthly means range from 44.8 ° F ( 7.1 ° C ) in December to 82.8 ° F ( 28.2 ° C ) in July , but high temperatures typically peak in June before the monsoon arrives , while daily low temperatures typically peak in July or early August with the higher humidity the monsoon brings ( translating to warmer nights ) . On average , there are 52 nights of at - or below - freezing lows , 109 days of 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) + highs and 20 days of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) + highs annually ; it is extremely rare for temperatures to stay below the freezing mark all day . The city 's record high is 114 ° F ( 46 ° C ) on June 30 , 1994 , and its record low is − 8 ° F ( − 22 ° C ) on January 11 , 1962 ; the highest daily minimum was 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) on July 1 and 3 , 1994 , with weather records for the area maintained by the National Weather Service since 1879 . Flooding ( edit ) Although the average annual rainfall is only about 9.7 in ( 250 mm ) , many parts of El Paso are subject to occasional flooding during intense summer monsoonal thunderstorms . In late July and early August 2006 , up to 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain fell in a week , the flood - control reservoirs overflowed and caused major flooding citywide . The city staff estimated damage to public infrastructure at $21 million , and to private property ( residential and commercial ) at $77 million . Much of the damage was associated with development in recent decades in arroyos protected by flood - control dams and reservoirs , and the absence of any storm drain utility in the city to handle the flow of rain water . Monthly statistics ( edit ) ( show ) Climate data for El Paso Int'l , Texas ( 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1879 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 86 ( 30 ) 93 ( 34 ) 98 ( 37 ) 105 ( 41 ) 114 ( 46 ) 112 ( 44 ) 108 ( 42 ) 104 ( 40 ) 96 ( 36 ) 87 ( 31 ) 80 ( 27 ) 114 ( 46 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 63.1 ( 17.3 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 87.8 ( 31 ) 95.5 ( 35.3 ) 94.7 ( 34.8 ) 92.4 ( 33.6 ) 87.6 ( 30.9 ) 78.2 ( 25.7 ) 66.2 ( 19 ) 57.1 ( 13.9 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 37.1 ( 2.8 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 50.7 ( 10.4 ) 60.0 ( 15.6 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 70.9 ( 21.6 ) 69.7 ( 20.9 ) 63.3 ( 17.4 ) 52.0 ( 11.1 ) 40.1 ( 4.5 ) 32.5 ( 0.3 ) 51.6 ( 10.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 8 ( − 22 ) ( − 17 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 23 ( − 5 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 46 ( 8 ) 56 ( 13 ) 52 ( 11 ) 41 ( 5 ) 25 ( − 4 ) ( − 17 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 8 ( − 22 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.40 ( 10.2 ) 0.46 ( 11.7 ) 0.26 ( 6.6 ) 0.23 ( 5.8 ) 0.47 ( 11.9 ) 0.94 ( 23.9 ) 1.55 ( 39.4 ) 2.01 ( 51.1 ) 1.51 ( 38.4 ) 0.61 ( 15.5 ) 0.49 ( 12.4 ) 0.78 ( 19.8 ) 9.71 ( 246.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.3 ( 3.3 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 0.8 ( 2 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) trace 0.8 ( 2 ) 3.1 ( 7.9 ) 6.9 ( 17.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 3.8 3.4 2.4 1.9 2.7 3.9 8.3 8.7 6.3 4.7 3.1 3.9 53.1 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 1.1 3.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 50.5 41.6 32.4 26.9 27.1 29.9 43.9 48.4 50.5 47.1 46.1 51.5 41.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 254.5 263.0 326.0 348.0 384.7 384.1 360.2 335.4 304.1 298.6 257.6 246.3 3,762.5 Percent possible sunshine 80 85 88 89 90 90 83 81 82 85 82 79 85 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity 1962 -- 1990 , sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Neighborhoods ( edit ) Downtown and central El Paso ( edit ) Main articles : Downtown El Paso and Central El Paso The Cathedral of Saint Patrick , built in 1916 , is located in Central El Paso . This part of town contains some of the city 's oldest and most historic neighborhoods . Located in the heart of the city , it is home to approximately 130,000 people . Development of the area started around 1875 , when the city was barely beginning to gain its roots . Today , central El Paso has grown into the center of the city 's economy and a thriving urban community . It contains numerous historic sites and landmarks mostly in the Sunset Heights district . It is close to the El Paso International Airport , the international border , and Fort Bliss . It is part of the El Paso Independent School District . Dr. James Day , an El Paso historian , said that downtown 's main business area was originally centered between Second Avenue ( now Paisano Drive ) and San Francisco Avenue . At a later point the main business area was centered around Stanton Street and Santa Fe Street . In the late 1800s most of the white American residents lived to the north of the non-white areas , living in brick residences along Magoffin , Myrtle , and San Antonio Avenues . Hispanic - American residents lived in an area called Chihuahuita ( `` little Chihuahua '' ) , which was located south of Second Avenue and west of Santa Fe Street . Several African Americans and around 300 Chinese Americans also lived in Chihuahuita . Many of the Chinese Americans participated in the building of railroads in the El Paso area . Another downtown neighborhood is El Segundo Barrio , which is near the United States / Mexico border . Northwest El Paso ( edit ) Main article : Northwest El Paso El Paso 's upper valley in northwest El Paso The west side of the Franklin Mountains after winter storm Goliath Better known as West El Paso or the West Side , the area includes a portion of the Rio Grande floodplain upstream from downtown which is known locally as the Upper Valley and is located on the west side of the Franklin Mountains . The Upper Valley is the greenest part of the county due to the Rio Grande . The west side is home to some of the most affluent neighborhoods within the city , such as the Coronado Hills and Country Club neighborhoods . It is one of the fastest - growing areas of El Paso . West central El Paso ( edit ) Main article : West central El Paso Historic home at Kern Place West central El Paso is located north of Interstate 10 and west of the Franklin Mountains . The University of Texas at El Paso and the Cincinnati Entertainment district are located in the heart of the area . Historic districts Kern Place and Sunset Heights are in this part of town . Kern Place was founded in 1914 by Peter E. Kern , for whom the neighborhood was named . The homes of Kern Place are unique in architecture and some were built by residents themselves . One of the better known homes is the Paul Luckett Home located at 1201 Cincinnati Ave . above Madeline Park , and is made of local rock . It is known as `` The Castle '' due to its round walls and a crenelated rooftop . Kern Place Kern Place is extremely popular with college and university students . The area is known for its glitzy entertainment district , restaurants and coffee shops who cater to both business patrons and university students . After UTEP 's basketball and football games , UTEP fans pack the Kern Place area for food and entertainment at Cincinnati Street a small bar district . This bar scene has grown over the years and has attracted thousands to its annual Mardi Gras block party as well as after sporting events or concerts . Young men and women make up the majority of the crowds who stop in between classes or after work . Sunset Heights is one of the most historic areas in town , which has existed since the latter part of the 1890s . Many wealthy residents have had their houses and mansions built on this hill . Although some buildings have been renovated to their former glory , but many have been neglected and have deteriorated . During the Mexican Revolution , a widely popular Mexican revolutionary leader , Doroteo Arango ( also known as Francisco `` Pancho '' Villa ) , owned and resided in this area during the 1910s . During the 1910 Mexican Revolution many Mexicans fled Mexico and settled in Sunset Heights . Northeast El Paso ( edit ) Main article : Northeast El Paso This part of town is located north of central El Paso and east of the Franklin Mountains . Development of the area was extensive during the 1950s and 1960s . It is one of the more ethnically diverse areas in the city due to the concentration of military families . The Northeast has not developed as rapidly as other areas like east El Paso and northwest El Paso , but its development is steadily increasing . It is expected that the population will grow more rapidly as a result of the troop increase at Ft . Bliss in the coming years . The area has also gained recognition throughout the city for the outstanding high school athletic programs at Andress High School , Parkland High School , Irvin High School , and Chapin High School . East El Paso ( edit ) Main article : East El Paso The area is located north of Interstate 10 , east of Airway Blvd. , and south of Montana Ave . It is the largest and fastest growing area of town with a population of over 150,000 . It includes the 79936 zip code , which was considered in 2013 as the most populous in the nation with over 114,000 people . Its neighborhoods are mainly middle - class , but does have a considerable number of affluent neighborhoods . East El Paso is noted also for its ridges and cliffs which offer desirable views of the lower valley , the Franklin Mountains and downtown El Paso . It also possesses the greatest number of entertainment venues in the city . Mission valley ( edit ) Main article : Mission Valley ( El Paso ) Formerly known as the lower valley , it includes part of Eastside and all lower valley districts . It is the third largest area of the city , behind east El Paso and central El Paso . Hawkins Road and Interstate 10 border the Mission Valley . This location is considered the oldest area of El Paso , dating back to the late 17th century when present - day Texas was under the rule of Nueva España ( New Spain ) . La Mision de Corpus Christi de San Antonio de la Ysleta del Sur In 1680 the Isleta Pueblo tribe revolted against the Spaniards who were pushed south to what is now El Paso . Some Spaniards and tribe members settled here permanently . Soon afterward , three Spanish missions were built ; they remain standing , currently functioning as churches : Ysleta Mission - 1682 ( La Misión de Corpus Christi y de San Antonio de la Ysleta del Sur / Our Lady of Mt . Carmel ) , Socorro Mission - 1759 ( Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción del Socorro ) - 1759 and San Elizario Chapel ( Capilla de San Elcear ) - 1789 . On April 30 , 1598 , the northward - bound Spanish conquistadors crossed large sand dunes about 27 miles south of present - day downtown El Paso . It is said that the expeditionaries and their horses ran toward the river , and two horses drank themselves to death . Don Juan de Oñate , a New Spain - born conquistador of Spanish parents , was an expedition leader who ordered a big feast north of the Río Grande in what is now San Elizario . This was the first documented and true Thanksgiving in North America . Oñate declared La Toma ( taking possession ) , claiming all territory north of the Río Grande for King Philip II of Spain . Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo ( related to the insurgent Isleta Pueblo Tribe ) is also located in this valley . The Tigua ( pronounced Tiwa ) is one of three Indian tribes in Texas whose sovereignty is recognized by the United States government . Ysleta is spelled with a `` Y '' because 19th - century script did not differentiate between a capital `` Y '' and a capital `` I . '' Some people in this area and its twin city across the river , Ciudad Juárez , are direct descendants of the Spaniards . Texas and New Mexico suburbs ( edit ) El Paso is surrounded by many cities and communities in both Texas and New Mexico . The most populated suburbs in Texas are Socorro , Horizon City , Fort Bliss and San Elizario . Other Texas suburbs are Anthony , Canutillo , Sparks , Fabens and Vinton . Although Anthony , Santa Teresa , Sunland Park , and Chaparral lie adjacent to El Paso County , they are considered to be part of the Las Cruces , New Mexico metropolitan area by the United States Census Bureau . Cityscape ( edit ) A panoramic view of El Paso , looking northeast through south , near Scenic Drive . The Hueco Mountains can be seen toward the east , and Downtown El Paso can be seen to the south ( far right of the image ) . Tallest buildings ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in El Paso Wells Fargo Plaza Plaza Hotel Rank Building Height Floors Built Wells Fargo Plaza 296 ft ( 90 m ) 21 1972 Chase Tower 250 ft ( 76 m ) 20 1971 Plaza Hotel 239 ft ( 73 m ) 19 1930 Kayser Building 232 ft ( 71 m ) 20 5 O.T. Bassett Tower 216 ft ( 66 m ) 17 1930 6 Doubletree Hotel 211 ft ( 64 m ) 17 1970 7 El Paso Natural Gas Company Building 208 ft ( 63 m ) 18 1954 8 Camino Real Hotel 205 ft ( 62 m ) 17 1986 9 One Texas Tower 205 ft ( 62 m ) 15 1921 10 El Paso County Courthouse 185 ft ( 56 m ) 13 1991 El Paso 's tallest building , the Wells Fargo Plaza , was built in the early 1970s as State National Plaza . The black - windowed , 296 - foot ( 90 m ) building is famous for its 13 white horizontal lights ( 18 lights per row on the east and west sides of the building , and seven bulbs per row on the north and south sides ) that were lit at night . The tower did use a design of the United States flag during the July 4 holidays , as well as the American hostage crisis of 1980 , and was lit continuously following the September 11 attacks in 2001 until around 2006 . During the Christmas holidays , a design of a Christmas tree was used , and at times , the letters `` UTEP '' were used to support University of Texas at El Paso athletics . The tower is now only lit during the holiday months , or when special events take place in the city . Central business districts of Texas 's ten largest cities ( 2010 ) Downtown Houston Downtown San Antonio Downtown Dallas Downtown Austin Downtown Fort Worth Downtown El Paso Downtown Arlington Downtown Corpus Christi Downtown Plano Downtown Laredo Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 200 -- 1860 428 114.0 % 1880 736 -- 1890 10,338 1,304.6 % 1900 15,906 53.9 % 1910 39,279 146.9 % 1920 77,560 97.5 % 1930 102,421 32.1 % 1940 96,810 − 5.5 % 1950 130,485 34.8 % 1960 276,687 112.0 % 1970 339,615 22.7 % 1980 425,259 25.2 % 1990 515,342 21.2 % 2000 563,662 9.4 % 649,121 15.2 % Est. 2016 683,080 5.2 % U.S. Decennial Census Texas Almanac : 1850 -- 2000 2012 Estimate El Paso 1850 to 2006 TX State Historical Association ( hide ) Demographic profile 2000 1990 1970 White 80.8 % 76.3 % 76.9 % 96.7 % -- Non-Hispanic whites 14.2 % 18.3 % 26.4 % 40.4 % African American or Black 3.4 % 3.5 % 3.4 % 2.3 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 80.7 % 76.6 % 69.0 % 57.3 % Asian 1.2 % 1.5 % 1.2 % 0.3 % Map of racial distribution in El Paso , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic ( of any race ) , or Other ( yellow ) As of the census of 2010 , 649,121 people , 216,694 households , and 131,104 families resided in the city . The population density was 2,263.0 people per square mile ( 873.7 / km2 ) . There were 227,605 housing units at an average density of 777.5 per square mile ( 300.2 / km2 ) . According to the 2010 US Census , the racial composition of El Paso was : White -- 80.8 % ( Non-Hispanic Whites : 14.2 % ) African American or Black -- 3.4 % Two or more races -- 3.3 % Asian -- 1.2 % Native American -- 0.7 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- 0.1 % Ethnically , the city was : Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) -- 80.7 % There were 182,063 households out of which 42.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 54.6 % were married couples living together , 18.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 22.5 % were not families . About 19.2 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 7.2 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.54 . In the city , the population was distributed as 31.0 % under the age of 18 , 10.0 % from 18 to 24 , 29.1 % from 25 to 44 , 19.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.7 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 31 years . For every 100 females , there were 90.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 85.0 males . The median income for a household in the city was $32,124 , and for a family was $35,432 . Males had a median income of $28,989 versus $21,540 for females . The per capita income for the city was $14,388 . About 19.0 % of families and 22.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 29.8 % of those under age 18 and 17.7 % of those age 65 or over . Economy ( edit ) El Paso has a diversified economy focused primarily within international trade , military , government civil service , oil and gas , health care , tourism and service sectors . The El Paso metro area had a GDP of $29 billion in 2011 . There were also $92 billion worth of trade in 2012 . Over the past 15 years the city has become a significant location for American - based call centers . Cotton , fruit , vegetables , and livestock are also produced in the area . El Paso has added a significant manufacturing sector with items and goods produced that include petroleum , metals , medical devices , plastics , machinery , defense - related goods and automotive parts . The city is the second busiest international crossing point in the U.S. behind San Diego . Helen of Troy Limited corporate office El Paso is home to one Fortune 500 company , Western Refining , which is listed on the New York Stock Exchange . This makes the city one of six Texas metro areas to have at least one Fortune 500 company call it home ; the others being Houston , Dallas - Fort Worth , San Antonio , Austin and Corpus Christi . The second publicly traded company is Helen of Troy Limited , a NASDAQ - listed company that manufactures personal health care products under many labels , such as OXO , Dr. Scholl 's , Vidal Sassoon , Pert Plus , Brut and Sunbeam , and the third is El Paso Electric listed on the New York Stock Exchange , a public utility engaging in the generation , transmission , and distribution of electricity in west Texas and southern New Mexico . The fourth publicly traded company is Western Refining Logistics also traded in the New York Stock Exchange . It is a Western Refining subsidiary which owns , operates , develops , and acquires terminals , storage tanks , pipelines , and other logistics assets . Largest Employers in El Paso Fort Bliss El Paso Independent School District City of El Paso Ysleta Independent School District 5 T & T Staff Management L.P. 6 Tenet Healthcare 7 University of Texas at El Paso 8 El Paso Healthcare System , LTD . 9 El Paso County 10 El Paso Community College 11 U.S. Customs and Border Protection 12 Automatic Data Processing , Inc . 13 University Medical Center 14 Dish Network 15 Texas Tech University Health Sciences Network More than 70 Fortune 500 companies have offices in El Paso , including AT&T , ADP , Boeing , Charles Schwab , Delphi , dish network , Eureka , Hoover , Raytheon , Prudential Financial , USAA and Verizon Wireless . Hispanic Business Magazine included 28 El Paso companies in its list of the 500 largest Hispanic owned businesses in the United States . El Paso 's 28 companies are second only to Miami 's 57 . The list of the largest Hispanic owned businesses includes companies like Fred Loya Insurance , a Hispanic 500 company and the 18th largest Hispanic business in the nation . Other companies on the list are Dos Lunas Spirits , Dynatec Labs , Spira Footwear , Datamark , Inc. and El Taco Tote . El Paso was home to El Paso Corporation formerly known as El Paso Natural Gas Company . The city also has a large military presence with Fort Bliss , William Beaumont Army Medical Center and Biggs Army Airfield . The defense industry in El Paso employs over 41,000 and provides a $6 billion annual impact to the city 's economy . Fort Bliss was chosen as the newly configured U.S. Air Force Security Forces Regional Training Center which will bring 8,000 to 10,000 Air Force personnel annually . In addition to the military , the federal government has a strong presence in El Paso to manage its status and unique issues as an important border region . Operations headquartered in El Paso include the DEA domestic field division 7 , El Paso Intelligence Center , Joint Task Force North , U.S. Border Patrol El Paso Sector and U.S. Border Patrol Special Operations Group ( SOG ) . Call center operations employ more than 10,000 people in the area . Automatic Data Processing has an office in West El Paso , employing about 1,100 people with expansion plans to reach 2,200 by 2020 . Tourism is another major industry in El Paso , bringing in $1.5 billion - a-year and over 2.3 million visitors annually due to the city 's sunny weather , natural beauty , rich cultural history and many outdoor attractions . Education is also a driving force in El Paso 's economy . El Paso 's three large school districts are among the largest employers in the area , employing more than 20,000 people among them . UTEP has an annual budget of nearly $418 million and employs nearly 4,800 people . A 2010 study by the university 's Institute for Policy and Economic Development stated the university 's impact on local businesses is $417 million annually . Arts and culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of El Paso Annual cultural events and festivals ( edit ) Amigo Airsho ( edit ) Amigo Airsho is one of El Paso 's premier events , and is ranked as one of the top ten air shows in the country . The show is filled with air entertainment and ground activities . Acts include the Franklin 's Flying Circus , where performers walk on the wings of an airborne plane . Ground activities include the Jet Powered School Bus . After 31 years of being held at Biggs Army Airfield , the show was moved to Dona Ana Airport in 2014 . KLAQ Great river Raft Race ( edit ) Great River Raft Race held annually on the Rio Grande in El Paso 's upper valley . The KLAQ Great River Raft Race is an annual event celebrated on the second to last Saturday of June . Participants are encouraged to ride the river and float the Rio Grande with family and friends . The organizers encourage the building of unique rafts that will get you down the river with prizes and trophies awarded for the most points earned , best looking crew , and best decorated raft . The race starts at the Vinton bridge and ends three miles downstream at the Canutillo bridge . Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo ( edit ) The Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo is the 17th oldest rodeo in the nation and El Paso 's longest running sporting event . Consistently ranked as one of the top 50 shows in the country by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association , this charitable event is a true celebration of western culture and heritage . Fiesta de Las Flores ( edit ) Fiesta de las Flores is the oldest Hispanic Festival in the Southwest . The three - day Fiesta is held each year during the Labor Day weekend and emphasizes El Paso 's Hispanic heritage and culture . The festival attracts 20,000 to 30,000 visitors from El Paso County , New Mexico , West Texas and the State of Chihuahua , Mexico . Activities included in the Fiesta are crowning of the Queen , a Fiesta Parade , Senior Appreciation Dance , Military Appreciation Day , and live Entertainment . The Fiesta is also well known for the authentic regional cuisine , arts and craft wares , games , and services available for the enjoyment of all segments of the attendees . Over 80 booths , sponsored by local vendors and nonprofit organizations create the Hispanic ambience and culture . Cleveland Square in downtown El Paso is where many of the festivals are held annually . El Paso Balloonfest ( edit ) The El Paso Balloonfest is an annual event celebrated on Memorial Day weekend and is self described as `` 3 days of hot air balloons filling the El Paso skies , 3 afternoons of concerts and fun in the sun at Wet N ' Wild Waterworld in Anthony , Texas . '' Over 60 balloons take to the air annually from TFCU launch field which is adjacent to the water park . After the balloons launch , visitors have a weekend of water rides , swimming , concerts , and grilling . The concert aspect of the event features local bands , starting at noon , and different headlining artists in the afternoon . Overnight camping has been added for 2014 . Music festivals ( edit ) El Paso downtown Street Festival ( edit ) The annual El Paso Downtown Street Festival is held during the last weekend of June in downtown El Paso near the El Paso Convention center . It is the oldest musical festival in the city and brings local , regional and nationally known acts . Neon Desert Music Festival ( edit ) The annual Neon Desert Music Festival is a two - day event usually held on the last Saturday and Sunday of May on five stages in downtown El Paso stretching from San Jacinto Plaza to Cleveland Square . The festival brings over 30 acts from the worlds of indie rock , Latin and electronic dance music . Music under the Stars ( edit ) The outdoor concert series , started in 1983 , is held annually at the Chamizal National Memorial and draws over 60,000 attendees . It features local and international performers with musical genres ranging from Classical , Country , Tejano , rock and others . The evening concerts are showcased every Sunday afternoon and start in early June and end in the middle of August . Sun city Music Festival ( edit ) The only El Paso musical festival not held downtown ; instead it is held at Ascarate Park . The Sun City Music Festival is a two - day event dubbed as the largest electronic dance music festival in Texas . Texas Showdown Festival ( edit ) The Texas Showdown Festival is an annual event celebrating musicians and tattoo artists under one roof . Dubbed as the world 's largest tattoo and musical festival , the event is held usually the last weekend of July at the El Paso County Coliseum . Performing arts ( edit ) Viva ! El Paso ( edit ) The outdoor musical extravaganza Viva ! El Paso is performed in the McKelligon Canyon Amphitheatre . It is locally produced and chronicles the 400 - year history and cultural evolution of the El Paso region . The show is performed each Friday and Saturday night in June , July , and August . Viva ! El Paso has entertained local residents and out - of - town visitors for over 35 years . El Paso Symphony orchestra ( edit ) The El Paso Symphony was established in the 1930s , it is the oldest performing arts organization in El Paso and the longest continuously running symphony orchestra in the state of Texas . It has received both national and international recognition as a result of its very successful tours of Germany in 1996 and Turkey in 2000 , and continues to represent the El Paso region with pride and distinction . The El Paso Symphony Orchestra Association season is anchored by 12 classical concerts . Special events serve as outreach toward new audiences . Ballet in El Paso ( edit ) Ballet was largely nonexistent in El Paso until the arrival of Ingeborg Heuser , a professional ballerina from Germany , in the 1950s . Heuser taught ballet at the University of Texas at El Paso for 47 years and founded the city 's first professional ballet company , firstly known as Texas Western Civic Ballet and eventually as Ballet El Paso . The company dissipated due to financial trouble in 1997 and Heuser retired from UTEP soon after . The El Paso Youth Ballet was founded in 2009 by Heuser 's previous student , Marta Katz , following Heuser 's departure from the university . With students from the youth ballet , Heuser staged her last Nutcracker in 2006 . The youth company continues to perform the Nutcracker and other pre-professional pieces in and around the El Paso area . The company provides the only platform for young ballet dancers to train and perform at such a level within the city since the folding of Ballet El Paso . El Paso City Ballet is a current professional ballet company in El Paso , providing local employment for professional dancers in the field of ballet . The company performs a variety of classical and contemporary works choreographed by Artistic Director Lisa Skaf and artists from the US and Latin America . It has been active since 2005 , performing yearly productions . Theaters ( edit ) The Plaza Theatre The Abraham Chavez Theatre , adjacent to the El Paso Convention and Performing Arts Center , welcomes patrons with a three - story - high glass - windowed entry and unique sombrero - shaped architecture , making it a distinct feature on El Paso 's southwestern landscape . The Plaza Theatre is a historic building located at 125 Pioneer Plaza . The theater stands as one of the city 's most well - known landmarks . It shows various Broadway productions , musical concerts , and individual performers . It has a seating capacity of 2,100 . McKelligon Canyon is a 90 - acre ( 360,000 m ) park , located in the Franklin Mountains , open to hikers and picnickers . In the canyon , McKelligon Canyon Amphitheatre is surrounded on three sides by dramatic canyon walls ; the 1,500 - seat amphitheatre is used for concerts and special events , such as Viva El Paso ! El Paso Playhouse is a theater affiliated with Kids - N - Co , a theater for child actors . The UTEP Dinner Theatre is a theatre within the UTEP campus . Area Museums ( edit ) El Paso Museum of Archaeology , diorama shows Cueva de la Olla ( cave of the pot -- a large pot - shaped storage container for grain ) , Paquimé , Sierra Madre of Chihuahua El Paso Museum of Art The Centennial Museum and Chihuahuan Desert Gardens , located on the grounds of UTEP , includes a comprehensive collection of El Paso Brown , Native American pottery , as well as educational exhibits for students . The El Paso Museum of Archaeology is located on the eastern slope of North Franklin Mountain , west of Gateway South Blvd . on TransMountain Rd . Its grounds include native plants of the American Southwest , as well samples of Native American shelters , in an unspoiled location . The museum includes dioramas for school children which illustrate the culture and geology of the American Southwest , such as Hueco Tanks in El Paso County . One diorama ( see image to the right ) is of the Cueva de la Olla ( cave of the pot ) which is located in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua , an example of the Paquimé culture . The El Paso Museum of Art is located next to the Plaza Theater adjacent to San Jacinto Plaza , the public square downtown . It contains works of southwestern artists such as Tom Lea . Other area museums include : El Paso Holocaust Museum and Study Center International Museum of Art El Paso El Paso Museum of History Fort Bliss Museums and Study Center Insights El Paso Science Museum The Magoffin Homestead , dating from 1875 , is now a state historic site . The National Border Patrol Museum is located adjacent to the El Paso Museum of Archaeology . Railroad and Transportation Museum of El Paso War Eagles Air Museum in nearby Santa Teresa , New Mexico The Gene Roddenberry Planetarium Lynx Exhibits Sites within the city limits ( edit ) Sea Lion exhibit at the El Paso Zoo Ysleta Mission is recognized as the oldest continuously operated parish in the State of Texas . Cathedral of Saint Patrick erected in 1916 is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of El Paso . Chamizal National Memorial El Paso Zoo Magoffin Home State Historic Site Plaza Hotel Union Depot El Paso High School University of Texas at El Paso The university 's distinctive style is a type of fortress architecture , Dzong , found in the present and former Buddhist mountain kingdoms of the Himalayas , Bhutan and Tibet . Sites within the Metro and surrounding area ( edit ) Within driving distance from El Paso are nine state parks , two national parks , two national monuments , one national memorial and a national forest . Guadalupe Peak from Bowl Trail Guadalupe Mountains National Park Guadalupe Peak -- the highest point in Texas at 8,749 feet in elevation . Hueco Tanks State Historic Site McKittrick Canyon Lincoln National Forest Mt . Cristo Rey Organ Mountains - Desert Peaks National Monument Socorro Mission White Sands National Monument San Elizario Chapel Carlsbad Caverns National Park Old Mesilla Wet N ' Wild Waterworld Spaceport America Sunland Park Racetrack & Casino Western Playland Sports ( edit ) Aerial view of Sun Bowl Stadium and Kidd Field Chihuahuas baseball game at Southwest University Park El Paso is home to the Sun Bowl , the second oldest consecutive college football contest ( after the Rose Bowl ) . Its first game was held in 1937 . On September 18 , 2012 , the city council voted to approve the demolition of the current city hall to make way for Southwest University Park , to be the new home of the El Paso Chihuahuas Triple - A team ( San Diego Padres affiliate ) beginning with the 2014 season . The team was recently purchased by Mountainstar Sports Group of El Paso . The El Paso Marathon takes place annually since 2007 . The El Paso Patriots played their last season in 2013 and are no longer an organization . Club Sport League Venue Capacity El Paso Chihuahuas Baseball AAA PCL Southwest University Park 9,500 El Paso Rhinos Ice Hockey WSHL Sierra Providence Event Center 5,250 El Paso Coyotes Indoor Soccer MASL Sierra Providence Event Center 5,250 UTEP Miners Football NCAA Division I FBS Football C - USA Sun Bowl Stadium 51,500 UTEP Basketball Men NCAA Division I Basketball C - USA Don Haskins Center 12,000 UTEP Basketball Women NCAA Division I Basketball C - USA Memorial Gym 5,000 UTEP Softball NCAA Division I Softball C - USA Helen of Troy Field 607 UTEP Track and Field NCAA Division I Track and Field C - USA Kidd Field 15,000 UTEP Women 's Soccer NCAA Division I Soccer C - USA University Field 500 EPCC Baseball NJCAA Division I Baseball WJCAC EPCC Baseball Field 520 Parks and recreation ( edit ) Wyler Aerial Tramway at the Franklin Mountains State Park El Paso is home to the largest urban park in the nation . The Franklin Mountains State Park , with its more than 24,248 acres ( 9,813 ha ) , is completely located within the city limits . The park is open year - round for recreation including hiking , mountain biking , picnicking , scenic driving and views of the city . The city is also home to 242 municipal parks . The Wyler Aerial Tramway is operated by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and is in the Franklin Mountains State Park . The tramway complex covers 196 acres ( 0.79 km ) on the east side of the Franklin Mountains . The gondolas travel along two 2,600 - foot ( 790 m ) 1 ⁄ diameter steel cables to Ranger Peak , 5,632 feet ( 1,717 m ) above sea level . The trip takes about four minutes and lifts riders 940 feet ( 290 m ) above the boarding area . Bouldering on North Mountain at Hueco Tanks Hueco Tanks State Historic Site is a Texas historic site in the Hueco Tanks area , approximately 32 miles ( 51 km ) northeast of El Paso . The park is popular for recreation such as birdwatching and bouldering , and is culturally and spiritually significant to many Native Americans . This significance is partially manifested in the pictographs ( rock paintings ) that can be found throughout the region , many of which are thousands of years old . Also within the city limits , the Chamizal National Memorial is a 54.90 - acre ( 22.22 ha ) memorial park that serves primarily as a cultural center and contains art galleries , a theater , and an amphitheatre . A museum detailing the history of the Mexico -- U.S. border is located inside the visitor center . Botanical Gardens ( edit ) The Chihuahuan Desert Gardens ( CDG ) display the flora of the Chihuahuan Desert and adjacent regions in the United States and Mexico . The Gardens were formally dedicated in September 1999 and contain over 625 different species of plants , comprising one of the largest captive assemblages of Chihuahuan Desert flora in the world . The El Paso Municipal Rose Garden or officially known as the All - American Rose Selection ( AARS ) public garden is one of over 100 certified gardens within the United States . There are over 1,900 rosebushes with 500 varieties . The wrought - iron fenced garden has wide walkways with handicap accessibility , raised beds , a waterfall , and trees and shrubs . Several new rose varieties are planted each year , and after two years the highest - rated are named and receive the AARS symbol . Feather Lake is a 43.5 - acre ( 17.6 ha ) wildlife sanctuary based on a 40 - acre ( 16 ha ) wetland built by the City of El Paso in 1969 as a stormwater - retention basin . Since 1976 , the El Paso / Trans - Pecos Audubon Society has leased this land from the city and managed it for wildlife . Over 200 different species of birds , especially those associated with water , have been observed at the sanctuary . Fauna residing there include muskrats , spiny softshell turtles , pond sliders , and Trans - Pecos striped whiptail lizards . Keystone Heritage Park comprises an Archaic - period archaeological site , wetlands , and a desert botanical garden . The 4,500 - year - old site is one of the oldest villages in the United States . The wetlands are home to many birds , and over 200 species have been spotted there on their seasonal migrations . The botanical garden features a variety of native plants , and includes a pavilion and a replica of an Archaic period brush hut . The newest component , The Chihuahuan Desert Experience , is a work in progress that will allow visitors to stroll the 900 - mile ( 1,400 km ) length of desert over a 17 - acre ( 6.9 ha ) recreation of the plant indigenous life . Rio Bosque Wetlands is a 372 - acre ( 151 ha ) city park , managed by the Center for Environmental Resource Management of the University of Texas at El Paso , which began restoration efforts in 1998 . In the fall and winter , water flows through the park along the route of the river before it was confined within levees in the 1930s . Many animals and birds have returned to the area as the restoration proceeds , and over 200 species of birds have been sighted . Golf courses ( edit ) The metro area has 16 golf courses including Butterfield Trail Golf Club , the only public premium daily fee Tom Fazio designed golf course in the state of Texas . It was ranked No. 1 in Texas and No. 3 in the Nation on Golfweek 's 2013 Best Municipal Golf Courses . Other golf courses found in the county include : Ascarate Golf Course Coronado Country Club El Paso Country Club Horizon City Golf Course Lone Star Golf Club Painted Dunes Desert Golf Club Vista Hills Country Club Underwood Golf Complex Next door in Dona Ana County there are the following golf courses : Dos Lagos Golf Course Las Cruces Country Club New Mexico State Golf Course Picacho Hills Country Club Red Hawk Golf Club Santa Teresa Country Club Sonoma Ranch Golf Course Zoo ( edit ) The El Paso Zoo has 35 acres ( 14 ha ) and over 200 animal species . The zoo is divided into three distinct sections : the Americas ; Asia ; and Africa . Exhibits include elephants , lions , tigers , sea lions , zebras , and giraffes . Government ( edit ) El Paso City Council City Council is officially nonpartisan Peter Svarzbein District 1 , Westside Alexsandra Annello District 2 , West Central Cassandra Hernandez District 3 , East Central Sam Morgan District 4 , Northeast Dr. Michiel Noe District 5 , Eastside Claudia Ordaz District 6 , East Valley Henry Rivera District 7 , Mid Valley Vacant District 8 , Southside / Upper Valley City ( edit ) The city government is officially nonpartisan . Mayors and city council members are elected for four year terms and may not be elected more than twice or serve for more than 10 years in their respective offices . Municipal elections are currently held in May in odd - numbered years , but a voter - approved charter amendment will change this to November in even - numbered years , beginning in 2018 . Council members elected in 2015 will serve through December 2018 , and council members and the mayor elected in 2017 will serve through December 2020 . Those elected in 2018 and 2020 will serve regular four - year terms . The city operates under a council -- manager form of government . Power is concentrated in the eight - member elected city council and mayor , who hire a manager to carry out its directives and oversee the delivery of public services . The current city manager is Tommy Gonzalez and the current mayor of El Paso is Oscar Leeser , who was elected to the office in 2013 . The terms of Mayor Margo and Councillors Annello , Hernandez , Morgan , and Rivera will end in 2020 . The terms of Lizarraga , Noe , Ordaz , and Svarzbein will end in 2018 . Noe has been on the council since 2011 , Ordaz since 2014 , Svarzbein since 2015 , and Annello , Hernandez , Lizarraga , Morgan , and Rivera since 2017 . Due to the term limits clause of the city charter Noe is ineligible for reelection . All other councilors and the mayor are eligible for reelection . County ( edit ) The El Paso County Judge is Veronica Escobar , and the county commissioners are Carlos Leon ( Precinct 1 ) , David Stout ( Precinct 2 ) , Vince Perez ( Precinct 3 ) , and Andrew Haggerty ( Precinct 4 ) . Haggerty is a Republican , the other commissioners and the county judge are Democrats . Escobar was elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014 , and has been in office since 2011 . Leon and Perez were first elected to their positions in 2012 , were re-elected in 2016 , and have been in office since 2013 . Haggerty and Stout were first elected to their positions in 2014 , and have been in office since 2015 . State ( edit ) The El Paso metropolitan area is represented in the Texas State House by Democrats Cesar Blanco , Mary Gonzalez , Joe Moody , Lina Ortega and Joe Pickett , and in the State Senate by José R. Rodríguez ( D - El Paso ) . The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the El Paso I District Parole Office in the city . The El Paso II District Parole Office is in an unincorporated area east of Horizon City . Federal ( edit ) El Paso City and County vote overwhelmingly Democratic , like most of the Texas -- Mexico border area and urban Texas . The El Paso metropolitan area is represented by Beto O'Rourke ( D - El Paso ) , and Will Hurd ( R - San Antonio ) in the House of Representatives . The current U.S. Senators for Texas are Ted Cruz ( R - Texas ) and John Cornyn ( R - Texas ) . Education ( edit ) UTEP 's College of Engineering building El Paso is home to the University of Texas at El Paso , the largest public university in the region . UTEP was recently ranked as the 7th best university in Washington Monthly 's 2013 National University Rankings , just behind Stanford and ahead of Harvard . Also , the university 's School of Engineering is the nation 's top producer of Hispanic engineers with M.S. and Ph. D. degrees . Paul L. Foster School of Medicine within Texas Tech University HSC at El Paso 's campus El Paso is also home to Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso , Paul L. Foster School of Medicine , Texas Tech College of Architecture at El Paso , Brightwood College , Park University , Webster University and the University of Phoenix . Also due to its proximity , many El Paso students attend New Mexico State University where the school offers in - state tuition to El Paso County residents . The El Paso Community College serves most of the area as well as several technical schools and for profit schools . El Pasoans also have access to the Doña Ana Community College with campuses in Sunland Park , Anthony and Chaparral , New Mexico : This community college is a part of the New Mexico State University system . El Paso area students primarily attend public schools in four school districts , El Paso Independent School District , Ysleta Independent School District , Socorro Independent School District and Canutillo Independent School District . Numerous accredited private preparatory schools also serve El Paso students . These include various pre-high school religious ( Christian , Catholic , Jewish ) affiliates and Montessori schools , Cathedral High School , Loretto Academy , Father Yermo High School , Lydia Patterson Institute , Faith Christian Academy , El Paso Jewish Academy , Rose of Sharon Christian Academy , Zion Lutheran Day School and Radford School . Public libraries ( edit ) The El Paso Public Library serves the needs of the public in El Paso , Southern New Mexico , and Ciudad Juarez , Mexico . It consists of 13 branches and one bookmobile service . It also has multiple outreach services available , including a homebound service . Livability.com ranked El Paso 's libraries as the 6th best library for kids in the U.S. Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in Texas , List of radio stations in Texas , and List of television stations in Texas Newspapers ( edit ) The main newspapers are the English - language daily El Paso Times , founded in 1881 ; the Spanish - language daily El Diario de El Paso , and the online newspaper El Paso Herald Post started in 2015 . The original and defunct El Paso Herald Post was also founded in 1881 as the El Paso Herald , which then merged with the El Paso Post in 1931 . The paper was shut down in 1997 . El Paso also has some weekly and niche magazines . El Paso Inc Newspaper Tree El Paso Developmental News La Polaka Art Magazine El Paso El Paso News El Paso Scene The Prospector - Student run UTEP publication . Radio stations ( edit ) Radio stations in the El Paso , Texas market By AM frequency 600 690 750 920 1060 1150 1340 1380 1590 1650 By FM frequency 88.5 89.5 91.1 92.3 93.1 93.9 94.7 95.5 96.3 97.5 99.9 102.1 103.1 104.3 NOAA Weather Radio frequency 162.475 162.55 By callsign KAMA KBNA - FM KELP KHEY KHEY - FM KHRO KINT - FM KKLY KLAQ KOFX KPAS KPRR KQBU KROD KSII KSVE KTEP KTSM KTSM - FM KVER KVIV KXPL KYSE WNG652 WXK25 XHTO - FM Nearby radio markets Carlsbad Ciudad Juárez Las Cruces See also List of radio stations in Texas Radio stations from Las Cruces , New Mexico , and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua , can also be heard within the El Paso market . Television ( edit ) El Paso was the largest city in the United States without a PBS television station within the city limits until 1978 . El Paso viewers had to watch channel 22 , KRWG , from Las Cruces until 1978 . In fact , the city had only three English - speaking channels and two Spanish - language channels ( channel 2 and channel 5 ) from Juarez , and cable TV subscribers in the 1970s and 1980s could receive four Los Angeles independent channels : KTLA , KHJ , KTTV and KCOP as well as Spanish - language stations KMEX of Los Angeles and KWEX of San Antonio usually sharing the same cable channel slot . Over time , as more television stations signed on , more cable channels were added and those stations added network affiliations , the L.A. and San Antonio stations would disappear from the lineup . The last to be removed was KTLA in the fall of 2006 as a consequence of the WB - UPN merger into The CW , when KVIA - TV launched a digital subchannel with the network 's programming . El Paso 's current television stations are as shown in the table below : ( show ) Television stations in the El Paso / Las Cruces / Juárez area Local stations KDBC ( 4.1 CBS , 4.2 MNTV / This TV , 4.3 Me - TV ) KVIA ( 7.1 ABC , 7.2 CW , 7.3 StormTRACK 24 / 7 , 7.4 K42DJ / AZA ) KTSM ( 9.1 NBC , 9.2 Estrella TV , 9.3 Escape , 9.4 Laff ) KCOS ( 13.1 PBS , 13.2 EPCC - TV , 13.3 Create , 13.4 PBS Kids ) KFOX ( 14.1 Fox , 14.2 Comet , 14.3 Grit ) K26KJ - D ( 25.1 Multimedios HD , 25.2 Milenio ) KINT ( 26.1 UNI , 26.2 UniMás SD , 26.3 LATV ) KSCE ( 38.1 Religious Ind , 38.2 Spanish religious Ind , 38.3 Unknown , 38.4 Scriptures ) KTFN ( 65.1 UniMás ) Las Cruces KCWF - CA ( 4.1 CBS , 4.2 MNTV , 4.3 Me - TV ) K41KY - D ( 7.1 ABC , 7.2 CW , 7.3 StormTRACK 24 / 7 , 7.4 K42DJ / AZA ) K54GR ( 9.1 NBC , 9.2 Estrella TV , 9.3 Escape , 9.4 Laff ) KRWG ( 22.1 PBS , 22.2 World , 22.3 V - me , 22.4 PBS Kids ) KLCP ( 30.1 GLC ) K42DJ ( 42.1 AZA ) KTDO ( 48.1 TMD , 48.2 Test pattern ) Ciudad Juárez XHCJE ( 1.1 Azteca Trece , 1.2 Proyecto 40 ) XEPM ( 2.1 Las Estrellas Targeting Ciudad Juárez , 2.2 Las Estrellas Targeting El Paso ) XHCTCJ ( 3.1 Imagen TV ) XHJUB ( 5.1 Canal 5 ) XHCJH ( 20.1 Azteca 7 , 7.2 a+ ) XHJCI ( 32.1 Televisa Regional ) XHIJ ( 44.1 Canal 44 , 44.2 Canal 44 delayed , 44.3 Una Voz con Todos , 44.4 Milenio Televisión ) XEJ ( 50.1 Gala TV , 50.2 Televisión Alternativa ) Texas broadcast television areas by city Abilene / Sweetwater Amarillo ( Texas Panhandle ) Austin ( Hill Country ) Beaumont / Port Arthur Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth ( North Texas ) Ciudad Acuña -- Del Rio Eagle Pass El Paso ( West Texas ) Houston Laredo Lubbock ( South Plains ) Midland -- Odessa ( Permian Basin ) Rio Grande Valley San Angelo San Antonio Sherman / Ada , OK Texarkana / Shreveport , LA Tyler / Longview ( East Texas ) Victoria Waco / Bryan ( Brazos Valley ) Wichita Falls / Lawton , OK New Mexico broadcast television areas by city Albuquerque / Santa Fe Amarillo , TX El Paso , TX Odessa / Midland , TX Chihuahua broadcast television areas by city Chihuahua City Ciudad Juárez Cellular phone coverage ( edit ) KTSM - TV reports that cellular phone users in El Paso may be subject to international calling fees . El Paso in popular culture ( edit ) Main article : El Paso in popular culture Infrastructure ( edit ) Healthcare ( edit ) El Paso Children 's Hospital at the Medical Center of the Americas El Paso is the medical hub of West Texas and Southern New Mexico , hosting numerous state - of - the - art medical centers . Some of the city 's top hospitals include William Beaumont Army Medical Center , Sierra Medical Center , Las Palmas Medical Center , Del Sol Medical Center , Sierra Providence East Medical Center , El Paso Children 's Hospital , and Providence Memorial Hospital . University Medical Center is the only level I trauma center in the region . William Beaumont Army Medical Center will be replaced by a new state of the art $650 million Fort Bliss Replacement Hospital expected to open in 2017 . West El Paso will be getting a new $120 million 140 - bed teaching hospital complex with construction expected to be completed by late 2016 . The hospital will be affiliated with the Texas Tech Paul L. Foster School of Medicine . El Paso is also home to the Medical Center of the Americas , an integrated complex of medical facilities anchored by Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso , Paul L. Foster School of Medicine , its primary teaching hospital University Medical Center , the El Paso Psychiatric Center and by the new El Paso Children 's Hospital . It is also site to the future Cardwell Collaborative biomedical research park and the Gayle Greve Hunt School of Nursing . Transportation ( edit ) Hotel Bristol and the Union Depot at El Paso , Texas ( postcard , circa 1912 ) El Paso is served by El Paso International Airport and Amtrak via the historic Union Depot . Several roads and highways connect El Paso , including Interstate 10 , US Highway 54 ( known locally as `` 54 '' , the `` North - South Freeway '' or officially as the Patriot Freeway ) , Spur 601 ( Liberty Expressway ) , US Highway 180 and US Highway 62 ( Montana Avenue ) , US Highway 85 ( Paisano Drive ) , Loop 375 , Loop 478 ( Copia Street - Pershing Drive - Dyer Street ) , numerous Texas Farm - to - Market roads ( a class of state highway commonly abbreviated to FM ) and the city 's original thoroughfare , State Highway 20 , the eastern portion of which is known locally as Alameda Avenue ( formerly US Highway 80 ) . Texas 20 also includes portions of Texas Avenue in central El Paso , Mesa Street from Downtown to the West Side , and Doniphan Drive on the West Side . Northeast El Paso is connected to West El Paso by Transmountain Road ( Loop 375 ) . The city also shares four international bridges and one railbridge with Ciudad Juárez , Mexico . In 2009 , El Paso was home to number 52 , number 98 , and number 100 of the 100 most congested roads in Texas , which are , respectively : North Zaragoza Road between Sun Fire Boulevard and Interstate 10 ; Lee Trevino Drive between Montana Avenue and Interstate 10 ; and Interstate 10 between Patriot Freeway and Loop 375 . In 2016 , Walk Score ranked El Paso as the 32nd most walkable of the 50 largest U.S. cities , rating it `` car - dependent '' . Airports ( edit ) Airport Security Concourse at the El Paso International Airport El Paso International Airport , a public airport four miles ( 6 km ) northeast of downtown El Paso . It is the largest commercial airport in West Texas , handling 2,778,248 passengers in 2014 . Biggs Army Airfield Horizon Airport Dona Ana Airport Passenger rail ( edit ) Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , serves El Paso at the Union Depot , operating its Sunset Limited / Texas Eagle three times weekly between Los Angeles and New Orleans via San Antonio and Houston and between Los Angeles and Chicago via San Antonio and Fort Worth . Major highways ( edit ) Interstate 10 : The primary thoroughfare through the city , connecting the city with other major U.S. cities such as Los Angeles , Phoenix , Tucson , San Antonio , Houston , Baton Rouge , New Orleans , Gulfport and Mobile , with the east end located in Jacksonville , Florida . I - 10 is also a connector to Interstate 25 , which connects with the cities of Albuquerque , Santa Fe , Colorado Springs , Denver , Fort Collins , Cheyenne , Casper , and north to the junction with I - 90 , located in Buffalo , Wyoming . US Highway 54 : Officially called the Patriot Freeway , it is also known as the North - South Freeway . A business route runs along Dyer Street , the former US 54 , from the freeway near Fort Bliss to the Texas -- New Mexico border , where it again rejoins the expressway . The original US 54 was a transcontinental route connecting El Paso with Chicago . IH - 10 - US - 54 Interchange US Highway 62 : Santa Fe Street south of Paisano Drive concurrently runs with US 85 , Paisano Drive east of Santa Fe Street to Montana Avenue , then Montana Avenue concurrently with US 180 . US Highway 85 : Santa Fe Street south of Paisano Drive concurrently runs with US 62 and Paisano Drive west of Santa Fe Street to I - 10 . US Highway 180 : Montana Avenue is a bypass route to the Dallas - Fort Worth Metroplex to the east , and Flagstaff , Arizona to the west . SH 20 : Alameda Avenue ( formerly US 80 ) , Texas Avenue , Mesa Street and Doniphan Drive SH 178 : Artcraft Road in northwest El Paso extends from Interstate 10 west to the New Mexico state line , at which point it becomes New Mexico Highway 136 , the Pete V. Domenici International Highway . Loop 375 : Texas Highway Loop 375 encircles the city of El Paso . Between Interstate 10 and Fort Bliss , including the stretch that crosses the Franklin Mountains via Smuggler 's Pass , it is TransMountain Road . In the Ft . Bliss Military Reservation between northeast and east El Paso , it is officially the Purple Heart Memorial Highway . In east El Paso , the north - and south - bound sections are known as Joe Battle Boulevard , or simply as `` the Loop '' . South of I - 10 , in the east and westbound portion , it is known as the Cesar Chavez Border Highway , a four - lane expressway which is located along the Mexico - U.S. border between downtown El Paso and the Ysleta area . Spur 601 : Once known as the Inner Loop , it was officially named the Liberty Expressway by the El Paso City Council in April 2010 at the request of then Fort Bliss commander Maj. Gen. Howard Bromberg . It was fully completed on April 27 , 2011 ; it connects the Patriot Freeway ( US 54 ) and Biggs Army Airfield to the Purple Heart Memorial Highway ( Loop 375 ) . North Loop Road , as well as Delta Drive between North Loop Road and Alameda Avenue ( Texas Highway 20 ) Zaragoza Road , running more or less north from the Ysleta International Bridge to US 62 -- 180 ( Montana Avenue ) , it lies mostly in east El Paso . Texas Farm - to - Market Road 3255 runs north from US 54 to the New Mexico state line in northeast El Paso and bears the city street name Martin Luther King Boulevard . Mass Transit ( edit ) The Sun Metro Mass Transit System operates a system of medium - to large - capacity natural gas - powered buses all around the city of El Paso . El Paso County Transit makes trips with small - capacity buses mainly in the eastern El Paso area . On September 1 , 2009 , NMDOT Park and Ride began operating commuter bus service to and from Las Cruces , New Mexico . Historically , El Paso and Ciudad Juarez had a shared streetcar system with a peak electrified route mileage of 64 miles ( 103 km ) in 1920 . The first electrified line across the Rio Grande , which opened on January 11 , 1902 , was preceded by a network that relied on animal labor . The system quickly spread into residential and industrial areas of El Paso . In 1913 , a 12 - mile ( 19 km ) interurban line was built to Ysleta . At the close of 1943 , the holding company El Paso Electric sold its subsidiary , the El Paso Electric Railway Company and its Mexican counterpart , to one of National City Lines ' subsidiaries . This resulted in the formation of El Paso City Lines , whose domestic streetcar lines were replaced by buses in 1947 . The international streetcar line which crossed the border via the Stanton Street Bridge continued to operate until 1973 . In 1977 , El Paso City Lines and two other bus companies were bought by the municipality and merged to form Sun City Area Transit ( SCAT ) . In 1987 , SCAT restyled itself Sun Metro . El Paso Streetcar is a $90 million Sun Metro project to restore and run the original rolling stock on a 4.8 miles ( 7.7 km ) route from Downtown El Paso to University of Texas at El Paso . In 2011 , Sun Metro was named the most outstanding public transit system of the year in all of North America for a mid-size transit system by the American Public Transportation Association . International border Crossings ( edit ) The first bridge to cross the Rio Grande at El Paso del Norte was built in the time of Nueva España , over 250 years ago , from wood hauled in from Santa Fe . Today , this bridge is honored by the modern Santa Fe Street Bridge , and Santa Fe Street in downtown El Paso . The Bridge of the Americas as seen from El Paso , Texas in June 2016 . Several bridges serve the El Paso -- Ciudad Juárez area : Bridge of the Americas , also known as the Cordova Bridge . Good Neighbor International Bridge , also known as the Stanton Street Bridge Paso del Norte International Bridge , also known as the Santa Fe Street Bridge . Ysleta - Zaragoza International Bridge , also known as the Zaragoza Bridge . There is also a land crossing at nearby Santa Teresa , New Mexico , and the Fabens - Caseta International Bridge in nearby Fabens , Texas . Notable people ( edit ) See also : List of people from El Paso , Texas See also ( edit ) Texas portal New Spain portal List of museums in West Texas National Register of Historic Places listings in El Paso County , Texas Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official records for El Paso kept January 1879 to June 1947 at downtown and at El Paso Int'l since July 1947 . For more information , see Threadex Source notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Visit El Paso , Texas '' . El Paso Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Chuco tells of El Paso pachuco history -- Ramon Renteria '' . El Paso Times . June 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso -- Juárez -- Las Cruces '' ( PDF ) . elpasotexas.gov. 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Cities and 4 Bridges Where Commerce Flows '' . The New York Times . March 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Western Refining edges up 2 spots on Fortune 500 list '' . El Paso Times . May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Center of the Americas Foundation '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso businessman to make large donation for medical center '' . El Paso Times . July 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Bowl Association Unveils 80th Anniversary Logo '' . Sun Bowl Association . 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Bliss Fact Sheet '' . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` City Crime Rankings 2014 '' . CQ Press . 2014 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Named Safest U.S. City '' . Texas Monthly . 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hueco Tanks State Historic Site Videos Big Bend Country Region '' . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Leon C. Metz ( 1993 ) . El Paso Chronicles : A Record of Historical Events in El Paso , Texas . El Paso : Mangan Press . ISBN 0 - 930208 - 32 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mark Sumner ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` America , the artifact '' . Jump up ^ El Paso , A Borderlands History , by W.H. Timmons , pp. 74 , 75 ^ Jump up to : El Paso , Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online Jump up ^ Richard H. Orton , ed. ( 1890 ) . Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion 1861 to 1867 . Sacramento : Adjutant General 's Office . p. 672 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` elpasonext -- Downtown El Paso History '' . Elpasotexas.gov . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harris 2009 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Harris 2009 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hampton 1910 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail 1909 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Harris 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Hammond 1935 , pp. 565 - 66 . Jump up ^ Harris 2009 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Harris 2004 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan of San Diego '' . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Víctor M. Macías - González ( 1995 ) . Mexicans `` of the better class '' : The elite culture and ideology of Porfirian Chihuahua and its influence on the Mexican American generation , 1876 -- 1936 . El Paso : UTEP . Jump up ^ Emmons K. Ellsworth , ed . ( January 15 , 1916 ) . Special Census of the Population of El Paso , Tex : January 15 , 1916 . United States Bureau of the Census . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Time changes in Chihuahua '' . Timeanddate.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : El Paso city , Texas '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carlos A. Rincón ( 2002 ) . `` Solving Transboundary Air Quality Problems in the Paso Del Norte Region '' . In Linda Fernandez ; Richard Carson . Both Sides of the Border . Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 7126 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Heavy Snow Events '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climatography of the United States No. 20 : El Paso Intl AP , TX 1971 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Centers for Environmental Information ( NCEI ) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) - NCEI offers access to the most significant archives of oceanic , atmospheric , geophysical and coastal data . '' ( PDF ) . noaa.gov . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Blackouts Resume Friday Morning '' . Jump up ^ J. Rogash ; M. Hardiman ; D. Novlan ; T. Brice ; V. MacBlain . `` Meteorological Aspects of the 2006 El Paso Texas Metropolitan Area Floods '' . NOAA / National Weather Service , Weather Forecast Office , Santa Teresa , New Mexico / El Paso , Texas . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` City of El Paso '' . www.elpasotexas.gov. 2006 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : TX EL PASO INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for EL PASO / INT'L ARPT TX 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Metz , Leon . `` Downtown El Paso has colorful history Archived July 31 , 2012 , at Archive.is . '' El Paso Times . November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Most Endangered : Chihuahuita and El Segundo Barrio '' . National Trust for Historic Preservation . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Magruder , Alicia ; Dickey , Gretchen ( 2004 ) . `` Kern Place Neighborhood : The Man Behind a Name '' . Borderlands. 23 . Jump up ^ Gray , Robert ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cincinnati Street claws back losses '' . El Paso Inc . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Robert ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Vacancies trouble Cincinnati district '' . El Paso Inc . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Worthington , Patricia . El Paso and the Mexican Revolution . Arcadia Publishing , 2010 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Corchado , Alfredo . `` Families , businesses flee Juárez for U.S. pastures . '' The Dallas Morning News . Sunday March 7 , 2010 . Retrieved on March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ZIP Code Turns 50 Today ; Here Are 9 That Stand Out '' . NPR. 2013 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components '' . U.S Census Bureau . November 2004 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Almanac : City Population History 1850 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2012 '' ( CSV ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso -- Juarez Regional Historic Population Summary -- Development Services Department , Planning Division '' ( PDF ) . PDF . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Texas State Historical Association '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso ( city ) , Texas '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Demographic Characteristics : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts -- U.S Census Bureau '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` bea.gov '' . June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor John Cook The Exit Interview '' . El Paso Inc . June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ports of Border Crossings '' . RITA. 2013 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 Headquarters in Texas -- Office of the Governor Economic Development and Tourism . '' ( PDF ) . Fortune 500 . May 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FORTUNE 500 Headquarters in Texas -- Office of the Governor Economic Development and Tourism . '' ( PDF ) . Fortune Magazine . May 2013 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City of EL Paso Financial Services '' . elpasotexas.gov . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` T&T Staff Management '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso : Economy -- Major Industries and Commercial Activity '' . www.City-Data.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Schwab to bring 445 jobs to El Paso '' . El Paso Times . July 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso 's 28 companies second in nation for Hispanic Business 500 '' . El Paso Times . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Bliss , Beaumont infuse $6 billion into El Paso economy '' . El Paso Times . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Air Force chooses Ft . Bliss for training center '' . KVIA . June 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ADP plans to add 1,100 jobs in El Paso by 2020 '' . El Paso Times . September 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Convention and Tourism Highlights -- City of El Paso FY2013 Manager 's Proposed Budget '' ( PDF ) . El Paso Convention & Visitor 's Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The UTEP Budget Fiscal Year Ending August 31 , 2013 . Page B - 1 -- '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Impact '' . UTEP Visitor 's Guide . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A University on the Move - Becoming the first National Research University with a 21st - century student demographic '' ( PDF ) . utsystem.edu . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amigo Airsho will be flying out of Doña Ana airport in 2014 '' . El Paso Times . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KLAQ 's Great River Raft Race '' . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southwestern International PRCA Rodeo '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fiesta de las Flores '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KLAQ Balloonfest '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` KLAQ Balloonfest Camping FAQs '' . THE Q ROCKS . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Downtown Street Festival '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neon Desert Music Festival '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Music Under the Stars '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sun City Music Festival 2015 in El Paso , Texas '' . Sun City Music Festival 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Showdown Festival '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VIVA ! EL PASO '' . 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Symphony '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rachel Murphree . `` Ingeborg Heuser Brought Professional Ballet to City 29 ( 2011 ) - Borderlands - Library Research Guides at El Paso Community College '' . Jump up ^ `` Ingeborg Heuser - DIGIE '' . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Conservatory of Dance '' . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso City Ballet - Home '' . El Paso City Ballet . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Museum of Archaeology '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Noble , Mexico . p. 365 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cultura Paquime : Sitios Arqueologicos -- Paquime Culture Documental Documentary on YouTube see minute 0 : 32 of 4 : 18 total Jump up ^ `` El Paso Museum of History '' . elpasotexas.gov/history . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Bilss Museums and Study Center '' . www.bliss.army.mil/Museum . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Insights El Paso Science Museum '' . Insights El Paso Science Museum . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Railroad and Transportation Museum of El Paso '' . elpasorails.org . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` War Eagles Air Museum '' . war - eagles - air - museum . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Gene Roddenberry Planetarium -- '' . grplanetarium.weebly.com/ . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lynx Exhibits '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/jbs/pdf/JBS_05_02.pdf Jump up ^ `` Bhutan on the Border '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Triple A Baseball '' . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso gets Triple - A baseball team : MountainStar officially acquires Padres '' . October 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEXAS STATE PARKS Natural Economic Assets '' . Window on State Government . 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Looking at Cost of Installing Restrooms in all Parks '' . KVIA . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City of El Paso to revisit rules for parks & bathrooms '' . KTSM . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mulvihill , K. `` On Rock Walls , Painted Prayers to Rain Gods '' , The New York Times . September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved 9 / 19 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` Butterfield Trail Golf Club '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golfweek 's Best : Municipal Courses ( 2013 ) '' . Golfweek Magazine . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ascarate Park '' . www.epcounty.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coronado Country Club '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Country Club '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon City golf course reopens '' . El Paso Times . January 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Star Golf Club '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Painted Dunes Golf Club '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vista Hills Country Club '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Underwood Golf Complex '' . www.blissmwr.com/golf . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dos Lagos Golf Course '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Las Cruces Country Club '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico State Golf Course '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Picacho Hills Country Club '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hawk Golf Club '' . golflascruces.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sonoma Ranch Golf Course '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EP Government - Home '' . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution Canvassing Results of the 2004 City Charter Amendment Election And Declaring Adoption To Amendments of City Charter '' ( PDF ) . City of El Paso . February 7 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso City Charter amendments : 6 of 9 propositions approved '' . El Paso Times . May 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Charter changes possible '' . El Paso Times . January 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New city manager starts Monday - El Paso Inc. : Local News '' . El Paso Inc . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Downtown ballpark - guarantee push rejected '' . El Paso Times . June 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leon , Perez take posts Tuesday '' . El Paso Times . January 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/politics/elections/2017/01/01/commissioners-leon-perez-sworn-second-term/96010848/ Jump up ^ `` Two new faces to join El Paso County Commissioners Court in the new year '' . El Paso Times.com . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Election Summary Report '' . epcounty.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Parole Division Region V '' . Texas Department of Criminal Justice . May 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William Earl Maxwell ; Ernest Crain ; Edwin S. Davis ( 2005 ) . Texas Politics Today . Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 0 - 534 - 60211 - 8 . Jump up ^ KVIA . `` Incumbent Pete Gallego ousted in tight US Rep. District 23 race '' . KVIA . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 National University Rankings '' . Washington Monthly . August 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UTEP tops national rankings for producing Hispanic engineers '' . The University of Texas System . April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Resident Tuition '' . New Mexico State University . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Library soaring : El Paso system ranked 6th in US for kids '' . El Paso Times . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International Roaming Fees in El Paso ? '' . News Chanel 9 -- KTSM. 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New $1 B Beaumont Hospital , EPCC Add to Ft . Bliss Expansion '' . El Paso Developmental News . August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Texas ' Most Congested Roads '' . Texas Tribune . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Walk score '' . Walk Score . 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso International Airport Operating Statistics for 2014 '' . El Paso International Airport . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doña Ana County '' . donaanacounty.org . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Bliss welcomes change from Spur 601 '' . El Paso Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso 's Spur 601 Expressway Now Fully Operational '' . KVIA. April 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Metro Homepage '' . www.elpasotexas.gov . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History and Facts '' . NMDOT . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Myrick , David F. ( 1970 ) . New Mexico 's Railroads : An Historical Survey . Golden : Colorado Railroad Museum . pp. 189 -- 190 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso Mass Transit History '' . City of El Paso . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` El Paso streetcar project on schedule , on budget '' . KTSM . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Horgan , Great River : The Rio Grande in North American History . Volume 1 , Indians and Spain . Vol. 2 , Mexico and the United States . 2 Vols. in 1 , 1038 pages -- Wesleyan University Press 1991 , 4th Reprint , ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6251 - 3 References ( edit ) Hammond , John Hays ( 1935 ) . The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond . New York : Farrar & Rinehart . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 05913 - 1 . Hampton , Benjamin B ( April 1 , 1910 ) . `` The Vast Riches of Alaska '' . Hampton 's Magazine . 24 ( 1 ) . Harris , Charles H. III ; Sadler , Louis R. ( 2009 ) . The Secret War in El Paso : Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue , 1906 - 1920 . Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 4652 - 0 . Harris , Charles H. III ; Sadler , Louis R. ( 2004 ) . The Texas Rangers And The Mexican Revolution : The Bloodiest Decade. 1910 -- 1920 . Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 3483 - 0 . `` Mr. Taft 's Peril ; Reported Plot to Kill Two Presidents '' . Daily Mail . London . October 16 , 1909 . ISSN 0307 - 7578 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutEl Paso , Texasat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity City of El Paso Website Chamber of Commerce Website El Paso Developmental News El Paso , Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online El Paso -- The Best Little Music City in Texas , from Vanity Fair , March 2009 . Forty years at El Paso , 1858 -- 1898 ; recollections of war , politics , adventure , events , narratives , sketches , etc. , by W.W. 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-5657478567227053142	My Heart Will Go On	My Heart Will Go On - wikipedia My Heart Will Go On Jump to : navigation , search `` My Heart Will Go On '' One of the international cover arts Single by Celine Dion from the album Let 's Talk About Love and Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture Released 8 December 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 08 ) Format CD cassette 12 '' Recorded 22 May 1997 Wallyworld , The Hit Factory Length 4 : 39 ( album version ) 5 : 11 ( soundtrack version ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) James Horner ( music ) Will Jennings ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Walter Afanasieff James Horner Simon Franglen Celine Dion singles chronology `` The Reason '' ( 1997 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( 1997 ) `` Immortality '' ( 1998 ) `` The Reason '' ( 1997 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( 1997 ) `` Immortality '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample Celine Dion -- `` My Heart Will Go On '' file help Music video `` My Heart Will Go On '' on YouTube `` My Heart Will Go On , '' also called the `` Love Theme from Titanic , '' is the main theme song to James Cameron 's blockbuster film Titanic . Its music was composed by James Horner , its lyrics were written by Will Jennings , and it was produced by Walter Afanasieff and Simon Franglen , recorded by Celine Dion , and released in 1997 . Originally released in 1997 on Dion 's album Let 's Talk About Love and the Titanic soundtrack album , the romantic song went to number one all over the world , including the United States , Canada , Ireland , United Kingdom , and Australia . `` My Heart Will Go On '' was released in Australia and Germany on 8 December 1997 , and in the rest of the world in January and February 1998 . The song became Dion 's biggest hit , and one of the best - selling singles of all time , and was the world 's best - selling single of 1998 . The music video was directed by Bille Woodruff and released at the end of 1997 . Due to the song 's widespread popularity when it was released , it is considered to be Dion 's signature song . It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . Dion performed the song to honor the 20th Anniversary of the film at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards on 21 May 2017 . With worldwide sales estimated at 18 million copies , it became the second best - selling single by a female artist in history , and the eighth overall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Recording 2.1 Composition 2.2 Versions 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Influence and legacy 4 Chart performance 5 Album appearances 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 All - time charts 8 Certifications and sales 9 Release history 10 Sissel Kyrkjebø recording 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Origins ( edit ) James Horner had originally composed the music for the song as an instrumental motif which he used in several scenes during Titanic ; the main theme of the song being inspired by the song `` Flying Dutchman '' by Jethro Tull . He then wanted to prepare a full vocal version of it , for use in the end credits of the film . Lyricist Will Jennings was hired , who wrote the lyrics `` from the point of view of a person of a great age looking back so many years . '' Director James Cameron did not want such a song , but Will Jennings went ahead anyway and wrote the lyrics . When Dion originally heard the song , she did not want to record it as she felt she was pushing her luck by singing another film theme song after Beauty and the Beast . Horner showed the piano sketch to Simon Franglen , who was working with him on electronic textures and synthesizers for the film score . Franglen , who had , himself , worked with Dion for several years on many of her major hits to date , programmed and arranged an extensive demo to take to Dion . Recording ( edit ) In Hitmaker : The Man and His Music by Tommy Mottola , he claims that Dion recorded the song in one take , and that demo is what was released . Mottola states that since so much money was on the line for Cameron 's film that Cameron felt obligated to include a theme song to promote the movie . Dion 's manager and husband René Angélil convinced her to sing on this demo version , which she had not done for many years . Horner waited until Cameron was in an appropriate mood before presenting him with the song . After playing it several times , Cameron declared his approval , even though he worried that he might be criticized for `` going commercial at the end of the movie '' . Cameron also wanted to appease anxious studio executives and `` saw that a hit song from his movie could only be a positive factor in guaranteeing its completion . '' Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of E major , though the leitmotif ( as heard in the intro ) is in the relative key of C ♯ minor . The verses follow the chord progression of E -- Bsus4 -- Aadd9 -- E -- B . The chorus has the chord progression of C ♯ m -- B -- A -- B . The song modulates to F minor in the final chorus , and ends in the key of A ♭ major . It contains heavy emphasis on the instrumental arranging . Usage of flute is prominent , backed by melodic use of strings and rhythm guitars . The song features both acoustic and electronic instrumentation . Dion 's vocal performance is described as `` emotional '' and `` demanding '' by Pandora radio . Versions ( edit ) The original Horner / Franglen produced `` demo '' version of the ballad runs a little over five minutes and has an extended ending with longer , segmented vocalizations by Dion . Franglen mixed the final film and soundtrack version , expanding on the demo and adding orchestra to the final chorus . It is this version which appears on the Titanic soundtrack album and is also played over the ending credits of the film . When the single was to be released to radio , it was produced further by Walter Afanasieff who added string and electric guitar , as well as rearranged portions of the song . This version , which runs a little over four and a half minutes , appears on both the 4 - track maxi single and Dion 's album Let 's Talk About Love . At the height of the song 's popularity , some radio stations in the US and the UK played an edited version of the song , that had dramatic moments of dialog from the Jack and Rose lead characters in the film inserted in between Dion 's vocal lines . Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that this song `` shines the most brilliantly '' and marked it as a standout track . Another AllMusic reviewer , single editor Heather Phares , who rated the single 4 out 5 stars , wrote , `` Indeed , her performances of it on VH1 Divas , the 1998 Academy Awards ( wearing the film 's ' Heart of the Ocean ' pendant , no less ) , and on her 1997 album Let 's Talk About Love have cemented ' My Heart Will Go On ' as the quintessence of Dion 's sweeping , romantic style . '' Yahoo.com described the song as an `` emotional power ballad that perfectly captured ( Titanic 's ) romantic yearning '' . Vulture said that it is a powerful song and has `` one of the most glorious key changes in recorded music history '' , and that `` its legacy is eclipsed only by '' Whitney Houston 's `` admittedly far superior '' song `` I Will Always Love You '' . Washington Post appreciated how the song was not just tagged on the end of the three - hour film , but has a lyrical motif that was already placed throughout the key moments of the film 's love story in order to create a musical narrative . In latter years , `` My Heart Will Go On '' proved not to be popular with readers of Rolling Stone magazine ; nor did it become popular with Kate Winslet , who played Rose DeWitt Bukater -- the notional protagonist of the song -- in the film . In 2011 , Rolling Stone readers rated it the 7th worst song of the ' 90s , with the magazine writing , `` Celine Dion 's song and the movie have aged very poorly ... Now ( the song ) probably just makes you cringe '' . Winslet stated that the song made her feel `` like throwing up '' , due to people 's tendency to start playing it when she was around : `` I wish I could say , ' Oh listen , everybody ! It 's the Celine Dion song ! ' But I do n't . I just have to sit there , you know , kind of straight - faced with a massive internal eye roll . '' The Atlantic attributed the song 's decline in popularity to its overexposure and added that over the years there have been many jokes that parody the song 's lyrics by claiming `` My Heart Will Go On '' goes `` on and on and on '' . Vulture reasoned that it has become fashionable to dislike the song because it `` encapsulates most everything that once - enthusiastic moviegoers now dislike about Titanic : It 's outdated , cheesy , and overly dramatic '' . Maxim deemed it `` the second most tragic event ever to result from that fabled ocean liner '' . On 11 September 2010 , Matthew Wilkening of AOL Radio ranked the song No. 11 on his list of the `` 100 Worst Songs Ever '' , while stating a new rule : `` From now on , the Canadian warbler , and not the captain , has to go down with this ship . '' This was in reference to the Titanic itself . Accolades ( edit ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song . It dominated the 1999 Grammy Awards , winning Record of the Year -- marking the first time to be won by a Canadian -- Song of the Year , Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . `` My Heart Will Go On '' also won the Golden Globe Award for `` Best Original Song -- Motion Picture '' in 1998 . The song also won a Japanese Gold Disc Award , for Song of the Year , as well as a Billboard Music Award for Soundtrack Single of the Year . It has been named one of the Songs of the Century . It is one of the best - selling singles ever in the United Kingdom , selling over a million copies , the second single released by Dion to do so . This made Dion the only female artist to date to have released two million - selling singles in Britain . In December 2007 , the song peaked # 21 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 90 's '' . In April 2010 , the UK radio station Magic 105.4 voted the single the `` top movie song of all time '' after listeners 's votes . It was ranked at number 14 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs , celebrating the 100 greatest songs in American film history . Influence and legacy ( edit ) The song became `` imprinted on the movie 's legacy '' , and every listen prompts a reminder of the blockbuster and the hype surrounding it . USA Today agreed that the song will be forever tied to Titanic . The Washington Post says it is the marriage of music and image that make both the song and film greater than the sum of their parts . After the song had become a huge worldwide hit , many movie studios and record labels tried to duplicate the process . Although many soundtrack singles had become hits before `` My Heart Will Go On '' , a string of similar songs followed afterward , such as Aerosmith 's `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' from Armageddon and Faith Hill 's `` There You 'll Be '' from Pearl Harbor ( both of which directed by Michael Bay ) . Each followed in the footsteps of the `` Titanic '' theme , a love ballad for a tragedy . Although those two songs became hits , they did not achieve the same success of `` My Heart Will Go On '' . Horner himself repeated the formula of making a song from his film themes with films such as A Beautiful Mind , Bicentennial Man , The Perfect Storm , and Avatar . The Atlantic noted that its popularity did n't stem from being played at events such as high school proms , weddings , and funerals , but by being indelibly placed into pop culture through numerous plays on the radio station , speakers , and passing cars . Reportedly , the song was playing when cruise liner Costa Concordia crashed into rocks and sank . Dion has said `` My Heart Will Go On gave me the opportunity to be associated with a classic that will live forever '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' became Dion 's biggest hit and one of the best - selling singles in history , having sold more than 15 million copies worldwide . In the United States , the song was given a limited number of copies -- 658,000 . Regardless , it debuted at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 , with sales of 360,000 copies , where it stayed for two weeks . In addition , the song spent ten weeks at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay , and was number one for two weeks on the Hot 100 Singles Sales . As a testament to the popularity of the song on the radio , the song broke the record for the then - largest radio audience ever , garnering 117 million listeners in February 1998 . The single was eventually certified gold in the United States . Billboard reported that the digital copy of the single has sold 1,133,000 units since being available bringing total sales to 1,791,000 copies sold in the US . In addition `` My Heart Will Go On '' reached number one in several other U.S. charts , including , Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks , Top 40 Mainstream , Hot Latin Pop Airplay , and Hot Latin Tracks . For the latter , the single became the first English - language song to top the Hot Latin Tracks chart , to which Dion was given a Billboard Latin Music Award for that achievement . Internationally , the song was phenomenally successful , spending many weeks at the top position in various countries , including 17 weeks on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , 15 weeks in Switzerland , 13 weeks in France and Germany , 11 weeks in the Netherlands and Sweden , ten weeks in Belgium Wallonia , Denmark , Italy , and Norway , seven weeks in Belgium Flanders , six weeks in Ireland , four weeks in Australia and Austria , two weeks in Spain and the United Kingdom , and one week in Finland . In Germany , `` My Heart Will Go On '' was certified 4 × platinum for selling over two million copies , and was ranked as one of the most popular singles ever released there . It sold over 1.2 million copies in France , being certified Diamond . Additionally , the song was certified 3 × Platinum in Belgium , 2 × Platinum in Australia , the Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , and Switzerland , Platinum in Greece , and Gold in Austria . `` My Heart Will Go On '' was released twice in Japan . The regular edition from January 1998 sold 205,300 and was certified 2 × Platinum , for 200,000 copies sold . The remixed edition released in June 1998 sold 111,920 copies and was certified Gold for 100,000 copies sold , due the fact that maxi - singles are treated as an album . In the United Kingdom , the song sold 1,681,023 copies ( as of September 2017 ) , becoming Dion 's second million - selling single in Britain following `` Think Twice '' in 1995 and Britain 's second best - selling single of 1998 behind Cher 's `` Believe '' . This made her the only solo female artist to have two million - selling singles in Britain , a record which stood until early 2012 when Rihanna 's singles `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( 2010 ) and `` We Found Love '' ( 2011 ) both topped a million sales . Album appearances ( edit ) The song was included on the All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video DVD and on the Titanic ( Three - Disc Special Collector 's Edition ) DVD release in 25 October 2005 . In addition to Dion 's Let 's Talk About Love and the Titanic soundtrack , `` My Heart Will Go On '' appears on several other albums , including VH1 Divas Live , Au cœur du stade , All the Way ... A Decade of Song , A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas , Complete Best , My Love : Essential Collection , Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert , and Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 . It was also included on the DVDs for Au cœur du stade , All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video , Live in Las Vegas : A New Day ... , and Celine : Through the Eyes of the World . It was included later on the Back to Titanic second soundtrack album , but it does not happear on the 20th anniversary edition . In France , `` My Heart Will Go On '' was released as a double A-side single with `` The Reason '' . In the Let 's Talk about Love album booklet , the lyrics of the song contain an additional line between a second chorus and the final verse . The words `` There is some love that will not go away '' are not performed by Dion in any available version of the song , however , they are still included on Dion 's official site . Track listing ( edit ) European CD single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Because You Loved Me '' -- 4 : 33 European CD single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 20 French CD single `` The Reason '' -- 5 : 01 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 French CD single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Southampton '' -- 4 : 02 French CD single # 3 `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 Japanese CD single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- 4 : 04 UK cassette single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` I Love You '' -- 5 : 30 US CD single and Cassette `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Rose '' -- 2 : 52 Australian / Brazilian / European / UK / Korean CD maxi single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` Because You Loved Me '' -- 4 : 33 `` When I Fall in Love '' -- 4 : 19 `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- 4 : 04 Australian CD maxi single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Soul Solution ) -- 4 : 18 `` Misled '' ( The Serious mix ) -- 4 : 59 `` Love Can Move Mountains '' ( Underground vocal mix ) -- 7 : 10 Brazilian CD maxi single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Cuca 's radio edit ) -- 4 : 22 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran 's anthem edit ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones unsinkable edit ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran 's anthem vocal ) -- 9 : 41 European CD maxi single # 2 / UK 12 '' single `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- 4 : 40 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Soul Solution ) -- 4 : 18 Japanese / Korean CD maxi single `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Tony Moran mix ) -- 4 : 21 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones mix ) -- 4 : 15 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Soul Solution ) -- 4 : 18 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Richie Jones unsinkable club mix ) -- 10 : 04 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Matt & Vito 's unsinkable epic mix ) -- 9 : 53 UK CD maxi single # 2 `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( soundtrack version ) -- 5 : 11 `` Have a Heart '' -- 4 : 12 `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' -- 5 : 55 `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' -- 4 : 32 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 -- 98 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( BDS Airplay Chart ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Italy ( Hit Parade ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 2 - track single 34 Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 5 - track Dance Mixes 49 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) charted solely on airplay 34 Norway ( VG - lista ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Italy ( Hit Parade ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway Spring Period ( VG - lista ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 26 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 12 US Hot Soundtrack Singles ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 15 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Canada ( Canadian Artists Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 95 France ( SNEP ) 49 Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( Hit Parade ) 50 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 1,200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 4 × Platinum 2,000,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Single version 2 × Platinum 200,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Dance mixes Gold 100,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Ringtone version Gold 100,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 2 × Platinum 150,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,681,023 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 2,358,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Japan 14 January 1998 Mini CD United Kingdom 9 February 1998 CD cassette United States 10 February 1998 Japan 20 June 1998 CD Sissel Kyrkjebø Recording ( edit ) External video Sissel performing `` My Heart Will Go On '' on world premiere of Titanic 3D at Royal Albert Hall , March 27 2012 , YouTube video Sissel performing `` My Heart Will Go On '' on world premiere of Titanic Live at Royal Albert Hall , April 27 2015 , YouTube video Sissel Kyrkjebø recorded the song for the movie in 1997 , but Celine Dion 's vocals was preferred due to James Horner decision to support Dion 's career . In an interview from December 2014 , Horner quotes : `` When I had completed the Titanic ( movie ) , I had to decide for Celine Dion or Sissel ( 's ) ( vocals ) . Sissel I am very close , while Celine I had known since she was 18 , and I had already written three film songs for ( her ) . But that was before Celine was known and filmmakers and marketing people had not done what they should have done for Celine and ( her ) songs . So I felt I owed her a Titanic chance , but I could ( still ) have used Sissel there . '' See also ( edit ) 1998 in British music Academy Award for Best Original Song Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1998 French Top 100 singles of the 1990s Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number - one hits List of Australian chart achievements and milestones List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in France List of best - selling singles in Germany List of best - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 1990s in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 20th century in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1998 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of the 1990s List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1998 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of the 1990s List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1998 List of European number - one hits of 1998 List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1998 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1998 List of number - one hits ( Germany ) List of number - one hits of 1998 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 1998 ( Denmark ) List of number - one hits of 1998 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1990s List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Finland ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles of 1998 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles of the 1990s ( Switzerland ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of Top 25 singles for 1998 in Australia List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s List of UK top 10 singles in 1998 Ultratop 40 number - one hits of 1998 Ultratop 50 number - one hits of 1998 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 41st Annual GRAMMY Awards -- Record Of The Year '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 137 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Glatzer , Jenna ( 2005 ) . Céline Dion : For Keeps . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 5559 - 5 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Emotions With Exclamation Points '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion to Sing ' My Heart Will Go On ' at Billboard Music Awards '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 best pop songs written for movies '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Audiences Fell for James Horner 's Hit Titanic Ballad ' My Heart Will Go On ' '' . 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Celine Dion : For Keeps Google Books Retrieved 5 May 2011 Jump up ^ Simon Franglen . `` Simon Franglen -- Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ James Cameron 's Titanic Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Media Awareness Network Retrieved 5 May 2011 Jump up ^ Sony / ATV Music Publishing . `` My Heart Will Go On By Celine Dion -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pandora . `` My Heart Will Go On '' . Pandora . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Leona Lewis Will Sing ' Avatar ' Theme Song ... Ropes of Silicon Retrieved 12 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Sony / ATV Music Publishing : Walter Afanasieff '' . Sonyatv.com. 11 September 2001 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Talk About Love -- Celine Dion Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic. 18 November 1997 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion : My Heart Will Go on : Composed by James Horner and Will Jennings '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Defense of ' My Heart Will Go On ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jessica Goldstein ( 6 April 2012 ) . `` '' My Heart Will Go On '' and `` Titanic '' : They were meant for each other `` . Washington Post . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 . Celine Dion , ' My Heart Will Go On ' '' . Rolling Stone . 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Prinzivalli , Fallon ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Theme Song Makes Kate Winslet ' Feel Like Throwing Up ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Wilson . `` Can ' My Heart Will Go On ' Be Resuscitated ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilkening , Matthew ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` 100 Worst Songs Ever -- Part Five of Five '' . AOL Radio . Retrieved 25 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Academy Awards Database Oscars.org ' . ' Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Past Winners Search with Query : Title : My Heart Will Go On ; Year : 1998 -- 41st Annual Grammy Awards National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ James Horner Archived 19 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . HFPA ' . ' Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Music Event Gold Disc Hall of Fame Archived 14 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . The Japan Gold Disc Award . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Billboard Music Awards '' . infoplease.com online almanac . Pearson Education , publishing as Infoplease. 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( 16 November 2009 ) . `` Leona Lewis Will Sing ' Avatar ' Theme Song ... '' RopeofSilicon.com . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Songs of the Century Archived 24 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . CNN . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Million Sellers Archived 16 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Official Charts Company - Featured Artists - Celine Dion . Retrieved 19 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Latest Music News '' . VH1 News . Archived from the original on 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Titanic theme tune is top film song The press Association Retrieved 28 April 2010 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' . AFI.com . American Film Institute . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 9 April 2012 ) . `` ' My Heart Will Go On ' grew as big as ' Titanic ' itself '' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion admits My Heart Will Go On could make her sick just like Kate Winslet '' . Mail Online . 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ The Richest 20 Women In Entertainment Forbes Retrieved 8 April 2011 ^ Jump up to : Tales of ' Heart 's ' Voyage to the Top , Fate of Dion Smash Was n't Always Certain Billboard Retrieved 28 June 2010 Jump up ^ Passion Celine Dion the Book : The Ultimate Guide for the Fan Google Books Retrieved 28 June 2010 Jump up ^ Gold and Platinum Archived 20 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . RIAA Retrieved 28 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Does Lionel Richie Make Billboard Chart History ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Céline Dion ; ' My Heart Will Go On ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ Musicline.de Die beliebtesten Hits ! Gemessen von KW 27 / 1959 bis KW 2 / 2010 . Chartposition und - wochen werden miteinander verrechnet Musicline.de ' . ' Retrieved 11 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rob Copsey ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time ! '' . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion '' . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3476 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 3433 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 2 May 1998 . p. 63 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 21 February 1998 . p. 51 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion : My Heart Will Go On ( Love Theme from Titanic ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 28 February 1998 . p. 54 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : D '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : セリーヌ・ディオンのシングル売り上げランキング ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 8 , 1998 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Facts '' . Recorded Music NZ . Archived from the original on 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 9 May 1998 . p. 59 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Céline Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved Septemb29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1998 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1998 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1998 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RMP 's Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks of ' 98 '' . RPM. 14 December 1998 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- année 1998 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1998 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 Van 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- single 1998 '' . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Topp 20 Single Vår 1998 '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG - lista . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 1998 '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1998 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1990s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 26 December 1998 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zeitraum für die Auswertung : 07.01. 1990 -- 26.12. 1999 '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Karen Bliss ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Canada 150 : Celine Dion & Shania Twain Lead Nielsen Music Canada 's Top Canadian Artists Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Singles of the Nineties '' . Music Week 1959 -- 2009 : Anniversary Special . London , England : United Business Media . 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop 1001 , De Best Verkochte Hits Aller Tijden '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 of All Time '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Chart '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Lane ( 10 June 2014 ) . `` Naughty Boy and Sam Smith smash 1 million UK sales with La La La '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Enter Celine Dion in the field Interpret . Enter My Heart Will Go On in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 1998 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Celine Dion - My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Celine Dion -- The Reason My Heart Will Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Celine Dion ; ' My Heart Will Go On ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` マイ・ハート・ウィル・ゴー・オン 1998.01. 13 ( SME ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` マイ・ハート・ウィル・ゴー・オン 98.6. 20 ( SME ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 「着うたフル ( R ) 」 '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Celine Dion '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Celine Dion ; ' My Heart Will Go On ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Enter My Heart Will Go On in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Does Lionel Richie Make Billboard Chart History ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dion 's Iconic ' My Heart Will Go On ' Turns 20 '' . Billboard. 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On '' . Discogs . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion -- My Heart Will Go On ( Dance Mixes ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Titanic - oppklaring for Sissel Jump up ^ Her synger Sissel Kyrkjebø for verdensstjernene Jump up ^ -- Det var det verste øyeblikket i mitt liv Jump up ^ My Heart Will Go On -- Sissel Live @ Titanic Live Premiere Jump up ^ Kyrkjebø , Sissel on Ballade Jump up ^ Sissel Kyrkjebø kunne ha sunget `` My heart will go on '' Further reading ( edit ) Rapkin , Mickey ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) . `` The Oral History of Celine Dion 's ' My Heart Will Go On ' : Controversies , Doubts & ' Belly Pains ' in the Studio '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Music Video ) on YouTube `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Live in Las Vegas ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Celine Dion English singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2018 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and Lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ( 1990s ) `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1990s ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' * by Bette Midler produced by Arif Mardin ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins produced by Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' * by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole produced by David Foster ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Russ Titelman ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston produced by David Foster ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow produced by Bill Bottrell ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' * by Seal produced by Trevor Horn ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' * by Eric Clapton produced by Babyface ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' * by Shawn Colvin produced by John Leventhal ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' * by Celine Dion engineered / mixed by David Gleeson , Humberto Gatica & Simon Franglen ; produced by James Horner , Simon Franglen & Walter Afanasieff ( 1999 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1990s ) Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar - `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' 1991 Julie Gold - `` From a Distance '' Irving Gordon - `` Unforgettable '' Eric Clapton & Will Jennings - `` Tears in Heaven '' Alan Menken & Tim Rice - `` A Whole New World '' 1995 Bruce Springsteen - `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Seal - `` Kiss from a Rose '' 1997 Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims - `` Change the World '' 1998 Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal - `` Sunny Came Home '' 1999 James Horner & Will Jennings - `` My Heart Will Go On '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Heart_Will_Go_On&oldid=820840434 '' Categories : Celine Dion songs 1997 singles 1998 singles 1990s ballads Love themes Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Spain Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Hot Latin Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Songs written by James Horner Music videos directed by Bille Woodruff Pop ballads 1997 songs Songs with lyrics by Will Jennings RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Titanic ( 1997 film ) Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written for films Sony Music Entertainment singles Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardtropicalsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the song my heart will go on	[ "\"My Heart Will Go On,\" also called the \"Love Theme from Titanic,\" is the main theme song to James Cameron's blockbuster film Titanic. Its music was composed by James Horner, its lyrics were written by Will Jennings, and it was produced by Walter Afanasieff and Simon Franglen,[1] recorded by Celine Dion, and released in 1997.[2]" ]	[ "Celine Dion" ]
-4362668240173089306	Thalamus	Thalamus - wikipedia Thalamus Jump to : navigation , search Thalamus thalamus marked ( MRI cross-section ) anterolateral view Details Part of Diencephalon Components See List of thalamic nuclei Artery Posterior cerebral artery and branches Identifiers Latin thalamus dorsalis MeSH A08. 186.211. 730.385. 826 NeuroNames hier - 283 NeuroLex ID Thalamus TA A14. 1.08. 101 A14. 1.08. 601 TE E5. 14.3. 4.2. 1.8 FMA 62007 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The thalamus ( from Greek θάλαμος , `` chamber '' ) is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals , including motor signals , to the cerebral cortex , and the regulation of consciousness , sleep , and alertness It is a midline symmetrical structure of two halves , within the vertebrate brain , situated between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain . It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon , as first assigned by Wilhelm His , Sr. in 1893 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Blood supply 1.2 Thalamic nuclei 1.3 Connections 2 Function 3 Development 3.1 Early brain development 3.2 Formation of progenitor domains 3.3 The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) 3.4 Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus 4 Clinical significance 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Anatomy ( edit ) The thalamus in a 360 ° rotation The thalamus is located in the forebrain which is superior to the midbrain , near the center of the brain , with nerve fibers projecting out to the cerebral cortex in all directions . The medial surface of the thalamus constitutes the upper part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle , and is connected to the corresponding surface of the opposite thalamus by a flattened gray band , the interthalamic adhesion . Blood supply ( edit ) The thalamus derives its blood supply from a number of arteries : the polar artery ( posterior communicating artery ) , paramedian thalamic - subthalamic arteries , inferolateral ( thalamogeniculate ) arteries , and posterior ( medial and lateral ) choroidal arteries . These are all branches of the posterior cerebral artery . Some people have the artery of Percheron , which is a rare anatomic variation in which a single arterial trunk arises from the posterior cerebral artery to supply both parts of the thalamus . Thalamic nuclei ( edit ) See also : List of thalamic nuclei Nuclei of the thalamus The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of four parts , the hypothalamus , epithalamus , prethalamus ( formerly called ventral thalamus ) , and dorsal thalamus . Derivatives of the diencephalon also include the dorsally - located epithalamus ( essentially the habenula and annexes ) and the perithalamus ( prethalamus ) containing the zona incerta and the thalamic reticular nucleus . Due to their different ontogenetic origins , the epithalamus and the perithalamus are formally distinguished from the thalamus proper . The thalamus comprises a system of lamellae ( made up of myelinated fibers ) separating different thalamic subparts . Other areas are defined by distinct clusters of neurons , such as the periventricular nucleus , the intralaminar elements , the `` nucleus limitans '' , and others . These latter structures , different in structure from the major part of the thalamus , have been grouped together into the allothalamus as opposed to the isothalamus . This distinction simplifies the global description of the thalamus . Connections ( edit ) The thalamus is connected to the spinal cord via the spinothalamic tract . The thalamus is manifoldly connected to the hippocampus via the mammillo - thalamic tract , this tract comprises the mammillary bodies and fornix . The thalamus is connected to the cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical radiations . The spinothalamic tract is a sensory pathway originating in the spinal cord . It transmits information to the thalamus about pain , temperature , itch and crude touch . There are two main parts : the lateral spinothalamic tract , which transmits pain and temperature , and the anterior ( or ventral ) spinothalamic tract , which transmits crude touch and pressure . Function ( edit ) The thalamus has multiple functions , generally believed to act as a relay station , or hub , relaying information between different subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex . In particular , every sensory system ( with the exception of the olfactory system ) includes a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals and sends them to the associated primary cortical area . For the visual system , for example , inputs from the retina are sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus , which in turn projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe . The thalamus is believed to both process sensory information as well as relay it -- each of the primary sensory relay areas receives strong feedback connections from the cerebral cortex . Similarly the medial geniculate nucleus acts as a key auditory relay between the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the primary auditory cortex . The ventral posterior nucleus is a key somatosensory relay , which sends touch and proprioceptive information to the primary somatosensory cortex . The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness . Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex , forming thalamo - cortico - thalamic circuits that are believed to be involved with consciousness . The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal , the level of awareness , and activity . Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma . The role of the thalamus in the more anterior pallidal and nigral territories in the basal ganglia system disturbances is recognized but still poorly understood . The contribution of the thalamus to vestibular or to tectal functions is almost ignored . The thalamus has been thought of as a `` relay '' that simply forwards signals to the cerebral cortex . Newer research suggests that thalamic function is more selective . Many different functions are linked to various regions of the thalamus . This is the case for many of the sensory systems ( except for the olfactory system ) , such as the auditory , somatic , visceral , gustatory and visual systems where localized lesions provoke specific sensory deficits . A major role of the thalamus is support of motor and language systems , and much of the circuitry implicated for these systems is shared . The thalamus is functionally connected to the hippocampus as part of the extended hippocampal system at the thalamic anterior nuclei with respect to spatial memory and spatial sensory datum they are crucial for human episodic memory and rodent event memory . There is support for the hypothesis that thalamic regions connection to particular parts of the mesio - temporal lobe provide differentiation of the functioning of recollective and familiarity memory . The neuronal information processes necessary for motor control were proposed as a network involving the thalamus as a subcortical motor center . Through investigations of the anatomy of the brains of primates the nature of the interconnected tissues of the cerebellum to the multiple motor cortices suggested that the thalamus fulfills a key function in providing the specific channels from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortical motor areas . In an investigation of the saccade and antisaccade motor response in three monkeys , the thalamic regions were found to be involved in the generation of antisaccade eye - movement . Development ( edit ) The thalamic complex is composed of the perithalamus ( or prethalamus , previously also known as ventral thalamus ) , the mid-diencephalic organiser ( which forms later the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ) ) and the thalamus ( dorsal thalamus ) . The development of the thalamus can be subdivided into three steps . The thalamus is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon , the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum . Early brain development ( edit ) After neurulation the anlage of the prethalamus and the thalamus is induced within the neural tube . Data from different vertebrate model organisms support a model in which the interaction between two transcription factors , Fez and Otx , are of decisive importance . Fez is expressed in the prethalamus , and functional experiments show that Fez is required for prethalamus formation . Posteriorly , Otx1 and Otx2 abut the expression domain of Fez and are required for proper development of the thalamus . Formation of progenitor domains ( edit ) Early in thalamic development two progenitor domains form , a caudal domain ( TH - C ) and a rostral domain ( TH - R ) . The caudal domain gives rise to all of the glutamatergic neurons in the adult thalamus while the rostral domain gives rise to all of the GABAergic neurons in the adult thalamus . The formation of the mid-diencephalic organiser ( MDO ) ( edit ) At the interface between the expression domains of Fez and Otx , the mid-diencephalic organizer ( MDO , also called the ZLI organiser ) is induced within the thalamic anlage . The MDO is the central signalling organizer in the thalamus . A lack of the organizer leads to the absence of the thalamus . The MDO matures from ventral to dorsal during development . Members of the SHH family and of the Wnt family are the main principal signals emitted by the MDO . Besides its importance as signalling center , the organizer matures into the morphological structure of the zona limitans intrathalamica ( ZLI ) . Maturation and parcellation of the thalamus ( edit ) After its induction , the MDO starts to orchestrate the development of the thalamic anlage by release of signalling molecules such as SHH . In mice , the function of signaling at the MDO has not been addressed directly due to a complete absence of the diencephalon in SHH mutants . Studies in chicks have shown that SHH is both necessary and sufficient for thalamic gene induction . In zebrafish , it was shown that the expression of two SHH genes , SHH - a and SHH - b ( formerly described as twhh ) mark the MDO territory , and that SHH signaling is sufficient for the molecular differentiation of both the prethalamus and the thalamus but is not required for their maintenance and SHH signaling from the MDO / alar plate is sufficient for the maturation of prethalamic and thalamic territory while ventral Shh signals are dispensable . The exposure to SHH leads to differentiation of thalamic neurons . SHH signaling from the MDO induces a posterior - to - anterior wave of expression the proneural gene Neurogenin1 in the major ( caudal ) part of the thalamus , and Ascl1 ( formerly Mash1 ) in the remaining narrow stripe of rostral thalamic cells immediately adjacent to the MDO , and in the prethalamus . This zonation of proneural gene expression leads to the differentiation of glutamatergic relay neurons from the Neurogenin1+ precursors and of GABAergic inhibitory neurons from the Ascl1+ precursors . In fish , selection of these alternative neurotransmitter fates is controlled by the dynamic expression of Her6 the homolog of HES1 . Expression of this hairy - like bHLH transcription factor , which represses Neurogenin but is required for Ascl1 , is progressively lost from the caudal thalamus but maintained in the prethalamus and in the stripe of rostral thalamic cells . In addition , studies on chick and mice have shown that blocking the Shh pathway leads to absence of the rostral thalamus and substantial decrease of the caudal thalamus . The rostral thalamus will give rise to the reticular nucleus mainly whereby the caudal thalamus will form the relay thalamus and will be further subdivided in the thalamic nuclei . In humans , a common genetic variation in the promotor region of the serotonin transporter ( the SERT - long and - short allele : 5 - HTTLPR ) has been shown to affect the development of several regions of the thalamus in adults . People who inherit two short alleles ( SERT - ss ) have more neurons and a larger volume in the pulvinar and possibly the limbic regions of the thalamus . Enlargement of the thalamus provides an anatomical basis for why people who inherit two SERT - ss alleles are more vulnerable to major depression , posttraumatic stress disorder , and suicide . Clinical significance ( edit ) A cerebrovascular accident ( stroke ) can lead to the thalamic syndrome , which involves a one - sided burning or aching sensation often accompanied by mood swings . Bilateral ischemia of the area supplied by the paramedian artery can cause serious problems including akinetic mutism , and be accompanied by oculomotor problems . A related concept is thalamocortical dysrhythmia . The occlusion of the artery of Percheron can lead to a bilateral thalamus infarction . Korsakoff 's syndrome stems from damage to the mammillary body , the mammillothalamic fasciculus or the thalamus . Fatal familial insomnia is a hereditary prion disease in which degeneration of the thalamus occurs , causing the patient to gradually lose his ability to sleep and progressing to a state of total insomnia , which invariably leads to death . In contrast , damage to the thalamus can result in coma . Additional images ( edit ) Drawings are by Gray and Carter ( 1858 ) . The left optic nerve and the optic tracts . Coronal section of lateral and 3rd ventricles . Dissection showing the ventricles of the brain . Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe . Horizontal section of right cerebral hemisphere . Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane . Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories ( I to V ) . Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus ; medial lemniscus in blue , lateral in red . Deep dissection of brain - stem . Lateral view . Deep dissection of brain - stem . Ventral view . Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons . Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle . Human brain frontal ( coronal ) section Thalamus Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia . Superior view . Horizontal section . Deep dissection Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia . Superior view . Horizontal section . Deep dissection See also ( edit ) List of regions in the human brain List of thalamic nuclei Neothalamus Primate basal ganglia system Thalamic stimulator Thalamotomy 5 - HT7 receptor Nonmotor region of the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harper - index & University of Washington Faculty Web Server & Search engine search page + Perseus Project tufts.edu Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 Jump up ^ Sherman , S. ( 2006 ) . `` Thalamus '' . Scholarpedia. 1 ( 9 ) : 1583 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 1583 . Jump up ^ Sherman , S. Murray ; Guillery , R.W. ( 2000 ) . Exploring the Thalamus . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 305460 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What you can learn from Einsteins quirky habits '' Jump up ^ The Thalamus - Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1749 - 8 . Jump up ^ Percheron , G. ( 1982 ) . `` The arterial supply of the thalamus '' . In Schaltenbrand ; Walker , A.E. Stereotaxy of the human brain . Stuttgart : Thieme . pp. 218 -- 32 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.optomotorik.de/blicken/anti-rev.htm Jump up ^ Kunimatsu , J ; Tanaka , M ( 2010 ) . `` Roles of the primate motor thalamus in the generation of antisaccades '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 30 ( 14 ) : 5108 -- 17 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0406 - 10.2010 . PMID 20371831 . Jump up ^ Kuhlenbeck , Hartwig ( 1937 ) . `` The ontogenetic development of the diencephalic centers in a bird 's brain ( chick ) and comparison with the reptilian and mammalian diencephalon '' . The Journal of Comparative Neurology . 66 : 23 -- 75 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 900660103 . Jump up ^ Shimamura , K ; Hartigan , DJ ; Martinez , S ; Puelles , L ; Rubenstein , JL ( 1995 ) . `` Longitudinal organization of the anterior neural plate and neural tube '' . Development . 121 ( 12 ) : 3923 -- 33 . PMID 8575293 . ^ Jump up to : Scholpp , Steffen ; Lumsden , Andrew ( 2010 ) . `` Building a bridal chamber : Development of the thalamus '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 33 ( 8 ) : 373 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2010.05. 003 . PMC 2954313 . PMID 20541814 . Jump up ^ Hirata , T. ; Nakazawa , M ; Muraoka , O ; Nakayama , R ; Suda , Y ; Hibi , M ( 2006 ) . `` Zinc - finger genes Fez and Fez - like function in the establishment of diencephalon subdivisions '' . Development . 133 ( 20 ) : 3993 -- 4004 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02585 . PMID 16971467 . Jump up ^ Jeong , J. - Y. ; Einhorn , Z. ; Mathur , P. ; Chen , L. ; Lee , S. ; Kawakami , K. ; Guo , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Patterning the zebrafish diencephalon by the conserved zinc - finger protein Fezl '' . Development . 134 ( 1 ) : 127 -- 36 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02705 . PMID 17164418 . Jump up ^ Acampora , D ; Avantaggiato , V ; Tuorto , F ; Simeone , A ( 1997 ) . `` Genetic control of brain morphogenesis through Otx gene dosage requirement '' . Development . 124 ( 18 ) : 3639 -- 50 . PMID 9342056 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Foucher , I. ; Staudt , N. ; Peukert , D. ; Lumsden , A. ; Houart , C. ( 2007 ) . `` Otx1l , Otx2 and Irx1b establish and position the ZLI in the diencephalon '' . Development . 134 ( 17 ) : 3167 -- 76 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 001461 . PMID 17670791 . Jump up ^ Song , Hobeom ; Lee , Bumwhee ; Pyun , Dohoon ; Guimera , Jordi ; Son , Youngsook ; Yoon , Jaeseung ; Baek , Kwanghee ; Wurst , Wolfgang ; Jeong , Yongsu ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Ascl1 and Helt act combinatorially to specify thalamic neuronal identity by repressing Dlxs activation '' . Developmental Biology . 398 ( 2 ) : 280 -- 291 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ydbio. 2014.12. 003 . ISSN 1095 - 564X . PMID 25512300 . Jump up ^ Puelles , L ; Rubenstein , JL ( 2003 ) . `` Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 26 ( 9 ) : 469 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 03 ) 00234 - 0 . PMID 12948657 . Jump up ^ Ishibashi , M ; McMahon , AP ( 2002 ) . `` A sonic hedgehog - dependent signaling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo '' . Development . 129 ( 20 ) : 4807 -- 19 . PMID 12361972 . Jump up ^ Kiecker , C ; Lumsden , A ( 2004 ) . `` Hedgehog signaling from the ZLI regulates diencephalic regional identity '' . Nature Neuroscience. 7 ( 11 ) : 1242 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1338 . PMID 15494730 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Wolf , O ; Brand , M ; Lumsden , A ( 2006 ) . `` Hedgehog signalling from the zona limitans intrathalamica orchestrates patterning of the zebrafish diencephalon '' . Development . 133 ( 5 ) : 855 -- 64 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 02248 . PMID 16452095 . Jump up ^ Scholpp , S. ; Delogu , A. ; Gilthorpe , J. ; Peukert , D. ; Schindler , S. ; Lumsden , A. ( 2009 ) . `` Her6 regulates the neurogenetic gradient and neuronal identity in the thalamus '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 47 ) : 19895 -- 900 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0910894106 . PMC 2775703 . PMID 19903880 . Jump up ^ Vue , Tou Yia ; Bluske , Krista ; Alishahi , Amin ; Yang , Lin Lin ; Koyano - Nakagawa , Naoko ; Novitch , Bennett ; Nakagawa , Yasushi ( 2009 ) . `` Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Controls Thalamic Progenitor Identity and Nuclei Specification in Mice '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 29 ( 14 ) : 4484 -- 97 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 0656 - 09.2009 . PMC 2718849 . PMID 19357274 . Jump up ^ Young , Keith A. ; Holcomb , Leigh A. ; Bonkale , Willy L. ; Hicks , Paul B. ; Yazdani , Umar ; German , Dwight C. ( 2007 ) . `` 5HTTLPR Polymorphism and Enlargement of the Pulvinar : Unlocking the Backdoor to the Limbic System '' . Biological Psychiatry . 61 ( 6 ) : 813 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2006.08. 047 . PMID 17083920 . Jump up ^ Dejerine , J. ; Roussy , G. ( 1906 ) . `` Le syndrome thalamique '' . Revue Neurologique. 14 : 521 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Gray , H. & Carter , H.V. ( 1858 ) , Anatomy Descriptive and Surgical , London : John W. Parker and Son , Retrieved ( 16 October 2011 ) ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) → ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thalamus . Stained brain slice images which include the `` thalamus '' at the BrainMaps project ( hide ) Anatomy of the diencephalon of the human brain Epithalamus Surface Pineal gland Habenula Habenular trigone Habenular commissure Grey matter Pretectal area Habenular nuclei Subcommissural organ Thalamus Surface Stria medullaris of thalamus Thalamic reticular nucleus Taenia thalami Grey matter / nuclei paired : AN Ventral VA / VL VP / VPM / VPL Lateral LD LP Pulvinar nuclei Metathalamus MG LG P cell M cell K cell midline : MD Intralaminar Centromedian Midline nuclear group Interthalamic adhesion White matter Mammillothalamic fasciculus Pallidothalamic tracts Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Thalamic fasciculus PCML Medial lemniscus Trigeminal lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral lemniscus Dentatothalamic tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation Subthalamic fasciculus Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Medullary laminae Hypothalamus Surface Median eminence / Tuber cinereum Mammillary body Infundibulum Grey matter Autonomic zones Anterior ( parasympathetic / heat loss ) Posterior ( sympathetic / heat conservation ) Endocrine posterior pituitary : Paraventricular Magnocellular neurosecretory cell Parvocellular neurosecretory cell Supraoptic oxytocin / vasopressin other : Arcuate ( dopamine / GHRH ) Preoptic ( GnRH ) Suprachiasmatic ( melatonin ) Emotion Lateral Ventromedial Dorsomedial White matter afferent Medial forebrain bundle Retinohypothalamic tract efferent Mammillothalamic fasciculus Stria terminalis Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Pituitary Posterior is diencephalon , but anterior is glandular Subthalamus Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Nuclei campi perizonalis ( Fields of Forel ) Brain and spinal cord : neural tracts and fasciculi Sensory / ascending PCML 1 ° : Pacinian corpuscle / Meissner 's corpuscle → Posterior column ( Gracile fasciculus / Cuneate fasciculus ) → Gracile nucleus / Cuneate nucleus 2 ° : → sensory decussation / arcuate fibers ( Posterior external arcuate fibers , Internal arcuate fibers ) → Medial lemniscus / Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus ( VPL , VPM ) 3 ° : → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus Anterolateral / pain Fast / lateral 1 ° ( Free nerve ending → A delta fiber ) → 2 ° ( Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Postcentral gyrus ) → 4 ° ( Posterior parietal cortex ) 2 ° ( Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum ) Slow / medial 1 ° ( Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation ) → 2 ° ( MD of Thalamus ) → 3 ° ( Cingulate cortex ) Motor / descending Pyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract ( Lateral , Anterior ) → Neuromuscular junction Extrapyramidal flexion : Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles flexion : Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract extension : Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck Basal ganglia direct : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPi ) → 3 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 4 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 5 ° ( Motor cortex ) indirect : 1 ° ( Motor cortex → Striatum ) → 2 ° ( GPe ) → 3 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus ) → 4 ° ( Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi ) → 5 ° ( Lenticular fasciculus / Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus ) → 6 ° ( Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area ) → 7 ° ( Motor cortex ) nigrostriatal pathway : Pars compacta → Striatum Cerebellar Afferent Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei Efferent Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere / pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere / spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation , or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus ( VL ) → Motor cortex Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe / vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei Bidirectional : Spinocerebellar Unconscious proprioception lower limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal / posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( muscle spindles → DRG ) → 2 ° ( Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum ) Reflex arc lower limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Ventral / anterior spinocerebellar tract → SCP → Cerebellar vermis ) upper limb → 1 ° ( Golgi tendon organ ) → 2 ° ( Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalamus&oldid=807075329 '' Categories : Thalamus Motor system Sensory systems Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing more detailed references Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wiktionary বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	relaying signals from the neuron to other cells is a function of the	[ "The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, \"chamber\")[1] is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex,[2][3][page needed] and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness[4]" ]	[ "thalamus" ]
-5085078678741349346	List of Test cricket hat-tricks	List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Test cricket hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 . In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick . A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match . Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings . In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test hat - tricks 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Test hat - tricks ( edit ) Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . Key Symbol Meaning Bowler The name of the bowler For The team for which the bowler was playing Against The team against which the bowler was playing Inn . The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved Test The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams Dismissals The three players dismissed by the bowler Venue The venue where the hat - trick was achieved Date The date on which the hat - trick was achieved Ref . Reference List of Test cricket hat - tricks No . Bowler For Against Inn . Test Dismissals Venue Date Ref . Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth Australia England 1 / 1 Vernon Royle ( b ) Francis MacKinnon ( b ) Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2 January 1879 Bates , Billy Billy Bates England Australia 2 / 3 Percy McDonnell ( b ) George Giffen ( c and b ) George Bonnor ( c Walter Read ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 20 January 1883 Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs England Australia 2 / 3 Walter Giffen ( b ) Jack Blackham ( lbw ) Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 February 1892 Lohmann , George George Lohmann England South Africa 1 / 3 Frederick Cook ( b ) Bonnor Middleton ( b ) Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne England Australia 3 / 5 Clem Hill ( b ) Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren ) Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji ) Headingley , Leeds 30 June 1899 6 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 2 / 5 John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones ) Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling ) Sydney Barnes ( c and b ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 4 January 1902 7 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 5 / 5 Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs ) Plum Warner ( c and b ) Dick Lilley ( lbw ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 8 March 1904 8 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Rolland Beaumont ( b ) Sid Pegler ( lbw ) Tommy Ward ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 9 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Herbie Taylor ( b ) Reggie Schwarz ( c and b ) Tommy Ward ( c and b ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 10 Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom England New Zealand 1 / 4 Tom Lowry ( lbw ) Ken James ( c Tich Cornford ) Ted Badcock ( b ) Lancaster Park , Christchurch 10 January 1930 11 Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard England South Africa 1 / 5 Dudley Nourse ( c and b ) Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames ) Billy Wade ( b ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 26 December 1938 12 Loader , Peter Peter Loader England West Indies 4 / 5 John Goddard ( b ) Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman ) Roy Gilchrist ( b ) Headingley , Leeds 25 July 1957 13 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline Australia South Africa 2 / 5 Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud ) Hugh Tayfield ( lbw ) Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson ) Newlands , Cape Town 3 January 1958 14 Hall , Wes Wes Hall West Indies Pakistan 3 / 3 Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw ) Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers ) Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b ) Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore 29 March 1959 15 Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin South Africa England 2 / 5 M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite ) Peter Walker ( b ) Fred Trueman ( b ) Lord 's , London 24 June 1960 16 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs West Indies Australia 4 / 5 Ken Mackay ( lbw ) Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers ) Frank Misson ( b ) Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 30 January 1961 17 Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick New Zealand Pakistan 1 / 3 Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee ) Wasim Raja ( c and b ) Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 9 October 1976 18 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1 / 5 Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards ) Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper ) Graeme Wood ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 18 -- 20 November 1988 19 Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2 / 5 Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy ) Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide ) Gordon Greenidge ( lbw ) WACA , Perth 3 -- 4 December 1988 20 Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming Australia Pakistan 2 / 3 Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw ) Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy ) Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 21 Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia England 2 / 5 Phil DeFreitas ( lbw ) Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy ) Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 29 December 1994 22 Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork England West Indies 4 / 6 Richie Richardson ( b ) Junior Murray ( lbw ) Carl Hooper ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 30 July 1995 23 Gough , Darren Darren Gough England Australia 5 / 5 Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Colin Miller ( b ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 January 1999 24 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 4 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b ) Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 6 March 1999 25 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 4 / 4 Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi ) Chaminda Vaas ( b ) Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 14 March 1999 26 Nuwan Zoysa Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 2 / 3 Trevor Gripper ( lbw ) Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana ) Neil Johnson ( lbw ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 26 November 1999 27 Abdul Razzaq Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 / 3 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Rangana Herath ( lbw ) Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 21 June 2000 28 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia West Indies 2 / 5 Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting ) Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill ) Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer ) WACA , Perth 1 December 2000 29 Harbhajan Singh India Australia 2 / 3 Ricky Ponting ( lbw ) Adam Gilchrist ( lbw ) Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh ) Eden Gardens , Calcutta 11 March 2001 30 Mohammad Sami Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 3 Charitha Buddhika ( lbw ) Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw ) Muttiah Muralitharan ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 8 March 2002 31 Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3 / 4 Brett Lee ( b ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Justin Langer ( lbw ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 2 -- 5 May 2003 32 Alok Kapali Bangladesh Pakistan 2 / 3 Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza ) Danish Kaneria ( lbw ) Umar Gul ( lbw ) Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 29 August 2003 33 Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut Zimbabwe Bangladesh 1 / 2 Hannan Sarkar ( lbw ) Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) ) Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 22 February 2004 34 Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard England West Indies 3 / 4 Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw ) Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff ) Kensington Oval , Barbados 3 April 2004 35 Franklin , James James Franklin New Zealand Bangladesh 1 / 2 Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum ) Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris ) Tapash Baisya ( b ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 20 October 2004 36 Irfan Pathan India Pakistan 3 / 3 Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid ) Younis Khan ( lbw ) Mohammad Yousuf ( b ) National Stadium , Karachi 29 January 2006 37 Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom England New Zealand 1 / 3 Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook ) Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook ) Jacob Oram ( lbw ) Seddon Park , Hamilton 8 March 2008 38 Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle Australia England 1 / 5 Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson ) Matt Prior ( b ) Stuart Broad ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 25 November 2010 39 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England India 2 / 4 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson ) Harbhajan Singh ( lbw ) Praveen Kumar ( b ) Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 40 Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi Bangladesh New Zealand 1 / 2 Corey Anderson ( lbw ) BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim ) Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan ) Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 13 October 2013 41 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England Sri Lanka 2 / 2 Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell ) Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook ) Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior ) Headingley , Leeds 20 June 2014 42 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath Sri Lanka Australia 2 / 3 Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne ) Peter Nevill ( lbw ) Mitchell Starc ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 5 August 2016 43 Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali England South Africa 3 / 4 Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes ) Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes ) Morné Morkel ( lbw ) The Oval , London 31 July 2017 By team ( edit ) England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) . Test hat - tricks by team Team Hat - tricks England 14 Australia 11 Pakistan West Indies Bangladesh India Sri Lanka New Zealand South Africa Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=804153912 '' Categories : Cricket - related lists Test cricket hat - trick takers Test cricket records Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 11 . 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-3632396353876578266	All for Love (song)	All for Love ( song ) - wikipedia All for Love ( song ) This article is about the song from the 1993 film The Three Musketeers . For other media with the same title , see All for Love ( disambiguation ) . `` All for Love '' Single by Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart and Sting from the album The Three Musketeers : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released November 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 16 ) Format CD single Genre Rock Length 4 : 45 Label A&M Hollywood Songwriter ( s ) Bryan Adams Robert `` Mutt '' Lange Michael Kamen Producer ( s ) Chris Thomas David Nicholas Bryan Adams Bryan Adams singles chronology `` Please Forgive Me '' ( 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? '' ( 1995 ) Rod Stewart singles chronology `` People Get Ready '' ( 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Having a Party '' ( 1993 ) Sting singles chronology `` Demolition Man '' ( 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) `` Nothing ' Bout Me '' ( 1994 ) `` All for Love '' is a song written by Bryan Adams , Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange and Michael Kamen for the soundtrack The Three Musketeers : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . It was performed by Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart and Sting . The song was released as a CD single in the United States on November 16 , 1993 . It was a worldwide hit , reaching number one across Europe and North America . Adams also did a live version in 1994 featuring Luciano Pavarotti , Andrea Bocelli , Nancy Gustafson , and Giorgia Todrani . Michael Kamen , who co-wrote the song with Adams , conducted the orchestra . Contents 1 Background and writing 2 Chart positions 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.3 End - of - decade charts 3 References Background and writing ( edit ) The title was inspired by the Musketeers ' motto : `` All for one , and one for all '' . Chart positions ( edit ) In the United States , the single reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on January 22 , 1994 . It remained atop the charts for three weeks . It sold 1.2 million copies domestically and earned a platinum certification from the RIAA . In 2007 , the Swedish band E.M.D. released a cover of the song , peaking at number one in their native country . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 - 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 17 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 42 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 End - of - decade charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 - 1999 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 69 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` POP / ROCK Hoping Three 's a Hit : Three pop musketeers have ... '' The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If422SGJaX4 Jump up ^ The Billboard Book of Number One hits ( fifth edition ) Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Adams , B. , Rod Stewart & Sting -- All for Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1994 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 107 ( 3 ) : 57 . January 21 , 1995 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ E.M.D. version in Swedish charts Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting -- All for Love '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting -- All for Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting -- All for Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canadian peak Jump up ^ Billboard April 2 , 1994 . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World : Eurochart Hot 100 ( IFPI / Nielsen Marketing Research ) 02 / 19 / 94 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 106 ( 8 ) : 47 . February 19 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting -- All for Love '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting -- All for Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting -- All for Love '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting -- All for Love '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bryan Adams , Rod Stewart , Sting -- All for Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1994 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1994 '' . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Bryan Adams Discography Videography Awards and nominations Backing band Studio albums Bryan Adams You Want It You Got It Cuts Like a Knife Reckless Into the Fire Waking Up the Neighbours 18 til I Die On a Day Like Today Room Service 11 Tracks of My Years Get Up ! Live albums Live ! Live ! Live ! MTV Unplugged Live at the Budokan Bare Bones Live at Sydney Opera House Soundtracks Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Colour Me Kubrick Compilations So Far So Good The Best of Me Anthology Icon Ultimate Singles `` Let Me Take You Dancing '' `` Straight from the Heart '' `` Cuts Like a Knife '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm Ready '' `` Run to You '' `` Somebody '' `` Heaven '' `` Summer of ' 69 '' `` One Night Love Affair '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Diana '' `` Christmas Time '' `` Heat of the Night '' `` Hearts on Fire '' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' `` Ca n't Stop This Thing We Started '' `` There Will Never Be Another Tonight '' `` Thought I 'd Died and Gone to Heaven '' `` Do I Have to Say the Words ? '' `` Please Forgive Me '' `` The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You '' `` Let 's Make a Night to Remember '' `` Star '' `` 18 til I Die '' `` I 'll Always Be Right There '' `` Back to You '' `` I 'm Ready '' `` On a Day Like Today '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Cloud Number Nine '' `` The Best of Me '' `` Cloud Number Nine ( Chicane Mix ) '' `` Inside Out '' `` Here I Am '' `` Open Road '' `` Flying '' `` Room Service '' `` This Side of Paradise '' `` Why Do You Have to Be So Hard to Love ? '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` I Thought I 'd Seen Everything '' `` Tonight We Have the Stars '' `` You 've Been a Friend to Me '' `` One World , One Flame '' Collaborations `` All for Love '' `` Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? '' `` Rock Steady '' `` I Finally Found Someone '' `` Do n't Give Up '' `` Bang the Drum '' `` Feels Like Home '' Videography MTV Unplugged Live at the Budokan Live in Lisbon Live at Sydney Opera House Musicals Pretty Woman Book Category Portal Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) Sting Studio albums The Dream of the Blue Turtles ... Nothing Like the Sun The Soul Cages Ten Summoner 's Tales Mercury Falling Brand New Day Sacred Love Songs from the Labyrinth If on a Winter 's Night ... Symphonicities The Last Ship 57th & 9th 44 / 876 EPs Nada Como el Sol Demolition Man Still Be Love in the World Live albums Bring on the Night Acoustic Live in Newcastle ... All This Time The Journey and the Labyrinth Live in Berlin Compilations Fields of Gold : The Best of Sting 1984 -- 1994 The Very Best of ... Sting & The Police The Best of 25 Years Singles `` If You Love Somebody Set Them Free '' `` Love Is the Seventh Wave '' `` Fortress Around Your Heart '' `` Russians '' `` We 'll Be Together '' `` Be Still My Beating Heart '' `` Englishman in New York '' `` Fragile '' `` They Dance Alone '' `` All This Time '' `` It 's Probably Me '' `` If I Ever Lose My Faith in You '' `` Fields of Gold '' `` Shape of My Heart '' `` All for Love '' `` I 'm So Happy I Ca n't Stop Crying '' `` Brand New Day '' `` Desert Rose '' `` Stolen Car ( Take Me Dancing ) '' `` Whenever I Say Your Name '' `` I Ca n't Stop Thinking About You '' `` The Empty Chair '' Guest singles `` Money for Nothing '' `` Take Me Home '' `` On Silent Wings '' `` Rise & Fall '' `` Always on Your Side '' `` Stolen Car '' Tours Symphonicity Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Back to Bass Tour ( 2011 -- 13 ) On Stage Together Tour ( 2014 -- 15 ) Summer 2015 ( 2015 ) Rock Paper Scissors North American Tour ( 2016 ) Summer 2016 ( 2016 ) 57th & 9th Tour ( 2017 ) Theatre 3 Penny Opera ( 1989 ) The Last Ship ( 2014 ) Related articles Discography The Police Discography Last Exit Bring on the Night ( film ) The Living Sea : Soundtrack from the IMAX Film Dolphins `` Until ... '' Dendropsophus stingi Family Frances Tomelty ( ex-wife ) Trudie Styler ( wife ) Joe Sumner ( son ) Mickey Sumner ( daughter ) Eliot Sumner ( daughter ) Book Category E.M.D. Erik Segerstedt Mattias Andréasson Danny Saucedo Studio albums A State of Mind Välkommen hem Rewind Singles `` All for Love '' `` Jennie Let Me Love You '' `` Alone '' `` Baby Goodbye '' `` Youngblood '' `` Välkommen hem '' `` Save Tonight '' `` What Is Love '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_for_Love_(song)&oldid=847126387 '' Categories : 1993 songs 1993 singles 2007 singles Disney songs Bryan Adams songs Rod Stewart songs Sting ( musician ) songs E.M.D. songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Songs written by Michael Kamen Songs written by Bryan Adams Music videos directed by David Hogan A&M Records singles Rock ballads Debut singles 1990s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 03 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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1519794205802903576	Black Lightning (TV series)	Black Lightning ( TV series ) - wikipedia Black Lightning ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Black Lightning Genre Superhero Drama Based on Black Lightning by Tony Isabella Trevor Von Eeden Developed by Salim Akil Starring Cress Williams China Anne McClain Nafessa Williams Christine Adams Marvin `` Krondon '' Jones III Damon Gupton James Remar Opening theme `` Black Lightning '' by Godholly Composer ( s ) Kurt Farquhar Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Mara Brock Akil Salim Akil Oz Scott Pascal Verschooris Producer ( s ) Robert West Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Akil Productions DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Production website Black Lightning is an American superhero television series developed by Salim Akil , airing on The CW . It is based on the DC Comics character of the same name , created by Tony Isabella . It stars Cress Williams as the titular character alongside China Anne McClain , Nafessa Williams , Christine Adams , Marvin Jones III , Damon Gupton , and James Remar . The series sees the retired Black Lightning return to the hero life and its effects on his family life . Development on the series began in September 2016 when Fox ordered a pilot production commitment for Black Lightning . In February 2017 , Fox passed on the series , with it being picked up by The CW with a new script for the pilot . The CW officially ordered the series in May 2017 . The first season premiered on January 16 , 2018 , for a 13 - episode run . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the show for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Connection to the Arrowverse 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) High school principal Jefferson Pierce , who retired from his superhero persona Black Lightning nine years ago after seeing the effects it had on his family , is forced to become a vigilante again when the rise of the local gang called the 100 leads to increased crime and corruption in his community of Freeland . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cress Williams as Jefferson Pierce / Black Lightning : A retired superhero with the ability to harness and manipulate electricity who works as a principal at Garfield High School . He returns to fighting crime after his daughters are kidnapped by a local gang . Kaden Washington Lewis portrays as teenage Jefferson Pierce . China Anne McClain as Jennifer Pierce : Jefferson 's younger daughter , who is `` an independent , outspoken scholar - athlete with a wild streak of her own '' , who also possesses powers where her cells start generating energy ; her electric power is more powerful than that of her father 's . Nafessa Williams as Anissa Pierce / Thunder : Jefferson 's elder daughter who is in medical school and teaches part - time at Jefferson 's school . Anissa is a metahuman like her father , having an ability to manipulate her density , endowing herself with superhuman strength and near invulnerablity . She can also create powerful shockwaves against opponents with this power during combat . In addition , she has a rapid healing factor . She eventually fights crime as Thunder , and later becomes her father 's protégée and partner . Describing her character as a positive role model , Williams said `` I 'm just really grateful to tell the story for young lesbians -- and black lesbians in particular ... My hope is that when you watch Anissa , a young lesbian is inspired to walk boldly as who she is and to love herself and to love herself exactly how she looks . '' Christine Adams as Lynn Stewart : A neuroscientist at Bowman College and Jefferson 's ex-wife . Marvin `` Krondon '' Jones III as Tobias Whale : A former politician who rose through the ranks of local government through corruption but was brought down by Jefferson 's father , Alvin . After killing Alvin , Tobias was exiled and became the leader of the 100 . He also becomes involved with the A.S.A. 's efforts to capture and study Black Lightning . Damon Gupton as Billy Henderson : A veteran detective inspector with the police , who becomes an unlikely ally to Jefferson , despite his role in the community . After exposing the dirty Deputy Chief , Cayman , he is appointed to replace him . James Remar as Peter Gambi : Jefferson 's oldest friend who became a father figure and mentor to him and works as his `` tailor '' while having connections with Lady Eve . His real name is Peter Esposito and was a former member of the A.S.A. until he turned against the organization and gave information to Alvin Pierce , resulting in his murder . Recurring ( edit ) Kyanna Simone Simpson as Kiesha Henderson : Jennifer Pierce 's best friend and the daughter of Billy Henderson , who encourages Jennifer to challenge her perfect image . Skye P. Marshall as Kara Fowdy : Garfield High 's vice-principal . She is later revealed to be a spotter for the A.S.A. who reports on metahuman sightings at the school to them . William Catlett as Latavius `` Lala '' Johnson / Tattoo Man : A member of the 100 who is in charge of the Seahorse Motel that the 100 use as a front for their prostitution ring . He is killed by Tobias Whale for his repeated failures to dispose of Black Lightning , but is later resurrected by Lady Eve 's magic dust and starts seeing Lawanda 's ghost and Will 's ghost where their tattoos appear on his body . In addition , he starts to demonstrate super-strength . After regaining control of Lala and mentioning the ghosts being a side effect of the reanimation project he was put through , Tobias uses him as a bomb mule in an attempt to kill Marton Proctor . Dabier as Will : A member of the 100 and cousin of Lala who kidnaps Anissa and Jennifer . He is later killed by Lala , and later appears as a ghost that only Lala can see . Charlbi Dean as Syonide : Tobias Whale 's henchwoman , hit person , and mob enforcer . At the age of an infant , she was found in the dumpster with her umbilical cord wrapped around her . After finding her in an orphanage abused and malnourished , Tobias Whale took her in and trained her in the art of assassination while also having her put through a painful procedure that involved placing fiber armor beneath her skin . Eric Mendenhall as Joey Toledo : Tobias Whale 's right - hand man and mob enforcer . He is killed by Gambi . Tracey Bonner as Lawanda White : One of Jefferson 's former students whose daughter was taken by the 100 under Lala 's supervision . After Jefferson fails to help her as promised , Lawanda confronts Lala , who shoots and kills her mercilessly . Unknown to him , she recorded the entire exchange , which leads to his arrest and eventual death . Lawanda later turns up as a ghost that only Lala can see . Anthony Reynolds as Deputy Chief Zeke Cayman : A corrupt officer of the Freeland Police Department who has connections with the A.S.A and Tobias Whale . He is tasked by Kara with framing Jefferson for drug dealing , but is subsequently arrested and removed from the force thanks to an investigation by Henderson . Jordan Calloway as Khalil Payne / Painkiller : A track star at Garfield High and Jennifer 's ex boyfriend . After a bullet from Syonide 's gun paralyzes him from the waist down , he becomes involved with Tobias Whale where he undergoes an experimental treatment involving a spinal implant that gives him enhanced abilities . Tobias Whale is the one who names Khalil 's new form of Painkiller . Chantal Thuy as Grace Choi : A bartender who becomes Anissa 's girlfriend . Jill Scott as Evelyn Stillwater - Ferguson / Lady Eve : The owner of a funeral parlor who connects Tobias Whale with a secret group of corrupt leaders that gave him leadership over the 100 . She is later murdered by Tobias as part of a plan to frame Black Lightning . Edwina Findley as Tori Whale : Tobias Whale 's younger sister who assists in his plot to destroy Black Lightning . She is accidentally killed by a stray bullet while trying to escape from Black Lightning . Gregg Henry as Martin Proctor : The leader of the A.S.A. , who initially wants to kill Black Lightning , but changes his mind when he realizes that his DNA can be used to create metahuman soldiers . Peter Gambi is associated with him . During a confrontation at one of the warehouses storing the metahuman stasis pods , Martin is briefly attacked by Jennifer and shot by Gambi . Tobias Whale had his thumbs salvaged by an ally at the coroner 's office in order to access the contents of his briefcase . Guest ( edit ) Clifton Powell as Jeremiah Holt : A reverend looking to challenge the 100 . Jason Louder as Frank `` Two - Bits '' Banner : Jefferson 's childhood friend who sells drugs and bootleg DVDs on the streets , and an occasional informant for Black Lightning . Antonio Fargas as David Poe : The editor of the `` Freeland Gazette '' , who gives Anissa files that once belonged to her grandfather , Alvin . He is subsequently killed offscreen in a staged hit - and - run . Keith Arthur Bolden as Alvin Pierce : The father of Jefferson and friend of Peter Gambi who worked as a reporter . He was killed by Tobias Whale after exposing him for corruption . Josh Henry as Man in Lab Coat : An unnamed scientist working for the A.S.A. who oversees the stasis pods that the captured metahumans are in . Roland S. Martin and Nina Turner appeared as themselves in the pilot . Journalist Amanda Davis has a posthumous cameo appearance in the debut episode . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Resurrection '' Salim Akil Salim Akil January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T43. 10001 2.31 After his older daughter Anissa is arrested for protesting , high school principal and former superhero Jefferson Pierce is again pulled over for a crime he did not commit . The last straw comes when his youngest daughter , Jennifer , gets in trouble at a club owned by a gang called the `` 100 '' and he is forced to use his powers to rescue her . Peter Gambi , his mentor and friend , urges him to become Black Lightning again , but Jefferson refuses to break the promise he made to his ex-wife , Lynn , to give up heroics in hopes of reconciling with her . A 100 gangbanger named Will and his friends abduct Jennifer and Anissa despite an agreement between Jefferson and the gang . Lynn temporarily frees him from his promise in order to save their daughters . With Gambi 's help , he rescues the girls from the 100 at the Seahorse Motel . However , he is unable to find Will 's boss Lala . After being brought to the head of the 100 , Tobias Whale , by his two underlings Syonide and Joey Toledo , Lala is instructed to kill Black Lightning . Anissa 's trauma activates her own powers , causing her to break a sink in half . `` LaWanda : The Book of Hope '' Oz Scott Salim Akil January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T43. 10002 1.94 Jefferson assures Lynn that he is giving up his Black Lightning identity for good . However , he learns that the 100 are still running prostitutes at the Seahorse Motel and that his daughters are being targeted as witnesses . Jefferson asks Gambi to help him find Lala by hacking the police 's database . Anissa 's girlfriend offers to get her a therapist . Will escapes police custody , but is captured and executed by Lala . LaWanda , a former student of Jefferson 's , tries to free her daughter from the grip of the 100 and he promises to help her . LaWanda is killed when she confronts Lala at the Seahorse Motel . Blaming himself for her death , Jefferson throws aside his concerns and prepares to go after the 100 . Lynn visits Gambi and asks him to convince her husband otherwise , but he refuses . Using information from Will 's recovered phone , Jefferson suits up and storms the hotel where Lala is hiding , beating him severely just before the police arrive to arrest him . While out shopping , Anissa subdues a robber with her powers . Using his connections with Deputy Chief Cayman after the Seahorse Motel was shut down , Tobias gets access to Lala 's cell and strangles him with only one hand . `` LaWanda : The Book of Burial '' Mark Tonderai Jan Nash January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T43. 10003 2.21 Following LaWanda 's death , Reverend Holt plans to orchestrate a peace march in light of the 100 's crime waves , much to the dismay of Jefferson and Inspector Henderson . Anissa meets Grace Choi and experiments with her new abilities . Tobias has an talk with Lady Eve and instructs his minions to massacre the peace march in exchange for Lala 's place in the ranks . Though Black Lightning succeeds in stopping the assailant , Tobias is nearby as Syonide shoots Reverend Holt . The bullet goes through Reverend Holt and hits Khalil , Jennifer 's boyfriend . At the hospital , Jefferson sees the mixed news about the opinions of Black Lightning from the peace marchers and Inspector Henderson . At the tailor shop , Gambi deletes evidence that Tobias was the one responsible for the reverend and Khalil being shot . Back at the hospital , Lynn assures Anissa that she will be there for her . Jefferson and Jennifer tell them that Reverend Holt is doing well but Khalil wo n't walk again . As Jefferson embraces his family , he continues to see the news about Black Lightning as other peace marchers praise his heroic actions . `` Black Jesus '' Michael Schultz Pat Charles February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T43. 10004 1.88 One of Jefferson 's students , Bernard , almost overdoses on a new strength - enhancing street drug , Green Light . Jefferson is forced to use his powers to knock him out . The school board wants Bernard expelled but lets him stay when Jefferson cedes final authority over student matters to the board . Gambi and Jefferson track Green Light to a mid-level dealer named Two Bits , an old friend of Jefferson 's . When he dismisses Jefferson , Black Lightning gets him to reveal the location of a warehouse . Anissa and Grace are confronted outside a bar and Anissa uses her strength on the two thugs . Gambi erases the security footage , but keeps a photo of Anissa 's footprint . Black Lightning saves Bernard from a drug den and Jefferson puts him in rehab . Jennifer quits track to focus on supporting Khalil . Lady Eve gets impatient with Tobias , who entered the criminal world after being forced out of city council for supposedly killing Black Lightning . Tobias has Joey Toledo murder the morgue doctor who told him Black Lighting was dead . Tobias ' sister Tori arrives and proposes turning the people against Black Lightning . Tobias visits Khalil where he pays his medical bills and tells him it 's Black Lightning 's fault that he 'll never walk again . 5 `` And Then the Devil Brought the Plague : The Book of Green Light '' Rose Troche Adam Giaudrone February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) T43. 10005 1.81 Gambi alters Black Lightning 's suit for flight . Jefferson experiences severe headaches . Tobias pays Gambi a visit , looking for the identity of Black Lightning but Gambi says he does n't know ; and that Tobias is breaking their deal by coming to him . Tracking Green Light , Black Lightning finds out it is coming from Joey Toledo . Jennifer defends herself against two girls at a skating rink . One girl 's family is furious . While Jefferson and Lynn take responsibility upon being confronted by the family , they are impressed . Tori says Tobias needs to finally deal with their abusive father , Eldridge . Now an old man , Tobias breaks his father 's back and convinces Tori to let him die . Anissa discovers that , decades ago , her grandfather , reporter Alvin Pierce , had a story on the disappearance of nine enhanced teenagers . The newspaper would n't print the story and Alvin was murdered a week later . Anissa visits the paper 's editor who says `` they '' are still watching . Nevertheless , he gives her some files and Anissa suits up to explore a storage unit after putting together a costume from different clothes she purchases . On a tip from Inspector Henderson , Black Lightning confronts Toledo , but his headaches incapacitate him . This allows Toledo to escape as he vows to Black Lightning that Tobias Whale will kill him . 6 `` Three Sevens : The Book of Thunder '' Benny Boom Charles Holland February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T43. 10006 1.64 After Joey Toledo contacts Deputy Chief Cayman about Black Lightning 's sighting , Peter picks up Black Lightning before the police can find him and informs Lynn . The next day , Jefferson deals with Anissa getting in trouble with the police in relation to vandalism of a Confederate general 's statue , as well as Fowdy showing cyber-bullying videos about Jennifer . Meanwhile , Lynn compares the brain scans of those on Green Light and Black Lightning . While Black Lightning prepares for a confrontation with Tobias , Anissa uses her powers to destroy the Confederate general 's statue after she learns that someone was killed over it . Afterwards , Anissa contacts Lynn to reveal her powers . Due to an attack at the hospital , Black Lightning cancels his planned attack on Tobias . Anissa shows up and fights off the thieves ; Black Lightning battles and injures her , thinking that she was a metahuman who attacked Lynn . After realizing who she is , Lynn and Jefferson call Peter for help . Peter visits Lady Eve , having trained her , and makes a deal to keep the Pierce family off - limits to The 100 , who want to stop Lynn 's research . Meanwhile , Khalil takes up Tobias 's offer to walk again . Anissa awakes and finally discovers that her father is Black Lightning . 7 `` Equinox : The Book of Fate '' Bille Woodruff Lamont Magee March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T43. 10007 1.46 Since the discovery of Anissa having developed metahuman powers , Lynn examines Anissa while Peter Gambi comes clean to Jefferson about not telling him that Tobias Whale is back in town . Investigating the break - in at the hospital , Inspector Henderson gets the description of the criminals responsible and thinks the 100 is behind this though the two thieves are killed . After visiting Lady Eve about Tobias Whale , a disguised Gambi enters Tobias 's club and kills Toledo to make Tobias fall in line . Lynn asks Gambi to make a suit for Anissa . At a club that Tobias is attending , Black Lightning fights him and his henchmen which results in Tobias getting wounded and Tori accidentally getting killed by a stray bullet . During this time , Tobias Whale 's henchmen use special electrical guns to kill Lady Eve and her minions . After a talk with Anissa , Black Lightning gets a call from Henderson believing he killed Lady Eve . In the final scene , Lala is in a hotel room as he is brought back to life with Lawanda 's head tattooed on his chest . 8 `` The Book of Revelations '' Tanya Hamilton Jan Nash March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T43. 10008 1.45 Two henchmen are surprised to see Lala back from the dead ; while Lawanda talks to him encouraging violence and seducing him . Peter Gambi meets with A.S.A. member Martin Proctor who wants Black Lightning dead as a threat to the Freeland experiment . Examining Lady Eve 's body , Jefferson and Anissa trace the weapon 's radiation ; finding it and the body of Lady Eve 's killer . Meanwhile , Jennifer is startled at school , causing her to unlock her own electrical powers . After calling Henderson , Jefferson and Anissa hide nearby when they see someone coming close . While Jefferson sneaks up on the person , Anissa sees that it is about to explode and activates her powers to shield her father . Jefferson suspects The 100 intercepted his call to Henderson . Lynn finds that Greenlight was similar to a vaccine that was found in Alvin Pierce 's locker from 30 years ago . Gambi admits that his real name is Peter Esposito and that he withheld some things to protect Jefferson and his family from the A.S.A. who made the vaccine and hunt metahumans . Jefferson warns Peter to stay away from his family . In the final scene , Jennifer confides in Anissa about her electrical powers . 9 `` The Book of Little Black Lies '' Tawnia McKernan Keli Goff March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) T43. 10009 1.55 Anissa reveals her own powers and the fact their father is Black Lightning to Jennifer ; and she feels lied to by her parents all her life . Three separate investigations of Inspector Henderson into the corrupt police officers , Peter into the electrical weapons , and Jefferson and Anissa into Green Light from Alvin 's research all lead to the same lab where the drug is currently being manufactured . Peter gives Anissa her costume as Thunder and says he made a mistake in keeping secrets , but he was just trying to protect the ones he loves . With help from her mother , Jennifer is able to see why her parents lied but does n't want to save the world , mourning her loss of her chance at a normal life . Black Lightning and Thunder attack the Green Light lab together and Inspector Henderson is able to make a few arrests before they blow it up . A.S.A. agents attack with weapons to disable Black Lightning 's powers , but Thunder saves him . At home , Jennifer is able to forgive her father who promises to be honest with her from now on . 10 `` Sins of the Father : The Book of Redemption '' Eric Laneuville Pat Charles March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) T43. 10010 1.55 Thunder investigates Peter 's tip about the kids from 30 years ago and finds they are still alive . When she brings Black Lightning to the lab , it 's empty and they fight off ASA agents again . Two Bits sees one of Jefferson 's students display powers and get kidnapped , telling Jefferson . Meanwhile , Lala begins seeing Will , now also tattooed on his chest , as a ghost while taking over The 100 to sell traditional drugs again while planning revenge on Tobias Whale . He even displayed increased strength on anyone who disagrees with the plan . Anissa and Jennifer argue about powers again causing Jennifer 's whole body to flare up with electricity . Lynn finds that while their father is like a battery manipulating electricity , Jennifer can generate it . Martin Proctor and the A.S.A. kidnap and torture Peter , demanding Black Lightning 's identity . Under orders of Martin , two A.S.A. agents take Jefferson away while he mentors a child to get Peter to talk . Jefferson uses his powers , allowing Peter to kill two A.S.A. agents . Peter begins healing in his basement base and the Pierce family hides in Alvin 's old house . Peter tells Jefferson to find the new A.S.A. spotter in the community that finds kids with powers . At the new location of the stasis pods holding the kids , Martin has realized that Jefferson is Black Lightning after putting two and two together and informs Vice-Principal Fowdy about it as she is revealed to be the A.S.A. 's new spotter . 11 `` Black Jesus : The Book of Crucifixion '' Michael Schultz Melora Rivera April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) T43. 10011 1.50 Black Lightning and Thunder raid another location and find that the bodies have been moved again . Vice-Principal Kara Fowdy tells a scientist to keep an eye on the stasis pods stable , but one teenager from 30 years ago dies . From the shadows , Fowdy instructs Deputy Chief Cayman to have Jefferson framed for possession of Greenlight . In an online discussion with her bosses , Fowdy is told that the federal agents will take Jefferson to the black site to determine if he is Black Lightning . While Lynn tries to find a lawyer that can defend Jefferson , Henderson visits Jefferson 's cell , as he acts out an interrogation with Jefferson by talking about why his daughters were kidnapped by Lala . Thanks to Peter , Thunder runs after his remote - controlled car using a hologram of Black Lightning ; to fool everyone into believing Jefferson can not be Black Lightning . Henderson is able to catch one of the corrupt officers and convinces him to snitch on the rest . Henderson has Jefferson released and Cayman is arrested for his corruption . Jefferson has been exonerated and Henderson has been sworn in as the new Deputy Chief of Police . Peter joins the Pierce family for dinner to celebrate Jefferson 's exoneration . 12 `` The Resurrection and the Light : The Book of Pain '' Oz Scott Jan Nash & Adam Giaudrone April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T13. 10012 1.54 Khalil resurfaces where he now has a spinal implant that makes him walk again . Peter Gambi confronts a weapon maker for information about Martin Proctor . While the weapon maker finds the information , he is confronted by Lala , who acted strange after hearing the phrase `` The devil deals the cards . '' Meanwhile , Lynn works to help Jennifer with her condition . Under orders of Tobias Whale , Khalil as Painkiller , attacks Jefferson High using paralysis needles based from a toxin his implant now creates ; to draw out Black Lightning so that they can find out who he is . When Black Lightning confronts Khalil , Tobias joins the fight . As Jennifer works to get control of her abilities , Thunder faces off against Syonide where she manages to get a cut in Syonide 's left arm under her internal body armor . As Tobias restrains Black Lightning , Khalil does a strike that accidentally stops Black Lightning 's heart . Tobias reprimands Khalil for that action . When Thunder appears , Syonide covers their escape as Jennifer builds up enough energy to resuscitate Black Lightning . Falling back to a cabin in the woods at North Freeland , Peter cloaks them from tracking . Following the incident at the school , Martin Proctor tells Kara Fowdy to find Black Lightning even if she has to burn Freeland to do it . Meanwhile , Lala is brought to Tobias Whale by Syonide , who is unsurprised to see Lala alive . Using the phrase , Tobias is able to control Lala and plans on taking out Martin Proctor next . 13 `` Shadow of Death : The Book of War '' Salim Akil Charles D. Holland April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T43. 10013 1.68 Near death in New Freeland , Jefferson remembers and speaks with his father Alvin , who motivates him to wake up , though his powers are gone . With the pods from thirty years ago dying , Martin Proctor demands Lala be brought to him for information on Tobias . Tobias had Lala revived and placed under his control . The tattoos are a side effect of the reanimation process to remind Lala of the ones he 's killed . Tobias nicknames him Tattoo Man . He sends him with a bomb inside his stomach to the A.S.A. which kills a few agents . Tattoo Man 's fate is unclear . As Proctor sends agents to the cabin , Inspector Henderson gets word and the police pursue . Jennifer is able to use her powers to restore her father 's . The entire Pierce family and Peter are able to defeat the A.S.A. agents and avoid the police . Meanwhile , Tobias , Syonide and Painkiller attack the ASA headquarters and only Martin is able to escape . He goes to the pods where the Pierce family confronts him and Peter realizes he is running a rogue operation as Gambi kills him while the scientist watching them states their current condition . Lynn has the pods exposed to the media and the public recognizes Black lightning and Thunder as having stopped the A.S.A. 's experiments . As the Pierce family vows to protect Freeland , Tobias opens Martin 's briefcase using Martin 's thumbs that Syonide obtains from Tobias ' ally at the coroner 's office . This gives him something he needs to be Freeland 's king and to take out Black Lightning . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In September 2016 , after being in various stages of development , Warner Bros. Television began pitching Black Lightning to networks . The project was being developed by Mara Brock Akil and her husband , Salim Akil . They were partnered with Greg Berlanti , who was behind several DC Comics properties for the studio , eventually landing at Fox with a pilot production commitment . In February 2017 , Fox opted not to go forward with the project , deciding that it was `` not a good fit into its already crowded genre drama space '' . Warner Bros. Television presented the project to other networks , with The CW officially ordering a pilot for Black Lightning . The CW also opted to discard the original pilot script , as it had been written for Fox , and shoot a short presentation instead . The CW officially ordered Black Lightning to series on May 10 , 2017 . Writing ( edit ) Salim Akil stated that Black Lightning would not follow the villain of the week format or be a procedural , because he wanted to `` explore the characters , even the villains '' . Casting ( edit ) In late February 2017 , Cress Williams was cast as Jefferson Pierce / Black Lightning , followed a month later by the casting of China Anne McClain and Nafessa Williams as his daughters , Jennifer Pierce and Anissa Pierce , respectively , and Christine Adams was cast as Lynn Pierce , Jefferson 's ex-wife . At the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International , it was announced that James Remar and Damon Gupton had joined the cast as Pierce 's friend Peter Gambi and detective inspector Henderson , respectively . The following month , Marvin `` Krondon '' Jones III of the hip hop group Strong Arm Steady was cast as Tobias Whale . At the end of September 2017 , Kyanna Simone Simpson was cast as the recurring role Kiesha . The following month , Edwina Findley joined the cast as Tori Whale , while Chantal Thuy was cast as Grace Choi . In January 2018 , it was revealed that Skye Marshall had been cast as Mrs. Frowdy . Design ( edit ) Black Lightning 's costume was designed by Laura Jean Shannon . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the series takes place in Atlanta . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Black Lightning began airing on The CW on January 16 , 2018 , and is set to run for 13 episodes . Each episode airs a week later on Netflix across Western Europe . Home media ( edit ) The first season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in Region 1 on June 26 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Resurrection '' January 16 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.31 N / A 1.32 N / A 3.63 `` LaWanda : The Book of Hope '' January 23 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.94 0.7 1.54 1.3 3.48 `` LaWanda : The Book of Burial '' January 30 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.21 0.6 1.54 1.4 3.77 `` Black Jesus '' February 6 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.88 0.6 1.39 3.27 5 `` And Then the Devil Brought the Plague : The Book of Green Light '' February 13 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Three Sevens : The Book of Thunder '' February 27 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.64 0.5 1.17 1.0 2.80 7 `` Equinox : The Book of Fate '' March 6 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.46 0.4 1.03 0.9 2.48 8 `` The Book of Revelations '' March 13 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.41 9 `` The Book of Little Black Lies '' March 20 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 0.91 0.9 2.47 10 `` Sins of the Father : The Book of Redemption '' March 27 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 0.92 0.9 2.47 11 `` Black Jesus : The Book of Crucifixion '' April 3 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.50 N / A 0.83 N / A 2.33 12 `` The Resurrection and the Light : The Book of Pain '' April 10 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.54 TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Shadow of Death : The Book of War '' April 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.68 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has received a 97 % approval rating , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 , based on 43 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Black Lightning does n't reinvent superhero TV , but it does give the genre a necessary jolt with real - world plots , scary new villains , and a star - making performance from Cress Williams . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 79 out of 100 based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Daniel Fienberg , in a review for The Hollywood Reporter , praised the series for being `` smart and relevant and full of an attitude that 's all its own . '' The portrayal of Anissa Pierce as Thunder has received praise for making television history as the first black lesbian superhero . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Saturn Awards Best Superhero Television Series Black Lightning Pending Connection to the Arrowverse ( edit ) Further information : Arrowverse Despite airing on The CW and being created by Berlanti , Mark Pedowitz , president of The CW said in May 2017 that the series `` at this time , is not part of the Arrowverse . It is a separate situation . '' Berlanti had previously stated when the series was in development at Fox that it would not crossover with his other DC Comics television properties on The CW nor would it exist in the Arrowverse . However , Akil later stated that they were not ruling out eventual crossovers . In August 2017 , Pedowitz added , `` If ( the showrunners ) wish to bring it in , that is their call . We had a long discussion with the studio , Mara , Salim , and myself . We were fine with them making it separate from the Arrowverse , they have a different point of view . If they end up wanting to go that way , that will be their decision . '' Salim Akil noted references in the first season to the Arrowverse heroes Vixen and Supergirl were a `` fun '' way `` to tease the fans '' . He also further reiterated that the series existed on a separate Earth from the other Arrowverse series , and was hopeful that any future crossover would involve the heroes of the other series visiting the world of Black Lighting . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kurt Farquhar ( @ KurtFarquhar ) ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` So happy to be composer for Black Lightning ! Thanks Akils ! # gregberlanti # tvmusic # blacklightning # kurtfarquhar '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW 's Black Lightning not part of Arrowverse , crossover unlikely '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Black Lightning : Cress Williams to Star in The CW 's Latest DC Comics Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' CW Pilot : Nafessa Williams , China Anne McClain Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Black Lightning unveils first look at Thunder '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Black Lightning breakout talks playing a black lesbian superhero '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Christine Adams Cast As Jefferson 's Ex-Wife '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Adds Marvin `` Krondon '' Jones III As Villain Tobias Whale `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Casts James Remar & Damon Gupton As Series Regulars , Watch Trailer -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Kyanna Simone Simpson Set To Recur In the CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Skye Marshall To Recur On the CW Series '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Magee , Lamont ; Woodruff , Bille ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Equinox : The Book of Fate '' . Black Lightning . Season 1 . Episode 7 . The CW . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/dc/2018/01/24/black-lightnings-china-anne-mcclain-talks-her-characters-relatio/ ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Casts Chantal Thuy as DC Comics ' Grace Choi ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Jill Scott Cast As Lady Eve In the CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : Edwina Findley Set To Recur In the CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics , ' Bachelor Winter Games , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' The Middle ' and ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For The People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' DC Superhero Series In Works From Greg Berlanti , Mara Brock Akil & Salim Akil '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Nabs ' Black Lightning ' DC Superhero Drama With Pilot Production Commitment '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Drama Eyes Move To the CW To Join Greg Berlanti Comic Lineup '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' DC Drama From Greg Berlanti & ' The Game ' Duo Gets The CW Pilot Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` PILOTS 2017 : Very , Very Early Buzz Edition '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' & Lucy Hale 's ' Life Sentence ' Picked Up To Series By The CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Massabrook , Nicole ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' TV Show Spoilers : What The EPs Revealed At ATX '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` First Look At Black Lightning From The CW 's New DC Comics Pilot '' . IGN . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Gets Premiere Date , Post - ' Flash ' Time Slot By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sydney Bucksbaum ( @ SydneyBucksbaum ) ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` # TheOriginals final season and # BlackLightning will also be 13 episodes each this year . # TCA17 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Black Lightning ' '' . TV Wise . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Lightning - This Press Release Is For The Streets : ' The 1st Season ' Will Be Back ... on DVD and Blu - ray ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Lightning : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Lightning : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Star Nafessa Williams Hopes Her Lesbian Superhero Inspires Viewers '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` '' Black Lightning '' Is Bringing One Of The Few Lesbian Superheroes Of Color To Television `` . NewNowNext . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Sydney ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Lightning ' Star Nafessa Williams On Her History - Making Role And Repping Philly '' . Essence . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Black Lightning Show Wo n't Cross Over With The Arrowverse '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Black Lightning boss addresses those Arrowverse references '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . 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About Wikipedia	where does black lightning tv show take place	[ "High school principal Jefferson Pierce, who retired from his superhero persona Black Lightning nine years ago after seeing the effects it had on his family, is forced to become a vigilante again when the rise of the local gang called the 100 leads to increased crime and corruption in his community of Freeland.[3]\n" ]	[ "Freeland" ]
193798657457491249	Soap (TV series)	Soap ( TV series ) - wikipedia Soap ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the general category of show , see Soap opera . Soap Created by Susan Harris Starring Jimmy Baio Roscoe Lee Browne Diana Canova Billy Crystal Cathryn Damon Robert Guillaume Katherine Helmond Jay Johnson Robert Mandan Dinah Manoff Richard Mulligan Arthur Peterson Donnelly Rhodes Jennifer Salt Inga Swenson Robert Urich Sal Viscuso Ted Wass Narrated by Rod Roddy Theme music composer George Aliceson Tipton Composer ( s ) George Aliceson Tipton Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 85 ( 93 in syndication ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Paul Junger Witt Tony Thomas Producer ( s ) Susan Harris Location ( s ) Goldenwest Videotape Division The Prospect Studios Hollywood , California Camera setup Multi-camera , videotape Running time 30 minutes ( 77 episodes ) 60 minutes ( 8 episodes ) Production company ( s ) Witt / Thomas / Harris Productions Distributor Columbia Pictures Television ( 1982 - 1983 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network ABC Original release September 13 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 13 ) -- April 20 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 20 ) Chronology Followed by Benson Soap is an American sitcom that originally ran on ABC from September 13 , 1977 until April 20 , 1981 . The show was created as a night - time parody of daytime soap operas , presented as a weekly half - hour prime time comedy . Similar to a soap opera , the show 's story was presented in a serial format and included melodramatic plot elements such as alien abduction , demonic possession , murder , and kidnapping . In 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazine 's `` 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' , and in 2010 , the Tates and the Campbells ranked at number 17 in TV Guide 's list of `` TV 's Top Families '' . The show was created , written , and executively produced by Susan Harris , and also executively produced by Paul Junger Witt ( Harris ' future husband ) and Tony Thomas . Each returning season was preceded by a 90 - minute retrospective of the previous season . Two of these retrospectives were made available on VHS in 1994 , but were not included on any DVD collections . The show aired 85 episodes over the course of four seasons . Eight of these ( including the final four ) aired as one - hour episodes during the original run on ABC . These hour - long episodes were later split in two , yielding 93 half - hour episodes for syndication . Like most sitcoms of the era , Soap was videotaped rather than filmed , but this coincidentally helped further its emulation of the daytime soap opera format , as most such productions were also videotaped . All episodes are currently available on region 1 DVD in four separate box sets . There is a box set of season 1 on region 2 DVD . The series has rerun in syndication on local channels as well as on cable . The show starred Katherine Helmond and Cathryn Damon as sisters / matriarchs of their own families . The cast also included three former soap opera actors . Robert Mandan ( Chester Tate ) had previously appeared on Search for Tomorrow as a leading man for Mary Stuart , and Donnelly Rhodes ( Dutch Leitner ) had played the first husband of Katherine Chancellor on The Young and the Restless . Arthur Peterson , Jr . ( `` The Major '' ) played Rev. John Ruthledge in the radio version of Guiding Light . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Nielsen ratings and time slots 4 Pre-broadcast protests and controversy 5 `` The Soap Memo '' 6 Premiere and critical reception 7 Later seasons and cancellation 8 Legacy 9 Awards and nominations 10 DVD releases 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Cast of Soap ( 1977 ) . Back row , L-R : Robert Urich , Ted Wass , Richard Mulligan , Robert Guillaume , Robert Mandan , Jimmy Baio , Diana Canova , Arthur Peterson Jr ... Seated : Billy Crystal , Cathryn Damon , Katherine Helmond , Jennifer Salt . Soap is set in the fictional town of Dunn 's River , Connecticut . In the opening sequence of the first installment , the announcer says `` This is the story of two sisters -- Jessica Tate and Mary Campbell '' . The Tates live in a wealthy neighborhood ( the announcer calls it the neighborhood known as `` Rich '' ) . Jessica Tate ( Katherine Helmond ) and her husband , Chester ( Robert Mandan ) , are hardly models of fidelity , as their various love affairs result in several family mishaps , including the murder of her sister Mary 's ( Cathryn Damon ) stepson , Peter Campbell ( Robert Urich ) . Even though everyone tells Jessica about Chester 's continual affairs , she does not believe them until she sees his philandering with her own eyes : while out to lunch with Mary , Jessica spots Chester necking with his secretary Claire ( Kathryn Reynolds ) . Heartbroken , she sobs in her sister 's arms . On later occasions , it becomes clear Jess has always known on some level about Chester 's affairs but never allowed herself to process the information . The wealthy Tate family employs a sarcastic butler / cook named Benson ( Robert Guillaume ) . Benson clearly despises Chester , but has a soft spot for their son , Billy ( Jimmy Baio ) . He also gets along with the Tates ' daughter , Corinne ( Diana Canova ) as well as their mother , Jessica ; but does n't speak to the other daughter , Eunice ( Jennifer Salt ) , although that later changed . Benson became a popular character and in 1979 left the Tates ' employ to work for Jessica 's cousin , Governor Gene Gatling , on the spin - off series , Benson , wherein his last name , DuBois , was revealed . The Tates had to hire a new butler / cook named Saunders ( Roscoe Lee Browne ) , whose attitude is similar to that of Benson , but has a more formal personality . Mary 's family , the Campbells , are working - class , and as the series begins , her son Danny Dallas ( Ted Wass ) , a product of her first marriage to Johnny Dallas , is a junior gangster - in - training . Danny is told to kill his stepfather , Burt Campbell ( Richard Mulligan ) , Mary 's current husband , who , Danny is told , murdered his father Johnny , who was also a mobster . It is later revealed that Danny 's father was killed by Burt in self - defense . Danny refuses to kill Burt and goes on the run from the Mob in a variety of disguises . This eventually ends when Elaine Lefkowitz ( played by Dinah Manoff in one of her earliest roles ) , the spoiled daughter of the Mob Boss ( played by Sorrell Booke ) , falls in love with Danny and stops her father , who then tells Danny he will have to marry Elaine or he will kill him . In the fourth season , it is revealed that Chester is Danny 's true father , the product of a secret affair between him and Mary before his marriage to Jessica . Mary 's other son , Jodie ( Billy Crystal , in an early role ) , is gay , having a secret affair with a famous professional football quarterback , and contemplating a sex - change operation . The first season ends with Jessica convicted of the murder of Peter Campbell . The announcer concludes the season by announcing that Jessica is innocent , and that one of five characters -- Burt , Chester , Jodie , Benson , or Corinne -- killed Peter Campbell . Chester later confesses to Peter 's murder and is sent to prison . He is soon released after a successful temporary insanity defense . Other plot lines include Jessica 's adopted daughter Corinne courting Father Tim Flotsky ( Sal Viscuso ) , who ended up leaving the priesthood , and the two eventually marrying and having a child who is possessed by the Devil ; Chester being imprisoned for Peter 's murder , escaping with his prison roommate Dutch , and being afflicted with amnesia after a failed operation ; Jessica 's other daughter , Eunice , sleeps with a married congressman , and then falls in love with Dutch ; Mary 's stepson Chuck ( Jay Johnson ) , a ventriloquist whose hostilities are expressed through his alter ego , a quick - witted dummy named Bob ; Jessica 's love affairs with several men , including Donahue , a private investigator hired to find the missing presumed - dead Chester , her psychiatrist , and a Latin American revolutionary known as `` El Puerco '' ( `` The Pig '' ; his friends just call him `` El '' ) ; Billy Tate 's confinement by a cult called the `` Sunnies '' ( a parody of Sun Myung Moon 's Unification Church , called the `` Moonies '' by its critics ) , and then his affair with his school teacher who becomes unhinged ; Danny and his romantic trials with the daughter of a mobster ( Elaine , who is murdered in a botched kidnapping ) , black woman , a prostitute , and Chester 's second wife , Annie ; and Burt 's confinement to a mental institution , his abduction by aliens while being replaced with an oversexed alien lookalike on Earth , and getting blackmailed by the Mob after becoming sheriff of their small town . At the beginning of each episode , off - camera announcer Rod Roddy gives a brief description of the convoluted storyline and remarks , `` Confused ? You wo n't be , after this week 's episode of ... Soap . '' At the end of each episode , he asks a series of life - or - death questions in a deliberately deadpan style -- `` Will Jessica discover Chester 's affair ? Will Benson discover Chester 's affair ? Will Benson care ? '' and concludes each episode with the trademark line , `` These questions -- and many others -- will be answered in the next episode of ... Soap . '' Characters ( edit ) Chester and Benson . The Tates and Campbells with Benson . Main characters Jessica Tate ( née Gatling ) ( Katherine Helmond ) -- The sister of Mary Campbell and one of the two main characters of the show . She is married to wealthy Chester Tate but separates from and later divorces him in the latter seasons of the series . Sweet - natured , extremely naïve and sheltered , she is often in a world of her own . Her flirtatious nature and hourglass figure make her a frequent target of male attention , but she is honest and loyal to her marriage . She is in denial of her husband 's blatant infidelities throughout Season 1 , although everyone repeatedly tells her about him and must listen to her increasingly absurd excuses . In Season 2 when she is accused of murder , she has no concept of the seriousness of her trial , flirting and making jokes with the judge . Later seasons show Jessica as still very sweet , but also stronger and less naïve in that she finally throws Chester out of her life . Helmond is one of the two actors to appear in every episode of the series . Chester Tate ( Robert Mandan ) -- A wealthy stock broker and Jessica 's constantly philandering husband . According to Benson ( and nearly everyone else ) he will `` jump on anything that breathes ! '' He had affairs with his secretary , Claire ( Kathryn Reynolds ) , and , later , with another woman known as `` Pigeon '' . It was later revealed that he had an affair with his wife 's sister , Mary , and was the biological father of Danny Dallas . Chester and Jessica separate in Season 3 and divorce in Season 4 . Although Chester later falls in love with Eunice 's friend Annie , and marries her , he still loves Jessica enough to duel for her honor . Billy Tate ( Jimmy Baio ) -- The youngest child and only son of Jessica and Chester ( according to Benson , `` the only one in this family worth a damn '' ) . He gets caught up in a cult , the Sunnies , ( from which Benson has to rescue him ) , and later has an affair with his high school teacher , Leslie Walker . After he breaks off the affair , she makes multiple failed ( and laughable ) attempts to kill him and / or his family . He later becomes a general in El Puerco 's revolutionary army after rescuing him and Jessica from being lost in the ocean , learning Spanish and becoming very devoted to the revolutionaries ' anti-Communist cause , though his family members do not take this seriously . Corinne Tate Flotsky ( Diana Canova ) -- Jessica and Chester 's daughter , who acknowledges she slept with most of the male population of Dunn 's River . It is later revealed that she is adopted and is really the daughter of Jessica and Mary 's long - lost brother Randolph Gatling and family maid Ingrid Svenson . After a disastrous affair with Peter Campbell , Corinne marries ex-priest Tim Flotsky and gives birth to a baby named Timmy who turns out to be demon - possessed ( due to Tim 's outraged mother , Flo , cursing the marriage ) . She later has an affair with Dutch Leitner and then leaves Dunn 's River for California to raise Timmy , after Dutch leaves her to get back together with Eunice . Father Timothy Flotsky ( Sal Viscuso ) -- A former Catholic priest who leaves the priesthood to marry Corinne Tate , then later leaves her . Father of Timmy , who was possessed by a demon due to Timothy 's possessive unhinged mother ( Doris Roberts ) 's cursing of her son 's marriage . Eunice Tate - Leitner ( Jennifer Salt ) -- Jessica and Chester 's daughter . A spoiled social climber , Eunice dates a married congressman in Season 1 and then falls in love with convicted murderer Dutch Leitner and ultimately marries him . ( She also enjoys wearing garter belts . ) She is looked down upon by Benson , who only speaks to her to zing or insult her , for much of Season 1 , although he does begin to talk to her before he leaves the Tate 's employ . Dutch Leitner ( Donnelly Rhodes ) -- An escaped convict who hides out with the Tates after helping Chester break out of prison . He falls in love with , and eventually marries , Chester 's daughter Eunice . Though coarse in his manners , Dutch is grateful for the Tates ' acceptance and is genuinely devoted to the family , even while struggling to choose between Eunice and Corinne . The Major ( Arthur Peterson Jr . ) -- The father of Jessica Tate and Mary Campbell . The Major suffers from dementia and believes he is in the midst of fighting World War II . He often refers to Chester as `` Colonel '' . The Major is always in uniform and often irritates Benson and Saunders with his obliviously racist remarks . Mary Campbell ( née Gatling , previously Dallas ) ( Cathryn Damon ) -- The sister of Jessica Tate and one of the two main characters of the show . Down - to - earth , sensual and much brighter than her sister , she provides a comic foil to her sister 's spaced - out antics . At the start of the series she is married to her second husband , building contractor Burt Campbell . Her first husband , Johnny Dallas , was a mobster who ( unknown to Mary ) was killed by Burt in self - defense . Eventually , she has a baby with `` alien '' Burt , and by the series ' end has slowly become an alcoholic , as no one else ( besides Chuck and Bob ) sees the baby manifesting alien-esque qualities , such as being able to fly . Burt Campbell ( Richard Mulligan ) -- Burt is the second husband of Mary Campbell . In contrast to Chester , Burt is a loving family man who has a strong marriage with Mary . Burt is a high - strung building contractor who later becomes sheriff and is under consideration for a run as lieutenant governor . In Season 1 , Burt suffers from mental illness due to his guilt over accidentally killing Mary 's first husband , and the murder of his son Peter . For a time , he believes he can make himself invisible by snapping his fingers . He is also at one point abducted by aliens and replaced with X-23 , an alien Burt lookalike ( also played by Mulligan ) . Only Mary and Jodie know that Burt 's abduction was real . At the end of Season 3 , Burt becomes sheriff and gets increasingly involved in politics , leading him to ignore his family , putting his marriage at risk . Mulligan is also one of the two actors to appear in every episode of the series . Chuck and Bob Campbell ( Jay Johnson ) -- Chuck is Burt Campbell 's son by his first marriage . A ventriloquist , he is always accompanied by Bob , his dummy and alter ego . The pair dress alike and are always referred to as `` Chuck and Bob '' . While Chuck is mild - mannered , introverted , and polite , Bob is aggressive , rude and abrasive . All of the main characters with the exception of Benson and Saunders find themselves conversing with or referring to Bob as a real person , even in the face of fierce determination not to . Also , the dummy was often threatened with or has been the target of physical violence by nearly everyone , due to its obnoxiousness . Danny Dallas ( Ted Wass ) -- Mary Campbell 's eldest son . Sweet - natured , good - looking but not particularly bright , he is a low - level gangster due to his late father 's membership , not due to any aptitude or desire of his own . He is given the task of killing his stepfather Burt , but ca n't bring himself to do so , and as a result spends most of Season 1 on the run , popping up in ludicrous disguises . It is widely assumed that he is the son of Mary 's first husband Johnny Dallas but in later episodes it is revealed that his real father is Chester Tate ( born from an illicit affair Chester had with his mother , Mary ) . He is very protective of his younger half - brother Jodie , but is initially in denial about Jodie 's homosexuality . Danny is forced to marry Elaine , the mob boss 's daughter . He eventually falls in love with her ; she was later kidnapped and killed . Danny later gets involved in a series of failed relationships , including a girlfriend of one of Elaine 's kidnappers , an African - American woman , a prostitute , and Chester 's new wife , Annie . When Chester finds them in bed together , he plans to shoot them both ( this was a series cliffhanger ) . Danny also becomes Burt 's enthusiastic but inept deputy sheriff . Jodie Dallas ( Billy Crystal ) -- The son of Mary Campbell and her first husband Johnny Dallas . An openly gay man , he shares his mother 's common sense and pleasant temperament . He at first is dating a closeted football player but later fathers a daughter ( Wendy ) with Carol , an attorney who seduces him after meeting at his aunt Jessica 's murder trial . After Carol runs off to join the rodeo , Wendy is left with Jodie , triggering a custody battle and a kidnapping . The series ends with Jodie believing himself to be an old Jewish man , Julius Kassendorf , due to a failed hypnotherapy session . Peter Campbell ( Robert Urich ) -- Burt Campbell 's sleazy tennis pro son by his first marriage , he is carrying on affairs with both Jessica and Corinne , as well as numerous other women around town . His murder in Season 1 leads to the first - season cliffhanger : the question of who killed Peter Campbell . Benson ( Robert Guillaume ) -- The Tates ' wisecracking African - American cook / butler in the early seasons , who shows utter contempt for Chester . He is frequently the target of the Major 's racist quips , but Benson has a soft spot for Jessica , Corinne , and most notably Billy . He completely ignores Eunice while she is secretly dating the Congressman , but this changes after Season 1 . In 1979 , Benson leaves to be the head of household affairs for Jessica 's cousin , Governor Eugene Gatling , in the spin - off , Benson , wherein he is later revealed to have the last name of DuBois . Benson makes a brief re-appearance when Jessica is diagnosed with a fatal disease . Saunders ( Roscoe Lee Browne ) -- Benson 's African - American replacement as the Tates ' cook / butler , with a disdainful attitude similar to Benson 's , although with a more cultured and polished personality . Announcer Rod Roddy ( Originally slated to be Casey Kasem , who left after the pilot episode due to the show 's content ) Recurring characters Barney Gerber ( Harold Gould ) -- elderly hospital patient who shares a room with Jodie in Season 1 , and whose story gives Jodie the inspiration to continue living after a suicide attempt . Detective Donahue ( John Byner ) -- hired by Jessica to find the missing amnesiac Chester in Season 2 , he falls for Jessica , forcing her to choose between the two when Chester returns home . Dennis Phillips ( Bob Seagren ) -- A quarterback who is dating Jodie secretly in Season 1 and more openly in early Season 2 after the failure of his sham marriage . Ingrid Svenson ( Inga Swenson ) -- Corinne 's biological mother , who was the former maid of Jessica and Mary 's parents , and who was in love with Jessica and Mary 's brother , Randolph Gatling . She attempts to carry out revenge upon the Tate / Campbell family for opposing her romance with Randolph . She tries to influence Jessica 's murder trial by sleeping with the judge and blackmailing Sally into trying to break up Burt and Mary 's marriage . E. Ronald Mallu , Esq . ( Eugene Roche ) -- High priced attorney who defends Jessica in her murder trial . Mallu returns in Season 3 to represent Jodie in his custody case , and attempts to date the newly separated Jessica as well . Mallu is a thinly veiled caricature of the defense attorney F. Lee Bailey . The Godfather ( Richard Libertini ) , mob over-boss who orders Danny to kill Burt ( the killer of Danny 's father ) in Season 1 . When Danny fails to do so , The Godfather eventually forgives him as Danny is clearly an incompetent gangster . Chief of Police Tinkler ( Gordon Jump ) -- Responsible for the investigation of the murder of Peter Campbell , Tinkler always seems to arrive at the Tate house in time to share their dinner . Apparently also serves as the court bailiff in Dunn 's River . ( Routinely misidentifies himself as `` Piece of Cholief '' Tinkler ) Congressman Walter McCallum ( Edward Winter ) -- secretly sees Eunice until his wife , Marilyn , blackmails him into ending the relationship . Judge Anthony Petrillo ( Charles Lane ) -- the judge presiding over Jessica 's murder trial . Lost $40,000 in a bad investment deal because of Chester , and clearly holds a grudge against him for it . Claire ( Kathryn Reynolds ) -- Chester 's secretary and mistress in Season 1 . She had been with Chester as his secretary for twelve years , and had been his mistress for almost as long . During the first season , she blackmails Chester , ordering him to divorce his wife or go to prison for Securities Fraud . During one of her lunchtime dates with Chester , Jessica saw them kissing and cuddling and she finally realizes that Chester was not to be trusted ( upon seeing the two , Jessica breaks down in her sister , Mary 's arms ) . Chester later dumps and then fires Claire to support Jessica during the trial , which sends Claire into a screaming rage in the restaurant , trashing their meal in the process . She made good on her threat to call the Securities and Exchange Commission and blows the whistle on Chester . Sally ( Caroline McWilliams ) -- Burt 's secretary who attempts to seduce Burt , then lies to Mary about sleeping with him , all of which was due to blackmail pressure from the family 's enemy , Ingrid Svenson . ( Due to their performances on Soap , Caroline McWilliams and Inga Swenson were given roles on the spin - off , Benson , playing Governor 's secretary Marcy Hill and Cook Gretchen Kraus , respectively ) Polly Dawson ( Lynne Moody ) -- An African - American woman who considers marriage to Danny in Season 3 . Leslie Walker ( Marla Pennington ) -- a young school teacher who falls for Billy , but becomes suicidal and then homicidal after he breaks it off . One of her attempts to kill Billy ends up injuring Saunders . Millie ( Candice Azzara ) -- girlfriend of one of Elaine 's kidnappers , she rescues Danny , and comes home with him , but can not deal with the Campbell family and thus leaves . Gwen ( Jesse Welles ) -- a prostitute who falls for Danny in Season 4 , but leaves him to protect them both from a death threat . Elaine Lefkowitz ( Dinah Manoff ) -- daughter of Danny 's mob under - boss , her obnoxious , pushy personality makes a coerced marriage painful for Danny at first . After they genuinely fall in love , and her personality softens , Elaine is kidnapped and killed , which fuels Danny 's quest for revenge . Charles Lefkowitz ( Sorrell Booke ) -- Elaine 's mob - boss father and Danny 's under - boss , who calls off the contract on Danny in exchange for marrying Elaine , then cuts her off and refuses to pay the ransom when she is kidnapped . Dr. Alan Posner ( Allan Miller ) -- Jessica 's somewhat disturbed psychiatrist in Season 3 , he briefly dates her once she is separated from Chester , but becomes clingy and hysterical when she dumps him . El Puerco ( Gregory Sierra ) -- an anti-communist revolutionary who initially kidnaps Jessica , but later falls in love with her . ( Character name translation is `` The Pig '' ) Mr. Franklin ( Howard Hesseman ) -- the smarmy prosecuting attorney in Jessica 's murder trial , and is a strong rival of Mallu . Mrs. Lurleen David ( Peggy Pope ) -- Carol 's mother , who takes care of Jodie and Carol 's baby when Carol runs away to join the rodeo . She leaves the baby with Jodie , but then becomes part of the custody battle , initially lying for her daughter on the witness stand , but eventually telling the truth . F. Peter Haversham ( Michael Durrell ) -- ruthless attorney who represents Carol in the custody battle . Arch - nemesis of E. Ronald Mallu . Alice ( Randee Heller ) -- a lesbian who lives with Jodie in Season 2 , but who leaves after finding out Mrs. David 's reluctance to leave Jodie 's child with a lesbian as well as a gay man . ( Alice is American television 's first recurring lesbian character ) . Juan One ( Joe Mantegna ) -- The second in command to El Puerco , one of 3 soldiers named Juan . Carol David ( Rebecca Balding ) -- attorney & mother of Jodie 's child , who leaves Jodie at the altar , then leaves their baby with her mother . Carol fights for custody in Season 3 , then is responsible for kidnapping the baby when she loses the custody case . Annie Selig Tate ( Nancy Dolman ) -- a former friend of Eunice , Annie becomes Chester 's second wife , and soon has an affair with Danny . Maggie Chandler ( Barbara Rhoades ) -- A private investigator who helps Jodie search for his daughter and then has a relationship with him . Judge Betty Small ( Rae Allen ) -- judge presides over the Carol David / Jodie Dallas custody case , who formerly had a strong rivalry with Mallu . Marilyn McCallum ( Judith - Marie Bergan ) -- Walter 's wife , who blackmails Walter into ending the relationship with Eunice . Dr. Hill ( Granville Van Dusen ) -- the doctor who diagnoses Jessica with a fatal disease at the end of Season 3 ; he falls in love with her . Saul ( Jack Gilford ) -- a four - thousand - plus - year - old man who lives in the spacecraft but helps Burt escape from the aliens in Season 3 . Flo Flotsky ( Doris Roberts ) -- Tim 's unhinged mother , who curses her son for leaving the priesthood to marry Corinne , then after making a scene at the wedding , dies on their wedding night . Mrs. Sheila Fine ( Nita Talbot ) -- housewife who has an affair with Peter Campbell and provides crucial testimony against Jessica in the Season 1 murder trial . Dr. Medlow ( Byron Webster ) -- psychiatrist for Burt Campbell in Season 1 , he attempts to assist Burt with his impotence and then his perceived invisibility . Professor Anatole Martins ( Lee Bergere ) -- Mary 's college professor , in Season 2 . He makes unwelcome passes at Mary , and later attacks her , which Burt witnesses , and mistakes for an affair . Elmore Tibbs ( Hamilton Camp ) -- Mid-level mobster who runs a prostitution ring in town , blackmails Burt and Danny to force them to stop from shutting him down . Eddie ( Kene Holliday ) -- Polly 's brother , who does not approve of her dating Danny . Nurse Nancy Darwin ( Udana Power ) Jodie 's nurse who takes in interest in him , when he is planning a sex - change operation . Nielsen ratings and time slots ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season No. of episodes Season premiere Season finale Time slot Rank Rating Households ( in millions ) 1 ) 1977 -- 1978 25 September 13 , 1977 March 28 , 1978 Tuesday at 9 : 30 p.m. # 13 22.0 16.0 2 ) 1978 -- 1979 23 September 14 , 1978 March 15 , 1979 Thursday at 9 : 30 p.m. # 19 21.3 15.9 3 ) 1979 -- 1980 23 September 13 , 1979 March 27 , 1980 # 25 20.5 15.6 4 ) 1980 -- 1981 22 November 12 , 1980 April 20 , 1981 Wednesday at 9 : 30 p.m. Not in the Top 30 Pre-broadcast protests and controversy ( edit ) In early March 1977 , ABC screened the first two episodes of Soap for the executives of its 195 affiliate stations , many of whom were instantly appalled by the show 's emphasis on sex and infidelity . Two of the affiliates , neither in a major market , privately told ABC that the show was `` raunchy '' and its subject matter not fit for television . In June 1977 , a Newsweek preview of the fall season written by Harry F. Waters panned the show while mischaracterizing some of its basic plot elements and offering exaggerated reports of its sexual content . Despite having not seen the pilot , Waters called the show a `` sex farce '' and claimed ( erroneously ) that the show included a scene of a Catholic priest being seduced in a confessional . Waters also stated : Soap promises to be the most controversial network series of the coming season , a show so saturated with sex that it could replace violence as the PTA 's Video Enemy No. 1 . -- Harry F. Waters Whether Waters ' errors and misrepresentations were intentional or accidental is unknown . Within days of the Newsweek report , a number of local and national religious organizations began to quickly mobilize against Soap , despite the fact that they also had not seen the pilot . Among these were the National Council of Churches , the United Church of Christ , the United Methodist Church , the National Council of Catholic Bishops and the Christian Life Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention , the latter of which went so far as to divest itself of 2,500 shares of ABC stock `` because the board does not approve of programming related to the abuse of human sexuality , violence and perversion '' . The Roman Catholic Church , led by its Los Angeles Archdiocese , also condemned the show and asked all American families to boycott it saying `` ABC should be told that American Catholics and all Americans are not going to sit by and watch the networks have open season on Catholicism and morality . ( Soap ) is probably one of the most effective arguments for government censorship of TV that has yet come along . '' In August , the Board of Rabbis of Southern California representing three branches of Judaism , joined the Catholic protest saying that the as - yet unaired show `` reached a new low '' . Dr. Everett Parker of the United Church of Christ called Soap `` a low - life , salacious program '' and complained that the show would be airing when children would be able to watch it . ( ABC had scheduled it on Tuesdays after Happy Days and Laverne & Shirley , two of the most popular family television shows being broadcast at the time . ) These religious groups organized a letter - writing campaign designed to pressure the show 's sponsors not to advertise on the network . Although some of the religious groups asked their members to watch the show first , and then inform ABC of their feelings about it , others began working hard to get ABC to cancel the show before it premiered . One ABC vice president was shocked to learn that his 11 - year - old child was required by a parochial school teacher to write a letter of protest to ABC to take the show off the air . In the end , 32,000 people wrote letters to ABC , all but nine of them against it . In addition to the religious protest , Soap also faced substantial pre-broadcast criticism from the International Union of Gay Athletes and the National Gay Task Force , both of which were concerned about the way the gay character Jodie Dallas and how his professional football player lover would be portrayed . To allay the concern of advertisers , some of whom had begun to cancel sponsorship of the program , ABC reluctantly dropped the price for commercial time from $75,000 per spot to $40,000 per spot . When Soap premiered on September 13 , 1977 , 18 out of 195 ABC affiliates had refused to air the program with others choosing to broadcast it after 11pm . By its second week on the air , two more affiliates dropped out , bringing the boycott to 20 stations . `` The Soap Memo '' ( edit ) Aside from the external protests , Soap was also subject to heavy internal revisions from ABC 's Broadcast Standards & Practices department , which monitors the content of programs . Writer / creator Susan Harris had developed a story arc for Soap in the form of a `` show bible '' which traced all the major characters , stories and events for five seasons . The Standards & Practices executives ( commonly referred to as `` censors '' ) reviewed this extensive bible as well as the script for the two - part pilot and issued a long memo to Harris voicing their concerns about various story lines and characters . In addition to the sexual material that was widely reported in the press , the censors also took issue with the show 's religious , political , and ethnic content . `` The Soap Memo '' was leaked to the press before the show premiered and was printed in its entirety in the Los Angeles Times on June 27 , 1977 . Among their notes were : `` Please delete ( the lines ) ' ... the slut ' , ' that Polish slut , ' ' get your clothes off , ' ' it does n't grow back , ' ' transsexual , ' ' Oh my God , ' ' did it hurt ? ' '' `` Substitute ( the words ) ' fruit , ' ' slut , ' ' tinker bell . ' '' `` The CIA or any other government organization is not to be involved in General Nu 's smuggling operation . '' ( This character and storyline , which dealt with a Vietnamese opium smuggler who becomes involved in the Tate family through Jessica 's long - lost son , was eventually removed from the show bible . ) `` In order to treat Jodie as a gay character , his portrayal must at all times be handled without ' limp - wristed ' actions '' `` The colloquy between Peter and Jessica ... which relates to cunnilingus / fellatio is obviously unacceptable '' `` The relationship between Jodie and the football player should be handled in such a manner that explicit or intimate aspects of homosexuality are avoided entirely . '' `` Father Flotsky 's stand on liberalizing the Mass will have to be treated in a balanced , inoffensive manner . By way of example , the substitution of Oreos for the traditional wafer is unacceptable . '' `` The Soap Memo '' also contained notes that were subsequently disregarded by the producers including : `` Please change Burt Campbell 's last name to avoid association with the Campbell Soup Co . '' `` Corinne 's affair with a Jesuit priest , her subsequent pregnancy as a result , and later exorcism , are all unacceptable . '' `` Please direct Claire to dump the hot coffee in some part of Chester 's anatomy other than his crotch . '' ( Susan Harris later responded to this note : `` so we did n't -- we poured it in his lap . '' ) `` The Soap Memo '' was a rare public look into the behind - the - scenes process at a major network and copies of the document were often found posted on the bulletin boards of television production companies and on studio sets as a rallying point against censorship . In addition , the specific details in the memo further fueled the growing debate regarding the controversial content of Soap . Premiere and critical reception ( edit ) Soap premiered on Tuesday , September 13 , 1977 at 9 : 30pm . The show was preceded by a disclaimer that the show `` was part of a continuing character comedy '' that included adult themes and that `` viewer discretion '' was advised . The disclaimer was both displayed on the screen and read by Soap announcer Rod Roddy . It would remain throughout the first season before being dropped . Much of Soap 's controversy , among liberals and conservatives alike , ironically actually helped to sell the series to the general public . Fueled by six months of pre-show protests ( as well as a solid lead - in from the hit shows Happy Days , Laverne & Shirley and Three 's Company ) , the first episode swept its time slot with a 25.6 rating and 39 % share ( 39 % of the national audience ) . Although ABC received hundreds of phone calls after the premiere , executives at the network described initial public reaction as `` mild '' with more calls in favor of the show than in protest . A University of Richmond poll found that 74 % of viewers found Soap inoffensive , 26 % found it offensive , and half of those who were offended said they planned to watch it the next week . Initial reviews -- somewhat clouded by the controversy -- were mixed , with negative reviews predictably focusing on the show 's racy content . The Los Angeles Times called the show `` a prolonged dirty joke '' that `` is without cleverness or style or subtlety . Its sex jokes are delivered by the shovelful , like manure . '' Variety called the show `` forced and derivative '' , `` bland '' and `` predictable and silly '' while conceding that the sex is `` no more outrageous than daytime soapers , no more outspoken than Three 's Company . '' Time magazine praised the `` talented cast '' and singled out Jimmy Baio and Billy Crystal as `` sharp young comedians '' , but felt the show suffered from `` nastiness '' and `` lacked compassion '' . On the more positive side , TV Guide gave the show a good review saying that there was `` a heap of talent '' in the cast and asking `` It is funny ? Yes it is ... and I guess that constitutes redeeming social value '' . Harry F. Waters ' 1977 Newsweek review proved prescient of conservative reaction when the following year , the National PTA declared Soap one of `` ten worst '' shows in television . In spite of this designation , Soap ranked # 13 for the 1977 -- 78 season and went on to gain positive critical reviews and high ratings over the rest of its four - year run . Later seasons and cancellation ( edit ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although the uproar against Soap died down shortly after its premiere , the program continued to remain somewhat controversial , often generating additional criticism for its relatively frank depictions of homosexuals , racial and ethnic minorities , the mentally ill as well as its treatment of other taboo topics such as social class , marital infidelity , impotence , incest , sexual harassment , rape , student - teacher sexual relationships , kidnapping , organized crime , and new age cults . Much of the criticism focused on the openly gay character of Jodie Dallas ( Billy Crystal ) . Soap was among the earliest American prime time series to include an openly gay character who was a major part of the series . Social conservatives opposed the character on religious grounds , while some gay rights activists were also upset with the character of Jodie , arguing that certain story developments reinforced negative stereotypes , e.g. his desire to have a sex change operation , or represented a desire to change or downplay his sexual orientation . Before the start of the second season , ABC ran a 90 - minute retrospective clip show called `` Who Killed Peter ? '' in which Burt Campbell visits Jessica Tate in prison as she awaits the verdict of her murder trial . The two discuss each of the show 's individual characters and their possible motives for killing Burt 's son Peter using flashbacks to illustrate specific story lines . The show was designed to remind viewers of what happened in Season 1 to prepare them for the upcoming season . At the start of season three , another 90 - minute retrospective aired in which Jessica says goodbye to Benson , using the flashback clips to try to explain why he should stay . This show also served to help launch the spinoff Benson , which was premiering at the start of the 1979 -- 80 season . A third 90 - minute retrospective titled `` Jessica 's Wonderful Life '' aired at the start of Season 4 . Jessica , who had just died in hospital , found herself in heaven speaking to an angel ( played by Bea Arthur ) . Jessica explained via the flashback clips why she was not ready to die and had to return to earth to help her family . Although Susan Harris had planned for five seasons of Soap , the program was abruptly canceled by ABC after its fourth season . Therefore , the final one - hour episode , which originally aired on April 20 , 1981 , did not serve as a series finale and instead ended with several unresolved cliffhangers . These involve a suicidal Chester preparing to kill Danny and Annie ( his son and wife ) after catching them in bed together , an irreversibly hypnotized Jodie believing himself to be a 90 - year - old Jewish man , Burt preparing to walk into an ambush orchestrated by his political enemies , and Jessica about to be executed by a Communist firing squad . Vlasic Foods pulled their sponsorship of the program shortly after this episode aired and ABC announced that the program was not picked up for its planned fifth season . The official reason given by the network was its declining ratings . However , according to the Museum of Broadcast Communications , Soap `` ended under suspicion that resistance from ad agencies may have caused ABC to cancel ( it ) at that point '' because its still controversial content was negatively affecting its relationship with sponsors . A 1983 episode of Benson mentions Jessica 's disappearance , noting the Tate family is seeking to have her declared legally dead . In the episode , Jessica appears as an apparition that only Benson can see or hear and reveals to him that she is not dead , but in a coma somewhere in South America . No other incidents from the final episode of Soap are mentioned . Legacy ( edit ) Since its cancellation , Soap 's reputation has grown and it is often considered one of the best shows in television history . Much praise has been given to its `` exceptionally rich cast '' of performers `` such as was seldom seen on any serious dramatic show '' . In a 1982 post-series analysis in The Village Voice published just as the series was first entering syndication , TV critic Tom Carson lauded the ensemble saying that `` the cast matches the best TV series rep troupes ever . '' Carson went on to note that Soap `` patently started out intended as a lampoon of middle - class values , and ended up instead as a weirdly offbeat celebration of them '' . In 2007 , Time magazine , which initially panned the show , named it one of the 100 Best Shows of All - Time . The Museum of Broadcast Communications said that Soap is `` arguably one of the most creative efforts by network television before or after '' . In 2010 , The Huffington Post called Soap a `` timeless comedy '' and concluded : `` Rarely does a show come along with such a unique voice and vision from the first episode '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Soap was nominated for a total 17 Emmy Awards including : Outstanding Comedy Series -- nominated : 1978 , 1980 , 1981 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ( Richard Mulligan ) -- won : 1980 , nominated : 1981 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Cathryn Damon ) -- won : 1980 , nominated : 1978 , 1981 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series ( Katherine Helmond ) -- nominated : 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( Robert Guillaume ) -- won : 1979 Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series ( Jay Sandrich ) -- nominated : 1978 , 1979 Outstanding Art Direction in a Comedy Series -- won : 1978 Outstanding Achievement in Video Tape Editing in a Comedy Series -- nominated : 1978 At the 1981 Golden Globe Awards , Katherine Helmond won Best Performance by an Actress in a TV - Series -- Musical / Comedy . That same year , the program was also nominated for Best TV Series -- Musical / Comedy . Director Jay Sandrich was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series ' at the DGA Awards in 1978 and 1979 . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all four seasons of Soap on DVD in Region 1 . Season 1 has been released on DVD in Region 2 in Norway ( as Forviklingar ) , Sweden ( as Lödder ) , Spain ( as Enredo ) and the UK . Seasons 1 and 2 have been released in Australia ( Region 4 ) . DVD Name No. of episodes Region 1 Region 2 ( Norway , Sweden , Spain , UK ) The Complete First Season 25 September 16 , 2003 February 25 , 2009 The Complete Second Season 23 July 20 , 2004 The Complete Third Season 23 January 25 , 2005 The Complete Fourth Season 22 October 11 , 2005 The Complete Series 93 June 10 , 2008 Some of the episodes on these DVD collections are edited or replaced with the syndicated versions , shortened by as much as 2 to 3 minutes . Season 1 is also missing the disclaimer at the start of the show . In addition , the DVDs omit the three 90 - minute Soap retrospective clips shows , which aired before each season began to remind the audience of what happened in the story during the previous season . The season 1 retrospective `` Who Killed Peter Campbell ? '' and season 3 retrospective `` Jessica 's Wonderful Life '' were released on VHS in the 1990s . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Soap . They subsequently re-released the first and second seasons on DVD on September 2 , 2014 . On June 2 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released Soap : The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal List of Soap episodes Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 ) Benson ( 1979 ) The Life and Times of Eddie Roberts ( 1980 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Golden Girls ' Creator Adds Shows '' . LA Times . September 10 , 1991 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' . Time . Time.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best of Soap : Who Killed Peter ? '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Taylor Cole ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Randee Heller , ' Mad Mens Miss Blankenship , Played American Television 's First Recurring Lesbian Role '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Anxious as Affils Wary of ' Soap ' '' . Daily Variety . March 13 , 1977 . p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap -- The Museum of Broadcast Communications '' . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harry F. Waters ( June 13 , 1977 ) . `` 99 and 44 / 100 % Impure '' . Newsweek. 90 ( 3 ) : 92 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis Ayers ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` Billy Crystal 's place in gay pop culture history '' . AfterElton.com . Jump up ^ Garrett , Barry ( 22 September 1977 ) . `` Churchmen Say Carter Shows Partially to Catholics '' ( PDF ) . Baptist Press . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Church seeks boycott of ' Soap ' product '' . The Hollywood Reporter : 5 . June 2 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Mature Adult ' Soap ' Rocks ABC 's Boat '' . Time : 13 , 17 . Sep 18 , 1977 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viewpoint : Soap , Betty & Rafferty '' . Time : 72 . Sep 12 , 1977 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can ' Soap ' Slip Through the Minefield ? '' . Daily Variety . Sep 29 , 1977 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- Present . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 1266 . ISBN 978 - 0345497734 . Jump up ^ Sharbutt , Jay ( 18 July 1977 ) . `` ABC Slipping on ' Soap ' '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Sexual Controversies That Changed TV 4 . SOAP ( 1977 -- 1981 ) '' . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taming a Lusty Show : Censor 's Memo Tells How '' . Los Angeles Times . June 27 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` TV Review : ' Soap ' '' . Daily Variety . Sep 13 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Soap , '' . TV Guide : 48 . Oct 8 , 1977 . Jump up ^ Podrazik , Walter ( 1989 ) . Harry and Wally 's Favorite TV Shows . New York : Prentice Hall Trade . pp. 471 -- 472 . ISBN 978 - 0139332500 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- Present . New York : Ballantine Books . pp. 1266 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0345497734 . Jump up ^ `` There Is Life After Death '' . Village Voice : 100 . Dec 14 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason . `` Gone Too Soon : ' Soap ' '' . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Site News DVD news : Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low - Cost DVD Release - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soap DVD news : Announcement for Soap - The Complete Seasons 1 & 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Soap DVD news : Re-Release for Soap - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soap ( TV series ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Soap ( TV series ) Encyclopedia of Television Soap on IMDb Extended audio interview with Jay Johnson about Soap Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soap_(TV_series)&oldid=836494655 '' Categories : 1977 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1970s American satirical television series 1970s American sitcoms 1980s American sitcoms 1970s LGBT - related television series 1970s sex comedy television series 1980s American satirical television series 1980s LGBT - related television series 1980s sex comedy television series Adultery in television Alien visitations in fiction American Broadcasting Company network shows American LGBT - related sitcoms American parody television series American sex comedy television series American television soap operas English - language television programs Television controversies in the United States Television series about families Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Connecticut Television soap opera parodies Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from February 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 03 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who killed peter on the tv show soap	[ "The first season ends with Jessica convicted of the murder of Peter Campbell. The announcer concludes the season by announcing that Jessica is innocent, and that one of five characters—Burt, Chester, Jodie, Benson, or Corinne—killed Peter Campbell. Chester later confesses to Peter's murder and is sent to prison. He is soon released after a successful temporary insanity defense." ]	[ "Chester" ]
-4339069655552708395	Macy's Herald Square	Macy 's Herald Square - wikipedia Macy 's Herald Square Jump to : navigation , search R.H. Macy and Company Store U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark ( 1907 ) Macy 's Herald Square Macy 's Herald Square Macy 's Herald Square Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Location 151 West 34th Street Manhattan , New York City Coordinates 40 ° 45 ′ 1 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 18 '' W / 40.75028 ° N 73.98833 ° W / 40.75028 ; - 73.98833 Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 1 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 18 '' W / 40.75028 ° N 73.98833 ° W / 40.75028 ; - 73.98833 Built 1901 Architect De Lemos & Cordes NRHP reference # 78001873 Significant dates Added to NRHP June 2 , 1978 Designated NHL June 2 , 1978 Macy 's Herald Square ( originally named the R.H. Macy and Company Store ) is the flagship of the Macy 's department store chain ; it is located on Herald Square in Manhattan , New York City . The building 's 2.5 million square feet ( almost 232,258 square meters ) makes it one of the world 's largest department stores . As of 2017 , the store has stood at the site for 115 years . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1978 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Christmas and Holiday window displays 3 Events 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Macy 's entrance Macy 's was founded by Rowland Hussey Macy , who between 1843 and 1855 opened four retail dry goods stores , including the original Macy 's store in downtown Haverhill , Massachusetts , established in 1851 to serve the mill industry employees of the area . They all failed , but he learned from his mistakes . He moved to New York City in 1858 and established a new store named `` R.H Macy Dry Goods '' at Sixth Avenue on the corner of 14th Street . On the company 's first day of business on October 28 , 1858 , sales totaled $ 11.08 , equivalent to $312.83 today . From the very beginning , Macy 's logo has included a star in one form or another , echoing a red star - shaped tattoo that Macy got as a teenager when he worked on a Nantucket whaling ship . As the business grew , Macy 's expanded into neighboring buildings , opening more department stores , and used publicity devices such as a store Santa Claus , themed exhibits , and illuminated window displays to draw in customers . The store later moved to 18th Street and Broadway , on the `` Ladies ' Mile '' , the elite shopping district of the time , where it remained for nearly forty years . In 1875 , Macy took on two partners , Robert M. Valentine ( 1850 -- 1879 ) , a nephew ; and Abiel T. La Forge ( 1842 -- 1878 ) of Wisconsin , who was the husband of a cousin . Macy died just two years later in 1877 from Bright 's disease , The following year La Forge died and Valentine died in 1879 . Ownership of the company was passed down through the Macy family until 1895 , when the company , now called `` R.H. Macy & Co . '' , was acquired by Isidor Straus and his brother Nathan Straus , who had previously held a license to sell china and other goods in the Macy 's store . In 1902 , the flagship store moved uptown to Herald Square at 34th Street and Broadway , so far north of the other main dry goods emporia that it had to offer a steam wagonette to transport customers from 14th Street to 34th Street . Although the Herald Square store initially consisted of just one building , it expanded through new construction , eventually occupying almost the entire block bounded by Seventh Avenue on the west , Broadway on the east , 34th Street on the south and 35th Street on the north , with the exception of a small pre-existing building on the corner of 35th Street and Seventh Avenue and another on the corner of 34th Street and Broadway . Robert H. Smith purchased this latter 5 - story building in 1900 for $375,000 -- an incredible sum at the time -- with the idea of getting in the way of Macy 's becoming the largest store in the world : it is largely supposed that Smith , who was a neighbor of the Macy 's store on 14th Street , was acting on behalf of Siegel - Cooper , which had built what they thought was the world 's largest store on Sixth Avenue in 1896 . Macy 's ignored the tactic , and simply built around the building , which now carries Macy 's `` shopping bag '' sign by lease arrangement . That building earned the name Million Dollar Corner when it was finally sold for a then record $1,000,000 on December 6 , 1911 . The original Broadway store , designed by architects De Lemos & Cordes and built in 1901 -- 02 by the Fuller Company . It has a Palladian facade , but has been updated in many details . Other additions to the west were completed in 1924 and 1928 , and the Seventh Avenue building in 1931 , all designed by architect Robert D. Kohn , the newer buildings becoming increasingly Art Deco in style . The store boasts several wooden escalators still in operation . The building in 2010 In 2012 , Macy 's began the first full renovation of the iconic Herald Square flagship store at a reported cost of $400 million . Studio V Architecture , a New York - based firm , was the overall master plan architect of the project , with Kevin Kennon Architects providing the exterior and entry way designs . The firms ' design raised controversy over the nature of contemporary design and authentic restoration . The renovations completed in November 2015 but continues to modify the store to suit changing customer tastes and maximize return on the real estate . Also in 2016 , the company explored adding one or two towers to the building to house hotel or office space , in 2017 it considered turning the structure 's roof into a park . In August 2014 , Macy 's agreed to a $650,000 penalty proposed by the New York Attorney General to settle a number of claims of racial profiling and false detention involving nearly two dozen African - American , Latino and other customers at the Herald Square store , who had lodged complaints in February 2013 . As part of the deal , the retail group agreed to introduce policies to ensure all customers were treated equally regardless of race or ethnicity . Christmas and holiday window displays ( edit ) Every year , Macy 's is noted for its elaborate animated holiday and Christmas window displays in many locations across the U.S. , but most notably at the Herald Square location . Each year presents a different theme shown in six windows on the Broadway side of the building . Each window includes animated displays with complex scenery , attracting thousands of people to view them . Since 2012 , the windows have been designed , fabricated and animated by Standard Transmission Productions , located in Red Hook , Brooklyn . In 2007 , Macy 's launched a curated public art exhibition at the Herald Square flagship using its windows as a means to display pieces from several fashion designers including Misaki Kawai , Anna Sui and John F. Simon Jr ... The exhibit was titled Art Under Glass and was viewable to the public during the summer of 2007 through that year 's fashion week . Events ( edit ) Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ( 1928 -- present ) Broadway Side ( 1928 -- 2008 ) 34th Street Side ( 2009 -- present ) Macy 's Santa Land Macy 's Flower Show Macy 's Believe campaign See also ( edit ) Rowland Hussey Macy , for the founder of the store Macy 's , for a history of the chain Macy 's , Inc. , for a history of the company formerly known as Federated Department Stores , owners of Macy 's An early Macy 's building , dating from 1894 , at 56 West 14th Street , designated a NYC landmark in 2012 References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` R.H. Macy and Company Store '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . 2007 - 09 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Oh , Inae ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Macy 's $400 Million Grand Makeover To Flagship Store '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Adams , George R. ( February 1977 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : R.H. Macy and Company Store '' ( pdf ) . National Park Service . and Accompanying 4 photos , exterior , undated ( 1.03 MB ) Jump up ^ L.H. Robbins , `` The City Department Store : Evolution of 75 Years '' ( pay wall ) , The New York Times , 12 February 1933 , 130 . Jump up ^ Stephen Evans , `` The death of the department store '' , BBC News , 1 March 2005 Jump up ^ Burrows , Edwin G. & Wallace , Mike ( 1999 ) , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 195 - 11634 - 8 , pp. 945 - 946 ^ Jump up to : `` Abiel T. La Forge '' . The New York Times . February 13 , 1878 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert M. Valentine 's Will '' . The New York Times . February 26 , 1879 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . The will of Robert M. Valentine , late partner in the firm of R.H. Macy Co. , was offered for probate yesterday in the Surrogate 's office . Jump up ^ `` Rowland H. Macy , Merchant '' . The New York Times . March 31 , 1877 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Elaine S. `` R.H. Macy '' in Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2nd ed . ) , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11465 - 2 , p. 1102 ^ Jump up to : White , Norval & Willensky , Elliot ( 2000 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 4th ed . ) , New York : Three Rivers Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3107 - 5 , pp. 225 - 226 Jump up ^ `` THE REAL ESTATE FIELD ; $1,000,000 Paid for Small Broadway and 34th Street Corner '' . The New York Times . December 7 , 1911 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wurman , Richard Saul ( 2008 ) . Access New York City . HarperCollins . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0061350375 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Singer , Natasha ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` For Macy 's , a Makeover on 34th Street '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Top 2012 Retail Projects '' ( PDF ) . Architectural Record : 32 . September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Macy 's flagship 's $400 M makeover creating stir '' . CBS News . Associated Press . September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Palmieri , Jean E. ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Macy 's Completes Renovation of Men 's Department at Herald Square '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Jump up ^ Fickenscher , Lisa ; Weiss , Lois ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Macy 's considers adding a tower to iconic Herald Square store '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Fickenscher , Lisa ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Macy 's considering turning Herald Square roof into public park '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Kenneth ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Macy 's agrees to pay $650 G to settle state probe into racial profiling at its Herald Square store '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Go Behind The Scenes Of The Macy 's Herald Square Christmas Windows '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street Comes to Life in Red Hook '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on 2018 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cerullo , Megan ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Window Dressing '' . Brown Alumni Magazine . Jump up ^ Nathan , Lillien ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Anna Sui Opens Macy 's Art Exhibit , Loves Psychedelia '' . New York . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Further reading Hungerford , Edward `` Early History of Macy 's '' in The Romance of a Great Store ( 1922 ) External links ( edit ) Official website Media related to Macy 's Herald Square at Wikimedia Commons U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Macy 's , Inc . Bloomingdale 's Bluemercury Macy 's Key people Terry Lundgren Fred Lazarus Jr . Simon Lazarus Rowland Hussey Macy Isidor Straus Nathan Straus Events Glamorama Macy 's Great Tree Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade My Macy 's Holiday Parade Related Macy 's Herald Square Miracle on 34th Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macy%27s_Herald_Square&oldid=822698632 '' Categories : Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Commercial buildings completed in 1902 Tourist attractions in Manhattan Macy 's Midtown Manhattan Department stores on the National Register of Historic Places Real estate holdout Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 00 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many floors does macy's in nyc have	[]	[]
-5757718894979096152	Gatwick Airport	Gatwick airport - wikipedia Gatwick airport `` Gatwick '' redirects here . For the neighbourhood in Surrey , see Gatwick , Surrey . `` LGW '' redirects here . For other uses , see LGW ( disambiguation ) . Gatwick Airport IATA : LGW ICAO : EGKK WMO : 03776 Summary Airport type Public Operator Gatwick Airport Limited Serves London , United Kingdom Location Crawley , West Sussex Hub for British Airways Focus city for easyJet Norwegian Air Shuttle Thomas Cook Airlines TUI Airways Virgin Atlantic Elevation AMSL 203 ft / 62 m Coordinates 51 ° 08 ′ 53 '' N 000 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W / 51.14806 ° N 0.19028 ° W / 51.14806 ; - 0.19028 Coordinates : 51 ° 08 ′ 53 '' N 000 ° 11 ′ 25 '' W / 51.14806 ° N 0.19028 ° W / 51.14806 ; - 0.19028 Website www.gatwickairport.com Map LGW Location in West Sussex , England Runways Direction Length Surface m ft 08L / 26R 2,565 8,415 Asphalt 08R / 26L 3,316 10,879 Asphalt Statistics ( 2017 ) Passengers 45,561,700 Passenger change 16 -- 17 5.2 % Air Transport Movements 285,969 Movements change 16 -- 17 2.1 % Gates 115 ( in terminal ) Sources : UK AIP at NATS Statistics from Gatwick Airport Limited Gatwick Airport ( / ˈɡætwɪk / ) , also known as London Gatwick ( IATA : LGW , ICAO : EGKK ) is a major international airport near Crawley in West Sussex , southeast England , 29.5 miles ( 47.5 km ) south of Central London . It is the second - busiest airport by total passenger traffic in the United Kingdom , after London Heathrow . Gatwick is the eighth - busiest airport in Europe . Until 2017 , it was the busiest single - use runway airport in the world covering a total area of 674 Hectares . Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s , it has been in use for commercial flights since 1933 . The airport has two terminals , the North Terminal and the South Terminal , which cover areas of 98,000 m ( 1,050,000 sq ft ) and 160,000 m ( 1,700,000 sq ft ) respectively . It operates as a single - runway airport , using a main runway with a length of 3,316 m ( 10,879 ft ) . A secondary runway is available but , due to its proximity to the main runway , can only be used if that is out of use . In 2017 , 45.6 million passengers passed through the airport , a 5.2 % increase compared with 2016 . Contents 1 History 2 Ownership 3 Operations 3.1 Facilities 3.2 Flight movements 3.3 Security 3.4 Major airlines 3.5 City Place Gatwick 3.6 Gatwick Aviation Museum 4 Terminals 4.1 South Terminal 4.2 North Terminal 4.3 Terminal assignments and rearrangements 5 Airlines and destinations 6 Traffic and statistics 6.1 Overview 6.2 Busiest routes 6.3 Traffic 7 Ground transport 7.1 Road 7.2 Rail 7.3 Bus 7.4 Bicycle 7.5 Terminal transfer 8 Expansion proposals 9 Accidents and incidents 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Citations 12.2 Bibliography 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Gatwick Airport The land on which Gatwick Airport stands was first developed as an aerodrome in the late 1920s . The Air Ministry approved commercial flights from the site in 1933 , and the first terminal , `` The Beehive '' , was built in 1935 . Scheduled air services from the new terminal began the following year . Major development work at the airport took place during the 1950s . The airport buildings were designed by Yorke Rosenberg Mardall between 1955 and 1988 . In the 1960s , British United Airways ( BUA ) and Dan - Air were two of the largest British independent airlines at Gatwick , with the former establishing itself as the dominant scheduled operator at the airport as well as providing a significant number of the airport 's non-scheduled services and the latter becoming its leading provider of inclusive tour charter services . Further rapid growth of charter flights at Gatwick was encouraged by the Ministry of Aviation , which instructed airlines to move regular charter flights from Heathrow . Following the takeover of BUA by Caledonian Airways at the beginning of the following decade , the resulting airline , British Caledonian ( BCal ) , became Gatwick 's dominant scheduled airline during the 1970s . While continuing to dominate scheduled operations at Gatwick for most of the 1980s , BCal was also one of the airport 's major charter airlines until the end of the 1970s ( together with Dan - Air , Laker Airways and British Airtours ) . As a result of conditions imposed by Britain 's Monopolies and Mergers Commission on the takeover of BCal by the then newly privatised British Airways ( BA ) at the end of the 1980s , Dan - Air and Air Europe assumed BCal 's former role as Gatwick 's dominant scheduled short - haul operator while BA continued in BCal 's erstwhile role as the airport 's most important scheduled long - haul operator . Following the demise of Air Europe and Dan - Air ( both of which had continued to provide a significant number of charter flights in addition to a growing number of scheduled short - haul flights at Gatwick ) in the early 1990s , BA began building up Gatwick into a secondary hub ( complementing its main hub at Heathrow ) . These moves resulted in BA becoming Gatwick 's dominant airline by the turn of the millennium . BA 's subsequent decision to de-hub Gatwick provided the space for EasyJet to establish its biggest base at the airport and to become its dominant airline . BAA Limited ( now Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited ) and its predecessors , BAA plc and the British Airports Authority , owned and operated Gatwick from 1 April 1966 to 2 December 2009 . From 1978 to 2008 , many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US . US Airways , Gatwick 's last remaining US carrier , ended service from Gatwick on 30 March 2013 . This leaves Gatwick without a scheduled US airline for the first time in 40 years . On 17 September 2008 , BAA announced it would sell Gatwick after the Competition Commission published a report about BAA 's market dominance in London and the South East . On 21 October 2009 it was announced that an agreement had been reached to sell Gatwick to a consortium led by Global Infrastructure Partners ( GIP ) , who also have a controlling interest in Edinburgh airport , for £ 1.51 billion . The sale was completed on 3 December . In February 2010 , GIP sold minority stakes in the airport of 12 % and 15 % to the South Korean National Pension Service and the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority ( ADIA ) for £ 100 million and £ 125 million , respectively . The sales were part of GIP 's strategy to syndicate the equity portion of the original acquisition by issuing bonds to refinance bank debt . Although this entails bringing additional investors into the airport , GIP aims to retain management control . The Californian state pension fund CalPERS acquired a 12.7 % stake in Gatwick Airport for about $155 million ( £ 104.8 million ) in June 2010 . On 21 December 2010 , the A $ 69 billion ( £ 44 billion ) Future Fund , a sovereign wealth fund established by the Australian government in 2006 , agreed to purchase a 17.2 % stake in Gatwick Airport from GIP for £ 145 million . This transaction completed GIP 's syndication process for the airport , reducing its stake to 42 % ( although the firm 's extra voting rights mean it still controls the airport 's board ) . Ownership ( edit ) The airport is owned and operated by Gatwick Airport Limited , a wholly owned subsidiary of Ivy Holdco Limited . Operations ( edit ) Facilities ( edit ) On 31 May 2008 , Virgin Holidays opened the V Room , Gatwick 's first lounge dedicated to leisure travellers , for use by Virgin Holidays customers flying to Orlando , Las Vegas and the Caribbean on sister airline Virgin Atlantic . On 25 January 2017 , this lounge relocated to the North Terminal together with the Virgin Atlantic Clubhouse as part of the airline moves that saw British Airways and Virgin Atlantic exchange their previous terminal locations and EasyJet consolidated in the North Terminal . On 9 April 2009 , an independent pay - for - access lounge , No. 1 Traveller , opened in the South Terminal . Gatwick has a conference and business centre , and several on - and off - site hotels ranging in class from executive to economy . The airport has Anglican , Catholic and Free Church chaplains , and there are multi-faith prayer and counselling rooms in each terminal . A daily service is led by one of the chaplains . The Civil Aviation Authority Safety Regulation Group is in Aviation House . WesternGeco , a geophysical services company , has its head office and Europe -- Africa -- Russia offices in Schlumberger House , a 124,000 sq ft ( 11,500 m ) building on the airport grounds near the South Terminal . The company had a 15 - year lease on the building , scheduled to expire in June 2008 . In 2007 , WesternGeco reached an agreement with its landlord , BAA Lynton , extending its lease to 2016 at an initial rent of £ 2.1 million . Fastjet has its registered and head offices at Suite 2C in First Point at the airport . Before the sale , BAA planned an £ 874 million investment at Gatwick over five years , including increased capacity for both terminals , improvements to transport interchange and a new baggage system for the South Terminal . Passengers passing through the airport are informed about the redevelopment programme with large mobile barcodes on top of construction hoardings . Scanning these transfers information on the construction to the user 's smartphone . In summer 2013 , Gatwick introduced Gatwick Connect , a free flight connection service to assist passengers changing flights at Gatwick whose airlines do not provide a full flight connection service . At a Gatwick Connect desk in the baggage reclaim hall in each terminal , passengers can confirm their details or leave their bags for onward flights if already checked in online . As of mid-September 2015 , the service is branded `` GatwickConnects '' . It is available to passengers arriving on any airline who have an onward flight connection on Aer Lingus , Air Europa , Air Italy , Aurigny , British Airways , Cathay Pacific , EasyJet , Flybe , Norwegian Air Shuttle , TAP Portugal , Thomas Cook Airlines , TUI Airways , Virgin Atlantic , WestJet or WOW air . On 15 September 2015 , the airport launched a service enabling passengers to book connecting flights involving a change of aircraft at Gatwick , where airlines do not provide a full flight connection service , in a single transaction at a lower cost ( compared with the total cost when each flight is booked separately ) . It includes a guarantee to safeguard connections and make alternative arrangements for passengers who miss their connection in the event of their flight being delayed or cancelled . Gatwick claims this to be a world - first . This service is marketed under the `` GatwickConnects '' brand and is bookable through Dohop , Kayak , Momondo and Skyscanner . As of late 2016 , it is available to passengers flying with Aer Lingus , Air Europa , EasyJet , Norwegian Air Shuttle , TAP Portugal and WOW air . On 13 September 2017 , EasyJet launched `` Worldwide by EasyJet '' , a flight connection service bookable on the airline 's website to assist passengers transferring at Gatwick from one EasyJet flight to another , as well as passengers transferring at the airport between separate EasyJet , Norwegian Air Shuttle and WestJet flights . This service uses a new Easyjet technology platform , requires a minimum connecting time of two hours and 30 minutes and utilises the airport 's existing `` GatwickConnects '' free flight connection service to transfer passengers ' baggage between flights . Where connections are missed , it also includes a guarantee to rebook passengers on the next available flight . On 28 September 2017 , EasyJet announced that Aurigny was among four additional airlines it had signed up to `` Worldwide by EasyJet '' . The addition of Aurigny and Thomas Cook Airlines enables both of these airlines ' passengers to book flight connections with EasyJet , Norwegian Air Shuttle and WestJet via Gatwick on EasyJet 's website using the `` Worldwide by EasyJet '' distribution service in conjunction with the airport 's `` GatwickConnects '' flight connection service . On 2 October 2018 , EasyJet announced that Virgin Atlantic had joined `` Worldwide by EasyJet '' as a new connections airline partner at Gatwick Airport . Flight movements ( edit ) The airport control tower opened in 1984 . Gatwick operates as a single - runway airport although it has two runways ; the northern runway ( 08L / 26R ) can only be used when the main runway ( 08R / 26L ) is out of use for any reason . The UK Integrated Aeronautical Information Package gives the Takeoff Run Available ( TORA ) of its main runway ( 08R / 26L ) as 3,255 m when aircraft take off in a westerly direction ( 26 ) and 3,159 m when takeoffs occur in an easterly direction ( 08 ) . The documentation lists the respective TORA for the northern runway ( 08L / 26R ) as 2,565 m in both directions . Nearly three - quarters of takeoffs are towards the west ( 74 % over a 12 - month period ) . Both runways are 148 ft ( 45 m ) wide ; they are 656 ft ( 200 m ) apart , which is insufficient for the simultaneous use of both runways . During normal operations the northern runway is used as a taxiway , consistent with its original construction ( although it was gradually widened ) . In October 2018 the airport announced that it was `` exploring how to make best use of its existing runways , including the possibility of bringing its existing standby runway into routine use '' . One scenario would see 08L / 26R used for departing narrow - body aircraft only , while the longer 08R / 26L would be used for wide - body take - offs and all landings ; widening 08L / 26R would also increase the centreline separation slightly . New technology could also be used to increase capacity on the main runway , and in the longer term the airport remains interested in constructing a new runway to the south . The main runway uses a Category III Instrument Landing System ( ILS ) . The northern runway does not have an ILS ; when it is in use , arriving aircraft use a combination of distance measuring equipment and assistance from the approach controller ( using surveillance radar ) or ( where equipped , and subject to operator approval ) an RNAV ( GNSS ) approach ( also available for the main runway ) . On both runways , a continuous descent approach is used to minimise the environmental effects of incoming aircraft , particularly at night . Night flights are subject to restrictions ; between 11 pm and 7 am , noisier aircraft ( rated QC / 8 and QC / 16 ) may not operate . From 11.30 pm to 6 am ( the night quota period ) there are three limits : Number of flights A Quota Count system , limiting total noise permitted No night QC / 4 flights Security ( edit ) The airport is policed by the Gatwick District of Sussex Police . The district is responsible for the entire airport ( including aircraft ) and , in certain circumstances , aircraft in flight . The 150 officers attached to this district include armed and unarmed officers , and community support officers for minor offences . The airport district counters man - portable surface - to - air missiles ( MANPADS ) by patrolling in and around the airport , and a separate sub-unit has vehicle checks around the airport . Access to airside portions of the airport is controlled and maintained by the airport 's team of security officers , regulated by the Department for Transport . Brook House , an immigration - removal centre of Immigration Enforcement , was opened near the airport on 18 March 2009 by the then Home Secretary Jacqui Smith . Major airlines ( edit ) Exterior of the North Terminal before renovation Aircraft stands at the North Terminal The bridge connecting the North Terminal to its apron pier The airport is a base for scheduled airlines British Airways ( BA ) , EasyJet , Norwegian Air Shuttle and Virgin Atlantic and charter operators such as Thomas Cook Airlines and TUI Airways . Gatwick is unique amongst London 's airports in its representation of the three main airline business models : full service , low - cost and charter . As of October 2016 , these respectively accounted for 26.6 % , 61.3 % and 13.1 % of Gatwick 's seat capacity . By late 2015 , EasyJet flew over 100 routes from Gatwick with a fleet of more than 60 aircraft . The airport is the carrier 's largest base , and its 16 million passengers per year accounted for 45 % of Gatwick 's 2013 total ( ahead of Gatwick 's second - largest passenger airline : BA , whose 4.5 million passengers comprised 14 % of total passenger traffic in 2011 -- 12 ) . EasyJet , BA and Norwegian are Gatwick 's three biggest resident airlines . According to data from Airport Coordination Limited , these three airlines respectively accounted for 43.3 % , 19 % and 10.5 % of airport slots in April 2018 . According to this data , by April 2018 Norwegian had overtaken Virgin Atlantic as Gatwick 's number one transatlantic airline by seat capacity , and BA 's competitive response to Norwegian 's growing commercial threat to its transatlantic business would result in Virgin 's relegation to third position among the airport 's transatlantic airlines during the 2018 summer timetable period . EasyJet , BA and Norwegian collectively accounted for 65.43 % of Gatwick 's total passengers in 2016 ( EasyJet : 40.37 % / 17.4 million ; BA : 14.39 % / 6.2 million ; Norwegian : 10.67 % / 4.6 million ) . As per Official Airline Guide ( OAG ) data for the week of 29 May 2017 , their respective international departure seat capacity shares at the airport for summer 2017 are : 42.1 % , 15.4 % and 9.4 % . In terms of passengers carried , EasyJet and BA were also among the five largest airlines operating at Gatwick in 2010 ( which also included TUI Airways and Thomas Cook Airlines at the time ) and the top 10 in 2015 . In terms of total scheduled airline seats at Gatwick in 2014 , EasyJet accounted for 18.36 million , more than two - and - a-half times as many as second - placed BA ( seven million ) and nearly five times the number offered by third - placed Norwegian Air Shuttle ( 3.74 million ) . Using data sourced from the OAG Schedules Analyser , the following changes in the respective departure seat capacity shares of Gatwick 's three biggest airlines occurred from 2010 to 2015 : EasyJet 's share increased from 26.1 % in 2010 to 42.1 % in 2015 ; BA 's share dropped from 18.3 % in 2010 to 15 % in 2015 ; Norwegian 's share rose almost three-fold from less than 3 % in 2010 to 8.3 % in 2015 . EasyJet , BA , Norwegian , TUI Airways , Ryanair , Thomas Cook Airlines , Monarch Airlines , Virgin Atlantic , Vueling and Emirates were Gatwick 's top 10 airlines by share of passengers in 2017 . EasyJet 's acquisition of BA franchise carrier GB Airways in March 2008 increased its share of airport slots to 24 % ( from 17 % in late 2007 ) ; the airline became the largest short - haul operator at the airport , accounting for 29 % of short - haul passengers . By 2009 , BA 's share of Gatwick slots had fallen to 20 % from its peak of 40 % in 2001 . By 2010 , this had declined to 16 % . By mid-2012 , EasyJet had 45 % of Gatwick 's early - morning peak time slots ( 6 am to 8 : 55 am ) . By 2008 , Flybe was Gatwick 's third - largest airline ( accounting for 9 % of its slots ) and its fastest - growing airline . It became the airport 's largest domestic operator , carrying 1.2 million passengers in its 2011 -- 12 financial year on eight routes to destinations in the UK , the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man . In March 2013 , the airline announced that it would end operations at Gatwick , citing unsustainably high airport charges and increases in UK Air Passenger Duty . Flybe sold its 25 pairs of daily slots at the airport to EasyJet for £ 20 million . The latter 's share of Gatwick slots increased to 44 % in summer 2014 ; second - placed BA has held about 16 % of the airport 's slots since 2010 . Following the sale of its Gatwick slots to EasyJet , Flybe continues to provide the scheduled service between Gatwick and Newquay , as a result of being awarded the contract to fly this route under a four - year Public Service Obligation ( PSO ) . The EU -- US Open Skies Agreement , which became effective on 30 March 2008 , led a number of airlines to downsize their transatlantic operations at Gatwick in favour of Heathrow . Continental Airlines was the second transatlantic carrier ( after American Airlines ) to leave Gatwick after its decision to transfer the seasonal Cleveland service to Heathrow on 3 May 2009 . Slots left by the US carriers ( and the collapse of Zoom , XL Airways UK and Sterling ) were taken by EasyJet , Flybe , Norwegian Air Shuttle and Ryanair . A number of full - service airlines have established or resumed operations at the airport , including Aeroflot , Cathay Pacific , Qatar Airways , Swiss International Air Lines and Turkish Airlines . This is part of the airport 's strategy to attract higher - spending business travellers ( countering its dependence on European low - cost and charter markets ) , increasing year - round capacity utilisation by smoothing peaks and troughs in traffic . Gatwick 's success in persuading these airlines to launch ( or re-launch ) routes to overseas destinations important for business and leisure travel was aided by a lack of comparable slots at Heathrow . On 16 June 2015 , it was announced that Canadian airline WestJet would begin flights to Gatwick in the spring of 2016 . This was followed by an announcement on 25 June 2015 by Air Canada Rouge that it would begin a seasonal service from Gatwick to Toronto on 20 May 2016 . On 20 April 2017 , Norwegian Air Shuttle announced its first long - haul route operated by Norwegian Air UK from Gatwick to Singapore . City Place Gatwick ( edit ) Main article : City Place Gatwick Gatwick 's original terminal , the Beehive , is included within the City Place Gatwick office complex together with 1 , 2 and 3 City Place . The complex was developed by BAA Lynton . A number of airlines have had offices at the Beehive , including BEA / British Airways Helicopters , Jersey Airlines , Caledonian Airways , Virgin Atlantic and GB Airways . Other airlines which had headquarters on airport property ( including office buildings on the site of , or adjacent to , the original 1930s airport ) include British Caledonian , British United Airways , CityFlyer Express , Laker Airways and Tradewinds Airways . Gatwick Aviation museum ( edit ) Main article : Gatwick Aviation Museum Situated to the north - west of the airfield near the village of Charlwood , there is a museum including original items and photographs from Gatwick 's history , as well as a variety of military aircraft . It is open Friday , Saturday and Sunday all year round . Terminals ( edit ) South Terminal international arrivals concourse Gatwick 's North Terminal building and transit station before renovation The airport has two terminals , South and North . Both have shops and restaurants landside and airside , and all areas are accessible to disabled passengers . There are facilities for baby changing and feeding . Business travellers have specialised lounges . The North and South Terminals are connected by a 0.75 - mile ( 1.21 km ) , elevated , two - way automated people mover landside . They are not connected once past security . South Terminal ( edit ) The official opening of the central and main pier of what is now the South Terminal , with 11 aircraft stands , was on 9 June 1958 . Gatwick was one of the world 's first airports with an enclosed pier - based terminal , which allowed passengers to walk under cover to waiting areas near the aircraft ( with only a short walk outdoors ) . Another feature of Gatwick 's new air terminal was its modular design , permitting subsequent , phased expansion . As passenger numbers grew , a circular satellite pier was added to the terminal building . It was connected to the main terminal by the UK 's first automated people mover system . ( This replaced the original North pier dating from 1962 ; and the people mover was subsequently replaced with a walkway and travelators ) . North Terminal ( edit ) Construction began on the North Terminal on land previously earmarked for a second runway in the draft plan of May 1970 . This was the largest construction project south of London in the 1980s , costing £ 200 million . In 1991 a second aircraft pier was added to the North Terminal . On 16 May 2005 the new Pier 6 opened at a cost of £ 110 million , adding 11 pier - served aircraft stands . The pier is linked to the North Terminal 's main building by the largest air passenger bridge in the world , spanning a taxiway and providing passengers with views of the airport and taxiing aircraft . Terminal assignments and rearrangements ( edit ) As part of a seven - year strategic commercial partnership between Gatwick and EasyJet , the airport proposed a number of changes to individual airlines ' terminal locations . These would see EasyJet consolidate all its Gatwick operations in the North Terminal , while British Airways and Virgin Atlantic would swap their terminals . Gatwick believes that these terminal moves improve the airport 's operational efficiency and resilience , as the use of different terminals by EasyJet and British Airways reduces pressure on the North Terminal 's check - in , security , boarding and ramp areas at peak times . In addition , a terminal swap by Virgin frees up lounge and gate space for BA long - haul passengers in the South Terminal and , unlike BA 's current short - haul schedules , Virgin 's long - haul schedules do not clash with EasyJet 's busy schedule in the North Terminal due to the airlines ' differing peak times . It was confirmed in January 2015 that British Airways would move all its flights to the South Terminal in November 2016 while all EasyJet flights will be consolidated in the North Terminal at the same time . However it was decided in February 2016 to postpone the agreed relocation of airlines until 25 January 2017 , to avoid operational disruptions over the 2016 -- 17 Christmas season and to give all parties involved enough time to deal with any unforeseen issues ahead of the February 2017 half - term holidays . The relocation of these airlines was accomplished by the revised date on 25 January 2017 . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Gatwick Airport : Airlines Destinations Aegean Airlines Seasonal : Athens Aer Lingus Dublin , Knock Air Arabia Maroc Fez , Marrakesh , Tangier Air China Chengdu Air Europa Madrid Air Italy Seasonal : Olbia Air Malta Malta Air Transat Toronto -- Pearson Seasonal : Calgary , Montréal -- Trudeau , Vancouver airBaltic Riga , Tallinn Aurigny Guernsey Austrian Airlines Seasonal : Innsbruck Azores Airlines Seasonal : Ponta Delgada Belavia Minsk BH Air Seasonal : Burgas , Varna British Airways Algiers , Alicante , Amsterdam , Antigua , Barbados , Barcelona ( ends 30 March 2019 ) , Bermuda , Bilbao ( begins 31 March 2019 ) , Bordeaux , Cancún , Dubrovnik , Edinburgh , Faro , Fort Lauderdale , Fuerteventura , Funchal , Genoa , Glasgow , Grenada , Jersey , Kingston -- Norman Manley , Lanzarote , Málaga , Malta , Marrakech , Mauritius , Naples , New York -- JFK , Nice , Orlando , Paphos , Porto , Port of Spain , Providenciales , Punta Cana , Rome -- Fiumicino , St. Kitts , St. Lucia , Salzburg , San José de Costa Rica , Seville , Tampa , Tenerife -- South , Tirana , Tobago , Turin , Valencia ( ends 30 March 2019 ) , Venice , Verona Seasonal : Almeria ( begins 31 March 2019 ) , Bari , Cagliari , Cape Town , Catania , Cologne / Bonn ( begins 16 November 2018 ) , Dalaman , Friedrichshafen , Geneva , Gibraltar , Grenoble , Heraklion , Ibiza , Innsbruck , Kos ( begins 15 May 2019 ) , Larnaca , Las Vegas , Lima , Limoges , Malé , Menorca , Nuremberg , Palma de Mallorca , Rhodes , Thessaloniki , Toronto -- Pearson , Vienna Cathay Pacific Hong Kong China Airlines Taipei -- Taoyuan China Eastern Airlines Shanghai -- Pudong ( begins 7 December 2018 ) Croatia Airlines Seasonal : Split easyJet Aarhus ( begins 2 November 2018 ) , Aberdeen , Agadir , Alicante , Almería , Amsterdam , Athens , Barcelona , Bari , Basel / Mulhouse , Belfast -- International , Berlin -- Schönefeld , Berlin - Tegel , Bologna , Bordeaux , Budapest , Catania , Copenhagen , Edinburgh , Faro , Fuerteventura , Geneva , Gibraltar , Glasgow , Gran Canaria , Granada , Hamburg , Hurghada , Innsbruck , Inverness , Isle of Man , Jersey , Kraków , Lanzarote , Larnaca , Lisbon , Ljubljana , Luxembourg , Lyon , Funchal , Madrid , Málaga , Malta , Marrakech , Marseille , Milan -- Linate , Milan -- Malpensa , Montpellier , Munich , Murcia , Nantes , Naples , Nice , Olbia , Palermo , Palma de Mallorca , Paphos , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Pisa , Porto , Prague , Reykjavík -- Keflavík , Rome -- Fiumicino , Seville , Sofia , Stuttgart , Tallinn , Tenerife -- South , Thessaloniki , Toulouse , Valencia , Venice , Verona , Vienna , Warsaw - Chopin ( begins 31 October 2018 ) , Zürich Seasonal : Ajaccio , Ancona , Antalya , Aqaba ( begins 10 November 2018 ) , Bastia , Biarritz , Bodrum , Brindisi , Chania , Corfu , Dalaman , Dubrovnik , Figari , Friedrichshafen , Grenoble , Heraklion , Ibiza , Izmir , Kalamata , Kefalonia , Klagenfurt , Kos , La Palma , La Rochelle , Menorca , Mykonos , Östersund , Preveza , Pula , Rhodes , Rovaniemi ( begins 31 October 2018 ) , Salzburg , Santiago de Compostela , Santorini , Split , Tel Aviv -- Ben Gurion , Tivat , Turin , Varna , Volos , Zakynthos Emirates Dubai -- International Enter Air Seasonal charter : Kefalonia , Corfu , Lemnos , Preveza , Samos , Skiathos Finnair Seasonal : Ivalo , Kittilä Flybe Newquay Georgian Airways Tbilisi Iberia Express Madrid Icelandair Reykjavík -- Keflavík Iraqi Airways Baghdad , Erbil , Sulaimaniyah Level Vienna Montenegro Airlines Seasonal : Tivat Norwegian Air Shuttle Alicante , Barcelona , Bergen , Boston , Buenos Aires -- Ezeiza , Chicago -- O'Hare , Copenhagen , Denver , Fort Lauderdale , Gothenburg , Gran Canaria , Helsinki , Lanzarote , Los Angeles , Madrid , Málaga , New York -- JFK , Oakland , Orlando , Oslo -- Gardermoen , Palma de Mallorca , Singapore ( ends 12 January 2019 ) , Stavanger , Stockholm -- Arlanda , Tampa ( begins 31 October 2018 ) , Tenerife -- South , Trondheim Seasonal : Austin , Chania , Corfu , Dubrovnik , Faro , Ibiza , Kephalonia , Larnaca , Las Vegas , Reykjavík -- Keflavík , Rovaniemi , Santorini , Seattle / Tacoma , Split , Tromsø Pegasus Airlines Seasonal : Dalaman Qatar Airways Doha Rossiya Saint Petersburg Royal Air Maroc Casablanca RwandAir Kigali Ryanair Alicante , Cork , Dublin , Shannon SmartWings Prague Swiss International Air Lines Seasonal : Geneva TAP Air Portugal Lisbon , Porto Thomas Cook Airlines Cancún , Enfidha , Fuerteventura , Holguín , Hurghada , Gran Canaria , Lanzarote , Punta Cana , Tenerife -- South Seasonal : Almería , Antalya , Banjul , Barbados , Bodrum , Burgas , Cape Town , Cayo Coco , Corfu , Dalaman , Geneva , Goa , Heraklion , Ibiza , Innsbruck , Izmir , Lleida -- Alguaire , Kalamata , Kavala , Kefalonia , Kos , Larnaca , Malta , Marsa Alam , Menorca , Mytilene , Naples , Orlando , Palma de Mallorca , Paphos , Preveza / Lefkas , Reus , Rhodes , Rovaniemi , Sal , Santorini , Skiathos , Split , Zakynthos TUI Airways Agadir , Alicante , Boa Vista , Cancún , Enfidha , Fuerteventura , Funchal , Gran Canaria , Hurghada , La Palma , Lanzarote , Liberia , Málaga , Malta , Marrakech , Marsa Alam , Mauritius , Montego Bay , Paphos , Puerto Vallarta , Punta Cana , Sal , St. Lucia , Tenerife -- South , Varadero Seasonal : Almeria , Alghero , Antalya , Aruba , Barbados , Bodrum , Burgas , Catania , Chania , Colombo , Corfu , Dalaman , Dubrovnik , Faro , Girona , Heraklion , Ibiza , Innsbruck , İzmir , Jerez de la Frontera , Kavala , Kefalonia , Kos , Krabi , Lamezia Terme ( begins 11 May 2019 ) , La Romana , Larnaca , Menorca , Naples , Olbia , Orlando / Sanford , Palma de Mallorca , Phuket , Phu Quoc , Podgorica , Porto Santo , Preveza / Lefkada , Pula , Reus , Rhodes , Rijeka ( begins 23 May 2019 ) , Salzburg , Samos , Santorini , Skiathos , Split , Thessaloniki , Varna , Venice , Verona , Zakynthos Seasonal charter : Chambéry , Geneva , Kittilä , Kuusamo , Langkawi ( begins 19 December 2018 ) , Sofia , Toulouse , Turin , U-Tapao / Pattaya ( begins 26 December 2018 ) Tunisair Tunis Turkish Airlines Istanbul -- Atatürk , Istanbul -- Sabiha Gökçen Seasonal : Bodrum Ukraine International Airlines Kiev -- Boryspil Virgin Atlantic Antigua , Barbados , Cancún , Grenada , Havana , Las Vegas ( ends 30 March 2019 ) , Montego Bay , Orlando , Saint Lucia , Tobago Vueling Barcelona , Bilbao , Florence , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Rome -- Fiumicino WestJet Calgary , Toronto -- Pearson Seasonal : Edmonton , Halifax , Vancouver , Winnipeg Wizz Air Bucharest WOW air Reykjavík -- Keflavík Notes ^ 1 Iraqi Airways ' flights between Gatwick and Baghdad stop in Malmö . However , the airline does not have the rights to transport passengers solely between Gatwick and Malmö . ^ 2 Rwandair 's flights between Gatwick and Kigali stop in Brussels . However , the airline does not have the rights to transport passengers solely between Gatwick and Brussels . Traffic and statistics ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) In 2015 , Gatwick became the first single runway airport to handle more than 40 million passengers annually . By 2016 , EasyJet accounted for over 40 % of Gatwick 's total passengers . When ranked by global passenger traffic , Gatwick is 35th busiest internationally and the eighth busiest airport in Europe . Gatwick is the world 's leading low - cost airport and until March 2017 had the world 's busiest single - use runway , with a maximum of 55 aircraft movements per hour . Busiest routes ( edit ) The busiest routes to and from London Gatwick during 2016 are listed in the following table . Busiest routes to and from Gatwick ( 2016 ) Rank Airport Total passengers Change 2015 / 16 Barcelona 1,357,124 0.7 % Dublin 1,306,914 20.6 % Málaga 1,166,991 10.0 % Amsterdam 1,062,388 8.7 % 5 Madrid 947,394 1.5 % 6 Dubai -- International 920,462 6.3 % 7 Tenerife -- South 862,014 15.0 % 8 Belfast -- International 858,757 82.6 % 9 Geneva 844,937 0.0 % 10 Alicante 824,710 7.3 % 11 Faro 809,645 7.8 % 12 Palma de Mallorca 802,509 12.7 % 13 Orlando 791,669 7.4 % 14 Copenhagen 777,585 2.4 % 15 Rome -- Fiumicino 747,299 0.9 % 16 Venice -- Marco Polo 731,801 11.3 % 17 Edinburgh 700,064 4.0 % 18 Jersey 658,968 1.5 % 19 Glasgow 608,550 0.6 % 20 Nice 594,693 8.4 % 21 Berlin -- Schonefeld 592,605 7.9 % 22 Milan -- Malpensa 550,593 4.2 % 23 Stockholm -- Arlanda 492,461 3.0 % 24 Lanzarote 474,869 11.2 % 25 Barbados 447,003 3.2 % Traffic ( edit ) Gatwick handled 186,172 passengers during its first seven months of operation after the 1956 -- 58 reconstruction ; the annual number of passengers passing through the airport was 368,000 in 1959 and 470,000 in 1960 . Passenger numbers reached one million for the first time during the 1962 -- 63 fiscal year , with British United Airways ( BUA ) accounting for four - fifths . The 1.5 million mark was exceeded for the first time during the 1966 -- 67 fiscal year . This was also the first time more than half a million scheduled passengers used the airport . Gatwick accommodated two million passengers for the first time during the 1967 -- 68 fiscal year and three million in the 1969 -- 70 fiscal year , with BUA accounting for nearly half . By the early 1970s , 5 million passengers used Gatwick each year , with a record 5.7 million during the 1973 -- 74 fiscal year . During that period , British Caledonian accounted for approximately half of all charter passengers and three - fourths of scheduled passengers . Within a decade annual passenger numbers doubled , to 10 million ; they doubled again , to over 20 million , by the late 1980s . By the turn of the millennium , Gatwick handled more than 30 million passengers annually . Gatwick passenger totals , 2000 -- 2017 ( millions ) Updated : 13 January 2018 . Number of passengers Percentage change Number of movements Freight ( tonnes ) 2000 32,068,540 -- 260,859 318,905 31,181,770 02.8 % 252,543 280,098 2002 29,627,420 05.0 % 242,379 242,519 2003 30,005,260 01.3 % 242,731 222,916 31,466,770 04.9 % 251,195 218,204 2005 32,775,695 04.2 % 261,292 222,778 2006 34,163,579 04.2 % 263,363 211,857 2007 35,216,113 03.1 % 266,550 171,078 2008 34,205,887 02.9 % 263,653 107,702 2009 32,392,520 05.3 % 251,879 74,680 31,375,290 03.1 % 240,500 104,032 2011 33,674,264 07.3 % 251,067 88,085 2012 34,235,982 01.7 % 246,987 97,567 2013 35,444,206 03.5 % 250,520 96,724 2014 38,103,667 07.5 % 259,692 88,508 2015 40,269,087 05.7 % 267,760 73,371 2016 43,119,628 07.1 % 280,666 79,588 2017 45,516,700 05.2 % 285,969 97,045 45.6 million passengers passed through Gatwick in 2017 , an increase of 5.2 % over the previous year . North Atlantic , other long - haul , UK , Irish , European scheduled and European charter passenger traffic recorded increases over the previous year of 20.2 % , 9.9 % , 5.1 % , 4.3 % , 3.7 % and 1.5 % to 3.25 million , 4.13 million , 4.08 million , 1.69 million , 29.36 million and 3.06 million , respectively . Air transport movements increased by 2.1 % to 285,969 . Cargo volume increased by 24.4 % to 97,045 metric tonnes . Compared with a year earlier , September 2018 passenger numbers increased by 0.3 % to 4.478 million ( an increase of 14,800 over September 2017 ) . The following changes were recorded amongst individual passenger traffic categories : North Atlantic traffic + 20.5 % ( 398,600 passengers ) ; other long - haul traffic + 15.6 % ( 361,600 passengers ) ; Irish traffic + 0.4 % ( 132,100 passengers ) ; European scheduled traffic - 1.5 % ( 3.018 million passengers ) ; European charter traffic - 7.9 % ( 249,800 passengers ) ; UK traffic - 9.6 % ( 318,300 passengers ) . Air transport movements decreased by 1 % to 26,951 . Cargo volume increased by 17.4 % to 9,873 metric tonnes . Key to the overall traffic growth was a 18.1 % increase in long - haul passenger traffic , in particular to and from North America ( + 20.5 % ) . This growth was driven by additional passengers travelling to and from Denver ( + 215.4 % ) , Boston ( + 71.3 % ) , Kigali ( 51.5 % ) , Fort Lauderdale ( + 47.9 ) and Hong Kong ( + 4.2 % ) . This in turn drove the increase in cargo traffic . The continuing decrease in UK traffic was driven by Ryanair 's suspension of flights between Gatwick and Belfast International Airport to get to grips with pilot rostering issues . Ground Transport ( edit ) North Terminal A23 roundabout Gatwick has set goals of 40 % public transport use by the time annual passenger traffic reaches 40 million ( in 2015 ) and 45 % by the time it reaches 45 million . Road ( edit ) The airport is accessible from a motorway spur road at junction 9A of the M23 , which links to the main M23 motorway 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) east at junction 9 . The M23 connects with London 's orbital motorway , the M25 , 9 miles ( 14 km ) north ; this provides access to much of Greater London , the South East and beyond , and the M23 is the main route for traffic to the airport . Gatwick is also accessible from the A23 , which serves Horley and Redhill to the north and Crawley and Brighton to the south . The A217 provides access northwards to the town of Reigate . The airport has long - and short - stay car parks at the airport and off - site , although these are often full in summer . Local restrictions limit parking at ( and near ) Gatwick . Rail ( edit ) hide Gatwick Express route Legend London Victoria Gatwick Airport Haywards Heath Burgess Hill Hassocks Brighton Airport railway station The airport railway station , next to the South Terminal , provides connections along the Brighton Main Line to Victoria and London Bridge stations in London and Brighton , Worthing , Eastbourne , Portsmouth and Bognor Regis to the south . Although the Gatwick Express to Victoria ( operated by Southern ) is the best - known service from the station , other companies ( including Thameslink and Great Western Railway ) also use the station and Southern services Victoria and London Bridge under its own name . Thameslink provides direct trains to Luton Airport ; Great Western Railway trains directly link Gatwick Airport with Guildford and Reading for onwards connections to Oxford , Bristol , Plymouth and Cardiff . Pedestrians may reach Heathrow by a X26 Express Bus outside East Croydon station , an intermediate stop for rail service to London . London Oyster Cards and contactless cards have been accepted on all rail routes from Gatwick Airport into London since January 2016 . Bus ( edit ) National Express Coaches operates coaches to Heathrow Airport , Stansted Airport and cities and towns throughout the region and country . Oxford Bus Company operates direct services to Oxford , and EasyBus operates mini-coaches from both terminals to Earls Court and West Brompton . Local buses connect the North and South Terminals with Crawley , Horley , Redhill , Horsham and Caterham . Services are offered by Metrobus and Fastway , a partly guided bus rapid transit system which was the first of its kind to be built outside a major city . Bicycle ( edit ) Route 21 of the National Cycle Network passes under South Terminal , allowing virtually traffic - free cycling northwards to Horley and southwards to Three Bridges and Crawley . A goods - style lift runs between the terminal and ground level ( labelled `` Lift to Cycle Route '' ) , near Zone L . Terminal transfer ( edit ) hide Gatwick Airport Shuttle Legend North Terminal to London South Terminal Gatwick Airport to Brighton Airport inter-terminal transit , showing the latest generation of rolling stock approaching the North Terminal The airport 's North and South Terminals are connected by a 0.75 miles ( 1.21 km ) , elevated , two - way automated people mover track . The transit shuttle normally consists of two automatic , three - car , driver-less trains . Although colloquially known as a `` monorail '' , the shuttle runs on a dual , concrete track with rubber tyres and is not ( technically ) a monorail . The transit is ground - side , and besides linking the two terminals also serves to link the North terminal to the airport railway station . The shuttle opened in 1987 , along with the North Terminal , and initially used Adtranz C - 100 people - mover cars which remained in operation until September 2009 , by which time they had travelled a total of 2.5 million miles ( 4 million km ) . Gatwick began upgrading its shuttle service in April 2008 , with a bus replacement service in place from September 2009 . A new operating system and shuttle cars ( six Bombardier CX - 100 vehicles ) was installed , and the guideway and transit stations were refurbished at a total cost of £ 45 million . The system re-opened on 1 July 2010 , two months ahead of schedule ; it featured live journey information and sensory technology to count the number of passengers at stations . An earlier transit system , that opened in 1983 to link the main terminal ( now the South Terminal ) to the ( then new ) circular satellite pier , was the UK 's first automated people - moving system . This system has since been replaced by a walkway - and - moving walkway link , although the remains of the elevated guideway are still visible . Expansion proposals ( edit ) Main article : Expansion of Gatwick Airport Gatwick has been included in a number of reviews of airport capacity in southeastern England . Expansion options have included a third terminal and a second runway , although a 40 - year agreement not to build a second runway was made in 1979 with West Sussex County Council . Expanded operations would allow Gatwick to handle more passengers than Heathrow does today , with a new terminal between two wide - spaced runways . This would complement or replace the South Terminal , depending on expected future traffic . Airport management 's proposal for a second runway ( south of the existing runway and airport boundary ) were unveiled in July 2013 . This was shortlisted for further consideration by the Airports Commission in December 2013 , and the commission 's final report was published in July 2015 . Another proposal would extend the North Terminal south , with a passenger bridge in the area currently occupied by aircraft stands without jet bridges . Gatwick 's draft master plan ( released for consultation on 13 October 2011 ) apparently dropped the passenger - bridge plan in favour of a mid-field satellite ( next to the control tower ) linking to the North Terminal as part of an expanded 2030 single - runway , two - terminal airport . In late 2011 , the Department for Transport ( DfT ) also began a feasibility study for a high - speed rail link between Gatwick and Heathrow as part of a plan combining the airports into a `` collective '' or `` virtual hub '' , Heathwick . The scheme envisages a high - speed rail route parallel to the M25 , covering 35 miles ( 56 km ) in 15 minutes . Trains would reach speeds of 180 mph ( 290 km / h ) , and passengers would need to pass through immigration ( or check in ) only once . A 2018 proposal for a high - speed railway link to Heathrow , HS4Air , is currently being considered by the DfT . The proposal is part of a scheme to link the High Speed 1 and High Speed 2 railway lines and connect regional cities in Britain to the Channel Tunnel . The DfT will respond to the HS4Air plans in the autumn of 2018 . On 1 July 2015 , the Airports Commission submitted their final report , recommending the expansion of Heathrow Airport as opposed to Gatwick . Whilst the commission recognised Gatwick 's benefits and relatively less environmental consequences than Heathrow , they felt the economic benefits of Gatwick vs. Heathrow were not as great , nor as broad - ranging . Gatwick are disputing the findings . Accidents and Incidents ( edit ) 15 September 1936 -- A British Airways Ltd de Havilland DH 86 on a night mail flight to Germany crashed on takeoff , killing the airline 's chief pilot and two crew members . November 1936 -- A British Airways Ltd Fokker F 12 crashed in a wood 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) south of Gatwick on its final approach to the airport under a low ceiling in poor visibility , killing both pilots and seriously injuring the flight engineer . 17 February 1959 -- A Turkish Airlines Vickers Viscount 794D ( registration : TC - SEV ) on an international charter flight crashed in heavy fog at Newdigate , Surrey , on its approach to Gatwick after striking trees . Fourteen of the 24 on board died , and Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes was amongst the survivors . 5 January 1969 -- A Boeing 727 - 113C ( registration : YA - FAR ) operating flight 701 of Ariana Afghan Airlines arriving from Frankfurt Airport , Germany , crashed into a house in Fernhill ( near Horley , Surrey ) in low visibility . The flaps were not extended to maintain flight at final - approach speed . Forty - eight of the 62 on board died , in addition to two on the ground . 28 January 1972 -- A British Caledonian Vickers VC10 - 1109 ( registration : G - ARTA ) with no passengers aboard sustained severe structural damage as a result of a hard landing at Gatwick at the end of a short ferry flight from Heathrow , where the aircraft had been diverted due to fog at Gatwick . After touching down on runway 08 and applying spoilers and reverse thrust , the aircraft became airborne again , bounced twice and landed heavily . This resulted in a burst front wheel tyre , a separated wheel and a crumpled fuselage ( immediately in front of and behind the wings ) . A survey of the aircraft 's damage revealed that its airframe was bent out of shape , requiring extensive repairs to be restored to airworthiness . Since the repairs were not cost - effective , the airline 's management decided to cannibalise the aircraft for spare parts before scrapping it at Gatwick in 1975 . 20 July 1975 -- A British Island Airways ( BIA ) Handley Page Dart Herald 201 ( registration : G - APWF ) was involved in a runway accident while departing on a scheduled flight to Guernsey . The aircraft lifted off from runway 26 after a ground run of 2,490 feet ( 760 m ) , and appeared airborne for 411 ft ( 125 m ) ( with its landing gear retracting ) , before the rear underside of the fuselage settled back onto the runway and brought the aircraft to a stop . An investigation concluded that the landing gear was retracted before the aircraft had become established in a climb and the flap setting and takeoff speed were incorrect . Although the aircraft incurred substantial damage , none of the 45 occupants were hurt . See also ( edit ) List of airports in the United Kingdom World 's busiest airports by passenger traffic Busiest airports in Europe by passenger traffic Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gatwick has two runways , however the proximity to each other prevents simultaneous operation of both runways meaning only one runway can be used at any one time . Jump up ^ independent from government - owned corporations Jump up ^ as of May 2012 ^ Jump up to : excluding scheduled regional air services Jump up ^ including scheduled regional air services ^ Jump up to : 1 April 2011 to 31 March 2012 Jump up ^ British Airways , 15 % ; Thomson Airways , 11 % ; Monarch Airlines , 7 % ; Flybe and Thomas Cook Airlines , 6 % each Jump up ^ including eight early - morning peak - time slot pairs Jump up ^ by passengers ; by movements until 2016 Jump up ^ 1 April 1962 to 31 March 1963 Jump up ^ 1 April 1966 to 31 March 1967 Jump up ^ 1 April 1967 to 31 March 1968 Jump up ^ 1 April 1969 to 31 March 1970 Jump up ^ 1 April 1973 to 31 March 1974 Jump up ^ number of passengers including both domestic and international Jump up ^ number of movements represents total aircraft takeoffs and landings during each year Jump up ^ air transport movements ^ Jump up to : excluding North Atlantic ^ Jump up to : including the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man ^ Jump up to : including North Africa References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` London Gatwick -- EGKK '' . Nats-uk.ead-it.com . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gatwick 's busiest ever December closes record - breaking year as 45.6 m passengers travel through in 2017 ( > Media Centre > Press Releases > 2018 ) '' . 12 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionaries ( retrieved 5 September 2012 ) Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Just where are our airports ? '' . Channel 4 News . 18 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` At a glance '' . Gatwick Airport . 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : V , Manju ( 13 May 2017 ) . `` Now , Mumbai world 's busiest airport with only one runway '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Facts and Stats '' . Gatwick Airport . 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Powers ( 1992 ) . In the Line of Development : FRS Yorke , E Rosenberg and CS Mardall to YRM , 1930 -- 1992 . RIBA Heinz Gallery . ISBN 1 - 872911 - 20 - X . Jump up ^ Cooper , B. , Got your number , Golden Gatwick , Skyport , Gatwick edition , Hounslow , 6 June 2008 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Iyengar , K. , Bermuda Bloomers , Golden Gatwick , Skyport , Gatwick edition , Hounslow , 8 February 2008 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Iyengar , K. , The only way is up , Golden Gatwick , Skyport , Gatwick edition , Hounslow , 11 April 2008 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Iyengar , K. , Heading North , Golden Gatwick , Skyport , Gatwick edition , Hounslow , 9 May 2008 , p. 16 Jump up ^ `` easyJet 's biggest base at London Gatwick has 50 aircraft and almost 100 routes ; Spain remains # 1 market in summer ( > Airline Analysis ) '' . Anna.Aero. 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British Airports Authority in Business , Air Transport ... '' Flight International . 14 April 1966 . p. 584 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Gatwick Airport . 2014 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda 2 initialled , Air Transport '' . Flight International . 2 July 1977 . p. 5 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Airways Announces Schedule for Charlotte to London Heathrow Service and Opens Flights for Sale '' . US Airways . 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Braniff History -- Braniff History Time Line : 1978 '' . clippedb.org ( The Association of Former Braniff Flight Attendants ) . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BAA agrees Gatwick airport sale '' . BBC News . 21 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Susan ; Roumeliotis , Greg ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` Abu Dhabi wealth fund buys into Gatwick Airport '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gatwick Airport News : GIP to replace bank debt with bonds '' . Gatwick-Airport-uk.info. 24 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Christie , Jim ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Calpers acquires 12.7 percent stake in Gatwick Airport '' . REUTERS -- UK . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Future Fund gets Gatwick go - ahead '' . Financial Times . 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ivy Holdco Limited '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` V Room -- The new Lounge at Gatwick '' . Virgin Atlantic . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Caswell , Mark ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Virgin Holidays unveils new Gatwick v - room ( > News ) '' . Business Traveller . Retrieved 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chaplain 's Corner -- with Gatwick chaplain Sister Jo Threlfall '' , Skyport , Gatwick edition , Hammersmith , 29 April 2011 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Bus Services to CAA Safety Regulation Group , Aviation House Archived 1 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Civil Aviation Authority . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . `` Aviation House South Area Gatwick Airport RH6 0YR '' Jump up ^ `` Regions '' . WesternGeco. 2014 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Europe / Africa / Russia '' . WesternGeco. 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eade , Christine . `` The market in minutes -- Sussex . '' Property Week . 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Investor Contacts '' . ( Archive ) Fastjet . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . `` Registered Office and Head Office fastjet Plc Suite 2C First Point Buckingham Gate Gatwick Airport RH6 0NT '' Jump up ^ `` Gatwick Airport Consultative Committee '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giant barcodes at UK airport to lead visitors on `` Discovery Tour '' `` . The Next Web . 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Redefining airport hubs : ( Self ) - connectivity : the next vital piece in the industry 's advancement -- Gatwick Airport is another example where self - connection matters '' . CAPA Centre for Aviation . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GTMC : Gatwick no longer ' bucket - and - spade airport ' '' . TTG Digital . 5 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GatwickConnects FAQs ( > at the airport > FAQs ) '' . Gatwick Airport . 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New world - first GatwickConnects booking service launched , providing more choice and more competitive fight options ( > Media Centre > Press Releases ) '' . Gatwick Airport . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gatwick Innovates To Link Its Low - Cost Airlines ( > News > Breaking News ) '' . routes online . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Otley , Tom ( 31 December 2016 ) . `` Gatwick hopes for greater connectivity ( > News > Features ) '' . Business Traveller . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world at your fingertips '' . EasyJet. 13 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Otley , Tom ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Easyjet , Norwegian and Westjet to enable customers to connect at London Gatwick ( > News ) '' . Business Traveller . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` easyJet adds four new partner airlines to ' Worldwide by easyJet ' distribution service '' . 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ISBN 0 - 85033 - 718 - 6 King , John , with Tait , Geoff , ( 1980 ) Golden Gatwick -- 50 Years of Aviation , British Airports Authority . King , John , ( 1986 ) Gatwick -- The Evolution of an Airport , Gatwick Airport Ltd. and Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society . ISBN 0 - 9512036 - 0 - 6 Bain , Gordon , ( 1994 ) , Gatwick Airport , Airlife Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85310 - 468 - X Tait , Geoffrey , ( 1984 ) , The Gatwick Express , G. Tait & Associates Ltd . ISBN 0 - 95088 - 020 - 5 Eglin , Roger ; Ritchie , Berry ( 1980 ) . Fly me , I 'm Freddie . London , UK : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 77746 - 7 . Thomson , Adam ( 1999 ) . High Risk : The Politics of the Air . London , UK : Sidgwick and Jackson . ISBN 0 - 283 - 99599 - 8 . Simons , Graham M. ( 1993 ) . The Spirit of Dan - Air . Peterborough , UK : GMS Enterprises . ISBN 1 - 870384 - 20 - 2 . Simons , Graham M. ( 1999 ) . It was nice to fly with friends ! The story of Air Europe . 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3504357940209922256	Mark L. Young	Mark L. Young - Wikipedia Mark L. Young Jump to : navigation , search Mark L. Young ( born Markell V. Efimoff January 1 , 1991 ) is an American actor . Attended LaSalle University in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Young began acting at the age of 9 and moved to Los Angeles when he was 12 to pursue his career . His first significant on - screen credit was a small role in two episodes of the HBO series Six Feet Under . Career ( edit ) Young 's other notable appearances include television shows The OC , Dexter , Big Love , Childrens Hospital , Heroes , Secret Life of the American Teenager , Cold Case , ER , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and The Inbetweeners , while his film credits include Sex Drive , Happiness Runs , The Lucky Ones , and We 're the Millers . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Note 2003 Rogues Choir Harry + Max Harry , Aged 15 2005 In Memory of My Father Middle Chris Deleted scenes 2008 Sex Drive Randy 2008 The Lucky Ones Scott Cheaver Happiness Runs Victor 2013 Movie 43 Calvin Cutler ; Segment `` The Thread '' 2013 Beneath Grubbs 2013 We 're the Millers Scottie P 2014 Tammy Jesse 2014 The Guilty Innocent Josh 2014 The Curse of Downers Grove Post-production 2015 Daddy 's Home Dental hygienist Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Note 2003 Still Standing Kid # 1 1 episode : `` Still Partying '' 2003 - 2004 Six Feet Under Eric Sheedy 2 episodes : `` Tears , Bones & Desire '' , `` In Case of Rapture '' 2005 CSI : Miami Lucas Hall 1 episode : `` Nailed '' 2005 The O.C. Prepubescent Geek # 1 1 episode : `` The Asshole '' 2006 Dexter Jeremy Downs 2 episodes : `` Popping Cherry '' , `` Circle of Friends '' 2006 Cold Case Young Jed Huxley 1 episode : `` The Key '' 2007 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Tommy Halpert 1 episode : `` Lying Down with Dogs '' 2007 ER Evan Hayes 1 episode : `` Crisis of Conscience '' 2009 Big Love Franky 4 episodes 2009 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Thomas 2 episodes : `` Making Up Is Hard to Do '' , `` Money for Nothing , Chicks for Free '' 2009 Heroes Jeremy Greer 2 episodes : `` Tabula Rasa '' , `` Strange Attractors '' CSI : NY Tom Reynolds 1 episode : `` Hide Sight '' Childrens Hospital Raye LePlante 1 episode : `` Joke Overload '' Criminal Minds Owen Porter 1 episode : `` Exit Wounds '' 2012 The Inbetweeners Neil Sutherland Main cast 12 episodes 2013 Workaholics Simon 1 episode : `` Fourth and Inches '' 2013 Kroll Show Mark 's Son 1 episode : `` Can I Finish ? '' 2013 The Neighbors Logan 1 episode : `` Good Debbie Hunting '' 2013 - 2014 Betas Trevor Recurring cast 5 episodes 2014 Mind Games Ryan McKee 1 episode : `` Apophenia '' 2014 The Comeback Tyler Beck Main cast ( season 2 ) 8 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark L. Young IMDB . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ YoungMaleCelebs.net Retrieved July 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Mark L. Young : The Inbetweeners '' . MTV.com . Retrieved Jan 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ We 're the Millers Official Site . Warner Brothers 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Happiness Runs - Film Review - The Hollywood Reporter External links ( edit ) Mark L. Young on IMDb This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_L._Young&oldid=801769424 '' Categories : 1991 births American male film actors Living people American male child actors People from Everett , Washington Male actors from Washington ( state ) 21st - century American male actors American male television actors American television actor , 1990s birth stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Nederlands Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 18 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays no ragrets in we're the millers	[]	[]
-8782401879992797712	Our Lady of Mount Carmel	Our Lady of Mount Carmel - wikipedia Our Lady of Mount Carmel Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Our Lady of Mount Carmel ( disambiguation ) . Our Lady of Mount Carmel Our Lady of Mount Carmel by Pietro Novelli , 1641 Holy See approval 30 January 1226 , during the pontificate of Pope Honorius III 1587 , during the pontificate of Pope Sixtus V Shrine none Patronage Carmelites , Chile , Bolivia , Quiapo , Manila , New Manila , Quezon City , Malolos City , Bulacan , Catemaco , Aylesford , Roraima , Birkirkara , Jaboticabal , Valletta , Pernambuco , Higuerote , protection from harm , protection from dangerous situations , deliverance from Purgatory Our Lady of Mount Carmel is the title given to the Blessed Virgin Mary in her role as patroness of the Carmelite Order . The first Carmelites were Christian hermits living on Mount Carmel in the Holy Land during the late 12th and early to mid-13th century . They built in the midst of their hermitages a chapel which they dedicated to the Blessed Virgin , whom they conceived of in chivalric terms as the `` Lady of the place . '' Our Lady of Mount Carmel was adopted in the 19th century as the patron saint of Chile , in South America . Since the 15th century , popular devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel has centered on the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , also known as the Brown Scapular , a sacramental associated with promises of Mary 's special aid for the salvation of the devoted wearer . Traditionally , Mary is said to have given the Scapular to an early Carmelite named Saint Simon Stock . The liturgical feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is celebrated on 16 July . The solemn liturgical feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was probably first celebrated in England in the later part of the 14th century . Its object was thanksgiving to Mary , the patroness of the Carmelite Order , for the benefits she had accorded to it through its difficult early years . The institution of the feast may have come in the wake of the vindication of their title `` Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary '' at Cambridge , England in 1374 . The date chosen was 17 July ; on the European mainland this date conflicted with the feast of St. Alexis , requiring a shift to 16 July , which remains the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel throughout the Catholic Church . The Latin poem `` Flos Carmeli '' ( meaning `` Flower of Carmel '' ) first appears as the sequence for this Mass . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Carmelite devotion to Mary 3 Prayer to the Blessed Mother of Mount Carmel 4 Church teaching 5 Association with Purgatory 6 Apparitions 7 Miracles 8 Use in the peace movement 9 Gallery of statues 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) The Carmelite Order was the only religious order to be started in the Crusader States . In the 13th century , some of its people migrated west to England , setting up a chapter and being documented there about 1241 - 1242 . A tradition first attested to in the late 14th century says that Saint Simon Stock , believed to be an early English prior general of the Carmelite Order soon after its migration to England , had a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary in which she gave him the Brown Scapular . This formed part of the Carmelite habit after 1287 . In Stock 's vision , Mary promised that those who died wearing the scapular would be saved . The Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is known to many Catholic faithful as the `` scapular feast , '' associated with the Brown Scapular of the Carmelite order . This is a devotional sacramental signifying the wearer 's consecration to Mary and affiliation with the Carmelite order . Based on available historical documentation , the liturgical feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel did not originally have a specific association with the Brown Scapular or the tradition of Stock 's vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary . This tradition grew gradually , as did the liturgical cult of St. Simon . The latter has been documented in Bordeaux , where Stock died , from the year 1435 ; in Ireland and England , from 1458 ; and in the rest of the Order , from 1564 . Historians have long questioned whether Stock had the vision of Mary and the scapular . Although Simon Stock was never officially canonized , his feast day was celebrated in the church . In 1642 , a Carmelite named Fr . John Cheron published a document which he said was a 13th - century letter written by Saint Simon Stock 's secretary , Peter Swanington . Since the early 20th century , historians have concluded that this letter was forged , likely by Cheron himself . But Stock 's vision was long embraced by many promoters of the scapular devotion . The forged Swanington letter claimed that 16 July 1251 was the date of the vision ( 16 July being the date of the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel ) , which led for centuries to a strong association between this feast day and the scapular devotion . Also associated with Our Lady of Carmel was a papal bull saying that there was a Sabbatine privilege associated with devotion to the saint ; that is , that Until the late 1970s , the Catholic liturgy for that day expressed the scapular devotion . Vatican II resulted in scrutiny of the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , as well as that of Saint Simon Stock , because of the historical uncertainties about the origins . The liturgies were revised and , in the 21st century , neither , even in the Carmelite proper , makes reference to the scapular . The Carmelite convent of Aylesford , England , was restored and a relic of Saint Simon Stock was placed there in 1951 . The saint 's feast is celebrated in the places dedicated to him . A saqra ( animal figure ) dancer watching the procession of Mamacha Carmen from a balcony In Spain and other Spanish - speaking countries , there has been particular devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel , who has been adopted as a patron saint of several places , as she has been in other Catholic - majority countries . In addition , Carmen and María del Carmen have been popular given names for girls in Spanish - speaking countries . For example , an annual festival , known as Mamacha Carmen , is held in the highland Paucartambo District , Peru , featuring a procession with the Virgin and traditional dancers . Veneration of the Virgen del Carmen ( often also associated with the Stella Maris ) is particularly strong in coastal towns of Spain . Carmelite devotion to Mary ( edit ) The Carmelites consider the Blessed Virgin Mary to be a perfect model of the interior life of prayer and contemplation to which Carmelites aspire , as well as a model of virtue , in the person who was closest in life to Jesus Christ . She is seen as the one who points Christians most surely to Christ . As she says to the servants at the wedding at Cana , `` Do whatever he ( Jesus ) tells you . '' Carmelites look to the Virgin Mary as a Spiritual Mother . The Stella Maris Monastery ( Star of the Sea ) on Mount Carmel , named after a traditional title of the Blessed Virgin Mary , is considered the spiritual headquarters of the order . Fr . Gabriel of St. Mary Magdalene de ' Pazzi , OCD , a revered authority on Carmelite spirituality , wrote that devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel means : a special call to the interior life , which is preeminently a Marian life . Our Lady wants us to resemble her not only in our outward vesture but , far more , in heart and spirit . If we gaze into Mary 's soul , we shall see that grace in her has flowered into a spiritual life of incalculable wealth : a life of recollection , prayer , uninterrupted oblation to God , continual contact , and intimate union with him . Mary 's soul is a sanctuary reserved for God alone , where no human creature has ever left its trace , where love and zeal for the glory of God and the salvation of mankind reign supreme . ( ... ) Those who want to live their devotion to Our Lady of Mt . Carmel to the full must follow Mary into the depths of her interior life . Carmel is the symbol of the contemplative life , the life wholly dedicated to the quest for God , wholly orientated towards intimacy with God ; and the one who has best realized this highest of ideals is Our Lady herself , ' Queen and Splendor of Carmel ' . '' Prayer to the Blessed Mother of Mount Carmel ( edit ) O most beautiful flower of Mt . Carmel , fruitful vine , splendor of Heaven , Blessed Mother of the Son of God , Immaculate Virgin , assist me in my necessity . O Star of the Sea , help me and show me you are my Mother . O Holy Mary , Mother of God , Queen of Heaven and earth , I humbly beseech you from the bottom of my heart to succor me in this necessity ( make request ) . There are none that can withstand your power . O Mary , conceived without sin , pray for us who have recourse to thee . Sweet Mother I place this cause in your hands . Amen . Church teaching ( edit ) A 1996 doctrinal statement approved by the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments states that `` Devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel is bound to the history and spiritual values of the Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel and is expressed through the scapular . Thus , whoever receives the scapular becomes a member of the order and pledges him / herself to live according to its spirituality in accordance with the characteristics of his / her state in life . '' According to the Church on the Brown Scapular : `` The scapular is a Marian habit or garment . It is both a sign and pledge . A sign of belonging to Mary ; a pledge of her motherly protection , not only in this life but after death . As a sign , it is a conventional sign signifying three elements strictly joined : first , belonging to a religious family particularly devoted to Mary , especially dear to Mary , the Carmelite Order ; second , consecration to Mary , devotion to and trust in her Immaculate Heart ; third , an urge to become like Mary by imitating her virtues , above all her humility , chastity , and spirit of prayer . '' Association with purgatory ( edit ) Our Lady of Mount Carmel with angels and souls in Purgatory . Baroque sculpture from Beniaján ( Spain ) . Since the Middle Ages , Our Lady of Mount Carmel has been related to Purgatory , where souls are purged of sins in the fires . In some images , she is portrayed as accompanied with angels and souls wearing Brown Scapulars , who plead for her mediation . In 1613 , the Church forbade images to be made of Our Lady of Mt . Carmel descending into purgatory , due to errors being preached about certain privileges associated with the Brown Scapular ( known as `` the Sabbatine Privilege '' ) . That privilege appears in the noted Decree of the Holy Office ( 1613 ) . It was inserted in its entirety ( except for the words forbidding the painting of the pictures ) into the list of the indulgences and privileges of the Confraternity of the Scapular of Mount Carmel . In the 21st century , the Carmelites do not promote the Sabbatine Privilege . They encourage a belief in Mary 's general aid and prayerful assistance for their souls beyond death , especially her aid to those who devoutly wear the Brown Scapular , and commend devotion to Mary especially on Saturdays , which are dedicated to her . Our Lady of Mount Carmel , Palmi Apparitions ( edit ) Our Lady of Mount Carmel was seen in the apparitions of Cova da Iria in Fátima , Portugal , by Lúcia Santos during the Miracle of the Sun . She also appeared to Saint Simon Stock to whom she gave the Brown Scapular . The Garabandal apparitions , in Spain , were reported to be images of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel . Acquafondata , italy , the apparition of the Virgin of Mount Carmel , on July 16 , 1841 . There is today a small sanctuary on the site . Acquafondata Our Lady of Mount Carmel Miracles ( edit ) In Palmi , Italy , the anniversary of the earthquake of 1894 is observed annually on 16 November . The earthquake had its epicenter in the city . An associated event has been classified as the `` miracle of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . '' For 17 days preceding this earthquake , many of the faithful had reported strange eye movements and changes in the coloring of the face in a statue of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . The local and national press reported these occurrences . In the evening of 16 November , the faithful improvised a procession carrying the statue of the Virgin of Carmel on their shoulders through the streets . When the procession reached the end of the city , a violent earthquake shook the whole district of Palmi , ruining most of the old houses along the way . But , only nine people died out of a population of about 15,000 inhabitants , as almost all of the population had been on the street to watch the procession and were not trapped inside the destroyed buildings . Therefore , the city commemorates the 1894 procession each year , accompanied by firecrackers , lights , and festive stalls . The Catholic Church has officially recognized the miracle . On November 16 , 1896 the statue of the Virgin was crowned , based on the decree issued September 22 , 1895 by the Vatican Chapter . Use in the peace movement ( edit ) The first atomic bomb was exploded in the United States at the Trinity test site on 16 July 1945 , near Alamogordo , New Mexico . The Catholic anti-war movement has built on the coincidence between this date and the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel . In 1990 , the Rev. Emmanuel Charles McCarthy , a priest of the Eastern Rite ( Byzantine - Melkite ) of the Catholic Church , initiated the `` 16 July Twenty - Four Hours Day of Prayer , '' for Forgiveness and Protection with Our Lady of Mount Carmel , at Trinity Site in the New Mexico desert . Each year on 16 July , a prayer vigil is conducted at the Trinity site to pray for peace and the elimination of nuclear weapons . Gallery of statues ( edit ) Part of a series on Scapulars of the Catholic Church Sacramental garments General Saint Simon Stock Our Lady of Mount Carmel Rosary and scapular Sabbatine Privilege Specific scapulars Mount Carmel ( Brown ) Fivefold Scapular Passion ( Red ) Passion ( Black ) Seven Sorrows of Mary ( Black ) The Archangel ( Blue / Black ) Good Counsel ( White ) Sacred Heart of Jesus ( White ) Immaculate Heart of Mary ( White ) Immaculate Conception ( Blue ) Green Scapular ( Green ) Scapular of Our Lady of Walsingham Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary Catholicism portal Statues of Our Lady of Mount Carmel usually depict her with a Brown scapular . Beniaján , Spain Chile Chile Biscay , Spain Medellín , Colombia Paucartambo , Peru Boston , USA Oaxaca , Mexico Oaxaca , Mexico Pattada , Sardegna See also ( edit ) Discalced Carmelites Byzantine Discalced Carmelites References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bede Edwards , OCDS . `` St. Simon Stock -- The Scapular Vision & the Brown Scapular Devotion . '' Carmel Clarion Volume XXI , pp 17 -- 22 , July -- August 2005 , Discalced Carmelite Secular Order , Washington Province . Jump up ^ Scapular Devotion . '' July -- August 2005 , Discalced Carmelite Secular Order , Washington Province . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jotischky ( 2002 ) . The Carmelites and Antiquity . Mendicants and their Pasts in the Middle Ages . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Simon Stock '' Jump up ^ Jotischky , Carmelites and Antiquity , p. 59 , footnote ^ Jump up to : Louis Saggi , O. Carm . `` Saint Simon Stock ( XIII Century ) Saint , Priest '' , Scholarly historical information , Carmel Net ^ Jump up to : Fr . Paul D'Souza , OCD . `` The Carmelite Scapular : History and Devotion '' , St. John the Baptist Church , Bangalore Jump up ^ Herbert Thurston , S.J. , `` The Origin of the Scapular -- A Criticism '' , The Irish Ecclesiastical Record , Vol XVI July -- December 1904 . pp. 59 -- 75 . Dublin : Browne & Nolan , Limited . This 1904 article demonstrates that the Swanington letter was not authentic . It also says that the papal bull that was the basis of the `` Sabbatine privilege '' was forged . The article explores Carmelite history and the evolution of the scapular devotion . Jump up ^ `` The Virgin Mary of MT Carmel -- DISCALCED CARMELITE ORDER '' . www.ocd.pcn.net . Jump up ^ Doctrinal Statement on the Brown Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , approved by the Congregation for Divine Worship and for the Discipline of the Sacraments , November 29 , 1996 . See `` Catechesis and Ritual for the Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel '' , Prepared under the direction of the North American Provincials of the Carmelite Orders . 2000 . Jump up ^ Fr . Kieran Kavanaugh , OCD , `` Brown Scapular : A Silent Devotion '' , Zenit News Service , 16 July 2008 . Jump up ^ 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia . Sabbatine Privilege -- `` The Bull ( of the Holy Roman General Inquisition 20 January 1613 , clarifying what is permissible for the Carmelites to preach regarding the Brown Scapular '' ) forbids the painting of pictures representing , in accordance with the wording of the Bull , the Mother of God descending into purgatory ( cum descensione beatae Virginis ad animas in Purgatorio liberandas ) . '' Jump up ^ Sabbatine Privilege Jump up ^ `` The Messages of Fatima '' . Lucia also saw Our Lady of Mount Carmel who signifies the triumph over suffering . Jump up ^ See the wikipedia article on Italian ( in Italian ) Festa della Beata Vergine del Carmelo ( Palmi ) Jump up ^ Il terremoto del 16 novembre 1894 in calabria e sicilia , Roma , 1907 . Tesot full archive available : Relazione scientifica sul terremoto Jump up ^ See the wikipedia article on Italian ( in Italian ) Miracolo della Madonna del Carmine di Palmi External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Our Lady of Mount Carmel . The origins of devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel Brown Scapular : a `` Silent Devotion '' -- 2008 article via Zenit news service by Fr . Kieran Kavenaugh , OCD discusses devotion to the Brown Scapular , the existence of historical problems , and pastoral practice The Virgin Mary in our life -- Article about Marian devotion in the Carmelite tradition The apparitions of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel&oldid=813803364 '' Categories : Titles of Mary Our Lady of Mount Carmel Marian apparitions Roman Catholic devotions Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Malti Nederlands Português Runa Simi Русский Svenska தமிழ் Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 09 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did our lady of mount carmel appear	[ "The Carmelite Order was the only religious order to be started in the Crusader States. In the 13th century, some of its people migrated west to England, setting up a chapter and being documented there about 1241-1242. A tradition first attested to in the late 14th century says that Saint Simon Stock, believed to be an early English prior general of the Carmelite Order soon after its migration to England,[3][4] had a vision of the Blessed Virgin Mary in which she gave him the Brown Scapular. This formed part of the Carmelite habit after 1287.[5] In Stock's vision, Mary promised that those who died wearing the scapular would be saved.[3]" ]	[ "England" ]
3108653364039866241	That '70s Show	That ' 70s show - wikipedia That ' 70s show Jump to : navigation , search That ' 70s Show Genre Period sitcom Created by Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Mark Brazill Directed by David Trainer Terry Hughes ( pilot ) Starring Topher Grace Mila Kunis Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Laura Prepon Wilmer Valderrama Debra Jo Rupp Kurtwood Smith Tanya Roberts Don Stark Lisa Robin Kelly Tommy Chong Josh Meyers Theme music composer Alex Chilton Chris Bell Opening theme `` In the Street '' by Big Star as performed by ; Todd Griffin ( season 1 ) Cheap Trick ( seasons 2 -- 8 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 200 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Caryn Mandabach Marcy Carsey Tom Werner Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Carsey - Werner Productions Distributor Carsey - Werner Distribution 20th Century Fox ( DVD ) Release Original network Fox Picture format 480i Audio format Stereo Original release August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) -- May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) Chronology Related shows That ' 80s Show Days Like These External links Website www.that70sshow.com That ' 70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23 , 1998 , to May 18 , 2006 . The series focused on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in fictional Point Place , Wisconsin from May 17 , 1976 to December 31 , 1979 . The main teenage cast members were Topher Grace , Mila Kunis , Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Laura Prepon and Wilmer Valderrama . The main adult cast members were Debra Jo Rupp , Kurtwood Smith , Don Stark , Tommy Chong and , in a limited role , Tanya Roberts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Teens 1.2 Adults 2 Episodes 2.1 Timeline 2.2 Eighth season and series finale 3 Production 3.1 Opening 3.1. 1 Theme song 3.1. 2 Opening credits 3.2 Elements of the show 3.2. 1 The 1970s 3.2. 2 Split screens 3.2. 3 Dream sequences 3.2. 4 The circle 3.2. 5 The stupid helmet 3.2. 6 The water tower 3.2. 7 Scene transitions 3.2. 8 The Vista Cruiser 3.2. 9 Running gags 4 British remake 5 Merchandise 5.1 Home media 5.2 Soundtracks 6 Reception 6.1 American ratings 6.2 Awards 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of That ' 70s Show cast members and List of That ' 70s Show characters Teens ( edit ) Topher Grace as Eric Forman ( seasons 1 -- 7 ; uncredited special guest season 8 ) : Eric is a nice guy , generally geeky , physically slight and somewhat clumsy . He is a smart - aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor . He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them , making Hyde like a brother . His father Red , is always hard on him . Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti . He decides to become a teacher after high school and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa . Although mentioned in every episode , he does not appear during the final season until the end of the series finale . Mila Kunis as Jackie Burkhart : The youngest member of the group , Jackie starts the series as the pretty , rich , spoiled , selfish , conceited and annoying immature girl . She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice , which occasionally turns out to be correct . As the series progresses , she moves away from her self - centered ways and becomes sweeter , mostly after her father , a crooked politician , goes to jail and her fortunes take a reversal . Partly as a result of these changes , Donna and she become better friends . By the end of the series , Jackie had dated three of the four males of the group : Kelso , Hyde and Fez . Ashton Kutcher as Michael Kelso ( seasons 1 -- 7 ; special guest season 8 ) : The tall dim - witted pretty boy of the group wants to coast through life on his good looks . Often referred to as `` The King '' in many episodes , he spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie , but their relationship comes to an end when Laurie ( Eric 's older sister ) reveals their affair . His best friends are Hyde and Fez . He fathers a baby girl named Betsy from a girl named Brooke during the seventh season . He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong . He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago and leaves the series during the eighth and final season . Kelso , along with Eric , returns for the series finale . Danny Masterson as Steven Hyde : Eric 's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group . By the end of season one , the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother , making him a foster brother to Eric . Hyde has a witty , blunt and sarcastic sense of humor and a rebellious personality . He is also smart and the other group members often ask for his advice . Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons , in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha . Hyde later discovers Samantha was married to another man when she married him . As Donna points out in `` My Fairy King '' , that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married . In the seventh season , Hyde meets his biological father ( William Barnett , played by Tim Reid ) , a wealthy black businessman ( making Hyde , who was presumed white , biracial ) . Barnett , who owns a chain of record stores , makes Hyde first an office worker , then a manager and later the owner of the Point Place record store . He also previously worked for Leo in a Photo Hut earlier in the series . Laura Prepon as Donna Pinciotti : Eric 's longtime girlfriend ( and briefly fiancée ) . Donna is tall , intelligent , good - looking and a feminist . Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series , they become friends . Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons ( despite their break - up during season 4 ) . She has brief romances with Casey , Michael 's brother and Randy during the final season and quickly ends it . She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show 's finale . Wilmer Valderrama as Fez : The horny foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones are usually out of control . His fictional unnamed third - world country of origin is never named . He enjoys eating candy , drinking beer and looking at pornography . He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them . Initially , he has trouble getting attention from girls , but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies ' man . He is in love with Jackie throughout the series but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple . Josh Meyers as Randy Pearson ( season 8 ) : Hyde 's employee at the record store . He is introduced in the final season . Randy appears laid back , gentle , polite and a ladies ' man , although many of his flaws surface later , encompassing parts of the departed Kelso and Eric 's personalities and other attributes . Tall ( like Kelso ) , he tends to spout witty one - liners ( like Eric ) , and makes silly voices . He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things . While Hyde , Jackie , Donna and Kelso embrace him as a new member of their group , Fez initially does not , but soon warms up to him . Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight , but she later breaks up with him . The two end on good terms and remain friends . He makes a brief appearance in the series finale . Adults ( edit ) Debra Jo Rupp as Kitty Forman : Red 's wife and mother of Eric and Laurie , and Hyde 's informally adoptive mother , Kitty is a cheerful , doting mother , but can also be assertive when pushed . A nurse by profession , she drinks heavily and is a former smoker . Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause , although the lack of affection and attention from her daughter ( Laurie ) and her mother ( Bea ) is also partly to blame . She is also a nurturing mother figure to Eric 's rather dysfunctional friends , especially Fez . Kurtwood Smith as Red Forman : Kitty 's husband , father of Eric and Laurie , and Hyde 's adoptive father . A conservative Navy combat veteran , he served in the Korean War . Despite his mean exterior , Red also displays a soft side . His hobbies include working with his power tools , drinking beer , watching television , reading the newspaper , hunting and fishing . Lisa Robin Kelly ( seasons 2 -- 3 ; recurring season 1 ; special appearance 5 ) , Christina Moore ( recurring , season 6 ) as Laurie Forman : Eric 's attractive but promiscuous , manipulative and dishonest older sister . She flunked out of college during the first season and moves back home with her parents . Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents . She is promiscuous , often seen with various men , mainly Eric 's friend Kelso , who cheats on his girlfriend Jackie . Eric , Hyde and Donna often mock her promiscuity . She also has a strained relationship with her mother who thinks of her as a freeloader . She leaves the series during the third season , but returns in a recurring role during the fifth . In season five , she marries Fez to prevent him from getting deported . She leaves the series again during season 6 and is never seen again . During the seventh season , she is mentioned as having moved to Canada , where , as Eric puts it drolly , `` bottomless dancing is legal '' . Tanya Roberts as Midge Pinciotti ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; special guest appearance seasons 6 -- 7 ) : Bob 's wife , Donna 's mother , and Kitty 's best friend , Midge is the sexy neighborhood mom about whom Eric and his male friends fantasized when coming of age . Although often dim - witted , she later adopts some feminist ideals . She is written out of the series in 2001 after the third season after leaving Bob and moving to California . She returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a limited recurring role . She is temporarily replaced in Bob 's heart by the aggressive , assertive Joanne ( played by Mo Gaffney ) , tall like Midge but not as pretty . She and Bob meet in a supermarket . Red and Joanne almost immediately take a mutual dislike to each other . Don Stark as Bob Pinciotti : Midge 's husband and Donna 's father . Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard , which invariably irritates Red , a Korean War veteran . Bob is known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear . He eats constantly , even in bed . Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies ' man . His best friend is Red , who usually considers him to be a nuisance . He usually takes the brunt of Red 's abuse in a jolly manner . Tommy Chong as Leo Chingkwake ( seasons 4 & 8 ; special guest seasons 2 -- 3 & 7 ) : A hippie , and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked , Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II , where he was awarded a Purple Heart . Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy - going attitude in most things , business included . He disappears from the series after season four , but is later referenced in season five 's `` The Battle of Evermore '' when the gang goes on a mission to find him , but with no luck . He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show 's end . In Season 8 , he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of That ' 70s Show episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 August 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 23 ) July 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 26 ) 26 September 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 28 ) May 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 22 ) 25 October 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 03 ) May 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) 27 September 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) 5 25 September 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 17 ) May 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 14 ) 6 25 October 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 29 ) May 19 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 19 ) 7 25 September 8 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 08 ) May 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 18 ) 8 22 November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) May 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 18 ) Timeline ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The creators had wanted the show to have a 1970s `` feel '' from the beginning , so opted to set the series later in the decade , when trends and political ideologies had become firmly established and disseminated . The idea that the duration of the series would carry sociopolitical undertones also necessitated a chain of social events which could influence the characters . Thus , 1976 was chosen , which allowed episodes set within a short time frame to address streaking , the sexual revolution , the Equal Rights Amendment , the 1973 oil crisis , and the presidencies of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford , all of which were culturally influential events that occurred in the earlier years of the 1970s . The shift to 1977 during the last half of the first season also allowed the inclusion of a Star Wars episode ( entitled `` A New Hope '' ) , as its May 1977 premiere airing roughly coincided with the May 1999 box - office debut of Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Throughout the first two seasons , episodes opened with title cards showing the season / month and year ( example : Late Spring , 1977 or June 1977 ) . These , however , were largely abandoned after season 2 , with few subsequent episodes using them . However , they were used again in the final episode , showing `` December 31 , 1979 10 : 45 a.m. '' From the premiere onward , the episode 's year could be determined by the registration tags on Eric 's Vista Cruiser at the end of the opening and closing credits . The final episode 's closing credits showed an `` 80 '' year tag . The show was set in May 1976 in the August 23 , 1998 premiere . After 12 episodes , the series transitioned to 1977 . The 23rd episode , `` Grandma 's Dead '' , was also set in 1976 , because it was supposed to be the season finale of season 1 . The show remained in 1977 for the next two seasons . Near the end of the third season , the series transitioned to 1978 until early in the sixth season . The remaining episodes took place in 1979 , and the series finale abruptly ends during a New Year 's Eve party as the characters reach `` one '' during a countdown to January 1 , 1980 . The show 's unexpected longevity ( it was the only series to debut on Fox in 1998 to survive cancellation ) combined with the first season jump to 1977 necessitated a slow - down of the series ' timeline . Over time , this proved problematic from a narrative standpoint , as nearly every year featured a Thanksgiving and / or Christmas episode , and the teen - aged actors playing high - school student characters all aged into their mid-20s by the time their characters graduated from high school after five seasons ( except Mila Kunis , who was not quite 20 ) . As the series timeline sped up and slowed down with more rapidity near the series ' climax , the timeline necessitated that several major events depicted as having occurred months apart would have in fact happened within weeks or even days of one another . The timeline issues experienced on the show were not unprecedented , as other period - specific TV series have had similar issues . Most notably , M * A * S * H aired for 11 seasons despite the Korean War only lasting three years . Additionally , many TV series over the years that take place in the present time have characters age faster than normal while other characters age naturally . Eighth season and series finale ( edit ) The character of Eric Forman was written out of the series at the end of the seventh season , as Topher Grace wanted to move on with his career . Ashton Kutcher switched to a recurring guest role when he also chose to depart following the seventh season . However , Kelso had not been written out yet , so to give better closure to the character , Kutcher appeared in the first four episodes of the eighth season ( credited as a special guest star ) and later returned for the finale . Tommy Chong ( who began reappearing by late season 7 after a long absence ) became a regular again to help fill Kelso 's role as the dimwit of the group . Eric was originally supposed to be replaced by his new friend Charlie , played by Bret Harrison , as an `` innocent character '' , who proved fairly popular with audiences , but the character was killed off after Harrison was offered a lead role in the series The Loop . Another new character named Randy Pearson , played by Josh Meyers , was introduced to take the place of both Eric and , to a lesser extent , Charlie . Another new character , Samantha , a stripper played by Judy Tylor , was added as Hyde 's wife for nine episodes . The location of the show 's introductory theme song was changed from the Vista Cruiser to the circle . Both Eric and Kelso returned for the series ' final episode , although Topher Grace was uncredited . The eighth season was announced as the final season of the show on January 17 , 2006 , and `` That ' 70s Finale '' was filmed a month later on February 17 , 2006 , first airing on May 18 , 2006 . Production ( edit ) Opening ( edit ) Theme song ( edit ) The show usually opens with the theme song , `` In the Street '' , written by Alex Chilton and Chris Bell of the band Big Star . The original version of the song appeared on Big Star 's 1972 debut album # 1 Record . In 2000 , Chilton confirmed that he was paid $70 in royalties each time the show aired , an amount he thought ironic , given the show 's title . Big Star 's original version of the song was not used on the show . Instead , a cover version sung by Todd Griffin was used as the theme song for the show 's first season . Beginning in the second season , the theme song was performed by the band Cheap Trick . Unlike previous versions of the song , Cheap Trick ended the song with the repeated phrase `` We 're all alright ! '' quoting the ending of their 1978 hit song `` Surrender '' . Both versions of the song ( Todd Griffin and Cheap Trick ) used on the show end with somebody yelling `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' In Griffin 's version , Masterson is the one yelling `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' while it is unknown who yells it in Cheap Trick 's version during the opening . On the soundtrack , That ' 70s Album ( Rockin ' ) , Cheap Trick 's lead singer Robin Zander yells `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' Alternate holiday versions of the theme song were arranged for Halloween and Christmas specials , using organ music and bells , respectively . Opening credits ( edit ) Opening credits for seasons 1 -- 7 showed members of the cast driving in Eric 's car singing the theme song together . At the conclusion of the opening , a shot of a 1970s - style Wisconsin license plate ( black letters / numbers on a yellow background ) is seen , showing the year in which the episode was taking place in the bottom right corner . During the first season 's opening , a single shot of the group is used ; beginning with season 2 , numerous alternating shots were used of the cast in various groupings ( including the adult cast members , who had not appeared in the first season 's opening ) . After Topher Grace and Ashton Kutcher left the series , the opening credits were reworked for season 8 to feature close - up shots of each of the actors singing ( or mouthing ) a line of the theme song in the Circle ( for example , Mila Kunis `` Hanging Out ... ; '' Danny Masterson `` Down the Street '' ) . The only actors to not say or do anything in the new opening credits were Kurtwood Smith and Tommy Chong , with the exception of the first episode of season 8 , when Chong sings the last `` We 're all alright '' . Smith looks at the camera frowning and rolls his eyes . Chong looks around the room , confused as he hears `` Hello , Wisconsin ! '' The final episode omits most of the opening sequence and instead only shows the license plate shot . Elements of the show ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1970s ( edit ) The show addressed social issues of the 1970s such as sexism , sexual attitudes , generational conflict , the economic hardships of the 1970s recession , mistrust of the American government by blue - collar workers and teenage drug use , including underage drinking . The series also highlighted developments in the entertainment industry , including the television remote ( `` the clicker '' ) , reruns , VCR , and cable TV ; the video games Pong and Space Invaders ; the cassette tape and Disco ; MAD magazine ; and Eric 's obsession with Star Wars . The show has been compared to Happy Days , which was similarly set 20 years before the time in which it aired . Beginning with the second season , the show focused less on the sociopolitical aspects of the story . For example , the dynamic of the relationship between Eric and Donna was altered in later seasons to more closely resemble the relationships of other `` power couples '' on teen dramas . Likewise , the first season of the show featured a recurring , more dramatic storyline in which the Formans were in danger of losing their home due to Red 's hours being cut back at the auto parts plant where he worked . Storylines in later seasons were generally presented more comically and less dramatically . The show also featured guest - starring actors from 1970s TV shows , such as Mary Tyler Moore , Valerie Harper and Betty White ( The Mary Tyler Moore Show ) , Tom Poston and Jack Riley ( The Bob Newhart Show ) , Pamela Sue Martin ( The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries ) , Tim Reid and Howard Hesseman ( WKRP in Cincinnati ) , Eve Plumb , Barry Williams and Christopher Knight ( The Brady Bunch ) , Tom Bosley and Marion Ross ( Happy Days ) , Monty Hall ( Let 's Make A Deal ) , Gavin MacLeod ( The Love Boat and The Mary Tyler Moore Show ) , Don Knotts , Richard Kline and Jenilee Harrison ( Three 's Company ) , and Danny Bonaduce and Shirley Jones ( The Partridge Family ) . Series recurring cast member Tanya Roberts also starred in a popular show in the 1970s ( Charlie 's Angels ) . Beginning with season 5 , each episode in the series is named after a song by a rock band that was famous in the 1970s : Led Zeppelin ( season 5 ) , The Who ( Season 6 ) , The Rolling Stones ( season 7 ) , and Queen ( season 8 , except for the finale , titled `` That ' 70s Finale '' ) . Split screens ( edit ) One device in the show is to present a split screen in which two pairs of characters speak . One character is usually seeking advice on a problem with a character in the second pairing and the other character advises them . Although the conversations appear to mirror each other , notable differences often occur . It is most often used by the couples of the show , with each member of the couple being advised on the relationship . For example , in the episode `` Who Wants It More ? '' , Donna and Eric tell Jackie and Hyde that they have been holding out on each other sexually for three days and that maybe they should cave . Both Jackie and Hyde tell Donna and Eric not to cave or the `` caver '' will be owned by the other . Dream sequences ( edit ) The show includes character daydream sequences , some of which refer to or parody fads and films of the time , such as Star Wars , Rocky , and Grease . The character picturing the dream sometimes also narrates it , but regardless , the other characters present see the same dream . In the episode `` Stone Cold Crazy '' , Jackie mentioned she liked the song playing in Fez 's dream sequence . The sequences are usually introduced by a wobbling screen transition . Sometimes , the transition is absent when the characters who imagine the scene believe they are real ( for example , Eric 's dream about Donna in `` Eric 's Birthday '' or Jackie 's dream about Hyde proposing in `` It 's All Over Now '' ) . In the 100th episode , `` That ' 70s Musical '' , all singing scenes were Fez 's dream sequences . The circle ( edit ) The circle illustrated the teens ' marijuana use , usually in Eric 's basement . The picture is of the final scene of the series . In the circle , a group of characters , usually the teenagers , sit in a circle ( generally in Eric 's basement , though occasionally elsewhere ) , as the camera pans , stopping at each character as he or she speaks . It was usually apparent that the characters are under the influence of marijuana . Thick clouds of smoke , frequent coughing and an extreme wide - angle lens added to the `` drug - induced '' feel , although the audience never saw anyone actually smoking the drug . Also , no visible drug - related paraphernalia were seen , such as bongs or joint papers . Characters never spoke the word `` marijuana '' while in the circle ( except in one episode `` Reefer Madness '' ) , often referring to it as `` stuff '' or a `` stash '' . In the episode `` Bye - Bye Basement '' , Theo ( Leo 's cousin ) refers to `` weed '' ; in `` The Relapse '' , Kelso tells Fez that the concrete wall behind the gym is used mostly for `` smoking weed and beating up freshmen ; '' in `` Ski Trip '' Kitty asks Eric why he is taking so much oregano to Jackie 's ski lodge ; in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , Kelso blames his `` roach clip '' when the water bed pops on which he is sitting at a party ; in two episodes ( `` That Wrestling Show '' and `` Hyde Moves In '' ) Eric and Hyde can be seen wearing shirts with the words `` Cannabis Sativa '' written on a Campbell 's soup can ; and in `` The Pill '' Red , referring to Kelso , exclaims , `` That kid 's on dope ! '' A gimmick related to the circle and the marijuana smoking was Eric watching the kitchen wall moving erratically , although this technique was also used to show that Eric was drunk . As the series progressed , the circle became one of the series ' recurring features . The only four episodes where the whole gang is in the circle are `` Class Picture '' , `` I 'm A Boy '' , `` Substitute '' , and in the series finale . During the eighth and final season , the circle replaced the Vista Cruiser as the setting of the opening credits . The stupid helmet ( edit ) The stupid helmet refers to a replica of a Green Bay Packers helmet that a character is forced to wear after having done or said something deemed stupid by the rest of the gang . Eric had to wear it when he said he wanted to propose to Donna and Fez wore it when he started banging his head on the table after trying to help Kelso keep Jackie . The helmet can be seen in the Forman basement on a shelf behind the cast . When the series concluded in 2006 , the last one up the staircase had to call Red a `` dumbass '' , something he always called the kids . Since Kelso was the last one up , he grabbed the helmet . The water tower ( edit ) In many episodes , the teenaged characters often hang out on a local water tower . At the end of several water tower segments , at least one character falls off ( usually Kelso ) . When Charlie Richardson ( played by Bret Harrison ) fell off and died in season 8 , the water tower was renamed in his honor . After Charlie 's death , Kelso fell off again , but survived , leading him to believe he was `` invincible '' . In the `` Water Tower episode '' , the gang painted a marijuana leaf on the tower , but it looked more like a green hand giving the finger . In the episode `` The Immigrant Song ( a.k.a. Fez Gets Busted ) '' Kelso paints Jackie and his names on the tower to annoy Hyde just before falling and ending up in the hospital . During this episode , Fez paints his manhood on the tower but only gets as far as drawing a circle when the police arrive to arrest him . Kelso was known to fall off the water tower once in every grade since middle school . Jackie and Fez share their first official kiss on the tower in the show 's finale . Scene transitions ( edit ) In the first season , scene transitions ( also known as bumpers ) consisted of animated smiley buttons or still images of faces from the 1970s with only the mouth moving using Syncro - Vox , usually yelling , in a rock form , `` Yeahhh ! '' or something similar ( ex . Farrah Fawcett saying `` Yeah ! '' or Richard Nixon saying `` Are you ready to rock and roll ? '' ) The smiley buttons were removed for re-runs and home video , replaced with flowers likewise exploding , replicating , deflating or bouncing around . Sometimes they would be visuals of lava lamps with the show 's logo plummeting to the bottom of the screen in front of it . Beginning in season 2 , transitions featured the characters doing something in front of a colorful , psychedelic , lava lamp - like background . These transitions featured the most prominent characters of the episode usually dancing , falling or making facial expressions . The music accompanying these colorful sequences would match the tone of the episode and characters . By the show 's final season , new transitions were created to accommodate cast changes ( e.g. Donna 's hair color , Leo continuing as a series regular and the insertion of Randy ) . `` Nobody 's Fault But Mine ( 2 ) '' is the only episode where Laurie Forman is featured in a transition . Tanya Roberts is the only regular actor not to be featured in a transition . The Vista Cruiser ( edit ) Many of the show 's episodes featured Eric and the rest of the kids in or around Eric 's `` Aztec Gold '' 1969 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser , handed down to Eric by Red . For the first seven seasons of the show , the show 's introduction showed the cast inside the Vista Cruiser . The show 's pronunciation of `` Vista Cruiser '' , with emphasis on `` Cruiser '' conflicted with the pronunciation of author George Plimpton in the Oldsmobile television advertisement for the 1969 Vista Cruiser , where he pronounced the two words with the emphasis on `` Vista '' . That particular station wagon was bought by Wilmer Valderrama at the show 's conclusion from Carsey - Werner for US $ 500 . In August 2009 , the show 's Vista Cruiser was named third - greatest television car ever by MSN Autos . Running gags ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In one of the show 's major running gags , Red often threatens to punish Eric with many variations of `` kicking your ass '' . For example , in `` Kitty and Eric 's Night Out '' , Red mistakenly thinks Eric offended Kitty , so Red says , `` I swear I 'll kick his ass ! '' In `` Eric 's Hot Cousin '' , Eric tries to get out of something by claiming he 's sleepwalking and Red says , `` And I 'm about to be sleep - kicking your ass '' , and , in `` Prank Day '' , when Red gets covered in oatmeal , Eric tries to explain that it was just a prank that had gone `` horribly , horribly wrong '' Red says , `` Well , I have a prank , too . One where my foot does n't plow through your ass . Let 's hope it does n't go horribly , horribly wrong ! '' Several of the running gags were shown in edited clips for the series finale . Some other notable running gags are : Red 's favorite insult is `` dumbass '' , the origin of which is revealed in `` Halloween '' . Ironically , Eric is the first character to say `` dumbass '' in `` Eric 's Burger Job '' ( season 1 episode 5 ) . The insult is adopted by the whole gang and even occasionally by Kitty . Red regularly comes up with new choice insults such as `` kettlehead '' ( which refers to Kelso ) . Fez 's country of origin is never revealed . Sometimes , Fez is about to disclose where he is from , or at least hint at it , but something happens to prevent him from doing so , like someone entering the room as seen in `` Stolen Car '' , or Fez rambling in `` Love of My Life '' . Fez 's real name was also never revealed . Even Fez stood for FES , Foreign Exchange Student . Red often calls Fez by some exotic foreign name when he is speaking directly to him . Someone , usually Kelso , falls off the Water Tower . The word `` burn '' , a term used by a character after something bad or offensive happens at another character 's expense , although it is more often used by Kelso . According to Kelso in `` Dine and Dash '' , a good burn consists of two elements : `` You did n't see it coming ; parts of it really hurt . '' Hyde would usually give Kelso a punch in the arm for either his stupidity or bad behavior . Kelso yells `` Ow , my eye ! '' when Hyde rough - houses with him . For example , in the episode `` Class Picture '' , a series of flashbacks feature Hyde beating up Kelso . While the two are out of the immediate sight of the audience , Kelso yells , `` Ow , my eye ! '' and the scene cuts to the next flashback . This gag is repeated several times throughout the series , although the only time Kelso appears with an injured eye is in `` Jackie 's Cheese Squeeze '' after he was punched by Todd , Jackie 's manager . On that occasion , Kelso did not yell , `` Ow , my eye ! '' Fez uses the phrase `` Good day '' , followed by another cast member saying , `` But Fez ... '' and Fez immediately interrupts with an exclamatory , `` I said good day ! '' In some instances , the words vary , but the interaction is the same . Eric has a never - ending streak of quoting Star Wars . In several episodes , he relates things to Star Wars , or quotes the film . In times of trouble , he brings a toy light saber and his going - away present from Donna was her dressing up as Princess Leia . Everyone who calls Eric 's action figures `` dolls '' is always loudly corrected by Eric : `` They 're action figures ! '' Kitty often uses alcohol or her use is mentioned , particularly after she starts menopause during the fifth season . Fez 's sex life or usually lack thereof . Often Fez accidentally reveals some perverse behavior he performed , like hiding in Donna 's room . The best thing to do or the best solution can be found by `` The Circle '' . Eric 's attempted `` secret '' money stash locations are known by everyone . Guest stars from 1970s sitcoms would often have an inside joke referring to their earlier series . British remake ( edit ) In 1999 , the show was remade by the ITV network in the United Kingdom as Days Like These using almost verbatim scripts with minor changes to cultural references . Merchandise ( edit ) Home Media ( edit ) Main article : List of That ' 70s Show home video releases That ' 70s Show was released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 by Fox Home Entertainment at an increment of two seasons per year between 2004 and 2008 and a complete series release on October 14 , 2008 . Mill Creek Entertainment released all eight seasons between 2011 and ' 13 and released a complete series set on May 14 , 2013 . On March 6 , 2012 , Mill Creek released the first season on Blu - ray and season two on October 16 , 2012 . On November 3 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment released That ' 70s Show The Complete Series on Blu - ray 1080p with 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio and 1.78 : 1 widescreen aspect ratio . Soundtracks ( edit ) Several prominent songs from the decade can be heard on the series , and two soundtracks were released in 1999 . The first is a collection of funk , soul , and disco , called That ' 70s Album ( Jammin ' ) . The second is a collection of album - oriented rock songs , called That ' 70s Album ( Rockin ' ) . AllMusic gave both albums 3 out of 5 stars in their reviews . Reception ( edit ) American ratings ( edit ) Over the course of its run , the series was a consistent performer for Fox , becoming one of their flagship shows . Its eight seasons , consisting of 200 episodes , made it Fox 's second - longest - running live - action sitcom ever behind Married ... with Children , though That ' 70s Show did not have the same ratings success . Season Episodes Timeslot Premiere Season finale Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 1998 -- 99 25 Sunday 8 : 30 August 23 , 1998 July 26 , 1999 49 11.7 1999 -- 2000 26 Tuesday 8 : 30 September 28 , 1999 May 22 , 2000 86 9.0 2000 -- 01 25 Tuesday 8 : 00 October 3 , 2000 May 22 , 2001 65 10.8 2001 -- 02 27 September 25 , 2001 May 21 , 2002 67 9.1 5 2002 -- 03 25 Tuesday 8 : 00 ( 2002 ) Wednesday 8 : 00 ( 2003 ) September 17 , 2002 May 14 , 2003 52 10.4 6 2003 -- 04 25 Wednesday 8 : 00 October 29 , 2003 May 19 , 2004 49 10.0 7 2004 -- 05 25 September 8 , 2004 May 18 , 2005 85 7.0 8 2005 -- 06 22 Wednesday 8 : 00 ( 2005 ) Thursday 8 : 00 ( 2006 ) November 2 , 2005 May 18 , 2006 103 5.8 Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by That ' 70s Show Over the course of its run , the series was nominated for a substantial number of awards , including 16 Primetime Emmy Awards . The only win for the series at this event came in 1999 , when Melina Root was awarded the Emmy for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series for `` That Disco Episode '' . Additionally , the show was nominated for a large number of Teen Choice Awards , with both Ashton Kutcher and Wilmer Valderrama winning on three occasions . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Finale '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 8 . Episode 22 . May 18 , 2006 . 21 : 20 minutes in . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Bernhard , Lisa ( May 18 , 2008 ) . `` Ashton , Topher Departing ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DVD commentary of episode 25 of season 7 by director Trainer . Jump up ^ Tribune Media Service ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` Celebrity Spotlight '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , PA : Observer Publishing Company . p . C6 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' That ' 70s Show '' says goodbye to an era with the 200th episode and series finale this may on FOX `` . TheFutonCritic . Retrieved January 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show Episode Guide '' . That'70sCentral . Retrieved February 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ John D. Luerssen ( February 28 , 2000 ) . `` Alex Chilton Set to Go '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Readers Poll : The Best Television Theme Songs -- 7 . That ' 70s Show -- ' In the Street ' '' . Rolling Stone . September 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ EW Staff ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` HeadScratcher No. 44 : It 's time to play the music '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . And yes , it 's true that the theme song of That ' 70s Show , ' In the Street ' , was sung by Cheap Trick ( after Todd Griffin sang the original version ) , but the cast members sing along with them . You can even hear Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) yell out ' Hello , Wisconsin ! ' at the end of the Griffin version of the song . Jump up ^ `` In the Street '' by Cheap Trick . That ' 70s Album ( Rockin ' ) . 1999 . Track 1 . Compact disc . Various Artists . Volcano Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` 13 Times That ' 70s Show Tackled History '' . IFC . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Even Those 70 's Kids Should Have Seen It Coming '' . Like ' Happy Days ' , ' That 70 's Show ' blends smart comedy with light social commentary . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken . `` That ' 70s Show '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ `` 1969 Vista Cruiser commercial on YouTube '' . Youtube.com . December 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ That 70s Show wrap party Access Hollywood official on YouTube Jump up ^ Tate , James . `` MSN Autos list of ' Ten Greatest Cars On Television -- Ever ! ' '' . Editorial.autos.msn.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Brooke ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` What Happened to Wilmer Valderrama - 2017 Update - The Gazette Review '' . The Gazette Review . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Running Gags From Your Favorite 90s TV Shows '' . EMGN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Weirdest Running Jokes You Did n't Notice In Favorite TV Shows '' . Screen Rant. 2016 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Emily ; Sloan , William David ( 2004 - 02 - 01 ) . Contemporary Media Issues . Vision Press . ISBN 9781885219237 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show Episode Synopses '' . www.carseywerner.net . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` That ' 70s Show S2E12 - English Transcript '' . Readable . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` From Tube to Telly , the Exchange Is Pop Culture '' . LA Times . April 5 , 1999 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mill Creek Entertainment : News - THAT ' 70s SHOW COMPLETE SERIES ON BLU - RAY NOVEMBER 3 ! '' . Mill Creek Entertainment . August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boldman , Gina . `` That ' 70s Show Presents That ' 70s Album : Jammin ' '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Boldman , Gina . `` That ' 70s Show Presents That ' 70s Album : Rockin ' '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 TV Ratings . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/NIELSEN-RATINGS-FOR-1999-2000-2776698.php Jump up ^ http://fbibler.chez.com/tvstats/recent_data/2000-01.html Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.sitcomsonline.com/boards/showthread.php?t=69861 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155240/http://www.abcmedianet.com/Web/progcal/dispDNR.aspx?id=060204_11 Jump up ^ http://forums.bigsoccer.com/threads/final-2004-05-tv-ratings-now-out.201802/ Jump up ^ http://www.tv.com/shows/alias/forums/nielsen-ratings-for-2005-06-season-90-2534-252664/ External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Comedy portal 1990s portal 2000s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : That ' 70s Show Media related to That ' 70s Show at Wikimedia Commons That ' 70s Show on IMDb That ' 70s Show at TV.com Official website on Carsey Werner official website . ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That_%2770s_Show&oldid=810247497 '' Categories : 1998 American television series debuts 1990s American comedy television series 2000s American comedy television series 2006 American television series endings American television sitcoms Cannabis culture English - language television programs Fox network shows Television series by Carsey - Werner Productions Television series set in 1976 Television shows set in Wisconsin Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series set in 1977 Television series set in 1978 Television series set in 1979 Television series set in the 1970s Television series created by Bonnie and Terry Turner Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from November 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 03 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did that 70's show first air	[ "That '70s Show is an American television period sitcom that originally aired on Fox from August 23, 1998, to May 18, 2006. The series focused on the lives of a group of teenage friends living in fictional Point Place, Wisconsin from May 17, 1976 to December 31, 1979.[1]" ]	[ "August 23, 1998" ]
2653576410893797453	NBA regular season records	NBA Regular season records - wikipedia NBA Regular season records For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Contents 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Note : the post-season record is 17 by Stephen Curry Most points in a triple - double 60 by James Harden , Houston Rockets ( vs. Orlando Magic ) on January 30 , 2018 Quickest to reach a triple - double 14 minutes and 33 seconds by Nikola Jokić , Denver Nuggets ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on February 15 , 2018 . Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Note : the post-season record is 30 by Bob Cousy Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 24 by Ben Simmons , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs Washington Wizards ) on November 29 , 2017 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Note : the post-season record is 19 by Bill Russell Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 ; 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists , 2017 -- 18 . Only player to average a triple - double in consecutive seasons Russell Westbrook averaged 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists in 2016 -- 17 and 25.4 points , 10.1 rebounds and 10.3 assists in 2017 -- 18 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 873 by LeBron James from January 6 , 2007 -- present Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most seasons leading league in 3 - point percentage 4 by Kyle Korver Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 362 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant was the youngest player to start a game at 18 years , 158 days against the Dallas Mavericks on January 28 , 1997 . Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey was the oldest player to play a game at 45 years , 363 days against the New York Knicks on January 28 , 1948 . Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish was the oldest player to start a game at 43 years , 118 days against the Atlanta Hawks on December 26 , 1996 . Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double Markelle Fultz is the youngest , doing so on April 11 , 2018 for the Philadelphia 76ers vs. the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 19 years , 317 days . He had 13 points , 10 rebounds and 10 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 21 points for the Sacramento Kings against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 2 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Jerry West is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Seattle Supersonics at the age of 35 years , 193 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record every point milestone from 1,000 to 30,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 33 years , 24 days ) on January 23 , 2018 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Note : Other than the longest game and disqualifications in a game , all records in this section are since the 24 - second shot clock was instituted for 1954 -- 55 season onward . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 40 -- The Minnesota Timberwolves ( 19 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 21 ) on February 7 , 2018 ( OT ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 94 -- The Houston Rockets ( 57 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 37 ) on March 27 , 2018 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 12 - 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2018 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.2 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,114 -- 1,282 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.7 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 925 -- 1,405 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 265 -- 63 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 ) 5 Seasons : 316 -- 94 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 94 -- 29 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,132 games : Phoenix Suns ( March 29 , 2004 -- Present ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 to 2016 -- 2017 ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Most Franchises Played For 12 by Chucky Brown ( Cleveland Cavaliers 1989 -- 1991 ; 2001 ) , ( Los Angeles Lakers 1991 -- 1992 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1992 -- 1993 ) , ( Dallas Mavericks 1993 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1995 -- 1996 ) , ( Phoenix Suns 1996 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 1996 -- 1997 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1999 ; 2000 -- 2001 ) , ( San Antonio Spurs 1999 -- 2000 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 2001 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2002 ) 12 by Jim Jackson ( Dallas Mavericks 1992 - 1997 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1997 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1997 - 1998 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1998 ) , ( Portland Trail Blazers 1999 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 1999 - 2000 ) , ( Cleveland Cavaliers 2001 ) , ( Miami Heat 2001 - 2002 ) , ( Sacramento Kings 2002 - 2003 ) , ( Houston Rockets 2003 - 2004 ) , Phoenix Suns ( 2005 - 2006 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2006 ) 12 by Tony Massenburg ( San Antonio Spurs 1990 - 1991 ; 2004 - 2005 ) , ( Charlotte Hornets 1991 - 1992 ) , ( Boston Celtics 1992 ) , ( Golden State Warriors 1992 ) , ( Los Angeles Clippers 1994 - 1995 ) , ( Toronto Raptors 1995 - 1996 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1996 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 1996 - 1997 ) , ( Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies 1997 - 1999 ; 1999 - 2002 ) , ( Houston Rockets 1999 ) , ( Utah Jazz 2002 - 2003 ) & ( Sacramento Kings 2003 - 2004 ) 12 by Joe Smith ( Golden State Warriors 1995 - 1998 ) , ( Philadelphia 76ers 1998 ; 2006 - 2007 ) , ( Minnesota Timberwolves 1999 - 2000 ; 2001 - 2003 ) , ( Detroit Pistons 2000 - 2001 ) , ( Milwaukee Bucks 2003 - 2006 ) , ( Denver Nuggets 2006 ) , ( Chicago Bulls 2007 - 2008 ) , ( Cleveland Cavaliers 2008 ; 2009 ) , ( Oklahoma City Thunder 2008 - 2009 ) , ( Atlanta Hawks 2009 - 2010 ) , ( New Jersey Nets 2010 ) & ( Los Angeles Lakers 2010 - 2011 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 12 by LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Harden first to net 60 points in triple - double '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Nikola Jokic records triple - double in 14 minutes , fastest in NBA history '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons sets NBA free - throw record after Wizards go full ' Hack - a-Shaq ' '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron joins 30K club as Cavs ' slide continues '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/tstreak.cgi?request=1&lg_id=NBA&is_playoffs=N&c3stat=fg3&c3comp=ge&c3val=1&m1math=s&m1comp=ge Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor Archived April 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again Archived April 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=848432516 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 21 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	record for most free throws in a row nba	[]	[]
-1508184605559228321	Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program	Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program - wikipedia Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program Jump to : navigation , search `` The template Infobox organization is being considered for merging . '' Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program Abbreviation TTCSP Formation Director James G. McGann Parent organization The Lauder Institute , The University of Pennsylvania Website repository.upenn.edu/think_tanks/ The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program ( TTCSP ) is a non-profit program at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia , PA . TTCSP was established at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in 1989 . The director is James McGann . The program conducts research on policy institutes around the world , and maintains a database of approximately 6,300 think tanks from across the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Program history 2 Global Go To Think Tank Index 3 References 4 External links Program history ( edit ) The TTCSP was established at the Foreign Policy Research Institute in 1989 . It began with its focus on think tanks in the US . In the 1990s the Program became increasingly global as a result of the political and economic transformation that took place in Central and Eastern Europe . R. Kent Weaver of the Brookings Institution and James McGann of the Foreign Policy Research Institute were asked to help conceptualize what became the Global Development Network , a World Bank sponsored conference in Barcelona , Spain . This resulted in the publication Think Tanks and Civil Societies : Catalysts for Ideas and Action in 2000 . In 2008 , the TTCSP moved to the International Relations Program at the University of Pennsylvania . Global Go to Think Tank Index ( edit ) McGann and the Program publish the annual Global Go To Think Tank Index . As of 2010 , the Index is based on a three - phase survey whose participants include politicians , scientists , think - tank donors , and think tanks . References ( edit ) University portal Jump up ^ Foreign Policy Research Institute , `` Think Tanks and Foreign Policy Program '' , 2001 - 2010 , `` Source 1 '' , 6 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` James G. McGann - Foreign Policy Research Institute '' . Foreign Policy Research Institute . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Amanda ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` Are think tanks obsolete ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Think Tanks and Civil Society Program About Us '' . gotothinktank.com . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ International Relations @ UPenn , `` 2009 Global Rankings of Think Tanks '' , 2010 , `` Source 7 '' , 6 July 2010 Jump up ^ Foreign Policy Research Institute , `` Selected List of Publications '' , 2001 - 2010 , `` Source 5 '' , 6 July 2010 Jump up ^ Brookings Institution , `` R. Kent Weaver '' , 2010 , `` Source 3 '' , 6 July 2010 Jump up ^ Global Development Network , `` Global Development Network ( GDN ) : Background and History '' , 2010 , `` Source 4 '' , 6 July 2010 Jump up ^ Foreign Policy Research Institute , `` Selected List of Publications '' , 2001 - 2010 , `` Source 5 '' , 6 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` A&M think tank aims to solve state issues '' . Houston Chronicle. 17 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Seiler , Christian , and Klaus Wohlrabe . `` A critique of the 2009 global ' Go - to Think Tanks ' ranking . '' CESifo DICE Report 8.2 ( 2010 ) : 60 . External links ( edit ) Think Tanks and Civil Societies Website ( 1 ) - provides information on the Foreign Policy Research Institute ( FPRI ) , including scholar bios and works published . ( 2 ) - provides information on the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program , including history and background , program goals , research priorities , and publications . ( 3 ) - a biography of James McGann , Director of the Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program . ( 4 ) - a biography of R. Kent Weaver , Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution ( 5 ) - provides information on the Global Development Network , including its mission , history , research priorities , and publications . ( 6 ) - provides comprehensive information on the International Relations Program at the University of Pennsylvania James G. McGann ( Director ) ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Global Go To Think Tank Report , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 June 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . James G. McGann ( Director ) ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Think_Tanks_and_Civil_Societies_Program&oldid=800294917 '' Categories : Think tanks based in the United States Civil society Hidden categories : Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 16 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the think tanks and civil societies program (ttcsp)	[]	[]
711870415106783590	Node of Ranvier	Node of Ranvier - wikipedia Node of Ranvier Jump to : navigation , search `` Nodes of Ranvier '' redirects here . For the band , see Nodes of Ranvier ( band ) . Node of Ranvier Drawing of a peripheral nerve axon ( labeled `` axis cylinder '' ) , showing a node of Ranvier along with other features Nodes of Ranvier Details Identifiers Latin incisura myelini Code TH H2. 00.06. 2.03015 TH H2. 00.06. 2.03015 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Nodes of Ranvier , also known as myelin - sheath gaps , occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular space . Nodes of Ranvier are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels , allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate the action potential . Nerve conduction in myelinated axons is referred to as saltatory conduction ( from the Latin saltare `` to hop or to leap '' ) due to the manner in which the action potential seems to `` jump '' from one node to the next along the axon . This results in faster conduction of the action potential . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 3 Structural and molecular composition 3.1 Structure 3.1. 1 Structural differences between nodes in the CNS and PNS 3.2 Composition 3.3 Molecular organization 4 Development 4.1 Myelination of nerve fibers 4.2 Early stages of development 4.3 Nodal formation 5 Formation regulation 5.1 Paranode regulation via mitochondria accumulation 5.2 Nodal regulation via αII - Spectrin 5.3 Nodal regulation via the recognition molecule OMgp ? 6 Functions 6.1 Action potential 6.2 Saltatory conduction 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) Structure of a typical neuron Node of Ranvier Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath Many vertebrate axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath , allowing rapid and efficient saltatory ( `` jumping '' ) propagation of action potentials . The contacts between neurons and glial cells display a very high level of spatial and temporal organization in myelinated fibers . The myelinating glial cells ; oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system ( CNS ) , and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , are wrapped around the axon , leaving the axolemma relatively uncovered at the regularly spaced nodes of Ranvier . The internodal glial membranes are fused to form compact myelin , whereas the cytoplasm - filled paranodal loops of myelinating cells are spirally wrapped around the axon at both sides of the nodes . This organization demands a tight developmental control and the formation of a variety of specialized zones of contact between different areas of the myelinating cell membrane . Each node of Ranvier is flanked by paranodal regions where helicoidally wrapped glial loops are attached to the axonal membrane by a septate - like junction . The segment between nodes of Ranvier is termed as the internode , and its outermost part that is in contact with paranodes is referred to as the juxtaparanodal region . The nodes are encapsulated by microvilli stemming from the outer aspect of the Schwann cell membrane in the PNS , or by perinodal extensions from astrocytes in the CNS . History ( edit ) Louis Antoine Ranvier ( 1835 -- 1922 ) The myelin sheath of long nerves was discovered and named by German pathological anatomist Rudolf Virchow in 1854 . French pathologist and anatomist Louis - Antoine Ranvier later discovered the nodes , or gaps , in the myelin sheath that now bear his name . Born in Lyon , Ranvier was one of the most prominent histologists of the late 19th century . Ranvier abandoned pathological studies in 1867 and became an assistant of physiologist Claude Bernard . He was the chairman of General Anatomy at the Collège de France in 1875 . His refined histological techniques and his work on both injured and normal nerve fibers became world - renowned . His observations on fiber nodes and the degeneration and regeneration of cut fibers had a great influence on Parisian neurology at the Salpêtrière . Soon afterwards , he discovered gaps in sheaths of nerve fibers , which were later called the Nodes of Ranvier . This discovery later led Ranvier to careful histological examination of myelin sheaths and Schwann cells . Structural and molecular composition ( edit ) Structure ( edit ) The internodes are the myelin segments and the gaps between are referred to as nodes . The size and the spacing of the internodes vary with the fiber diameter in a curvilinear relationship that is optimized for maximal conduction velocity . The size of the nodes span from 1 -- 2 μm whereas the internodes can be up to ( and occasionally even greater than ) 1.5 millimetres long , depending on the axon diameter and fiber type . The structure of the node and the flanking paranodal regions are distinct from the internodes under the compact myelin sheath , but are very similar in CNS and PNS . The axon is exposed to the extra-cellular environment at the node and is constricted in its diameter . The decreased axon size reflects a higher packing density of neurofilaments in this region , which are less heavily phosphorylated and are transported more slowly . Vesicles and other organelles are also increased at the nodes , which suggest that there is a bottleneck of axonal transport in both directions as well as local axonal - glial signaling . When a longitudinal section is made through a myelinating Schwann cell at the node , three distinctive segments are represented : the stereotypic internode , the paranodal region , and the node itself . In the internodal region , the Schwann cell has an outer collar of cytoplasm , a compact myelin sheath , and inner collar of cytoplasm , and the axolemma . At the paranodal regions , the paranodal cytoplasm loops contact thickenings of the axolemma to form septate -- like junctions . In the node alone , the axolemma is contacted by several Schwann microvilli and contains a dense cytoskeletal undercoating . Structural differences between nodes in the CNS and PNS ( edit ) Although freeze fracture studies have revealed that the nodal axolemma in both the CNS and PNS is enriched in intra-membranous particles ( IMPs ) compared to the internode , there are some structural differences reflecting their cellular constituents . In the PNS , specialized microvilli project from the outer collar of Schwann cells and come very close to nodal axolemma of large fibers . The projections of the Schwann cells are perpendicular to the node and are radiating from the central axons . However , in the CNS , one or more of the astrocytic processes come in close vicinity of the nodes . Researchers declare that these processes stem from multi-functional astrocytes , as opposed to from a population of astrocytes dedicated to contacting the node . On the other hand , in the PNS , the basal lamina that surrounds the Schwann cells is continuous across the node . Composition ( edit ) The nodes of Ranvier contain Na+ / K+ ATPases , Na+ / Ca2+ exchangers and high density of voltage - gated Na+ channels that generate action potentials . A sodium channel consists of a pore - forming α subunit and two accessory β subunits , which anchor the channel to extra-cellular and intra-cellular components . The nodes of Ranvier in the central and peripheral nervous systems mostly consist of αNaV1. 6 and β1 subunits . The extra-cellular region of β subunits can associate with itself and other proteins , such as tenascin R and the cell - adhesion molecules neurofascin and contactin . Contactin is also present at nodes in the CNS and interaction with this molecule enhances the surface expression of Na+ channels . Ankyrin has been found to be bounded to βIV spectrin , a spectrin isoform enriched at nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments . The PNS nodes are surrounded by Schwann cell microvilli , which contain ERMs and EBP50 that may provide a connection to actin microfilaments . Several extracellular matrix proteins are enriched at nodes of Ranvier , including tenascin - R , Bral - 1 , and proteoglycan NG2 , as well as phosphacan and versican V2 . At CNS nodes , the axonal proteins also include contactin ; however , Schwann cell microvilli are replaced by astrocyte perinodal extensions . Molecular organization ( edit ) The molecular organization of the nodes corresponds to their specialized function in impulse propagation . The level of sodium channels in the node versus the internode suggests that the number IMPs corresponds to sodium channels . Potassium channels are essentially absent in the nodal axolemma , whereas they are highly concentrated in the paranodal axolemma and Schwann cell membranes at the node . The exact function of potassium channels have not quite been revealed , but it is known that they may contribute to the rapid repolarization of the action potentials or play a vital role in buffering the potassium ions at the nodes . This highly asymmetric distribution of voltage - gated sodium and potassium channels is in striking contrast to their diffuse distribution in unmyelinated fibers . The filamentous network subjacent to the nodal membrane contains cytoskeletal proteins called spectrin and ankyrin . The high density of ankyrin at the nodes may be functionally significant because several of the proteins that are populated at the nodes share the ability to bind to ankyrin with extremely high affinity . All of these proteins , including ankyrin , are enriched in the initial segment of axons which suggests a functional relationship . Now the relationship of these molecular components to the clustering of sodium channels at the nodes is still not known . Although some cell - adhesion molecules have been reported to be present at the nodes inconsistently ; however , a variety of other molecules are known to be highly populated at the glial membranes of the paranodal regions where they contribute to its organization and structural integrity . Development ( edit ) Myelination of nerve fibers ( edit ) The complex changes that the Schwann cell undergoes during the process of myelination of peripheral nerve fibers have been observed and studied by many . The initial envelopment of the axon occurs without interruption along the entire extent of the Schwann cell . This process is sequenced by the in - folding of the Schwann cell surface so that a double membrane of the opposing faces of the in - folded Schwann cell surface is formed . This membrane stretches and spirally wraps itself over and over as the in - folding of the Schwann cell surface continues . As a result , the increase in the thickness of the extension of the myelin sheath in its cross-sectional diameter is easily ascertained . It is also evident that each of the consecutive turns of the spiral increases in size along the length of the axon as the number of turns increase . However , it is not clear whether or not the increase in length of the myelin sheath can be accounted solely by the increase in length of axon covered by each successive turn of the spiral , as previously explained . At the junction of two Schwann cells along an axon , the directions of the lamellar overhang of the myelin endings are of opposite sense . This junction , adjacent of the Schwann cells , constitutes the region designated as the node of Ranvier . Early stages of development ( edit ) Researchers prove that in the developing CNS , Nav1. 2 is initially expressed at all forming nodes Ranvier . Upon maturation , nodal Nav1. 3 is down - regulated and replaced by Nav1. 6 . Naz1. 2 is also expressed during PNS node formation , which suggests that the switching of Nav - channel subtypes is a general phenomenon in the CNS and PNS . In this same investigation , it was shown that Nav1. 6 and Nav1. 2 colocalize at many nodes of Ranvier during early myelination . This also led to the suggestion that early clusters of Nav1. 2 and Nav1. 6 channels are destined to later become nodes of Ranvier . Neurofascin is also reported to be one of the first proteins to accumulate at newly forming nodes of Ranvier . They are also found to provide the nucleation site for attachment of ankyrin G , Nav channels , and other proteins . The recent identification of the Schwann cell microvilli protein gliomedin as the likely binding partner of axonal neurofascin brings forward substantial evidence for the importance of this protein in recruiting Nav channels to the nodes of Ranvier . Furthermore , Lambert et al. and Eshed et al. also indicates that neurofascin accumulates before Nav channels and is likely to have crucial roles in the earliest events associated with node of Ranvier formation . Thus , multiple mechanisms may exist and work synergistically to facilitate clustering of Nav channels at nodes of Ranvier . Nodal formation ( edit ) The first event appears to be the accumulation of cell adhesion molecules such as NF186 or NrCAM . The intra-cellular regions of these cell - adhesion molecules interact with ankyrin G , which serves as an anchor for sodium channels . At the same time , the periaxonal extension of the glial cell wraps around the axon , giving rise to the paranodal regions . This movement along the axon contributes significantly to the overall formation of the nodes of Ranvier by permitting heminodes formed at the edges of neighboring glial cells to fuse into complete nodes . Septate - like junctions form at the paranodes with the enrichment of NF155 in glial paranodal loops . Immediately following the early differentiation of the nodal and paranodal regions , potassium channels , Caspr2 and TAG1 accumulate in the juxta - paranodal regions . This accumulation coincides directly with the formation of compact myelin . In mature nodal regions , interactions with the intracellular proteins appear vital for the stability of all nodal regions . In the CNS , oligodendrocytes do not possess microvilli , but appear capable to initiate the clustering of some axonal proteins through secreted factors . The combined effects of such factors with the subsequent movements generated by the wrapping of oligodendrocyte periaxonal extension could account for the organization of CNS nodes of Ranvier . Formation regulation ( edit ) Paranode regulation via mitochondria accumulation ( edit ) Mitochondria and other membranous organelles are normally enriched in the PNP region of peripheral myelinated axons , especially those large caliber axons . The actual physiological role of this accumulation and factors that regulate it are not understood ; however , it is known that mitochondria are usually present in areas of the cell that expresses a high energy demand . In these same regions , they are also understood to contain growth cones , synaptic terminals , and sites of action potential initiation and regeneration , such as the nodes of Ranvier . In the synaptic terminals , mitochondria produce the ATP needed to mobilize vesicles for neurotransmission . In the nodes of Ranvier , mitochondria serve as an important role in impulse conduction by producing the ATP that is essential to maintain the activity of energy - demanding ion pumps . Supporting this fact , about five times more mitochondria are present in the PNP axoplasm of large peripheral axons than in the corresponding internodal regions of these fibers . Nodal regulation via αII - spectrin ( edit ) Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons requires organization of the nodes of Ranvier , whereas voltage - gated sodium channels are highly populated . Studies show that αII - Spectrin , a component of the cytoskeleton is enriched at the nodes and paranodes at early stages and as the nodes mature , the expression of this molecule disappears . It is also proven that αII - Spectrin in the axonal cytoskeleton is absolutely vital for stabilizing sodium channel clusters and organizing the mature node of Ranvier . Nodal regulation via the recognition molecule OMgp ? ( edit ) It has been shown previously that OMgp ( oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein ) clusters at nodes of Ranvier and may regulate paranodal architecture , node length and axonal sprounting at nodes . However , a follow - up study showed that the antibody used previously to identify OMgp at nodes crossreacts with another node - enriched component versican V2 and that OMgp is not required for the integrity of nodes and paranodes , arguing against the previously reported localization and proposed functions of OMgp at nodes . Functions ( edit ) Action potential ( edit ) An action potential is a spike of both positive and negative ionic discharge that travels along the membrane of a cell . The creation and conduction of action potentials represents a fundamental means of communication in the nervous system . Action potentials represent rapid reversals in voltage across the plasma membrane of axons . These rapid reversals are mediated by voltage - gated ion channels found in the plasma membrane . The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another , but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier . As a result , the action potential signal jumps along the axon , from node to node , rather than propagating smoothly , as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath . The clustering of voltage - gated sodium and potassium ion channels at the nodes permits this behavior . Saltatory conduction ( edit ) Since an axon can be unmyelinated or myelinated , the action potential has two methods to travel down the axon . These methods are referred to as continuous conduction for unmyelinated axons , and saltatory conduction for myelinated axons . Saltatory conduction is defined as an action potential moving in discrete jumps down a myelinated axon . This process is outlined as the charge passively spreading to the next node of Ranvier to depolarize it to threshold which will then trigger an action potential in this region which will then passively spread to the next node and so on . Saltatory conduction provides one advantage over conduction that occurs along an axon without myelin sheaths . This is that the increased speed afforded by this mode of conduction assures faster interaction between neurons . On the other hand , depending on the average firing rate of the neuron , calculations show that the energetic cost of maintaining the resting potential of oligodendrocytes can outweigh the energy savings of action potentials . So , axon myelination does not necessarily save energy . Additional images ( edit ) Complete neuron cell diagram Medullated nerve fibers stained with silver nitrate See also ( edit ) Internodal segment Schwann cell Oligodendrocyte Myelin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ synd / 3816 at Who Named It ? Jump up ^ Virchow R ( 1854 ) . `` Über das ausgebreitete Vorkommen einer dem Nervenmark analogen Substanz in den tierischen Geweben '' . Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medizin. 6 : 562 -- 572 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02116709 . Jump up ^ Barbara J.G. ( 2005 ) . `` Les étranglements annulaires de Louis Ranvier ( 1871 ) '' ( PDF ) . Lettre des Neurosciences. 28 : 3 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Salzer J.L. ( 1997 ) . `` Clustering sodium channels at the node of Ranvier : close encounters of the axon - glia kind '' . Neuron. 18 ( 6 ) : 843 -- 846 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 00 ) 80323 - 2 . PMID 9208851 . Jump up ^ Kaplan M.R. ; Cho M.H. ; Ullian E.M. ; Isom L.L. ; Levinson S.R. ; Barres B.A. ( 2001 ) . `` Differential control of clustering of the sodium channels Na ( v ) 1.2 and Na ( v ) 1.6 at developing CNS nodes of Ranvier '' . Neuron. 30 : 105 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 01 ) 00266 - 5 . Jump up ^ Black , J.A. , Sontheimer , H. , Oh , Y. , and Waxman , S.G. ( 1995 ) . In The Axon , S. Waxman , J. Kocsis , and P. Stys , eds . Oxford University Press , New York , pp. 116 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Uzmman B.G. ; Nogueira - Graf G. ( 1957 ) . `` Electron microscope studies of the formation of nodes of Ranvier in mouse sciatic nerves '' . Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 3 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 597 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 3.4. 589 . PMC 2224104 . PMID 13449102 . Jump up ^ Boiko T , Rasband MN , Levinson SR , Caldwell JH , Mandel G , Trimmer JS , et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Compact myelin dictates the differential targeting of two sodium channel isoforms in the same axon '' . Neuron. 30 : 91 -- 104 . doi : 10.1016 / S0896 - 6273 ( 01 ) 00265 - 3 . PMID 11343647 . Jump up ^ Lambert S , Davis JQ , Bennett V ( 1997 ) . `` Morphogenesis of the node of Ranvier : co-clusters of ankyrin and ankyrin - binding integral proteins define early developmental intermediates '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 17 ( 18 ) : 7025 -- 7036 . PMID 9278538 . ^ Jump up to : Einheber S , Bhat MA , Salzer JL ( Aug 2006 ) . `` Disrupted Axo - Glial Junctions Result in Accumulation of Abnormal Mitochondria at Nodes of Ranvier '' . Neuron Glia Biology . 2 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 174 . doi : 10.1017 / S1740925X06000275 . PMC 1855224 . PMID 17460780 . Jump up ^ Voas MG , Lyons DA , Naylor SG , Arana N , Rasband MN , Talbot WS ( Mar 2007 ) . `` alphaII - spectrin is essential for assembly of the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons '' . Current Biology . 17 ( 6 ) : 562 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2007.01. 071 . PMID 17331725 . Jump up ^ Huang , JK ; Phillips , GR ; Roth , AD ; Pedraza , L ; Shan , W ; Belkaid , W ; Mi , S ; Fex - Svenningsen , A ; Florens , L ; Yates III , JR ; Colman , DR ( 2005 ) . `` Glial membranes at the node of Ranvier prevent neurite outgrowth '' . Science . 310 : 1813 -- 17 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1118313 . PMID 16293723 . Jump up ^ Chang , KJ ; Susuki , K ; Dours - Zimmermann , MT ; Zimmermann , DR ; Rasband , MN ( 2010 ) . `` Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein does not influence node of Ranvier structure or assembly '' . J Neurosci. 30 : 14476 -- 81 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 1698 - 10.2010 . Jump up ^ Fry , C ( 2007 ) . `` Cell physiology I '' . Surgery ( Oxford ) . 25 : 425 -- 429 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mpsur. 2007.07. 007 . Jump up ^ Harris ; Atwood ( 2012 ) . `` The Energetics of CNS White Matter '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 32 : 356 -- 371 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 3430 - 11.2012 . PMC 3272449 . PMID 22219296 . External links ( edit ) Cell Centered Database -- Node of Ranvier Anatomy photo : nervous / pns / nerve2 / nerve5 - Comparative Organology at University of California , Davis -- `` PNS , nerve ( LM , Medium ) '' Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Structures of the cell membrane Membrane lipids Lipid bilayer Phospholipids Proteolipids Sphingolipids Sterols Membrane proteins Membrane glycoproteins Integral membrane proteins / transmembrane protein Peripheral membrane protein / Lipid - anchored protein Other Caveolae / Coated pits Cell junctions Glycocalyx Lipid raft / microdomains Membrane contact sites Membrane nanotubes Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Nuclear envelope Phycobilisomes Porosomes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Node_of_Ranvier&oldid=796082367 '' Categories : Membrane biology Neurohistology Signal transduction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 10 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the significance of the nodes of ranvier	[ "Nodes of Ranvier, also known as myelin-sheath gaps, occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular space. Nodes of Ranvier are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels, allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate the action potential. Nerve conduction in myelinated axons is referred to as saltatory conduction (from the Latin saltare \"to hop or to leap\") due to the manner in which the action potential seems to \"jump\" from one node to the next along the axon. This results in faster conduction of the action potential." ]	[ "uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels, allowing them to participate in the exchange of ions required to regenerate the action potential" ]
-214328637128534683	Excalibur	Excalibur - wikipedia Excalibur Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Excalibur ( disambiguation ) . Excalibur Excalibur the Sword , by Howard Pyle ( 1902 ) Plot element from Arthurian legend In - story information Type Legendary sword Element of stories featuring King Arthur , Gawain Excalibur , or Caliburn , is the legendary sword of King Arthur , sometimes also attributed with magical powers or associated with the rightful sovereignty of Great Britain . Sometimes Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone ( the proof of Arthur 's lineage ) are said to be the same weapon , but in most versions they are considered separate . Excalibur was associated with the Arthurian legend very early . In Welsh , it is called Caledfwlch ; in Cornish , Calesvol ; in Breton , Kaledvoulc'h ; and in Latin , Caliburnus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Forms and etymologies 2 Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone 3 Other development of the legend 4 Attributes 5 Arthur 's other weapons 6 Similar weapons 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Forms and etymologies ( edit ) The name Excalibur ultimately derives from the Welsh Caledfwlch ( and Breton Kaledvoulc'h , Middle Cornish Calesvol ) which is a compound of caled `` hard '' and bwlch `` breach , cleft '' . Caledfwlch appears in several early Welsh works , including the poem Preiddeu Annwfn ( though it is not directly named - but only alluded to - here ) and the prose tale Culhwch and Olwen , a work associated with the Mabinogion and written perhaps around 1100 . The name was later used in Welsh adaptations of foreign material such as the Bruts ( chronicles ) , which were based on Geoffrey of Monmouth . It is often considered to be related to the phonetically similar Caladbolg , a sword borne by several figures from Irish mythology , although a borrowing of Caledfwlch from Irish Caladbolg has been considered unlikely by Rachel Bromwich and D. Simon Evans . They suggest instead that both names `` may have similarly arisen at a very early date as generic names for a sword '' ; this sword then became exclusively the property of Arthur in the British tradition . Geoffrey of Monmouth , in his Historia Regum Britanniae ( The History of the Kings of Britain , c. 1136 ) , Latinised the name of Arthur 's sword as Caliburnus ( potentially influenced by the Medieval Latin spelling calibs of Classical Latin chalybs , from Greek chályps ( χάλυψ ) `` steel '' ) . Most Celticists consider Geoffrey 's Caliburnus to be derivative of a lost Old Welsh text in which bwlch had not yet been lenited to fwlch . In Old French sources this then became Escalibor , Excalibor , and finally the familiar Excalibur . Geoffrey Gaimar , in his Old French L'Estoire des Engles ( 1134 - 1140 ) , mentions Arthur and his sword : `` this Constantine was the nephew of Arthur , who had the sword Caliburc '' ( `` Cil Costentin , li niès Artur , Ki out l'espée Caliburc '' ) . In Wace 's Roman de Brut ( c. 1150 - 1155 ) , an Old French translation and versification of Geoffrey 's Historia , the sword is called Calabrum , Callibourc , Chalabrun , and Calabrun ( with alternate spellings such as Chalabrum , Calibore , Callibor , Caliborne , Calliborc , and Escaliborc , found in various manuscripts of the Brut ) . In Chrétien de Troyes ' late 12th - century Old French Perceval , Arthur 's knight Gawain carries the sword Escalibor and it is stated , `` for at his belt hung Escalibor , the finest sword that there was , which sliced through iron as through wood '' ( `` Qu'il avoit cainte Escalibor , la meillor espee qui fust , qu'ele trenche fer come fust '' ) . This statement was probably picked up by the author of the Estoire Merlin , or Vulgate Merlin , where the author ( who was fond of fanciful folk etymologies ) asserts that Escalibor `` is a Hebrew name which means in French ' cuts iron , steel , and wood ' '' ( `` c'est non Ebrieu qui dist en franchois trenche fer & achier et fust '' ; note that the word for `` steel '' here , achier , also means `` blade '' or `` sword '' and comes from medieval Latin aciarium , a derivative of acies `` sharp '' , so there is no direct connection with Latin chalybs in this etymology ) . It is from this fanciful etymological musing that Thomas Malory got the notion that Excalibur meant `` cut steel '' ( `` ' the name of it , ' said the lady , ' is Excalibur , that is as moche to say , as Cut stele ' '' ) . Excalibur and the sword in the stone ( edit ) The Excalibur from the 1981 film Excalibur at the London Film Museum In Arthurian romance , a number of explanations are given for Arthur 's possession of Excalibur . In Robert de Boron 's Merlin , the first tale to mention the `` sword in the stone '' motif , Arthur obtained the British throne by pulling a sword from an anvil sitting atop a stone that appeared in a churchyard on Christmas Eve . In this account , the act could not be performed except by `` the true king , '' meaning the divinely appointed king or true heir of Uther Pendragon . As Malory 's writes : `` Whoso pulleth out this sword of this stone and anvil , is rightwise king born . '' This sword is thought by many to be the famous Excalibur , and its identity is made explicit in the later Prose Merlin , part of the Lancelot - Grail cycle . The challenge of drawing a sword from a stone also appears in the Arthurian legends of Galahad , whose achievement of the task indicates that he is destined to find the Holy Grail . The Lady of the Lake offering Arthur Excalibur , by Alfred Kappes ( 1880 ) However , in what is called the Post-Vulgate Cycle , Excalibur was given to Arthur by the Lady of the Lake sometime after he began to reign . She calls the sword `` Excalibur , that is as to say as Cut - steel . '' In the Vulgate Mort Artu , Arthur orders Griflet to throw the sword into the enchanted lake ; after two failed attempts ( as he felt such a great sword should not be thrown away ) , Griflet finally complies with the wounded king 's request and a hand emerges from the lake to catch it . This tale becomes attached to Bedivere instead of Griflet in Malory and the English tradition . Malory records both versions of the legend in his Le Morte d'Arthur , naming both swords as Excalibur . Other development of the legend ( edit ) In Welsh legend , Arthur 's sword is known as Caledfwlch . In Culhwch and Olwen , it is one of Arthur 's most valuable possessions and is used by Arthur 's warrior Llenlleawg the Irishman to kill the Irish king Diwrnach while stealing his magical cauldron . Irish mythology mentions a weapon Caladbolg , the sword of Fergus mac Róich , which was also known for its incredible power and was carried by some of Ireland 's greatest heroes . The name , which can also mean `` hard cleft '' in Irish , appears in the plural , caladbuilc , as a generic term for `` great swords '' in Togail Troi ( `` The Destruction of Troy '' ) , the 10th - century Irish translation of the classical tale . Though not named as Caledfwlch , Arthur 's sword is described vividly in The Dream of Rhonabwy one of the tales associated with the Mabinogion : Then they heard Cadwr Earl of Cornwall being summoned , and saw him rise with Arthur 's sword in his hand , with a design of two chimeras on the golden hilt ; when the sword was unsheathed what was seen from the mouths of the two chimeras was like two flames of fire , so dreadful that it was not easy for anyone to look . At that the host settled and the commotion subsided , and the earl returned to his tent . -- From The Mabinogion , translated by Jeffrey Gantz . In the late 15th / early 16th - century Middle Cornish play Beunans Ke , Arthur 's sword is called Calesvol , which is etymologically an exact Middle Cornish cognate of the Welsh Caledfwlch . It is unclear if the name was borrowed from the Welsh ( if so , it must have been an early loan , for phonological reasons ) , or represents an early , pan-Brittonic traditional name for Arthur 's sword . Geoffrey 's Historia is the first non-Welsh source to speak of the sword . Geoffrey says the sword was forged in Avalon and Latinises the name `` Caledfwlch '' as Caliburnus . When his influential pseudo-history made it to Continental Europe , writers altered the name further until it finally took on the popular form Excalibur ( various spellings in the medieval Arthurian romance and chronicle tradition include : Calabrun , Calabrum , Calibourne , Callibourc , Calliborc , Calibourch , Escaliborc , and Escalibor ) . The legend was expanded upon in the Vulgate Cycle , also known as the Lancelot - Grail Cycle , and in the Post-Vulgate Cycle which emerged in its wake . Both included the work known as the Prose Merlin , but the Post-Vulgate authors left out the Merlin continuation from the earlier cycle , choosing to add an original account of Arthur 's early days including a new origin for Excalibur . In several early French works , such as Chrétien de Troyes ' Perceval , the Story of the Grail and the Vulgate Lancelot Proper section , Excalibur is used by Gawain , Arthur 's nephew and one of his best knights . This is in contrast to later versions , where Excalibur belongs solely to the king . Attributes ( edit ) Morgan le Fay Casts Away the Scabbard , by Henry Justice Ford ( 1902 ) In many versions , Excalibur 's blade was engraved with phrases on opposite sides : `` Take me up '' and `` Cast me away '' ( or similar ) . In addition , when Excalibur was first drawn , in the first battle testing Arthur 's sovereignty , its blade blinded his enemies . Thomas Malory writes : `` thenne he drewe his swerd Excalibur , but it was so breyght in his enemyes eyen that it gaf light lyke thirty torchys . '' Excalibur 's scabbard was said to have powers of its own . Loss of blood from injuries , for example , would not kill the bearer . In some tellings , wounds received by one wearing the scabbard did not bleed at all . In the later romance tradition , including Le Morte d'Arthur , the scabbard is stolen from Arthur by his half - sister Morgan le Fay in revenge for the death of her beloved Accolon and thrown into a lake , never to be found again . This act later enables the death of Arthur at the Battle of Camlann . Nineteenth century poet Alfred , Lord Tennyson , described the sword in full Romantic detail in his poem `` Morte d'Arthur '' , later rewritten as `` The Passing of Arthur '' , one of the Idylls of the King : There drew he forth the brand Excalibur , And o'er him , drawing it , the winter moon , Brightening the skirts of a long cloud , ran forth And sparkled keen with frost against the hilt : For all the haft twinkled with diamond sparks , Myriads of topaz - lights , and jacinth - work Of subtlest jewellery . Arthur 's other weapons ( edit ) Excalibur is by no means the only weapon associated with Arthur , nor the only sword . Welsh tradition also knew of a dagger named Carnwennan and a spear named Rhongomyniad that belonged to him . Carnwennan ( `` little white - hilt '' ) first appears in Culhwch and Olwen , where Arthur uses it to slice the witch Orddu in half . Rhongomyniad ( `` spear '' + `` striker , slayer '' ) is also first mentioned in Culhwch , although only in passing ; it appears as simply Ron ( `` spear '' ) in Geoffrey 's Historia . The Alliterative Morte Arthure , a Middle English poem , mentions Clarent , a sword of peace meant for knighting and ceremonies as opposed to battle , which Mordred stole and then used to kill Arthur . The Prose Lancelot of the Vulgate Cycle mentions a sword called Seure , which belonged to the king but was used by Lancelot in one battle . Similar weapons ( edit ) In Welsh mythology , the Dyrnwyn ( `` White - Hilt '' ) , one of the Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain , is said to be a powerful sword belonging to Rhydderch Hael , one of the Three Generous Men of Britain mentioned in the Welsh Triads . When drawn by a worthy or well - born man , the entire blade would blaze with fire . Rhydderch was never reluctant to hand the weapon to anyone , hence his nickname Hael `` the Generous '' , but the recipients , as soon as they had learned of its peculiar properties , always rejected the sword . There are other similar weapons described in other mythologies . In particular , Claíomh Solais , which is an Irish term meaning `` Sword of Light '' , or `` Shining Sword '' , which appears in a number of orally transmitted Irish folk - tales . See also ( edit ) Durandal ( legendary sword ) Gram ( legendary sword ) Greysteil ( a sinister knight killed with the mystic sword Egeking ) Joyeuse ( legendary sword wielded by Charlemagne ) Kusanagi ( a Japanese sword , one of the three imperial Japanese regalia of the ruling family ) Sharur ( mystical mace wielded by Ninurta ) The Singing Sword ( fictional sword ) Sword of Attila ( legendary sword of Attila the Hun ) Thuận Thiên ( a legendary Vietnamese sword ) Tizona ( one of the legendary swords wielded by El Cid ) Colada ( the other legendary sword wielded by El Cid ) Zulfiqar ( the legendary sword of Ali ) Surmarbrander ( legendary sword wielded by the Norse god Frey Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The story of the Sword in the Stone has an analogue in some versions of the story of Sigurd , whose father , Sigmund , draws the sword Gram out of the tree Barnstokkr where it is embedded by the Norse god Odin . Jump up ^ This version also appears in the 1938 Arthurian novel The Sword in the Stone by British author T.H. White , and the Disney adaptation ; they both quote the line from Thomas Malory in the 15th century . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : R. Bromwich and D. Simon Evans , Culhwch and Olwen . An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale ( Cardiff : University of Wales Press , 1992 ) , pp. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ T. Green , Concepts of Arthur ( Stroud : Tempus , 2007 ) , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : P.K. Ford , `` On the Significance of some Arthurian Names in Welsh '' in Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 30 ( 1983 ) , pp. 268 - 73 at p. 271 . Jump up ^ James MacKillop , Dictionary of Celtic Mythology ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 ) , pp. 64 - 65 , 174 . Jump up ^ Hardy , T.D. and Martin , C.T. ( eds. / trans . ) , Gaimar , Geoffrey . L'Estoire des Engles ( lines 45 - 46 ) , Eyre and Spottiswoode , London , 1889 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Wright , T. ( ed . ) ; Gaimar , Geoffrey . Gaimar , Havelok et Herward , Caxton Society , London , 1850 , p. 2 Jump up ^ De Lincy , Roux ( ed . ) , Wace , Roman de Brut , v. II , Edouard Frère , Rouen , 1838 , pp. 51 , 88 , 213 , 215 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Nigel ( trans. , ed . ) . Perceval : The Story of the Grail , DS Brewer , 2006 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Roach , William . Chrétien De Troyes : Le Roman De Perceval ou Le Conte Du Graal , Librairie Droz , 1959 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Loomis , R.S. Arthurian Tradition and Chrétien de Troyes , Columbia , 1949 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Vinaver , Eugene ( ed . ) The works of Sir Thomas Malory , Volume 3 . Clarendon , 1990 , p. 1301 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Nigel ( ed , trans ) , Merlin and the Grail : Joseph of Arimathea , Merlin , Perceval : the Trilogy of Prose Romances Attributed to Robert de Boron , DS Brewer , 2001 , p. 107ff . Jump up ^ Sir Thomas Malory , William Caxton `` Morte Darthur : Sir Thomas Malory 's Book of King Arthur and of His Noble Knights of the Round Table '' . p. 28 . J.B. Lippincott and Company , 1868 . Jump up ^ Micha , Alexandre ( ed . ) . Merlin : roman du XIIIe siècle ( Geneva : Droz , 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Lacy , N.J. ( trans . ) Lancelot - Grail : The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation , 5 vols ( New York : Garland , 1992 - 6 ) . Jump up ^ Malory , Sir Thomas . Le Morte D'Arthur , University of Michigan Humanities Text Initiative , 1997 . p. 7 ... Jump up ^ Malory , p. 46 ... Jump up ^ Thurneysen , R. `` Zur Keltischen Literatur und Grammatik '' , Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie , Volume 12 , p. 281ff . Jump up ^ O'Rahilly , T.F. Early Irish history and mythology , Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies , 1957 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Gantz , The Mabinogion , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Koch , John . Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia , Volume 1 , ABC - CLIO , 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Heinrich . `` Bretonische Elemente in der Arthursage des Gottfried von Monmouth '' , Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur , Volume 12 , E. Franck 's , 1890 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Book I , 19 , from The Works of Sir Thomas Malory , Ed . Vinaver , Eugène , 3rd ed . Field , Rev. P.J.C. ( 1990 ) . 3 vol . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 812344 - 2 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 812345 - 0 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 812346 - 9 . ( This is taken from the Winchester Manuscript ) . Jump up ^ T. Jones and G. Jones , The Mabinogion ( London : Dent , 1949 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Alliterative Morte Arthure , TEAMS , retrieved 26 - 02 - 2007 Jump up ^ Warren , Michelle . History On The Edge : Excalibur and the Borders of Britain , 1100 - 1300 ( Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press ) p. 212 . Jump up ^ Tri Thlws ar Ddeg , ed. and tr . Bromwich ( 1978 ) : pp. 240 - 1 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bromwich , R. and Simon Evans , D. Culhwch and Olwen . An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale ( Cardiff : University of Wales Press , 1992 ) . Ford , P.K. `` On the Significance of some Arthurian Names in Welsh '' in Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 30 ( 1983 ) , pp. 268 -- 73 . Gantz , Jeffrey ( translator ) ( 1987 ) . The Mabinogion . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044322 - 3 . Green , T. Concepts of Arthur ( Stroud : Tempus , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4461 - 1 . Jones , T. and Jones , G . The Mabinogion ( London : Dent , 1949 ) . Lacy , N.J. Lancelot - Grail : The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation ( New York : Garland , 1992 - 6 ) , 5 vols . Lacy , N. J ( ed ) . The New Arthurian Encyclopedia . ( London : Garland. 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2303 - 4 . MacKillop , J. Dictionary of Celtic Mythology ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 ) . Micha , Alexandre . Merlin : roman du XIIIe siècle ( Geneva : Droz , 1979 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Excalibur . The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester : Excalibur and The Sword In The Stone King Arthur and the Matter of Britain Key people King Arthur Constantine Galahad Gawain Queen Guinevere Igraine Lady of the Lake Lancelot Merlin Mordred Morgan le Fay Morgause Percival Tristan Uther Pendragon Knights of the Round Table Aglovale Agravain Bagdemagus Bedivere Bors Breunor Calogrenant Caradoc Dagonet Dinadan Elyan the White Erec Gaheris Gareth Geraint Griflet Hector de Maris Hoel Kay Lamorak Leodegrance Lionel Lucan Morholt Palamedes Pelleas Pellinore Safir Sagramore Segwarides Tor Urien Ywain Ywain the Bastard Other characters Balin Balan King Ban Claudas Culhwch Dindrane Ector Elaine of Astolat Elaine of Corbenic Fisher King Galehaut Gorlois Gwenhwyfach Hellawes Iseult Black Knight Green Knight Red Knight Lohengrin King Lot Maleagant King Mark Emperor Lucius Olwen Questing Beast Rience Tom Thumb Objects Excalibur Holy Grail Round Table Siege Perilous Places Astolat Avalon Brocéliande ( Paimpont ) Caerleon Camelot Celliwig Corbenic Glastonbury Logres Lyonesse Sarras Tintagel In media Books Films Various media Topics Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Dolorous Stroke King Arthur 's family Historicity of King Arthur King Arthur 's messianic return Celtic mythology series Welsh mythology Texts and tales Four Branches of the Mabinogi Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed Branwen ferch Llŷr Manawydan fab Llŷr Math fab Mathonwy Arthurian Culhwch and Olwen Preiddeu Annwfn Owain , or the Lady of the Fountain Geraint and Enid Peredur son of Efrawg The Dream of Rhonabwy Geraint son of Erbin Other Taliesin Cad Goddeu Welsh Triads The Dream of Macsen Wledig Englynion y Beddau Giant tales Lludd and Llefelys Characters Afaon fab Taliesin Amaethon Arawn Arianrhod Arthur Afallach Beli Mawr Bleiddwn Blodeuwedd Bedwyr Bendigeidfran Branwen Cai Caradog ap Bran Caswallawn Ceridwen Cigfa Creiddylad Culhwch Cyhyraeth Cyledr Wyllt Cymidei Cymeinfoll Cynon Dôn Drudwas Dylan ail Don Dywel fab Erbin Edern ap Nudd Efnysien Elen Elffin ap Gwyddno Eliwlod Eufydd Euroswydd Geraint Gilfaethwy Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr Goewin Gofannon Goreu fab Custennin Gronw Pebr Gwawl Gwern Gwrhyr Gwyddno Garanhir Gwydion Gwyn ap Nudd Gwythyr Gwalchmei Hafgan Hefeydd Hueil mab Caw Hychddwn Hyddwn Iddog ap Mynio Idris Llefelys Lleu Llŷr Lludd Llwyd Mabon Madoc ap Uthyr Macsen Wledig Mallt - y - Nos Manawydan Math Matholwch Menw Modron Morfydd Morfran Nisien Olwen Penarddun Penpingion Peredur Pryderi Pwyll Rhiannon Saint Cyllin Saint Eigen Sanddef Seithenyn Taliesin Tegid Foel Teyrnon Ysbaddaden Animals and creatures Adar Llwch Gwin Adar Rhiannon Afanc Cavall ( Cafall , Cabal ) Ceffyl Dŵr Cewri Coblynau Coraniaid Cŵn Annwn Cyhyraeth Dreigiau Gwyllgi Gwyllion Llamhigyn y Dŵr Morgens Plentyn Newid Pwca Twrch Trwyth Tylwyth Teg Locations Annwn Cornwall ( Celliwig ) Caer Sidi Cantre'r Gwaelod Dyfed ( Arberth , Gwales ) Gwynedd ( Aberffraw , Arfon , Ardudwy , Caer Dathyl ) Ireland London ( Ludgate ) Miscellaneous Excalibur ( Caledfwlch ) Cauldron of rebirth Llech Ronw Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain Geoffrey of Monmouth Works Prophetiae Merlini ( c. 1135 ) Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136 ) Vita Merlini ( c. 1150 ) Translations Roman de Brut Layamon 's Brut Brut y Brenhinedd Characters Aeneas Saint Alban Albanactus Alhfrith of Deira Allectus Ambrosius Aurelianus Amphibalus Andragius Archgallo Archmail King Arthur Arvirargus Ascanius Augustine of Canterbury Aurelius Conanus Bedivere Beldgabred Beli Mawr Belinus Bladud Bledric ap Custennin Bledudo Brennius Brutus Greenshield Brutus of Troy Budic II of Brittany Cadfan ap Iago Cadoc Cador Cadwaladr Cadwallon ap Cadfan Camber ( legendary king ) Cap of Britain Capetus Silvius Capoir Caracalla Caradocus Carausius Cassivellaunus Catellus Catigern Cherin Claudius Cledaucus Clotenus Coel Hen Coilus Conan Meriadoc Constans II ( usurper ) Constantine the Great Constantine III ( Western Roman Emperor ) Constantine ( Briton ) Constantius Chlorus Cordelia of Britain Corineus Cunedagius Cunobeline Danius Saint David Digueillus Diocletian Dionotus Dunvallo Molmutius Ebraucus Edadus Edern ap Nudd Edwin of Northumbria Eldol Eldol , Consul of Gloucester Elidurus Eliud Enniaunus Estrildis Eudaf Hen Ferrex Fulgenius Gawain Gerennus Goffar the Pict Gogmagog ( folklore ) Goneril Gorboduc Gorbonianus Gorlois Gracianus Municeps Guiderius Guinevere Guithelin Gurgintius Gurguit Barbtruc Gurgustius Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio Queen Gwendolen Helena ( empress ) Helenus Hengist and Horsa Hoel Humber the Hun Iago ap Beli Idvallo Igraine Ingenius of Britain Jago of Britain Julius and Aaron Julius Asclepiodotus Julius Caesar Sir Kay Keredic Kimarcus Kinarius Latinus Lavinia Leil Leir of Britain Locrinus King Lot Lucius of Britain Lucius Tiberius Lud son of Heli Maddan Maelgwn Gwynedd Magnus Maximus Mandubracius Queen Marcia Marganus Marganus II Marius of Britain Mempricius Merianus Merlin Millus Mordred Morgause Morvidus Myrddin Wyllt Nennius of Britain Octa of Kent Oenus Oswald of Northumbria Oswiu of Northumbria Owain mab Urien Penda of Mercia Peredur Peredurus Pir of the Britons Porrex I Porrex II Publius Septimius Geta Quintus Laberius Durus Redechius Redon of Britain Regan ( King Lear ) Rhydderch Hael Rience Rivallo Rud Hud Hudibras Runo Sawyl Penuchel Septimius Severus Silvius ( mythology ) Sisillius I Sisillius II Sisillius III Son of Gorbonianus Taliesin Tasciovanus Trahern Turnus Urianus Uther Pendragon Venissa Vespasian Vortigern Vortimer Vortiporius Wulfhere of Mercia Ywain Æthelberht of Kent Æthelfrith of Northumbria Œthelwald of Deira Topics Avalon Battle of Arfderydd Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Battle of Guoloph Brut y Tywysogion Crocea Mors Excalibur Lailoken List of legendary kings of Britain List of legendary rulers of Cornwall Logres Matter of Britain Molmutine Laws Nennius Riothamus River Malvam Siege of Exeter ( c. 630 ) Locations associated with Arthurian legend Treachery of the Long Knives Trinovantum Trojan genealogy of Nennius Walter of Oxford Wikiquote Wikisource texts Notable swords Historical Eastern Seven - Branched Sword Sugari no Ontachi Sword of Goujian Sword of Osman Sword of Victory Tenka - Goken Western Blessed swords Colada Curtana Curved saber of San Martín Grunwald Swords Joyeuse Lobera Legbiter Sword of Saint Peter Sword of Saint Wenceslas Sword of Stalingrad Szczerbiec Tizona Ulfberht swords Wallace Sword Mythical or legendary Eastern Asi Cura Si Manjakini Gan Jiang and Mo Ye Kris Mpu Gandring Kris Setan Kober Kris Taming Sari Kusanagi Nandaka Shamshir - e Zomorrodnegar Thuận Thiên Totsuka - no - Tsurugi Zulfiqar Western Almace Caladbolg Carnwennan Claíomh Solais Clarent Crocea Mors Dáinsleif Durendal Dyrnwyn Excalibur ( Caledfwlch ) Fragarach Gram Harpe Hauteclere Hǫfuð Hrotti Hrunting Kladenets Lævateinn Mistilteinn Murgleys Nægling Précieuse Ridill Skofnung Sword of Attila Sword of Damocles Tyrfing Note : some of the existing swords are named after earlier legendary ones . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excalibur&oldid=809413820 '' Categories : Arthurian legend Fictional swords Geoffrey of Monmouth Medieval legends Mythological swords Hidden categories : Articles containing Welsh - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 23 : 13 . About Wikipedia	where is the sword in the stone located	[]	[]
6767648510045110024	Eligibility for the NBA draft	Eligibility for the NBA draft - wikipedia Eligibility for the NBA draft Jump to : navigation , search The NBA draft is an annual event in which the 30 franchises in the National Basketball Association select new players for their teams . Eligibility rules for prospective players have changed several times during the history of the league . No player may sign with the NBA until he has been eligible for at least one draft . The rule has produced to wait for one year before declaring for the draft . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Haywood v. NBA 3 Later history 3.1 Automatic eligibility 3.2 `` Early entry '' player 3.3 Definition of international players 3.4 Reaction of high school players 3.5 Changes for college underclassmen in 2016 4 Notes and references Early history ( edit ) In the earliest days of the NBA , three players entered the NBA without having played in college ( although one of them did not enter the league until he was 39 years old ) . However , the league eventually established a rule that `` a player could not make himself available '' for the draft until two years after his high school graduation . Haywood v. NBA ( edit ) Main article : Haywood v. National Basketball Association The first major challenge to the NBA 's eligibility rules came from Spencer Haywood . He graduated from high school in 1968 , at a time when college Freshmen were not allowed to play varsity sports for NCAA member schools . He played 3 years at a Colorado junior college , followed by a season at the University of Detroit . After the 1970 -- 71 season , he left college for the NBA 's rival at the time , the ABA , which had no rule restricting college underclassmen from entering the league , and had a spectacularly successful rookie season with the Denver Rockets ( the predecessor to today 's Denver Nuggets ) , being named the ABA 's Rookie of the Year and MVP . Near the end of the season , he turned 21 ; shortly after its end , he repudiated his contract with the Rockets , claiming he had been defrauded . Haywood then signed a contract with the Seattle SuperSonics , which put him and the Sonics on a collision course with the NBA , as he was only three years removed from his high school graduation . The NBA threatened to disallow the contract and impose sanctions against the Sonics . Haywood responded by filing an antitrust suit against the league , seeking an injunction to prevent the NBA from disallowing the contract or punishing the Sonics . The case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court , which issued a 7 -- 2 decision in Haywood 's favor in 1971 . After the decision , the NBA allowed players to leave college early as `` hardship cases '' , which essentially meant that the player had to prove financial hardship . This rule quickly developed into one that was observed in the breach , with Sport magazine writer Jackie Lapin commenting in the 1970s that `` Almost anyone who has been any good at the game in the past decade would qualify ( as a hardship case ) -- with the probable exception of Bill Bradley , the banker 's son . '' Later history ( edit ) See also : NBA high school draftees As a consequence of the aforementioned Haywood decision , and following soon after , three high schoolers chose to enter the professional ranks without ever enrolling in a college . The first was Moses Malone , who went to the ABA upon his high school graduation in 1974 , almost immediately establishing himself as a star of the future . After the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 , his career continued on its upward trajectory , ultimately earning him three NBA MVP awards , four appearances on the All - NBA First Team , 12 consecutive NBA All - Star Game appearances , an NBA title , a place among the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History , and enshrinement in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . In 1975 , Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby both went to the NBA from high school . Dawkins had a solid 14 - year career in the NBA , while Willoughby was no more than a journeyman in eight NBA seasons . These players were greatly outnumbered by college underclassmen who chose to leave early for the NBA . While underclass draftees are too numerous to list , it can be noted that among the aforementioned 50 Greatest Players , 10 ( not including Malone ) left college early for the NBA . After Dawkins and Willoughby , no high school player went directly to the NBA for 20 years , although Lloyd Daniels and Shawn Kemp went to the NBA without having played college basketball ( both had enrolled in college , but never played ) . That would change in 1995 with the arrival of future NBA MVP Kevin Garnett , who was selected fifth overall . The following year , another future MVP in Kobe Bryant and a future All - Star in Jermaine O'Neal were first - round picks out of high school . Most years after that saw at least one , and often more , high - schoolers drafted , most notably Tracy McGrady ( 1997 ) , Kwame Brown ( the first high - schooler to be the # 1 overall pick , in 2001 ) , Amar'e Stoudemire ( 2002 ) , LeBron James ( # 1 in 2003 ) , and Dwight Howard ( # 1 in 2004 ) . However , the influx of high - schoolers caused considerable controversy . When the NBA and its players union negotiated a new Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) in 2005 , NBA Commissioner David Stern publicly called for a higher age limit of 20 , stating that he wanted the league 's scouts and general managers out of high school gyms and that too many young urban Americans incorrectly saw the NBA as a sure path to fame and financial security . Most of the players were opposed to an age limit ; Jermaine O'Neal was perhaps the most strident critic , accusing the NBA of racism . Ultimately , the union reluctantly agreed to an age limit of 19 , accepting it in exchange for tweaks to salary cap rules that were favorable to the players ' interests . The current eligibility rules were established under the NBA 's 2005 collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) , which expired in 2011 , resulting in a lockout . The new CBA , approved in December 2011 , made no changes to the draft rules , but called for the NBA and its players union to form a committee to discuss draft - related issues . The basic rules that started in the 2006 draft are : All drafted players must be at least 19 years old during the calendar year of the draft . To determine whether a player is eligible for a given year 's draft , subtract 19 from the year of the draft . If the player was born during or before that year , he is eligible . Any player who is not an `` international player '' , as defined in the CBA , must be at least one year removed from the graduation of his high school class . The `` one year out of high school '' requirement is in addition to the age requirement . For example , although O.J. Mayo turned 19 in November 2006 , six months before his high school graduation , he was not eligible until the 2008 draft , a year after his high school class graduated . Stern stated the rules were business - related and not a `` social program '' , citing the need to see players perform against higher competition before they are evaluated for valuable draft picks . The rule effectively mandated that players spend at least one year in college . High school players who would otherwise have jumped directly into the NBA were instead playing in college for the required year before leaving and entering the draft -- a phenomenon known as one and done . Some colleges have embraced this rule to their advantage , notably the University of Kentucky , among others . Many of their players have played the one mandatory year , leaving after their freshman season to enter the draft . The NBA Development League is one alternative to college . Players can earn five - figure salaries , but the level of competition is possibly lower than in the Division I level in college . Some players , most notably Brandon Jennings , have also played overseas in lieu of college . Automatic eligibility ( edit ) Players whose 19th birthday falls during or before the calendar year of the draft , are at least one year removed from the graduation of their high school class , and who do not meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They have completed 4 years of their college eligibility . If they graduated from high school in the U.S. , but did not enroll in a U.S. college or university , four years have passed since their high school class graduated . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team outside of the NBA , anywhere in the world , and have played under that contract . They also must be released from their contract before they can leave college to go to the NBA Those who have reached the minimum eligibility age of 19 and meet the criteria for `` international '' players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria : They are least 22 during the calendar year of the draft . They have signed a contract with a professional basketball team outside of the NBA within the United States , and have played under that contract . `` Early entry '' player ( edit ) Players who are not automatically eligible but wish to be drafted must declare their eligibility no later than 60 days before the draft . After this date , `` early entry '' players may attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions . Under the CBA , a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date , which is 10 days before the draft . However , the NCAA adopted a rule that took effect in August 2009 that requires players at its member institutions to withdraw no later than May 8 to retain their college eligibility ; the first draft affected by this rule was the 2010 draft . In 2011 , the NCAA shortened its timeline for players to withdraw and retain eligibility to one day before the start of the spring signing period for men 's basketball , which occurs in April . The NCAA changed its withdrawal rule again in 2016 , effective with that year 's draft ; its withdrawal deadline is now in late May , specifically 10 days after the final day of the annual NBA Draft Combine . A player who declares for the draft will lose his college eligibility , even if he is not drafted , if he signs with any agent . Before 2016 , the NCAA only allowed a player to enter the draft once without losing eligibility , but current NCAA rules now allow players to declare for and withdraw from multiple drafts while retaining college eligibility . The CBA allows a player to withdraw twice . Definition of international players ( edit ) The CBA defines `` international players '' for draft purposes as those who meet all of the following criteria : Permanently reside outside of the U.S. for at least three years before the draft while playing basketball outside of the U.S. Have never enrolled in a U.S. college or university . Did not complete high school in the U.S. Note that this definition is very different from what the NBA uses in listing `` international players '' on its team rosters . For that purpose , the league defines an `` international player '' specifically as one born outside the 50 United States or the District of Columbia . Reaction of high school players ( edit ) In the third annual High School Hoops magazine , the players weighed in on the subject of the new rules regarding draft eligibility . Many of them felt that it was unfair . Kansas State freshman Bill Walker , said ( as a junior in high school ) , `` I 'm against it . I do n't see why you have to be 19 to play a game of basketball when you can be 18 and go to war for our country and die . It 's ridiculous . '' Jerryd Bayless said `` It 's not fair at all . If a tennis player can go pro at 13 , I do n't understand why a basketball player ca n't go pro at 18 . '' A possible number one pick out of high school , had the rule not been put in place , was Greg Oden ( though he was still picked first in 2007 ) . When asked about the agreement he said `` It 's unfair , but it 's over with now , so there 's no reason to complain . '' In spite of the claims that the rule is unfair , Wayne Ellington of North Carolina , said that `` ... I also think it 's going to help the league a little bit . Some guys who come in , like from this year 's draft , it will help . '' Brandan Wright said that `` It may hurt guys who need money , but it will help people grow and develop . '' On the specific topic of Oden entering the draft , Jack Keefer , Oden 's high school coach at Lawrence North , Indiana , said , `` I really think he thought he was going to college . He seems to be more at ease with himself right now . I think the stress came with worrying about the NBA . '' While a lot of high school players just accept that this is just how it is , some object to this rule . They say that it puts excess stress on them because they start being recruited in their junior year of high school . If they have a bad season it could ruin their chances to get into college and therefore into the NBA . It can also be stressful picking a college to play at , which can be unneeded stress if a player decides to leave after only one year . Changes for college underclassmen in 2016 ( edit ) In March 2015 , following a series of meetings that began at the 2014 men 's Final Four , the NBA , NCAA , and the trade association for college men 's coaches , the National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) , announced a plan that would give college underclassmen a better opportunity to make an informed decision about their NBA status than the then - current system . Under this plan : The NCAA would no longer automatically treat entry into the draft as forfeiture of remaining college eligibility . Instead , it would allow underclassmen to withdraw from the draft in late May , about five weeks after the then - current deadline , and retain their remaining eligibility ( as long as they do not sign with an agent or a professional basketball team in the meantime ) . The NBA 's early - entry and withdrawal deadlines , respectively 60 days and 10 days before the draft , would not change because they are written into the league 's collective bargaining agreement . The NBA would expand its invitation - only draft combine , currently held in Chicago , to include players with remaining college eligibility ( who would also have to be invited in order to attend ) . The stated purpose of this expansion was to allow underclassmen to receive feedback from NBA teams on their draft prospects . According to one NCAA executive , the expanded combine would involve from 20 to 30 % more players than the approximately 70 who participated at that time . The NCAA rule change was formally presented by the NCAA men 's basketball oversight committee on June 24 , 2015 , and was approved by the NCAA Division I council on January 13 , 2016 . The new rule , which took effect with the 2016 draft , specifically sets the new withdrawal date at 10 days after the end of the NBA draft combine . Additionally , players may declare for the draft multiple times without losing college eligibility , as long as they withdraw before the new deadline without hiring an agent or signing a professional basketball contract , and are now allowed to attend the draft combine and one tryout per year for each NBA team without losing college eligibility . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article X : PLAYER ELIGIBILITY AND NBA DRAFT '' ( PDF ) . nbpa.com. 2005 . Section 1a . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One later player , Reggie Harding , would be drafted in 1962 despite never enrolling in a college and being less than four years out of high school . However , he did not enter the league until Template : Nba , after he had turned 21 . Jump up ^ Friedman , David . `` Chocolate Thunder and Short Shorts : The NBA in the 1970s ( excerpt ) '' . Basketball in America : From the Playgrounds to Jordan 's Game and Beyond . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Charles Barkley , Clyde Drexler , Julius Erving , George Gervin , Magic Johnson , Michael Jordan , Hakeem Olajuwon , Shaquille O'Neal , Isiah Thomas , and James Worthy . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris , Associated Press ( 2005 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Hunter still opposed to raising NBA age limit '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Aschburner , Steve ( 2008 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Inside the NBA : NBA , NCAA are both wrong in debate about age limit '' . SportsIllustrated.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Stern wants NBA age limit raised to 20 '' . ESPN.com. 2005 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Zillgit , Jeff ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Hunter 's memo to players details NBA CBA '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Stern wants change to age rule '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . April 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( i ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Macur , Juliet ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Given a Choice , Athletes May Prefer None and Done '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Kevin ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` Short Stays That Produced Lasting Results '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Roots of one - and - done rule run deep '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( G ) ( 1 ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( G ) ( 2 ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( b ) ( ii ) ( F ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article X , Section 8 ( c ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Eamonn ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` The new NBA draft deadline is ridiculous '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bylaw 12.2. 4.2. 1.1 Exception -- Basketball -- Four - Year College Student - Athlete , Men 's Basketball '' ( PDF ) . 2010 -- 11 NCAA Division I Manual . NCAA . p. 72 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Jeff ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` College players given extra time to mull NBA draft decision '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bylaw 12.3. 1 Use of Agents '' ( PDF ) . 2010 -- 11 NCAA Division I Manual . NCAA . p. 73 . Retrieved February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Article X , Section 1 ( c ) '' . 2005 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bodenburg , Rob , Ryan Canner - O'mealy , Jon Mahoney , and Ben Sylvan . `` Scouting the Nation . '' High School Hoops 2005 : 16 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Jon . `` Next Question ? '' High School Hoops 2005 : 38 - 39 . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Plan would move withdrawal date '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . 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-7701525687007306136	The Open Championship	The Open Championship - wikipedia The Open Championship Jump to : navigation , search `` British Open '' and `` The Open '' redirect here . For other uses , see British Open ( disambiguation ) and The Open ( disambiguation ) . The Open Championship Tournament information Location United Kingdom , varies Established 17 October 1860 ( 1860 - 10 - 17 ) 157 years ago Course ( s ) Royal Birkdale Golf Club Southport , England ( in 2017 ) Par 70 ( in 2017 ) Length 7,173 yd ( 6,559 m ) ( in 2017 ) Organized by The R&A Tour ( s ) European Tour PGA Tour Japan Golf Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 10.25 million Month played July Tournament record score Aggregate 264 * Henrik Stenson ( 2016 ) * record for all majors To par − 20 * Henrik Stenson ( 2016 ) * equals record for all majors Current champion Jordan Spieth 2017 Open Championship The Open Championship , often referred to as The Open or the British Open , is the oldest of the four major championships in professional golf . Held in the United Kingdom , it is administered by The R&A and is the only major outside the United States . The Open is currently the third major of the year , between the U.S. Open and the PGA Championship , and is played in mid-July . The current champion is Jordan Spieth , who won the 146th Open at Royal Birkdale in 2017 with a score of 268 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Format 2.1 Timeline of format changes 3 Trophies and medals 4 Host courses 4.1 Future venues 5 Qualification 5.1 Timeline of qualification changes 6 Tournament name 7 Tour status 8 Prize money 9 Records 10 Champions 11 Silver Medal winners 12 Broadcasting 12.1 United Kingdom 12.2 United States 13 Notes and references 14 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Open was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland . The inaugural tournament was restricted to professionals and attracted a field of eight golfers who played three rounds of Prestwick 's twelve - hole course in a single day . Willie Park Sr. won with a score of 174 , beating Old Tom Morris , by two strokes . The following year the tournament was opened to amateurs ; eight of them joined ten professionals in the field . Prestwick Golf Club , site of the first Open Championship in 1860 Willie Park Sr. wearing the Challenge Belt , the winner 's prize at The Open from 1860 to 1870 James Ogilvie Fairlie was the principal organiser of the first Open Championship held at Prestwick in 1860 . With the untimely death of Allan Robertson , aged 43 in 1859 , Prestwick members decided to conduct a challenge the following year that would determine the land 's greatest golfer . In a proposed competition for a `` Challenge Belt '' , Fairlie sent out a series of letters to Blackheath , Perth , Edinburgh , Musselburgh and St Andrews , inviting a player known as a `` respectable caddie '' to represent each of the clubs in a tournament to be held on 17 October 1860 . Originally , the trophy presented to the event 's winner was the Challenge Belt , a red leather belt with a silver buckle . The Challenge Belt was retired in 1870 , when Young Tom Morris was allowed to keep it for winning the tournament three consecutive times . Because no trophy was available , the tournament was cancelled in 1871 . In 1872 , after Young Tom Morris won again for a fourth time in a row , he was awarded a medal . The present trophy , The Golf Champion Trophy , better known by its popular name of the Claret Jug , was then created . Prestwick administered The Open from 1860 to 1870 . In 1871 , it agreed to organise it jointly with The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews and The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers . In 1892 the event was doubled in length from 36 to 72 holes , four rounds of what was by then the standard complement of 18 holes . The 1894 Open was the first held outside Scotland , at the Royal St George 's Golf Club in England . Because of an increasing number of entrants , a cut was introduced after two rounds in 1898 . In 1920 full responsibility for The Open Championship was handed over to The Royal & Ancient Golf Club . The early winners were all Scottish professionals , who in those days worked as greenkeepers , clubmakers , and caddies to supplement their modest winnings from championships and challenge matches . The Open has always been dominated by professionals , with only six victories by amateurs , all of which occurred between 1890 and 1930 . The last of these was Bobby Jones ' third Open and part of his celebrated Grand Slam . Jones was one of six Americans who won The Open between the First and Second World Wars , the first of whom had been Walter Hagen in 1922 . These Americans and the French winner of the 1907 Open , Arnaud Massy , were the only winners from outside Scotland and England up to 1939 . The first post-World War II winner was the American Sam Snead , in 1946 . In 1947 , Northern Ireland 's Fred Daly was victorious . While there have been many English and Scottish champions , Daly was the only winner from Ireland until the 2007 victory by Pádraig Harrington . There has never been a Welsh champion . In the early postwar years The Open was dominated by golfers from the Commonwealth , with South African Bobby Locke and Australian Peter Thomson winning the Claret Jug in eight of the 11 championships from 1948 and 1958 between them . During this period , The Open often had a schedule conflict with the match - play PGA Championship , which meant that Ben Hogan , the best American golfer at this time , competed in The Open just once , in 1953 at Carnoustie , a tournament he won . Another South African , Gary Player was Champion in 1959 . This was at the beginning of the `` Big Three '' era in professional golf , the three players in question being Player , Arnold Palmer , and Jack Nicklaus . Palmer first competed in 1960 , when he came second to the little - known Australian Kel Nagle , but he won the next two years . While he was far from being the first American to become Open Champion , he was the first that many Americans saw win the tournament on television , and his charismatic success is often credited with persuading leading American golfers to make The Open an integral part of their schedule , rather than an optional extra . The improvement of trans - Atlantic travel also increased American participation . Nicklaus ' victories came in 1966 , 1970 , and 1978 . Although his tally of three wins is the least of his majors , it greatly understates how prominent Nicklaus was at the Open throughout the 1960s and 1970s . He finished runner - up seven times , which is the record and had a total of sixteen top - 5 finishes , which is tied most in Open history with John Henry Taylor and easily the most in the postwar era . Nicklaus also holds the records for most rounds under par ( 61 ) and most aggregates under par ( 14 ) . At Turnberry in 1977 he was involved in one of the most celebrated contests in golf history , when his duel with Tom Watson went to the final shot before Watson emerged as the champion for the second time with a record score of 268 ( 12 under par ) . Watson won five Opens , more than anyone else has since the 1950s , but his final win in 1983 brought down the curtain on an era of U.S. domination . In the next 11 years there was only one American winner , with the others coming from Europe and the Commonwealth . The European winners of this era , Spaniard Seve Ballesteros , Sandy Lyle , who was the first Scottish winner in over half a century , and the Englishman Nick Faldo , were also leading lights among the group of players who began to get the better of the Americans in the Ryder Cup during this period . Logo from 1995 through 2002 . Previously , the Open Championship did not have an official logo beyond the Claret Jug . In 1995 , John Daly 's playoff win over Italian Costantino Rocca began another era of American domination . Tiger Woods won three Championships , two at St Andrews in 2000 and 2005 , and one at Hoylake in 2006 . There was a dramatic moment at St Andrews in 2000 , as the ageing Jack Nicklaus waved farewell to the crowds , while the young challenger to his crown watched from a nearby tee . Nicklaus later decided to play in The Open for one final time in 2005 , when the R&A announced St Andrews as the venue , giving his final farewell to the fans at the Home of Golf . There have also been wins by previously little known golfers , including Paul Lawrie 's playoff win after the 72nd - hole collapse of Jean van de Velde in 1999 , Ben Curtis in 2003 and Todd Hamilton in 2004 . Logo for 2003 − 2014 In 2007 , the Europeans finally broke an eight - year drought in the majors when Pádraig Harrington of Ireland defeated Sergio García by one stroke in a four - hole playoff at Carnoustie . Harrington retained the Championship in 2008 . In 2009 , 59 - year - old Tom Watson turned in one of the most remarkable performances ever seen at The Open . Leading the tournament through 71 holes and needing just a par on the last hole to become the oldest ever winner of a major championship , Watson bogeyed , setting up a four - hole playoff , which he would lose to Stewart Cink . In 2013 , Phil Mickelson won his first Open Championship at Muirfield . His victory meant that he had won 3 of the 4 majors in pursuit of the career grand slam , just needing the U.S. Open , where he has finished runner - up six times . In 2015 , Zach Johnson denied Jordan Spieth his chance of winning the Grand Slam by winning an aggregate playoff over Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman at the Old Course at St Andrews . Format ( edit ) The Open is a 72 - hole stroke play tournament contested over four days , Thursday through Sunday . Since 1979 it has been played in the week which includes the 3rd Friday in July . Currently , 156 players are in the field , mostly made up of the world 's leading professionals , who are given exemptions , along with winners of the top amateur championships . Further places are given to players , amateurs and professionals , who are successful in a number of qualifying events . There is a cut after 36 holes after which only the leading 70 players ( and ties ) play in the final 36 holes on the weekend . In the event of a tie after 72 holes , a four - hole aggregate playoff is held ; if two or more players are still tied , it continues as sudden - death until there is a winner . Timeline of format changes ( edit ) 1860 : Contested over 36 holes , played on a single day 1892 : Extended to 72 holes , played over two days 1898 : Cut introduced after 36 holes . Those 20 or more strokes behind the leader were excluded 1904 : Extended to a third day with 18 holes on each of the first two days . Cut rule unchanged 1905 : Cut rule changed to exclude those 15 or more strokes behind the leader 1907 : Qualifying introduced , replacing the 36 - hole cut and the contest reduced again to two days 1910 : Cut reintroduced instead of qualifying , play being extended to three days again . Top 60 and ties made the cut . 1911 : With an increase in the number of entries , the first two rounds were spread over three days , with 36 holes on the fourth day 1912 : Qualifying reintroduced to replace the cut . Contest reduced again to two days 1926 : Cut reintroduced . First Open with both qualifying and a cut . Extended again to a third day with 18 holes on the first two days . Those 15 or more strokes behind the leader were excluded from the final day . Days standardised as Wednesday to Friday 1929 : Cut rule changed to ensure that at least 60 made the cut even if 15 or more strokes behind the leader 1930 : Cut rule changed to top 60 and ties 1937 : Cut rule changed to top 40 and ties 1938 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 40 players . Ties for 40th place did not make the cut 1939 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 44 players . Ties for 44th place did not make the cut 1946 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 40 players . Ties for 40th place did not make the cut 1951 : Cut rule changed to be a maximum of 50 players . Ties for 50th place did not make the cut 1957 : Leaders after 36 holes go off last , replacing the random draw 1963 : Cut rule changed to top 45 and ties 1964 : Playoff reduced from 36 holes to 18 , followed by sudden - death if still level 1966 : Play extended to four days , 18 holes per day from Wednesday to Saturday . Cut rule changed to top 55 and ties 1968 : Cut rule changed to top 70 and ties after 36 holes and then top 45 and ties after 54 holes 1970 : Cut rule changed to top 80 and ties after 36 holes and then top 55 and ties after 54 holes 1971 : Cut rule changed to top 80 and ties after 36 holes and then top 60 and ties after 54 holes 1973 : Play in groups of three introduced for the first two rounds 1974 : Use of `` bigger ball '' ( 1.68 in , 42.67 mm ) made compulsory 1978 : `` 10 - shot rule '' introduced so that players within 10 shots of the leader make the cut even if outside the top 80 / 60 1980 : Play from Thursday to Sunday 1986 : 54 - hole cut discontinued . Cut rule changed to top 70 and ties after 36 holes . Four - hole playoff introduced 1996 : `` 10 - shot rule '' dropped Trophies and medals ( edit ) The Claret Jug There are a number of medals and trophies that are , or have been , given for various achievements during The Open . The Challenge Belt -- awarded to the winner from 1860 until 1870 , when Young Tom Morris won the belt outright by winning the Championship for the third year in a row . The Golf Champion Trophy ( commonly known as the Claret Jug ) -- replaced the Challenge Belt and has been awarded to the winner since 1873 although Young Tom Morris , the winner in 1872 , is the first name engraved on it . ( The Open was not held in 1871 . ) Gold medal -- awarded to the winner . First given out in 1872 when the Claret Jug was not yet ready , and since awarded to all champions . Silver medal -- awarded since 1949 to the leading amateur completing the final round . Bronze medal -- awarded since 1972 to all other amateurs completing the final round . The Professional Golfers ' Association ( of Great Britain and Ireland ) also mark the achievements of their own members in The Open . Ryle Memorial Medal -- awarded since 1901 to the winner if he is a PGA member . Braid Taylor Memorial Medal -- awarded since 1966 to the highest finishing PGA member . Tooting Bec Cup -- awarded since 1924 to the PGA member who records the lowest single round during the championship . The Braid Taylor Memorial Medal and the Tooting Bec Cup are restricted to members born in , or with a parent or parents born in , the UK or Republic of Ireland . Host courses ( edit ) See also : List of The Open Championship venues Carnoustie St Andrews Muirfield Turnberry Royal Troon Active venues in Scotland The 2018 venue ( Carnoustie ) is shown in green Royal Birkdale Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) Royal St George 's Royal Lytham Active venues in England The 2017 venue ( Royal Birkdale ) is shown in green Royal Portrush Active venue in Northern Ireland The common factor in the venues is links courses . The Open has always been played in Scotland , northwest England , and southeast England , along with one course in Northern Ireland which will again stage the competition in 2019 . From 1860 to 1870 The Open was organised by and played at Prestwick Golf Club . From its revival in 1872 until 1891 it was played on three courses in rotation : Prestwick , The Old Course at St Andrews , and Musselburgh Links . In 1892 the newly built Muirfield replaced Musselburgh in the rotation . In 1893 two English courses , Royal St George 's and Royal Liverpool Golf Club , Hoylake , were invited to join the rotation with Royal St George 's being allocated the 1894 Open and Royal Liverpool having the 1897 event . At a meeting in 1907 Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club became the sixth course on the rota , being allocated the 1909 Open . With three courses in both England and Scotland , the meeting also agreed that the Championship was to be played in England and Scotland alternately . The alternation of venues in England and Scotland continued until the Second World War . The rotation of the six courses was reinstated after the First World War with Royal Cinque Ports hosting the first post-war Open in 1920 . It had been chosen as the venue for the cancelled 1915 Open . In 1923 Troon was used instead of Muirfield when `` some doubts exists as to the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers being desirous of their course being used for the event '' . Muirfield returned as the venue in 1929 . Serious overcrowding problems at Prestwick in 1925 meant that the course was never again used for the Open and was replaced by Carnoustie as the third Scottish course . While Royal St George 's and Royal Liverpool continued to be used at six - year intervals the third English course varied . After Royal Cinque Ports in 1920 , Royal Lytham was used in 1926 and then Prince 's in 1932 . Royal Cinque Ports was intended as the venue in 1938 but in February of that year abnormal high tides caused severe flooding to the course leaving it like `` an inland sea several feet deep '' and the venue was switched to Royal St George 's . Birkdale was chosen as the venue for 1940 , although the event was cancelled because of the Second World War . There are ten courses in the current rota , five in Scotland , four in England and one in Northern Ireland . In recent times the Old Course has hosted the Open every five years . The remaining courses host the Open roughly every 10 years but the gaps between hosting Opens may be longer or shorter than this . In 2014 , it was announced by The R&A that Royal Portrush was returning to the active rota and in October 2015 Portrush was confirmed as the venue for the 2019 Open . The most recent course to be removed from the active rota was Muirfield in May 2016 , following The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers refusal to permit female members to join their club . On 14 March 2017 , the members voted to admit females ; the R&A subsequently stated that Muirfield would be welcomed back to the Open rota . From 1894 ( when it was first played in England ) to 2016 , it has been played 62 times in Scotland , 49 times in England and once in Northern Ireland . It was not until 2011 and 2012 that England hosted consecutive Opens . Future venues ( edit ) Year Edition Course Town County Country Dates Last hosted Ref 2018 147th Carnoustie Golf Links Carnoustie Angus Scotland 19 -- 22 July 2007 2019 148th Royal Portrush Golf Club Portrush Antrim Northern Ireland 18 -- 21 July 1951 2020 149th Royal St George 's Golf Club Sandwich Kent England 16 -- 19 July 2011 Qualification ( edit ) See also : 2017 Open Championship The field for the Open is 156 , and golfers gain a place in a number of ways . Most of the field is made up of leading players who are given exemptions . Further places are given to players who are successful in The Open Qualifying Series and in Final Qualifying . Any remaining places , and places made available because qualified players are not competing , are made available to the highest ranked players in the Official World Golf Ranking . There are currently 28 exemption categories . Among the more significant are : The top 50 on the Official World Golf Ranking . This category means that no member of the current elite of world golf will be excluded . The top 30 in the previous season 's European Tour Race to Dubai and the 30 qualifiers for Tour Championship . Most of these players will also be in the World top 50 . All previous Open Champions who will be age 60 or under on the final day of the tournament . Each year a number of past champions choose not to compete . All players who have won one of the other three majors in the previous five years . The top 10 from the previous year 's Open Championship . The winners of The Amateur Championship and the U.S. Amateur ( provided the winners maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament ) . International qualifying is through the `` Open Qualifying Series '' . Ten tournaments are selected each year . These currently consist of one event from the PGA Tour of Australasia , the Asian Tour , the Sunshine Tour and the Japan Golf Tour and three from the European Tour and the PGA Tour . A pre-allocated number of places are made available at these tournaments ( from 1 to 4 ) which are given to the leading players in those events who are not , at that point , qualified for the Open , provided they finish in a high - enough position . A total of 32 places are available . Local qualifying was the traditional way for non-exempt players to win a place at The Open . In recent years it has comprised a number of `` Regional Qualifying '' competitions around Britain and Ireland with successful competitors , joined by those players exempt from regional qualifying , playing in 36 - hole `` Final Qualifying '' tournaments . There are 15 places available through Final Qualifying , three at each of the five venues . Timeline of qualification changes ( edit ) Up to 1920 a variety of qualification systems were used . From 1921 to 1962 ( except 1926 ) local qualifying was used . All those who entered played 18 holes on one of two courses and then played 18 holes on the other course the following day . Qualifying took place immediately before the Championship itself . In 1963 a system of exemptions for the leading players was introduced with local qualifying continuing for the remaining players . Since then a large number of changes have been made to the exemption criteria and to the qualifying system for the remaining players . 1907 : Qualifying introduced for the first time . Players play 36 holes on one of two days . Top 30 and ties qualify on each day 1908 : Players play on either the first morning and second afternoon or the first afternoon and second morning . Top 30 and ties qualify from each group 1909 : Same but each of the two groups has to contain at least 30 professionals 1910 : Qualifying dropped 1912 : Qualifying reintroduced . Players play 36 holes on one of three days . Top 20 and ties qualify on each day 1914 . Qualifying over two days using two courses . Exactly 100 players qualify . 18 - hole playoff the following day for those tied for final places . This was the first occasion on which qualifying did not take place on the championship course . 1920 : Separate qualifying for amateurs and professionals . Amateurs qualify at the Open venue ( total of 8 places with the Amateur Champion receiving automatic entry ) . Professionals qualified using two courses in Surrey . Top 72 and ties qualify 1921 : Local qualifying reintroduced using two courses . Generally the Championship course is used together with a nearby course . Top 80 and ties qualify 1926 : Regional qualifying used . Total of 101 and ties qualify at one of three venues ( southern , central , northern ) 1927 : Local qualifying reintroduced . Top 100 and ties qualify 1937 : Top 140 and ties qualify 1938 : Maximum of 130 players qualify . Ties for 130th place did not qualify 1946 : Maximum of 100 players qualify . Ties for 100th place did not qualify 1961 : Maximum of 120 players qualify . Ties for 120th place did not qualify 1963 : Exemption from qualifying introduced for the leading players including past 10 Open champions . Local qualifying continues for the remainder of the field but now two separate competitions are held with a preallocated number of places available . Two courses near the Open venue are used but not the Open venue itself . Playoff for those tied for final places . Total of 120 qualify 1965 : Total of 130 qualify 1968 : Exemption extended all previous Open champions 1971 : Total of 150 qualify 1984 : Exemption for previous Open champions aged under 65 1995 : Exemption for previous Open champions extended to those aged 65 or under 2004 : International Final Qualifying introduced 2008 : Exemption for previous Open champions restricted to those aged 60 or under ( with transitional arrangement for those born between 1942 and 1948 ) 2014 : Open Qualifying Series introduced replacing International Final Qualifying Tournament name ( edit ) In Britain , the tournament is best known by its official title , The Open Championship , or simply the Open . Outside of the United Kingdom , the tournament is often referred to as the `` British Open '' to disambiguate the tournament from other national open golf tournaments , such as the U.S. Open . Likewise , the Masters and PGA Championship are often referred to as the `` U.S. Masters '' and `` U.S. PGA Championship '' outside of the United States , the latter being distinguished in the UK from the European Tour 's BMW PGA Championship . In recent years , the R&A has worked to discourage media outlets from referring to the event as the British Open ; for instance , the tournament 's current television deal with U.S. network NBC contractually forbids the broadcaster from doing so . Lead personality Johnny Miller admitted that he had `` trouble '' with the mandate during NBC 's first year , sometimes having to correct himself on - air when accidentally referring to the event as the British Open . The Open 's women 's counterpart , however , is officially titled the Women 's British Open . Some U.S. critics have argued that the insistence of referring to the tournament as `` The Open '' expresses an opinion of exceptionalism for the event by the R&A in comparison to other open golf tournaments , albeit one that is justified due to its history . Alastair Johnston of IMG , who markets the tournament and its media rights internationally , remarked that negotiations in some regions had been complicated by local executives who did not believe it was appropriate to refer to the event as simply `` The Open Championship '' . Tour status ( edit ) It has been an official event on the PGA Tour since 1995 , which means that the prize money won in The Open by PGA Tour members is included on the official money list . In addition , all Open Championships before 1995 have been retroactively classified as PGA Tour wins , and the list of leading winners on the PGA Tour has been adjusted to reflect this . The European Tour has recognised The Open as an official event since its first official season in 1972 and it is also an official money event on the Japan Golf Tour . Prize money ( edit ) The 2015 edition had a total prize money fund of £ 6.3 million and a first prize of £ 1.15 million , which equated to about $ 9.8 million and $1.8 million , respectively . The other three major championships in 2015 had prize money of $10.0 million and first prizes of $1.8 million , so that all four majors had similar prize money . Prize money is given to all professionals who make the cut and , since the number of professionals making the cut changes from year to year , the total prize money varies somewhat from the advertised number ( currently £ 6.3 million ) . The prize fund in 2016 was £ 6.5 million , with a winner 's share of £ 1.175 million ; about $8.6 million and $1.55 million . The other majors had prize money of at least $10.0 million and first prizes of at least $1.8 million . The relative decline in prize money , in dollar terms , was attributable to a fall in the £ / $ exchange rate . For the first time in 2017 , the prize money was denominated in U.S. dollars . With total prize money of $10.25 million ( £ 7.89 million ) , it was somewhat lower than the $11 million at the Masters and $12 million for the U.S. Open . There was no prize money in the first three Opens . In 1863 , a prize fund of ten pounds was introduced , which was shared between the second - , third - , and fourth - placed professionals , with the champion keeping the belt for a year . Old Tom Morris won the first champion 's cash prize of six pounds in 1864 . Until the late 1990s , The Open prize fund was significantly lower than the other three majors ; by 2002 , it was the highest . Records ( edit ) Oldest winner : Old Tom Morris ( 7004169030000000000 ♠ 46 years , 102 days ) , 1867 . Youngest winner : Young Tom Morris ( 7003636600000000000 ♠ 17 years , 156 days ) , 1868 . Most victories : 6 , Harry Vardon ( 1896 , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 , 1911 , 1914 ) . Most consecutive victories : 4 , Young Tom Morris ( 1868 , 1869 , 1870 , 1872 -- there was no championship in 1871 ) . Lowest score after 36 holes : 130 , Nick Faldo ( 66 - 64 ) , 1992 ; Brandt Snedeker ( 66 - 64 ) , 2012 Lowest score after 54 holes : 198 , Tom Lehman ( 67 - 67 - 64 ) , 1996 Lowest final score ( 72 holes ) : 264 , Henrik Stenson ( 68 - 65 - 68 - 63 , 264 ) , 2016 . Lowest final score ( 72 holes ) in relation to par : − 20 , Henrik Stenson ( 68 - 65 - 68 - 63 , 264 ) , 2016 . Greatest victory margin : 13 strokes , Old Tom Morris , 1862 . This remained a record for all majors until 2000 , when Woods won the U.S. Open by 15 strokes at Pebble Beach . Old Tom 's 13 - stroke margin was achieved over just 36 holes . Lowest round : 62 , Branden Grace , 3rd round , 2017 ; a record for all majors . Lowest round in relation to par : − 9 , Paul Broadhurst , 3rd round , 1990 ; Rory McIlroy , 1st round , 2010 . Wire - to - wire winners ( after 72 holes with no ties after rounds ) : Ted Ray in 1912 , Bobby Jones in 1927 , Gene Sarazen in 1932 , Henry Cotton in 1934 , Tom Weiskopf in 1973 , Tiger Woods in 2005 , and Rory McIlroy in 2014 . Most runner - up finishes : 7 , Jack Nicklaus ( 1964 , 1967 , 1968 , 1972 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 ) Champions ( edit ) See also : List of The Open Championship champions Year Dates Champion Country Venue Winning score Winning margin Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( £ ) 2017 20 -- 23 Jul Jordan Spieth United States Royal Birkdale 268 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Matt Kuchar 1,420,000 2016 14 -- 17 Jul Henrik Stenson Sweden Royal Troon 264 ( − 20 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 1,175,000 2015 16 -- 20 Jul Zach Johnson United States St Andrews 273 ( − 15 ) Playoff Marc Leishman Louis Oosthuizen 1,150,000 2014 17 -- 20 Jul Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland Royal Liverpool 271 ( − 17 ) 2 strokes Rickie Fowler Sergio García 975,000 2013 18 -- 21 Jul Phil Mickelson United States Muirfield 281 ( − 3 ) 3 strokes Henrik Stenson 945,000 2012 19 -- 22 Jul Ernie Els ( 2 ) South Africa Royal Lytham & St Annes 273 ( − 7 ) 1 stroke Adam Scott 900,000 2011 14 -- 17 Jul Darren Clarke Northern Ireland Royal St George 's 275 ( − 5 ) 3 strokes Dustin Johnson Phil Mickelson 900,000 15 -- 18 Jul Louis Oosthuizen South Africa St Andrews 272 ( − 16 ) 7 strokes Lee Westwood 850,000 2009 16 -- 19 Jul Stewart Cink United States Turnberry 278 ( − 2 ) Playoff Tom Watson 750,000 2008 17 -- 20 Jul Pádraig Harrington ( 2 ) Ireland Royal Birkdale 283 ( + 3 ) 4 strokes Ian Poulter 750,000 2007 19 -- 22 Jul Pádraig Harrington Ireland Carnoustie 277 ( − 7 ) Playoff Sergio García 750,000 2006 20 -- 23 Jul Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States Royal Liverpool 270 ( − 18 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 720,000 2005 14 -- 17 Jul Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States St Andrews 274 ( − 14 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 720,000 15 -- 18 Jul Todd Hamilton United States Royal Troon 274 ( − 10 ) Playoff Ernie Els 720,000 2003 17 -- 20 Jul Ben Curtis United States Royal St George 's 283 ( − 1 ) 1 stroke Thomas Bjørn Vijay Singh 700,000 2002 18 -- 21 Jul Ernie Els South Africa Muirfield 278 ( − 6 ) Playoff Stuart Appleby Steve Elkington Thomas Levet 700,000 2001 19 -- 22 Jul David Duval United States Royal Lytham & St Annes 274 ( − 10 ) 3 strokes Niclas Fasth 600,000 2000 20 -- 23 Jul Tiger Woods United States St Andrews 269 ( − 19 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn Ernie Els 500,000 1999 15 -- 18 Jul Paul Lawrie Scotland Carnoustie 290 ( + 6 ) Playoff Justin Leonard Jean van de Velde 350,000 1998 16 -- 19 Jul Mark O'Meara United States Royal Birkdale 280 ( E ) Playoff Brian Watts 300,000 1997 17 -- 20 Jul Justin Leonard United States Royal Troon 272 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Darren Clarke Jesper Parnevik 250,000 18 -- 21 Jul Tom Lehman United States Royal Lytham & St Annes 271 ( − 13 ) 2 strokes Ernie Els Mark McCumber 200,000 1995 20 -- 23 Jul John Daly United States St Andrews 282 ( − 6 ) Playoff Costantino Rocca 125,000 1994 14 -- 17 Jul Nick Price Zimbabwe Turnberry 268 ( − 12 ) 1 stroke Jesper Parnevik 110,000 1993 15 -- 18 Jul Greg Norman ( 2 ) Australia Royal St George 's 267 ( − 13 ) 2 strokes Nick Faldo 100,000 1992 16 -- 19 Jul Nick Faldo ( 3 ) England Muirfield 272 ( − 12 ) 1 stroke John Cook 95,000 1991 18 -- 21 Jul Ian Baker - Finch Australia Royal Birkdale 272 ( − 8 ) 2 strokes Mike Harwood 90,000 1990 19 -- 22 Jul Nick Faldo ( 2 ) England St Andrews 270 ( − 18 ) 5 strokes Mark McNulty Payne Stewart 85,000 1989 20 -- 23 Jul Mark Calcavecchia United States Royal Troon 275 ( − 13 ) Playoff Wayne Grady Greg Norman 80,000 1988 14 -- 18 Jul Seve Ballesteros ( 3 ) Spain Royal Lytham & St Annes 273 ( − 11 ) 2 strokes Nick Price 80,000 16 -- 19 Jul Nick Faldo England Muirfield 279 ( − 5 ) 1 stroke Paul Azinger Rodger Davis 75,000 1986 17 -- 20 Jul Greg Norman Australia Turnberry 280 ( E ) 5 strokes Gordon J. Brand 70,000 1985 18 -- 21 Jul Sandy Lyle Scotland Royal St George 's 282 ( + 2 ) 1 stroke Payne Stewart 65,000 1984 19 -- 22 Jul Seve Ballesteros ( 2 ) Spain St Andrews 276 ( − 12 ) 2 strokes Bernhard Langer Tom Watson 55,000 14 -- 17 Jul Tom Watson ( 5 ) United States Royal Birkdale 275 ( − 9 ) 1 stroke Andy Bean Hale Irwin 40,000 1982 15 -- 18 Jul Tom Watson ( 4 ) United States Royal Troon 284 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Peter Oosterhuis Nick Price 32,000 1981 16 -- 19 Jul Bill Rogers United States Royal St George 's 276 ( − 4 ) 4 strokes Bernhard Langer 25,000 1980 17 -- 20 Jul Tom Watson ( 3 ) United States Muirfield 271 ( − 13 ) 4 strokes Lee Trevino 25,000 1979 18 -- 21 Jul Seve Ballesteros Spain Royal Lytham & St Annes 283 ( − 1 ) 3 strokes Ben Crenshaw Jack Nicklaus 15,000 1978 12 -- 15 Jul Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States St Andrews 281 ( − 7 ) 2 strokes Ben Crenshaw Raymond Floyd Tom Kite Simon Owen 12,500 1977 6 -- 9 Jul Tom Watson ( 2 ) United States Turnberry 268 ( − 12 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 10,000 1976 7 -- 10 Jul Johnny Miller United States Royal Birkdale 279 ( − 9 ) 6 strokes Seve Ballesteros Jack Nicklaus 7,500 9 -- 13 Jul Tom Watson United States Carnoustie 279 ( − 9 ) Playoff Jack Newton 7,500 10 -- 13 Jul Gary Player ( 3 ) South Africa Royal Lytham & St Annes 282 ( − 2 ) 4 strokes Peter Oosterhuis 5,500 1973 11 -- 14 Jul Tom Weiskopf United States Troon 276 ( − 12 ) 3 strokes Neil Coles Johnny Miller 5,500 1972 12 -- 15 Jul Lee Trevino ( 2 ) United States Muirfield 278 ( − 6 ) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 5,500 1971 7 -- 10 Jul Lee Trevino United States Royal Birkdale 278 ( − 14 ) 1 stroke Lu Liang - Huan 5,500 1970 8 -- 12 Jul Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States St Andrews 283 ( − 5 ) Playoff Doug Sanders 5,250 1969 9 -- 12 Jul Tony Jacklin England Royal Lytham & St Annes 280 ( − 4 ) 2 strokes Bob Charles 4,250 1968 10 -- 13 Jul Gary Player ( 2 ) South Africa Carnoustie 289 ( + 1 ) 2 strokes Bob Charles Jack Nicklaus 3,000 1967 12 -- 15 Jul Roberto De Vicenzo Argentina Royal Liverpool 278 ( − 10 ) 2 strokes Jack Nicklaus 2,100 1966 6 -- 9 Jul Jack Nicklaus United States Muirfield 282 ( − 2 ) 1 stroke Doug Sanders Dave Thomas 2,100 1965 7 -- 9 Jul Peter Thomson ( 5 ) Australia Royal Birkdale 285 ( − 3 ) 2 strokes Brian Huggett Christy O'Connor Snr 1,750 1964 8 -- 10 Jul Tony Lema United States St Andrews 279 ( − 9 ) 5 strokes Jack Nicklaus 1,500 1963 10 -- 13 Jul Bob Charles New Zealand Royal Lytham & St Annes 277 ( − 3 ) Playoff Phil Rodgers 1,500 1962 11 -- 13 Jul Arnold Palmer ( 2 ) United States Troon 276 ( − 12 ) 6 strokes Kel Nagle 1,400 1961 12 -- 15 Jul Arnold Palmer United States Royal Birkdale 284 ( − 4 ) 1 stroke Dai Rees 1,400 1960 6 -- 9 Jul Kel Nagle Australia St Andrews 278 ( − 10 ) 1 stroke Arnold Palmer 1,250 1959 1 -- 3 Jul Gary Player South Africa Muirfield 284 ( E ) 2 strokes Fred Bullock Flory Van Donck 1,000 1958 2 -- 5 Jul Peter Thomson ( 4 ) Australia Royal Lytham & St Annes 278 ( − 6 ) Playoff Dave Thomas 1,000 1957 3 -- 5 Jul Bobby Locke ( 4 ) South Africa St Andrews 279 ( − 9 ) 3 strokes Peter Thomson 1,000 1956 4 -- 6 Jul Peter Thomson ( 3 ) Australia Royal Liverpool 286 ( + 2 ) 3 strokes Flory Van Donck 1,000 1955 6 -- 8 Jul Peter Thomson ( 2 ) Australia St Andrews 281 ( − 7 ) 2 strokes John Fallon 1,000 1954 7 -- 9 Jul Peter Thomson Australia Royal Birkdale 283 ( − 5 ) 1 stroke Bobby Locke Dai Rees Syd Scott 750 1953 8 -- 10 Jul Ben Hogan United States Carnoustie 282 ( − 6 ) 4 strokes Antonio Cerdá Dai Rees Frank Stranahan ( a ) Peter Thomson 500 1952 9 -- 11 Jul Bobby Locke ( 3 ) South Africa Royal Lytham & St Annes 287 ( − 1 ) 1 stroke Peter Thomson 300 1951 4 -- 6 Jul Max Faulkner England Royal Portrush 285 ( − 3 ) 2 strokes Antonio Cerdá 300 1950 5 -- 7 Jul Bobby Locke ( 2 ) South Africa Troon 279 ( − 9 ) 2 strokes Roberto de Vicenzo 300 1949 6 -- 9 Jul Bobby Locke South Africa Royal St George 's 283 ( − 5 ) Playoff Harry Bradshaw 300 1948 30 Jun -- 2 Jul Henry Cotton ( 3 ) England Muirfield 284 ( E ) 5 strokes Fred Daly 150 1947 2 -- 4 Jul Fred Daly Northern Ireland Royal Liverpool 293 ( + 5 ) 1 stroke Reg Horne Frank Stranahan ( a ) 150 1946 3 -- 5 Jul Sam Snead United States St Andrews 290 ( + 2 ) 4 strokes Johnny Bulla Bobby Locke 150 1940 -- 45 : No Championships because of World War II 1939 5 -- 7 Jul Dick Burton England St Andrews 290 ( − 2 ) 2 strokes Johnny Bulla 100 1938 6 -- 8 Jul Reg Whitcombe England Royal St George 's 295 ( + 15 ) 2 strokes Jimmy Adams 100 1937 7 -- 9 Jul Henry Cotton ( 2 ) England Carnoustie 290 2 strokes Reg Whitcombe 100 1936 25 -- 27 Jun Alf Padgham England Royal Liverpool 287 1 stroke Jimmy Adams 100 1935 26 -- 28 Jun Alf Perry England Muirfield 283 4 strokes Alf Padgham 100 1934 27 -- 29 Jun Henry Cotton England Royal St George 's 283 5 strokes Sid Brews 100 1933 5 -- 8 Jul Denny Shute United States St Andrews 292 Playoff Craig Wood 100 1932 8 -- 10 Jun Gene Sarazen United States Prince 's 283 5 strokes Macdonald Smith 100 1931 3 -- 5 Jun Tommy Armour United States Carnoustie 296 1 stroke José Jurado 100 1930 18 -- 20 Jun Bobby Jones ( a ) ( 3 ) United States Royal Liverpool 291 2 strokes Leo Diegel Macdonald Smith 100 1929 8 -- 10 May Walter Hagen ( 4 ) United States Muirfield 292 6 strokes Johnny Farrell 75 1928 9 -- 11 May Walter Hagen ( 3 ) United States Royal St George 's 292 2 strokes Gene Sarazen 75 1927 13 -- 15 Jul Bobby Jones ( a ) ( 2 ) United States St Andrews 285 6 strokes Aubrey Boomer Fred Robson 75 1926 23 -- 25 Jun Bobby Jones ( a ) United States Royal Lytham & St Annes 291 2 strokes Al Watrous 75 1925 25 -- 26 Jun Jim Barnes United States Prestwick 300 1 stroke Archie Compston Ted Ray 75 1924 26 -- 27 Jun Walter Hagen ( 2 ) United States Royal Liverpool 301 1 stroke Ernest Whitcombe 75 1923 14 -- 15 Jun Arthur Havers England Troon 295 1 stroke Walter Hagen 75 1922 22 -- 23 Jun Walter Hagen United States Royal St George 's 300 1 stroke Jim Barnes George Duncan 75 1921 23 -- 25 Jun Jock Hutchison United States St Andrews 296 Playoff Roger Wethered ( a ) 75 1920 30 Jun -- 1 Jul George Duncan Scotland Royal Cinque Ports 303 2 strokes Sandy Herd 75 1915 -- 19 : No Championships because of World War I 1914 18 -- 19 Jun Harry Vardon ( 6 ) Jersey Prestwick 306 3 strokes J.H. Taylor 50 1913 23 -- 24 Jun J.H. Taylor ( 5 ) England Royal Liverpool 304 8 strokes Ted Ray 50 1912 24 -- 25 Jun Ted Ray Jersey Muirfield 295 4 strokes Harry Vardon 50 1911 26 -- 30 Jun Harry Vardon ( 5 ) Jersey Royal St George 's 303 Playoff Arnaud Massy 50 1910 21 -- 24 Jun James Braid ( 5 ) Scotland St Andrews 299 4 strokes Sandy Herd 50 1909 10 -- 11 Jun J.H. Taylor ( 4 ) England Royal Cinque Ports 291 6 strokes Tom Ball James Braid 50 1908 18 -- 19 Jun James Braid ( 4 ) Scotland Prestwick 291 8 strokes Tom Ball 50 1907 20 -- 21 Jun Arnaud Massy France Royal Liverpool 312 2 strokes J.H. Taylor 50 1906 13 -- 15 Jun James Braid ( 3 ) Scotland Muirfield 300 4 strokes J.H. Taylor 50 1905 7 -- 9 Jun James Braid ( 2 ) Scotland St Andrews 318 5 strokes Rowland Jones J.H. Taylor 50 1904 8 -- 10 Jun Jack White Scotland Royal St George 's 296 1 stroke James Braid J.H. Taylor 50 1903 10 -- 11 Jun Harry Vardon ( 4 ) Jersey Prestwick 300 6 strokes Tom Vardon 50 1902 4 -- 5 Jun Sandy Herd Scotland Royal Liverpool 307 1 stroke James Braid Harry Vardon 50 1901 5 -- 6 Jun James Braid Scotland Muirfield 309 3 strokes Harry Vardon 50 1900 6 -- 7 Jun J.H. Taylor ( 3 ) England St Andrews 309 8 strokes Harry Vardon 50 1899 7 -- 8 Jun Harry Vardon ( 3 ) Jersey St George 's 310 5 strokes Jack White 30 1898 8 -- 9 Jun Harry Vardon ( 2 ) Jersey Prestwick 307 1 stroke Willie Park , Jnr 30 1897 19 -- 20 May Harold Hilton ( a ) ( 2 ) England Royal Liverpool 314 1 stroke James Braid 30 1896 10 -- 11 , 13 Jun Harry Vardon Jersey Muirfield 316 Playoff J.H. Taylor 30 1895 12 -- 13 Jun J.H. Taylor ( 2 ) England St Andrews 322 4 strokes Sandy Herd 30 1894 11 -- 12 Jun J.H. Taylor England St George 's 326 5 strokes Douglas Rolland 30 1893 31 Aug -- 1 Sep William Auchterlonie Scotland Prestwick 322 2 strokes Johnny Laidlay ( a ) 30 1892 22 -- 23 Sep Harold Hilton ( a ) England Muirfield 305 3 strokes John Ball ( a ) Sandy Herd Hugh Kirkaldy 35 1891 6 -- 7 Oct Hugh Kirkaldy Scotland St Andrews 166 2 strokes Willie Fernie Andrew Kirkaldy 10 1890 11 Sep John Ball ( a ) England Prestwick 164 3 strokes Willie Fernie Archie Simpson 13 1889 8 , 11 Nov Willie Park , Jnr ( 2 ) Scotland Musselburgh 155 Playoff Andrew Kirkaldy 8 1888 6 , 8 Oct Jack Burns Scotland St Andrews 171 1 stroke David Anderson Jr . Ben Sayers 8 1887 16 Sep Willie Park , Jnr Scotland Prestwick 161 1 stroke Bob Martin 8 1886 5 Nov David Brown Scotland Musselburgh 157 2 strokes Willie Campbell 8 1885 3 Oct Bob Martin ( 2 ) Scotland St Andrews 171 1 stroke Archie Simpson 10 1884 3 Oct Jack Simpson Scotland Prestwick 160 4 strokes Willie Fernie Douglas Rolland 8 1883 16 -- 17 Nov Willie Fernie Scotland Musselburgh 159 Playoff Bob Ferguson 8 1882 30 Sep Bob Ferguson ( 3 ) Scotland St Andrews 171 3 strokes Willie Fernie 12 1881 14 Oct Bob Ferguson ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 170 3 strokes Jamie Anderson 8 1880 9 Apr Bob Ferguson Scotland Musselburgh 162 5 strokes Peter Paxton 8 1879 27 , 29 Sep Jamie Anderson ( 3 ) Scotland St Andrews 169 3 strokes Jamie Allan Andrew Kirkaldy 10 1878 4 Oct Jamie Anderson ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 157 2 strokes Bob Kirk 8 1877 6 Apr Jamie Anderson Scotland Musselburgh 160 2 strokes Bob Pringle 8 1876 30 Sep , 2 Oct Bob Martin Scotland St Andrews 176 Playoff Davie Strath 10 1875 10 Sep Willie Park , Snr ( 4 ) Scotland Prestwick 166 2 strokes Bob Martin 8 1874 10 Apr Mungo Park Scotland Musselburgh 159 2 strokes Tom Morris , Jnr 8 1873 4 Oct Tom Kidd Scotland St Andrews 179 1 stroke Jamie Anderson 11 1872 13 Sep Tom Morris , Jnr ( 4 ) Scotland Prestwick 166 3 strokes Davie Strath 8 1871 Championship cancelled as no trophy available 1870 15 Sep Tom Morris , Jnr ( 3 ) Scotland Prestwick 149 12 strokes Bob Kirk Davie Strath 6 1869 16 Sep Tom Morris , Jnr ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 157 11 strokes Bob Kirk 6 1868 23 Sep Tom Morris , Jnr Scotland Prestwick 154 3 strokes Tom Morris , Snr 6 1867 26 Sep Tom Morris , Snr ( 4 ) Scotland Prestwick 170 2 strokes Willie Park , Snr 7 1866 13 Sep Willie Park , Snr ( 3 ) Scotland Prestwick 169 2 strokes Davie Park 6 1865 14 Sep Andrew Strath Scotland Prestwick 162 2 strokes Willie Park , Snr 8 1864 16 Sep Tom Morris , Snr ( 3 ) Scotland Prestwick 167 2 strokes Andrew Strath 6 1863 18 Sep Willie Park , Snr ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 168 2 strokes Tom Morris , Snr - 1862 11 Sep Tom Morris , Snr ( 2 ) Scotland Prestwick 163 13 strokes Willie Park , Snr - 1861 26 Sep Tom Morris , Snr Scotland Prestwick 163 4 strokes Willie Park , Snr - 1860 17 Oct Willie Park , Snr Scotland Prestwick 174 2 strokes Tom Morris , Snr - ( a ) denotes amateur `` Dates '' column includes all days on which play took place or was planned to take place , including any playoffs The Open began paying in U.S. dollars in 2017 , subsequent figures in pounds are rounded estimates . Silver Medal winners ( edit ) Since 1949 , the Silver Medal is awarded to the leading amateur , provided that the player completes all 72 holes . In the 69 Championships from 1949 to 2017 , it has been won by 44 players on 50 occasions . Frank Stranahan won it four times in the first five years ( and was also the low amateur in 1947 ) , while Joe Carr , Michael Bonallack and Peter McEvoy each won it twice . The medal has gone unawarded 19 times . 1949 -- Frank Stranahan 1950 -- Frank Stranahan ( 2 ) 1951 -- Frank Stranahan ( 3 ) 1952 -- Jackie Jones 1953 -- Frank Stranahan ( 4 ) 1954 -- Peter Toogood 1955 -- Joe Conrad 1956 -- Joe Carr 1957 -- Dickson Smith 1958 -- Joe Carr ( 2 ) 1959 -- Reid Jack 1960 -- Guy Wolstenholme 1961 -- Ronnie White 1962 -- Charlie Green 1963 -- none 1964 -- none 1965 -- Michael Burgess 1966 -- Ronnie Shade 1967 -- none 1968 -- Michael Bonallack 1969 -- Peter Tupling 1970 -- Steve Melnyk 1971 -- Michael Bonallack ( 2 ) 1972 -- none 1973 -- Danny Edwards 1974 -- none 1975 -- none 1976 -- none 1977 -- none 1978 -- Peter McEvoy 1979 -- Peter McEvoy ( 2 ) 1980 -- Jay Sigel 1981 -- Hal Sutton 1982 -- Malcolm Lewis 1983 -- none 1984 -- none 1985 -- José María Olazábal 1986 -- none 1987 -- Paul Mayo 1988 -- Paul Broadhurst 1989 -- Russell Claydon 1990 -- none 1991 -- Jim Payne 1992 -- Daren Lee 1993 -- Iain Pyman 1994 -- Warren Bennett 1995 -- Steve Webster 1996 -- Tiger Woods 1997 -- Barclay Howard 1998 -- Justin Rose 1999 -- none 2000 -- none 2001 -- David Dixon 2002 -- none 2003 -- none 2004 -- Stuart Wilson 2005 -- Lloyd Saltman 2006 -- Marius Thorp 2007 -- Rory McIlroy 2008 -- Chris Wood 2009 -- Matteo Manassero 2010 -- Jin Jeong 2011 -- Tom Lewis 2012 -- none 2013 -- Matthew Fitzpatrick 2014 -- none 2015 -- Jordan Niebrugge 2016 -- none 2017 -- Alfie Plant Broadcasting ( edit ) As of 2016 , European Tour Productions serves as the host broadcaster for the Open Championship . The host broadcaster , as well as British and American broadcasters Sky Sports and NBC Sports , utilized a total of 175 cameras during the 2016 tournament . For more details on this topic , see List of The Open Championship broadcasters . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , the Open Championship was historically broadcast by the BBC -- a relationship which lasted from 1955 to 2015 . The BBC 's rights to the Open had been threatened by the event 's removal from Category A of Ofcom 's `` listed '' events , a status which legally mandated that the Open be broadcast in its entirety by a terrestrial broadcaster . It had since been moved to Category B , meaning that television rights to the tournament could now be acquired by a pay television outlet , such as BT Sport or Sky Sports , as long as rights to broadcast a highlights programme are given to one of the main terrestrial broadcasters . Former R&A chief executive Peter Dawson had been critical of the quality of the BBC 's television coverage in recent years , stating alongside its final renewal in 2010 that `` They know we 've got our eye on them . You have to stay in practice and keep up with advances in technology . '' The Guardian felt that the R&A was being `` pressured '' to negotiate a more lucrative broadcast deal , as the other three majors have in the United States , but also argued that viewer interest in golf could face further declines in the UK without widely available coverage . On 3 February 2015 , the R&A announced that Sky Sports had acquired broadcast rights to the Open beginning in 2017 , under a five - year contract valued at £ 15 million per - year , doubling the value of the previous BBC contract . As required by broadcasting regulations , rights to broadcast a nightly highlights programme were also sold : the BBC acquired this highlights package . Dawson praised Sky Sports ' past involvement with televised golf , explaining that `` the way people consume live sport is changing significantly and this new agreement ensures fans have a range of options for enjoying the championship on television and through digital channels '' . The BBC chose to opt out of the final year of its existing contract , making Sky Sports ' broadcast rights begin one year early , in 2016 . United States ( edit ) In the United States , ABC had historically held rights to the Open . Beginning in 2010 under an eight - year agreement , the Open moved exclusively to ABC 's sister pay television channel ESPN , with only tape - delayed highlights shown on ABC . In June 2015 , it was announced that NBC Sports would acquire rights to the Open Championship under a 12 - year deal beginning in 2017 ; early round coverage airs on Golf Channel , with the main NBC network broadcasting live weekend coverage . The R&A cited NBC 's successful broadcasts of Premier League football , which also primarily airs on weekend mornings in U.S. time zones , as an advantage of NBC 's acquisition of The Open . Similarly to the BBC , ESPN chose to opt out of its final year of Open rights , causing NBC 's rights to begin in 2016 instead . The 2017 edition of the Open Championship will have a total of 49.5 hours of coverage in the United States , with 29 hours being on Thursday and Friday , and 20.5 hours being on Saturday and Sunday ; the Golf Channel cable network will have a total of 34.5 hours of coverage , with 29 hours on Thursday and Friday , and 5.5 hours on Saturday and Sunday . The NBC broadcast network will have a total of 15 hours of coverage on the weekend , with 8 hours Saturday , and 7 hours Sunday . The 49.5 total hours of coverage on Golf Channel and NBC remains unchanged from 2016 , with the difference being that Golf Channel 's total coverage goes down thirty minutes from 35 hours to 34.5 hours , and NBC 's total coverage goes up thirty minutes from 14.5 hours to 15 hours . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Prestwick Golf Club details '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Joy , David ( June 2003 ) . `` Prestwick Golf Club '' . Links Magazine . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Claret Jug '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryle Memorial Medal '' ( PDF ) . Professional Golfers ' Association . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Braid Taylor Memorial Medal '' ( PDF ) . Professional Golfers ' Association . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tooting Bec Cup '' ( PDF ) . Professional Golfers ' Association . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Open Golf Championship '' . The Times . 10 July 1893 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Open Championship '' . The Times . 18 November 1907 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Golf Championship - Official announcement '' . The Times . 14 April 1915 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Championships '' . The Times . 22 May 1922 . p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Gales and snow - Damage on east coast - Widespread flooding '' . The Times . 14 February 1938 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Golf - The Open and Amateur Championships - New Conditions '' . The Times . 12 February 1938 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Championships for 1940 '' . The Times . 21 January 1939 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Open : Press conference confirms Royal Portrush '' . BBC News . 16 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Portrush to host The 148th Open in 2019 '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Muirfield to lose right to host Open after vote against allowing women members '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carnoustie '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Portrush '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal St George 's '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Open Championship -- Entry Form '' ( PDF ) . theopen.com . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification '' . theopen.com . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Costa , Brian ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Dear American Twits , This Golf Event Is Properly Called ' The Open ' '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Shane ( 14 July 2015 ) . `` Americans : It 's okay to call this major `` The British Open , '' and do n't let anyone tell you otherwise `` . Golf Digest . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , Shane ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` British Open or Open Championship ? The debate stops now '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Open Championship : Royal Birkdale prize money to be paid in US dollars , not sterling '' . BBC.com. 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notes : Young Tom Morris gets 20 days older '' . PGA Tour . 1 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Did you know number 50 '' . The Open Championship . Archived from the original on 25 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GBP / USD - Pound to Dollar '' . FX Empire . 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live From The Open Championship : A New Era Begins for the R&A '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CTV Takes Axon 's Cerebrum Back To The Open Golf Championship '' . TV Technology . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom . March 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC could lose exclusive Open coverage rights as R&A ponders new deal '' . The Guardian . 8 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Ewan ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` What would it mean for golf if the BBC lost the Open Championship ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 3 February 2015 ) . `` Sky Sports wins rights to show Open Championship golf live from 2017 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Open Championship : Sky wins rights ; BBC to show highlights '' . BBC Sport. 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ourand , John ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` NBC getting British Open a year early '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Larry ( 21 July 1995 ) . `` ABC getting a major chance with British Open coverage '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All four rounds of British Open shown live on ESPN beginning in ' 10 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Ourand , John ; Lombardo , John ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` NBC , Golf Channel ending ABC / ESPN British Open reign '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Open Championship ( golf ) . Book : Men 's major professional golf championships Official website Coverage on European Tour.com Coverage on PGA.com Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration Women 's PGA Championship U.S. Women 's Open Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship Senior Players Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Open Championship International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Skins game Shotgun start Speed golf Pitch and putt Indoor golf Miniature golf Long drive Park golf Snow golf Stableford scoring Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal The Open Championship 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 The Open Championship rota courses Current rota courses St Andrews Carnoustie Muirfield Turnberry Royal Troon Royal St George 's ( Sandwich ) Royal Birkdale Royal Lytham & St Annes Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) Royal Portrush Former rota courses Prestwick Musselburgh Royal Cinque Ports Prince 's Major golf championships Current Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Past British Amateur U.S. Amateur See also Most wins Chronological Grand Slam European Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Other Race to Dubai tournaments Australian PGA Championship Alfred Dunhill Championship UBS Hong Kong Open BMW SA Open Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship Commercial Bank Qatar Masters Omega Dubai Desert Classic Maybank Championship Malaysia ISPS Handa World Super 6 Perth Joburg Open WGC - Mexico Championship Tshwane Open Hero Indian Open WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Championship Trophée Hassan II Shenzhen International Volvo China Open Open de Portugal Rocco Forte Open BMW PGA Championship Nordea Masters Lyoness Open BMW International Open Open de France Dubai Duty Free Irish Open Aberdeen Asset Management Scottish Open Porsche European Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Saltire Energy Paul Lawrie Match Play Fiji International Made in Denmark D + D Real Czech Masters Omega European Masters KLM Open Portugal Masters British Masters Alfred Dunhill Links Championship Italian Open Andalucía Valderrama Masters WGC - HSBC Champions Turkish Airlines Open Nedbank Golf Challenge DP World Tour Championship , Dubai Team events World Cup EurAsia Cup GolfSixes Ryder Cup Other European Tour Qualifying School Former events All events listed in chronological order . PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Dean & DeLuca Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Open_Championship&oldid=796702810 '' Categories : The Open Championship Men 's major golf championships Golf tournaments in England Golf tournaments in Northern Ireland Golf tournaments in Scotland July sporting events 1860 establishments in Scotland Recurring sporting events established in 1860 National championships in the United Kingdom Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 15 : 45 . 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-548027813862883914	Governor of Oklahoma	Governor of Oklahoma - wikipedia Governor of Oklahoma Jump to : navigation , search Governor of the State of Oklahoma Flag of the Governor Incumbent Mary Fallin since January 10 , 2011 Residence Oklahoma Governor 's Mansion Term length Four years , renewable once ( maximum lifetime ) Inaugural holder Charles N. Haskell Formation November 16 , 1907 Salary 147,000 ( 2013 ) Website Governor 's Website Oklahoma This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Oklahoma Constitution ( show ) United States Constitution Oklahoma Constitution Executive ( show ) Government Governor : Mary Fallin Lieutenant Governor : Todd Lamb Secretary of State : Chris Benge State Auditor : Gary Jones Attorney General : Mike Hunter State Treasurer : Ken A. Miller State School Superintendent : Joy Hofmeister Labor Commissioner : Melissa Houston Insurance Commissioner : John Doak Corporation Commission : Bob Anthony - Chair Todd Hiett - Vice Chair Dana Murphy - Secretary Governor 's Cabinet and State Agencies Taxation and the State Budget Legislature ( show ) Legislature : 55th Senate President Pro Tem of the Senate : Mike Schulz House of Representatives Speaker of the House : Jeff W. Hickman Judiciary ( show ) Judiciary Supreme Court Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Civil Appeals Court on the Judiciary Court of Impeachment Nominating Commission Elections ( show ) Elections State Election Board Last election Political parties Democratic Party Republican Party Political party strength Divisions ( show ) Counties Cities and Towns Federal Relations ( show ) Federal representation Senate Jim Inhofe ( R ) James Lankford ( R ) House of Representatives 1 : Jim Bridenstine ( R ) 2 : Markwayne Mullin ( R ) 3 : Frank Lucas ( R ) 4 : Tom Cole ( R ) 5 : Steve Russell ( R ) Politics of the United States Politics portal The governor of the State of Oklahoma is the head of state for the U.S. state of Oklahoma . Under the Oklahoma Constitution , the governor is also the head of government , serving as the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch , of the government of Oklahoma . The governor is the ex officio Commander - in - Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into federal use . Despite being an executive branch official , the governor also holds legislative and judicial powers . The governor 's responsibilities include making yearly `` State of the State '' addresses to the Oklahoma Legislature , submitting the annual state budget , ensuring that state laws are enforced , and that the peace is preserved . The governor 's term is four years in length . The office was created in 1907 when Oklahoma was officially admitted to the United States as the 46th state . Prior to statehood in 1907 , the office was preceded by a Presidential appointed Governor of Oklahoma Territory with similar powers . The 27th and current Governor of Oklahoma is Mary Fallin . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Territorial period 1.2 Statehood - Present 2 Election 2.1 Oath of office 2.2 Last election 3 Powers and duties 3.1 Executive powers 3.2 Legislative and judicial powers 3.3 Foreign relations 3.4 Emergency powers 4 Relationship with lieutenant governor 5 Office of the Governor 6 Residence 7 Succession 7.1 Line of succession 8 Gubernatorial trivia 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Territorial period ( edit ) Abraham Jefferson Seay served as the second appointed governor of Oklahoma Territory Before statehood in 1907 , modern day Oklahoma was composed of Oklahoma and Indian territories . While Indian Territory was semi-independent of the federal government as Indian nations land , Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory under the supervision of the United States Congress . Within the Oklahoma Territory , a tripartite government existed , including a territorial legislature , a territorial supreme court , and a territorial governor . The President of the United States appointed territorial governors to four - year terms . Despite a set term , the governor served at the pleasure of the U.S. president , meaning that the president could replace him before his term was up . The governor was the head of the territorial government . He had the power to veto legislation proposed by the territorial legislature and the power to appoint members to his cabinet , who in turn had to be ratified by territorial lawmakers . The governor had the power to appoint justices to the territorial high court . The governor was responsible to the U.S. president on addressing issues in the territory and served as the representative as the federal government of the United States . He was also the Commander in Chief of the territorial militia . George Washington Steele served as the first governor of Oklahoma Territory . He vetoed the territorial legislature 's attempts to move the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City or Kingfisher . He was instrumental in the establishment of two universities that would become the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University . After only seventeen months in office , Steele resigned effective October 18 , 1891 . In his place , President Benjamin Harrison appointed Abraham Jefferson Seay to the governorship . Robert Martin , Secretary of Oklahoma Territory , served as acting governor from October 18 , 1891 , until February 1892 , when Seay took the oath of office . Frank Frantz served as the final governor of Oklahoma Territory . He was an unsuccessful candidate for governor in the first state gubernatorial election . Statehood - present ( edit ) After the Oklahoma Constitution was written and accepted in 1907 , the Oklahoma and Indian territories joined to form the U.S. state of Oklahoma . The office of the governor of Oklahoma replaced the office of territorial governor . The new office was similar , but designed with new restrictions , limits , and legislative and judicial oversight . It was crafted as a `` weak governor system '' to defend the state against abuses of power that had occurred under the territorial government . Oklahoma 's first governor , Charles N. Haskell , wielded executive power effectively , but in the first 20 years after he left office in 1911 , the Oklahoma Legislature further limited the governor 's office of its powers and impeached governors John C. Walton and Henry S. Johnston . It was not until William H. Murray took office in 1935 that the governorship expanded its powers . In 1927 , the state legislature appropriated $75,000 for the construction of a governor 's mansion and $25,000 for furnishings . In 1928 , the governor and his family moved in . As Oklahoma grew and the state government expanded , the office of the governor became gradually more powerful . As more agencies were introduced , the governor gained greater indirect influence through the power of appointment . Initially the governor was not eligible to immediately succeed himself . It was not until 1966 that Oklahoma amended the state constitution to allow the governor to serve two consecutive terms . Election ( edit ) The governor of Oklahoma is elected directly by the voters of Oklahoma during gubernatorial elections held in November during the final year of each four - year gubernatorial term . The candidate with the highest number of votes becomes governor following the election . The Oklahoma Constitution requires the Oklahoma Legislature to choose the governor in the case of a tie vote . Section Three of Article VI of the Oklahoma Constitution establishes that gubernatorial candidates must be citizens of the United States , at least 31 years old , and residents of Oklahoma for at least ten years prior to their candidacy . Under Section Four in Article VI of the Oklahoma Constitution , the governor serves a four - year term in office beginning on the second Monday in January . Section Four also states that no person may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms . On November 2 , 2010 , voters passed a ballot initiative to limit governors to only eight years in office in a lifetime . The initiative also set the gubernatorial term of a lieutenant governor who becomes governor upon the death of the previous governor ; upon the lieutenant governor 's succession , he or she is to serve out two years of the governor 's term . Oath of office ( edit ) `` I , ... , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support , obey , and defend the Constitution of the United States , and the Constitution of the State of Oklahoma , and that I will not , knowingly , receive , directly or indirectly , any money or other valuable thing , for the performance or nonperformance of any act or duty pertaining to my office , other than the compensation allowed by law ; I further swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as Governor of the State of Oklahoma to the best of my ability . '' Last election ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma gubernatorial election , 2014 Oklahoma gubernatorial election 2014 results map . Counties won by Mary Fallin Counties won by Joe Dorman 2014 Oklahoma gubernatorial election results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mary Fallin 458,788 55.8 Democratic Joe Dorman 337,728 41.0 Independent Kimberly Willis 17,143 2.1 Independent Richard Prawdzienski 9,102 1.1 Total votes 823,761 100.0 Powers and duties ( edit ) Executive powers ( edit ) The governor , according to the Oklahoma Constitution , must `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed . '' The governor is vested with `` supreme executive power '' as the state 's `` Chief Magistrate '' and acts as head of the executive branch of Oklahoma . The governor has the power to issue executive orders that have the effect of law . The governor is the `` conservator of the peace throughout the State , '' making him or her the chief peace officer in the state . In the position of chief peace officer , the governor commands state and local law enforcement agencies . In the event that law enforcement entities can not execute the law , the governor , acting as Commander - in - Chief of Oklahoma 's state militia , may call out the Oklahoma National Guard to `` execute the laws , protect the public health , suppress insurrection , and repel invasion . '' The governor is assisted in managing the military of Oklahoma by the Adjutant General of Oklahoma , who he or she appoints to office . The governor has the power to commission officers not otherwise commissioned by the law of Oklahoma and has the power of appointment . When any office at the state level becomes vacant for any reason , the governor , unless otherwise provided by law , has the power to appoint a person to fill such vacancy , who shall continue in office until the election or appointment of a successor . If the office of an Oklahoma member of the United States House of Representatives or United States Senate becomes vacant the governor calls a special election to fill the remainder of the term . In the case of United States senators , the governor is empowered by the U.S. Constitution to appoint someone immediately to fill the vacant Senate seat temporarily until a special election can be held . Within the executive branch of Oklahoma government , the governor is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma , the Secretary of State of Oklahoma , the Attorney General of Oklahoma , and the State Treasurer of Oklahoma , among others . While the other high level executive offices are elected directly by the people of Oklahoma , the Secretary of State is appointed by the governor with the consent of the Oklahoma Senate for a four - year term . Due to the large number of state agencies , the governor is assisted in running the government through the use of the Oklahoma State Cabinet . Through the Cabinet , the Governor can address the assembled heads of Oklahoma 's executive branch departments which oversee Oklahoma 's agencies . A secretary appointed by the governor heads each department and carryies out his executive orders through that department . The governor is an ex officio chair of numerous state commissions and committees , including the Oklahoma Commissioners of Land Office and the Oklahoma Ethics Commission . While there are executive and state commissions of which the governor is not a member , he or she has appointment power to those entities with the advice and consent of the Oklahoma Senate , such as with the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma . The governor is also responsible for preparing the proposed Oklahoma state budget presented to the Oklahoma Legislature in February for the next fiscal year beginning in July . After state legislators negotiate the terms of the budget with the governor , the Oklahoma House of Representatives drafts a general appropriations bill that must be approved by the legislature and signed by the governor . Legislative and judicial powers ( edit ) Like the President of the United States , the governor plays a major role in the legislative process . Every bill that is passed by both the Oklahoma Senate and Oklahoma House of Representatives , and every resolution requiring the assent of both chambers of the legislature , must , before it becomes a law , be presented to the governor . The governor may choose to sign it or veto it and send it back to the legislature . The governor 's veto can only be overridden by a two - thirds approval vote from each house . The governor has the power of the line - item veto , which allows them to sign part of appropriation bills into law , while sending appropriations items they disagree with back to the legislature . Items disapproved by the governor in this manner become void , unless the legislation is re-passed in both the Oklahoma House of Representatives and Oklahoma Senate with a two - thirds vote in favor of overriding the veto . Bills that are part of the governor 's agenda are often drafted at the initiative of the governor or governor 's staff . In annual and special messages to the Oklahoma Legislature , the governor may propose legislation . The most important annual message to state lawmakers takes place in the annual State of the State address . Before a joint session of the Oklahoma Legislature , the governor outlines the status of the state and legislative proposals for the upcoming year . The governor is in a strong position to influence public opinion and thereby to influence the actions of state legislators . The governor has the power to convoke the legislature , or the Oklahoma Senate only , on extraordinary occasions . During extraordinary sessions , state legislators can only act on subjects the governor recommends for consideration . When ever a vacancy occurs within the state legislature , the governor shall issue a writ of election to fill such vacancies . In case of a disagreement between the two houses of the legislature , at a regular or special session , the governor may adjourn them to such time as he shall deem proper , not beyond the day of the next stated meeting of the legislature . He or she may convoke the Oklahoma Legislature at or adjourn it to another place , when , in his opinion , the public safety or welfare , or the safety or health of the members require it . Such a change or adjournment must be concurred by two - thirds votes in all branches of the legislature . The governor plays an active role within the judicial branch of Oklahoma government . Oklahoma has a Judicial Nominating Commission consisting of thirteen members that review all potential justices and judges of Oklahoma 's appellate courts , such as the Oklahoma Supreme Court , and review them to determine if they qualify to hold their respective positions . Of these thirteen members , the governor appoints six without the consent of the Oklahoma Legislature . The governor 's appointments serve for a term of six years each ; the terms are staggered so that approximately one - third of the appointments become vacant every two years . In the event of a vacancy upon the Oklahoma Supreme Court or on the Court of Criminal Appeals , the Judicial Nominating Committee submits three nominees to fill the vacancy to the governor and Oklahoma Supreme Court chief justice . The governor must appoint one to fill the vacancy within 60 days or the appointment is turned over to the chief justice . The governor also possess the power to grant commutations , pardons and paroles for all offenses , except cases of impeachment , upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may deem proper , subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law . The governor does not have the power to grant paroles if a convict has been sentenced to death or sentenced to life imprisonment without parole . In order to grant a pardon to an individual , he must submit the name of the individual to the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board composed of five members , three of which are appointed by the governor at the beginning of his term in office to serve a term that coincides with his own . After reviewing the applicant for clemency , and a favorable vote from the majority , the board may empower the governor to make such acts of as he deems necessary . The governor has the power to grant after conviction , reprieves , or a leave of absence not to exceed sixty days , without the action of the board . The governor is required to communicate to the Oklahoma Legislature , at each regular session , each case of reprieve , commutation , parole or pardon , granted , stating the name of the convict , the crime of which he was convicted , the date and place of conviction , and the date of commutation , pardon , parole and reprieve . Foreign relations ( edit ) The governor , as Oklahoma 's head of state , serves as the chief representative of Oklahoma to the United States and to the world . Deals between Oklahoma and foreign powers ( including other U.S. states and the United States ) are negotiated by the governor . This reflects the governor 's position as the spokesman for the state and the state 's interests to other state and world leaders . However , the governor may not make treaties with other nations or other U.S. states , as this is prevented by the United States Constitution . In discharging his duty as chief spokesman , the governor may be required to testify before the United States Congress or meet with the President of the United States to address national issues that may affect the state . It is the governor 's responsibility to promote Oklahoma 's industries to the world economy as the spokesman for industrial development within the state . Along with those responsibilities comes the role of chief promoter of Oklahoma 's goods and services to foreign consumers . The governor plays a significant role in national politics . As the representative of Oklahoma , the governor heads , on a state level , his or her political party . In this position , the governor serves as the state 's leader in selecting a party candidate to run for the office of President of the United States . As Oklahoma 's head of state , the governor may travel through the country to promote Oklahoma in a general interest or travel abroad to serve as proponent of America 's interests . Emergency powers ( edit ) Pursuant to the Oklahoma Emergency Management Act of 2003 and the Catastrophic Health Emergency Powers Act , in the event that a natural or man - made emergency or a catastrophic health emergency occurs or is anticipated in the immediate future , the governor gains emergency powers to better respond to the emergency and combat the threat . Either the governor through executive order or the Oklahoma Legislature through concurrent resolution may declare a state of emergency . Once declared , the governor may exercise his or her additional emergency powers . At any time , the governor ( through executive order ) or the state legislature ( through concurrent resolution ) may declare an end to the state of emergency and suspend the governor 's emergency powers . Upon the declaration of an emergency , the governor is allowed a limited - form of rule by decree . He assumes direct regulatory control over essential resources of the state . It will then be the responsibility of the governor to determine the priorities of such resources and allocate them as the governor may deem necessary . These resources include , but are not limited to , food , manpower , health and health manpower , water , transportation , economic stabilization , electric power , petroleum , gas , and solid fuel , industrial production , construction and housing . The focus of the governor 's emergency powers is to ensure the security and stability of the state and he or she receives comprehensive police powers in an emergency . In discharging those power to enforce laws , rules and regulations relating to emergency management , the governor assumes direct operational control of emergency management forces of the state , including the Oklahoma National Guard , state police agencies , state and local health departments , as well as county sheriff 's offices and local police departments . These emergency police powers extend to providing for the evacuation of the state 's population from any affected or threatened area or areas within the state , regulating the conduct of civilians and the movement of pedestrians and vehicular traffic , and regulating public meetings and gatherings . The governor is responsible for providing for the care of all those regulated by his or her orders . During a state of emergency , the governor is authorized to utilize the services , equipment , supplies and facilities of all departments , offices and agencies of the state to the maximum extent practicable . State , county , and local officers and personnel must cooperate with the governor in emergency management upon his or her direction . Any state , county , or local official that willful fails to obey any order , rule or regulation issued by the governor may be removed from office by the governor . However , before removal , officers must receives the charges against them and have an opportunity to defend themselves . Pending the presentation of charges , the governor may suspend such officers for a period not to exceed thirty days . Any vacancy resulting from removal or suspension shall be filled by the governor until it is filled as provided by state law . However , according to the Oklahoma Constitution , the governor may not remove from office the elective state executive officers , the justices of the Oklahoma Supreme Court , the judges of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals , and members of the Oklahoma Legislature . When carrying out the functions of his or her emergency powers , the governor is immune from civilly liable for any loss or injury resulting from any decision , determination , order or action in the performance of his / her assigned duties and responsibilities during a stated emergency . However , this immunity does not apply when such loss or injury is caused by the gross negligence , or willfully and unnecessarily act by the governor . Relationship with lieutenant governor ( edit ) The Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma is elected at the same election as the governor , but not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate . Oklahoma currently has a governor and a lieutenant governor of the same party , as both Governor Mary Fallin and Lieutenant Governor Todd Lamb are of the Republican Party . The first instance of an Oklahoma governor serving alongside a lieutenant governor of a different political party began in 1963 , when Republican Governor Henry Bellmon served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor Leo Winters . Since then , there have been three more instances . In 1967 , Republican Governor Dewey F. Bartlett served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor George Nigh . In 1987 , Bellmon served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor Robert S. Kerr III . Finally , in 2002 , Democratic Governor Brad Henry served alongside Republican Lieutenant Governor Mary Fallin . The governor may appoint the lieutenant governor to her cabinet . For example , Governor Mary Fallin appointed Lieutenant Governor Todd Lamb to serve as her small business advocate within her Cabinet -- although Lamb later resigned that position due to disagreements with the Governor . A lieutenant governor can also serve as Acting Governor . When acting as the governor , the Oklahoma Constitution provides all the powers of the governor to the lieutenant governor . This includes the power of signing or vetoing legislation , making political appointments , calling out the Oklahoma National Guard , or granting pardons . The need for the lieutenant governor to act as the governor may be due to the governor 's absence from the state , or his inability to discharge the powers and duties of the office . When acting as governor , the lieutenant governor holds the powers of the governor until the governor returns to the state or she is found to be able to resume her powers and duties . Office of the governor ( edit ) Office of the Governor Agency overview Formed 1907 Preceding agency Office of the Territorial Governor Headquarters Oklahoma State Capitol Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Employees 39 unclassified Annual budget $1.98 million Minister responsible Mary Fallin , Governor Agency executive Denise Northrup , Chief of Staff Website Office of the Governor The Office of the Governor is the state agency that supports the governor in the performance of gubernatorial duties . The agency consists of the governor 's staff and is headed by the governor 's chief of staff . The current chief of staff is Denise Northrup . Staffers are political appointees and serve at the pleasure of the governor . They work in the governor 's Oklahoma State Capitol offices in Oklahoma City , the governor 's Tulsa office and the Governor 's Mansion . As of 2013 , the agency has an annual budget of approximately $1.98 million . The budget provides funding for employee salaries and benefits , operation and upkeep of the governor 's offices in the Oklahoma State Capitol and Tulsa , Oklahoma , and the operation and upkeep of the Governor 's Mansion . Residence ( edit ) Main article : Oklahoma Governor 's Mansion Since 1928 , Oklahoma governors reside in the Oklahoma Governor 's Mansion . Before its construction , governors lived in various locations around Guthrie and Oklahoma City . Governor Charles N. Haskell set up his administration 's office and his official residence within a hotel in Oklahoma City . The Oklahoma Legislature provided for the construction of an official residence after years of debate in 1927 . The next year , in 1928 , the mansion was completed . Built by an Oklahoma City architectural firm , Layton , Hicks and Forsyth , the mansion is of Dutch - Colonial style . Carthage limestone was used so the exterior of the Mansion would complement the Oklahoma State Capitol , which is located to the west of the mansion . The state legislature allocated $100,000 of state money ( $75,000 for construction and $25,000 for furnishing ) to the project . Two years later , another $39,000 was set aside to complete outbuildings and landscaping . Though originally having 19 rooms , today the 14,000 - square - foot ( 1,300 m ) Mansion has 12 , including a library , parlor , dining room , grand ballroom , kitchen , sunroom and five bedrooms . The mansion also serves as an active museum . Throughout the mansion there are antiques and artwork from both museum and private collections . The museum is designed to provide a glimpse into Oklahoma 's history and culture . Artists represented in oil and bronze include N.C. Wyeth , Charles Marion Russell , Thomas Moran and Albert Beirstadt . Succession ( edit ) As per the Oklahoma Constitution , if the governor is impeached , resigns , dies , leaves the state , fails to qualify or is unable to serve , the lieutenant governor fills the vacancy , either temporarily or for the remainder of the gubanatorial term . If , during a vacancy of the office of governor , the lieutenant governor is impeached , displaced , resigns , dies , is absent from the state , or becomes incapable of performing the duties of the office , the president pro tempore of the state senate is the next official in the gubanatorial line of succession . The Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives is third in line of gubernatorial succession . If the governor , lieutenant governor , senate president pro tempore , and speaker are unable to act as governor , then the next official in the line of succession becomes the emergency interim successor . As the emergency interim successor to the governor , the officer may exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor until a new governor is elected or until the disability is removed from the governor or higher official . The emergency interim successor does not however inherit the title of governor , unless there is a man - made or natural emergency or disaster has occurred in the United States . The Oklahoma Legislature , by concurrent resolution , may terminate the authority of any emergency interim successor to exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor . Line of succession ( edit ) As provided by the Oklahoma Constitution and the Oklahoma Emergency Interim Executive and Judicial Succession Act , the line of succession to the Governorship is as follows : # Office Current Officer May succeed to Governorship Governor of Oklahoma Mary Fallin Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma Todd Lamb President Pro Tempore of the Senate Mike Schulz Speaker of the House of Representatives Charles A. McCall May serve as Emergency Interim Successor State Auditor and Inspector Gary Jones 5 Attorney General Mike Hunter 6 State Treasurer Ken Miller 7 State School Superintendent Joy Hofmeister 8 Labor Commissioner Melissa McLawhorn Houston 9 Corporation Commissioner ( by length of tenure ) Bob Anthony 10 Corporation Commissioner Dana Murphy 11 Corporation Commissioner Todd Hiett Gubernatorial trivia ( edit ) Red states indicate US states where Governors of Oklahoma were born . Red counties indicate Oklahoma counties where Governors of Oklahoma were born . Between the births of Charles N. Haskell in 1860 and Brad Henry in 1963 , governors have been born in every decade Ohio Texas Arkansas Missouri Pennsylvania Alabama Kentucky Indiana Washington , D.C. Governors have been born in ten counties in Oklahoma Muskogee County , Oklahoma Oklahoma County , Oklahoma Marshall County , Oklahoma Washita County , Oklahoma Johnston County , Oklahoma Lincoln County , Oklahoma Noble County , Oklahoma Pittsburg County , Oklahoma Pottawatomie County , Oklahoma Muskogee , Oklahoma , has produced more governors than any other location : Charles N. Haskell Martin E. Trapp J. Howard Edmondson The first governor born was Charles N. Haskell on March 13 , 1860 The most recent governor born is Brad Henry on July 10 , 1963 The shortest term in office was nine days by George Nigh in 1963 ( January 6 -- 14 , 1963 ) Sworn in at age 33 , J. Howard Edmondson was the youngest governor Sworn in at age 61 , William H. Murray was the oldest governor The oldest living former governor is George Nigh at age 90 The youngest living former governor is Brad Henry at age 54 Henry S. Johnston has the longest life span of any governor , 97 years J. Howard Edmondson has the shortest life span of any governor , 46 years No governor has died while in office Three governors have been impeached , two were removed from office Lee Cruce in 1912 , found not guilty of charges John C. Walton in 1923 , removed from office Henry S. Johnston in 1929 , removed from office Between the deaths of Lee Cruce in 1933 and David Hall in 2016 , former governors have died in every decade except in the 1980s Ten governors were actually born in Oklahoma Governors have been born in ten states and the federal district Oklahoma Kansas Born in 1896 , Robert S. Kerr was the first governor born in what would become Oklahoma Born in 1908 , Raymond D. Gary was the first governor born in Oklahoma after statehood in 1907 E.W. Marland has the shortest post-governorship , 2 years George Nigh has the longest post-governorship , 16 years between 1963 and 1979 , and nearly 31 years between 1987 and today , for a total of nearly 47 years . Of the 26 people to hold the office of governor through 2013 , twenty - one have been Democrats and five have been Republicans . Mary Fallin is the first , and currently , the only female governor . Two governors are relatives : William H. Murray was the father of Johnston Murray There are currently five living former governors George Nigh David L. Boren David Walters Frank Keating Brad Henry Three Lieutenant Governors have been elevated to the governorship Martin E. Trapp in 1923 William J. Holloway in 1929 George Nigh in 1963 and in 1979 Five governors have served more than one term George Nigh Henry Bellmon Frank Keating Brad Henry Mary Fallin Two governors have served nonconsecutive terms George Nigh in 1963 and 1979 Henry Bellmon in 1963 and 1987 Four governors have served two consecutive terms George Nigh from 1979 to 1987 Frank Keating from 1995 to 2003 Brad Henry from 2003 to 2011 Mary Fallin from 2011 to present Two governors have resigned J. Howard Edmondson in 1963 to become a United States Senator David L. Boren in 1979 to become a United States Senator See also ( edit ) List of Governors of Oklahoma Governors of Oklahoma Territory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries '' . The Council of State Governments . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ About Governor Mary Fallin , Office of the Governor ( accessed May 14 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , Kenny L. OKLAHOMA TERRITORY Archived 2011 - 11 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... ( accessed May 12 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Everett , Dianna . `` FRANTZ , FRANK ( 1872 - 1941 ) , '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... ( accessed August 12 , 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Savage , Cynthia . `` Governor 's Mansion , '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010 - 05 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . ( accessed May 16 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Official Results - State Election '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Secretary of State . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Course of Bills , Oklahoma House of Representatives ( accessed May 14 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Executive Budget , Office of State Finance ( accessed May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` ( 1 ) , '' Digest of State Laws - Updated / Revised Title 63 -- July 2007 ( accessed April 19 , 2017 ) . External links ( edit ) Official Governor of Oklahoma home page State of Oklahoma Oklahoma City ( capital ) Topics History Government Governor ( List ) Symbols People Geography Earthquakes Media Newspapers Radio TV Sports Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Arklatex Central Cherokee Outlet Cross Timbers Four State Area Flint Hills Green Country Kiamichi Country Little Dixie Northwestern Oklahoma City Metro Ouachita Mountains The Ozarks Panhandle South Central Southwestern Texoma Tulsa Metro Western Largest cities Ardmore Bartlesville Bixby Broken Arrow Del City Duncan Edmond Enid Lawton Midwest City Muskogee Moore Norman Oklahoma City Owasso Ponca City Shawnee Stillwater Tulsa Yukon Counties Adair Alfalfa Atoka Beaver Beckham Blaine Bryan Caddo Canadian Carter Cherokee Choctaw Cimarron Cleveland Coal Comanche Cotton Craig Creek Custer Delaware Dewey Ellis Garfield Garvin Grady Grant Greer Harmon Harper Haskell Hughes Jackson Jefferson Johnston Kay Kingfisher Kiowa Latimer Le Flore Lincoln Logan Love Major Marshall Mayes McClain McCurtain McIntosh Murray Muskogee Noble Nowata Okfuskee Oklahoma Okmulgee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Payne Pittsburg Pontotoc Pottawatomie Pushmataha Roger Mills Rogers Seminole Sequoyah Stephens Texas Tillman Tulsa Wagoner Washington Washita Woods Woodward Governors of Oklahoma Territorial ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Steele Martin Seay Renfrow Barnes Jenkins Grimes Ferguson Frantz State ( since 1907 ) Haskell Cruce Williams Robertson Walton Trapp Johnston Holloway W. Murray Marland Phillips Kerr Turner J. Murray Gary Edmondson Nigh Bellmon Bartlett Hall Boren Nigh Bellmon Walters Keating Henry Fallin Italics indicate acting governors Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Current governors and executives of U.S. states and territories President of the United States : Donald Trump ( R ) AL Ivey ( R ) AK B. Walker ( I ) AZ Ducey ( R ) AR Hutchinson ( R ) CA J. Brown ( D ) CO Hickenlooper ( D ) CT Malloy ( D ) DE Carney ( D ) FL R. Scott ( R ) GA Deal ( R ) HI Ige ( D ) ID Otter ( R ) IL Rauner ( R ) IN Holcomb ( R ) IA Reynolds ( R ) KS Colyer ( R ) KY Bevin ( R ) LA Edwards ( D ) ME LePage ( R ) MD Hogan ( R ) MA Baker ( R ) MI Snyder ( R ) MN Dayton ( D ) MS Bryant ( R ) MO Greitens ( R ) MT Bullock ( D ) NE Ricketts ( R ) NV Sandoval ( R ) NH Sununu ( R ) NJ Murphy ( D ) NM Martinez ( R ) NY Cuomo ( D ) NC Cooper ( D ) ND Burgum ( R ) OH Kasich ( R ) OK Fallin ( R ) OR K. Brown ( D ) PA Wolf ( D ) RI Raimondo ( D ) SC McMaster ( R ) SD Daugaard ( R ) TN Haslam ( R ) TX Abbott ( R ) UT Herbert ( R ) VT P. Scott ( R ) VA Northam ( D ) WA Inslee ( D ) WV Justice ( R ) WI S. Walker ( R ) WY Mead ( R ) DC Bowser ( D ) ( Mayor ) Territories : AS Moliga ( D ) GU Calvo ( R ) MP Torres ( R ) PR Rosselló ( D ) VI Mapp ( I ) Political party affiliations : Republican : 35 ( 33 states , 2 territories ) Democratic : 19 ( 16 states , 2 territories , 1 district ) Independent : 2 ( 1 state , 1 territory ) Constitutional executive offices of Oklahoma Governor of Oklahoma Lieutenant Governor Secretary of State State Auditor and Inspector Attorney General State Treasurer Superintendent of Public Instruction Labor Commissioner Insurance Commissioner Corporation Commission Governor 's Cabinet State law enforcement agencies of Oklahoma Governor of Oklahoma Attorney General Secretary of Safety and Security ABLE Commission Bureau of Narcotics Council on Firefighter Training Council on Law Enforcement Education and Training Department of Corrections Department of Emergency Management Department of Public Safety Highway Patrol Highway Safety Office Office of Homeland Security District Attorneys Council Indigent Defense System Board Office of the Attorney General Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Office of the State Fire Mashal State Board of Pharmacy State Bureau of Investigation Pardon and Parole Board Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor_of_Oklahoma&oldid=821866418 '' Categories : Governors of Oklahoma State constitutional officers of Oklahoma Executive branch of Oklahoma government State law enforcement agencies of Oklahoma Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many terms can a governor serve in oklahoma	[ "Initially the governor was not eligible to immediately succeed himself. It was not until 1966 that Oklahoma amended the state constitution to allow the governor to serve two consecutive terms." ]	[ "two consecutive terms" ]
5202975646477652410	Cubic crystal system	Cubic crystal system - wikipedia Cubic crystal system Jump to : navigation , search A rock containing three crystals of pyrite ( FeS ) . The crystal structure of pyrite is primitive cubic , and this is reflected in the cubic symmetry of its natural crystal facets . A network model of a primitive cubic system The primitive and cubic close - packed ( also known as face - centered cubic ) unit cells In crystallography , the cubic ( or isometric ) crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube . This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals . There are three main varieties of these crystals : Primitive cubic ( abbreviated cP and alternatively called simple cubic ) Body - centered cubic ( abbreviated cI or bcc ) , Face - centered cubic ( abbreviated cF or fcc , and alternatively called cubic close - packed or ccp ) Each is subdivided into other variants listed below . Note that although the unit cell in these crystals is conventionally taken to be a cube , the primitive unit cell often is not . This is related to the fact that in most cubic crystal systems , there is more than one atom per cubic unit cell . A classic isometric crystal has square or pentagonal faces . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bravais lattices 2 Crystal classes 3 Voids in the unit cell 4 Multi-element compounds 4.1 Caesium chloride structure 4.2 Rock - salt structure 4.3 Zincblende structure 5 Weaire -- Phelan structure 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Bravais lattices ( edit ) The three Bravais lattices in the cubic crystal system are : Bravais lattice Primitive cubic Body - centered cubic Face - centered cubic Pearson symbol cP cI cF Unit cell The primitive cubic system ( cP ) consists of one lattice point on each corner of the cube . Each atom at a lattice point is then shared equally between eight adjacent cubes , and the unit cell therefore contains in total one atom ( ⁄ × 8 ) . The body - centered cubic system ( cI ) has one lattice point in the center of the unit cell in addition to the eight corner points . It has a net total of 2 lattice points per unit cell ( ⁄ × 8 + 1 ) . The face - centered cubic system ( cF ) has lattice points on the faces of the cube , that each gives exactly one half contribution , in addition to the corner lattice points , giving a total of 4 lattice points per unit cell ( ⁄ × 8 from the corners plus ⁄ × 6 from the faces ) . Each sphere in a cF lattice has coordination number 12 . Coordination number is the number of nearest neighbours of a central atom in the structure . The face - centered cubic system is closely related to the hexagonal close packed ( HCP ) system , and the two systems differ only in the relative placements of their hexagonal layers . The ( 111 ) plane of a face - centered cubic system is a hexagonal grid . Attempting to create a C - centered cubic crystal system ( i.e. , putting an extra lattice point in the center of each horizontal face ) would result in a simple tetragonal Bravais lattice . Crystal classes ( edit ) The isometric crystal system class names , examples , Schönflies notation , Hermann -- Mauguin notation , point groups , International Tables for Crystallography space group number , orbifold , type , and space groups are listed in the table below . There are a total 36 cubic space groups . # Point group Type Example Space groups Class Schön . Intl Orb . Cox . Primitive Face - centered Body - centered 195 -- 197 Tetartoidal 23 332 ( 3 , 3 ) enantiomorphic ( Ullmannite ) P23 F23 I23 198 -- 199 P2 3 I2 3 200 -- 205 Diploidal 2 / m3 ( m3 ) 3 * 2 ( 3 , 4 ) centrosymmetric ( Pyrite ) Pm 3 , Pn 3 Fm 3 , Fd 3 I3 205 -- 206 Pa 3 Ia 3 207 -- 211 Gyroidal O 432 432 ( 3 , 4 ) enantiomorphic ( Petzite ) P432 , P4 32 F432 , F4 32 I432 212 -- 214 P4 32 , P4 32 I4 32 215 -- 217 Hextetrahedral 43m * 332 ( 3 , 3 ) ( Sphalerite ) P43m F43m I43m 218 -- 220 P43n F43c I43d 221 -- 230 Hexoctahedral O 4 / m32 / m ( m3m ) * 432 ( 3 , 4 ) centrosymmetric ( Galena ) Pm 3m , Pn 3n , Pm 3n , Pn 3m Fm 3m , Fm 3c , Fd 3m , Fd 3c Im 3m , Ia 3d Other terms for hexoctahedral are : normal class , holohedral , ditesseral central class , galena type . Voids in the unit cell ( edit ) Visualisation of a diamond cubic unit cell : 1 . Components of a unit cell , 2 . One unit cell , 3 . A lattice of 3 x 3 x 3 unit cells A simple cubic unit cell has a single cubic void in the center . A body - centered cubic unit cell has six octahedral voids located at the center of each face of the unit cell , and twelve further ones located at the midpoint of each edge of the same cell , for a total of six net octahedral voids . Additionally , there are 24 tetrahedral voids located in a square spacing around each octahedral void , for a total of twelve net tetrahedral voids . These tetrahedral voids are not local maxima and are not technically voids , but they do occasionally appear in multi-atom unit cells . A face - centered cubic unit cell has eight tetrahedral voids located midway between each corner and the center of the unit cell , for a total of eight net tetrahedral voids . Additionally , there are twelve octahedral voids located at the midpoints of the edges of the unit cell as well as one octahedral hole in the very center of the cell , for a total of four net octahedral voids . One important characteristic of a crystalline structure is its atomic packing factor . This is calculated by assuming that all the atoms are identical spheres , with a radius large enough that each sphere abuts on the next . The atomic packing factor is the proportion of space filled by these spheres . Assuming one atom per lattice point , in a primitive cubic lattice with cube side length a , the sphere radius would be ⁄ and the atomic packing factor turns out to be about 0.524 ( which is quite low ) . Similarly , in a bcc lattice , the atomic packing factor is 0.680 , and in fcc it is 0.740 . The fcc value is the highest theoretically possible value for any lattice , although there are other lattices which also achieve the same value , such as hexagonal close packed and one version of tetrahedral bcc . As a rule , since atoms in a solid attract each other , the more tightly packed arrangements of atoms tend to be more common . ( Loosely packed arrangements do occur , though , for example if the orbital hybridization demands certain bond angles . ) Accordingly , the primitive - cubic structure , with especially low atomic packing factor , is rare in nature , but is found in polonium . The bcc and fcc , with their higher densities , are both quite common in nature . Examples of bcc include iron , chromium , tungsten , and niobium . Examples of fcc include aluminium , copper , gold and silver . Multi-element compounds ( edit ) Compounds that consist of more than one element ( e.g. binary compounds ) often have crystal structures based on a cubic crystal system . Some of the more common ones are listed here . Caesium chloride structure ( edit ) A caesium chloride unit cell . The two colors of spheres represent the two types of atoms . The space group of the caesium chloride ( CsCl ) structure is called Pm 3m ( in Hermann -- Mauguin notation ) , or `` 221 '' ( in the International Tables for Crystallography ) . The Strukturbericht designation is `` B2 '' . One structure is the `` interpenetrating primitive cubic '' structure , also called the `` caesium chloride '' structure . Each of the two atom types forms a separate primitive cubic lattice , with an atom of one type at the center of each cube of the other type . Altogether , the arrangement of atoms is the same as body - centered cubic , but with alternating types of atoms at the different lattice sites . ( See picture here . ) Alternately , one could view this lattice as a simple cubic structure with a secondary atom in its cubic void . In addition to caesium chloride itself , the structure also appears in certain other alkali halides when prepared at low temperatures or high pressures . Generally , this structure is more likely to be formed from two elements whose ions are of roughly the same size ( for example , ionic radius of Cs = 181 pm , and Cl = 167 pm ) . The coordination number of each atom in the structure is 8 : the central cation is coordinated to 8 anions on the corners of a cube as shown , and similarly , the central anion is coordinated to 8 cations on the corners of a cube . Other compounds showing caesium chloride like structure are CsBr , CsI , high - temp RbCl , AlCo , AgZn , BeCu , MgCe , RuAl and SrTl . Rock - salt structure ( edit ) The rock - salt crystal structure . Each atom has six nearest neighbors , with octahedral geometry . The space group of the rock - salt ( NaCl ) structure is called Fm 3m ( in Hermann -- Mauguin notation ) , or `` 225 '' ( in the International Tables for Crystallography ) . The Strukturbericht designation is `` B1 '' . In the rock - salt or sodium chloride ( halite ) structure , each of the two atom types forms a separate face - centered cubic lattice , with the two lattices interpenetrating so as to form a 3D checkerboard pattern . Alternately , one could view this structure as a face - centered cubic structure with secondary atoms in its octahedral holes . Examples of compounds with this structure include sodium chloride itself , along with almost all other alkali halides , and `` many divalent metal oxides , sulfides , selenides , and tellurides '' . More generally , this structure is more likely to be formed if the cation is somewhat smaller than the anion ( a cation / anion radius ratio of 0.414 to 0.732 ) . The coordination number of each atom in this structure is 6 : each cation is coordinated to 6 anions at the vertices of an octahedron , and similarly , each anion is coordinated to 6 cations at the vertices of an octahedron . The interatomic distance ( distance between cation and anion , or half the unit cell length a ) in some rock - salt - structure crystals are : 2.3 Å ( 2.3 × 10 m ) for NaF , 2.8 Å for NaCl , and 3.2 Å for SnTe . Other compounds showing rock salt like structure are LiF , LiCl , LiBr , LiI , NaF , NaBr , NaI , KF , KCl , KBr , KI , RbF , RbCl , RbBr , RbI , CsF , MgO , PbS , AgF , AgCl , AgBr and ScN . Zincblende structure ( edit ) A zincblende unit cell The space group of the Zincblende structure is called F43m ( in Hermann -- Mauguin notation ) , or 216 . The Strukturbericht designation is `` B3 '' . The Zincblende structure ( also written `` zinc blende '' ) is named after the mineral zincblende ( sphalerite ) , one form of zinc sulfide ( β - ZnS ) . As in the rock - salt structure , the two atom types form two interpenetrating face - centered cubic lattices . However , it differs from rock - salt structure in how the two lattices are positioned relative to one another . The zincblende structure has tetrahedral coordination : Each atom 's nearest neighbors consist of four atoms of the opposite type , positioned like the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron . Altogether , the arrangement of atoms in zincblende structure is the same as diamond cubic structure , but with alternating types of atoms at the different lattice sites . Examples of compounds with this structure include zincblende itself , lead ( II ) nitrate , many compound semiconductors ( such as gallium arsenide and cadmium telluride ) , and a wide array of other binary compounds . Other compounds showing zinc blende - like structure are α - AgI , β - BN , diamond , CuBr , β - CdS , BP and BAs . Weaire -- Phelan structure ( edit ) Weaire -- Phelan structure The Weaire -- Phelan structure has Pm3n ( 223 ) symmetry . It has 3 orientations of stacked tetradecahedrons with pyritohedral cells in the gaps . It is found as a crystal structure in chemistry where it is usually known as the `` Type I clathrate structure '' . Gas hydrates formed by methane , propane , and carbon dioxide at low temperatures have a structure in which water molecules lie at the nodes of the Weaire -- Phelan structure and are hydrogen bonded together , and the larger gas molecules are trapped in the polyhedral cages . See also ( edit ) Atomium : building which is a model of a bcc unit cell , with vertical body diagonal . Crystal structure Dislocations Reciprocal lattice References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : International Tables for Crystallography ( 2006 ) . Vol . A , Section 2.1. 3 , pp. 14 -- 16 . Link Jump up ^ Prince , E. , ed. ( 2006 ) . International Tables for Crystallography . International Union of Crystallography . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 4969 - 9 . doi : 10.1107 / 97809553602060000001 . Jump up ^ Crystallography and Minerals Arranged by Crystal Form , Webmineral Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . Jump up ^ The original discovery was in J. Chem. Phys. 14 , 569 ( 1946 ) . Jump up ^ The CsCl ( B2 ) Structure Archived 2008 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Seitz , Modern Theory of Solids ( 1940 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ The NaCl ( B1 ) Structure Archived 2008 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sundquist , J.J. ; Lin , C.C. ( 1981 ) . `` Electronic structure of the F centre in a sodium fluoride crystal '' . Journal of Physics C : Solid State Physics. 14 ( 32 ) : 4797 -- 4805 . Bibcode : 1981JPhC ... 14.4797 S . doi : 10.1088 / 0022 - 3719 / 14 / 32 / 016 . Jump up ^ Abrahams , S.C. ; Bernstein , J.L. ( 1965 ) . `` Accuracy of an automatic diffractometer . Measurement of the sodium chloride structure factors '' . Acta Crystallogr. 18 ( 5 ) : 926 -- 932 . doi : 10.1107 / S0365110X65002244 . Jump up ^ Kao , W. ; Peretti , E. ( 1970 ) . `` The ternary subsystem Sn4As3 - SnAs - SnTe '' . Journal of the Less Common Metals. 22 : 39 -- 50 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 5088 ( 70 ) 90174 - 8 . Jump up ^ L. Kantorovich ( 2004 ) . Quantum Theory of the Solid State . Springer . p. 32 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 2153 - 4 . Jump up ^ Birkbeck College , University of London Jump up ^ The Zincblende ( B3 ) Structure Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Hurlbut , Cornelius S. ; Klein , Cornelis , 1985 , Manual of Mineralogy , 20th ed. , Wiley , ISBN 0 - 471 - 80580 - 7 External links ( edit ) Body - centered cubic animation Face - centered cubic animation ( hide ) The 7 crystal systems triclinic ( anorthic ) monoclinic orthorhombic tetragonal trigonal & hexagonal cubic ( isometric ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cubic_crystal_system&oldid=795591052 '' Categories : Crystallography Cubes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 06 : 25 . 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2292861987822081694	The Keys of the Kingdom	The Keys of the Kingdom - wikipedia The Keys of the Kingdom For other uses , see Keys of the Kingdom ( disambiguation ) . The Keys of the Kingdom First US edition Author A.J. Cronin Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Religious fiction Historical novel Publisher Victor Gollancz Ltd ( UK ) Little , Brown ( US ) Publication date 1941 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 344 OCLC 364263 The Keys of the Kingdom is a 1941 novel by A.J. Cronin . Spanning six decades , it tells the story of Father Francis Chisholm , an unconventional Scottish Catholic priest who struggles to establish a mission in China . Beset by tragedy in his youth , as a missionary Chisholm endures many years of hardship , punctuated by famine , plague and war in the Chinese province to which he is assigned . Through a life guided by compassion and tolerance , Chisholm earns the respect of the Chinese -- and of fellow clergy who would mistrust him -- with his kindly , high - minded and courageous ways . Plot summary ( edit ) The novel has six parts , the first ( The Beginning of the End ) taking place in Scotland in 1938 . Father Francis Chisholm is an old man , living with a housekeeper and a young orphan . Due to his unconventional views , he is being investigated by Monsignor Sleeth . The second section ( Strange Vocation ) , focuses on Chisholm 's youth . His father a Catholic and his mother a non-denominational Protestant . After the father is beaten by an anti-Catholic mob , Chisholm 's mother tries to lead him home to safety , only for them both to drown after falling off a bridge into a strong current , leaving young Francis an orphan . Initially , his kindly Aunt Polly wishes to adopt him , but his maternal grandmother , Mrs. Glennie , intervenes and adopts him , thereby receiving any money in the Chisholm 's estate . Francis 's maternal grandfather , a baker by trade , is also a preacher of his own branch of Christianity focused on universal tolerance , and plays a large role in the development of Francis 's ideologies . While his grandfather is kind , Mrs. Glennie and her son Malcolm are resentful and exploitative . Francis is forced to quit school and work in a shipyard . Things take a turn for the better when Francis befriends Willie Tulloch and his family . Tulloch 's father is the local doctor and the family are the town 's free - thinkers . Willie aids Francis in his attempt to run away . When the attempt fails , Willie 's father contacts Aunt Polly , who takes Francis home to live with her and her daughter , Nora . Francis falls in love with Nora , but is afraid to act on it . Nora later has a child out of wedlock , and rather than marry a man she does n't love , commits suicide . This cements Francis 's decision to join a seminary with childhood friend Anselm Mealey , where Francis 's humanistic views cause problems for him. However , he befriends the seminary director , Bishop Hamish McNabb , who comes to his assistance when Francis is nearly expelled from the seminary for having spent a night at a whore 's house . The third section ( An Unsuccessful Curate ) focuses on Father Chisholm 's first two assignments and his struggles to do what he feels is right in the face of bureaucracy , tradition , and obstinance . At his second appointment , a local girl claims to have come across a previously dry well that had now burst forth anew with healing properties , accompanied by visions of the Blessed Virgin Mary , drawing comparisons to Saint Bernadette . Francis is shunned for doubting the girl 's claims but is vindicated when it is discovered that she had lied . Francis 's faith is rewarded when he finds a gravely ill boy who is cured by the spring water . In the fourth section ( The China Incident ) , Father Chisholm takes a position at a mission in Pai - tan , China . When he arrives , the mission is in ruins and no converts are to be found . Much of this section deals with the superficial and detrimental aspects of the mission systems , which focus only on official numbers and not on improving spiritual lives . With supplies from Willie Tulloch ( now a doctor himself ) , Father Chisholm opens a free clinic , gaining the support of the villagers . He saves the life of a wealthy local 's son , who builds him a new mission and gives him land . With the aid of an isolated Christian village nearby and three nuns sent to him , he starts a school and the mission flourishes. When a flood hits and destroys the mission , the lead nun , astonished by Chisholm 's moral quality , seeks assistance from her brother , a rich German , to rebuild it . Then a plague hits Pai - tan . Willie Tulloch comes to help , and is among the last to perish from the disease . He learns that Nora 's daughter Judy died in childbirth , and sends money for the care of her son , Andrew . The mission is caught in a battle between two warlords and Father Chisholm is forced out of his pacifism . Decades later , the warlord he worked against kidnapped Chisholm , one of his mission workers , and two Methodist missionaries . They manage to escape , but one of the Methodist missionaries is killed . Chisholm soon returns to Scotland ( in section five , The Return ) and asks Bishop Anselm Mealey for an appointment in his home town , but Bishop Mealey refuses it and assigns Father Chisholm to another town . He finds and adopts Andrew . The story ends with section six ( The End of the Beginning ) , in which Monsignor Sleeth is convinced of Chisholm 's ideologies and recommends he not be removed from his position . Adaptations ( edit ) The book was made into a 1944 film The Keys of the Kingdom starring Gregory Peck as Father Francis Chisholm and Vincent Price as Anselm `` Angus '' Mealey . This role earned Peck his first Oscar nomination for Best Actor . The Keys of the Kingdom was adapted as a radio play on 19 November 1945 episode of Lux Radio Theater featuring Ronald Colman and Ann Harding . It was also adapted on 21 August 1946 episode of Academy Award Theater with Gregory Peck reprising his leading role . References ( edit ) Cronin , A.J. The Keys of the Kingdom . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . 1941 . Works by A.J. Cronin Novels Hatter 's Castle Three Loves Grand Canary Woman of the Earth Country Doctor The Stars Look Down The Citadel Vigil in the Night Enchanted Snow The Valorous Years The Keys of the Kingdom The Green Years Shannon 's Way The Spanish Gardener Beyond This Place Escape from Fear A Thing of Beauty / Crusader 's Tomb The Northern Light The Native Doctor / An Apple in Eden The Judas Tree A Song of Sixpence A Pocketful of Rye The Minstrel Boy / Desmonde Lady with Carnations Gracie Lindsay Short stories `` Kaleidoscope in `` K '' '' `` The Innkeeper 's Wife '' Play Jupiter Laughs Autobiography Adventures in Two Worlds Film adaptations Once to Every Woman Grand Canary The Citadel Vigil in the Night The Stars Look Down Shining Victory Hatter 's Castle The Keys of the Kingdom The Green Years The Spanish Gardener Web of Evidence Television adaptations Escape From Fear Beyond This Place Nicholas The Citadel ( 1960 American ) The Citadel ( 1960 British ) Dr. Finlay 's Casebook The Ordeal of Dr. Shannon Memorandum van een dokter La Cittadella ( 1964 ) Novi asistent O Jardineiro Espanhol E le stelle stanno a guardare The Stars Look Down Les Années d'illusion The Citadel ( 1983 ) Doctor Finlay La Cittadella ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Keys_of_the_Kingdom&oldid=857044647 '' Categories : Novels by A.J. Cronin 1941 British novels British novels adapted into films Novels set in China Novels set in Scotland Catholic novels Victor Gollancz Ltd books Little , Brown and Company books Novels set in the 1930s Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 05 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the key of the kings kingdom in spanish	[]	[]
-4991763923507140072	Apostles' Creed	Apostles ' Creed - wikipedia Apostles ' Creed The rubric above this 13th - century illuminated manuscript translates `` twelve articles of faith set out by twelve apostles '' . The Apostles ' Creed ( Latin : Symbolum Apostolorum or Symbolum Apostolicum ) , sometimes entitled Symbol of the Apostles , is an early statement of Christian belief -- a creed or `` symbol '' . It is widely used by a number of Christian denominations for both liturgical and catechetical purposes , most visibly by liturgical Churches of Western tradition , including the Catholic Church , Lutheranism and Anglicanism . It is also used by Presbyterians , Methodists and Congregationalists . The Apostles ' Creed is Trinitarian in structure with sections affirming belief in God the Father , Jesus Christ His Son and the Holy Spirit . The Apostles ' Creed was based on Christian theological understanding of the Canonical gospels , the letters of the New Testament and to a lesser extent the Old Testament . Its basis appears to be the old Roman Creed known also as the Old Roman Symbol . Because of the early origin of its original form , it does not address some Christological issues defined in the Nicene and other Christian Creeds . It thus says nothing explicitly about the divinity of either Jesus or the Holy Spirit . This makes it acceptable to many Arians and Unitarians . Nor does it address many other theological questions which became objects of dispute centuries later . The earliest known mention of the expression `` Apostles ' Creed '' occurs in a letter of AD 390 from a synod in Milan and may have been associated with the belief , widely accepted in the 4th century , that , under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit , each of the Twelve Apostles contributed an article to the twelve articles of the creed . Contents 1 History 2 Musical settings 3 Text in Latin 4 Text in Greek 5 English translations 5.1 Ecumenical version 5.2 Roman Catholic Church 5.2. 1 Articles 1 -- 12 5.2. 2 Articles 9 -- 10 5.3 Church of England 5.4 Lutheran Church 5.4. 1 Evangelical Lutheran Worship 5.4. 2 Lutheran Service Book 5.4. 3 Church of Denmark 5.5 United Methodist Church 6 Liturgical use in Western Christianity 6.1 Catholic Church 6.1. 1 Rite of Baptism 6.1. 2 Profession of faith at Mass 6.1. 3 Use in the Divine Office 6.2 Anglican Communion 6.2. 1 Episcopal Church ( United States ) 6.3 Lutheran Church 6.4 Methodism 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 11.1 English translations History ( edit ) The word Symbolum , standing alone , appears around the middle of the third century in the correspondence of St. Cyprian and St. Firmilia , the latter in particular speaking of the Creed as the `` Symbol of the Trinity '' , and recognizing it as an integral part of the rite of baptism . The title Symbolum Apostolicum ( Symbol or Creed of the Apostles ) appears for the first time in a letter , probably written by Ambrose , from a Council in Milan to Pope Siricius in about AD 390 `` Let them give credit to the Creed of the Apostles , which the Roman Church has always kept and preserved undefiled '' . But what existed at that time was not what is now known as the Apostles ' Creed but a shorter statement of belief that , for instance , did not include the phrase `` maker of heaven and earth '' , a phrase that may have been inserted only in the 7th century . This illumination from a 13th - century manuscript shows the apostles writing the Creed , receiving inspiration from the Holy Spirit . The account of the origin of this creed , the forerunner and principal source of the Apostles ' Creed , as having been jointly created by the Apostles under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit , with each of the twelve contributing one of the articles , was already current at that time . The earlier text evolved from simpler texts based on Matthew 28 : 19 , part of the Great Commission , and it has been argued that it was already in written form by the late 2nd century ( c. 180 ) . While the individual statements of belief that are included in the Apostles ' Creed -- even those not found in the Old Roman Symbol -- are found in various writings by Irenaeus , Tertullian , Novatian , Marcellus , Rufinus , Ambrose , Augustine , Nicetas , and Eusebius Gallus , the earliest appearance of what we know as the Apostles ' Creed was in the De singulis libris canonicis scarapsus ( `` Excerpt from Individual Canonical Books '' ) of St. Pirminius ( Migne , Patrologia Latina 89 , 1029 ff . ) , written between 710 and 714 . Bettenson and Maunder state that it is first from Dicta Abbatis Pirminii de singulis libris canonicis scarapsus ( idem quod excarpsus , excerpt ) , c. 750 . This longer Creed seems to have arisen in what is now France and Spain . Charlemagne imposed it throughout his dominions , and it was finally accepted in Rome , where the Old Roman Symbol or similar formulas had survived for centuries . It has been argued nonetheless that it dates from the second half of the 5th century , though no earlier . As can be seen from various creeds all quoted in full below , although the original Greek and Latin creeds both specifically refer to `` the resurrection of the flesh '' ( σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν and carnis resurrectionem ) , the versions used by several churches , like the Roman Catholic Church , the Church of England , Lutheran churches and Methodist churches , talk more generally of `` the resurrection of the body '' . Some have suggested that the Apostles ' Creed was spliced together with phrases from the New Testament . For instance , the phrase `` descendit ad inferos '' ( `` he descended into hell '' ) echoes Ephesians 4 : 9 , `` κατέβη εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς '' ( `` he descended into the lower earthly regions '' ) . It is of interest that this phrase first appeared in one of the two versions of Rufinus in AD 390 and then did not appear again in any version of the creed until AD 650 . This phrase and that on the communion of saints are articles found in the Apostles ' Creed , but not in the Old Roman Symbol nor in the Nicene Creed . Musical settings ( edit ) Musical settings of the Symbolum Apostolorum as a motet are rare . The French composer Le Brung published one Latin setting in 1540 , and the Spanish composer Fernando de las Infantas published two in 1578 . More recently , in 1979 John Michael Talbot , a Third Order Franciscan , composed and recorded `` Creed '' on his album , The Lord 's Supper . In 1986 Graham Kendrick published the popular `` We believe in God the Father '' , closely based on the Apostles ' Creed . Rich Mullins and Beaker also composed a musical setting titled `` Creed '' , released on Mullins ' 1993 album A Liturgy , a Legacy , & a Ragamuffin Band . The song `` Creed '' on Petra 's 1990 album Beyond Belief is loosely based on the Apostles ' Creed . GIA Publications published a hymn text in 1991 directly based on the Apostles ' Creed , called `` I Believe in God Almighty . '' It has been sung to hymn tunes from Wales , the Netherlands , and Ireland . In 2014 Hillsong released a version of the Apostles ' Creed under the title `` This I Believe ( The Creed ) '' on their album No Other Name . Keith Getty and Kristyn Getty released an expression of the Apostles ' Creed under the title `` We Believe ( Apostle 's Creed ) '' on their 2016 album Facing a Task Unfinished . Text in Latin ( edit ) Credo The Creed in Latin spoken with the traditional English pronunciation of Latin Problems playing this file ? See media help . Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem , Creatorem caeli et terrae , et in Iesum Christum , Filium Eius unicum , Dominum nostrum , qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto , natus ex Maria Virgine , passus sub Pontio Pilato , crucifixus , mortuus , et sepultus , descendit ad inferos , tertia die resurrexit a mortuis , ascendit ad caelos , sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis , inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos . Credo in Spiritum Sanctum , sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam , sanctorum communionem , remissionem peccatorum , carnis resurrectionem , vitam aeternam . Amen . Text in Greek ( edit ) The Greek text is `` not normally used in Greek and Eastern Orthodox churches '' . Πιστεύω εἰς θεòν πατέρα , παντοκράτορα , ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς . Καὶ ( εἰς ) Ἰησοῦν Χριστòν , υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τòν μονογενῆ , τòν κύριον ἡμῶν , τòν συλληφθέντα ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου , γεννηθέντα ἐκ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου , παθόντα ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου , σταυρωθέντα , θανόντα , καὶ ταφέντα , κατελθόντα εἰς τὰ κατώτατα , τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἀναστάντα ἀπò τῶν νεκρῶν , ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς , καθεζόμενον ἐν δεξιᾷ θεοῦ πατρὸς παντοδυνάμου , ἐκεῖθεν ἐρχόμενον κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς . Πιστεύω εἰς τò πνεῦμα τò ἅγιον , ἁγίαν καθολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν , ἁγίων κοινωνίαν , ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν , σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν , ζωὴν αἰώνιον . Ἀμήν . English translations ( edit ) Ecumenical version ( edit ) 15th - century Flemish tapestry illustrating the first four articles of the Creed The English Language Liturgical Consultation ( ELLC ) is an international ecumenical group whose primary purpose is to provide ecumenically accepted texts for those who use English in their liturgy . In 1988 it produced a translation of the Apostles ' Creed , distinguished among other things by its avoidance of the word `` his '' in relation to God . The text is as follows : I believe in God , the Father almighty , creator of heaven and earth . I believe in Jesus Christ , God 's only Son , our Lord , who was conceived by the Holy Spirit , born of the Virgin Mary , suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , died , and was buried ; he descended to the dead . On the third day he rose again ; he ascended into heaven , he is seated at the right hand of the Father , and he will come to judge the living and the dead . I believe in the Holy Spirit , the holy catholic Church , the communion of saints , the forgiveness of sins , the resurrection of the body , and the life everlasting . Amen . Roman catholic Church ( edit ) This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Catechism of the Catholic Church gives the following English translation of the Apostles ' Creed . In its discussion of the Creed , the Catechism maintains the traditional division into twelve articles , the numbering of which is given below . The English text used in the Mass of the Roman Rite is at right below : 1 . I believe in God the Father almighty , creator of heaven and earth . I believe in God , the Father almighty , Creator of heaven and earth , 2 . I believe in Jesus Christ , his only Son , our Lord . and in Jesus Christ , his only Son , our Lord , 3 . He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary . who was conceived by the Holy Spirit , born of the Virgin Mary , 4 . Under Pontius Pilate , He was crucified , died , and was buried . suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , died and was buried ; 5 . He descended to the dead . On the third day he rose again . he descended into hell ; on the third day he rose again from the dead ; 6 . He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father . he ascended into heaven , and is seated at the right hand of God the Father almighty ; 7 . He will come again to judge the living and the dead . from there he will come to judge the living and the dead . 8 . I believe in the Holy Spirit , I believe in the Holy Spirit , 9 . the holy catholic Church , the communion of saints , the holy catholic Church , the communion of saints , 10 . the forgiveness of sins , the forgiveness of sins , 11 . the resurrection of the body , the resurrection of the body , 12 . and the life everlasting . Amen . and life everlasting . Amen . Articles 1 -- 12 ( edit ) Pelbartus Ladislaus of Temesvár assigned one special phrase to each apostle : Peter ( No 1 ) , John ( No 2 ) , James , son of Zebedee ( No 3 ) , Andrew ( No 4 ) , Philip ( No 5a : descendit ad infernos ... ) , Thomas ( No 5b : ascendit ad caelos ... ) , Bartholomew ( No 6 ) , Matthew ( No 7 ) , James , son of Alphaeus ( No 8 ) , Simon ( No 9 ) , Jude ( No 10 ) , Matthias ( No 11 -- 12 ) . Articles 9 -- 10 ( edit ) Anabaptist theologians fought for believer 's baptism under reference to a biblical understanding of the creed : Leonhart : Which of the articles of the creed deal with baptism ? Hans : The ninth and tenth articles , where we confess the universal Christian church , the fellowship of the saints and forgiveness of sins , just as the Lord 's Supper is also included there . Church of England ( edit ) In the Church of England there are currently two authorized forms of the creed : that of the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ) and that of Common Worship ( 2000 ) . Book of Common Prayer , 1662 I believe in God the Father Almighty , Maker of heaven and earth : And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord , Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost , Born of the Virgin Mary , Suffered under Pontius Pilate , Was crucified , dead , and buried : He descended into hell ; The third day he rose again from the dead ; He ascended into heaven , And sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty ; From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead . I believe in the Holy Ghost ; The holy Catholick Church ; The Communion of Saints ; The Forgiveness of sins ; The Resurrection of the body , And the Life everlasting . Amen . Common Worship I believe in God , the Father almighty , creator of heaven and earth . I believe in Jesus Christ , his only Son , our Lord , who was conceived by the Holy Spirit , born of the Virgin Mary , suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , died , and was buried ; he descended to the dead . On the third day he rose again ; he ascended into heaven , he is seated at the right hand of the Father , and he will come to judge the living and the dead . I believe in the Holy Spirit , the holy catholic Church , the communion of saints , the forgiveness of sins , the resurrection of the body , and the life everlasting . Amen . Lutheran Church ( edit ) Evangelical Lutheran Worship ( edit ) The publication Evangelical Lutheran Worship gives the ELLC ecumenical version , footnoting the phrase `` he descended to the dead '' to indicate the alternative reading : `` or ' he descended into hell , ' another translation of this text in widespread use '' . Lutheran Service Book ( edit ) The Lutheran Service Book has the following text : I believe in God , the Father Almighty , Maker of heaven and earth . And in Jesus Christ , His only Son , our Lord , who was conceived by the Holy Spirit , born of the virgin Mary , suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , died and was buried . He descended into hell . On the third day He rose again from the dead . He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father Almighty . From thence He will come to judge the living and the dead . I believe in the Holy Spirit , the holy Christian Church , the communion of saints , the forgiveness of sins , the resurrection of the body , and the life everlasting . Amen . The creed is footnoted in the LSB for the word `` Christian '' : `` Christian : the ancient text reads `` catholic , '' meaning the whole Church as it confesses the wholeness of Christian doctrine . '' Church of Denmark ( edit ) The Church of Denmark still uses the phrase `` We renounce the devil and all his doings and all his beings '' as the beginning of this creed , before the line `` We believe in God etc . '' This is mostly due to the influence of the Danish pastor Grundtvig . See Den apostolske trosbekendelse . United Methodist Church ( edit ) The United Methodists commonly incorporate the Apostles ' Creed into their worship services . The version which is most often used is located at No. 881 in the United Methodist Hymnal , one of their most popular hymnals and one with a heritage to brothers John Wesley and Charles Wesley , founders of Methodism . It is notable for omitting the line `` he descended into hell '' , but is otherwise very similar to the Book of Common Prayer version . The 1989 Hymnal has both the traditional version and the 1988 ecumenical version , which includes `` he descended to the dead . '' The United Methodist Hymnal also contains ( at # 882 ) what it terms the `` Ecumenical Version '' of this creed which is the ecumenically accepted modern translation of the International Committee on English Texts ( 1975 ) as amended by the subsequent successor body , the English Language Liturgical Consultation ( 1987 ) . This form of the Apostles ' Creed can be found incorporated into the Eucharistic and Baptismal Liturgies in the Hymnal and in The United Methodist Book of Worship , and hence it is growing in popularity and use . The word `` catholic '' is intentionally left lowercase in the sense that the word catholic applies to the universal and ecumenical Christian church . I believe in God the Father Almighty , maker of heaven and earth ; And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord : who was conceived by the Holy Spirit , born of the Virgin Mary , suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , dead , and buried ; the third day he rose from the dead ; he ascended into heaven , and sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty ; from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead . I believe in the Holy Spirit , the holy catholic church , the communion of saints , the forgiveness of sins , the resurrection of the body , and the life everlasting . Amen . Liturgical use in western Christianity ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The liturgical communities in western Christianity that derive their rituals from the Roman Missal , including those particular communities which use the Roman Missal itself ( Roman Catholics ) , the Book of Common Prayer ( Anglicans and Episcopalians ) , Evangelical Lutheran Worship ( Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ) , Lutheran Service Book ( Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod ) , and The United Methodist Book of Worship ( The United Methodist Church ) , use the Apostles ' Creed and interrogative forms of it in their rites of Baptism , which they consider to be the sacrament of initiation into the Church . Catholic Church ( edit ) Rite of Baptism ( edit ) An interrogative form of the Apostles ' Creed is used in the Rite of Baptism ( for both children and adults ) . The minister of baptism asks the following questions ( ICEL , 1974 ) : Do you believe in God , the Father almighty , creator of heaven and earth ? Do you believe in Jesus Christ , his only Son , our Lord , who was born of the Virgin Mary , was crucified , died , and was buried , rose from the dead , and is now seated at the right hand of the Father ? Do you believe in the Holy Spirit , the holy catholic Church , the communion of saints , the forgiveness of sins , the resurrection of the body , and life everlasting ? To each question , the catechumen , or , in the case of an infant , the parents and sponsor ( s ) ( godparent ( s ) ) in his or her place , answers `` I do . '' Then the celebrant says : This is our faith . This is the faith of the Church . We are proud to profess it , in Christ Jesus our Lord . And all respond : Amen . Profession of faith at Mass ( edit ) Since the 2002 edition , the Apostles ' Creed is included in the Roman Missal with the indication , `` Instead of the Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed , especially during Lent and Easter time , the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church , known as the Apostles ' Creed , may be used . '' Previously the Nicene Creed was the only profession of faith that the Missal gave for use at Mass , except in Masses for children ; but in some countries use of the Apostles ' Creed was already permitted . Use in the divine office ( edit ) In the 1962 Breviary , authorized by Summorum Pontificum , the Apostles ' Creed is recited at Prime and Compline on certain days during Advent and Lent as part of the Preces , a series of versicles and responses preceded by Kyrie , eleison ( `` Lord , have mercy '' ) and the Our Father . In prior editions , it was also said after the Our Father and Hail Mary before Matins and Prime , and after Compline . Anglican communion ( edit ) The Apostles ' Creed is used in the non-Eucharistic services of Matins and Evening Prayer ( Evensong ) . It is invoked after the recitation or singing of the Canticles , and it is the only part of the services in which the congregation traditionally turns to face the altar , if they are seated transversely in the quire . Episcopal Church ( United States ) ( edit ) The Episcopal Church uses the Apostles ' Creed as a Baptismal Covenant for those who are to receive the Rite of Baptism . Regardless of age , candidates are to be sponsored by parents or godparents . Youths able to understand the significance of the Rite may go through the ritual speaking for themselves . Younger children and infants rely on their sponsors to act upon their behalf . 1 . The celebrant calls for the candidates for Baptism to be presented . 2 . The catechumen or sponsors state their request for Baptism . 3a . If the catechumen is of age , the celebrant will ask him or her if he or she desires Baptism , to which the catechumen will respond : `` I do . '' 3b . If the candidate relies on sponsors , the celebrant asks them if they will raise the child in `` the Christian faith and life '' ( ECUSA BCP ) , and will raise the child through `` prayers and witness to grow into the full stature of Christ '' to which the parents will state to each , `` I will , with God 's help . '' 4 . A series of questions is then asked , to which the reply is always `` I renounce them '' : Do you renounce Satan and all the spiritual forces of wickedness that rebel against God ? Do you renounce the evil powers of this world which corrupt and destroy the creatures of God ? Do you renounce all sinful desires that draw you from the love of God ? 5 . The second half of the query is asked , to which the reply is always `` I do '' : Do you turn to Jesus Christ and accept him as your Savior ? Do you put your whole trust in his grace and love ? Do you promise to follow and obey him as your Lord ? 6 . The Apostles ' Creed is then recited by candidates , sponsors and congregation , each section of the Creed being an answer to the celebrant 's question , ' Do you believe in God the Father ( God the Son , God the Holy Spirit ) ? ' Lutheran Church ( edit ) Lutherans following the Lutheran Service Book ( Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod and the Lutheran Church -- Canada ) , like Roman Catholics , use the Apostles ' Creed during the Sacrament of Baptism : Do you believe in God , the Father almighty , maker of heaven and earth ? Do you believe in Jesus Christ , His only son , our Lord , who was conceived by the Holy Spirit , and born of the virgin Mary , suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , died and was buried . He descended into hell . On the third day He rose again from the dead . He ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of the Father . From thence He will come to judge the living and the dead ? Do you believe in the Holy Spirit , the holy catholic Church , the communion of saints , the forgiveness of sins , the resurrection of the body , and the life everlasting ? Following each question , the candidate answers by saying `` Yes , I believe '' . If the candidate is a child , the godparents are to answer the questions . For ELCA Lutherans who use the Evangelical Lutheran Worship book , the Apostles ' Creed appears during the Sacrament of Holy Baptism Rite on p. 229 of the hardcover pew edition . Methodism ( edit ) Methodists use the Apostles ' Creed as part of their baptismal rites in the form of an interrogatory addressed to the candidate ( s ) for baptism and the whole congregation as a way of professing the faith within the context of the Church 's sacramental act . For infants , it is the professing of the faith by the parents , sponsors , and congregation on behalf of the candidate ( s ) ; for confirmands , it is the professing of the faith before and among the congregation . For the congregation , it is a reaffirmation of their professed faith . Do you believe in God ? I believe in God , the Father Almighty , creator of heaven and earth . Do you believe in Jesus Christ ? I believe in Jesus Christ , his only Son , our Lord , who was conceived by the Holy Spirit , born of the Virgin Mary , suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , died , and was buried ; he descended to the dead . On the third day he rose again ; he ascended into heaven , is seated at the right hand of the Father , and will come again to judge the living and the dead . Do you believe in the Holy Spirit ? I believe in the Holy Spirit , the holy catholic church , the communion of saints , the forgiveness of sins , the resurrection of the body , and the life everlasting . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Nicene Creed Chalcedonian Creed Lutheran Book of Worship Virgin birth of Jesus Passion of Jesus One , Holy , Catholic , and Apostolic Church Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not in the sense that the word `` symbol '' has in modern English , but in the original meaning of the word , derived from `` Latin symbolum , sign , token , from Greek σύμβολον , token for identification ( by comparing with its counterpart ) , from συμβάλλειν , to throw together , compare '' . Jump up ^ In a suggested revision of 1923 , this line has `` of the Holy Ghost '' . The Scottish Book of Common Prayer ( 1637 ) has `` which was conceived of the holy Ghost '' . This goes back to the 1559 Book of Common Prayer , which has `` whiche was conceived of the holy Ghost '' . Jump up ^ This ecumenical version of the English Language Liturgical Consultation ( ELLC ) and its predecessor . the International Consultation on English Texts ( ICET ) is included in Evangelical Lutheran Worship , the primary worship resource for the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States , and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada . Jump up ^ The version used by the German Lutheran Trinity Church Melbourne is also slightly different . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Bartleby . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jack ( 1985 ) , Presbyterian Creeds , Westminster John Knox Press , pp. 62 -- 63 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25496 - 4 . Jump up ^ Orr , James . `` The Apostles ' Creed '' . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Reformed . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Herbert . The Apostles ' Creed in the Catholic Encyclopedia , editions of 1907 . Catholic Encyclopedia ( year 1913 ) , Vol. 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company ... Jump up ^ Ambrose of Milan . `` Letter 42 : 5 '' . Tertullian.org . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apostles ' Creed '' , Dictionary of the Christian Church , Oxford University Press , 2005 , p. 90 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Jump up ^ Day , Gardiner Mumford ( 1963 ) , The Apostles ' Creed : an interpretation for today , Scribner , p. 33 . Jump up ^ McGiffert , Arthur Cushman ( 2008 ) , The Apostles ' Creed : Its Origin , Its Purpose , and Its Historical Interpretation , p. 42 , ISBN 0 - 559 - 85199 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bettenson , Henry , ed. ( 1963 ) , Documents of the Christian Church ( 2nd ed . ) , London , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joseph ( 1992 ) , The Medieval Church , London and NY : Longman , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Creeds of Christendom , with a History and Critical notes , II . The History of Creeds , Christian Classics Ethereal Library , July 13 , 2005 , retrieved May 19 , 2011 Jump up ^ Kelly , JND ( 1972 ) , Early Christian Creeds ( third ed . ) , London : Longman , Green & Co , pp. 398 -- 434 . Jump up ^ Bettenson , Henry ; Maunder , Chris ( 1999 ) , Documents of the Christian Church ( 3 ed . ) , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the Creed '' , Catholic Encyclopedia , New advent . Jump up ^ Lehtipuu , Outi . Debates over the Resurrection of the Dead : Constructing Early Christian Identity . Oxford : Oxford University Press 2015 , pp. 109 - 110 Jump up ^ Trillhaas , Wolfgang , `` Creeds , Lutheran Attitude Toward '' , in Bodensieck , Julius , The Encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church , A -- E , Minneapolis : Augsburg , p. 629 . Jump up ^ Grudem , Wayne A ( 2004 ) , Systematic Theology : An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine , Leicester , ENG ; Grand Rapids , MI : Inter-Varsity Press ; Zondervan , p. 586 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael G ( February 1 , 1985 ) , `` Troubador of the Kingdom '' , Christianity Today , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Powell , Mark Allan ( 2002 ) , Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music , Hendrickson , p. 615 , ISBN 1 - 56563 - 679 - 1 Jump up ^ Powell , Mark Allan ( 2002 ) , Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music , Hendrickson , p. 696 , ISBN 1 - 56563 - 679 - 1 Jump up ^ `` I believe in God almighty '' , Hymnary . Jump up ^ `` Symbolum Fidei '' ( Faith symbol ) . Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae ( in Latin ) . Vatican . June 25 , 1992 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bird , Michael F. ( July 5 , 2016 ) . What Christians ought to believe : an introduction to Christian doctrine through the Apostles ' Creed . New York City : HarperCollins . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 52093 - 1 . Creeds of Christendom , with a History and Critical notes , Volume II . The History of Creeds , CCEL , February 19 , 2009 , retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Praying Together '' ( PDF ) . English Language Liturgical Consultation. 1988 . p. 22 . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` English translation of the Apostles ' Creed '' . The Catechism of the Catholic Church . Vatican . March 25 , 1997 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Part I , Section II '' . English translation of the Apostles ' Creed . Vatican . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New English translations of Ordo Missae to be set to music ( PDF ) , Catholic Church in Australia , April 13 , 2010 , p. 5 , retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sermones Pomerii de sanctis II . Pars aestivalis . Sermo XXVII. : Item in divisionis apostolorum festo . Hagenau 1499 . Cf . Rufinus , `` Commentary on the Apostles ' Creed '' , newadvent.org , retrieved October 1 , 2016 , each contributing his several sentence to one common summary ( ... ) . Jump up ^ Pipkin , H. Wayne ; Yoder , John Howard , eds. ( 1989 ) , Balthasar Hubmaier , theologian of Anabaptism , Scottdale , Pennsylvania : Herald Press , p. 351 , ISBN 0 - 8361 - 3103 - 7 ; cf . p. 239 : Hubmaier , Balthasar ( 1527 ) , Twelve articles in prayer form , Nikolsburg , O my Lord Jesus Christ , institute once again the two bands , namely water baptism and the Supper , with which thou has outwardly girded and bound thy bride . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Common Prayer ( original text ) '' ( PDF ) . Vulcan hammer . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Order for Morning Prayer '' . Anglican . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Order for Evening Prayer '' . Anglican . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A Suggested Prayer Book , Being the text of the English Rite altered and enlarged in accordance with the Prayer Book Revision proposals made by the English Church Union ( PDF ) . 1923 . p. 13 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Order of Confirmation '' . The Book of Common Prayer for Scotland . 1637 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmacion '' . The Book of Common Prayer. 1559 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Creeds and Authorized Affirmations of Faith '' . Church of England . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Apostles ' Creed '' , Statements of belief , Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . Jump up ^ Lutheran Service Book ( PDF ) , St. Louis : Concordia , 2006 , pp. 159 , 175 , 192 , 207 . Jump up ^ Lutheran Worship , St. Louis : Concordia , 1982 , pp. 142 , 167 , 186 . Jump up ^ German Lutherans , Melbourne , AU : ASN , archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lutheran Service Book , St. Louis : Concordia , 2006 , pp. 159 , 175 , 192 , 207 . Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Evangelical Perspectives '' . Catalyst resources . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Evangelical Perspectives '' . Catalyst resources . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apostle 's Creed Traditional and Ecumenical Versions '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hickman , Hoyt , ed. ( 1989 ) , `` The Worship Resources '' , United Methodist Hymnal , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Roman Missal Apostles ' Creed , Wentworthville : Our Lady of Mount Carmel , 2011 , retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Baptism , '' The ( Online ) Book of Common Prayer ( revised 2007 ed . ) . The Episcopal Church . 1979 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rite of Baptism '' , Lutheran Service Book . Jump up ^ `` Baptismal Covenant I '' , The United Methodist Hymnal , p. 35 . Further reading ( edit ) Cannata , Raymond F. ; Reitano , Joshua D. ( 2013 ) , Rooted : The Apostles ' Creed , Oro Valley , AZ : Doulos Resources , ISBN 978 - 1 - 937063 - 92 - 4 Lochman , Jan Milič ( 1999 ) , `` Apostles ' Creed '' , in Fahlbusch , Erwin , Encyclopedia of Christianity , 1 , Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans , pp. 109 -- 10 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2413 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apostles ' Creed . Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article : Symbolum Apostolicum * `` Audio recordings and texts of the Apostle 's Creed and other Christian prayers '' . ( with text and approximative transliteration to Latin alphabet ) `` St. Thomas Aquinas explanation about the twelve artcles of faith of the Apostle 's Creed '' . Archived from the original on Jun 20 , 2015 . Retrieved Aug 18 , 2018 . English translations ( edit ) The full text of Apostles ' Creed at Wikisource `` Roman Catholic translation '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Rome , IT . Retrieved June 21 , 2005 . Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie eleison Pater noster Sanctus Signum crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave maris stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fátima prayers Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria mater gratiæ Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub tuum praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave verum corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc dimittis O salutaris hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem æternam Spiritual Communion Tantum ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . 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-5150163730500100177	Kuala Lumpur–Seremban Expressway	Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway - wikipedia Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway Jump to : navigation , search Expressway 37 Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway Route information Maintained by ANIH Berhad ( formerly known as MetaCorp Sdn Bhd ) Length 8.1 km ( 5.0 mi ) Existed 1974 -- present History Completed in 1982 Major junctions North end Jalan Istana , Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1 Besraya Expressway SMART Tunnel East -- West Link Expressway New Pantai Expressway Maju Expressway Shah Alam Expressway Bukit Jalil Highway North -- South Expressway Southern Route South end Sungai Besi Toll Plaza Location Primary destinations Kuala Lumpur , Sungai Besi , Taman Desa , Kuchai Lama , Desa Petaling , Sri Petaling , Kompleks Sukan Negara , Seremban , Melaka , Johor Bahru Highway system Highways in Malaysia Expressways Federal State The Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway is a main expressway in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . This 8.1 km ( 5.0 mi ) expressway linking Kuala Lumpur in the north to Seremban , Negeri Sembilan in the south . Some maps label this highway as E2 as it links directly with the North -- South Expressway Southern Route ; however this appellation is not strictly correct as the highway does not have a government route code ; this is because this particular stretch of road is not managed by PLUS Malaysia Berhad , but rather by ANIH Berhad ( formerly known as Metramac Corporation ( MetaCorp ) ) -- consequently the toll rate at Sungai Besi Toll Plaza includes an extra payment to cover the Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway . In 2007 , the expressway was assigned its own route number of E37 together with Salak Expressway . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route background 2 History 3 Toll rates 3.1 Toll Road D 4 List of interchanges 5 References 6 External links Route background ( edit ) The Kilometre Zero of the expressway starts at the Razak Mansion Interchange while its southern terminus is right before the Sungai Besi toll plaza at the North -- South Expressway Southern Route E2 . Its final kilometre ( KM8. 1 ) is also the final kilometre of the North -- South Expressway E2 ( KM310. 8 ) . History ( edit ) See also : North -- South Expressway Southern Route The construction of the 63.4 km ( 39.3 mi ) controlled - access expressway from Kuala Lumpur to Seremban began on 27 March 1974 as one of the Second Malaysia Plan ( RMK - 2 ) project , with the total cost of RM 32.9 million . It consists of 14 interchanges , 2 laybys and 6 toll plaza ( Sungai Besi , UPM , Kajang , Bangi , Nilai and Seremban ) . Funded by a loan by the World Bank , the expressway was constructed in three phases ; the first phase was from Kuala Lumpur to Nilai , while the second phase was from Nilai to Seremban . The third phase was the rehabilitation of the old Federal Route 1 from Kuala Lumpur to Seremban as a toll - free alternative to motorists . The expressway was opened to motorists on 16 June 1982 , where the Minister of Works at that time , Datuk Seri S. Samy Vellu himself became the first motorist to pay the toll of the expressway . The Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway was the first expressway in Malaysia to implement the closed - toll system in Malaysia . The RM32. 9 million expressway became a pioneer route for the North -- South Expressway Southern Route E2 . Initially , the expressway ended at Jalan Seremban -- Tampin FT1 intersection in Senawang before being extended southwards as the North -- South Expressway Southern Route E2 ; Exit 220 Senawang Interchange was constructed to divert the expressway through traffic to Ayer Keroh . After the extension of the expressway to Ayer Keroh was completed in 1986 , the old Seremban Toll Plaza at Labu was demolished and was replaced with three toll plazas at Seremban , Port Dickson and Senawang interchanges . In 1987 , the North -- South Expressway project was privatised and was taken over by Highway Concessionaires Berhad ( now PLUS Expressways Berhad ) . However , Plus Expressways Berhad only took over the section from Sungai Besi Toll Plaza southwards , leaving the remaining 8.1 - km section under the Kuala Lumpur City Hall ( Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur ) ( DBKL ) management until 1992 when the remaining 8.1 - km section was upgraded to six lanes by Metramac Corporation Sdn Bhd ( MetaCorp ) , together with the East -- West Link Expressway E37 . On 7 April 2011 , MetaCorp changed its name to ANIH Berhad after taking over the operations of Toll Concession from MTD Prime Sdn Bhd and MetaCorp who respectively owned the concessions for Kuala Lumpur -- Karak Expressway , East Coast Expressway Phase 1 , and Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway ( including East -- West Link Expressway ) with effect from 6 December 2011 . Today , the name Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway is only applied to the remaining stretch ( from Razak Mansion to Sungai Besi toll plaza ) managed by ANIH Berhad after PLUS Malaysia Berhad acquired the southern stretch from Sungai Besi toll plaza onwards on 1988 and the Seremban Layby was transformed into a major Rest and Service Area . Sungai Besi Toll Plaza is the largest expressway toll plaza in Malaysia . The Jalan Istana junction on the KL -- Seremban Expressway in Kuala Lumpur The north bound entrance of SMART Tunnel on the Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway Toll rates ( edit ) Toll Road D ( edit ) Class Type of vehicles Rate ( in Malaysian Ringgit ( RM ) ) 0 Motorcycles , bicycles or vehicles with 2 or less wheels Free Vehicles with 2 axles and 3 or 4 wheels excluding taxis RM0. 80 Vehicles with 2 axles and 5 or 6 wheels excluding buses RM1. 20 Vehicles with 3 or more axles RM1. 70 Taxis RM0. 40 5 Buses RM0. 60 List of interchanges ( edit ) Below is a list of interchanges ( exits ) and laybys along the Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway . The entire expressway is built as a six - lane divided expressway with the speed limit of 80 km / h and is located within the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur . Legend : I / C - interchange , I / S - intersection , RSA - Rest and service area , OBR - overhead bridge restaurant , L / B - layby , V / P - vista point , TN - tunnel , T / P - toll plaza , BR - bridge km Exit Name Destinations Notes Through to Jalan Sungai Besi D1. 3 SMART Tunnel I / C SMART Tunnel -- Bukit Bintang , Imbi , Jalan Tun Razak , Kuala Lumpur city centre From / To south only For cars only Maximum clearance : 2.1 m D1. 8 Salak I / C East -- West Link Expressway -- Bangsar , Petaling Jaya , Shah Alam , Klang , Cheras , Kajang BR Sungai Kerayong bridge D2. 5 Kuchai Lama I / C New Pantai Expressway -- Jalan Kuchai Lama , Bandar Sunway , Bangsar , Subang Jaya Maju Expressway -- Putrajaya , Cyberjaya , Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) D3. 3 L / B Petron L / B Southbound D4. 0 Desa Petaling I / C Desa Petaling No access from southbound D4. 8 Besraya entry ramp Besraya Expressway -- Jalan Kuchai Lama , Salak South Northbound only D4. 9 L / B Sri Petaling Furnishing Centre and Shell L / B Northbound D6. 3 Sri Petaling I / C Shah Alam Expressway -- Subang Jaya , Shah Alam , Klang , Pulau Indah Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 2 -- Cheras , Ampang , Kuantan BR Sungai Mindah bridge National Sports Complex car park National Sports Complex car park - Northbound D7. 2 L / B Petronas L / B Petronas - Petronas McDonald 's Dunkin Donuts Northbound D7. 8 Technology Park I / C Bukit Jalil Highway -- Puchong , Bandar Kinrara , National Sports Complex , Selangor Turf Club , Mines Resort City , Seri Kembangan D7. 9 L / B Shell , Petron and Nouvelle Hotel L / B Shell , Petron and Nouvelle Hotel L / B - Shell Petron McDonald 's Southbound Through to North -- South Expressway Southern Route References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Reviu dan sejarah Lebuhraya Kuala Lumpur - Seremban E37 '' ( in Malay ) . Blog Jalan Raya Malaysia . 2014 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline Photo '' . Facebook . Malaysian Ministry of Works . 2013 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pembukaan Plaza Tol Lebuhraya Kuala Lumpur - Seremban '' . Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah ( in Malay ) . Arkib Negara Malaysia . 2011 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . External links ( edit ) ANIH Berhad ( Formally known as Metramac Corporation Sdn Bhd ) ( hide ) Malaysian Expressway System Interstate ( Peninsula Malaysia ) North -- South Expressway Northern Route ( including New Klang Valley Expressway ) North -- South Expressway Southern Route North -- South Expressway Central Link ( including Putrajaya Link ) ( NSECL / ELITE ) Kuala Lumpur -- Karak Expressway and East Coast Expressway ( LPT / ECE ) Butterworth -- Kulim Expressway ( BKE ) Kajang -- Seremban Highway ( LEKAS / KASEH ) # West Coast Expressway ( LPB / WCE ) ^ Paroi -- Senawang -- KLIA Expressway ( PSKE ) ^ Port Dickson -- Banting Expressway ( PDBE ) ^ Jelas Expressway ( Jelas ) ^ Perlis -- Langkawi Bridge Greater Kuala Lumpur / Klang Valley and Selangor New Klang Valley Expressway ( part of the North -- South Expressway Northern Route ) Shah Alam Expressway ( SAE / KESAS ) Cheras -- Kajang Expressway ( CKE / Grand Saga ) Besraya Expressway ( BESRAYA ) New Pantai Expressway ( NPE ) ( including ^ NPE Extension Expressway ) Damansara -- Puchong Expressway ( LDP ) Ampang -- Kuala Lumpur Elevated Highway ( AKLEH ) Kemuning -- Shah Alam Highway ( LKSA ) Kajang Dispersal Link Expressway ( SILK ) Maju Expressway ( MEX ) ( Kuala Lumpur -- Putrajaya Expressway ( KLPE ) and KL -- KLIA Dedicated Expressway ) Sprint Expressway ( Kerinchi Link , Damansara Link and Penchala Link ) Kuala Lumpur -- Kuala Selangor Expressway ( KLS ) ( Assam Jawa -- Templer Park Highway ( LATAR ) ) South Klang Valley Expressway ( SKVE ) # East Klang Valley Expressway ( EKVE ) ( Kuala Lumpur Outer Ring Road ( KLORR ) ) New North Klang Straits Bypass ( NNKSB ) # Damansara -- Shah Alam Elevated Expressway ( DASH ) Duta -- Ulu Klang Expressway ( DUKE ) Guthrie Corridor Expressway ( GCE ) East -- West Link Expressway and Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel ( SMART Tunnel ) # Setiawangsa -- Pantai Expressway ( SPE ) # Sungai Besi -- Ulu Klang Elevated Expressway ( SUKE ) * Kuala Lumpur Arah Serendah Expressway ( KLAS ) ^ Serdang -- Kinrara -- Putrajaya Expressway ( SKIP ) * Kinrara -- Damansara Expressway ( KIDEX ) Greater Penang and Penang Butterworth Outer Ring Road ( BORR ) Butterworth -- Kulim Expressway * Penang Outer Ring Road ( PORR ) Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge ( Second Penang Bridge ) Penang Bridge * Penang Undersea Tunnel Iskandar Malaysia and Johor Second Link Expressway ( Malaysia -- Singapore Second Link ) ( MSSC / LINKEDUA ) Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway ( EDL ) Senai -- Desaru Expressway ( SDE ) ^ Johor Bahru -- Pasir Gudang Elevated Expressway ( JOPGEX ) Others Seremban -- Port Dickson Highway ( SPDH ) ^ Malacca Strait Bridge ^ South Kedah Expressway ( Lekas ) # Kota Bharu -- Kuala Krai Expressway ^ Jelas Expressway # : under construction , ^ : under planning and development , * : cancelled / postponded / on hold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuala_Lumpur -- Seremban_Expressway&oldid = 797223694 '' Categories : Expressways in Malaysia Expressways and highways in the Klang Valley Hidden categories : CS1 Malay - language sources ( ms ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	petron kuala lumpur federal territory of kuala lumpur	[]	[]
2558024594551552811	Philip the Apostle	Philip the Apostle - wikipedia Philip the Apostle See also : Philip the Evangelist Philip the Apostle St. Philip , by Peter Paul Rubens , from his Twelve Apostles series ( c. 1611 ) , at the Museo del Prado , Madrid Apostle and Martyr Bethsaida , Galilee , Roman Empire 80 AD Hierapolis , Anatolia , Roman Empire Venerated in Christianity Canonized Pre-congregation Major shrine relics in Basilica Santi Apostoli , Rome Feast 3 May General Roman Calendar , 14 November ( Eastern Orthodox Church ) , 1 May ( Anglican Communion , Lutheran Church and pre-1955 Roman Rite ) , 11 May ( General Roman Calendar , 1955 -- 69 ) Attributes Red Martyr , Elderly , bearded saint and open - to - God man , holding a basket of loaves and a Tau cross Patronage Cape Verde ; Hatters ; Pastry chefs ; San Felipe Pueblo ; Uruguay Philip the Apostle ( Greek : Φίλιππος ; Coptic : ⲫⲓⲗⲓⲡⲡⲟⲥ , Philippos ) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus . Later Christian traditions describe Philip as the apostle who preached in Greece , Syria , and Phrygia . In the Roman Rite , the feast day of Philip , along with that of James the Less , was traditionally observed on 1 May , the anniversary of the dedication of the church dedicated to them in Rome ( now called the Church of the Twelve Apostles ) . The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Philip 's feast day on 14 November . One of the Gnostic codices discovered in the Nag Hammadi library in 1945 bears Philip 's name in its title , on the bottom line . Contents 1 New Testament 2 Christian tradition 3 Iconography 4 Patronage 5 Tomb discovered 6 See also 7 References 8 External links New Testament ( edit ) The Synoptic Gospels list Philip as one of the apostles . The Gospel of John recounts Philip 's calling as a disciple of Jesus . Philip is described as a disciple from the city of Bethsaida , and the evangelist connects him with Andrew and Peter , who were from the same town . He also was among those surrounding John the Baptist when the latter first pointed out Jesus as the Lamb of God . It was Philip who first introduced Nathanael ( sometimes identified with Bartholomew ) to Jesus . According to Butler , Philip was among those attending the wedding at Cana . Of the four Gospels , Philip figures most prominently in the Gospel of John . Jesus is asked by Philip on how to feed the 5,000 people . Later he appears as a link to the Greek community . Philip bore a Greek name , may have spoken Greek , and may have been known to the Greek pilgrims in Jerusalem . He advises Andrew that certain Greeks wish to meet Jesus , and together they inform Jesus of this ( John 12 : 21 ) . During the Last Supper , when Philip asked Jesus to show them the Father , he provides Jesus the opportunity to teach his disciples about the unity of the Father and the Son . Philip the Apostle should not be confused with Philip the Evangelist , who was appointed with Stephen to oversee charitable distributions ( Acts 6 : 5 ) . Christian tradition ( edit ) James Tissot -- Saint Philip ( Saint Philippe ) -- Brooklyn Museum Accounts of Philip 's life and ministry exist in the extra-canonical writings of later Christians . However , some can be misleading , as many hagiographers conflated Philip the Apostle with Philip the Evangelist . The most notable and influential example of this is the hagiography of Eusebius , in which Eusebius clearly assumes that both Philips are the same person . As early as 1260 , Jacobus de Voragine noted in his Golden Legend that the account of Philip 's life given by Eusebius was not to be trusted . An early extra-biblical story about St. Philip is preserved in the apocryphal Letter from Peter to Philip , one of the texts in the Nag Hammadi Library , and dated to the end of the 2nd century or early 3rd . This text begins with a letter from St Peter to Philip the apostle , asking him to rejoin the other apostles who had gathered at the Mount of Olives . Fred Lapham believes that this letter indicates an early tradition that `` at some point between the Resurrection of Jesus and the final parting of his risen presence from the disciples , Philip had undertaken a sole missionary enterprise , and was , for some reason , reluctant to return to the rest of the Apostles . '' This mission is in harmony with the later tradition that each disciple was given a specific missionary charge . Lapham explains the central section , a Gnostic dialogue between the risen Christ and his disciples , as a later insertion . Statue of Philip in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran by Giuseppe Mazzuoli Later stories about Saint Philip 's life can be found in the anonymous Acts of Philip , probably written by a contemporary of Eusebius . This non-canonical book recounts the preaching and miracles of Philip . Following the resurrection of Jesus , Philip was sent with his sister Mariamne and Bartholomew to preach in Greece , Phrygia , and Syria . Included in the Acts of Philip is an appendix , entitled `` Of the Journey of Philip the Apostle : From the Fifteenth Act Until the End , and Among Them the Martyrdom . '' This appendix gives an account of Philip 's martyrdom in the city of Hierapolis . According to this account , through a miraculous healing and his preaching Philip converted the wife of the proconsul of the city . This enraged the proconsul , and he had Philip , Bartholomew , and Mariamne all tortured . Philip and Bartholomew were then crucified upside - down , and Philip preached from his cross . As a result of Philip 's preaching the crowd released Bartholomew from his cross , but Philip insisted that they not release him , and Philip died on the cross . Another legend is that he was martyred by beheading in the city of Hierapolis . Nowadays relics of Philip the Apostle are in the crypt of Basilica Santi Apostoli , Rome . Iconography ( edit ) Cross of Phillip Philip is commonly associated with the symbol of the Latin cross . Other symbols assigned to Philip include : the cross with the two loaves ( because of his answer to the Lord in John 6 : 7 ) , a basket filled with bread , a spear with the patriarchal cross , and a cross with a carpenter 's square . Patronage ( edit ) Saint Philip is the patron saint of hatters . Tomb discovered ( edit ) On Wednesday , 27 July 2011 , the Turkish news agency Anadolu reported that archaeologists had unearthed a tomb that the project leader claims to be the tomb of Saint Philip during excavations in Hierapolis close to the Turkish city Denizli . The Italian archaeologist , Professor Francesco D'Andria stated that scientists had discovered the tomb within a newly revealed church . He stated that the design of the tomb , and writings on its walls , definitively prove it belonged to the martyred apostle of Jesus . See also ( edit ) Book : Apostle ( Christian ) Philip the Evangelist References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Butler , Alban . `` St. Philip , Apostle '' , The Lives or the Fathers , Martyrs and Other Principal Saints , Vol . V , D. & J. Sadlier , & Company , 1864 Jump up ^ Martha Lee Turner , The Gospel According to Philip : The Sources and Coherence of an Early Christian Collection , page 9 ( E.J. Brill , 1996 ) . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10443 - 7 ^ Jump up to : `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : St. Philip the Apostle '' . Jump up ^ Expositor 's Greek Testament on John 12 , accessed 10 June 2016 Jump up ^ For an example of Eusebius identifying Philip the Apostle with the Philip mentioned in Acts , see Eusebius of Caesarea , Church History , 3.31. 5 , retrieved 14 March 2007 . Jump up ^ de Voragine , Jacobus . `` The Golden Legend '' . catholic-forum.com . Archived from the original on 23 June 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Translated in James M. Robinson , editor , The Nag Hammadi Library ( New York : HarperCollins , 1990 ) , pp. 431 - 437 Jump up ^ Fred Lapham , An Introduction to the New Testament Apocrypha ( London : T & T Clark International , 2003 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Lapham , An Introduction , p. 80 Jump up ^ Craig A. Blaising , `` Philip , Apostle '' in The Encyclopedia of Early Christianity , ed . Everett Ferguson ( New York : Garland Publishing , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` Acts of Philip -- especially Book 8 '' . meta-religion.com . Retrieved 14 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip ( 1885 ) . `` Ante - Nicene Fathers , Volume 8 '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 14 March 2007 . Jump up ^ The Apostles -- Saints & Angels -- Catholic Online . Catholic.org ( 11 June 2008 ) . Retrieved on 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Symbols of the Saints '' . clovertlcs.org . Archived from the original on 16 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb of Apostle Philip Found '' . biblicalarchaeology.org. 16 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Philip . Catholic Encyclopedia : Apostle article regarding the title `` Apostle '' from The Catholic Encyclopedia Catholic Forum : St. Philip Holy , All - Praised Apostle Philip Orthodox icon and synaxarion Christian cross variants In modern use Anchored / St. Clement 's Cross Anuradhapura cross Cross of the Archangels Archiepiscopal cross Armenian Cross Arrow / Barby Cross Bolnisi cross Cross bottony Branch cross Byzantine cross Calvary cross Canterbury cross Catherine wheel Caucasian Albanian Cross Celtic cross Cercelée Cross of St. Chad Coptic cross Cross crosslet Cross crosslet fitchy Crucifix Cruciform halo Double cross Cross of the Evangelists Cross fitchy Cross fleury Cross fleury fitchy St. Florian Cross Forked cross Cross fourchy Fylfot St. George 's Cross Globus cruciger Gnostic cross Grapevine / St. Nino 's Cross Greek cross Huguenot cross St. James / Santiago Cross Jerusalem / Crusaders ' cross Jerusalem cross ( variant ) Kingdom of Jerusalem cross Cross of St. John Latin / Roman cross Macedonian Cross Maltese cross Marian Cross Maronite Cross Cross moline Nordic Cross Cross of Novgorod Occitan cross Bulgarian cross Greek cross Russian ( Orthodox ) cross Russian cross Serbian cross Papal cross Cross patonce St. Patrick 's Saltire Cross pattée Cross pattée fitchée Patriarchal cross Cross of St. Peter Cross of St. Philip Pommy cross Portate cross / Cross of St. Gilbert Cross potent Ringed cross Cross quadrate Cross of Salem Saltire / St. Andrew 's Cross Serbian cross Tau / St. Anthony 's Cross St. Thomas Cross Syriac cross Historical Avellane cross Avis cross Brigid 's cross Carolingian cross Consecration crosses Coptic cross Cross and Crown Cuthbert 's pectoral cross Early Coptic cross Engrailed cross Cross erminée Gammadion Crux gemmata Saint Julian 's cross Lazarus ' cross Lorraine cross Cross of Neith Cross of Peñalba Pierced cross Pierced cross quarterly Knights Templar cross Teutonic Order cross Two - barred cross Victory Cross Voided cross By function Altar cross Blessing cross Conciliation cross Crosses in heraldry Nordic Pisan High cross Market cross Mercat cross Memorial cross Mission cross Monumental cross Pectoral cross Plague cross Processional cross Rood / Triumphal cross Summit cross Wayside cross Christograms , Chrismons Chi Rho Christogram IX monogram Labarum Signum manus Staurogram / Monogrammatic cross / Tau Rho See also Ankh Armenian eternity sign Balkenkreuz Irminsul Kolovrat Mjölnir Rose Cross Solomon 's knot Sauwastika Scientology cross Shamrock Shield of the Trinity Sunwheel swastika Sun cross Swastika Triskelion / Triskele New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of 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3496635400324346443	Matter	Matter - wikipedia Matter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the concept in the physical sciences . For other uses , see Matter ( disambiguation ) . Matter Matter is usually classified into three classical states , with plasma sometimes added as a fourth state . From top to bottom : quartz ( solid ) , water ( liquid ) , nitrogen dioxide ( gas ) , and a plasma globe ( plasma ) . In the classical physics observed in everyday life , matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume . All everyday objects that we can touch are ultimately composed of atoms , which are made up of interacting subatomic particles , and in everyday as well as scientific usage , `` matter '' generally includes atoms and anything made up of these , and any particles ( or combination of particles ) that act as if they have both rest mass and volume . However it does not include massless particles such as photons , or other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound . Matter exists in various states ( also known as phases ) . These include classical everyday phases such as solid , liquid , and gas - for example water exists as ice , liquid water , and gaseous steam - but other states are possible , including plasma , Bose -- Einstein condensates , fermionic condensates , and quark -- gluon plasma . Usually atoms can be imagined as a nucleus of protons and neutrons , and a surrounding `` cloud '' of orbiting electrons which `` take up space '' . However this is only somewhat correct , because subatomic particles and their properties are governed by their quantum nature , which means they do not act as everyday objects appear to act - they can act like waves as well as particles and they do not have well - defined sizes or positions . In the Standard Model of particle physics , matter is not a fundamental concept because the elementary constituents of atoms are quantum entities which do not have an inherent `` size '' or `` volume '' in any everyday sense of the word . Due to the exclusion principle and other fundamental interactions , some `` point particles '' known as fermions ( quarks , leptons ) , and many composites and atoms , are effectively forced to keep a distance from other particles under everyday conditions ; this creates the property of matter which appears to us as matter taking up space . For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter . The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks , the so - called particulate theory of matter , was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus ( ~ 490 BC ) and Democritus ( ~ 470 -- 380 BC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison with mass 2 Definition 2.1 Based on atoms 2.2 Based on protons , neutrons and electrons 2.3 Based on quarks and leptons 2.4 Based on elementary fermions ( mass , volume , and space ) 2.5 In general relativity and cosmology 3 Structure 3.1 Quarks 3.1. 1 Baryonic matter 3.1. 2 Degenerate matter 3.1. 3 Strange matter 3.1. 3.1 Two meanings of the term `` strange matter '' 3.2 Leptons 4 Phases 5 Antimatter 6 Conservation of matter 7 Other types 7.1 Dark matter 7.2 Dark energy 7.3 Exotic matter 8 Historical development 8.1 Antiquity ( c. 610 BC -- c. 322 BC ) 8.2 Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 8.3 Nineteenth and twentieth centuries 9 Summary 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Comparison with mass ( edit ) Matter should not be confused with mass , as the two are not the same in modern physics . Matter is a general term describing any physical substance . By contrast , mass is not a substance but rather a quantitative property of matter and other substances or systems ; various types of mass are defined within physics - including but not limited to rest mass , inertial mass , relativistic mass , mass - energy . While there are different views on what should be considered matter , the mass of a substance has exact scientific definitions . Another difference is that matter has an `` opposite '' called antimatter , but mass has no opposite -- there is no such thing as `` anti-mass '' or negative mass , so far as is known , although scientists do discuss the concept . Antimatter has the same ( i.e. positive ) mass property as its normal matter counterpart . Different fields of science use the term matter in different , and sometimes incompatible , ways . Some of these ways are based on loose historical meanings , from a time when there was no reason to distinguish mass from simply a quantity of matter . As such , there is no single universally agreed scientific meaning of the word `` matter '' . Scientifically , the term `` mass '' is well - defined , but `` matter '' can be defined in several ways . Sometimes in the field of physics `` matter '' is simply equated with particles that exhibit rest mass ( i.e. , that can not travel at the speed of light ) , such as quarks and leptons . However , in both physics and chemistry , matter exhibits both wave - like and particle - like properties , the so - called wave -- particle duality . Definition ( edit ) Based on atoms ( edit ) A definition of `` matter '' based on its physical and chemical structure is : matter is made up of atoms . Such atomic matter is also sometimes termed ordinary matter . As an example , deoxyribonucleic acid molecules ( DNA ) are matter under this definition because they are made of atoms . This definition can be extended to include charged atoms and molecules , so as to include plasmas ( gases of ions ) and electrolytes ( ionic solutions ) , which are not obviously included in the atoms definition . Alternatively , one can adopt the protons , neutrons , and electrons definition . Based on protons , neutrons and electrons ( edit ) A definition of `` matter '' more fine - scale than the atoms and molecules definition is : matter is made up of what atoms and molecules are made of , meaning anything made of positively charged protons , neutral neutrons , and negatively charged electrons . This definition goes beyond atoms and molecules , however , to include substances made from these building blocks that are not simply atoms or molecules , for example electron beams in an old cathode ray tube television , or white dwarf matter -- typically , carbon and oxygen nuclei in a sea of degenerate electrons . At a microscopic level , the constituent `` particles '' of matter such as protons , neutrons , and electrons obey the laws of quantum mechanics and exhibit wave -- particle duality . At an even deeper level , protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and the force fields ( gluons ) that bind them together , leading to the next definition . Based on quarks and leptons ( edit ) Under the `` quarks and leptons '' definition , the elementary and composite particles made of the quarks ( in purple ) and leptons ( in green ) would be matter -- while the gauge bosons ( in red ) would not be matter . However , interaction energy inherent to composite particles ( for example , gluons involved in neutrons and protons ) contribute to the mass of ordinary matter . As seen in the above discussion , many early definitions of what can be called `` ordinary matter '' were based upon its structure or `` building blocks '' . On the scale of elementary particles , a definition that follows this tradition can be stated as : `` ordinary matter is everything that is composed of quarks and leptons '' , or `` ordinary matter is everything that is composed of any elementary fermions except antiquarks and antileptons '' . The connection between these formulations follows . Leptons ( the most famous being the electron ) , and quarks ( of which baryons , such as protons and neutrons , are made ) combine to form atoms , which in turn form molecules . Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter , it is natural to phrase the definition as : `` ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same things that atoms and molecules are made of '' . ( However , notice that one also can make from these building blocks matter that is not atoms or molecules . ) Then , because electrons are leptons , and protons , and neutrons are made of quarks , this definition in turn leads to the definition of matter as being `` quarks and leptons '' , which are two of the four types of elementary fermions ( the other two being antiquarks and antileptons , which can be considered antimatter as described later ) . Carithers and Grannis state : `` Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first - generation particles , namely the ( up ) and ( down ) quarks , plus the electron and its neutrino . '' ( Higher generations particles quickly decay into first - generation particles , and thus are not commonly encountered . ) This definition of ordinary matter is more subtle than it first appears . All the particles that make up ordinary matter ( leptons and quarks ) are elementary fermions , while all the force carriers are elementary bosons . The W and Z bosons that mediate the weak force are not made of quarks or leptons , and so are not ordinary matter , even if they have mass . In other words , mass is not something that is exclusive to ordinary matter . The quark -- lepton definition of ordinary matter , however , identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter , but also includes composites made from the constituents ( atoms and molecules , for example ) . Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together , and may constitute the bulk of the mass of the composite . As an example , to a great extent , the mass of an atom is simply the sum of the masses of its constituent protons , neutrons and electrons . However , digging deeper , the protons and neutrons are made up of quarks bound together by gluon fields ( see dynamics of quantum chromodynamics ) and these gluons fields contribute significantly to the mass of hadrons . In other words , most of what composes the `` mass '' of ordinary matter is due to the binding energy of quarks within protons and neutrons . For example , the sum of the mass of the three quarks in a nucleon is approximately 7001125000000000000 ♠ 12.5 MeV / c , which is low compared to the mass of a nucleon ( approximately 7002938000000000000 ♠ 938 MeV / c ) . The bottom line is that most of the mass of everyday objects comes from the interaction energy of its elementary components . The Standard Model groups matter particles into three generations , where each generation consists of two quarks and two leptons . The first generation is the up and down quarks , the electron and the electron neutrino ; the second includes the charm and strange quarks , the muon and the muon neutrino ; the third generation consists of the top and bottom quarks and the tau and tau neutrino . The most natural explanation for this would be that quarks and leptons of higher generations are excited states of the first generations . If this turns out to be the case , it would imply that quarks and leptons are composite particles , rather than elementary particles . This quark - lepton definition of matter also leads to what can be described as `` conservation of ( net ) matter '' laws -- discussed later below . Alternatively , one could return to the mass - volume - space concept of matter , leading to the next definition , in which antimatter becomes included as a subclass of matter . Based on elementary fermions ( mass , volume , and space ) ( edit ) A common or traditional definition of matter is `` anything that has mass and volume ( occupies space ) '' . For example , a car would be said to be made of matter , as it has mass and volume ( occupies space ) . The observation that matter occupies space goes back to antiquity . However , an explanation for why matter occupies space is recent , and is argued to be a result of the phenomenon described in the Pauli exclusion principle , which applies to fermions . Two particular examples where the exclusion principle clearly relates matter to the occupation of space are white dwarf stars and neutron stars , discussed further below . Thus , matter can be defined as everything composed of elementary fermions . Although we do n't encounter them in everyday life , antiquarks ( such as the antiproton ) and antileptons ( such as the positron ) are the antiparticles of the quark and the lepton , are elementary fermions as well , and have essentially the same properties as quarks and leptons , including the applicability of the Pauli exclusion principle which can be said to prevent two particles from being in the same place at the same time ( in the same state ) , i.e. makes each particle `` take up space '' . This particular definition leads to matter being defined to include anything made of these antimatter particles as well as the ordinary quark and lepton , and thus also anything made of mesons , which are unstable particles made up of a quark and an antiquark . In general relativity and Cosmology ( edit ) In the context of relativity , mass is not an additive quantity , in the sense that one can add the rest masses of particles in a system to get the total rest mass of the system . Thus , in relativity usually a more general view is that it is not the sum of rest masses , but the energy -- momentum tensor that quantifies the amount of matter . This tensor gives the rest mass for the entire system . `` Matter '' therefore is sometimes considered as anything that contributes to the energy -- momentum of a system , that is , anything that is not purely gravity . This view is commonly held in fields that deal with general relativity such as cosmology . In this view , light and other massless particles and fields are all part of `` matter '' . Structure ( edit ) In particle physics , fermions are particles that obey Fermi -- Dirac statistics . Fermions can be elementary , like the electron -- or composite , like the proton and neutron . In the Standard Model , there are two types of elementary fermions : quarks and leptons , which are discussed next . Quarks ( edit ) Main article : Quark Quarks are particles of spin - ⁄ , implying that they are fermions . They carry an electric charge of − ⁄ e ( down - type quarks ) or + ⁄ e ( up - type quarks ) . For comparison , an electron has a charge of − 1 e . They also carry colour charge , which is the equivalent of the electric charge for the strong interaction . Quarks also undergo radioactive decay , meaning that they are subject to the weak interaction . Quarks are massive particles , and therefore are also subject to gravity . Quark properties name symbol spin electric charge ( e ) mass ( MeV / c ) mass comparable to antiparticle antiparticle symbol up - type quarks up u ⁄ + ⁄ 1.5 to 3.3 ~ 5 electrons antiup u charm ⁄ + ⁄ 1160 to 1340 ~ 1 proton anticharm top ⁄ + ⁄ 169,100 to 173,300 ~ 180 protons or ~ 1 tungsten atom antitop down - type quarks down d ⁄ − ⁄ 3.5 to 6.0 ~ 10 electrons antidown d strange s ⁄ − ⁄ 70 to 130 ~ 200 electrons antistrange s bottom ⁄ − ⁄ 4130 to 4370 ~ 5 protons antibottom Quark structure of a proton : 2 up quarks and 1 down quark . Baryonic matter ( edit ) Main article : Baryon Baryons are strongly interacting fermions , and so are subject to Fermi -- Dirac statistics . Amongst the baryons are the protons and neutrons , which occur in atomic nuclei , but many other unstable baryons exist as well . The term baryon usually refers to triquarks -- particles made of three quarks . Also , `` exotic '' baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark are known as pentaquarks , but their existence is not generally accepted . Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons ( including all atoms ) . This part of the universe does not include dark energy , dark matter , black holes or various forms of degenerate matter , such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars . Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) , suggests that only about 4.6 % of that part of the universe within range of the best telescopes ( that is , matter that may be visible because light could reach us from it ) , is made of baryonic matter . About 26.8 % is dark matter , and about 68.3 % is dark energy . As a matter of fact , the great majority of ordinary matter in the universe is unseen , since visible stars and gas inside galaxies and clusters account for less than 10 per cent of the ordinary matter contribution to the mass - energy density of the universe . A comparison between the white dwarf IK Pegasi B ( center ) , its A-class companion IK Pegasi A ( left ) and the Sun ( right ) . This white dwarf has a surface temperature of 35,500 K . Degenerate matter ( edit ) Main article : Degenerate matter In physics , degenerate matter refers to the ground state of a gas of fermions at a temperature near absolute zero . The Pauli exclusion principle requires that only two fermions can occupy a quantum state , one spin - up and the other spin - down . Hence , at zero temperature , the fermions fill up sufficient levels to accommodate all the available fermions -- and in the case of many fermions , the maximum kinetic energy ( called the Fermi energy ) and the pressure of the gas becomes very large , and depends on the number of fermions rather than the temperature , unlike normal states of matter . Degenerate matter is thought to occur during the evolution of heavy stars . The demonstration by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar that white dwarf stars have a maximum allowed mass because of the exclusion principle caused a revolution in the theory of star evolution . Degenerate matter includes the part of the universe that is made up of neutron stars and white dwarfs . Strange matter ( edit ) Main article : Strange matter Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter , usually thought of as a liquid of up , down , and strange quarks . It is contrasted with nuclear matter , which is a liquid of neutrons and protons ( which themselves are built out of up and down quarks ) , and with non-strange quark matter , which is a quark liquid that contains only up and down quarks . At high enough density , strange matter is expected to be color superconducting . Strange matter is hypothesized to occur in the core of neutron stars , or , more speculatively , as isolated droplets that may vary in size from femtometers ( strangelets ) to kilometers ( quark stars ) . Two meanings of the term `` strange matter '' ( edit ) In particle physics and astrophysics , the term is used in two ways , one broader and the other more specific . The broader meaning is just quark matter that contains three flavors of quarks : up , down , and strange . In this definition , there is a critical pressure and an associated critical density , and when nuclear matter ( made of protons and neutrons ) is compressed beyond this density , the protons and neutrons dissociate into quarks , yielding quark matter ( probably strange matter ) . The narrower meaning is quark matter that is more stable than nuclear matter . The idea that this could happen is the `` strange matter hypothesis '' of Bodmer and Witten . In this definition , the critical pressure is zero : the true ground state of matter is always quark matter . The nuclei that we see in the matter around us , which are droplets of nuclear matter , are actually metastable , and given enough time ( or the right external stimulus ) would decay into droplets of strange matter , i.e. strangelets . Leptons ( edit ) Main article : Lepton Leptons are particles of spin - ⁄ , meaning that they are fermions . They carry an electric charge of − 1 e ( charged leptons ) or 0 e ( neutrinos ) . Unlike quarks , leptons do not carry colour charge , meaning that they do not experience the strong interaction . Leptons also undergo radioactive decay , meaning that they are subject to the weak interaction . Leptons are massive particles , therefore are subject to gravity . Lepton properties name symbol spin electric charge ( e ) mass ( MeV / c ) mass comparable to antiparticle antiparticle symbol charged leptons electron ⁄ − 1 0.5110 1 electron antielectron muon μ ⁄ − 1 105.7 ~ 200 electrons antimuon μ tau τ ⁄ − 1 1,777 ~ 2 protons antitau τ neutrinos electron neutrino ν ⁄ 0 < 0.000460 < ⁄ electron electron antineutrino ν muon neutrino ν ⁄ 0 < 0.19 < ⁄ electron muon antineutrino ν tau neutrino ν ⁄ 0 < 18.2 < 40 electrons tau antineutrino ν Phases ( edit ) Main article : Phase ( matter ) See also : Phase diagram and State of matter Phase diagram for a typical substance at a fixed volume . Vertical axis is Pressure , horizontal axis is Temperature . The green line marks the freezing point ( above the green line is solid , below it is liquid ) and the blue line the boiling point ( above it is liquid and below it is gas ) . So , for example , at higher T , a higher P is necessary to maintain the substance in liquid phase . At the triple point the three phases ; liquid , gas and solid ; can coexist . Above the critical point there is no detectable difference between the phases . The dotted line shows the anomalous behavior of water : ice melts at constant temperature with increasing pressure . In bulk , matter can exist in several different forms , or states of aggregation , known as phases , depending on ambient pressure , temperature and volume . A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties ( such as density , specific heat , refractive index , and so forth ) . These phases include the three familiar ones ( solids , liquids , and gases ) , as well as more exotic states of matter ( such as plasmas , superfluids , supersolids , Bose -- Einstein condensates , ... ) . A fluid may be a liquid , gas or plasma . There are also paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials . As conditions change , matter may change from one phase into another . These phenomena are called phase transitions , and are studied in the field of thermodynamics . In nanomaterials , the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume results in matter that can exhibit properties entirely different from those of bulk material , and not well described by any bulk phase ( see nanomaterials for more details ) . Phases are sometimes called states of matter , but this term can lead to confusion with thermodynamic states . For example , two gases maintained at different pressures are in different thermodynamic states ( different pressures ) , but in the same phase ( both are gases ) . Antimatter ( edit ) Main article : Antimatter Unsolved problem in physics : Baryon asymmetry . Why is there far more matter than antimatter in the observable universe ? ( more unsolved problems in physics ) In particle physics and quantum chemistry , antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter . If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other , the two annihilate ; that is , they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordance with Einstein 's equation E = mc . These new particles may be high - energy photons ( gamma rays ) or other particle -- antiparticle pairs . The resulting particles are endowed with an amount of kinetic energy equal to the difference between the rest mass of the products of the annihilation and the rest mass of the original particle -- antiparticle pair , which is often quite large . Depending on which definition of `` matter '' is adopted , antimatter can be said to be a particular subclass of matter , or the opposite of matter . Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth , except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities ( as the result of radioactive decay , lightning or cosmic rays ) . This is because antimatter that came to exist on Earth outside the confines of a suitable physics laboratory would almost instantly meet the ordinary matter that Earth is made of , and be annihilated . Antiparticles and some stable antimatter ( such as antihydrogen ) can be made in tiny amounts , but not in enough quantity to do more than test a few of its theoretical properties . There is considerable speculation both in science and science fiction as to why the observable universe is apparently almost entirely matter ( in the sense of quarks and leptons but not antiquarks or antileptons ) , and whether other places are almost entirely antimatter ( antiquarks and antileptons ) instead . In the early universe , it is thought that matter and antimatter were equally represented , and the disappearance of antimatter requires an asymmetry in physical laws called CP ( charge - parity ) symmetry violation , which can be obtained from the Standard Model , but at this time the apparent asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the great unsolved problems in physics . Possible processes by which it came about are explored in more detail under baryogenesis . Formally , antimatter particles can be defined by their negative baryon number or lepton number , while `` normal '' ( non-antimatter ) matter particles have positive baryon or lepton number . These two classes of particles are the antiparticle partners of one another . In October 2017 , scientists reported further evidence that matter and antimatter , equally produced at the Big Bang , are identical , should completely annihilate each other and , as a result , the universe should not exist . This implies that there must be something , as yet unknown to scientists , that either stopped the complete mutual destruction of matter and antimatter in the early forming universe , or that gave rise to an imbalance between the two forms . Conservation of matter ( edit ) Two quantities that can define an amount of matter in the quark - lepton sense ( and antimatter in an antiquark - antilepton sense ) , baryon number and lepton number , are conserved in the Standard Model . A baryon such as the proton or neutron has a baryon number of one , and a quark , because there are three in a baryon , is given a baryon number of 1 / 3 . So the net amount of matter , as measured by the number of quarks ( minus the number of antiquarks , which each have a baryon number of - 1 / 3 ) , which is proportional to baryon number , and number of leptons ( minus antileptons ) , which is called the lepton number , is practically impossible to change in any process . Even in a nuclear bomb , none of the baryons ( protons and neutrons of which the atomic nuclei are composed ) are destroyed -- there are as many baryons after as before the reaction , so none of these matter particles are actually destroyed and none are even converted to non-matter particles ( like photons of light or radiation ) . Instead , nuclear ( and perhaps chromodynamic ) binding energy is released , as these baryons become bound into mid-size nuclei having less energy ( and , equivalently , less mass ) per nucleon compared to the original small ( hydrogen ) and large ( plutonium etc . ) nuclei . Even in electron -- positron annihilation , there is no net matter being destroyed , because there was zero net matter ( zero total lepton number and baryon number ) to begin with before the annihilation -- one lepton minus one antilepton equals zero net lepton number -- and this net amount matter does not change as it simply remains zero after the annihilation . So the only way to really `` destroy '' or `` convert '' ordinary matter is to pair it with the same amount of antimatter so that their `` matterness '' cancels out -- but in practice there is almost no antimatter generally available in the universe ( see baryon asymmetry and leptogenesis ) with which to do so . Other types ( edit ) Pie chart showing the fractions of energy in the universe contributed by different sources . Ordinary matter is divided into luminous matter ( the stars and luminous gases and 0.005 % radiation ) and nonluminous matter ( intergalactic gas and about 0.1 % neutrinos and 0.04 % supermassive black holes ) . Ordinary matter is uncommon . Modeled after Ostriker and Steinhardt . For more information , see NASA . Ordinary matter , in the quarks and leptons definition , constitutes about 4 % of the energy of the observable universe . The remaining energy is theorized to be due to exotic forms , of which 23 % is dark matter and 73 % is dark energy . Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way . Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the galactic center . Horizontal axis is distance from the galactic center . The sun is marked with a yellow ball . The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue . The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red . The difference is due to dark matter or perhaps a modification of the law of gravity . Scatter in observations is indicated roughly by gray bars . Dark matter ( edit ) Main articles : Dark matter , Lambda - CDM model , and WIMPs See also : Galaxy formation and evolution and Dark matter halo In astrophysics and cosmology , dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly , but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter . Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory require that this matter have energy and mass , but is not composed ordinary baryons ( protons and neutrons ) . The commonly accepted view is that most of the dark matter is non-baryonic in nature . As such , it is composed of particles as yet unobserved in the laboratory . Perhaps they are supersymmetric particles , which are not Standard Model particles , but relics formed at very high energies in the early phase of the universe and still floating about . Dark energy ( edit ) Main article : Dark energy See also : Big bang § Dark energy In cosmology , dark energy is the name given to source of the repelling influence that is accelerating the rate of expansion of the universe . Its precise nature is currently a mystery , although its effects can reasonably be modeled by assigning matter - like properties such as energy density and pressure to the vacuum itself . Fully 70 % of the matter density in the universe appears to be in the form of dark energy . Twenty - six percent is dark matter . Only 4 % is ordinary matter . So less than 1 part in 20 is made out of matter we have observed experimentally or described in the standard model of particle physics . Of the other 96 % , apart from the properties just mentioned , we know absolutely nothing . -- Lee Smolin : The Trouble with Physics , p. 16 Exotic matter ( edit ) Main article : Exotic matter Exotic matter is a concept of particle physics , which may include dark matter and dark energy but goes further to include any hypothetical material that violates one or more of the properties of known forms of matter . Some such materials might possess hypothetical properties like negative mass . Historical development ( edit ) Antiquity ( C. 610 BC -- C. 322 BC ) ( edit ) The pre-Socratics were among the first recorded speculators about the underlying nature of the visible world . Thales ( c. 624 BC -- c. 546 BC ) regarded water as the fundamental material of the world . Anaximander ( c. 610 BC -- c. 546 BC ) posited that the basic material was wholly characterless or limitless : the Infinite ( apeiron ) . Anaximenes ( flourished 585 BC , d . 528 BC ) posited that the basic stuff was pneuma or air . Heraclitus ( c. 535 -- c. 475 BC ) seems to say the basic element is fire , though perhaps he means that all is change . Empedocles ( c. 490 -- 430 BC ) spoke of four elements of which everything was made : earth , water , air , and fire . Meanwhile , Parmenides argued that change does not exist , and Democritus argued that everything is composed of minuscule , inert bodies of all shapes called atoms , a philosophy called atomism . All of these notions had deep philosophical problems . Aristotle ( 384 BC -- 322 BC ) was the first to put the conception on a sound philosophical basis , which he did in his natural philosophy , especially in Physics book I. He adopted as reasonable suppositions the four Empedoclean elements , but added a fifth , aether . Nevertheless , these elements are not basic in Aristotle 's mind . Rather they , like everything else in the visible world , are composed of the basic principles matter and form . For my definition of matter is just this -- the primary substratum of each thing , from which it comes to be without qualification , and which persists in the result . -- Aristotle , Physics I : 9 : 192a32 The word Aristotle uses for matter , ὕλη ( hyle or hule ) , can be literally translated as wood or timber , that is , `` raw material '' for building . Indeed , Aristotle 's conception of matter is intrinsically linked to something being made or composed . In other words , in contrast to the early modern conception of matter as simply occupying space , matter for Aristotle is definitionally linked to process or change : matter is what underlies a change of substance . For example , a horse eats grass : the horse changes the grass into itself ; the grass as such does not persist in the horse , but some aspect of it -- its matter -- does . The matter is not specifically described ( e.g. , as atoms ) , but consists of whatever persists in the change of substance from grass to horse . Matter in this understanding does not exist independently ( i.e. , as a substance ) , but exists interdependently ( i.e. , as a `` principle '' ) with form and only insofar as it underlies change . It can be helpful to conceive of the relationship of matter and form as very similar to that between parts and whole . For Aristotle , matter as such can only receive actuality from form ; it has no activity or actuality in itself , similar to the way that parts as such only have their existence in a whole ( otherwise they would be independent wholes ) . Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries ( edit ) René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) originated the modern conception of matter . He was primarily a geometer . Instead of , like Aristotle , deducing the existence of matter from the physical reality of change , Descartes arbitrarily postulated matter to be an abstract , mathematical substance that occupies space : So , extension in length , breadth , and depth , constitutes the nature of bodily substance ; and thought constitutes the nature of thinking substance . And everything else attributable to body presupposes extension , and is only a mode of extended -- René Descartes , Principles of Philosophy For Descartes , matter has only the property of extension , so its only activity aside from locomotion is to exclude other bodies : this is the mechanical philosophy . Descartes makes an absolute distinction between mind , which he defines as unextended , thinking substance , and matter , which he defines as unthinking , extended substance . They are independent things . In contrast , Aristotle defines matter and the formal / forming principle as complementary principles that together compose one independent thing ( substance ) . In short , Aristotle defines matter ( roughly speaking ) as what things are actually made of ( with a potential independent existence ) , but Descartes elevates matter to an actual independent thing in itself . The continuity and difference between Descartes ' and Aristotle 's conceptions is noteworthy . In both conceptions , matter is passive or inert . In the respective conceptions matter has different relationships to intelligence . For Aristotle , matter and intelligence ( form ) exist together in an interdependent relationship , whereas for Descartes , matter and intelligence ( mind ) are definitionally opposed , independent substances . Descartes ' justification for restricting the inherent qualities of matter to extension is its permanence , but his real criterion is not permanence ( which equally applied to color and resistance ) , but his desire to use geometry to explain all material properties . Like Descartes , Hobbes , Boyle , and Locke argued that the inherent properties of bodies were limited to extension , and that so - called secondary qualities , like color , were only products of human perception . Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) inherited Descartes ' mechanical conception of matter . In the third of his `` Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy '' , Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as `` extension , hardness , impenetrability , mobility , and inertia '' . Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as `` solid , massy , hard , impenetrable , movable particles '' , which were `` ... even so very hard as never to wear or break in pieces '' . The `` primary '' properties of matter were amenable to mathematical description , unlike `` secondary '' qualities such as color or taste . Like Descartes , Newton rejected the essential nature of secondary qualities . Newton developed Descartes ' notion of matter by restoring to matter intrinsic properties in addition to extension ( at least on a limited basis ) , such as mass . Newton 's use of gravitational force , which worked `` at a distance '' , effectively repudiated Descartes ' mechanics , in which interactions happened exclusively by contact . Though Newton 's gravity would seem to be a power of bodies , Newton himself did not admit it to be an essential property of matter . Carrying the logic forward more consistently , Joseph Priestley ( 1733 - 1804 ) argued that corporeal properties transcend contact mechanics : chemical properties require the capacity for attraction . He argued matter has other inherent powers besides the so - called primary qualities of Descartes , et al . Nineteenth and twentieth centuries ( edit ) Since Priestley 's time , there has been a massive expansion in knowledge of the constituents of the material world ( viz. , molecules , atoms , subatomic particles ) , but there has been no further development in the definition of matter . Rather the question has been set aside . Noam Chomsky ( born 1928 ) summarizes the situation that has prevailed since that time : What is the concept of body that finally emerged ? ( ... ) The answer is that there is no clear and definite conception of body. ( ... ) Rather , the material world is whatever we discover it to be , with whatever properties it must be assumed to have for the purposes of explanatory theory . Any intelligible theory that offers genuine explanations and that can be assimilated to the core notions of physics becomes part of the theory of the material world , part of our account of body . If we have such a theory in some domain , we seek to assimilate it to the core notions of physics , perhaps modifying these notions as we carry out this enterprise . -- Noam Chomsky , Language and problems of knowledge : the Managua lectures , p. 144 So matter is whatever physics studies and the object of study of physics is matter : there is no independent general definition of matter , apart from its fitting into the methodology of measurement and controlled experimentation . In sum , the boundaries between what constitutes matter and everything else remains as vague as the demarcation problem of delimiting science from everything else . In the 19th century , following the development of the periodic table , and of atomic theory , atoms were seen as being the fundamental constituents of matter ; atoms formed molecules and compounds . The common definition in terms of occupying space and having mass is in contrast with most physical and chemical definitions of matter , which rely instead upon its structure and upon attributes not necessarily related to volume and mass . At the turn of the nineteenth century , the knowledge of matter began a rapid evolution . Aspects of the Newtonian view still held sway . James Clerk Maxwell discussed matter in his work Matter and Motion . He carefully separates `` matter '' from space and time , and defines it in terms of the object referred to in Newton 's first law of motion . However , the Newtonian picture was not the whole story . In the 19th century , the term `` matter '' was actively discussed by a host of scientists and philosophers , and a brief outline can be found in Levere . A textbook discussion from 1870 suggests matter is what is made up of atoms : Three divisions of matter are recognized in science : masses , molecules and atoms . A Mass of matter is any portion of matter appreciable by the senses . A Molecule is the smallest particle of matter into which a body can be divided without losing its identity . An Atom is a still smaller particle produced by division of a molecule . Rather than simply having the attributes of mass and occupying space , matter was held to have chemical and electrical properties . In 1909 the famous physicist J.J. Thomson ( 1856 - 1940 ) wrote about the `` constitution of matter '' and was concerned with the possible connection between matter and electrical charge . There is an entire literature concerning the `` structure of matter '' , ranging from the `` electrical structure '' in the early 20th century , to the more recent `` quark structure of matter '' , introduced today with the remark : Understanding the quark structure of matter has been one of the most important advances in contemporary physics . In this connection , physicists speak of matter fields , and speak of particles as `` quantum excitations of a mode of the matter field '' . And here is a quote from de Sabbata and Gasperini : `` With the word `` matter '' we denote , in this context , the sources of the interactions , that is spinor fields ( like quarks and leptons ) , which are believed to be the fundamental components of matter , or scalar fields , like the Higgs particles , which are used to introduced mass in a gauge theory ( and that , however , could be composed of more fundamental fermion fields ) . '' In the late 19th century with the discovery of the electron , and in the early 20th century , with the discovery of the atomic nucleus , and the birth of particle physics , matter was seen as made up of electrons , protons and neutrons interacting to form atoms . Today , we know that even protons and neutrons are not indivisible , they can be divided into quarks , while electrons are part of a particle family called leptons . Both quarks and leptons are elementary particles , and are currently seen as being the fundamental constituents of matter . These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces : gravity , electromagnetism , weak interactions , and strong interactions . The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics , but despite decades of efforts , gravity can not yet be accounted for at the quantum level ; it is only described by classical physics ( see quantum gravity and graviton ) . Interactions between quarks and leptons are the result of an exchange of force - carrying particles ( such as photons ) between quarks and leptons . The force - carrying particles are not themselves building blocks . As one consequence , mass and energy ( which can not be created or destroyed ) can not always be related to matter ( which can be created out of non-matter particles such as photons , or even out of pure energy , such as kinetic energy ) . Force carriers are usually not considered matter : the carriers of the electric force ( photons ) possess energy ( see Planck relation ) and the carriers of the weak force ( W and Z bosons ) are massive , but neither are considered matter either . However , while these particles are not considered matter , they do contribute to the total mass of atoms , subatomic particles , and all systems that contain them . Summary ( edit ) The modern conception of matter has been refined many times in history , in light of the improvement in knowledge of just what the basic building blocks are , and in how they interact . The term `` matter '' is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts : for example , one refers to `` condensed matter physics '' , `` elementary matter '' , `` partonic '' matter , `` dark '' matter , `` anti '' - matter , `` strange '' matter , and `` nuclear '' matter . In discussions of matter and antimatter , normal matter has been referred to by Alfvén as koinomatter ( Gk . common matter ) . It is fair to say that in physics , there is no broad consensus as to a general definition of matter , and the term `` matter '' usually is used in conjunction with a specifying modifier . The history of the concept of matter is a history of the fundamental length scales used to define matter . Different building blocks apply depending upon whether one defines matter on an atomic or elementary particle level . One may use a definition that matter is atoms , or that matter is hadrons , or that matter is leptons and quarks depending upon the scale at which one wishes to define matter . These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces : gravity , electromagnetism , weak interactions , and strong interactions . The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics , but despite decades of efforts , gravity can not yet be accounted for at the quantum level ; it is only described by classical physics ( see quantum gravity and graviton ) . See also ( edit ) Antimatter Ambiplasma Antihydrogen Antiparticle Particle accelerator Cosmology Cosmological constant Friedmann equations Physical ontology Dark matter Axion Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Neutralino Nonbaryonic dark matter Scalar field dark matter Philosophy Atomism Materialism Physicalism Substance theory Other Mass -- energy equivalence Mattergy Pattern formation Periodic Systems of Small Molecules Book : Matter Book : Hadronic Matter References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : R. Penrose ( 1991 ) . `` The mass of the classical vacuum '' . In S. Saunders , H.R. Brown . The Philosophy of Vacuum . Oxford University Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 824449 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Matter ( physics ) '' . McGraw - Hill 's Access Science : Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online . Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RHIC Scientists Serve Up `` Perfect '' Liquid '' ( Press release ) . 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( From Abstract :) Antimatter particles are characterized by negative baryonic number A or / and negative leptonic number L. Materialization and annihilation obey conservation of A and L ( associated to all known interactions ) Jump up ^ Adamson , Allan ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Universe Should Not Actually Exist : Big Bang Produced Equal Amounts Of Matter And Antimatter '' . TechTimes.com . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Smorra C. ; et al. ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` A parts - per - billion measurement of the antiproton magnetic moment '' . Nature . 550 : 371 -- 374 . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 550 ... 371S . doi : 10.1038 / nature24048 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Tsan , Ung Chan ( 2013 ) . `` MASS , MATTER , MATERIALIZATION , MATTERGENESIS AND CONSERVATION OF CHARGE '' . International Journal of Modern Physics E. 22 ( 05 ) : 1350027 . Bibcode : 2013IJMPE ... 2250027T . doi : 10.1142 / S0218301313500274 . ( From Abstract :) Matter conservation melans conservation of baryonic number A and leptonic number L , A and L being algebraic numbers . Positive A and L are associated to matter particles , negative A and L are associated to antimatter particles . All known interactions do conserve matter Jump up ^ J.P. Ostriker ; P.J. Steinhardt ( 2003 ) . `` New Light on Dark Matter '' . Science . 300 ( 5627 ) : 1909 -- 13 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0306402 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 300.1909 O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1085976 . PMID 12817140 . Jump up ^ K. Pretzl ( 2004 ) . `` Dark Matter , Massive Neutrinos and Susy Particles '' . Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter . Walter Greiner . p. 289 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 2446 - 0 . Jump up ^ K. Freeman ; G. McNamara ( 2006 ) . `` What can the matter be ? '' . In Search of Dark Matter . Birkhäuser Verlag . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 27616 - 5 . Jump up ^ J.C. Wheeler ( 2007 ) . Cosmic Catastrophes : Exploding Stars , Black Holes , and Mapping the Universe . Cambridge University Press . p. 282 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85714 - 7 . Jump up ^ J. Gribbin ( 2007 ) . The Origins of the Future : Ten Questions for the Next Ten Years . Yale University Press . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 12596 - 8 . Jump up ^ P. Schneider ( 2006 ) . Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology . Springer . p. 4 , Fig . 1.4 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 33174 - 3 . Jump up ^ T. Koupelis ; K.F. Kuhn ( 2007 ) . In Quest of the Universe . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . p. 492 ; Fig . 16.13 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 4387 - 9 . Jump up ^ M.H. Jones ; R.J. Lambourne ; D.J. Adams ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology . Cambridge University Press . p. 21 ; Fig . 1.13 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54623 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : D. Majumdar ( 2007 ) . `` Dark matter -- possible candidates and direct detection '' . arXiv : hep - ph / 0703310 ( hep - ph ) . Jump up ^ K.A. Olive ( 2003 ) . `` Theoretical Advanced Study Institute lectures on dark matter '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 0301505 ( astro - ph ) . Jump up ^ K.A. Olive ( 2009 ) . `` Colliders and Cosmology '' . European Physical Journal C. 59 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 295 . arXiv : 0806.1208 . Bibcode : 2009EPJC ... 59 ... 269O . doi : 10.1140 / epjc / s10052 - 008 - 0738 - 8 . Jump up ^ J.C. Wheeler ( 2007 ) . Cosmic Catastrophes . Cambridge University Press . p. 282 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85714 - 7 . Jump up ^ L. Smolin ( 2007 ) . The Trouble with Physics . Mariner Books . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 91868 - X . Jump up ^ S. Toulmin ; J. Goodfield ( 1962 ) . The Architecture of Matter . University of Chicago Press . pp. 48 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Discussed by Aristotle in Physics , esp . book I , but also later ; as well as Metaphysics I -- II . Jump up ^ For a good explanation and elaboration , see R.J. Connell ( 1966 ) . Matter and Becoming . Priory Press . Jump up ^ H.G. Liddell ; R. Scott ; J.M. Whiton ( 1891 ) . A lexicon abridged from Liddell & Scott 's Greek -- English lexicon. Harper and Brothers . p. 72 . Jump up ^ R. Descartes ( 1644 ) . `` The Principles of Human Knowledge '' . Principles of Philosophy I. p. 53 . Jump up ^ though even this property seems to be non-essential ( René Descartes , Principles of Philosophy II ( 1644 ) , `` On the Principles of Material Things '' , no . 4 . ) Jump up ^ R. Descartes ( 1644 ) . `` The Principles of Human Knowledge '' . Principles of Philosophy I . pp. 8 , 54 , 63 . Jump up ^ D.L. Schindler ( 1986 ) . `` The Problem of Mechanism '' . In D.L. Schindler . Beyond Mechanism . University Press of America . Jump up ^ E.A. Burtt , Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science ( Garden City , New York : Doubleday and Company , 1954 ) , 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ J.E. McGuire and P.M. Heimann , `` The Rejection of Newton 's Concept of Matter in the Eighteenth Century '' , The Concept of Matter in Modern Philosophy ed . Ernan McMullin ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 1978 ) , 104 -- 118 ( 105 ) . Jump up ^ Isaac Newton , Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , trans . A. Motte , revised by F. Cajori ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1934 ) , pp. 398 -- 400 . Further analyzed by Maurice A. Finocchiaro , `` Newton 's Third Rule of Philosophizing : A Role for Logic in Historiography '' , Isis 65 : 1 ( Mar. 1974 ) , pp. 66 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Isaac Newton , Optics , Book III , pt. 1 , query 31 . Jump up ^ McGuire and Heimann , 104 . ^ Jump up to : N. Chomsky ( 1988 ) . Language and problems of knowledge : the Managua lectures ( 2nd ed . ) . MIT Press . p. 144 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 53070 - 8 . Jump up ^ McGuire and Heimann , 113 . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , it remains true that the mathematization regarded as requisite for a modern physical theory carries its own implicit notion of matter , which is very like Descartes ' , despite the demonstrated vacuity of the latter 's notions . Jump up ^ M. Wenham ( 2005 ) . Understanding Primary Science : Ideas , Concepts and Explanations ( 2nd ed . ) . Paul Chapman Educational Publishing . p. 115 . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0163 - 4 . Jump up ^ J.C. Maxwell ( 1876 ) . Matter and Motion . Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 66895 - 9 . Jump up ^ T.H. Levere ( 1993 ) . `` Introduction '' . Affinity and Matter : Elements of Chemical Philosophy , 1800 -- 1865 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 2 - 88124 - 583 - 8 . Jump up ^ G.F. Barker ( 1870 ) . `` Introduction '' . A Text Book of Elementary Chemistry : Theoretical and Inorganic . John P. Morton and Company . p. 2 . Jump up ^ J.J. Thomson ( 1909 ) . `` Preface '' . Electricity and Matter . A. Constable . Jump up ^ O.W. Richardson ( 1914 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . The Electron Theory of Matter . The University Press . Jump up ^ M. Jacob ( 1992 ) . The Quark Structure of Matter . World Scientific . ISBN 981 - 02 - 3687 - 5 . Jump up ^ V. de Sabbata ; M. Gasperini ( 1985 ) . Introduction to Gravitation . World Scientific . p. 293 . ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0049 - 3 . Jump up ^ The history of the concept of matter is a history of the fundamental length scales used to define matter . Different building blocks apply depending upon whether one defines matter on an atomic or elementary particle level . One may use a definition that matter is atoms , or that matter is hadrons , or that matter is leptons and quarks depending upon the scale at which one wishes to define matter . B. Povh ; K. Rith ; C. Scholz ; F. Zetsche ; M. Lavelle ( 2004 ) . `` Fundamental constituents of matter '' . Particles and Nuclei : An Introduction to the Physical Concepts ( 4th ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 20168 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : J. Allday ( 2001 ) . Quarks , Leptons and the Big Bang . CRC Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7503 - 0806 - 0 . Jump up ^ B.A. Schumm ( 2004 ) . Deep Down Things : The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7971 - X . Jump up ^ See for example , M. Jibu ; K. Yasue ( 1995 ) . Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness . John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 62 . ISBN 1 - 55619 - 183 - 9 . , B. Martin ( 2009 ) . Nuclear and Particle Physics ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 74275 - 5 . and K.W. Plaxco ; M. Gross ( 2006 ) . Astrobiology : A Brief Introduction . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8367 - 9 . Jump up ^ P.A. Tipler ; R.A. Llewellyn ( 2002 ) . Modern Physics . Macmillan . pp. 89 -- 91 , 94 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4345 - 0 . Jump up ^ P. Schmüser ; H. Spitzer ( 2002 ) . `` Particles '' . In L. Bergmann ; et al. Constituents of Matter : Atoms , Molecules , Nuclei . CRC Press . pp. 773 ff . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1202 - 7 . Jump up ^ P.M. Chaikin ; T.C. Lubensky ( 2000 ) . Principles of Condensed Matter Physics . Cambridge University Press . p. xvii . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79450 - 1 . Jump up ^ W. Greiner ( 2003 ) . W. Greiner ; M.G. Itkis ; G. Reinhardt ; M.C. Güçlü , eds . Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter . Springer . p. xii . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 2445 - 2 . Jump up ^ P. Sukys ( 1999 ) . Lifting the Scientific Veil : Science Appreciation for the Nonscientist . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9600 - 6 . Jump up ^ B. Povh ; K. Rith ; C. Scholz ; F. Zetsche ; M. Lavelle ( 2004 ) . `` Fundamental constituents of matter '' . Particles and Nuclei : An Introduction to the Physical Concepts ( 4th ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 20168 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Lillian Hoddeson ; Michael Riordan , eds. ( 1997 ) . The Rise of the Standard Model . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57816 - 7 . Timothy Paul Smith ( 2004 ) . `` The search for quarks in ordinary matter '' . Hidden Worlds . Princeton University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05773 - 7 . Harald Fritzsch ( 2005 ) . Elementary Particles : Building blocks of matter . World Scientific . p. 1 . ISBN 981 - 256 - 141 - 2 . Bertrand Russell ( 1992 ) . `` The philosophy of matter '' . A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz ( Reprint of 1937 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 08296 - X . Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield , The Architecture of Matter ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1962 ) . Richard J. Connell , Matter and Becoming ( Chicago : The Priory Press , 1966 ) . Ernan McMullin , The Concept of Matter in Greek and Medieval Philosophy ( Notre Dame , Indiana : Univ. of Notre Dame Press , 1965 ) . Ernan McMullin , The Concept of Matter in Modern Philosophy ( Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press , 1978 ) . My Pals Are Here ! Science P3&4 Cycless - Chapter 3 ( Matter ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Matter Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matter . Visionlearning Module on Matter Matter in the universe How much Matter is in the Universe ? 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2517203516868377495	Jason Voorhees	Jason Voorhees - wikipedia Jason Voorhees Jump to : navigation , search Jason Voorhees Friday the 13th character Ken Kirzinger as Jason Voorhees in Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) First appearance Friday the 13th Created by Victor Miller Ron Kurz Sean S. Cunningham Tom Savini Portrayed by Ari Lehman ( child ) Warrington Gillette Steve Daskewisz Richard Brooker Ted White Tom Morga C.J. Graham Kane Hodder Ken Kirzinger Derek Mears Information Classification Mass murderer Primary location Camp Crystal Lake Signature weapon Machete Jason Voorhees is the main character from the Friday the 13th series . He first appeared in Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) as the young son of camp cook - turned - murderer Mrs. Voorhees , in which he was portrayed by Ari Lehman . Created by Victor Miller , with contributions by Ron Kurz , Sean S. Cunningham , and Tom Savini , Jason was not originally intended to carry the series as the main antagonist . The character has subsequently been represented in various other media , including novels , video games , comic books , and a cross-over film with another iconic horror film character , Freddy Krueger . The character has primarily been an antagonist in the films , whether by stalking and killing the other characters , or acting as a psychological threat to the protagonist , as is the case in Friday the 13th : A New Beginning . Since Lehman 's portrayal , the character has been represented by numerous actors and stuntmen , sometimes by more than one at a time ; this has caused some controversy as to who should receive credit for the portrayal . Kane Hodder is the best known of the stuntmen to portray Jason Voorhees , having played the character in four consecutive films . The character 's physical appearance has gone through many transformations , with various special makeup effects artists making their mark on the character 's design , including makeup artist Stan Winston . Tom Savini 's initial design has been the basis for many of the later incarnations . The trademark hockey goalie mask did not appear until Friday the 13th Part III . Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , filmmakers have given Jason superhuman strength , regenerative powers , and near invulnerability . He has been seen as a sympathetic character , whose motivation for killing has been cited as being driven by the immoral actions of his victims and his own rage over having drowned as a child . Jason Voorhees has been featured in various humor magazines , referenced in feature films , parodied in television shows , and was the inspiration for a horror punk band . Several toy lines have been released based on various versions of the character from the Friday the 13th films . Jason Voorhees 's hockey mask is a widely recognized image in popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.2 Literature 2 Concept and creation 2.1 Creating a monster 2.2 Men behind the mask 2.3 Design 3 Characteristics 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Appearances ( edit ) Jason Voorhees first appears during a nightmare of the main character Alice ( Adrienne King ) in the original Friday the 13th film ; he becomes the main antagonist of the series in its sequels . As well as the films , there have been books and comics that have either expanded the universe of Jason , or been based on a minor aspect of him . Films ( edit ) Jason made his first cinematic appearance in the original Friday the 13th on May 9 , 1980 . In this film , Jason is portrayed in the memories of his mother , Mrs. Voorhees ( Betsy Palmer ) , and as a hallucination of the film 's protagonist , Alice ( Adrienne King ) . Though the character makes no contemporary appearance onscreen , he propels the film 's plot -- Mrs. Voorhees , the cook at Camp Crystal Lake , seeks revenge for his death , which she blames on the camp counselors . Jason 's second appearance was in the sequel , Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) . Revealed to be alive , an adult Jason exacts revenge on Alice for decapitating his mother in the original film . Jason ( Steven Dash and Warrington Gillette ) , returns to Crystal Lake , living there as a hermit and guarding it from all intruders . Five years later a group of teenagers arrive to set up a new camp , only to be murdered one by one by Jason , who wears a pillow case over his head to hide his face . Ginny ( Amy Steel ) , the lone survivor , finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees , and surrounded by mutilated corpses . Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason 's shoulder . Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance . In Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) , Jason ( Richard Brooker ) escapes to a nearby lake resort , Higgins Haven , to rest from his wounds . At the same time , Chris Higgins ( Dana Kimmell ) returns to the property with some friends . An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding . Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face , he leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group . Chris fends off Jason by slamming an axe into his head , but the night 's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) continues the story , with a presumed - dead Jason ( Ted White ) found by the police and taken to the morgue . Jason awakens at the morgue and kills an attendant and a nurse , and makes his way back to Crystal Lake . A group of teens renting a house there fall victim to Jason 's rampage . Jason then seeks out Trish ( Kimberly Beck ) and Tommy Jarvis ( Corey Feldman ) next door . While Trish distracts Jason , Tommy kills him . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning follows Tommy Jarvis ( John Shepherd ) , who was committed to a mental hospital after the events of The Final Chapter , and has grown up constantly afraid that Jason ( Tom Morga ) will return . Jason 's body was supposedly cremated after Tommy killed him . Roy Burns ( Dick Wieand ) uses Jason 's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy was moved . Jason appears in the film only through Tommy 's dreams and hallucinations . In Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) , Tommy ( Thom Mathews ) , who has run away from a mental institution , visits Jason 's grave and learns that Jason 's body was never actually cremated , but buried in a cemetery near Crystal Lake . While attempting to destroy his body , Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason ( C.J. Graham ) via a piece of cemetery fence that acts as a lightning rod . Now possessing superhuman abilities , Jason returns to Crystal Lake , now renamed Forest Green , and begins his killing spree anew . Tommy eventually lures Jason back to the lake where he drowned as a child and chains him to a boulder on the lake floor , but almost dies in the process . Tommy 's friend , Megan Garris , finishes Jason off by cutting his face with a boat propeller . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) begins an undisclosed amount of time after Jason Lives . Jason ( Kane Hodder ) is freed from his chains by the telekinetic Tina Shepard ( Lar Park Lincoln ) , who was attempting to resurrect her father . Jason begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake , and after a battle with Tina , is dragged back to the bottom of the lake by an apparition of Tina 's father . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) sees Jason return from the grave , brought back to life via an underwater electrical cable . He follows a group of students on their senior class trip to Manhattan , boarding the Lazarus to wreak havoc . Upon reaching Manhattan , Jason kills all the survivors but Rennie ( Jensen Daggett ) and Sean ( Scott Reeves ) ; he chases them into the sewers , where he is submerged in toxic waste and dies . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) marked the second time Jason was officially killed according to studio canon . Through an unexplained resurrection , he returns to Crystal Lake , where he is hunted by the FBI . The FBI sets up a sting to kill Jason , which proves successful . Through mystical possession , however , Jason survives by passing his demon - infested heart from one being to the next . Though Jason does not physically appear throughout most of the film , it is learned he has a half - sister and a niece , and that he needs them to retrieve and reinhabit his body . After resurrecting it , Jason is stabbed by his niece Jessica Kimble ( Kari Keegan ) and dragged into Hell . Jason X ( 2002 ) marked Kane Hodder 's last performance as Jason . The film starts off in 2010 ; Jason has returned after another unexplained resurrection . Captured by the U.S. government in 2008 , Jason is being experimented upon in a research facility , where it has been determined that he has regenerative capabilities and that cryonic suspension is the only possible solution to stop him , since numerous attempts to execute him have proved unsuccessful . Jason escapes , killing all but one of his captors , and slices through the cryo - chamber , spilling cryonics fluid into the room , freezing himself and the only other survivor , Rowan ( Lexa Doig ) . A team of students 445 years later discover Jason 's body . On the team 's spacecraft , Jason thaws from his cryonic suspension and begins killing the crew . Along the way , he is enhanced by a regenerative nanotechnology process , which gives him an impenetrable metal body . Finally , he is ejected into space and falls to the planet Earth 2 , burning in the atmosphere . Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) is a crossover film in which Jason battles A Nightmare on Elm Street 's villain Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) , a supernatural killer who murders people in their dreams . Krueger has grown weak , as people in his home town of Springwood have suppressed their fear of him . Freddy , who is impersonating Jason 's mother ( Paula Shaw ) , resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) from Hell and sends him to Springwood to cause panic and fear . Jason accomplishes this , but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues in both the dream world and Crystal Lake . The identity of the winner is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . In the 2009 Friday the 13th reboot , young Jason ( Caleb Guss ) witnesses his mother 's ( Nana Visitor ) beheading as a child and follows in her footsteps , killing anyone who comes to Crystal Lake . The adult Jason ( Derek Mears ) kidnaps Whitney Miller ( Amanda Righetti ) , a girl who looks like his mother , and holds her prisoner in his underground tunnels . Months later , Whitney 's brother Clay ( Jared Padalecki ) comes to Crystal Lake and rescues her . Eventually , Whitney uses Jason 's devotion to his mother against him , stabbing him with his own machete while he is distracted when she appears . Literature ( edit ) Jason first appeared outside of film in the 1982 novelization of Friday the 13th Part 3 by Michael Avallone . Avallone chose to use an alternate ending , which was filmed for Part 3 but never used , as the ending for his 1982 adaptation . In the alternate film ending , Chris , who is in the canoe , hears Rick 's voice and immediately rushes back to the house . When she opens the door , Jason is standing there with a machete , and he decapitates her . Jason next appears in print in the 1986 novelization of Jason Lives by Simon Hawke , who also adapted the first three films in 1987 and 1988 . Jason Lives specifically introduced Elias Voorhees , Jason 's father , a character that was slated to appear in the film but was cut by the studio . In the novel , instead of being cremated , Elias has Jason buried after his death . Jason made his comic book debut in the 1993 adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell , written by Andy Mangels . The three - issue series was a condensed version of the film , with a few added scenes that were never shot . Jason made his first appearance outside of the direct adaptations in Satan 's Six No. 4 , published in 1993 , which is a continuation of the events of Jason Goes to Hell . In 1995 , Nancy A. Collins wrote a three - issue , non-canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and Leatherface . The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train , after being released from Crystal Lake when the area is drained due to heavy toxic waste dumping . Jason meets Leatherface , who adopts him into his family after the two become friends . Eventually they turn on each other . In 1994 four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th . They did not feature Jason explicitly , but revolve around people becoming possessed by Jason when they put on his mask . In 2003 and 2005 , Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X respectively . In 2005 they began publishing a new series of novels ; one set was published under the Jason X title , while the second set utilized the Friday the 13th title . The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the novelization of the film . Jason X : The Experiment was the first published . In this novel , Jason is being used by the government , who are trying to use his indestructibility to create their own army of `` super soldiers '' . Planet of the Beast follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone the body of a comatose Jason , and shows their efforts to stay alive when Jason wakes from his coma . Death Moon revolves around Jason crash - landing at Moon Camp Americana . Jason is discovered below a prison site and unknowingly awakened in To The Third Power . Jason has a son in this book , conceived through a form of artificial insemination . On May 13 , 2005 , Avatar Press began releasing new Friday the 13th comics . The first , titled Friday the 13th , was written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller . The story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason , where siblings Miles and Laura Upland have inherited Camp Crystal Lake . Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction , Laura , unknown to her brother , sets out to kill Jason using a paramilitary group , so that she and her brother can sell the property . A three - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Bloodbath was released in September 2005 . Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse , the story involves a group of teenagers who come from Camp Tomorrow , a camp that sits on Crystal Lake , for work and a `` party - filled weekend '' . The teenagers discover they share common family backgrounds , and soon awaken Jason , who hunts them . Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write Jason X . Picking up after the events of the Jason X film , Über - Jason is now on Earth II where a biological engineer , Kristen , attempts to subdue Jason , in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves . In February 2006 Avatar published Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X . Written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer , the story takes place after the events of the film Jason X . A salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees . The `` original '' Jason and Über - Jason are drawn to each other , resulting in a battle to the death . In June 2006 a one - shot comic entitled Friday the 13th : Fearbook was released , written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara . The comic has Jason being captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization ; Jason escapes and seeks out Violet , the survivor of Friday the 13th : Bloodbath , who is being contained by the Trent Organization in their Crystal Lake headquarters . The Friday the 13th novella storyline was not connected to the Jason X series , and did not continue the stories set forth by the films , but furthered the character of Jason in its own way . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult . Jason is stuck in Hell , when recently executed serial killer Wayne Sanchez persuades Jason to help him return to Earth in Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . In Hate - Kill - Repeat , two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake , believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code . In The Jason Strain , Jason is on an island with a group of convicts placed there by television executives running a reality game show . The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs . Pamela is in search of Jason , who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder . In December 2006 DC Comics imprint Wildstorm began publishing new comic books about Jason Voorhees under the Friday the 13th moniker . The first set was a six - issue miniseries involving Jason 's return to Camp Crystal Lake , which is being renovated by a group of teenagers in preparation for its reopening as a tourist attraction . The series depicts various paranormal phenomena occurring at Crystal Lake . Jason 's actions in this storyline are driven by the vengeful spirits of a Native American tribe wiped out on the lake by fur traders sometime in the 19th century . On July 11 and August 15 , 2007 , Wildstorm published a two - part special entitled Friday the 13th : Pamela 's Tale . The two - issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees ' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie , a camp counselor who was killed in the original film . Wildstorm released another two - part special , entitled Friday the 13th : How I Spent My Summer Vacation , that was released on September 12 and October 10 , 2007 . The comic book provides new insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity . Wildstorm released a six - issue series called Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , starring the two killers and Ash from the Evil Dead series . In this story , Freddy uses the Necronomicon , which is in the Voorhees ' basement , to escape from Jason 's subconscious and `` gain powers unlike anything he 's had before '' . Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book , stating it will make him a real boy . Ash , who is working at the local S - Mart in Crystal Lake , learns of the book 's existence and sets out to destroy it . Wildstorm released another two - issue miniseries on January 9 and February 13 , 2008 , titled Friday the 13th : Bad Land , written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston respectively . The miniseries features Jason stalking a trio of teenaged hikers taking shelter from a blizzard in Camp Crystal Lake . A sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , subtitled The Nightmare Warriors , was released by Wildstorm in 2009 . Jason escapes from the bottom of Crystal Lake to resume his hunt for Ash , but is captured by the U.S. government . Freddy helps him escape and appoints him the general of his Deadite army , using the Necronomicon to heal his accumulated injuries and decomposition ; it removes his natural deformities in the process . At the climax of the story , Jason battles his nemesis Tommy Jarvis and his great - niece Stephanie Kimble ; Stephanie impales him before Tommy decapitates him with a shard of glass . Jason 's soul is then absorbed by Freddy , who uses it to increase his own power . Concept and creation ( edit ) Creating a monster ( edit ) Tom Savini applies make - up to Ari Lehman , creating his vision of Jason Voorhees . Initially created by Victor Miller , Jason 's final design was a combined effort by Miller , Ron Kurz , and Tom Savini . The name `` Jason '' is a combination of `` Josh '' and `` Ian '' , Miller 's two sons , and `` Voorhees '' was inspired by a girl that Miller knew at high school whose last name was Van Voorhees . Miller felt it was a `` creepy - sounding name '' , which was perfect for his character . Miller initially wrote Jason as a normal - looking child , but the crew behind the film decided he needed to be deformed . Victor Miller explained Jason was not meant to be a creature from the `` Black Lagoon '' in his script , and scripted Jason as a mentally disabled young boy ; it was Savini who made Jason deformed . Ron Kurz confirmed that Miller 's version of Jason was that of a normal child , but claims that it was his idea to turn Jason into a `` mongoloid creature '' , and have him `` jump out of the lake at the end of the film '' . Miller later agreed the ending would not have been as good if he looked like `` Betsy Palmer at eight years old '' . Miller wrote a scene where Alice dreams she is attacked in a canoe by Jason , and then she wakes up in a hospital bed . Miller 's intention was to get as close to Carrie 's ending as possible . Savini believed having Jason pop out of the lake would be psychologically disturbing to the audience , and since Alice is supposed to be dreaming , the crew could get away with adding anything they wanted . When it came time to cast the role of Jason , Ari Lehman , who had received a part in Sean Cunningham 's Manny 's Orphans , arrived to read for the character of Jack . Before he could get started , Cunningham walked in and offered him a different part : Jason . Without having read a single word , Cunningham just looked at Ari and said , `` You 're the right size , you 've got it . '' In the original Friday the 13th , Ari Lehman is seen only in a brief flashback as the surprise ending . Subsequent actors who portrayed a young Jason include Timothy Burr Mirkovich in Jason Takes Manhattan and Spencer Stump in Freddy vs. Jason . The adult role of Jason Voorhees has been played by various actors , some not credited , others taking great pride in their parts . Due to the physical demands the adult character requires , and the lack of emotional depth depicted , many of the actors since have been stuntmen . The most well - known among them is Kane Hodder , who is cited as the best to play the role . Many ideas were suggested for the sequel to Friday the 13th , including making the title part of a serialized film series , where each succeeding film would be its own story and not related to any previous film under the Friday the 13th moniker . It was Phil Scuderi , one of the producers for the original film , which suggested bringing Jason back for the sequel . The director Steve Miner felt it was the obvious direction to take the series , as he felt the audience wanted to know more about the child who attacked Alice in the lake . Miner decided to pretend as if Alice did not see the `` real Jason '' in her dream , and Jason had survived his drowning as a boy and had grown up . After killing Jason in The Final Chapter , it was the director Joseph Zito 's intention to leave the door open for the studio to make more films with Tommy Jarvis as the main antagonist . Screenwriter Barney Cohen felt Jarvis would become a substitute for Jason , but the idea was never fully developed in A New Beginning . Director and co-screenwriter Danny Steinmann disliked the idea of Jason not being the killer , but decided to use Tommy 's fear of Jason as the primary story . This idea was immediately abandoned in Jason Lives , when A New Beginning did not spark the `` creative success '' the studio was looking for . Executive producer Frank Mancuso , Jr. wanted to bring Jason back , and he did not care how it was achieved . In yet another alteration of the series ' continuity , Tom McLoughlin chose to ignore the idea that Jason had survived his drowning , instead presenting him as always having been some sort of supernatural force . Since A New Beginning , no sequel has attempted to replace Jason as the main antagonist . Miller , who has not seen any of the sequels , took issue with all of them because they made Jason the villain . Miller believes the best part of his screenplay was that it was about a mother avenging the senseless death of her son . Miller stated , `` Jason was dead from the very beginning ; he was a victim , not a villain . '' Men Behind the mask ( edit ) `` ... So I go from lead role to no role . Needless to say , I was disappointed . But I said , ' What the hell ? ' '' -- Steve Daskawisz , on losing screen credit Jason Voorhees went from deceased child to full - grown man for Friday the 13th Part 2 , and Warrington Gillette was hired to play the role . Gillette auditioned for the role of Paul ; that role eventually went to John Furey . Under the belief that he had attended the Hollywood Stuntman 's School , Gillette was offered the role of Jason Voorhees . Initially Gillette was unsure about the character , but the idea of starring in his first film grew on Gillette , and he also thought the role was amusing . It became apparent Gillette could not perform the necessary stunts , so the stunt coordinator Cliff Cudney brought in Steve Daskawisz . Daskawisz filmed all of the scenes except the opening sequence and the unmasking shot at the end ; Gillette returned for the unmasking scenes . Gillette received credit for playing Jason , while Daskawisz was given credit as the stunt double . When Part 3 was released the following year , Daskawisz was credited as Jason for the reused footage from the climax of the film . Initially , Daskawisz was asked to return to the role for Part 3 , but it would have required him to pay for his own transportation and housing during filming . Having secured a part on Guiding Light , Daskawisz declined . Now wanting a `` bigger and stronger - looking '' Jason , one that was also `` more athletic and powerful '' , Steve Miner hired former British trapeze artist Richard Brooker . After a simple conversation , Miner decided he was the right person for the job . Being new to the country , Brooker believed that `` playing a psychopathic killer '' was the best way into the movie business . Brooker became the first actor to wear Jason 's now - signature hockey mask . According to Brooker , `` It felt great with the mask on . It just felt like I really was Jason because I did n't have anything to wear before that . '' For The Final Chapter , Joseph Zito brought his own spin to the character , one that required a `` real hardcore stuntman '' ; Ted White was hired to perform the role . White , who only took the job for the money , did `` get into the Jason psychology '' when he arrived on the set . White went so far as to not speak to any of the other actors for long stretches . As filming continued , White 's experience was not pleasant , and in one instance , he went to battle for co-star Judie Aronson , who played Samantha , when the director kept her naked in the lake for extended periods of time . Displeased with his experience from filming , White had his name removed from the credits . As with Friday the 13th Part 2 , there was confusion over who performed the role in A New Beginning , partly because Jason is not the literal antagonist in the film . When Ted White turned down the opportunity to return , Dick Wieand was cast . Wieand is credited as Roy Burns , the film 's actual murderer , but it was stuntman Tom Morga who performed in the few flashes of Jason , as well as portraying Roy in almost all of the masked scenes . Wieand has been outspoken about his lack of enthusiasm over his role in the film . Feeling alienated during the shoot , Wieand spent most of his time in his trailer . By comparison , Morga enjoyed his time as Jason and made sure he `` really got into the character '' . `` It 's like all of a sudden you get to put a baseball uniform on , and you 're the pitcher in the ninth inning of the World Series . It 's an incredible feeling . '' -- C.J. Graham , on his experience as Jason A nightclub manager in Glendale , C.J. Graham , was interviewed for the role of Jason in Jason Lives , but was initially passed over because he had no experience as a stuntman . Dan Bradley was hired , but Paramount executives felt Bradley did not have the right physique to play the role , and Graham was hired to replace him . Although Bradley was replaced early during filming , he can be seen in the paintball sequence of the film . Graham opted to perform most of his own stunts , including the scene where Jason catches on fire while battling Tommy in the lake . The rest of the cast spoke highly of Graham , remarking that he never complained during all the uncomfortable situations he was placed in . Graham had no intention of being an actor or a stuntman , but the idea of playing the `` bad guy '' , and the opportunity to wear the prosthetics , intrigued him . Graham was not brought back to reprise the role , but has often been cited as speaking highly of his time in the part . Kane Hodder took over the role in The New Blood , and played Jason in the next four films . He previously worked alongside director John Carl Buechler on a film called Prison . Based on his experience working with Hodder , Buechler petitioned Frank Mancuso Jr. to hire him , but Mancuso was apprehensive about Hodder 's limited size . Knowing he planned to use full body prosthetics , Buechler scheduled a test screening , the first in Friday the 13th history for the character , and Mancuso immediately gave Hodder approval upon seeing him . It is Buechler 's contention that Hodder gave Jason his first true personality , based on the emotions , specifically the rage , that Hodder would emit while acting the part . According to Hodder , he wanted to `` get in touch with Jason 's thirst for revenge '' and try to better understand his motivation to kill . After viewing the previous films , Hodder decided that he would approach Jason as a more `` quick and agile '' individual than he had been portrayed in the previous sequels . John Carl Buechler felt that Kane had `` natural affinity for the role '' -- so much that Kane 's appearance , when wearing the mask , would often terrify the cast , the crew , and in one incident a lone stranger that he came across on his walk back to his trailer . Initially Frank Mancuso Jr. and Barbara Sachs planned to use a Canadian stuntperson for Jason Takes Manhattan . Hodder acted as his own voice , calling and requesting that he be allowed to reprise the role ; the ultimate decision was left to director Rob Hedden , who intended to use Hodder , because he felt Hodder knew the lore of the series . With Sean Cunningham 's return as producer for Jason Goes to Hell , Hodder felt his chances of reprising the role were even better : Hodder had worked as Cunningham 's stunt coordinator for years . Regardless , Adam Marcus , the director for Jason Goes to Hell , always intended to hire Hodder for the role . Jason X would mark Hodder 's last performance as Jason , to date . Todd Farmer , who wrote the screenplay for Jason X , knew Hodder would play Jason from the beginning . Jim Isaac was a fan of Hodder 's work on the previous films , so hiring him was an easy decision . New Line believed Freddy vs. Jason needed a fresh start , and choose a new actor for Jason . Cunningham disagreed with their decision , believing Hodder was the best choice for the role . Hodder did receive the script for Freddy vs. Jason , and had a meeting with director Ronny Yu and New Line executives , but Matthew Barry and Yu felt the role should be recast to fit Yu 's image of Jason . According to Hodder , New Line failed to provide him with a reason for the recasting , but Yu has explained he wanted a slower , more deliberate Jason , and less of the aggressive movements that Hodder had used in the previous films . Yu and development executive Jeff Katz recognized the outcry among fans over the replacement of Hodder as Jason , but stood by their choice in recasting . The role eventually went to Ken Kirzinger , a Canadian stuntman who worked on Jason Takes Manhattan . There are conflicting reports over the reason Kirzinger was cast . According to Yu , Kirzinger was hired because he was taller than Robert Englund , the actor who portrays Freddy Krueger . Kirzinger stands 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) , compared to the 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) of Kane Hodder , and Yu wanted a much larger actor to tower over the 5 - foot - 10 - inch ( 1.78 m ) Englund . Kirzinger believes his experience on Part VIII helped him land the part , as Kirzinger doubled for Hodder on two scenes for the film , but also believes he was simply sized up and handed the job . Although he was hired by the creative crew , New Line did not officially cast Kirzinger until first seeing him on film . Kirzinger 's first scene was Jason walking down Elm Street . New Line wanted a specific movement in Jason 's walk ; Kirzinger met their expectations and signed a contract with the studio . However , concerns that test audiences were confused by the film 's original ending caused the studio to reshoot the final scene . Actor Douglas Tait was brought in to film the new ending , as he was available for the reshoot and had been the production 's second choice to portray the role of Jason during the original casting . For the 2009 remake , stuntman Derek Mears was hired to portray Jason Voorhees at the recommendation of makeup special effects supervisor Scott Stoddard . Mears 's pleasant demeanor had the studio worried about his ability to portray such a menacing character on screen , but Mears assured them he would be able to perform the role . When Mears auditioned for the role he was asked why they should hire an actor over just another guy in a mask . As Mears explained , portraying Jason is similar to Greek mask work , where the mask and the actor are two separate entities , and , based on the scene , there will be various combinations of mask and actor in the performance . Design ( edit ) The physical design of Jason Voorhees has gone through changes , some subtle and some radical . For Friday the 13th , the task of coming up with Jason 's appearance was the responsibility of Tom Savini , whose design for Jason was inspired by someone Savini knew as a child whose eyes and ears did not line up straight . The original design called for Jason to have hair , but Savini and his crew opted to make him bald , so he would look like a `` hydrocephalic , mongoloid pinhead '' , with a dome - shaped head . Savini created a plaster mold of Ari Lehman 's head and used that to create prosthetics for his face . Lehman personally placed mud -- from the bottom of the lake -- all over his body to make himself appear `` really slimy . '' For Part 2 , Steve Miner asked Carl Fullerton , the make - up effects supervisor , to stick to Savini 's original design , but Fullerton only had one day to design and sculpt a new head . Fullerton drew a rough sketch of what he believed Jason should look like , and had it approved by Miner . Fullerton added long hair to the character . Gillette had to spend hours in a chair as they applied rubber forms all over his face , and had to keep one eye closed while the `` droopy eye '' application was in place . Gillette 's eye was closed for twelve hours at a time while he was filming the final scenes of the film . False teeth created by a local dentist were used to distort Gillette 's face . Much of the basic concept of Fullerton 's design was eliminated for Part 3 . Miner wanted to use a combination of the designs from Tom Savini and Carl Fullerton , but as work progressed the design began to lean more and more toward Savini 's concept . Stan Winston was hired to create a design for Jason 's head , but the eyes were level and Doug White , the make - up artist for Part 3 , needed a droopy right eye . White did keep Winston 's design for the back of the head , because the crew did not have the time to design an entirely new head for Jason . The process of creating Jason 's look was hard work for White , who had to constantly make alterations to Richard Brooker 's face , even up to the last day of filming . Jason 's original mask was molded from a Detroit Red Wings goalie mask , and would become a staple for the character for the rest of the series . The script for Part 3 called for Jason to wear a mask to cover his face , having worn a bag over his head in Part 2 ; what no one knew at the time was that the mask chosen would become a trademark for the character , and one instantly recognizable in popular culture in the years to come . During production , Steve Miner called for a lighting check . None of the effects crew wanted to apply any make - up for the light check , so they decided to just throw a mask on Brooker . The film 's 3D effects supervisor , Martin Jay Sadoff , was a hockey fan , and had a bag of hockey gear with him on the set . He pulled out a Detroit Red Wings goaltender mask for the test . Miner loved the mask , but it was too small . Using a substance called VacuForm , Doug White enlarged the mask and created a new mold to work with . After White finished the molds , Terry Ballard placed red triangles on the mask to give it a unique appearance . Holes were punched into the mask and the markings were altered , making it different from Sadoff 's mask . There were two prosthetic face masks created for Richard Brooker to wear underneath the hockey mask . One mask was composed of approximately 11 different appliances and took about six hours to apply to Brooker 's face ; this mask was used for scenes where the hockey mask was removed . In the scenes where the hockey mask is over the face , a simple head mask was created . This one - piece mask would slip on over Brooker 's head , exposing his face but not the rest of his head . Tom Savini agreed to return to make - up duties for The Final Chapter because he felt he should be the one to bring Jason full circle in terms of his look from child to man . Savini used his design from the original Friday the 13th , with the same practice of application as before , but molded from Ted White 's face . Since Jason is not the actual killer in A New Beginning , it was not necessary to do any major designing for Jason 's look . Only a head mask to cover the top and back of the head , like the one Brooker wore while wearing the hockey mask , was needed for the film . Make - up artist Louis Lazzara , who cites A New Beginning as almost a direct sequel to The Final Chapter , did base his head - mask on Tom Savini 's design for The Final Chapter . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood sought to make Jason more of a `` classic monster along the lines of Frankenstein . '' From the beginning , Buechler tried to tie the previous films together by having Jason 's appearance reflect that of the damage he received in the previous installments . Buechler wanted the motor boat damage from Jason Lives , and the axe and machete cuts Jason received in Part 3 and Part 4 to part of the design for The New Blood . Since Jason had been submerged under water in the previous entry , the effects team wanted Jason to appear `` rotted '' , with bones and ribs showing , and for Jason 's features to have a more defined feel to them . Howard Berger was inspired by Carl Fullerton 's design in The New Blood , and wanted to incorporate the exposed flesh concept into his model for Jason Goes to Hell . Berger designed Jason 's skin to overlap with the mask , to make it appear as if the skin and mask had fused and the mask could no longer be removed . Gregory Nicotero and Berger sculpted a full - body , foam latex suit for Kane Hodder to wear under the costume . The idea was to reveal as much of Jason 's skin as possible , because Nicotero and Berger knew the physical character would not be seen for most of the film . Original concept drawings for `` Über - Jason '' , by makeup effects supervisor Stephan Dupuis , took months to plan . Dupuis sculpted a small - scale version of the new design to show off to the filmmakers , before finally taking mold castings of Kane Hodder . Stephen Dupuis was given the task of redesigning Jason for the tenth Friday the 13th film . One concept brought into the film was Jason 's regenerative abilities . Dupuis gave the character more hair and more of a natural flesh appearance to illustrate the constant regeneration the character goes through ; Dupuis wanted a more `` gothic '' design for Jason , so he added chains and shackles , and made the hockey mask more angular . Jim Isaac and the rest of his crew wanted to create an entirely new Jason at some point in the film . The idea was for the teens to completely destroy Jason 's body , allowing the futuristic technology to bring him back to life . What was referred to as Über - Jason was designed to have chunks of metal growing from his body , bonded by tendrils that grew into the metal , all pushing through a leather suit . The metal was created from VacuForm , the same material used to increase the size of the original hockey mask , and was attached by Velcro . The tendrils were made from silicone . All of the pieces were crafted onto one suit , including an entire head piece , which Hodder wore . The make - up effects team added zippers along the side of the suit , which allowed Hodder to enter and exit the suit within 15 minutes . By the time Freddy vs. Jason entered production there had been ten previous Friday the 13th films . Make - up effects artist Terezakis wanted to put his own mark on Jason 's look -- he wanted Jason to be less rotted and decomposed and more defined , so that the audience would see a new Jason , but still recognized the face . Terezakis tried to keep continuity with the previous films , but recognized that had he followed them too literally , then `` Jason would have been reduced to a pile of goo . '' Ronny Yu wanted everything surrounding the hockey mask to act as a frame , making the mask the focal point of each shot . To achieve this , Terezakis created a `` pooled - blood look '' for the character by painting the skin black , based on the idea the blood had pooled in the back of his head because he had been lying on his back for a long time . As with other make - up artists before him , Terezakis followed Savini 's original skull design , and aged it appropriately . For the 2009 version of Friday the 13th , effects artist Scott Stoddard took inspiration from Carl Fullerton 's design in Friday the 13th Part 2 and Tom Savini 's work in Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter . Stoddard wanted to make sure that Jason appeared human and not like a monster . Stoddard 's vision of Jason includes hair loss , skin rashes , and the traditional deformities in his face , but he attempted to craft Jason 's look in a way that would allow for a more human side to be seen . Stoddard took inspiration from the third and fourth films when designing Jason 's hockey mask . The make - up artist managed to acquire an original set piece , which he studied and later sculpted . Although he had a model of one of the original masks , Stoddard did not want to replicate it in its entirety . As Stoddard explains , `` Because I did n't want to take something that already existed , there were things I thought were great , but there were things I wanted to change a bit . Make it custom , but keep all the fundamental designs . Especially the markings on the forehead and cheeks . Age them down a bit , break them up . '' In the end , Stoddard crafted six versions of the mask , each with varying degrees of wear . Characteristics ( edit ) In his original appearance , Jason was scripted as a mentally disabled young boy . Since Friday the 13th , Jason Voorhees has been depicted as a non-verbal , indestructible , machete - wielding mass murderer . Jason is primarily portrayed as being completely silent throughout the film series . Exceptions to this include flashbacks of Jason as a child , and a brief scene in Jason Takes Manhattan where the character cries out `` Mommy , please do n't let me drown ! '' in a child 's voice before being submerged in toxic waste , and in Jason Goes To Hell where his spirit possesses other individuals . Online magazine Salon 's Andrew O'Hehir describes Jason as a `` silent , expressionless ... blank slate . '' When discussing Jason psychologically , Sean S. Cunningham said , `` ... he does n't have any personality . He 's like a great white shark . You ca n't really defeat him . All you can hope for is to survive . '' Since Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives , Jason has been a `` virtually indestructible '' being . Tom McLoughlin , the film 's director , felt it was silly that Jason had previously been just another guy in a mask , who would kill people left and right , but get `` beaten up and knocked down by the heroine at the end '' . McLoughlin wanted Jason to be more of a `` formidable , unstoppable monster '' . In resurrecting Jason from the dead , McLoughlin also gave him the weakness of being rendered helpless if trapped beneath the waters of Crystal Lake ; inspired by vampire lore , McLoughlin decided that Jason had in fact drowned as a child , and that returning him to his original resting place would immobilize him . This weakness would be presented again in The New Blood , and the idea that Jason had drowned as a child was taken up by director Rob Hedden as a plot element in Jason Takes Manhattan . Many have given suggestions as Jason 's motivation for killing . Ken Kirzinger refers to Jason as a `` psychotic mama 's boy gone horribly awry ... very resilient . You ca n't kill him , but he feels pain , just not like everyone else . '' Kirzinger goes on to say that Jason is a `` psycho - savant '' , and believes his actions are based on pleasing his mother , and not anything personal . Andrew O'Hehir has stated , `` Coursing hormones act , of course , as smelling salts to prudish Jason , that ever - vigilant enforcer of William Bennett - style values . '' Todd Farmer , writer for Jason X , wrote the scene where Jason wakes from cryonic hibernation just as two of the teenagers are having sex . Farmer liked the idea that sex acts triggered Jason back to life . Whatever his motivations , Kane Hodder believes there is a limit to what he will do . According to Hodder , Jason might violently murder any person he comes across , but when Jason Takes Manhattan called for Hodder to kick the lead character 's dog , Hodder refused , stating that , while Jason has no qualms against killing humans , he is not bad enough to hurt animals . Another example from Jason Takes Manhattan , involves Jason being confronted by a street gang of young teenage boys one of whom threatens him with a knife , however Jason chooses not to kill them and instead scares them off by lifting up his mask and showing them his face . Likewise , director Tom McLoughlin chose not to have Jason harm any of the children he encounters in Jason Lives , stating that Jason would not kill a child , out of a sympathy for the plight of children generated by his own death as a child . In an early draft of Freddy vs. Jason , it was decided that one of the villains needed a redeemable factor . Ronald D. Moore , co-writer of the first draft , explained that Jason was the easiest to make redeemable , because no one had previously ventured into the psychology surrounding the character . Moore saw the character as a `` blank slate '' , and felt he was a character the audience could really root for . Another draft , penned by Mark Protosevich , followed Moore 's idea of Jason having a redeemable quality . In the draft , Jason protects a pregnant teenager named Rachel Daniels . Protosevich explained , `` It gets into this whole idea of there being two kinds of monsters . Freddy is a figure of actual pure evil and Jason is more like a figure of vengeance who punishes people he feels do not deserve to live . Ultimately , the two of them clash and Jason becomes an honorable monster . '' Writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift , who wrote the final draft of the film , disagreed about making Jason a hero , although they drew comparisons between the fact that Freddy was a victimizer and Jason was a victim . They stated , `` We did not want to make Jason any less scary . He 's still a brutal killer ... We never wanted to put them in a situation where Jason is a hero ... They 're both villains to be equally feared . '' Brenna O'Brien , co-founder of Fridaythe13thfilms.com , saw the character as having sympathetic qualities . She stated , `` ( Jason ) was a deformed child who almost drowned and then spent the rest of his childhood growing up alone in the woods . He saw his mother get murdered by a camp counselor in the first Friday the 13th , and so now he exacts his revenge on anyone who returns to Camp Crystal Lake . Teenage fans can identify with that sense of rejection and isolation , which you ca n't really get from other killers like Freddy Krueger and Michael Myers . '' As Jason went through some characterization changes in the 2009 film , Derek Mears likens him more to a combination of John Rambo , Tarzan , and the Abominable Snowman from Looney Tunes . To him , this Jason is similar to Rambo because he sets up the other characters to fall into his traps . Like Rambo , he is more calculated because he feels that he has been wronged and he is fighting back ; he is meant to be more sympathetic in this film . Fuller and Form contend that they did not want to make Jason too sympathetic to the audience . As Brad Fuller explains , `` We do not want him to be sympathetic . Jason is not a comedic character , he is not sympathetic . He 's a killing machine . Plain and simple . '' In 2005 , California State University 's Media Psychology Lab surveyed 1,166 people Americans aged from 16 to 91 on the psychological appeal of movie monsters . Many of the characteristics associated with Jason Voorhees were appealing to the participants . In the survey , Jason was considered to be an `` unstoppable killing machine . '' Participants were impressed by the `` cornucopic feats of slicing and dicing a seemingly endless number of adolescents and the occasional adult . '' Out of the ten monsters used in the survey -- which included vampires , Freddy Krueger , Frankenstein 's monster , Michael Myers , Godzilla , Chucky , Hannibal Lecter , King Kong , and the Alien -- Jason scored the highest in all the categories involving killing variables . Further characteristics that appealed to the participants included Jason 's `` immortality , his apparent enjoyment of killing ( and ) his superhuman strength . '' In popular culture ( edit ) In 1988 , Screamin ' toys introduced the build - it yourself Jason figure . Jason Voorhees is one of the leading cultural icons of American popular culture . In 1992 Jason was awarded the MTV Lifetime Achievement Award . He was the first of only three completely fictional characters to be presented the award ; Godzilla ( 1996 ) and Chewbacca ( 1997 ) are the others . Jason was named No. 26 in Wizard magazine 's `` 100 greatest villains of all time '' . Universal Studios theme parks , in collaboration with New Line Cinema , used the character for their Halloween Horror Nights event . The character has been produced and marketed as merchandise over the years . In 1988 Screamin ' Toys produced a model kit where owners could build their own Jason statuette . The kit required the owner to cut and paint various parts in order to assemble the figure . Six years later , Screamin ' Toys issued a new model kit for Jason Goes to Hell . Both kits are now out of production . McFarlane Toys released two toy lines , one in 1998 and the other in 2002 . The first was a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell , and the other was of Über - Jason from Jason X . Since McFarlane 's last toy line in 2002 , there has been a steady production of action figures , dolls , and statuettes . These include tie - ins with the film Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) . In April 2010 Sideshow Toys released a polystone statue of Jason , based on the version appearing in the 2009 remake . Jason has made an appearance in five video games . He first appeared in a 1985 Commodore 64 game . His next appearance was in 1989 , when LJN , an American game company known for its games based on popular movies in the 1980s and early 1990s , released Friday the 13th on the Nintendo Entertainment System . The premise involved the gamer , who picks one of six camp counselors as their player , trying to save the campers from Jason , while battling various enemies throughout the game . On October 13 , 2006 , a Friday the 13th game was released for mobile phones . The game puts the user in the persona of Jason as he battles the undead . Jason also appears as a playable character in the fighting game Mortal Kombat X as a downloadable content bonus character . A new Friday the 13th video game was released in 2017 , which allows players to take control of Jason or camp counselors in a multiplayer format focused on Jason trying to kill the counselors before they can escape or time runs out . The character has been referenced , or made cameo appearances , in various entertainment mediums . Outside of literature sources based on the character , Jason has been featured in a variety of magazines and comic strips . Cracked magazine has released several issues featuring parodies of Jason , and he has been featured on two of their covers . Mad magazine has featured the character in almost a dozen stories . He has appeared twice in the comic strip Mother Goose and Grimm . The Usagi Yojimbo antagonist Jei is based on Voorhees ; his name , with the honorific `` - san '' attached , is in fact a pun on Voorhees ' first name . `` ... Shit , half the shit I say , I just make it up To make you mad , so kiss my white naked ass And if it 's not a rapper that I 'll make it as I'mma be a fuckin ' rapist in a Jason mask . '' -- Final verse to Eminem 's `` Criminal '' Many musical artists have made references to Jason Voorhees . Inspired by his own experience , Ari Lehman founded a band called FIRSTJASON . Lehman 's band is classified as horror punk , and is influenced by the sounds of the Dead Kennedys and The Misfits . The band 's name pays homage to Lehman 's portrayal of Jason Voorhees in the original Friday the 13th . One of the band 's songs is entitled `` Jason is Watching '' . In 1986 , coinciding with the release of Jason Lives , Alice Cooper released `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' from his album Constrictor . The song was written to `` signal Jason 's big return '' to the cinema , as he had been almost entirely absent in the previous film . Rapper Eminem has referenced Jason in several of his songs . The song `` Criminal '' , from the album The Marshall Mathers LP , mentions Jason specifically , while songs `` Amityville '' and `` Off the Wall '' -- the latter featured fellow rapper Redman -- contain Harry Manfredini 's music `` ki , ki , ki ... ma , ma , ma '' from the film series . Eminem sometimes wears a hockey mask during concerts . Other rap artists that have referenced Jason include Tupac Shakur , Dr. Dre , LL Cool J , and Insane Clown Posse . In 1989 , Puerto Rican rapper Vico C had a song titled `` Viernes 13 '' which featured Jason in Puerto Rico . The song was so popular in the island that Vico C wrote a second part titled `` Viernes 13 , Parte II '' . VH1 issued an advertisement for their Vogue Fashion Awards which was labeled `` Friday the 20th '' , and featured Jason 's mask created out of rhinestone . Jason has been referenced or parodied in other films . In the film Scream , directed by Freddy Krueger creator Wes Craven , actress Drew Barrymore 's character is being stalked by a killer who calls her on her home phone . In order to survive , she must answer the man 's trivia questions . One question is `` name the killer in Friday the 13th . '' She incorrectly guesses Jason , who did not become the killer for the film series until Part 2 . Writer Kevin Williamson claimed his inspiration for this scene came when he asked this question in a bar while a group was playing a movie trivia quiz game . He received a free drink , because nobody got the answer right . In another Wes Craven film , Cursed , a wax sculpture of Jason , from Jason Goes to Hell , can be seen in a wax museum . In 2014 , Jason made a cameo appearance in the RadioShack Super Bowl XLVIII commercial `` The ' 80s Called '' . Jason has also been referenced by several television shows . The stop motion animated television show Robot Chicken features Jason in three of its comedy sketches . In episode seventeen , `` Operation : Rich in Spirit '' , the mystery - solving teenagers from Scooby - Doo arrive at Camp Crystal Lake to investigate the Jason Voorhees murders , and are killed off one by one . Velma is the only survivor , and in typical Scooby - Doo fashion , she rips off Jason 's mask to reveal his true identity : Old Man Phillips . In episode nineteen , `` That Hurts Me '' , Jason reappears , this time as a housemate of `` Horror Movie Big Brother '' , alongside other famous slasher movie killers such as Michael Myers , Freddy Krueger , Leatherface , Pinhead , and Ghostface . Three years later , in episode sixty - two , Jason is shown on the days before and after a typical Friday the 13th . Jason is spoofed in the season five episode of Family Guy entitled `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' . The so - called `` Mr. Voorhees '' explains to Asian reporter Trisha Takanawa how happy he is to see local wildlife return following the cleanup and rejuvenation of Lake Quahog . He reappears later in the episode as the manager of the `` Britches and Hose '' clothing store . As opposed to his monstrous personality in the films , Jason is depicted here as polite and articulate , albeit still a psychopath ; he murders random swimmers and threatens to kill his employee if she screws up . In an episode of The Simpsons , Jason appears in a Halloween episode sitting on the couch with Freddy Krueger waiting for the family to arrive . When Freddy asks where the family is , Jason responds , `` Ehh , whaddya gon na do ? '' and turns the TV on . He also appears in The Simpsons episode `` Stop , or My Dog Will Shoot ! '' , alongside Pinhead , menacing Bart in a fantasy sequence . The South Park episodes `` Imaginationland Episode II '' and `` III '' feature Jason among an assortment of other villains and monsters as an inhabitant of the `` bad side '' of Imaginationland , a world populated by fictional characters . This version of Jason has an effeminate voice and describes the removal of Strawberry Shortcake 's eyeball as `` super hardcore '' . Experimental pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Jason Voorhees out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his `` Totally Sweet '' series in 2013 . See also ( edit ) List of horror film antagonists List of Friday the 13th characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; FranÇois Nguyen ; Leslie Hurry ; Rachel Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` The psychological appeal of your favorite movie monsters ( abstract ) '' . ISCPubs . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( April 25 , 2002 ) . `` ' X ' marks Jason 's return to theaters '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Carle , Chris ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Jason X ( review ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Berry , Robert . `` 100 Greatest Horror Movie Performances '' . RetroCrush.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Kemble , Gary ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` Movie Minutiae : the Friday the 13th series ( 1980 -- ? ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sean S. Cunningham ( Director ) ( 1980 ) . Friday the 13th ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1981 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . ^ Jump up to : Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Joseph Zito ( Director ) ( 1984 ) . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Danny Steinmann ( Director ) ( 1985 ) . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ John Carl Buechler ( Director ) ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Rob Hedden ( Director ) ( 1989 ) . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Adam Marcus ( Director ) ( 1993 ) . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . ^ Jump up to : James Isaac ( Director ) ( 2002 ) . Jason X ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Ronny Yu ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Nispel , Marcus ( Director ) ( February 13 , 2009 ) . Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) ( Motion picture ) . US : Platinum Dunes . Jump up ^ Michael Avallone ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . United Kingdom : Star . ISBN 0 - 352 - 31249 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bracke , p. 92 Jump up ^ Simon Hawke ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 14641 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1987 ) . Friday the 13th . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15089 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15337 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15311 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 147 Jump up ^ Andy Mangels ( w ) , Cynthia Martin ( Issue No. 1 and 2 ) and Bobby Rubio ( Issue No. 3 ) ( a ) . Jason Goes to Hell ( comic ) 1 -- 3 ( 1993 ) , Topps Comics Jump up ^ `` Satan 's Six No. 4 '' . The Grand Comics Database Project . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jason vs. Leatherface ( review ) '' . Digital - Retribution . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2006 . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Mother 's Day . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14292 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Jason 's Curse . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14339 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : The Carnival . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 15825 - X . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Road Trip . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14383 - X . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( July 29 , 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 059 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( January 25 , 2005 ) . Jason X . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 168 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( January 25 , 2005 ) . Jason X : The Experiment . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 169 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( June 7 , 2005 ) . Jason X : Planet of the Beast . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 183 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( November 29 , 2005 ) . Jason X : Death Moon . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( April 25 , 2006 ) . Jason X : To The Third Power . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 281 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th '' . Avatar Press . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Bloodbath '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 's Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` June 2006 Solicited Releases '' . Avatarpress.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Scott ( August 5 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 181 - 1 . Jump up ^ Woods , Paul ( August 9 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 182 - X . Jump up ^ Arnopp , Jason ( October 25 , 2005 ) . Friday the 13th : Hate - Kill - Repeat . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 271 - 0 . Jump up ^ Faust , Christa ( January 31 , 2006 ) . Friday the 13th : The Jason Strain . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 320 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( June 6 , 2006 ) . Friday the 13th : Carnival of Maniacs . Nottingham : Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 380 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics '' . Fridaythe13thfilms.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm comics No. 6 '' . G - Mart . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : Pamela 's tale '' . DC Comics . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wildstorm : How I Spent My Summer Vacation '' . DC Comics . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs Jason vs Ash '' . Fangoria . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Marz on Friday the 13th : Bad Land '' . Newsarama . January 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric ( w ) , Jason Craig ( p ) . Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash : The Nightmare Warriors 1 -- 6 ( 2009 ) , Wildstorm and Dynamite Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 50 , 55 , 57 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 206 Jump up ^ `` Victor Miller on Jason 's design '' . CampCrystalLake.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , p. 122 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 146 -- 148 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th sequels '' . VictorMiller.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 60 -- 65 Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 69 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Steve Dash '' . CampCrystalLake.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 91 -- 92 , 94 , 100 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 113 Jump up ^ Bracke , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 129 , 136 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 157 -- 159 ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 144 , 148 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 181 -- 182 , 185 ^ Jump up to : Grove , pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 198 -- 200 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 231 -- 232 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 243 , 248 , 257 -- 258 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 280 -- 286 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 217 Jump up ^ `` Interview : Douglas Tait ( Jason Voorhees , ' Freddy vs Jason ' ) '' . fridaythe13thfilms.com . October 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frasco , Jay ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Casting of new ' Friday the 13th ' villain splits fans down the middle '' . IFMagazine . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rotten , Ryan ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` On the Set of Friday the 13th '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Derek Mears '' . SuicideGirls.com . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , pp. 84 , 86 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 124 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Grove , p. 157 Jump up ^ Bracke , pp. 34 -- 36 Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( August 14 , 1993 ) . `` ' Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ' ( R ) '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USF Oracle '' . USF Oracle . October 30 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hehir , Andrew ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Jason X : review '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grove , p. 211 ^ Jump up to : Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI Director 's Commentary ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Grove , pp. 221 -- 22 Jump up ^ Grove , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore ( 2003 ) . `` Freddy & Jason Go to Development Hell / Slicing Towards Production '' Fangoria Magazine Articles in September / October 2003 issues ( Freddy vs. Jason DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Paulington James Christensen III ( June 9 , 2008 ) . `` SET VISIT : Jason Voorhees Returns to Camp Crystal Lake for Friday the 13th ! '' . Movieweb.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Ryan ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Producers '' . SuicideGirls.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen ; Rachel Gordon ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` The Psychological Appeal of Movie Monsters '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Media Psychology . 10 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 19 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muehlberger , Matthew ( August 29 , 2003 ) . `` Freddy vs. Jason is an evil treat full of blood , gore that is sure to satisfy '' . The Pacer . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Bookstores With Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th '' . PRWEB . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla win 's MTV 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2005 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chewbacca win 's MTV 's Lifetime Achievement Award '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2004 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magazine / Comic references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Theme Parks and New Line Cinema Present Jason , Leatherface and Freddy Krueger '' . universalorlando.com . June 28 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason Goes to Hell '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason X '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Voorhees Toys '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brave Enough to Bring the Terror of Crystal Lake into Your Home ? '' . Dread Central . April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( C64 game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( NES game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( mobile phone game ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jason Voorhees Confirmed For Mortal Kombat X '' . IGN . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stan ( Sakai ) leavens these dark tales with impish humor . Jei 's name is a pun : when the standard Japanese honorific san is appended , it becomes `` Jei - san '' - or `` Jason , '' the villain from the Friday the 13th horror movies . And like Jason , Jei will be back . Solomon , Charles : Introduction to `` Return of the Black Soul '' . The Usagi Yojimbo Saga Book 6 ( Dark Horse , 2016 ) , pg 186 . ISBN 978 - 1616556143 . Jump up ^ `` '' Criminal '' lyrics `` . Eminem24-7.net . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIRSTJASON Bio '' . FirstJason.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper 's `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' `` . X-Entertainment . October 5 , 2004 . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem in a hockey mask '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vico C - Viernes 13 on YouTube Jump up ^ Guzmán , Marcos Billy ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` La máscara de Jason es símbolo del terror '' . El Nuevo Día . Jump up ^ `` A Night of Killer Music and Fashion '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Movie references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) and Kevin Williamson ( 1996 ) . Feature film commentary for Scream ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Wes Craven ( Director ) and Kevin Williamson ( 2005 ) . Cursed ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( 2 February 2014 ) . `` Celebrating Every ' 80s Reference in That RadioShack Super Bowl Commercial '' . People . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movie references '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( June 26 , 2005 ) . `` Operation : Rich in Spirit '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 17 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( July 10 , 2005 ) . `` That Hurts Me '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` They Took My Thumbs '' . Robot Chicken . Season 4 . Episode 2 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane , A.bo. , Zac Moncreif ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` It Takes a Village Idiot , and I Married One '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 17 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse of Horror IX '' . BBC . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John Frink ( writer ) and Matthew Faughnan ( director ) ( May 13 , 2007 ) . `` Stop , or My Dog Will Shoot ! '' . The Simpsons . Season 18 . Episode 20 . Fox . Jump up ^ Trey Parker ( writer and director ) and Matthew Faughnan ( director ) ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Imaginationland Episode II '' . South Park . Season 11 . Episode 11 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker ( writer and director ) ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Imaginationland Episode III '' . South Park . Season 11 . Episode 12 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ IGN Staff ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` South Park : `` Imaginationland Part III '' Preview `` . IGN . Retrieved December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory . `` Get a Taste of Eric Millikin 's Totally Sweet Candy Monster Mosaics '' . FEARnet . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Millikin , Eric . `` Eric Millikin 's totally sweet Halloween candy monster portraits '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bracke , Peter ( October 11 , 2006 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . London : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . Godalming , England : FAB Press . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jason Voorhees . Jason Voorhees on IMDb Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th : The Game ( 2017 ) Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Mortal Kombat Video games Fighting games Mortal Kombat ( 1992 ) MKII MK3 Ultimate Trilogy MK4 Gold Deadly Alliance Deception Armageddon vs. DC Universe Mortal Kombat ( 2011 ) MKX Action games Mythologies : Sub-Zero Special Forces Shaolin Monks Compilations Arcade Kollection Other media Feature films Mortal Kombat Annihilation TV series Defenders of the Realm Conquest Rebirth Legacy episodes Card games Kard Game Epic Battles Music The Album Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Motion Picture Score More Kombat Songs Inspired by the Warriors Adaptations Comics Live Tour Characters Baraka Cassie Cage Cyrax Ermac Goro Jade Jax Johnny Cage Kabal Kano Kenshi Kitana Kung Lao Liu Kang Mileena Motaro Nightwolf Noob Saibot Quan Chi Raiden Rain Reptile Scorpion Sektor Shang Tsung Shao Kahn Sheeva Shinnok Sindel Smoke Sonya Blade Stryker Sub-Zero Guests Freddy Krueger Kratos Jason Voorhees Predator Alien Leatherface Related Controversies Fatality NetherRealm Studios Midway Games Injustice : Gods Among Us Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Voorhees&oldid=809137290 '' Categories : Child characters in film Fictional characters introduced in 1980 Fictional characters with accelerated healing Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional orphans Fictional cryonically preserved characters Fictional cyborgs Fictional demons and devils Fictional hermits Fictional characters with immortality Fictional mass murderers Fictional zombies and revenants Friday the 13th ( franchise ) characters Horror film characters Science fiction film characters Fictional sororicides Fictional rampage and spree killers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 09 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did jason voorhees get the hockey mask	[ "Jason made his first cinematic appearance in the original Friday the 13th on May 9, 1980. In this film, Jason is portrayed in the memories of his mother, Mrs. Voorhees (Betsy Palmer), and as a hallucination of the film's protagonist, Alice (Adrienne King). Though the character makes no contemporary appearance onscreen, he propels the film's plot—Mrs. Voorhees, the cook at Camp Crystal Lake, seeks revenge for his death, which she blames on the camp counselors.[7] Jason's second appearance was in the sequel, Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981). Revealed to be alive, an adult Jason exacts revenge on Alice for decapitating his mother in the original film. Jason (Steven Dash and Warrington Gillette), returns to Crystal Lake, living there as a hermit and guarding it from all intruders. Five years later a group of teenagers arrive to set up a new camp, only to be murdered one by one by Jason, who wears a pillow case over his head to hide his face. Ginny (Amy Steel), the lone survivor, finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees, and surrounded by mutilated corpses. Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason's shoulder. Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance.[8] In Friday the 13th Part III (1982), Jason (Richard Brooker) escapes to a nearby lake resort, Higgins Haven, to rest from his wounds. At the same time, Chris Higgins (Dana Kimmell) returns to the property with some friends. An unmasked and reclusive Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding. Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face, he leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group. Chris fends off Jason by slamming an axe into his head, but the night's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away.[9]" ]	[ "from a victim" ]
-7612783805828099952	Reita Faria	Reita Faria - Wikipedia Reita Faria Reita Faria ( 1943 - 08 - 23 ) 23 August 1943 ( age 75 ) Goa , India Alma mater Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals , Mumbai King 's College Hospital , London Occupation Model , Doctor Height 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) Title Miss Bombay 1966 Eve 's Weekly Miss India 1966 Miss World 1966 Spouse ( s ) Dr. David Powell ( m. 1971 ) Children Beauty pageant titleholder Major competition ( s ) Miss Bombay 1966 ( Winner ) Eve 's Weekly Miss India 1966 ( Winner ) Miss World 1966 ( Winner ) ( Best in Eveningwear ) Reita Faria Powell ( born 23 August 1943 ) born to Goan parents in British Bombay ( now Mumbai ) is an Indian model , doctor and beauty pageant titleholder who won the Miss World title in the year 1966 , making her the first Asian woman to win the event . She is also the first Miss World winner to qualify as a Doctor . Contents 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Career ( edit ) Faria was born in Goa . After winning the Miss Mumbai Crown , she won the Eve 's Weekly Miss India contest ( not to be confused with the Femina Miss India 1966 competition , won by Yasmin Daji ) . During the Miss World 1966 contest , she won the sub-titles ' Best in Swimsuit ' and ' Best in Eveningwear ' for wearing a saree . She eventually went on to win the Miss World 1966 crown at the end of the event , besting 51 delegates from other countries . After her one - year tenure as Miss World , she began receiving various offers to act in films . Faria refused modeling and films and instead concentrated on medical studies . Reita Faria was a student at the Grant Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals where she completed her M.B.B.S. degree . Thereafter she went on to study at King 's College Hospital , London . She married her mentor David Powell in 1971 , and in 1973 , the couple shifted to Dublin , where she started her medical practice . Reita was a judge at Femina Miss India in 1998 , and has come back to judge the Miss World competition on a few occasions . For instance she was a judge along with Demis Roussos at the Miss World final of 1976 held in London where Cindy Breakespeare was crowned Miss World . Personal life ( edit ) She now lives in Dublin , Ireland , with her husband , endocrinologist David Powell , whom she married in 1971 . They have two children ( Deirdre and Ann Marie ) and five grandchildren ( Patrick , Cormac , David , Maria and Johnny ) . See also ( edit ) List Of Firsts In India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Makers of India - Women of Fame '' . Indian Mirror . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Goa Miscellania Jump up ^ `` Not Just a Pretty Face : Reita Faria , the first Asian to win Miss World '' . Indian Express . 18 November 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 51 Years Before Manushi , Reita Faria Was India 's First Miss World '' . The Quint . 18 November 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost and found : Thirty newsmakers from the pages of Indian history and where they are now : Cover Story '' . India Today . 3 July 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The first Indian to win the Miss World title '' . Rediff News . 12 December 2006 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miss World 1966 - Reita Faria - India '' . Miss World . 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Sources ( edit ) http://www.pageantopolis.com/1960-1969.html http://www.missworld.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reita Faria . Awards and titles for Reita Faria Awards and achievements Preceded by Lesley Langley Miss World 1966 Succeeded by Madeleine Hartog Bell Preceded by ? Eve 's Weekly Miss India 1966 1966 Succeeded by ? hide Miss World titleholders ( 1960 -- 1979 ) Norma Cappagli ( 1960 ) Rosemarie Frankland ( 1961 ) Catharina Lodders ( 1962 ) Carole Crawford ( 1963 ) Ann Sidney ( 1964 ) Lesley Langley ( 1965 ) Reita Faria ( 1966 ) Madeline Hartog - Bel ( 1967 ) Penelope Plummer ( 1968 ) Eva Rueber - Staier ( 1969 ) Jennifer Hosten ( 1970 ) Lúcia Petterle ( 1971 ) Belinda Green ( 1972 ) Marjorie Wallace ( 1973 ) Helen Morgan / Anneline Kriel ( 1974 ) Wilnelia Merced ( 1975 ) Cindy Breakspeare ( 1976 ) Mary Stävin ( 1977 ) Silvana Suárez ( 1978 ) Gina Swainson ( 1979 ) Complete list ( 1951 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) hide Miss World Continental Queen of Beauty titleholders ( 1966 ) Africa Johanna Maud Carter Americas Marlucci Manvailler Rocha Asia & Oceania Reita Faria Europe Gigliola Carbonara hide Major international pageant titleholders ( 1966 ) Miss Universe Margareta Arvidsson Miss World Reita Faria Major international pageants titleholders of 1966 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Miss India winners in the Big Four international beauty pageants Miss Universe Sushmita Sen ( 1994 ) Lara Dutta ( 2000 ) Miss World Reita Faria ( 1966 ) Aishwarya Rai ( 1994 ) Diana Hayden ( 1997 ) Yukta Mookhey ( 1999 ) Priyanka Chopra ( 2000 ) Manushi Chhillar ( 2017 ) Miss Earth Nicole Faria ( 2010 ) Miss International - Australia Brazil Canada Finland France Germany Great Britain Iceland India Japan Mexico Netherlands Norway Perú Philippines Poland Puerto Rico South Africa Spain Sweden USA Venezuela Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reita_Faria&oldid=844738183 '' Categories : Medical doctors from Mumbai Medical doctors from Goa Femina Miss India winners Miss World winners Miss World 1966 delegates Living people 1940s births Indian beauty pageant winners Indian emigrants to Ireland Indian women medical doctors 20th - century Indian women scientists 20th - century Indian medical doctors University of Mumbai alumni Alumni of King 's College London Women scientists from Goa Female models from Goa Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2018 Use Indian English from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 20 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who is the first miss world in india	[ "Reita Faria Powell[1] (born 23 August 1943)[2] born to Goan parents in British Bombay (now Mumbai) is an Indian model, doctor and beauty pageant titleholder who won the Miss World title in the year 1966, making her the first Asian woman to win the event. She is also the first Miss World winner to qualify as a Doctor.[3]\n" ]	[ "Reita Faria Powell" ]
6974957944486849238	First indoor ice hockey game	First indoor ice hockey game - wikipedia First indoor ice hockey game Jump to : navigation , search 1893 hockey game at the same rink On March 3 , 1875 , the first recorded indoor ice hockey game took place at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . Organized by James Creighton , who captained one of the teams , the game was between two nine - member teams , using a wooden ' puck ' . Members used skates and sticks used for outdoor hockey and shinny games in Nova Scotia , where Creighton was born and raised . It is recognized as the first organized ice hockey game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Victoria Rink 2 The game 2.1 The first game 2.2 After - game fight 3 IIHF recognition 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Victoria Rink ( edit ) Main article : Victoria Skating Rink The Victoria Skating Rink was a long ( 252 by 113 feet ( 77 m × 34 m ) ) , two - story brick edifice with a 52 - foot ( 16 m ) - high pitched roof supported from within by curving wooden trusses , which arched over the entire width of the structure . Tall , round - arched windows punctuated its length and illuminated its interior , while evening skating was made possible by 500 gas - jet lighting fixtures set in coloured glass globes . At a later date , the lighting was converted to electric , making the building the first in Canada to be electrified . The ice surface measured 204 by 80 feet ( 62 by 24 m ) , dimensions very similar to today 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) ice rinks . It was surrounded by a 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) - wide platform , or promenade , which was elevated approximately 1 foot ( 30 cm ) above the ice surface and upon which spectators could stand or skaters could rest . Later , a gallery was added with a royal box for visiting dignitaries . At the time of its construction , the rink 's location at 49 Drummond Street ( now renumbered to 1187 ) placed it in the centre of the English community in Montreal , in the vicinity of McGill University . The area is known today as the `` Square Mile '' , the area of central Montreal populated then by rich English industrialists and the budding centre of commerce in Canada . One block east was Dominion Square , where annual outdoor winter sporting events and later the Montreal Winter Carnival were held . Across the street to the east , the Windsor Hotel , a long - time centre of social life and meeting place of several sports organizations , was built in 1875 . Nearby is old Windsor Station , which was the eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway , built in 1889 . The game ( edit ) In 1873 , James Creighton , a member of the Victoria Skating Club and a figure skating judge , started organizing sessions of shinny at the rink , played informally between members of the Club and friends . The rules followed were developed from the informal rules of the outdoor game played in Nova Scotia where Creighton was born and raised , and adapted to the indoors setting and the rink 's size . The first game ( edit ) On March 3 , 1875 , the Rink hosted what has been recognized as the first organized ice hockey game , between members of the Victoria Skating Club , organized by Creighton . The match lays claim to this distinction because of factors which establish its link to modern ice hockey : it featured two teams ( nine players per side ) with a recorded score . Games prior to this had mostly been outdoors . In order to limit injuries to spectators and damage to glass windows , the game was played with a `` flat block of wood '' instead of a lacrosse ball . The two teams , members of the club , included a number of McGill University students . Sticks for this game were imported from Nova Scotia . This first game was pre-announced to the general public in the pages of The Montreal Gazette : Announcement Victoria Rink -- A game of Hockey will be played at the Victoria Skating Rink this evening , between two nines chose from among the members . Good fun may be expected , as some of the players are reputed to be exceedingly expert at the game . Some fears have been expressed on the part of intending spectators that accidents were likely to occur through the ball flying about in too lively a manner , to the imminent danger of lookers on , but we understand that the game will be played with a flat circular piece of wood , thus preventing all danger of its leaving the surface of the ice . Subscribers will be admitted on presentation of their tickets . Game report HOCKEY -- At the Rink last night a very large audience gathered to witness a novel contest on the ice . The game of hockey , though much in vogue on the ice in New England and other parts of the United States , is not much known here , and in consequence the game of last evening was looked forward to with great interest . Hockey is played usually with a ball , but last night , in order that no accident should happen , a flat block of wood was used , so that it should slide along the ice without rising , and thus going among the spectators to their discomfort . The game is like Lacrosse in one sense -- the block having to go through flags placed about 8 feet apart in the same manner as the rubber ball -- but in the main the old country game of shinty gives the best idea of hockey . The players last night were eighteen in number -- nine on each side -- and were as follows : -- Messrs. Torrance ( captain ) , Meagher , Potter , Goff , Barnston , Gardner , Griffin , Jarvis and Whiting . Creighton ( captain ) , Campbell , Campbell , Esdaile , Joseph , Henshaw , Chapman , Powell and Clouston . The match was an interesting and well - contested affair , the efforts of the players exciting much merriment as they wheeled and dodged each other , and notwithstanding the brilliant play of Captain Torrance 's team Captain Creighton 's men carried the day , winning two games to the single of the Torrance nine . The game was concluded about half - past nine , and the spectators then adjourned well satisfied with the evening 's entertainment . The nine - man per side practice would last until 1880 , when it was reduced during the Montreal Winter Carnival ice hockey tournaments . After - game fight ( edit ) Not reported in the Gazette , but reported elsewhere was that there was fighting after the game . This fighting was not between the on - ice combatants , rather , it was between the hockey players and spectators and members of the Skating Club . Members of the Skating Club were opposed to the use of the skating rink for hockey as it took away hours from other skating activities and it damaged the ice quality . According to the Kingston , Ontario , Daily British Whig `` Shins and heads were battered , benches smashed and the lady spectators fled in confusion . '' IIHF recognition ( edit ) In 2002 , the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) announced that it would acknowledge the site of Victoria Rink with `` a commemorative plaque or other historical site marker to remind the passers - by of the existence of the Victoria Skating Rink , the birthplace of organized hockey . '' The commemoration has been marked in two ways . On May 22 , 2008 , a commemorative plaque was dedicated at the nearby Centre Bell , along with a plaque honouring James Creighton . Further , the IIHF created the Victoria Cup , a trophy named for the arena , for which -- along with 1 million Swiss francs -- one National Hockey League team and the champion of the European Champions Hockey League play off annually . The first Cup match was held in Berne , Switzerland on October 1 , 2008 between the New York Rangers and the Metallurg Magnitogorsk . The next , and last , edition of the Victoria Cup was held in Zurich on September 29 , 2009 , between the ZSC Lions and the Chicago Blackhawks . See also ( edit ) Amateur Hockey Association of Canada Matthews Arena , the world 's oldest existing indoor ice hockey facility still in use for ice hockey References ( edit ) Bibliography Collard , Edgar Andrew ( 1962 ) . Montreal Yesterdays . Toronto , Ontario : Longmans Canada . Mackay , Donald ( 1987 ) . The square mile . Vancouver , British Columbia : Douglas & McIntyre Ltd . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 562 - 0 . McKinley , Michael ( 2006 ) . Hockey : A People 's History . Toronto , Ontario : McClelland & Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 5769 - 5 . Vigneault , Michel ( 1998 ) . `` Out of the Mists of Memory , Montreal , 1875 -- 1910 '' . Total hockey : the official encyclopedia of the National Hockey League . Toronto , Ontario : Total Sports . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 7114 - 9 . Notes ^ Jump up to : McKinley , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : `` IIHF recognizes Victoria Skating Rink as birthplace of hockey '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sports Facilities '' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Hockey History '' . Hockey Heritage . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Collard , p. 168 Jump up ^ Mackay , p. 7 Jump up ^ Zukerman , Earl ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` McGill 's contribution to the origins of ice hockey '' . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Father ' of ice hockey honoured '' . Toronto Star . May 23 , 2008 . p . S3 . Jump up ^ McKinley , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Victoria Rink '' . Montreal Gazette . March 3 , 1875 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey '' . Montreal Gazette . March 4 , 1875 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey Game '' . Daily British Whig . March 5 , 1875 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` First indoor game ended in melee '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World federation weighs in on hockey 's origins '' . CBC . July 5 , 2002 . Retrieved September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers challenge Metallurg '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . January 26 , 2008 . Retrieved May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers come back for win overseas , opener next '' . Associated Press . October 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) ice hockey portal Montreal portal Articles IIHF recognizes Victoria Skating Rink as birthplace of hockey Virtual Museum exhibit on venue 1870 Skating carnival Podnieks article on game Hockey Games Photographs Image `` Hockey Match , Victoria Rink , Montreal , QC , composite , 1893 , '' at Musee McCord Museum website Coordinates : 45 ° 29 ′ 53 '' N 73 ° 34 ′ 21 '' W / 45.4980 ° N 73.572400 ° W / 45.4980 ; - 73.572400 ( hide ) List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game 300 wins , goaltender Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_indoor_ice_hockey_game&oldid=817653454 '' Categories : 1875 in ice hockey History of ice hockey Sport at McGill University Ice hockey in Montreal March 1875 sports events 1875 in Quebec 19th century in Montreal Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 19 : 26 . About Wikipedia	where was the first ice hockey game played	[ "On March 3, 1875, the first recorded indoor ice hockey game took place at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[1] Organized by James Creighton, who captained one of the teams, the game was between two nine-member teams, using a wooden 'puck'. Members used skates and sticks used for outdoor hockey and shinny games in Nova Scotia, where Creighton was born and raised. It is recognized as the first organized ice hockey game.[2]" ]	[ "at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Quebec, Canada" ]
-550514383460410920	Vedaranyam March	Vedaranyam march - wikipedia Vedaranyam march Jump to : navigation , search C. Rajagopalachari leading the march along with the volunteers . The Vedaranyam March ( also called the Vedaranyam Satyagraha ) was a framework of the nonviolent civil disobedience movement in British India . Modeled on the lines of Dandi March , which was led by Mahatma Gandhi on the western coast of India the month before , it was organised to protest the salt tax imposed by the British Raj in the colonial India . C. Rajagopalachari , a close associate of Gandhi , led the march which had close to 150 volunteers , most of whom belonged to the Indian National Congress . It began at Trichinopoly ( now Tiruchirappalli ) on 13 April 1930 and proceeded for about 150 miles towards the east before culminating at Vedaranyam , a small coastal town in the then Tanjore District . By collecting salt directly from the sea the marchers broke the salt law . As a part of the march , Rajagopalachari created awareness among the people by highlighting the importance of khādī as well as social issues like caste discrimination . The campaign came to an end on 28 April 1930 when the participants were arrested by the police . Its leader Rajagopalachari was imprisoned for six months . The march along with the ones at Dandi and Dharasana drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The march 2.1 Commencement of the march 2.2 Defiance of salt laws 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 References Background ( edit ) In response to a nationwide protest of the British salt tax , Mahatma Gandhi decided to initiate a march to Dandi -- then a small village in the Bombay Presidency -- on the western coast of India . When Gandhi 's choice of salt was not welcomed by his peers , C. Rajagopalachari ably supported the idea and took part in the Salt March , which was organised on 12 March 1930 . A month later , Rajagopalachari was unanimously elected as the president of the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee ( TNCC ) at the conference held in Vellore . T.S.S. Rajan was elected as the secretary , while Panthulu Iyer , Swaminatha Chetty , Lakshmipathi , A. Vaidyanatha Iyer and N.S. Varathachariyar were among the prominent members of the committee . In the meanwhile , the party headquarters was shifted from Madras to Trichinopoly . A month later , Rajagopalachari intended to initiate a protest -- on the lines of Dandi March -- on the eastern coast to make salt at Vedaranyam , Tanjore District , Madras Presidency . Rajaji initially thought of choosing Kanyakumari , the point where the Arabian Sea , the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean confluence with each other . Since the TNCC had decided not to conduct Satyagraha in non-native states , Kanyakumari , which was then a part of the princely state of Travancore , was ruled out . Vedaratnam Pillai , an active congressman and a resident of Vedaranyam , convinced Rajaji that his hometown be the preferred destination . Rajaji agreed with his idea as there were `` convenient '' salt marshes at the Agasthiampalli salt factory , which was located near Vedaranyam . Further , Pillai was also a licensee of the salt factory and had knowledge about the manufacturing of salt . Further , Rajaji was influenced by the location of the town ; it was a part of the Tanjore District , which was a Congress stronghold . The march ( edit ) As soon as the venue was finalised , Rajaji made further preparations for the march . A Government record pointed out that he was very much concerned about modeling the march on the lines of Gandhi 's Dandi March . He estimated that a minimum sum of ₹ 20,000 was needed to organise the rally . He successfully managed to collect the funds with the help of Sourashtras of Madurai and South Indians in Bombay and Ahmedabad . Rajaji had formulated an advance guard that consisted of T.S.S. Rajan , G. Ramachandran and Thiruvannamalai N. Annamalai Pillai . Even before the march took off , the guard traveled along the proposed route and met the villagers to ensure support from them . Rajan was in charge of fixing the halt points for the march and took care of food and accommodation at each stage . The promulgation of section 157 of the Indian Penal Code made it a difficult task for Rajan . J.A. Thorne , the district collector of Tanjore , issued a warning that those who provide food and accommodation to the marchers shall be punished . He tried his best by widely publicising his order throughout his jurisdiction . The committee had received nearly 1000 applications for participating in the march . After scrutinising the applications , Rajaji selected a team of ninety - eight volunteers , most of them being young clerks , students and graduates . Out of the first batch , twenty - four were from Madurai , fifteen from Tirunelveli , twelve from Ramanathapuram , eleven from Madras , nine from Tiruchengodu , nine from Bombay , seven from Tanjore , five from Trichinopoly , four from Coimbatore and one each from North Arcot and Srirangam . Other prominent members included , Rukmini Lakshmipathi , K. Kamaraj , Aranthangi C. Krishnaswamy , M. Bhaktavatsalam and Rajaji 's son , C.R. Narasimhan . In addition , social activists like A. Vaidyanatha Iyer and G. Ramachandran joined the rally . The march commenced on 13 April 1930 , coinciding with the Puthandu ( Tamil New Year ) , from Rajan 's house in Trichinopoly Cantonment . As soon as the marchers reached Tanjore , Rajaji avoided the usual route to Vedaranyam , and instead chose a `` circuitous '' route via Kumbakonam , Valangaiman , Semmangudi , Needamangalam and Thiruthuraipoondi as he hoped that the marchers would receive hospitality in these places . He had organised fifteen sub committees to ensure a smooth functioning of the march . The idea was to gather enough support among the people by drawing their attention . They planned to cover a stretch of 10 miles each day for a period of about 15 days , thus reaching the destination before the stipulated time . The Madras Government took a series of measures to bring an end to the march . It ordered the district officers to organize public meetings to persuade people upon the `` impracticability '' of the march and issued orders to arrest the participants of the march . Other preventive measures included , censoring news items related to the march and taking actions against the editors of the nationalist newspapers . Parents were warned not to send their children to participate in the satyagraha . The telegrams of the volunteers were confiscated , and the Government servants were cautioned about the consequences of participating in the march . Commencement of the march ( edit ) A remembrance to mark the spot in Tiruchirappalli Cantonment , from where the march had begun . The 98 volunteers assembled at Rajan 's house in Trichinopoly on 12 April 1930 , while Rajaji reached the venue on the previous day from Tuticorin . All of them stayed at Rajan 's Bungalow in Tiruchirappalli Cantonment . At about 5 a.m. on the next day morning , Rajaji , who was 51 at the time , began the march along with the volunteers and headed for Vedaranyam . The marchers sang the hymn `` Ragupathi Raagava Rajaram '' and a Tamil song which was composed by Namakkal Ramalingam Pillai for the march . Right from the beginning of the march , the volunteers faced many disruptions . When they reached Koviladi , a small village on the banks of Kaveri , they were denied accommodation at a famous inn . However , they found alternative accommodation on the banks of the river , while Rajaji stayed at a private house . Rajaji also had a code of conduct for the volunteers under which consumption of coffee and tobacco products , and smoking were prohibited . As the marchers proceeded towards Tanjore District , its `` astute and energetic '' Collector J.A. Thorne ( ICS ) found ways to prevent them from proceeding further . Using newspapers , leaflets ( printed in Tamil ) , town - criers and press , Thorne informed the would - be hosts that anyone offering food or shelter to the marchers was liable to six - months of imprisonment and fine . When Rajagopalachari came to know about the collector 's order , he said that he could understand the mindset of his own people better than a British ICS officer could and remarked , `` Thorne and thistles can not stem this tide of freedom . '' Panthulu Iyer , an ex-member of the Legislative Council and a resident of Kumbakonam , ignored Thorne 's order and provided accommodation for the marchers for two days and arranged a grand dinner for them at his house . He was arrested and sentenced to six months of imprisonment . A few government servants who welcomed the marchers at Semmangudi lost their jobs . On 25 April , the marchers reached Tiruthuraipoondi and had planned to stay at a choultry which was managed by Ramachandra Naidu , a close associate of Pillai . Despite the collector 's warning , Naidu provided accommodation to the marchers at his choultry . His actions led to him being arrested by the police the following day . The arrest of Iyer and Naidu created fear among the people . Pillai , however , convinced the people that they could provide food without getting caught by the police . As a result , food packets were found tied to the branches of roadside trees , and when the group rested on the banks of Kaveri there were indicators where huge food containers were buried . The British policemen , who were deployed to suppress the marchers , suffered from starvation when local residents refused them food and water . The Indian staff who were employed by the British stopped performing their daily activities , while barbers and washermen refused to serve the government employees . During the march , Rajagopalachari and the marchers highlighted the importance of Civil Disobedience Movement as well as khadi and social issues like caste discrimination . They socialised with the untouchables and refrained from entering the temples in which the former were denied entry . They also swept the streets of the villages and spoke up for the unity of Hindus and Muslims . Defiance of salt laws ( edit ) The memorial at Vedaranyam Despite numerous obstacles , the group reached Vedaranyam on 28 April 1930 , 15 days after setting out . When Gandhi was informed he wrote back : `` It is good that our hands and feet are tied so that we can sing with joy . God is the help of the helpless . '' The police , despite their previous failures , tightened the security at Vedaranyam to prevent the marchers from collecting salt . As soon as the group reached Vedaranyam , Rajagopalachari called for more participants and publicly declared that the salt laws would be broken on 30 April . Pillai offered accommodation to the group by constructing a camp on the shore . On the same day , when Rajaji and 16 others moved to the Edanthevar salt swamp , which was about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from the camp . A police force led by the District Superintendent arrived at the spot and asked the group to surrender . When they refused , Rajagopalachari was arrested under section 74 of the Salt Act , and was produced before the district magistrate Ponnusamy Pillai . He was sentenced to six - months of imprisonment and was sent to the Trichinopoly Central Prison . Aftermath ( edit ) The following day , shops all over the province remained closed . Despite repeated arrests and the use of brutal force by the police , people continued to make salt at Vedaranyam . The collector , Thorne , who at first had been confident of his ability to prevent the march , was forced to report to his superiors : `` If there ever existed a fervid sense of devotion to the ( British ) Government , it is now the defunct '' . Despite repeated arrests , people continued to make salt and Thorne ordered the police to lathi charge the crowd . Eventually he ordered a `` wholesale '' arrest , which led to 375 people in the district being arrested for protesting against the British . Rukmini Lakshmipathi , who was imprisoned for one year , became the first woman to serve a jail term for participating in the Salt Satyagraha movement . Kamaraj was arrested for exhorting 300 people to volunteer the march and inciting them to prepare salt . Since he did not refute the charges , he was sentenced to two years of rigorous imprisonment . At first , he was sent to the Trichinopoly before being transferred to the Bellary Central Jail . As a result of the Gandhi Irwin Pact -- signed on 4 March 1931 -- the Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and the British , in turn , released all the prisoners . Kamaraj was released on eight days later . The march played a significant role in the political career of Pillai . In 1931 , he was conferred with the title of `` Sardar '' at the Tamil Nadu Agriculturists and Labourers Conference held at Tirunelveli for his active role in the march . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grover 1992 , p. 603 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Gopalkrishna ( 5 April 2010 ) . `` The Great Dandi March -- eighty years after '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi 1997 , chpt . Vedaranyam . ^ Jump up to : Sundararajan , Saroja ( 1989 ) . March to freedom in Madras Presidency , 1916 - 1947 . Lalitha Publications . p. 467 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gandhi 1997 , pp. 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Kandaswamy 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Rajagopalachari , C. ( 1950 ) . Andraya Ninaivugal , Vedaranyam Uppu Satyagraha Charithiram ( in Tamil ) . pp. 223 -- 224 . ^ Jump up to : Roy 1999 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Special postage stamp on freedom fighters and social reformers '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Re-enactment brings back Vedaranyam memories '' . The Hindu . 26 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Vedaranyam March '' ( PDF ) . Vedaranyam Municipality . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gandhi 1997 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi 1997 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : `` An epic march '' . The Hindu . 22 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi 1997 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Gandhi 1997 , pp. 121 -- 122 . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi 1997 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Sezhiyan , Era ( 24 August 2011 ) . `` The government against satyagrahas , then and now '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Gandhi 1997 , p. 123 . ^ Jump up to : Kandaswamy 2001 , pp. 32 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Varadarajan , R. ( 25 August 2000 ) . `` Sardar of the salt satyagraha '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . References ( edit ) Grover , Verinder ( 1992 ) . Political Thinkers of Modern India : C. Rajagopalachari . Deep & Deep Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7100 - 430 - 0 . Roy , Kalpana ( 1999 ) . Encyclopaedia of violence against women and dowry death in India ,. 1 . Anmol Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 0343 - 0 . Kandaswamy , P. ( 2001 ) . The political career of K. Kamaraj : a study in the politics of Tamilnadu , 1920 - 1975 . Concept Publishing Company . Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1997 ) . Rajaji : A Life . Penguin Books India . p. 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 026967 - 3 . 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8157736831658196678	List of countries by population growth rate	List of countries by Population growth rate - wikipedia List of countries by Population growth rate The population growth rate estimates ( by United Nations ) The 20 countries in the world in which the population has declined between 2010 and 2015 This article includes a table of countries and self - governing dependent territories by annual population growth rate . Methodology ( edit ) The table below shows annual population growth rate history and projections for various areas , countries , regions and sub-regions from various sources for various time periods . The right-most column shows a projection for the time period shown using the medium fertility variant . Preceding columns show actual history . The number shown is the average annual growth rate for the period . Population is based on the de facto definition of population , which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship -- except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum , who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin . This means that population growth in this table includes net changes from immigration and emigration . For a table of natural increase , see List of countries by natural increase . 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 Country / Region WB 2009 % CIA WF 2012 % CIA WF 2014 % UN 2005 - % UN 2010 - 2015 % UN 2015 - 2020 % World 1.15 1.17 - 1.23 1.19 1.09 Afghanistan 2.44 2.29 2.29 2.78 3.16 2.41 Albania 0.26 0.30 0.30 − 0.92 − 0.12 0.13 Algeria 1.89 1.88 1.88 1.63 1.98 1.67 Andorra 0.63 0.17 0.17 1.37 − 1.59 − 0.21 Angola 3.12 2.78 2.78 3.57 3.52 3.28 Antigua and Barbuda 1.03 1.25 1.25 1.18 1.08 1.01 Argentina 0.88 0.95 0.95 1.04 1.04 0.94 Armenia 0.17 − 0.13 − 0.13 − 0.71 0.27 0.15 Australia 1.60 1.09 1.09 1.78 1.46 1.30 Austria 0.46 0.01 0.01 0.38 0.63 0.24 Azerbaijan 1.35 0.99 0.99 1.13 1.26 0.98 Bahamas 1.52 0.87 0.87 1.83 1.39 1.01 Bahrain 1.92 2.49 2.49 6.67 2.01 4.26 Bangladesh 1.19 1.60 1.60 1.18 1.16 1.04 Barbados 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.40 0.33 0.24 Belarus − 0.10 − 0.19 − 0.19 − 0.31 0.03 − 0.15 Belgium 0.85 0.05 0.05 0.73 0.63 0.58 Belize 2.43 1.92 1.92 2.54 2.22 2.05 Benin 2.73 2.81 2.81 2.84 2.79 2.73 Bhutan 1.68 1.13 1.13 2.05 1.58 1.18 Bolivia 1.65 1.60 1.60 1.67 1.56 1.47 Bosnia and Herzegovina − 0.14 − 0.11 − 0.11 − 0.32 − 1.03 − 0.22 Botswana 0.86 1.26 1.26 1.64 1.84 1.79 Brazil 0.87 0.80 0.80 1.03 0.91 0.75 Brunei 1.40 1.65 1.65 1.25 1.43 1.25 Bulgaria − 0.60 − 0.83 − 0.83 − 0.74 − 0.62 − 0.67 Burkina Faso 2.86 3.05 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.87 Burma 0.85 1.03 1.03 0.68 0.88 0.90 Burundi 3.19 3.28 3.28 3.33 3.03 3.15 Cape Verde 0.78 1.39 1.39 1.25 Cambodia 1.76 1.63 1.63 1.51 1.62 1.49 Cameroon 2.54 2.60 2.60 2.73 2.68 2.56 Canada 1.14 0.76 0.76 1.13 1.02 0.90 Central African Republic 1.99 2.13 2.13 1.50 0.43 1.58 Chad 3.00 1.92 1.92 3.32 3.29 3.01 Chile 0.90 0.84 0.84 1.02 0.89 0.78 China 0.49 0.44 0.44 0.57 0.54 0.39 Colombia 1.32 1.07 1.07 1.18 0.98 0.81 Comoros 2.44 1.87 1.87 2.40 2.40 2.24 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2.74 2.50 2.50 3.28 3.33 3.22 Congo 2.61 1.94 1.94 2.98 2.60 2.59 Costa Rica 1.42 1.24 1.24 1.35 1.12 0.96 Ivory Coast 2.29 1.96 1.96 2.13 2.49 2.49 Croatia − 0.32 − 0.12 − 0.12 − 0.23 − 0.43 − 0.58 Cuba − 0.05 − 0.14 − 0.14 0.09 0.23 0.06 Cyprus 1.11 1.48 1.48 1.59 0.85 0.78 Czech Republic 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.54 0.13 0.06 Denmark 0.36 0.22 0.22 0.49 0.48 0.38 Djibouti 1.52 2.23 2.23 1.66 1.72 1.51 Dominica 0.40 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.48 0.51 Dominican Republic 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.38 1.24 1.07 Ecuador 1.60 1.37 1.37 1.67 1.56 1.42 Egypt 1.66 1.84 1.84 1.82 2.18 1.87 El Salvador 0.66 0.27 0.27 0.45 0.47 0.52 Equatorial Guinea 2.80 2.54 2.54 4.56 4.24 3.59 Eritrea 3.28 2.30 2.30 2.02 1.98 2.28 Estonia − 0.04 − 0.68 − 0.68 − 0.35 − 0.25 − 0.23 Ethiopia 2.58 2.89 2.89 2.67 2.60 2.43 Fiji 0.78 0.70 0.70 0.91 0.74 0.72 Finland 0.48 0.05 0.05 0.40 0.43 0.36 France 0.50 0.45 0.45 0.58 0.45 0.39 Gabon 2.39 1.94 1.94 3.12 3.26 2.17 Gambia 3.19 2.23 2.23 3.17 3.12 2.93 Georgia 0.63 − 0.11 − 0.11 − 1.17 − 1.37 − 0.27 Germany 0.11 − 0.18 − 0.18 − 0.19 0.20 0.20 Ghana 2.17 2.19 2.19 2.58 2.36 2.16 Greece − 0.18 0.01 0.01 0.26 − 0.40 − 0.21 Grenada 0.39 0.50 0.50 0.33 0.41 0.46 Guatemala 2.53 1.86 1.86 2.22 2.10 1.94 Guinea 2.56 2.63 2.63 2.18 2.27 2.57 Guinea - Bissau 2.39 1.93 1.93 2.39 2.59 2.44 Guyana 0.57 − 0.11 − 0.11 − 0.12 0.58 0.57 Haiti 1.39 1.08 1.08 1.53 1.38 1.20 Honduras 2.03 1.74 1.74 2.11 1.79 1.63 Hungary − 0.28 − 0.21 − 0.21 − 0.32 − 0.29 − 0.34 Iceland 0.35 0.65 0.65 1.65 0.61 0.77 India 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.46 1.23 1.10 Indonesia 1.25 0.95 0.95 1.35 1.25 1.05 Iran 1.32 1.22 1.22 1.14 1.25 1.04 Iraq 2.54 2.23 2.23 2.60 3.21 2.78 Ireland 0.26 1.20 1.20 1.87 0.31 0.78 Israel 1.81 1.46 1.46 2.35 1.65 1.55 Italy 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.31 − 0.08 − 0.13 Jamaica 0.21 0.69 0.69 0.52 0.39 0.29 Japan − 0.20 − 0.13 − 0.13 0.03 − 0.09 − 0.23 Jordan 2.19 3.86 3.86 4.57 4.86 2.17 Kazakhstan 1.43 1.17 1.17 1.07 1.58 1.13 Kenya 2.70 2.11 2.11 2.74 2.66 2.49 Kiribati 1.54 1.18 1.18 2.12 1.82 1.71 North Korea 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.34 0.42 0.47 South Korea 0.45 0.16 0.16 0.57 0.52 0.36 Kuwait 3.95 1.70 1.70 5.51 5.44 1.78 Kyrgyzstan 1.22 1.04 1.04 1.32 1.57 1.44 Laos 1.89 1.59 1.59 1.64 1.30 1.45 Latvia − 1.60 − 0.62 − 0.62 − 1.22 − 1.30 − 1.03 Lebanon 0.96 9.73 9.37 1.68 5.99 0.57 Lesotho 1.08 0.34 0.34 0.91 1.27 1.31 Liberia 2.68 2.52 2.52 3.82 2.62 2.52 Libya 0.84 3.08 3.08 1.26 0.21 1.33 Liechtenstein 0.73 0.82 0.82 0.65 0.76 0.65 Lithuania − 1.48 − 0.29 − 0.29 − 1.36 − 1.27 − 0.55 Luxembourg 2.49 1.12 1.12 2.08 2.19 1.27 Macedonia 0.08 0.21 0.21 0.10 0.08 0.08 Madagascar 2.80 2.62 2.62 2.86 2.72 2.67 Malawi 2.86 3.33 3.33 3.02 2.95 2.87 Malaysia 1.66 1.47 1.47 1.83 1.78 1.35 Maldives 1.93 − 0.09 − 0.09 2.68 2.76 1.85 Mali 2.99 3.00 3.00 3.27 2.95 2.99 Malta 0.40 0.33 0.33 0.45 0.55 0.31 Marshall Islands 0.11 1.72 1.72 − 0.04 0.14 0.10 Mauritania 2.49 2.26 2.26 2.85 2.95 2.69 Mauritius 0.42 0.66 0.66 0.42 0.18 0.23 Mexico 1.24 1.21 1.21 1.57 1.41 1.23 Micronesia − 0.03 − 0.42 − 0.42 − 0.49 0.16 0.63 Moldova − 0.04 − 1.02 − 1.02 − 0.36 − 0.09 − 0.24 Monaco 0.85 0.06 0.06 1.86 0.65 0.51 Mongolia 1.52 1.37 1.37 1.42 1.86 1.50 Montenegro 0.07 − 0.49 − 0.49 0.26 0.12 0.04 Morocco 1.43 1.02 1.02 1.20 1.43 1.26 Mozambique 2.50 2.45 2.45 2.93 2.91 2.86 Namibia 1.87 0.67 0.67 1.34 2.20 2.12 Nauru 0.56 0.56 − 0.18 2.32 − 0.06 Nepal 1.16 1.82 1.82 1.05 1.17 1.09 Netherlands 0.45 0.42 0.42 0.36 0.30 0.29 New Zealand 0.63 0.83 0.83 1.10 1.09 0.93 Nicaragua 1.46 1.02 1.02 1.29 1.17 1.07 Niger 3.84 3.28 3.28 3.75 3.84 3.81 Nigeria 2.79 2.47 2.47 2.64 2.67 2.58 Norway 1.32 1.19 1.19 1.07 1.25 0.94 Oman 9.13 2.06 2.06 3.83 6.45 4.08 Pakistan 2.69 2.49 2.4 2.05 2.09 1.91 Palau 0.72 0.37 0.37 0.56 0.79 1.06 Palestine / Gaza Strip 3.01 2.91 2.91 Panama 1.64 1.35 1.35 1.80 1.71 1.55 Papua New Guinea 2.17 1.84 1.84 2.37 2.16 2.01 Paraguay 1.72 1.19 1.19 1.38 1.34 1.25 Peru 1.25 0.99 0.99 1.24 1.32 1.20 Philippines 1.72 1.81 1.81 1.66 1.64 1.51 Poland 0.02 − 0.11 − 0.11 − 0.02 − 0.03 − 0.17 Portugal − 0.29 0.12 0.12 0.16 − 0.44 − 0.39 Qatar 7.05 3.58 3.58 14.93 6.65 2.36 Romania − 0.27 − 0.29 − 0.29 − 0.95 − 0.56 − 0.50 Russia 0.40 − 0.03 − 0.03 − 0.07 0.04 − 0.01 Rwanda 2.77 2.63 2.63 2.61 2.53 2.36 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.15 0.78 0.78 1.13 1.08 0.91 Saint Lucia 0.89 0.35 0.35 1.06 0.53 0.45 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.01 − 0.29 − 0.29 0.10 0.03 0.24 Samoa 0.78 0.59 0.59 0.69 0.80 0.65 San Marino 0.64 0.87 0.87 1.24 1.16 0.51 São Tomé and Príncipe 2.65 1.89 1.89 2.32 2.25 2.18 Saudi Arabia 1.88 1.49 1.49 2.75 2.81 1.90 Senegal 2.92 2.48 2.48 2.76 2.96 2.77 Serbia − 0.48 − 0.46 − 0.46 − 0.41 − 0.40 − 0.34 Seychelles 0.39 0.87 0.87 0.59 0.50 0.50 Sierra Leone 1.91 2.33 2.33 2.65 2.28 2.12 Singapore 2.45 1.92 1.92 2.44 1.74 1.40 Slovakia 0.22 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.13 0.04 Slovenia 0.26 − 0.23 − 0.23 0.48 0.29 0.07 Solomon Islands 2.13 2.07 2.07 2.32 2.14 1.94 Somalia 2.86 1.75 1.75 2.93 2.86 2.93 South Africa 1.18 − 0.48 − 0.48 1.10 1.39 1.20 South Sudan 4.30 4.12 4.33 3.32 2.72 Spain 0.09 0.81 0.81 1.21 − 0.17 0.03 Sri Lanka 1.04 0.86 0.86 0.68 0.50 0.35 Sudan 2.08 1.78 1.78 2.13 2.34 2.38 Suriname 0.90 1.12 1.12 1.06 1.01 0.87 Swaziland 1.54 1.14 1.14 1.68 1.84 1.75 Sweden 0.71 0.79 0.79 0.76 0.78 0.72 Switzerland 1.07 0.78 0.78 1.11 1.21 0.83 Syria 1.97 − 9.73 − 9.73 2.78 − 2.30 0.20 Taiwan 0.25 0.25 0.44 0.33 0.28 Tajikistan 2.45 1.75 1.75 2.18 2.24 2.06 Tanzania 3.04 2.80 2.80 3.14 3.12 3.06 Thailand 0.31 0.35 0.35 0.54 0.43 0.22 Timor - Leste 2.88 2.44 2.44 1.56 2.24 2.14 Togo 2.60 2.71 2.71 2.70 2.63 2.45 Tonga 0.37 0.09 0.09 0.60 0.42 0.86 Trinidad and Tobago 0.33 − 0.11 − 0.11 0.48 0.48 0.26 Tunisia 0.97 0.92 0.92 1.04 1.16 1.09 Turkey 1.28 1.12 1.12 1.26 1.58 1.37 Turkmenistan 1.29 1.14 1.14 1.35 1.80 1.61 Tuvalu 0.16 0.80 0.80 0.99 0.87 0.88 Uganda 3.35 3.24 3.24 3.45 3.37 3.23 Ukraine − 0.25 − 0.64 − 0.64 − 0.48 − 0.50 − 0.49 United Arab Emirates 3.10 2.71 2.71 11.82 2.03 1.39 United Kingdom 0.75 0.54 0.54 0.98 0.65 0.58 United States 0.74 0.77 0.77 0.90 0.72 0.71 Uruguay 0.35 0.26 0.26 0.29 0.34 0.36 Uzbekistan 1.47 0.93 0.93 1.52 1.59 1.41 Vanuatu 2.24 2.01 2.01 2.42 2.26 2.10 Vatican City 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.08 Venezuela 1.53 1.42 1.42 1.61 1.41 1.26 Vietnam 1.06 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.12 1.00 Western Sahara ( Sahrawi ) 2.89 2.89 1.87 1.83 2.54 Yemen 2.33 2.72 2.72 2.74 2.62 2.33 Zambia 3.19 2.88 2.88 2.78 3.01 2.97 Zimbabwe 2.70 4.36 4.36 1.70 2.27 2.28 Anguilla ( UK ) 2.06 2.06 1.71 1.19 Aruba ( Netherlands ) 0.44 1.36 1.36 0.31 0.45 Bermuda ( UK ) 0.37 0.52 0.52 − 0.36 − 0.62 Caribbean Netherlands 7.49 3.43 Cayman Islands ( UK ) 1.70 2.14 2.14 2.65 1.55 Channel Islands ( UK ) 0.51 0.58 0.36 0.67 0.51 Christmas Island ( Australia ) 1.11 Cook Islands ( NZ ) − 3.00 − 3.00 0.89 0.53 Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 0.73 2.63 1.26 Faroe Islands ( Denmark ) 0.01 0.01 − 0.59 0.33 Falkland Islands − 0.09 0.49 0.49 0.10 − 0.15 Gibraltar ( UK ) 0.25 0.25 1.11 0.94 Greenland ( Denmark ) − 0.11 0.02 0.02 − 0.14 − 0.13 Guadeloupe ( France ) 0.27 0.50 Guam ( USA ) 1.21 0.44 0.44 0.13 1.27 French Guiana 2.78 2.78 Hong Kong 1.17 0.41 0.41 0.44 0.83 Isle of Man ( UK ) 0.74 0.80 0.80 0.97 0.80 Kosovo 0.86 Macau 1.90 0.83 0.83 2.66 1.89 Martinique ( France ) − 0.12 0.09 Mayotte ( France ) 3.17 2.79 Montserrat ( UK ) 0.48 0.48 0.72 0.68 New Caledonia ( France ) 1.60 1.42 1.42 1.49 1.32 Niue ( New Zealand ) − 0.03 − 0.03 − 0.79 − 0.14 Norfolk Island ( Australia ) 0.01 Northern Mariana Islands ( USA ) 0.14 1.13 1.13 − 3.57 0.44 Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) 0.00 0.00 French Polynesia 1.08 0.97 0.97 1.01 1.07 Puerto Rico ( USA ) − 0.73 − 0.65 − 0.65 − 0.28 − 0.14 Réunion ( France ) 0.96 0.73 Saint Helena & dependencies ( UK ) 0.27 0.27 − 0.48 − 1.04 Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) − 1.02 − 1.02 0.05 0.05 American Samoa − 0.26 − 0.35 − 0.35 − 1.21 − 0.04 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 1.51 0.36 3.13 Svalbard ( Norway ) − 0.03 Tokelau ( NZ ) − 0.01 − 0.01 − 1.28 1.93 Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) 2.19 2.58 2.58 3.17 2.05 British Virgin Islands 2.36 2.36 3.23 2.02 U.S. Virgin Islands − 0.48 − 0.56 − 0.56 − 0.26 − 0.02 Wallis and Futuna ( France ) 0.33 0.33 − 0.98 − 0.62 Asia / Other non-specified areas 0.43 0.16 See also ( edit ) World population Human overpopulation Overshoot ( population ) List of population concern organizations List of countries by future population ( United Nations , medium fertility variant ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Bank Population growth ( annual % ) '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ CIA The World Factbook : Population growth rate . Retrieved 11 / 08 / 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations Population Div , World Population Prospects 2017 , File : Population Growth Rate , retrieved 5 / 20 / 18 '' . Jump up ^ Mainland only . Excludes SARs Jump up ^ Includes Mayotte Jump up ^ Metropolitan France only Jump up ^ Recent official estimates show a growth rate of 1.00 per Statistics New Zealand Archived 2008 − 02 − 14 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Consists of Jersey and Guernsey Lists of countries by population statistics Global Current population Current population ( United Nations ) ( Sub - ) continents Africa Asia Europe North America Caribbean Oceania South America Intercontinental Americas Arab world Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities / urban regions National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future Past population ( United Nations estimates ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Ethnic and cultural diversity level Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant and under - five mortality rates Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security ( OECD ) Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate&oldid=852190341 '' Categories : Lists of countries by population Lists of countries by population - related issue Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 07 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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-1042872320660270428	Sirius XM Love	Sirius XM Love - Wikipedia Sirius XM Love Sirius XM Love Broadcast area United States Canada Frequency Sirius XM Radio 70 Dish Network 6070 First air date November 12 , 2008 Format Soft AC / Love songs Class Satellite Radio Station Owner Sirius XM Radio Website SiriusXM Love Sirius XM Love is a music channel that plays love songs from soft - AC artists and airs on Sirius XM Radio , and Dish Network . It airs on channel 70 on Sirius XM Radio . On XM , it replaced former channel The Heart on November 12 , 2008 . On Sirius XM Canada , the channel retained the old Sirius Love name , Until February 9 , 2010 , Sirius XM Love was on DirecTV channel 819 , but all of the Sirius XM programming was dropped in favor of Sonic Tap . From 2009 - 2014 , Sirius XM Love was pre-empted annually during the Christmas season and replaced with `` Holly , '' a seasonal format devoted to contemporary pop Christmas music . This format change typically occurred during the first two weeks of November and continued until the end of the year . ( Holly is also available year - round through Sirius XM 's online service . ) From 2015 - 2016 , Holly pre-empted Sirius XM 's Velvet instead , allowing Sirius XM Love to retain its normal format through December , In 2016 , Holly will once again pre-empt SiriusXM Love . On May 22 , 2015 , Sirius XM Love became a limited - run James Taylor Channel . Later , it was the home of Yacht Rock . On August 17 , 2017 , SiriusXM Love moved to channel 70 and was replaced by PopRocks on Channel 17 . Selected artists played ( edit ) Gloria Estefan , Luther Vandross , Bryan Adams , Mariah Carey , Kenny G , Barry Manilow , Kelly Clarkson , Bette Midler , Lionel Richie , Pink References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cook , Zachary . `` SiriusXM Love - Love Songs '' . SiriusXM.com . Sirius XM Radio . Retrieved 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook , Zachary . `` James Taylor Channel 's exclusive live Apollo show for SiriusXM fans '' . blog.siriusxm.com . SiriusXM Editors . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Stephen . `` Yacht Rock Radio returns for the summer ! '' . blog.siriusxm.com . Sirius XM BLog . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Venta , Lance ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` SiriusXM Launches Two New Music Channels '' . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of Sirius XM Radio channels Sirius XM Satellite Radio music channels Channels Venus Sirius XM Hits 1 ' 40s Junction ' 50s on 5 ' 60s on 6 ' 70s on 7 ' 80s on 8 ' 90s on 9 PopRocks The Highway Heart & Soul Sirius XM Love Real Jazz Spa Alt Nation B.B. King 's Bluesville BackSpin BBC Radio 1 The Beatles Channel Bluegrass Junction BPM The Bridge Caliente ( in Spanish ) Cinemagic Classic Rewind Classic Vinyl The Coffee House Deep Tracks Diplo 's Revolution E Street Radio Doctor Radio Bloomberg Radio Fox Business Radio LL Cool J 's Rock the Bells Radio Fox News Radio Faction Punk The Grateful Dead Channel The Groove Hair Nation RockBar The Heat Pop2K Hip - Hop Nation The Joint Jam On KIIS - FM Krishna Das Yoga Radio Liquid Metal Lithium Octane On Broadway Outlaw Country Ozzy 's Boneyard Pearl Jam Radio Pitbull 's Globalization Radio The Loft The Coffee House Prime Country The Pulse CNN Radio HLN Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum NPR NOW ABC Radio CBS News Radio Shade 45 SiriusXM Chill Sirius XM Pops SiriusXMU The Spectrum Studio 54 Radio Symphony Hall CNBC ESPNews Turbo Velvet Viva Watercolors WHTZ SiriusXM Spotlight Radio Margaritaville Y2Kountry Kirk Franklin 's Praise Willie 's Roadhouse Kids Place Live Radio Disney Kidz Bop Radio Discontinued Holly ( discontinued July 16 , 2014 ) XM exclusives Bollywood & Beyond MIX The Music Summit The Verge Sirius exclusives Bande à part CBC Radio 3 Iceberg Radio Latitude franco See also : XM Satellite Radio channel history This article about a radio station in North America is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sirius_XM_Love&oldid=852315458 '' Categories : Sirius Satellite Radio channels XM Satellite Radio channels Soft adult contemporary radio stations in the United States Digital - only radio stations Radio stations established in 2008 North American radio station stubs Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 02 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what channel is the love station on sirius	[ "Sirius XM Love[1] is a music channel that plays love songs from soft-AC artists and airs on Sirius XM Radio, and Dish Network. It airs on channel 70 on Sirius XM Radio. On XM, it replaced former channel The Heart on November 12, 2008. On Sirius XM Canada, the channel retained the old Sirius Love name, Until February 9, 2010, Sirius XM Love was on DirecTV channel 819, but all of the Sirius XM programming was dropped in favor of Sonic Tap.\n" ]	[ "channel 70" ]
-6823861732397783080	Black Death migration	Black Death migration - wikipedia Black Death migration Plaque in Weymouth , England The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history , resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1346 to 1353 . Its migration followed the sea and land trading routes of the medieval world . This migration has been studied for centuries as an example of how the spread of contagious diseases is impacted by human society and economics . The disease is caused by Yersinia pestis , which is enzootic ( commonly present ) in populations of ground rodents in Central Asia . Morelli et al. ( 2010 ) reported the origin of the plague bacillus to be in China . An older theory places the first cases in the steppes of Central Asia , and others , such as the historian Michael W. Dols , argue that the historical evidence concerning epidemics in the Mediterranean and specifically the Plague of Justinian point to a probability that the Black Death originated in Central Asia , where it then became entrenched among the rodent population . Nevertheless , from Central Asia it was carried east and west along the Silk Road , by Mongol armies and traders making use of the opportunities of free passage within the Mongol Empire offered by the Pax Mongolica . It was reportedly first introduced to Europe at the trading city of Caffa in the Crimea in 1347 . After a protracted siege , during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering the disease , they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants . The Genoese traders fled , bringing the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe , whence it spread . Contents 1 Preexisting conditions 2 Asian outbreak 3 European outbreak 4 Middle Eastern outbreak 5 Recurrence 6 References Preexisting conditions ( edit ) Regardless of its origin , it is clear that several preexisting conditions such as war , famine , and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death . In China , the 13th century Mongol conquest disrupted farming and trading , and led to widespread famine . The population dropped from approximately 120 to 60 million . The 14th century plague is estimated to have killed 1 / 3 of the population of China . In Europe , the Medieval Warm Period ended sometime towards the end of the 13th century , bringing harsher winters and reduced harvests . In the years 1315 to 1317 a catastrophic famine , known as the Great Famine , struck much of North - West Europe . The famine came about as the result of a large population growth in the previous centuries , with the result that , in the early 14th century the population began to exceed the number that could be sustained by productive capacity of the land and farmers . In Northern Europe , new technological innovations such as the heavy plough and the three - field system were not as effective in clearing new fields for harvest as they were in the Mediterranean because the north had poor , clay - like soil . Food shortages and skyrocketing prices were a fact of life for as much as a century before the plague . Wheat , oats , hay , and consequently livestock , were all in short supply , and their scarcity resulted in hunger and malnutrition . The result was a mounting human vulnerability to disease , due to weakened immune systems . The European economy entered a vicious circle in which hunger and chronic , low - level debilitating disease reduced the productivity of labourers , and so the grain output was reduced , causing grain prices to increase . This situation was worsened when landowners and monarchs like Edward III of England ( r . 1327 -- 1377 ) and Philip VI of France ( r . 1328 -- 1350 ) , out of a fear that their comparatively high standard of living would decline , raised the fines and rents of their tenants . Standards of living then fell drastically , diets grew more limited , and Europeans as a whole experienced more health problems . Heavy rains in autumn 1314 began several years of cold and wet winters . The already weak harvests of the north suffered and the seven - year famine ensued . The Great Famine was the worst in European history , reducing the population by at least ten percent . Records recreated from dendrochronological studies show a hiatus in building construction during the period , as well as a deterioration in climate . This was the economic and social situation in which the predictor of the coming disaster , a typhoid ( Infected Water ) epidemic , emerged . Many thousands died in populated urban centres , most significantly Ypres . In 1318 a pestilence of unknown origin , sometimes identified as anthrax , targeted the animals of Europe , notably sheep and cattle , further reducing the food supply and income of the peasantry . Asian outbreak ( edit ) The scenario that would place the first outbreak in central Asia agrees with the first reports of outbreaks in China in the early 1330s . The plague struck the Chinese province of Hubei in 1334 . On the heels of the European epidemic , a more widespread disaster occurred in China during 1353 -- 1354 . Chinese accounts of this wave of the disease record a spread to eight distinct areas : Hubei , Jiangxi , Shanxi , Hunan , Guangdong , Guangxi , Henan , and Suiyuan , throughout the Mongol and Chinese empires . Historian William McNeill noted that voluminous Chinese records on disease and social disruption survive from this period , but no one has studied these sources in depth . It is probable that the Mongols and merchant caravans inadvertently brought the plague from central Asia to the Middle East and Europe . The plague was reported in the trading cities of Constantinople and Trebizond in 1344 . European outbreak ( edit ) The Black Death rapidly spread along the major European sea and land trade routes In October 1347 , a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Caffa reached the port of Messina in Sicily . By the time the fleet reached Messina , all the crew members were either infected or dead . It is presumed that the ships also carried infected rats and / or fleas . Some ships were found grounded on shorelines , with no one aboard remaining alive . Looting of these lost ships also helped spread the disease . From there , the plague spread to Genoa and Venice by the turn of 1347 -- 1348 . From Italy the disease spread northwest across Europe , striking France , the Crown of Aragon , the Crown of Castile , Portugal and England by June 1348 , then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350 . It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy , then proceeded to spread to Bjørgvin ( modern Bergen ) . Finally it spread to north - western Russia in 1351 ; however , the plague largely spared some parts of Europe , including the Kingdom of Poland , isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands , Milan and the modern - day France - Spain border . At Siena , Agnolo di Tura wrote : `` They died by the hundreds , both day and night , and all were thrown in ... ditches and covered with earth . And as soon as those ditches were filled , more were dug . And I , Agnolo di Tura ... buried my five children with my own hands ... And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world . '' Middle eastern outbreak ( edit ) The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic , leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures . As it spread to western Europe , the disease also entered the region from southern Russia . By autumn 1347 , the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt , probably through the port 's trade with Constantinople , and ports on the Black Sea . During 1348 , the disease travelled eastward to Gaza , and north along the eastern coast to cities in Lebanon , Syria , and Palestine , including Ashkelon , Acre , Jerusalem , Sidon , Damascus , Homs , and Aleppo . In 1348 -- 49 , the disease reached Antioch . The city 's residents fled to the north , most of them dying during the journey , but the infection had been spread to the people of Asia Minor . Mecca became infected in 1349 . During the same year , records show the city of Mawsil ( Mosul ) suffered a massive epidemic , and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease . In 1351 , Yemen experienced an outbreak of the plague . This coincided with the return of King Mujahid of Yemen from imprisonment in Cairo . His party may have brought the disease with them from Egypt . Recurrence ( edit ) In England , in the absence of census figures , historians propose a range of pre-incident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300 , and a post-incident population figure as low as 2 million . By the end of 1350 the Black Death had subsided , but it never really died out in England over the next few hundred years : there were further outbreaks in 1361 -- 62 , 1369 , 1379 -- 83 , 1389 -- 93 , and throughout the first half of the 15th century . The plague often killed 10 % of a community in less than a year -- in the worst epidemics , such as at Norwich in 1579 and Newcastle in 1636 , as many as 30 or 40 % . The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England , all coinciding with years of plague in Germany and the Low Countries , seem to have begun in 1498 , 1535 , 1543 , 1563 , 1589 , 1603 , 1625 , and 1636 . The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 18th centuries , and still occurs in isolated cases today . The plague of 1575 -- 77 claimed some 50,000 victims in Venice . In 1634 , an outbreak of plague killed 15,000 Munich residents . Late outbreaks in central Europe include the Italian Plague of 1629 -- 1631 , which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years ' War , and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679 . About 200,000 people in Moscow died of the disease from 1654 to 1656 . Oslo was last ravaged in 1654 . In 1656 the plague killed about half of Naples ' 300,000 inhabitants . Amsterdam was ravaged in 1663 -- 1664 , with a mortality given as 50,000 . The Great Plague of London in 1665 -- 1666 is generally recognized as one of the last major outbreaks . A plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War ( 1700 -- 1721 , Sweden v. Russia and allies ) wiped out almost 1 / 3 of the population in the region . An estimated one - third of East Prussia 's population died in the plague of 1709 -- 1711 . The plague of 1710 killed two - thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki . An outbreak of plague between 1710 and 1711 claimed a third of Stockholm 's population . During the Great Plague of 1738 , the epidemic struck again , this time in Eastern Europe , spreading from Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea , then onwards by ship to infect some in Tunisia . The destruction in several cities in what is now Romania ( such as Timişoara ) was formidable , claiming tens of thousands of lives . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Morelli ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Phylogenetic diversity and historical patterns of pandemic spread of Yersinia pestis '' . Nat . Genet. 42 ( 12 ) : 1140 -- 1143 . doi : 10.1038 / ng. 705 . PMC 2999892 . PMID 21037571 . Jump up ^ http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/206309.php Jump up ^ Michael W. Dols , `` The Second Plague Pandemic and Its Recurrences in the Middle East : 1347 -- 1894 '' Journal of the Economic Social History of the Orientvol. 22 no . 2 ( May 1979 ) , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Wheelis , M. ( 2002 ) . Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa . Emerging Infectious Diseases , 8 ( 9 ) , 971 - 975 . https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0809.010536 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 -- History -- The Black Death '' . Channel4.com . Archived from the original on 9 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ping - ti Ho , `` An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung - Chin China '' , in Études Song , Series 1 , No 1 , ( 1970 ) pp. 33 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Judith M. Bennett & C. Warren Hollister ( 2006 ) . Medieval Europe : A Short History . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 326 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 295515 - 5 . OCLC 56615921 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett and Hollister , Medieval Europe , p. 327 Jump up ^ Baillie , Mike ( 1997 ) . A Slice Through Time . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 7654 - 5 . Jump up ^ Suiyuan was a historical Chinese province that now forms part of Hebei and Inner Mongolia . Jump up ^ McNeill , William H. ( 1976 ) . Plagues and People . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 12122 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` At the beginning of October , in the year of the incarnation of the Son of God 1347 , twelve Genoese galleys were fleeing from the vengeance which our Lord was taking on account of their nefarious deeds and entered the harbour of Messina . In their bones they bore so virulent a disease that anyone who only spoke to them was seized by a mortal illness and in no manner could evade death ... Not only all those who had speech with them died , but also those who had touched or used any of their things . When the inhabitants of Messina discovered that this sudden death emanated from the Genoese ships they hurriedly ordered them out of the harbor and town . But the evil remained and caused a fearful outbreak of death . '' Michael Platiensis ( 1357 ) , quoted in Johannes Nohl ( 1926 ) . The Black Death , trans . C.H. Clarke . London : George Allen & Unwin Ltd. , pp. 18 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` plague readings '' . U.arizona.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Secondary sources such as the Cambridge History of Medieval England often contain discussions of methodology in reaching these figures that are necessary reading for anyone wishing to understand this controversial episode in more detail . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- Black Death '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Radio 4 Voices of the Powerless -- 29 August 2002 Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Department of State Health Services , History of Plague '' . Dshs.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis of the Anti-Plague System : The Tsarist Period '' ( PDF ) . James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Øivind Larsen . `` DNMS.NO : Michael : 2005 : 03 / 2005 : Book review : Black Death and hard facts '' . Dnms.no . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Naples in the 1600s '' . Faculty.ed.umuc.edu . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Buboni PlagueEuropeFlorence '' . Mindquestacademy.org . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The London Plague 1665 '' . Britainexpress.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Online Library of Liberty -- BOOK II , CHAPTER XI : OF THE MODE IN WHICH THE QUANTITY OF THE PRODUCT AFFECTS POPULATION -- A Treatise on Political Economy '' . Oll.libertyfund.org . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ruttopuisto -- Plague Park '' . Tabblo.com . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Historical facts about Stockholm , capital of Sweden '' . Enjoystockholm.com . Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Black Death Migration Causes Consequences Persecutions Notable deaths In medieval culture In England Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Death_migration&oldid=856386417 '' Categories : Black Death Second plague pandemic Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 20 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the black death originated first in genoa and venice in 1347	[]	[]
-7908018375399697873	Turtle (submersible)	Turtle ( submersible ) - wikipedia Turtle ( submersible ) For the Deep Submergence Vehicle , see DSV Turtle . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Revolutionary War campaigns in New York and New Jersey 1776 -- 1777 Long Island The Turtle Staten Island Peace Conference Kip 's Bay Harlem Heights Pell 's Point White Plains Fort Washington Fort Lee Geary Ambush Iron Works Hill Delaware crossing Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Forage War Millstone Turtle ( also called American Turtle ) was the world 's first submersible vessel with a documented record of use in combat . It was built in 1775 by American David Bushnell as a means of attaching explosive charges to ships in a harbor , for use against Royal Navy vessels occupying North American harbors during the American Revolutionary War . Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull recommended the invention to George Washington , who provided funds and support for the development and testing of the machine . Several attempts were made using Turtle to affix explosives to the undersides of British warships in New York Harbor in 1776 . All failed , and her transport ship was sunk later that year by the British with the submarine aboard . Bushnell claimed eventually to have recovered the machine , but its final fate is unknown . Modern replicas of Turtle have been constructed and are on display in the Connecticut River Museum , the U.S. Navy 's Submarine Force Library and Museum , the Royal Navy Submarine Museum , and the Oceanographic Museum ( Monaco ) . Contents 1 Development 2 Preparation for use 3 Attack on Eagle 4 Aftermath 5 Replicas 6 In fiction 7 Footnotes 8 References Development ( edit ) The American inventor David Bushnell conceived of the idea of a submersible for use in lifting the British naval blockade during the American War of Independence . Bushnell may have begun studying underwater explosions while at Yale College . By early 1775 , he had created a reliable method for detonating underwater explosives , a clockwork connected to a musket firing mechanism , probably a flintlock , adapted for the purpose . After the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , Bushnell began work near Old Saybrook on a small , individually - manned submersible designed to attach an explosive charge to the hull of an enemy ship , which , he wrote Benjamin Franklin , would be , `` Constructed with Great Simplicity and upon Principles of Natural Philosophy . '' Little is known about the origin , inspiration , and influences for Bushnell 's invention . It seems clear Bushnell knew of the work of the Dutch inventor Cornelius Drebbel . According to Dr. Benjamin Gale , a doctor who taught at Yale , the many brass and mechanical ( moving ) parts of the submarine were built by the New Haven clock - maker , engraver , silversmith , brass manufacturer and inventor Isaac Doolittle , whose shop was just a half block from Yale . Though Bushnell is given the overall design credit for the Turtle by Gale and others , Doolittle was well known as an `` ingenious mechanic '' ( i.e. an engineer ) , engraver , and metalworker . He had both designed and manufactured complicated brass - wheel hall - clocks , a mahogany printing - press in 1769 ( the first made in America , after Doolittle successfully duplicated the iron screw ) , brass compasses , and surveying instruments . He also founded and owned a brass foundry where he cast bells . At the start of the American Revolution , the wealthy and patriotic Doolittle built a gunpowder mill with two partners in New Haven to support the war , and was sent by the Connecticut government to prospect for lead . Though the design of the Turtle was necessarily shrouded in secrecy , based on his mechanical engineering expertise and previous experience in design and manufacturing , it seems Doolittle designed and crafted ( and probably funded ) the brass and the moving parts of the Turtle , including the propulsion system , the navigation instruments , the brass foot operated water - ballast and forcing pumps , the depth gauge and compass , the brass crown hatch , the clockwork detonator for the mine , and the hand operated propeller crank and foot - driven treadle with flywheel . According to a letter from Dr. Benjamin Gale to Benjamin Franklin , Doolittle also designed the mine attachment mechanism , `` those Parts which Conveys the Powder , and secures the same to the Bottom of the Ship '' . The most historically important innovation in the Turtle was the propeller , as it was the first known use of one in a watercraft : it was described as an `` oar for rowing forward or backward '' , with `` no precedent '' design and in a letter by Dr. Benjamin Gale to Silas Dean as `` a pair of oars fixed like the two opposite arms of a windmill '' and as `` two oars or paddles '' that were `` like the arms of a windmill ... twelve inched long , and about four wide . '' As it was probably brass , it was thus likely designed and forged by Doolittle . Doolittle also likely provided the scarce commodities of gunpowder and lead ballast as well . The wealthy Doolittle , nearly 20 years older than the Yale student Bushnell , was a founder and long time Warden of Trinity Episcopal Church on the Green , and was in charge of New Haven 's port inspection and beacon - alarm systems -- suggesting that Doolittle provided much of the political and financial leadership in building the Turtle as well as its brass and moving parts . In making the hull , Bushnell enlisted the services of several skilled artisans , including his brother the farmer Ezra Bushnell and ship 's carpenter Phineas Pratt , both , like David Bushnell , from Saybrook . The hull was `` constructed of oak , somewhat like a barrel and bound by heavy wrought - iron hoops . '' The shape of the hull , Gale informed Silas Deane , `` has the nearest resemblance to the two upper shells of a Tortoise joined together . '' A cutaway full size replica of the Turtle on display at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum , Gosport , UK This 19th - century diagram shows the side views of Turtle . It incorrectly depicts the propeller as a screw blade ; as seen in the replica photographed above and reported by Sergeant Lee , it was a paddle propeller blade . Named for its shape , Turtle resembled a large clam as much as a turtle ; it was about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) long ( according to the original specifications ) , 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall , and about 3 feet ( 0.9 m ) wide , and consisted of two wooden shells covered with tar and reinforced with steel bands . It dived by allowing water into a bilge tank at the bottom of the vessel and ascended by pushing water out through a hand pump . It was propelled vertically and horizontally by hand - cranked propellers . It also had 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) of lead aboard , which could be released in a moment to increase buoyancy . Manned and operated by one person , the vessel contained enough air for about thirty minutes and had a speed in calm water of about 3 mph ( 2.6 kn ; 4.8 km / h ) . A diagram showing the front and rear of Turtle Six small pieces of thick glass in the top of the submarine provided natural light . The internal instruments had small pieces of bioluminescent foxfire affixed to the needles to indicate their position in the dark . During trials in November 1775 , Bushnell discovered that this illumination failed when the temperature dropped too low . Although repeated requests were made to Benjamin Franklin for possible alternatives , none was forthcoming , and Turtle was sidelined for the winter . Bushnell 's basic design included some elements present in earlier experimental submersibles . The method of raising and lowering the vessel was similar to that developed by Nathaniel Simons in 1729 , and the gaskets used to make watertight connections around the connections between the internal and external controls also may have come from Simons , who constructed a submersible based on a 17th - century Italian design by Giovanni Alfonso Borelli . Preparation for use ( edit ) One of the central concerns for Bushnell as he planned and constructed the Turtle was funding . Due to colonial efforts to keep the existence of this potential war asset secret from the British , the colonial records concerning the Turtle are often short and cryptic . Most of the records that do exist concern Bushnell 's request for funds . Bushnell met with Jonathan Trumbull , the governor of Connecticut , during 1771 seeking financial support . Trumbull also sent requests to George Washington and Thomas Jefferson . Jefferson , who was an inventor himself , was intrigued by the possibilities while Washington remained skeptical of devoting funds from the Continental Army , whose funding was already being stretched . Ultimately , Washington was able to provide some funds possibly due to Trumbull 's influence . Several setbacks plagued the design process . The mine in particular was delayed several times from its expected completion from 1771 to 1776 . Piloting Turtle , moreover , required great physical stamina and coordination . The operator would have to adjust the bilge in order to keep from sinking while providing his own propulsion by use of a crank , which worked a propeller located on the front of the submarine , and direction by use of a lever that would operate and direct a rudder in the back . The cabin also reportedly held air for only thirty minutes of use . Thereafter , the operator would have to surface and replenish the air through a ventilator . Obviously , training would be needed in order to ensure the project 's success due to the complex nature of the machine . `` The boat was moved from Ezra 's farm on the Westbrook Road to what is now Ayer 's Point in Old Saybrook on the Connecticut River , '' writes historian Lincoln Diamant . Bushnell had a Yale connection here that allowed him to run trials in secrecy . Bushnell did the initial testing of his submarine here , choosing his brother , Ezra , as the pilot . Despite Bushnell 's insistence on secrecy surrounding his work , news of it quickly made its way to the British , abetted by a Loyalist spy working for New York Congressman James Duane . In August 1776 , Bushnell asked General Samuel Holden Parsons for volunteers to operate Turtle , because his brother Ezra , who had been its operator during earlier trials at Ayer 's Point on the Connecticut river , was taken ill . Three men were chosen , and the submersible was taken to Long Island Sound for training and further trials . While these trials went on , the British gained control of western Long Island in the August 27 Battle of Long Island . Since the British now controlled the harbor , Turtle was transported overland from New Rochelle to the Hudson River . After two weeks of training , Turtle was towed to New York , and its new operator , Sgt . Ezra Lee , prepared to attack the flagship of the blockade squadron , HMS Eagle . Destroying this symbol of British naval power by means of a submarine would at least be a blow to British morale and , perhaps , threaten the British blockade and control of New York Harbor . The plan was to have Lee surface just behind Eagle 's rudder and use a screw to attach an explosive to the ship 's hull . Once attached , Lee would re-enter the water and make his getaway . Attack on Eagle ( edit ) Portrait of Ezra Lee , Turtle 's operator Just before midnight at 11 : 00pm on September 6 , 1776 , Sgt. Lee piloted the submersible toward Admiral Richard Howe 's flagship , Eagle , then moored off Governors Island . On that night , Lee maneuvered the small craft out to the anchorage . It took two hours to reach his destination , as it was hard work manipulating the hand - operated controls and foot pedals to propel the submersible into position . Adding to his difficulties was a fairly strong current and the darkness creeping overhead , which made visibility difficult . The plan failed . Lee began his mission with only twenty minutes of air , not to mention the complications of operating the craft . The darkness , the speed of the currents , and the added complexities all combined to thwart Lee 's plan . Once surfaced , Lee lit the fuse on the explosive and tried multiple times to stab the device into the underside of the ship . Unfortunately , after several attempts Lee was not able to pierce Eagles hull and abandoned the operation as the timer on the explosive was due to go off and he feared getting caught at dawn . A popular story held that he failed due to the copper lining covering the ship 's hull . The Royal Navy had recently begun installing copper sheathing on the bottoms of their warships to protect from damage by woodworms and other marine life , however the lining was paper - thin and could not have stopped Lee from drilling through it . Bushnell believed Lee 's failure was probably due to an iron plate connected to the ship 's rudder hinge . When Lee attempted another spot in the hull , he was unable to stay beneath the ship , and eventually abandoned the attempt . It seems more likely that he was suffering from fatigue and carbon dioxide inhalation , which made him confused and unable to properly carry out the process of drilling through the Eagles hull. Lee reported British soldiers on Governors Island spotted the submersible and rowed out to investigate . He then released the charge ( which he called a `` torpedo '' , the prevailing term for underwater explosive devices prior to about 1890 ) , `` expecting that they would seize that likewise , and thus all would be blown to atoms . '' Suspicious of the drifting charge , the British retreated back to the island . Lee reported that the charge drifted into the East River , where it exploded `` with tremendous violence , throwing large columns of water and pieces of wood that composed it high into the air . '' It was the first recorded use of a submarine to attack a ship ; however , the only records documenting it are American . British records contain no accounts of an attack by a submarine or any reports of explosions on the night of the supposed attack on Eagle . According to British naval historian Richard Compton - Hall , the problems of achieving neutral buoyancy would have rendered the vertical propeller useless . The route Turtle would have had to take to attack Eagle was slightly across the tidal stream which would , in all probability , have resulted in Lee becoming exhausted . In the face of these and other problems , Compton - Hall suggests the entire story was fabricated as disinformation and morale - boosting propaganda , and if Lee did carry out an attack it was in a covered rowing boat rather than Turtle . Despite Turtle 's failure , Washington called Bushnell `` a Man of great Mechanical Powers , fertile of invention and a master in execution . '' In retrospect , Washington observed in a letter to Thomas Jefferson , `` ( Bushnell ) came to me in 1776 recommended by Governor Trumbull ( now dead ) and other respectable characters ... Although I wanted faith myself , I furnished him with money , and other aids to carry it into execution . He laboured for some time ineffectually , and though the advocates for his scheme continued sanguine he never did succeed . One accident or another was always intervening . I then thought , and still think , that it was an effort of genius ; but that a combination of too many things were requisite ... '' Turtle 's attack on Eagle reflected both the desperation of American forces after the fall of New York and the tendency of the weaker belligerent to adopt and embrace new , sometimes radical , technologies . `` What astonishment it will produce and what advantages may be made ... if it succeeds , ( are ) more easy for you to conceive than for me to describe , '' physician Benjamin Gale wrote to Silas Deane less than a year before Turtle 's mission . The submarine 's ultimate fate is not known , although it is believed that after the British took New York , the Turtle was destroyed to prevent her from falling into enemy hands . Aftermath ( edit ) Bushnell mines destroying a small British boat On October 5 , Sergeant Lee again went out in an attempt to attach the charge to a frigate anchored off Manhattan . He reported the ship 's watch spotted him , so he abandoned the attempt . The submarine was sunk some days later by the British aboard its tender vessel near Fort Lee , New Jersey . Bushnell reported salvaging Turtle , but its final fate is unknown . Washington called the attempt `` an effort of genius '' , but `` a combination of too many things was requisite '' for such an attempt to succeed . Following Turtle 's abortive attack in New York Harbor , Bushnell continued his work in underwater explosives . In 1777 , he devised mines to be towed for an attack on HMS Cerberus and to be floated down the Delaware River in an attempt to interrupt the British fleet off Philadelphia . Both attempts failed , and the latter occupied a brief , if farcical , place in the literature of the war . Francis Hopkinson 's poem `` Battle of the Kegs , '' captured the surprising , if futile , venture : `` The soldier flew , the sailor too , and , scared almost to death , sir , wore out their shoes to spread the news , and ran till out of breath , sir . '' After the war , Bushnell drifted into obscurity . He died largely unknown in Georgia in the mid-1820s . After the war , inventors such as Robert Fulton were influenced by Bushnell 's designs in the development of underwater explosives . Despite Turtle 's shortcomings , Bushnell 's invention marked an important milestone in submarine technology . The American inventor Robert Fulton conceived of his submarine Nautilus in the first years of the nineteenth century and took it to Europe when the United States proved largely uninterested in the design . During the American Civil War , the Confederate States of America , faced with a similar situation to that of the colonies during the War of Independence , developed an operational submarine CSS H.L. Hunley , whose destruction of the USS Housatonic in Charleston Harbor in February 1864 was the first successful submarine attack in history . By the early - twentieth century , the world 's navies were beginning to adopt submarines in larger numbers . Like Bushnell 's design , these boats mimicked the natural forms of marine animals the in their hull designs . As one contemporary historian of submarines observed in 1901 , the evolution of modern submarine evolved from the whale , which he deemed a `` submarine made by nature out of a mammal . While Bushnell 's name is not generally well - known , he is often credited with revolutionizing naval warfare from below . Bushnell 's Turtle created a military vantage point unseen prior to the Revolutionary War -- a view from under the war - stricken waters . As historian Alex Roland argues , Bushnell 's legacy as an inventor was also burnished by American writers and historians who in the early nineteenth - century lionized Bushnell and his submarine . To a new postwar generation of Americans , he seemed `` the ingenious patriot who invented the submarine that terrified the British . '' Bushnell joined the ranks of American inventors of the era such as Eli Whitney and Robert Fulton . These men served as national heroes to Americans who advocated for technological advances and idolized the men making them . `` Whether the motives were military pride or scientific nationalism , '' Roland contends , `` it was important to Americans in the first half century after the Revolution to look upon Bushnell 's submarine as an American original . Yet , while the Turtle occupies a prominent place in the history of technology and military history , Roland 's scholarship points to other technological precedence that almost certainly influenced Bushnell 's design . Roland points to Denis Papin , a French physician , physicist , and member of the Royal Society and the Academíe des Sciences , whose two submarines may well have served as a model for Bushnell . `` The submarine Bushnell designed and built ... had features peculiar to both of Papin 's versions . '' As historian of technology Carroll Purcell argues , such trans - Atlantic technology cross-fertilization was hardly exceptional in this era . Since the Turtle 's emergence over two centuries ago , the international playing field has leveled . The monopoly over submersible technology once held by the United States was lost over time as other navies around the world modernized and adopted submarine warfare . From the innovations of John Holland in the early twentieth century to the German U-boat campaigns of the World Wars , and the nuclear - powered ICBM submarines of the Cold War , modern navies embraced the submarine , first , for missions of reconnaissance and commerce - raiding , but , increasingly , in offensive , attack roles . In the postwar era , the submarine has become a central component of modern navies . Submarine usage has gone far beyond Bushnell 's conception of lifting naval blockades designed to bleed a country dry of their imports to become an essential arm of offensive naval warfare and power projection . Replicas ( edit ) The Turtle was the first submersible vessel used for combat and led to the development of what we know today as the modern submarine , forever changing underwater warfare and the face of naval warfare . As such , the Turtle has been replicated many times to show new audience the roots of submarine technology , how much it has changed , and the influence it has had on modern submarines . By the 1950s , historian of technology Brooke Hindle credited the Turtle as `` the greatest of the wartime inventions . '' The Turtle remains a source of national as well as regional pride , which led to the construction of several replicas , a number of which exist in Bushnell 's home state of Connecticut . As Benjamin Gale noted in 1775 , the vessel was `` constructed with great simplicity , '' and it has thus inspired at least four replicas . Many of these followed the designs set down by Bushnell , with `` precise and comprehensive descriptions of his submarine , '' which aided the replication process . The vessel was a source of particular pride in Connecticut . In 1976 , a replica of Turtle was designed by Joseph Leary and constructed by Fred Frese as a project marking the United States Bicentennial . It was christened by Connecticut 's governor , Ella Grasso , and later tested in the Connecticut River . This replica is owned by the Connecticut River Museum . In 2002 , Rick and Laura Brown , two sculptors from Massachusetts , along with Massachusetts College of Art and Design students and faculty , constructed another replica . The Browns set out to gain a better understanding of human ingenuity while keeping Bushnell 's design , materials , and technique authentic . `` With it , Yankee ingenuity was born , '' observed Rick Brown , referring to the latest in a long line of commemoration that perceived the Turtle as something authentically American . Of the temptation to use synthetic and ahistorical materials , Rob Duarte , a MassArts student observed , `` It was always a temptation to use silicone to seal the thing , '' says Rob Duarte , a MassArt student . `` Then you realized that someone else had to figure this out with the same limited resources that we were using . That 's just an interesting way to learn . You ca n't do it any other way than by actually doing it . '' The outer shell of the replica was hallowed , using controlled fire , from a twelve - foot Sitka Spruce . The log was seven feet in diameter and shipped from British Columbia . This replica took twelve days to build and was successfully submerged in water . In 2003 , it was tested in an indoor test tank at the United States Naval Academy . Lew Nuckols , a professor of Ocean Engineering at USNA , made ten dives , noting `` you feel very isolated from the outside world . If you had any sense of claustrophobia it would not be a very good experience . '' In 2003 , Roy Manstan , Fred Frese , and the Naval Underwater Warfare Center partnered with students from Old Saybrook High School in Connecticut on a four - year project called The Turtle Project , to construct their own working replica , which they completed and launched in 2007 . On August 3 , 2007 three men were stopped by police while escorting and piloting a replica based on the Turtle within 200 feet ( 61 m ) of RMS Queen Mary 2 , then docked at the cruise ship terminal in Red Hook , Brooklyn . The replica was created by New York artist Philip `` Duke '' Riley and two residents of Rhode Island , one of whom claimed to be a descendant of David Bushnell . Riley claimed that he wanted to film himself next to the Queen Mary 2 for his upcoming gallery show . Riley 's was not an exact replica , however , measuring eight feet tall and made of cheap plywood then coated with fiberglass . Its portholes and hatch were collected from a marine salvage company . He also installed pumps to allow him to add or remove water for ballast . Riley christened his vessel Acorn , to note the deviation from Bushnell 's original design . The vessel , reported the New York Times , `` resembled something out of Jules Verne by way of Huck Finn , manned by cast members from ' Jackass . ' The Coast Guard issued Riley a citation for having an unsafe vessel , and for violating the security zone around Queen Mary 2 . The NYPD also impounded the submarine . Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly , calling this an incident of `` marine mischief '' assured the public that this was simply an art project and did not , in fact , represent a terrorist threat to the passenger ship . In 2015 , replicas of the exterior and interior of Turtle were used in the television series TURN : Washington 's Spies . 1976 functional replica that is now at the Connecticut River Museum Cutaway replica at the Submarine Force Library and Museum , Groton , Connecticut Cutaway replica at the Oceanographic Museum , Monaco 2007 functional replica created by Philip `` Duke '' Riley In fiction ( edit ) The comic book Tomahawk ( issue 45 ) , reprinted in the Limited Collectors ' Edition Issue 47 ( Superman Salutes the Bicentennial , the Turtle submersible plays a key role in the fictitious story . Characters Tomahawk and Dan Hunter are recruited by the American Revolutionaries to help fight the British , and inventor David Bushnell and a revolutionary Major ask Tomahawk and Dan Hunter to use the Turtle to rescue the kidnapped Choctaw , the powerful chieftain of the Chippewa nation , which would prevent the calamity of the Chippewa allegiance with the British Redcoats . Limitations of the Turtle are mentioned in the story ( including oxygen reserve , limited maneuverability ) . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diamant , p. 22 Jump up ^ Roland , Alex ( 1977 ) . `` '' Bushnell 's Submarine : American Original or European Import ? `` '' . Technology and Culture . 18 : 159 . Jump up ^ Roland . `` '' Bushnell 's Turtle `` '' : 167 . ^ Jump up to : Diamant , p. 23 Jump up ^ Manstan , p. 29 Jump up ^ Burns , William E. , Science and Technology in Colonial America , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2005 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Sanjek , Russell , American popular music and its business : the first four hundred years , Oxford University Press , 1988 , p. 364 Jump up ^ Manstan , p. 53 Jump up ^ Manstan , p. 43 Jump up ^ Mansten , p. 52 , 52 - 53 Jump up ^ Manstan , p. 88 Jump up ^ Manstan , p. 120 Jump up ^ Marstan , p. 57 , 105 , 107 Jump up ^ Manstan , pp. 120 - 123 Jump up ^ Manstan , p. 109 , 110 , 112 Jump up ^ Mansten , p. 131 , 136 Jump up ^ Manstan , pp. 194 - 98 Jump up ^ Marsten , p. 138 Jump up ^ Mansten , p. 150 Jump up ^ Abbot , p. 177 Jump up ^ Abbot pp. 178 - 180 Jump up ^ Manstan , p. 93 > Jump up ^ Mansten , p. 63 , 131 Jump up ^ Jarvis , Lucy Cushing ( editor ) , Sketches of Church Life in Colonial Connecticut : Being the Story of the Transplanting of the Church of England Into Forty Two Parishes of Connecticut , with the Assistance of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel , Tuttle , Morehouse & Taylor Company , 1902 , pp. 117 - 118 Jump up ^ Hinman , Royal , A Historical Collection from Official Records , Files , &c. , of the Part Sustained by Connecticut , During the War of the Revolution : With an Appendix , Containing Important Letters , Depositions , &c. , Written During the War , E. Gleason , 1842 , p. 516 Jump up ^ Barber , John Warner , Connecticut Historical Collections , New Haven : Hamlen , 1836 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Manstn , p. 54 Jump up ^ Milkofsky , Brenda . `` David Bushnell and his Revolutionary Submarine '' . Connecticuthistory.org . Jump up ^ Benjamin Gale to Silas Deane , Killingworth , November 9 , 1775 . `` The Submarine Turtle : Naval Documents of the Revolutionary War '' . history.navy.mil . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rindskopf et al , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Schecter , p. 172 Jump up ^ Diamant , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Rindskopf et al , p. 29 Jump up ^ Royal R. `` Hinman , A Historical Collection , from Official Records '' , Files , &c. of the Part Sustained by Connecticut , during the War of the Revolution ( Hartford , Conn. , 1842 ) , pp. 343 , 437 , and 531 Jump up ^ Milkofsky , Brenda . David Bushnell And His Revolutionary Submarine ( Connecticut History.org . N.p. , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Abbot , Thatcher 's Journal , p. 185 > Jump up ^ Don Walsh , 2011 . `` Turtle : David Bushnell 's Revolutionary Vessel . '' Naval History 25 , no . 1 : 69 -- 70 . Academic Search Premier , EBSCOhost ^ Jump up to : Schecter , p. 174 ^ Jump up to : Compton - Hall , pp. 32 -- 40 Jump up ^ George Washington to Thomas Jefferson , September 26 , 1785 in From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson , https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0251 Jump up ^ Diamant , p. 33 Jump up ^ Diamant , p. 34 Jump up ^ Alex Roland , `` Bushnell 's Submarine : American Original or European Import , '' Technology and Culture 18 ( April 1977 ) , 158 . Jump up ^ Roland , `` Bushnell 's Submarine , '' 159 . Jump up ^ Steven Darian and Amy Price . `` David Bushnell : An Inventor Describes His Invention , '' Technical Communication 35 ( November 1988 ) , 344 . Jump up ^ Tom Gidwitz , `` The Turtle Dives Again , '' Archaeology , 58 ( May / June 2005 ) : 36 -- 41 Jump up ^ Van Nes , Claudia ( October 25 , 2002 ) . `` Plan Salvaged For Submarine Replica '' . Hartford Courant . Jump up ^ `` SUBMARINE TURTLE RECONSTRUCTION '' . Jump up ^ Randy Kennedy . `` An Artist and his Sub Surrender in Brooklyn , '' New York Times . August 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ TURN : Washington 's Spies Jump up ^ TURN : Turtle Submarine Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 28 . References ( edit ) `` Submarine Turtle Naval Documents '' . Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Abbot , Henry L. ( 1966 ) . Beginning of Modern Submarine Warfare under Captain Lieutenant David Bushnell . Hamden , CT : Acrhon Books , . Coggins , Jack ( 2002 ) . Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution . Mineola , NY : Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 42072 - 1 . OCLC 48795929 . Compton - Hall , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Submarine Pioneers . Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2154 - 4 . Diamant , Lincoln ( 2004 ) . Chaining the Hudson : The Fight for the River in the American Revolution . New York : Fordham University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 2339 - 8 . OCLC 491786080 . Manstan , Roy R. ; Frese , Frederic J. ( 2010 ) . Turtle : David Bushnell 's Revolutionary Vessel . Yardley , Pa : Westholme Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59416 - 105 - 6 . OCLC 369779489 . Rindskopf , Mike H ; Naval Submarine League ( U.S. ) ; Turner Publishing Company staff ; Morris , Richard Knowles ( 1997 ) . Steel Boats , Iron Men : History of the U.S. Submarine Force . Paducah , KY : Turner Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56311 - 081 - 8 . OCLC 34352971 . Schecter , Barnet ( 2002 ) . The Battle for New York . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1374 - 2 . Sleeman , Charles ( 1880 ) . Torpedoes and torpedo warfare . Portsmouth , UK : Griffin . OCLC 4041073 . `` Turtle I ( Submarine ) '' . Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . Navy Department , Naval History and Heritage Command . 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . `` Connecticut River Museum -- David Bushnell 's Turtle '' . Connecticut River Museum . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . `` Makeshift submarine found in East River '' . WABC - TV . 2007 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . `` TURN : Washington 's Spies -- Spycraft Handbook -- The Turtle '' . TURИ : Washington 's Spies . AMC . May 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . `` TURN : Turtle submarine '' . TURИ to a historian . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Roland , Alex . `` Bushnell 's Submarine : American Original or European Import . '' Technology and Culture 18 ( April 1977 ) : 157 -- 174 . Kennedy , Randy . `` An Artist and His Sub Surrender in Brooklyn . '' The New York Times , August 4 , 2007 . Gidwitz , Tom . `` The Turtle Dives Again . '' Archaeology , May / June 2005 . Darian , Steven , and Amy Price . `` David Bushnell : An Inventor Describes His Invention . '' Technical Communication , vol. 35 , no . 4 , 1988 , pp. 344 -- 344. , www.jstor.org/stable/43087154 `` Submarine Turtle Reconstruction '' . Friends of the Office of State Archaeology . Friends of the Office of State Archaeology . Van Nes , Claudia . `` Plan Salvaged For Submarine Replica '' . Hartford Courant . Hartford Courant . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bushnell Turtle ( submarine , 1775 ) . New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turtle_(submersible)&oldid=854680686 '' Categories : Submarines of the United States Ships built in Connecticut 1775 ships Age of Sail submarines of the United States Connecticut in the American Revolution New York ( state ) in the American Revolution American Revolutionary War Shipwrecks of the New York ( state ) coast Maritime incidents in 1776 Hand - cranked submarines 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 02 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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-1831381056905894634	I Could Use a Love Song	I Could Use a Love Song - wikipedia I Could Use a Love Song Jump to : navigation , search `` I Could Use a Love Song '' Single by Maren Morris from the album Hero Released March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) Genre Country Length 3 : 15 Label Columbia Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Maren Morris Jimmy Robbins Laura Veltz Producer ( s ) busbee Maren Morris Maren Morris singles chronology `` 80s Mercedes '' ( 2016 ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' ( 2017 ) `` Craving You '' ( 2017 ) `` 80s Mercedes '' ( 2016 ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' ( 2017 ) `` Craving You '' ( 2017 ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Maren Morris for her debut studio album , Hero ( 2016 ) . Morris wrote the song with Jimmy Robbins and Laura Veltz , and co-produced the track with busbee . It was released to North American country radio on March 27 , 2017 through Columbia Nashville as the album 's third single . A song about heartbreak and finding redemption through love , it garnered positive reviews from critics . `` I Could Use a Love Song '' reached number one on the Billboard Country Airplay chart , giving Morris her second number - one single , and her first as a solo artist . It also peaked at numbers 7 and 56 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively . The song was certified Gold , and has sold 206,000 copies as of December 2017 . It received similar chart success in Canada , reaching number 14 on the Country chart and garnering a Gold plaque from Music Canada , denoting sales of over 40,000 units in that country . The music video of the song was released on May 6 , 2017 , and starred Shelley Hennig and Garrett Hines as the couple . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Background and release 3 Critical reception 4 Accolades 5 Chart performance 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References 9 External links Content ( edit ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' is a `` no frills heartbreak song '' that finds the narrator becoming jaded towards love . Despite having been burned by previous relationships , Morris remains optimistic and believes that a love song can restore her faith in finding love . Background and Release ( edit ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' was announced as the album 's third single on February 24 , 2017 . The song was made available to country radio on March 13 , but did not officially impact the format until March 27 , 2017 . Critical reception ( edit ) Mike Wass of Idolator expressed surprise over the choice of single , but wrote that the song `` harks back to a time in country music when songs examined matters of the heart over simple arrangements , '' which works in the track 's favor . Billy Dukes of Taste of Country reviewed the song favorably . He wrote that `` I Could Use a Love Song '' is `` more immediately accessible than her previous two radio hits , '' and praised Morris for expressing a new side to her artistry . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Result 2018 Grammy Awards Best Country Solo Performance Nominated Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' debuted at number 56 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart dated April 1 , 2017 and was the week 's highest - debuting single . It has sold 206,000 copies in the United States as of December 2017 . It peaked at number one on the Country Airplay chart dated January 20 , 2018 , giving Morris her second number one single , and her first as a solo artist . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 56 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 31 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 44 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Like I Loved You '' by Brett Young Billboard Country Airplay number - one single January 20 , 2018 Succeeded by `` Yours '' by Russell Dickerson Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Canada March 27 , 2017 Country radio Sony Music Canada United States Columbia Nashville References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Future Release for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dukes , Billy ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Maren Morris , ' I Could Use a Love Song ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reuter , Annie ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Album Review : Maren Morris ' ' Hero ' '' . Sounds Like Nashville . SpinMedia . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stefano , Angela ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Maren Morris ' Next Single , ' I Could Use a Love Song ' '' . The Boot . Townsquare Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Konicki , Lisa ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to Maren Morris ' Next Single , `` I Could Use A Love Song '' `` . Nash Country Weekly . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maren Morris - I Could Use a Love Song '' . United States : Daily Play MPE . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Maren Morris ' Next Single Is `` I Could Use A Love Song '' `` . Idolator . Hive Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 60th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : December 26 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canada Year - End Country Airplay of 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Maren Morris -- I Could Use A Love Song '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Maren Morris -- I Could Use A Love Song '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris - I Could Use a Love Song '' . Canada : Daily Play MPE . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Maren Morris Discography Studio albums Hero Singles `` My Church '' `` 80s Mercedes '' `` I Could Use a Love Song '' `` The Middle '' `` Rich '' Guest singles `` Craving You '' Related articles Ryan Hurd Flicker World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Could_Use_a_Love_Song&oldid=827945270 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2016 songs Maren Morris songs Columbia Nashville Records singles Songs written by Jimmy Robbins Song recordings produced by busbee Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 17 : 46 . 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6621691246713087213	Game of Thrones (season 7)	Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran Stark returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Promotion 3.7 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Ratings 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 5.3 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of killing dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's Greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Ned Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Promotion ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home media ( edit ) The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . 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Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=802317045 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 11 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was episode 6 game of thrones season 7 filmed	[]	[]
8633805757734452396	Good Morning Good Morning	Good Morning Good Morning - wikipedia Good Morning Good Morning Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Good Morning ( 1939 song ) . `` Good Morning Good Morning '' Song by the Beatles from the album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Released 26 May 1967 Recorded 8 and 16 February , 13 , 28 and 29 March 1967 , EMI Studios , London Genre Rock hard rock Length 2 : 41 ( 1967 stereo ) 2 : 35 ( mono , 2017 stereo ) Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin `` Good Morning Good Morning '' is a song written by John Lennon ( credited to Lennon -- McCartney ) and recorded by the Beatles , featured on their 1967 album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Inspiration for the song came to Lennon from a television commercial for Kellogg 's Corn Flakes . Another reference to contemporary television was the lyric `` It 's time for tea and Meet the Wife '' , referring to the BBC sitcom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Rhythm 3 Cover versions 4 Personnel 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Recording ( edit ) The basic track was recorded on 8 February 1967 , with overdubs on 16 February ( bass guitar and lead vocals ) , 13 March ( brass section ) , 28 March ( backing vocals and guitar solo ) , and 29 March ( animal noises ) . The guitar solo was played by Paul McCartney on a Fender Esquire . At Lennon 's request , George Martin brought in Sounds Incorporated to provide the song 's prominent brass backing . Lennon asked engineer Geoff Emerick to arrange the animal noises heard at beginning ( and end ) of the song so that each animal heard was one capable of devouring ( or frightening ) the animal preceding it . The final sound effect of a chicken clucking was so placed that it transforms into the guitar on the following track , `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' . These animal noises were inspired by the coda of `` Caroline , No '' that ended The Beach Boys ' Pet Sounds album , one of the main inspirations for this whole album . They begin with the crow of a rooster , while the other animal sounds heard at the end of the song include birds , a cat , a dog , a cow , a horse , a sheep , a lion , an elephant , and a group of bloodhounds accompanying fox hunters on horseback with horns blasting , suggesting that a fox hunt was in progress . The rapid 16th note bass drum fills were done on two bass drums according to The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions by Mark Lewisohn . The length of the mono version of `` Good Morning Good Morning '' is 2 : 35 , whereas the stereo version ( due to a lengthier fade out of animal sounds ) runs to 2 : 41 . The 2017 stereo mix follows the editing style of the mono version , and as a result , it is also 2 : 35 . For the Beatles ' 2006 remix album Love , the horse sounds were mixed into `` Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! '' Rhythm ( edit ) The song is played at 117 beats per minute , has an unusual rhythmic feel and uses different time signatures . Beats are played in groups of 2 , 3 and 4 , and time signature changes frequently . Parts with 5 4 and 4 4 bars alternate , with 3 4 transitions . Most of the song uses simple time , where the beats are divided into two , but the middle eight sections use compound time , where the beats are divided into triplets . The song is divided into seven sections , two of which are repeated once and one twice , in a time - symmetric pattern A , B , C , B , C , B , A ( disregarding the fade out of the last bar ) : A : 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 ( introduction : five bars , 20 beats ) B : 5 , 5 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 ( eleven bars , 44 beats ) C : 5 , 5 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 ( contains refrain : ten bars , 42 beats ) B : 5 , 5 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 ( eleven bars , 44 beats ) C : 5 , 5 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 ( contains refrain : ten bars , 42 beats ) B : 5 , 5 , 5 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 4 ( eleven bars , 44 beats ) A : 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 4 ( end : six bars , 24 beats , with fade out bar ) This adds up to 64 bars with 260 beats , which at published 117 beats per minute would result in a length of 2 : 13,333 ... minutes . Cover versions ( edit ) See also : List of cover versions of Beatles songs 1988 -- The Triffids , Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father compilation 2007 -- The M 's , Sgt . Pepper ... With A Little Help From His Friends ( Mojo compilation ) 2009 -- Easy Star All - Stars featuring Steel Pulse , Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band 2012 -- Micky Dolenz performed the song on his album Remember 2014 -- Zorch , Grace Potter & Treasure Mammal , on the Flaming Lips cover album With a Little Help from My Fwends Personnel ( edit ) Personnel per Ian MacDonald : The Beatles John Lennon -- double - tracked lead vocal , rhythm guitar , backing vocal Paul McCartney -- bass , lead guitar , backing vocal , bass drum George Harrison -- lead guitar , backing vocal Ringo Starr -- drums , tambourine Wind instruments Barrie Cameron -- saxophone David Glyde -- saxophone Alan Holmes -- saxophone John Lee -- trombone Unknown -- trombone Unknown -- french horn Sounds Incorporated -- brass Production Geoff Emerick -- engineer George Martin -- producer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 123 . `` In the United Kingdom Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ... was rush - released six days ahead of its official date , June 1 . '' Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 2009 ) . `` Good Morning , Good Morning '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Thomson and David Gutman , `` The Lennon companion : twenty - five years of comment '' , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81270 - 3 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , pp. 320 -- 321 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , pp. 95 , 97 , 105 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : Emerick & Massey 2006 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Dowlding 1989 . Jump up ^ Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . ABC - CLIO . p. 333 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39172 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 . Jump up ^ The Beatles -- Complete Scores 1993 , pp. 335 -- 341 . Jump up ^ George Martin : Summer of Love . The Making of Sgt . Pepper . London , Macmillan , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 60398 - 2 . S. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Walter Everett : The Beatles as Musicians . Revolver through the Anthology . New York , Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . S. 114 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler : The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . London , Omnibus Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8167 - 1 . S. 552 f . Jump up ^ `` Various - Sgt . Pepper ... With A Little Help From His Friends ( CD , Album ) at Discogs '' . discogs.com . Discogs . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Release `` Mojo Presents : Sgt . Pepper ... With a Little Help From His Friends '' by Various Artists - MusicBrainz `` . musicbrainz.org . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 234 -- 235 . References ( edit ) Dowlding , William J. ( 1989 ) . Beatlesongs . New York : Fireside Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68229 - 6 . Emerick , Geoff ; Massey , Howard ( 2006 ) . Here , There and Everywhere : My Life Recording the Music of the Beatles . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 1 - 59240 - 179 - 1 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation ( 1993 ) . The Beatles -- Complete Scores . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 1832 - 6 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( hide ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Songs Side one `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` Getting Better '' `` Fixing a Hole '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! '' Side two `` Within You Without You '' `` When I 'm Sixty - Four '' `` Lovely Rita '' `` Good Morning Good Morning '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( Reprise ) '' `` A Day in the Life '' Non-album single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' Outtakes `` Only a Northern Song '' `` Carnival of Light '' Tribute albums Easy Star 's Lonely Hearts Dub Band Sgt . Pepper Knew My Father Sgt . Pepper Live Sgt . Petsound 's Lonely Hearts Club Band With a Little Help from My Fwends Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles ' studio years Sgt . Pepper 's cover Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( soundtrack ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road Yellow Submarine ( film ) Their Satanic Majesties Request `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Morning_Good_Morning&oldid=819057686 '' Categories : 1967 songs The Beatles songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Songs published by Northern Songs Hard rock songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English from June 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 04 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays lead guitar on good morning good morning	[]	[]
-2586134561689458870	A Whiter Shade of Pale	A Whiter Shade of Pale - wikipedia A Whiter Shade of Pale `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' A-side label of the UK vinyl single Single by Procol Harum from the album Procol Harum B - side `` Lime Street Blues '' Released 12 May 1967 Format 7 - inch record Recorded Olympic Sound Studios , London , April 1967 Genre Baroque pop Length 4 : 03 Label Deram Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Keith Reid , Matthew Fisher Producer ( s ) Denny Cordell Procol Harum singles chronology `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' is the debut single by the British rock band Procol Harum , released 12 May 1967 . The single reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967 and stayed there for six weeks . Without much promotion , it reached number 5 on the Billboard pop chart in the United States . One of the anthems of the 1967 Summer of Love , it is one of fewer than 30 singles to have sold over 10 million copies worldwide . With its Bach - derived instrumental melody , soulful vocals , and unusual lyrics -- by the song 's co-authors Gary Brooker , Keith Reid and Matthew Fisher -- `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' reached number 1 in several countries when released in 1967 . In the years since , it has become an enduring classic . It was the most played song in the last 75 years in public places in the UK ( as of 2009 ) , and the United Kingdom performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited in 2004 recognised it as the most - played record by British broadcasting of the past 70 years . Also in 2004 , Rolling Stone placed `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' 57th on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In 1977 , the song was named joint winner ( along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ) of `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the Brit Awards . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . More than 1000 recorded cover versions by other artists are known . The song has been included in many music compilations over the decades and has also been used in the soundtracks of numerous films , including The Big Chill , Purple Haze , Breaking the Waves , The Boat That Rocked , Martin Scorsese 's segment of New York Stories , Stonewall , Oblivion and Ken Burns and Lynn Novick 's documentary series The Vietnam War . Cover versions of the song have also been featured in many films , for example , by King Curtis in Withnail and I and by Annie Lennox in The Net . The original writing credits were for Brooker and Reid only . On 30 July 2009 , Matthew Fisher won co-writing credit for the music in a unanimous ruling from the Law Lords . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and personnel 2 Lyrics 3 Composition 4 Release and reception 5 Promotional films 6 Authorship lawsuit 7 Chart performance 7.1 Weekly singles charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Annie Lennox version 8.1 Charts 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Recording and personnel ( edit ) The song was performed and recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in London , England , with Gary Brooker providing the vocals and piano , Matthew Fisher on a Hammond M - 102 organ , David Knights on bass and Ray Royer on guitar . Drums were by session drummer Bill Eyden . A few days later , the song was re-recorded with the band 's then newly recruited drummer Bobby Harrison , but that version was discarded , and one of the original mono recordings was chosen for release . Producer for the record was Denny Cordell , and Keith Grant was the sound engineer . The song was included on the US release of the Procol Harum album , in September 1967 , but not on the later UK version . Lyrics ( edit ) Reid got the title and starting point for the song at a party . He overheard someone at the party saying to a woman , `` You 've turned a whiter shade of pale '' , and the phrase stuck in his mind . The original lyrics had four verses , of which only two are heard on the original recording . The third verse has been heard in live performances by Procol Harum , and more seldom also the fourth . The author of Procol Harum : Beyond the Pale , Claes Johansen , suggests that the song `` deals in metaphorical form with a male / female relationship which after some negotiation ends in a sexual act '' . This is supported by Tim de Lisle in Lives of the Great Songs , who remarks that the lyrics concern a drunken seduction , which is described through references to sex as a form of travel , usually nautical , using mythical and literary journeys . Other observers have also commented that the lyrics concern a sexual relationship . Contrary to the above interpretations , Reid was quoted in the February 2008 issue of Uncut magazine as saying : I was trying to conjure a mood as much as tell a straightforward , girl - leaves - boy story . With the ceiling flying away and room humming harder , I wanted to paint an image of a scene . I was n't trying to be mysterious with those images , I was trying to be evocative . I suppose it seems like a decadent scene I 'm describing . But I was too young to have experienced any decadence , then . I might have been smoking when I conceived it , but not when I wrote . It was influenced by books , not drugs . Structurally and thematically , the song is unusual in many respects . While the recorded version is 4 : 03 long , it is composed of only two verses , each with chorus . The piece is also more instrument - driven than most songs of the period , and with a much looser rhyme scheme . Its unusually allusive and referential lyrics are much more complex than most lyrics of the time ( for example , the chorus focuses on Chaucer 's `` The Miller 's Tale '' ) . Thus , this piece can be considered an early example of progressive rock . The phrase a whiter shade of pale has since gained widespread use in the English language , noticed by several dictionaries . As such , the phrase is today often used in contexts independent of any consideration of the song . It has also been heavily paraphrased , in forms like `` an Xer shade of Y '' , to the extent that it has been recognised as a snowclone -- a type of cliché and phrasal template . Composition ( edit ) The song 's distinctive , Bach - inspired organ part was played on a Hammond M102 . The song is in moderate time in C major and is characterised by the bassline moving stepwise downwards in a repeated pattern throughout . In classical music this is known as a ground bass . The harmonic structure is identical for the organ melody , the verse and the chorus , except that the chorus finishes with a cadence . The main organ melody appears at the beginning and after each verse / chorus . But it is also heard throughout , playing variations of its theme and counterpointing the vocal line . As the chorus commences `` And so it was , that later ... '' , the vocal and organ accompaniment begin a short crescendo , with the organist running his finger rapidly down and up the entire keyboard . The final instrumental fades out to silence -- a common device in pop music of the time . A BBC Radio 4 programme in the 2018 series `` Soul Music '' pointed out the resemblance between the Hammond Organ line of `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' and J.S. Bach 's Air from his Orchestral Suite No. 3 BWV1068 , ( the `` Air on the G string '' ) where the sustained opening note of the main melodic line flowers into a free - flowing melody against a descending bass line : Bach Air from Suite 3 bars 1 - 2 Bach Air from Suite 3 bars 1 - 3 Allan Moore notes `` a certain family resemblance '' that `` creates the sense of ( Bach 's ) music without actually quoting it . '' The similarity is also referred to humorously in the 1982 play The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard and in the 1991 film The Commitments . Other writers have noted similar `` family resemblances '' to other works by Bach : the Sinfonia which opens the cantata Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 , the organ chorale Prelude `` O Mensch , bewein ' dein ' Sünde groß '' ( O Man , Lament Your Sin So Great ) , BWV 622 , from the Orgelbüchlein ( Little Organ Book ) and the Cantata Sleepers Wake , BWV140 . The music also borrows ideas from `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' by Percy Sledge . Release and reception ( edit ) The single was released on 12 May 1967 in the United Kingdom by Deram Records and entered Record Retailer 's chart ( later the UK Singles Chart ) on 25 May . In two weeks it reached number 1 , where it stayed for six weeks . Writing in 2005 , Jim Irvin of Mojo said that its arrival at number 1 on 8 June 1967 , on the same day that the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the national albums chart , marked the start of the Summer of Love in Britain . According to music journalist and author Harvey Kubernik , in the context of the Summer of Love , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was the `` one song ( that ) stood above all others , its Everest - like status conferred by no less than John Lennon and Paul McCartney , who were enthralled by the Chaucerian wordplay and heavenly Baroque accompaniment '' . Kubernik also writes that , amid the search for higher consciousness during the flower power era , the song `` galvanised a congregation of disaffected youth dismissive of traditional religion but anxious to achieve spiritual salvation '' . In his 1981 article on the musical and societal developments of 1967 , for The History of Rock , sociomusicologist Simon Frith described `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' as the year 's `` most distinctive single '' , through its combination of `` white soul vocal and a Bach organ exercise '' and enigmatic lyrics that `` hinted at a vital secret open only to people in the right , drug - determined , state of mind '' . In the United States , the single reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1 million copies . It also peaked at number 22 on the soul charts there . In the Netherlands , the song entered the chart at number 1 in June 1967 and again reached number 1 in July 1972 . A May 1972 re-release on Fly Records stayed in the UK charts for a total of 12 weeks and peaked at number 13 . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' has continued to receive critical acclaim . Along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was jointly recognised as `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the BRIT Awards , part of Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , it appeared at number 57 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . British TV station Channel 4 placed the song at number 19 in its chart of `` The 100 Greatest No. 1 Singles '' . In 2018 , the song was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in a new category for singles . Promotional films ( edit ) One of the clips for the song was filmed at Witley Court , part of which was gutted by fire in 1937 . The first promotional clip for `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was shot in the ruins of Witley Court in Worcestershire , England . It features four of the five musicians who played on the hit single : Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , David Knights and Ray Royer , in performance and walking through the ruins . Only the drummer in the video is n't on the record : early band member Bobby Harrison is seen miming to session man Bill Eyden 's drumming . The film was directed by Peter Clifton , whose insertion of Vietnam War newsreel footage caused it to be banned from airplay on the BBC 's Top of the Pops TV show . Procol Harum subsequently made a second promotional clip , using `` Scopitone '' technology . By this time , Robin Trower and B.J. Wilson had replaced Royer and Harrison in the band , so only three of the five musicians on the recording are represented . No performance footage appears in this film -- only scenes of the five musicians cavorting around London and running across fields . The same lineup , with Fisher wearing a monk 's cowl , mimed to the song on Top of the Pops , although Brooker sang live . Black - and - white footage of the performance has been shown online . The song represents 1967 on the 2004 DVD release Top of the Pops 40th Anniversary 1964 -- 2004 . There was also a film shot as part of Joel Gallen 's Deja - View music video series . Originally airing on various networks in late 1985 through 1986 , this video starred Harry Dean Stanton and Bernie Taupin , but featured no member of the band . It has also aired on VH1 Classic , and has recently surfaced online . Authorship lawsuit ( edit ) In 2005 , former Procol Harum organist Matthew Fisher filed suit in the High Court against Gary Brooker and his publisher , claiming that he co-wrote the music for the song . Fisher won the case on 20 December 2006 but was awarded 40 % of the composers ' share of the music copyright , rather than the 50 % he was seeking and was not granted royalties for the period before 2005 . Brooker and publisher Onward Music were granted leave to appeal , and a hearing on the matter was held before a panel of three judges during the week of 1 October 2007 . The decision , on 4 April 2008 , by Lord Justice Mummery , in the Court of Appeal upheld Fisher 's co-authorship but ruled that he should receive no royalties as he had taken too long ( 38 years ) to bring his claim to litigation . Full royalty rights were returned to Brooker . On 5 November 2008 , Fisher was granted permission to appeal this decision to the House of Lords . Lawyers say it is the first time the Law Lords have been asked to rule on a copyright dispute involving a song . The appeal was heard in the House of Lords on 22 -- 23 April 2009 . On 30 July 2009 the Law Lords unanimously ruled in Fisher 's favour . They noted that the delay in bringing the case had not caused any harm to the other party ; on the contrary he had benefited financially from it . They also pointed out that there were no time limits to copyright claims under English law . The right to future royalties was therefore returned to Fisher . Both the musicological basis of the judgment and its effect on the rights of musicians who contribute composition to future works have drawn some attention in the music world . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set Austria Belgium Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary France Germany Ireland Italy New Zealand ( Listener ) Norway Poland Spain United Kingdom United States 5 Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Ranking Australia 14 Canada 27 United States 38 Chart ( 1972 ) Ranking Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 Annie Lennox version ( edit ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Single by Annie Lennox from the album Medusa B - side `` Heaven '' `` ( I 'm Always Touched By Your ) Presence , Dear '' Released May 1995 Format CD single Length 5 : 15 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , Keith Reid Producer ( s ) Stephen Lipson Annie Lennox singles chronology `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was covered by Annie Lennox for her 1995 album Medusa . It was released as the second single in May 1995 and became a top - forty hit in Europe and Canada . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 56 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 48 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 37 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 45 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 77 Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 39 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Singles Sales ( Billboard ) US Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 66 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harrington , Joe S. ( 2002 ) . Sonic Cool : The Life & Death of Rock ' n ' Roll . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 02861 - 8 . Jump up ^ Beckerman , Jim ( 21 March 2015 ) . `` ' Walk Away Renee ' collaborator Michael Brown of Englewood Cliffs , dies at 65 '' . The Record . Archived from the original on 9 August 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` EveryHit.com '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ `` Procul Harum Signer Gary Brooker Wins A Whiter Shade of Pale Royalty Court Battle '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show 49 - The British are Coming ! The British are Coming ! : With an emphasis on Donovan , the Bee Gees and the Who . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . Digital.library.unt.edu. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whiter Shade ' most played ' song '' . BBC News . 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Shades Rivals in UK Survey '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The BRITs 1977 `` . Brits.co.uk . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Grammy.org Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale Versions -- Martin 's Collection '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale Versions -- Martin 's Collection ( archive ) '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2004 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Cover versions of Procol Harum songs '' . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Beyond The Pale '' by Claes Johansen , pp. 68 , 86 , SAF Publishing , London , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Kubernik 2017 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Simpson , The rough guide to cult pop , Page 249 . Rough Guides , 2003 , ISBN 1843532298 . 15 December 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 229 - 3 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Claes Johansen , Procol Harum : beyond the pale , pp. 57 -- 62 . SAF Publishing , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 946719 - 28 - 4 . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 946719 - 28 - 0 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Keith Reid words '' . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lives of the Great Songs , Tim de Lisle , Trafalgar Square , 1995 , ISBN 1 - 85793 - 374 - 5 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Reid , Keith & Brooker , Gary '' . Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920895 - 1 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860720 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Susan , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . Oxford Dictionary of Phrase , Saying , & Quotation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280650 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Whiter shade of pale ' in common parlance '' . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Snowclones Database '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Pullum , Geoffrey K ; Liberman , Mark ( 2006 ) . Far from the Madding Gerund and Other Dispatches from the Language Log . Wilsonville , Or. : William , James & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59028 - 055 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moore , A. , speaking on BBC Radio 4 programme , Soul Music , 11 April 2018 . http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p063z3s5 Jump up ^ Stoppard , T. ( 1982 , p. 74 ) The Real Thing . London , Faber and Faber . Jump up ^ Parker , A. , Introduction to Scott - Irvine , H. , Procul Harum : the Ghosts of a Whiter Shade of Pale . Omnibus Press . Jump up ^ Holm - Hudson , Kevin ( 2008 ) . Genesis and The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway . Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6147 - 4 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Irvin , Jim ( Summer 2005 ) . `` The Beatles : After Pepper '' . Mojo . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Kubernik 2017 , pp. 149 , 191 . Jump up ^ Frith , Simon ( 1981 ) . `` 1967 : The Year It All Came Together '' . The History of Rock . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 473 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 160 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` THE 100 GREATEST No. 1 SINGLES '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time , Including ' Born to Be Wild ' & ' Louie Louie ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hereford and Worcester - Places - Witley court '' . BBC . 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Alan ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Procol Harum '' . Shindig ! . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Noel Holston ( 12 December 1985 ) . `` Deja View Looks Into The ' 60s '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade Of Pale - Harry Dean Stanton - Procol Harum '' . Youtube. 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deja View '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale authorship lawsuit '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Entertainment Organist wins Procol Harum battle . Jump up ^ `` Judgment in the AWSoP lawsuit appeal , 4 April 2008 '' . Procolharum.com . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC - Procol Harum ruling is overturned . Jump up ^ BBC News , 6 November 2008 , Lords House to hear Procol battle ; www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Law Lords hear Harum song battle '' . BBC News . 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale : House of Lords asked to rule in copyright wrangle '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Victory for Whiter Shade organist '' . BBC . 30 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judgments -- Fisher ( Original Respondent and Cross-appellant ) v Brooker and others ( Original Appellants and Cross-respondents ) '' . 30 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gendelman , David . `` Blogs : : Crawdaddy : : Paste '' . Crawdaddy.wolfgangsvault.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 7 , No. 24 , August 12 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1967 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 11 August 1967 Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1972 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Magazine Charts '' . www.poparchives.com.au . Barry McKay . January 2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Top Singles of 1967 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1972 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2736 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2743 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Annie Lennox '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Kubernik , Harvey ( 2017 ) . 1967 : A Complete Rock Music History of the Summer of Love . New York , NY : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4549 - 2052 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics A Whiter Shade of Pale : authorised lyrics of all four verses `` Procol Harum : The ultimate tale of A Whiter Shade Of Pale '' , article on the song 's 40th anniversary , from Classic Rock magazine Bill Eyden Obituary Procol Harum -- A Whiter Shade Of Pale , live video from Eagle Rock Entertainment 's official channel on YouTube `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Scopitone film on YouTube Procol Harum Gary Brooker Geoff Dunn Matt Pegg Josh Phillips Geoff Whitehorn Dave Ball Graham Broad Dave Bronze Pete Brown Mark Brzezicki Alan Cartwright Chris Copping Matthew Fisher Mick Grabham Bobby Harrison David Knights Dee Murray Keith Reid Tim Renwick Ray Royer Don Snow Peter Solley Henry Spinetti Jerry Stevenson Robin Trower Ian Wallace B.J. Wilson Studio albums Procol Harum Shine On Brightly A Salty Dog Home Broken Barricades Grand Hotel Exotic Birds and Fruit Procol 's Ninth Something Magic The Prodigal Stranger The Well 's on Fire Novum Live albums Procol Harum Live : In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra One More Time -- Live in Utrecht 1992 Live at the Union Chapel One Eye to the Future -- Live in Italy 2007 Procol Harum -- In Concert With the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir The Spirit of Nøkken MMX Some Long Road As Liquorice John Death Ai n't Nothin ' to Get Excited About Songs `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Homburg '' `` A Salty Dog '' `` Conquistador '' Related articles Discography Guy Stevens The Paramounts Book : Procol Harum The Box Tops Rick Levy Gary Talley Bill Cunningham Ron Krasinski Barry Walsh Rick Allen Thomas Boggs Alex Chilton Harold Cloud John Evans Bobby Guidotti Gene Houston Rick Pipkin Joe Savage Swain Schaefer Danny Smythe Larry Spillman Studio albums The Letter / Neon Rainbow Cry Like a Baby Non-Stop Tear Off ! Compilation albums Super Hits The Greatest Hits The Ultimate Box Tops The Best of the Box Tops - Soul Deep Songs `` The Letter '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Neon Rainbow '' `` Cry Like a Baby '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' Related articles Big Star Bell Records Sundazed Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale&oldid=849183956 '' Categories : Procol Harum songs 1967 singles Brit Award for British Single Debut singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Deram Records singles Arista Records singles Songs with lyrics by Keith Reid Song recordings produced by Denny Cordell Shorty Long songs Annie Lennox songs R.B. Greaves songs The Box Tops songs Songs written by Gary Brooker Proto - prog songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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-4223893875981207010	Qui-Gon Jinn	Qui - Gon Jinn - wikipedia Qui - Gon Jinn Qui - Gon Jinn Star Wars character Liam Neeson as Qui - Gon Jinn in The Phantom Menace First appearance The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Last appearance The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Liam Neeson Voiced by Liam Neeson ( Episode II and The Clone Wars , Star Wars Rebels ; archive recording ) James Warwick ( The Phantom Menace ( video game ) , Jedi Power Battles , Star Wars : Obi - Wan and Galactic Battlegrounds ) Fred Tatasciore ( Clone Wars ) Tom Kane ( The Yoda Chronicles and Droid Tales ) Information Gender Male Occupation Jedi Master Affiliation Jedi Order Galactic Republic Homeworld Coruscant Star Wars portal Qui - Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed by Liam Neeson as one of the main protagonists of the 1999 film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Contents 1 Depiction 1.1 Films 1.1. 1 The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) 1.1. 2 Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) 1.1. 3 Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) 1.2 Television 1.2. 1 The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) 1.2. 2 Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 - 2018 ) 1.3 Novels 1.4 In video games 1.5 Legends 1.5. 1 Television 1.5. 1.1 Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) 1.5. 2 Novels 1.5. 3 In comic books 2 Reception 3 Behind the scenes 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Depiction ( edit ) Films ( edit ) The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Qui - Gon is one of the main characters in the first episode of the prequel trilogy , Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . He is a Jedi Master and mentor of Obi - Wan Kenobi . Unlike other , more conservative Jedi , he values living in the moment as the best way to embrace the Force . Jinn is not a member of the Jedi Council , despite being among the wisest and most powerful of the Jedi . The Phantom Menace opens with Qui - Gon and his apprentice , called a padawan , Obi - Wan sent to the planet Naboo to resolve a political conflict involving the Trade Federation , a corrupt business conglomerate that has blockaded the planet for political leverage . On arrival they are attacked by their host . The Jedi retreat to the planet and rescue its besieged Queen , Padmé Amidala . Their attempt to run the blockade and make way for the galactic capital of Coruscant succeeds , but the queen 's ship is damaged and is forced to land on the backwater planet of Tatooine for repairs . While searching for replacement parts on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a slave boy , Anakin Skywalker , who is extraordinarily strong in the Force ; a test of his blood reveals that his midi - chlorian count -- a measure of Force potential -- is the highest ever detected . Qui - Gon is even more intrigued when Anakin 's mother , Shmi , tells him that the boy had no father . Realising Anakin might be the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi lore destined to bring balance to the Force , Qui - Gon bets Anakin 's freedom and the spaceship parts on a pod race , which Anakin wins . The entourage leave Tatooine , but not before Qui - Gon is attacked by an unknown Sith Lord , whom he fights off . Upon returning to Coruscant , Jinn asks the Jedi Council to allow Anakin to be trained as a Jedi . Master Yoda senses fear in the boy , and the Council refuses his request . Undaunted , Qui - Gon vows that he himself will train Anakin when Obi - Wan becomes a Jedi Knight . The two Jedi , R2 - D2 and Amidala return to Naboo to liberate the planet . There , the trio are confronted by the Sith Lord from earlier , who reveals himself as Darth Maul . After an arduous lightsaber duel , Maul mortally wounds Jinn , but is subsequently defeated by Obi Wan . Before dying , Qui - Gon makes Obi - Wan promise he will train Anakin . Neeson was nominated for a 2000 Saturn Award Best Actor award for his portrayal of Qui - Gon Jinn . Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) ( edit ) In Attack of the Clones , Yoda hears Qui - Gon 's voice cry out to Anakin through the Force as Anakin slaughters a tribe of Tusken Raiders . Obi - Wan discovers that Qui - Gon 's old master , Count Dooku , has become a Sith Lord ; and Dooku mentions Qui - Gon as he interrogates a captured Obi - Wan , expressing grief over his former apprentice 's death and arguing that Qui - Gon would have followed him in leaving the Republic had he survived . Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) ( edit ) In Revenge of the Sith , Yoda reveals to Obi - Wan that Qui - Gon has returned from the `` netherworld of the Force '' in order to teach both of them how to retain one 's consciousness after death . In a deleted scene , Yoda mentally hears his voice before the arriving of senator Bail Organa . In the novelization , Yoda finally admits that Qui - Gon was indeed a great Jedi Master . Liam Neeson was originally asked to record some lines of Qui - Gon for the film 's deleted scene included in the novelization in which Yoda was going to speak with him . However , the scene was cut from the film despite being present at the screenplay and Neeson 's voice was never recorded . Television ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars : The Clone Wars , the character is mentioned several times throughout the series . Qui - Gon appears in two episodes of the third season . On the mysterious planet Mortis , he informs Obi - Wan in the episode `` Overlords '' and later Anakin in the episode `` Ghosts of Mortis '' about the three beings who believe , like Qui - Gon , that Anakin is the Chosen One : the Father ( the Unifying Force manifestation ) , the Daughter ( the light side incarnation ) and the Son ( the dark side embodiment ) . Later in the sixth - season episode `` Voices , '' Yoda is contacted by the disembodied voice of Qui - Gon . Despite his presence on Mortis , Qui - Gon is revealed to have not been able to manifest a semi-physical form . Following his deceased friend 's instructions , Yoda goes on a quest across the galaxy in order to learn the secrets of becoming one with the Force as well . During one of the tests of the Force Priestesses , an illusion of Qui - Gon appears along with Jedi Master Count Dooku and Obi - Wan . It is only after Yoda passes his test that he is allowed to learn Qui - Gon 's technique to retain one 's consciousness after death . Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 - 2018 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars Rebels while he does not appear nor he is mentioned , Obi - Wan finally avenges Qui - Gon Jinn 's death in the season 3 episode `` Twin Suns '' , where Kenobi and Darth Maul have their final duel on the planet Tatooine . Obi - Wan uses Qui - Gon 's favored form of lightsaber combat to bait Maul into overextending himself , allowing him to easily slay him . Qui - Gon 's voice can be heard briefly in the season 4 episode `` A World Between Worlds '' among a huge number of voices from other major Star Wars characters throughout all three eras , demonstrating how the eponymous realm that Ezra Bridger enters widely spans all time and space in the Star Wars universe . Novels ( edit ) In 2018 , a year before the twentieth anniversary of The Phantom Menace , Lucasfilm and its current parent company , The Walt Disney Company , announced that a new novel involving Qui - Gon Jinn and Obi - Wan Kenobi , set before the events of Menace and titled Master and Apprentice , will be written by Claudia Gray and released on February 26 , 2019 . In video games ( edit ) Qui - Gon has also appeared in several Star Wars video games : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace , Star Wars : Jedi Power Battles , Star Wars : Obi - Wan , the Lego Star Wars games and as a character skin ( via purchased download content ) in Star Wars : The Force Unleashed . A version of Qui - Gon as a bird ( known as Quail - Gon ) is available as a playable character in Angry Birds Star Wars II . Legends ( edit ) With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014 . Television ( edit ) Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) ( edit ) In Star Wars : Clone Wars , Qui - Gon makes a cameo appearance in `` Chapter 21 '' . During Yoda 's Force dream , Qui - Gon tells Anakin to enter the mysterious cave on Dagobah where the boy will see a vision of his future . Later when Obi - Wan reprimands Anakin for being late for his secret Knighthood ceremony , Anakin replies `` as far as your wisdom goes , you 're no Qui - Gon Jinn ! '' . Though this saddens Obi - Wan , Anakin quickly apologizes , to which Obi - Wan responds that he too misses Qui - Gon , often looking to his memory for guidance and that Obi - Wan has done his best to pass his teaching onto Anakin . Novels ( edit ) Qui - Gon 's life years prior to The Phantom Menace is mainly detailed in the Jedi Apprentice book series . In The Rising Force ( set 12 years before The Phantom Menace ) , Yoda encourages Qui - Gon to take a new Padawan learner , following the failure of his previous apprentice Xanatos , who turned to the dark side of the Force years before . Qui - Gon observes a small lightsaber tournament among a group of the Temple 's older students , which includes 12 - year - old Obi - Wan . He takes notice of Obi - Wan 's skills , but also of the boy 's uncontrolled anger and refuses to train him . Shortly following the tournament , the Jedi Knight leaves for a mission to the planet Bandomeer . On the transport ship , Qui - Gon is reunited with Obi - Wan , who is also being sent to Bandomeer to begin life as an agricultural labourer . During the voyage , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan help defend a group of Arcona from the criminal organization Offworld Corporation . After putting an end to the tense situation , the two arrive on Bandomeer , where Qui - Gon receives a letter signed by his former apprentice Xanatos . In The Dark Rival , it is revealed that the whole ordeal has been organized by Xanatos , now the leader of Offworld . Qui - Gon sends Obi - Wan off to his Agri - Corps duties , while he plans to meet with Xanatos to find an agreement between Offworld and Bandomeer . However , Xanatos plans to sabotage their meeting and kill Qui - Gon . The Jedi Master duels with his former apprentice , and he and Obi - Wan end Offworld 's business on Bandomeer . Xanatos escapes , however . During the encounter with Xanatos , Qui - Gon discovers Obi - Wan 's true potential and accepts the boy as his new Padawan . As a gift for Obi - Wan 's 13th birthday , Qui - Gon gives his apprentice a special rock he found from the River of Light on his homeworld . In The Captive Temple , Xanatos attacks the Jedi Temple and nearly assassinates Yoda , but Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan thwart his plans , and in The Day of Reckoning , when they chase Xanatos back to his homeworld Telos , the fallen Jedi refuses to surrender and commits suicide . Qui - Gon is thus able to bring closure to a painful chapter of his life . In Legacy of the Jedi , set during both Qui - Gon 's Padawan and Knight years , Qui - Gon and his master Dooku are sent to accompany Senator Blix Annon on a diplomatic assignment . However , space pirates infiltrate their ship and their leader turns out to be rogue Jedi Lorian Nod , a former friend of Dooku 's . The two battle and Dooku lets his anger get the best of him , but Qui - Gon prevents his master from violating the Jedi Code by committing cold - blooded murder . Years after their first encounter , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan encounter Nod and once again the fallen Jedi is incarcerated for his crimes . In Secrets of the Jedi ( set seven years before The Phantom Menace ) , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan are paired with Jedi Master Adi Gallia and her Padawan Siri Tachi . The mission , which results in Qui - Gon and Adi being separated from Obi - Wan and Siri , leads to the discovery of romantic feelings between the two Jedi Padawans . Qui - Gon detects these emotions and warns Obi - Wan of his own example with Tahl , a female Jedi whose murder nearly pushed Qui - Gon over the edge to the dark side . In Cloak of Deception ( set a year before The Phantom Menace ) , both Jedi fight against a terrorist organization called the Nebula Front , who are secretly following Darth Sidious ' orders . At the Trade Federation conference on Eriadu , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan successfully defend Chancellor Valorum , but do not prevent the deaths of the rest of the Trade Federation Directorate , allowing the Neimoidians to take control of the Federation . In comic books ( edit ) Aside from the graphic novelization of The Phantom Menace , Qui - Gon appears infrequently in Star Wars - related comic books . His most extensive appearance thus far is in the `` Stark Hyperspace War '' plotline in Star Wars : Republic . In this story arc , which takes place during the same year Qui - Gon takes Obi - Wan as his apprentice , Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan fight in the titular conflict along with other Jedi such as Plo Koon and Quinlan Vos , and Qui - Gon ends up saving Nute Gunray , the future Trade Federation viceroy . Reception ( edit ) Despite the mixed reviews that the prequel trilogy received from various movie critics , Liam Neeson 's performance and character received positive reviews . Colin Kennedy from Empire Online stated in his review of the film , `` Liam Neeson has manfully carried the action on his shoulders throughout ( the subsequent prequels desperately miss him ) and his final words -- `` Obi - Wan , promise ... Promise me you will train the boy '' - provide the movie with its only real weight . Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly said in his review of The Phantom Menace , `` If there 's an actor who holds The Phantom Menace together , it 's Liam Neeson . Tersely commanding , he gives the film its only hints of emotional dynamism . '' In 2017 , Rolling Stone placed Qui - Gon Jinn at the number 25 spot on their 50 Best Star Wars Characters of All Time list . Behind the scenes ( edit ) Qui - Gon Jinn 's Jedi robes from Episode I As revealed in The Art of Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace , director George Lucas conceived the character of Qui - Gon Jinn during pre-production of the film . This is shown by concept art where Obi - Wan Kenobi is shown alone in the Trade Federation flagship and while meeting Jar Jar Binks . Even when Qui - Gon was conceived , Lucas toyed with making him the younger Jedi , as shown in concept art depicting Obi - Wan as an old man . Lucas originally envisioned an American actor for the role of Qui - Gon , but ultimately cast Northern Irish actor Liam Neeson because he considered Neeson to have great skills and presence , describing him as a `` master actor , who the other actors will look up to , who has got the qualities of strength that the character demands . '' Initially , Lucas had planned for Qui - Gon to have long white hair , but that idea was scrapped and Qui - Gon is depicted as having long brown hair in the film . During the early development of Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , Lucas wrote a scene featuring a ghostly Qui - Gon speaking with Yoda about Anakin . Liam Neeson was set to reprise his role , because he hinted his possible appearance in the film . However , the scene was finally deleted from the film and Neeson was never recorded , although the scene was retained in the film 's novelization . The character 's name is derived from the Chinese word qigong ( 气功 or 氣功 ) , a system of coordinated body movement , breathing , and meditation used for health , spirituality , and martial arts training that allows access to higher realms of awareness , and balance of life energy , similar to Tai chi . This is paired with the Arabic word Jinn , meaning `` genie '' or `` tutelary spirit . '' The name translates almost literally as `` Guardian Spirit of the Living Force . '' `` Jinn '' could also refer to the Chinese word for power , jin ( 勁 ) , and the martial arts concept of fa jin , which is the explosive release of internal strength or power . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fuss , Kevin ( May 25 , 2011 ) . Psybolt Unleashed : The Brothers Geek In . AuthorHouse . p. 183 . ISBN 9781456738105 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films : Awards for 2000 '' . IMDb. 2016 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-01-09-palm-springs_x.htm Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars season 3 , episodes 15 & 17 Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars season 6 , episode 11 Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` The next Star Wars novels will flesh out the prequel era '' . The Verge . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Clone Wars episodes 20 - 21 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Rising Force Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Dark Rival Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Captive Temple Jump up ^ Star Wars : Jedi Apprentice -- The Day of Reckoning Jump up ^ Star Wars : Legacy of the Force Jump up ^ Star Wars : Secrets of the Jedi Jump up ^ Star Wars : Cloak of Deception Jump up ^ Star Wars : Republic - The Stark Hyperspace War Jump up ^ Kennedy , Colin . `` Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Review '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen . `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best ' Star Wars ' Characters of All Time , 25 . Qui - Gon Jinn '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode I Production Notes : The Actors and Characters - Part I '' . StarWars.com. 1999 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 10 - 23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20041023023458/http://www.starwars.com/episode-i/bts/production/f19990501/indexp4.html . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( 2005 - 01 - 10 ) . `` USATODAY.com - Movie - star night in Palm Springs '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Christian Blauvelt ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Liam Neeson to voice Qui - Gon Jinn in ' Star Wars : The Clone Wars ' -- EXCLUSIVE VIDEO -- '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Paul F. ( Sep 3 , 2013 ) . The Star Wars Heresies : Interpreting the Themes , Symbols and Philosophies of Episodes I , II and III . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7181 - 2 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Voigt , John ( 5 Jan 2016 ) . `` Qi as Entertainment : The Force in Star Wars '' . Qi Encyclopedia . Qi Journal . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Novelization , 1st edition paperback , 1999 . Terry Brooks , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 345 - 43411 - 0 Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith Novelization - Novelization , 1st edition hardcover , 2005 . Matthew Woodring Stover , George Lucas , ISBN 0 - 7126 - 8427 - 1 Star Wars Episode I Who 's Who : A Pocket Guide to Characters of the Phantom Menace , hardcover , 1999 . Ryder Windham , ISBN 0 - 7624 - 0519 - 8 The New Essential Guide to Characters , 1st edition , 2002 . Daniel Wallace , Michael Sutfin , ISBN 0 - 345 - 44900 - 2 Star Wars : The Phantom Menace : The Visual Dictionary , hardcover , 1999 . David West Reynolds , ISBN 0 - 7894 - 4701 - 0 Star Wars Roleplaying Game Core Rulebook , 1st edition , 2000 . Bill Slavicsek , Andy Collins , ISBN 0 - 7869 - 1793 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qui - Gon Jinn . Qui - Gon Jinn in the StarWars.com Databank Qui - Gon Jinn on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Qui - Gon Jinn on IMDb Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Iden Versio Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does liam neeson play in star wars 1	[ "Qui-Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by Liam Neeson as one of the main protagonists of the 1999 film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[1]\n" ]	[ "Qui-Gon Jinn" ]
-6908006969160802908	We Travel the Space Ways	We Travel the Space Ways - wikipedia We Travel the Space Ways We Travel the Space Ways Studio album by Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra Released 1967 Recorded 1956 - 1961 Chicago Genre Jazz Length 23.45 Label Saturn Evidence Producer Alton Abraham Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra chronology Angels and Demons at Play ( 1956 - 1960 ) Angels and Demons at Play String Module Error : Match not found We Travel the Space Ways ( 1956 - 1961 ) The Futuristic Sounds of Sun Ra ( 1961 ) The Futuristic Sounds of Sun Ra 1961 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic ( LP ) Allmusic ( CD ) Rolling Stone ( CD ) We Travel the Space Ways is an album by the American jazz musician Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra . Recorded mostly in 1960 , the album was released in 1967 , on Sun Ra 's own label Saturn . The album brings together a number of eras and personnel of the Arkestra , and was probably mostly recorded by Ra himself during rehearsals . The earliest recording , New Horizons , was recorded at Balkan Studio , Chicago , April 13 , 1956 , and predates the version on Jazz by Sun Ra . Velvet was recorded at the end of the session at RCA Studios , Chicago , around June 17 , 1960 , that yielded over 30 recordings spread across 5 albums ( Fate In A Pleasant Mood , Holiday for Soul Dance , Angels and Demons at Play , We Travel the Space Ways & Interstellar Low Ways ) . Eve and Space Loneliness were recorded at the Pershing Lounge , Chicago , July 13 , 1961 . The rest were recorded at various rehearsals in 1960 . The mechanical sound at the end of the title track comes from a toy robot : `` The bizarre whirring and quacking heard at the end of `` We Travel the Spaceways '' comes from a toy robot with flashing lights ; John Gilmore told John Corbett that around this time the Arkestra would release the `` robots '' into the audience during their performances . The band also used mechanical `` flying saucers '' as props `` . When the album was re-issued on CD by Evidence , it was coupled with the whole of the 1961 album Bad & Beautiful , Ra 's first recording for Saturn after arriving in New York . Contents 1 Track listing 1.1 12 '' Vinyl 2 Musicians 3 See also 4 References Track listing ( edit ) 12 '' vinyl ( edit ) All songs were written by Sun Ra . Side A : `` Interplanetary Music '' - ( 2.41 ) `` Eve '' - ( 3.08 ) `` We Travel The Space Ways '' - ( 3.23 ) `` Tapestry from an Asteroid '' - ( 2.07 ) Side B : `` Space Loneliness '' - ( 4.49 ) `` New Horizons '' - ( 3.01 ) `` Velvet '' - ( 4.36 ) The album includes a number of alternative versions of songs that also appear - usually in better quality recordings - on other early Saturn albums ; Interplanetary Music and Space Loneliness appear on Interstellar Low Ways ; Eve is also on Sun Ra and his Solar Arkestra Visits Planet Earth ; We Travel The Space Ways from When Sun Comes Out ; ; Tapestry From An Asteroid from The Futuristic Sounds of Sun Ra on Savoy Records ; New Horizons from Jazz by Sun Ra ; & Velvet which appears on Jazz In Silhouette . All of these records had already been released by the time We Travel the Space Ways was produced . Musicians ( edit ) Sun Ra Phil Cohran Marshall Allen George Hudson John Gilmore William Strickland Art Hoyle Julian Priester James Scales Wilburn Green Pat Patrick Ronnie Boykins Robert Barry Jon Hardy William Cochran See also ( edit ) Sun Ra Discography References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : From Sonny Blount to Sun Ra : The Chicago Years , R Campbell retrieved 16 - 6 - 09 Jump up ^ Robert L. Campbell 's Sun Ra Discography Jump up ^ Allmusic ( LP ) review Jump up ^ Allmusic ( CD ) review Jump up ^ Rolling Stone ( CD ) review Jump up ^ From Sonny Blount to Sun Ra , Campbell , retrieved 25 - 07 - 09 Complete Sun Ra 's Discography Sun Ra Discography Arkestra Members John Gilmore Julian Priester Pat Patrick Charles Davis Victor Sproles Marshall Allen Ronnie Boykins James Spaulding Phil Cohran Clifford Jarvis Lex Humphries Michael Ray June Tyson Ahmed Abdullah Chicago period studio albums Jazz by Sun Ra Super-Sonic Jazz Sound of Joy Visits Planet Earth The Nubians of Plutonia Jazz in Silhouette Sound Sun Pleasure ! ! Interstellar Low Ways Fate in a Pleasant Mood Holiday for Soul Dance Angels and Demons at Play We Travel the Space Ways New York period studio albums The Futuristic Sounds of Sun Ra Bad and Beautiful Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow Secrets of the Sun When Sun Comes Out Cosmic Tones for Mental Therapy When Angels Speak of Love Other Planes of There The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra , Volume One The Magic City The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra , Volume Two Strange Strings Monorails and Satellites Atlantis Philadelphia period studio albums Space Is the Place ( soundtrack ) Space Is The Place Pathways to Unknown Worlds Cosmos Deep Purple Some Blues But Not the Kind That 's Blue New Steps Other Voices , Other Blues Visions Lanquidity Sleeping Beauty Strange Celestial Road Reflections in Blue Hours After Blue Delight Somewhere Else Purple Night Mayan Temples Live albums Featuring Pharoah Sanders & Black Harold Nothing Is Nuits de la Fondation Maeght It 's After the End of the World Black Myth / Out in Space Live in Egypt 1 Nidhamu Horizon Live In Montreux Unity Live from Soundscape I , Pharaoh Sunrise in Different Dimensions Cosmo Omnibus Imagiable Illusion Thunder of the Gods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Travel_the_Space_Ways&oldid=801171538 '' Categories : Sun Ra albums 1961 albums El Saturn Records albums Evidence Music albums Hidden categories : Duration without hAudio microformat Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 02 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	sun ra we travel the spaceways bad and beautiful	[]	[]
8377911104908608794	List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes	List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes - wikipedia List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation . The series centers on Star Butterfly , a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly , when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom . As an exchange student on Earth , she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school . Before the series was picked up , Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster . The first episode of the series premiered on January 18 , 2015 , on Disney Channel . Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30 , 2015 . The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere . In March 2016 , it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year . The episode `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season , according to Nefcy . The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays , with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day . In the same month , the series was renewed for a fourth season . The show will be moving from Disney XD to Disney Channel for its fourth season . A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni , which comprises the first four episodes of the third season , premiered on July 15 , 2017 . The season concluded on April 7 , 2018 , with a two - part one hour finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 24 13 January 18 , 2015 September 21 , 2015 41 22 July 11 , 2016 February 27 , 2017 38 21 July 15 , 2017 April 7 , 2018 Episode list ( edit ) The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11 - minute segments . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Star Comes to Earth '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 On her 14th birthday , Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand , but when she sets fire to the castle , she is sent to Earth to train . There , she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz , a reputed `` safe kid '' . Upon befriending Marco , Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters . 1b 1b `` Party with a Pony '' Mike Mullen Ian Wasseluk Daron Nefcy January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head , her best friend from Mewni . Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star 's best friend on Earth . She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs , but she competes with Marco for Star 's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade . Meanwhile , guards have been hot on Pony Head 's trail . Eventually , King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses . 2a 2a `` Matchmaker '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , Lane Lueras , & Dave Stone Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Star fails her first test , so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade . However , she winds up turning her into a troll . When Ludo and his minions attack , one of the monsters falls for Skullnick . 2b 2b `` School Spirit '' Aaron Hammersley Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley Nate Federman March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school . Marco tries to protect Ferguson , who has become the team mascot , from being kidnapped . Star takes the concept of going to battle literally , and booby traps the field with bombs , evil kittens , and giant birds . 3a 3a `` Monster Arm '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn Dave Wasson April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament . Star uses her wand to fix it , but transforms it into a tentacle arm . As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it , Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm . However , the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world . 3b 3b `` The Other Exchange Student '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao Danielle Koenig April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia , Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs , that Star feels neglected . She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack . 4a 4a `` Cheer up Star '' Aaron Hammersley Carrie Liao , Aaron Hammersley , & Dominic Bisignano Daron Nefcy , Dave Wasson , & Jordana Arkin April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army . As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off , he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush , a keytar - playing student named Oskar , but he has not called her back . Guest star : Jon Heder as Oskar 4b 4b `` Quest Buy '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano Mike Yank April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 When Star 's wand runs low on power , she and Marco visit Quest Buy , a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger . However , the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to . Meanwhile , Ludo and his minions , who are shopping there for a beak sharpener , pursue Star to try to take her wand . 5a 5a `` Diaz Family Vacation '' Piero Piluso Zeus Cervas , Christopher Graham , & Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Mike Yank April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 As an anniversary gift for Marco 's parents , Star invites them and Marco to Mewni , but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth . While they visit a Mewni village , Star sees her father strolling about , and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest . 5b 5b `` Brittney 's Party '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Jordana Arkin April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong 's birthday event which takes place on a party bus . While Star tries to make the party `` fun '' , Marco gets carsick . Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus . 6a 6a `` Mewberty '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 Star experiences `` mewberty '' , that is , her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys . Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition , Star 's is more extreme . She sprouts hearts all over her body , and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away . Marco turns to Glossaryck , a genie inside Star 's book of magic , for advice on how to stop her . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck 6b 6b `` Pixtopia '' Mike Mullen Christofer Graham , Mike Mullen , & Carlos Ramos Mike Yank June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror , Marco , Alfonzo , Ferguson , and Star must go to Pixtopia : Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill . When they ca n't pay it , they are forced to work in a mine shaft . The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson . Guest stars : Anna Camp as Pixie Empress , Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster 7a 7a `` Lobster Claws '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso Nate Federman June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard 's antler when trying to get Star 's wand . Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he can not be reformed . 7b 7b `` Sleep Spells '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk Danielle Koenig , Mike Mullen , & Ian Wasseluk June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room , with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project . Marco discovers that Star has been `` sleep spelling '' , that is , casting spells when sleepwalking . He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder , revealed to be Princess Smooshy , an ugly `` goblin - elephant '' princess who wants to steal Star 's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it . 8a 8a `` Blood Moon Ball '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jordana Arkin , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Dave Wasson July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball , an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years . Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf , having hired an anger management consultant . Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway . When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light , Tom reverts to his old self . Guest star : Rider Strong as Tom 8b 8b `` Fortune Cookies '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Nate Federman July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions , Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant . Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future . Meanwhile , Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions . They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession . Guest star : Michael C. Hall as Toffee 9a 9a `` Freeze Day '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen Mike Yank July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas . But when she is unable to cancel out the effects , she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time 9b 9b `` Royal Pain '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Keith Kaczorek July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself . After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf , he ends up overstaying his welcome . He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends , but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios . Guest star : Jamie Kennedy as Helios 10 10 `` St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso Nate Federman , Piero Piluso , & Mike Yank August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 110 0.50 Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday . They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous . Guest stars : Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous , Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher 11a 11a `` Mewnipendance Day '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , & Aaron Hammersley August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Star Butterfly recruits her classmates , Miss Skullnick , and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni 's Independence Day . Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities . Ludo 's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand . 11b 11b `` The Banagic Incident '' Mike Mullen Dominic Bisignano , Nate Cash , Mike Mullen , Kyle Neswald , & Carder Scholin Mike Yank August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Impressed by a commercial for a `` magical '' Earth product called a Banagic Wand , Star tries to get Marco to buy it , but Marco refuses as he has karate class . Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate - themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place . Meanwhile , Marco 's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals . 12a 12a `` Interdimensional Field Trip '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk Nate Federman September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Miss Skullnick 's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring , so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement . But when she lets the students do whatever they want , she puts the entire class in danger . Meanwhile , Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history . When a yarn monster captures the class , Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them . 12b 12b `` Marco Grows a Beard '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Tyler Chen Mike Yank September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas . The hair grows out of control , engulfing the house , and Star loses her wand in the midst of it . Meanwhile , Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand . 13 13 `` Storm the Castle '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Christopher Graham , Aaron Hammersley , & Ian Wasseluk Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Mike Yank September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 113 0.68 Toffee has taken over Ludo 's castle ; he has one of Ludo 's minions abduct Marco . Star allies with Buff Frog ( and the kicked - out Ludo ) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo 's former minions and free Marco . However , Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse , forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco . The resulting explosion destroys Ludo 's castle and Toffee , after which Star banishes Ludo . Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14a 1a `` My New Wand ! '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 As Marco gets out of the shower , Star activates her new wand , but it accidentally knocks Marco , her wand , and her book of spells into her closet . Unable to open the closet door , Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to use magic without her wand . Meanwhile , as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star 's closet . When he finds and starts reading Star 's journal , Star panics and unleashes her innate magic , which unlocks the door and frees Marco . 14b 1b `` Ludo in the Wild '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 After the destruction of his castle , Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location . He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing . When a bag of potato chips is found , he and the giant spider fight until he wins . He also tames a bald eagle . When he spots Star in the woods , he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni . He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star 's wand magic . 15a 2a `` Mr. Candle Cares '' Giancarlo Volpe Le Tang & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Katie Crown , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni . She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style . Meanwhile , Marco , who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island , discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom , who planned to ensure `` Starco '' does n't happen . He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom , and must duel Tom to get his freedom . Guest star : Dave Allen as Mr. Candle 15b 2b `` Red Belt '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Marco trains for a red belt in karate . However , after visiting his sensei 's home , he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt . Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player . Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape . Meanwhile , Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained . 16a 3a `` Star on Wheels '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle , but Star does not know how to stop . To make things worse , she refuses to listen to Marco 's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike . Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand . Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun . 16b 3b `` Fetch '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amalia Levari & Daron Nefcy July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go . She has to take care of the dog and find its owner . Meanwhile , Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies . She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet , so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia . Guest stars : Mayim Bialik as Willoughby , Amy Sedaris as Lydia 17a 4a `` Star vs. Echo Creek '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Todd Casey , Aaron Hammersley , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito with sugar , Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser . While trying to evade the police , Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of discarded hair and taking care of injured animals . She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing , but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience trying to convince her that she has n't made a big mistake . Missing her family and friends , she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service . Guest star : Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid 17b 4b `` Wand to Wand '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco 's parents return , but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess . Meanwhile , Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern , learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged . 18a 5a `` Starstruck '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , & Suzie Vleck August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day , Star encounters Mina Loveberry , a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol . Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth . Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways , which annoys Marco . At a park , when Mina announces she plans to take over the world , the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule , and Star is left to break the tie . Guest star : Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry 18b 5b `` Camping Trip '' John Infantino & Piero Piluso John Infantino , Brandon Kruse , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Ben Joseph , & Daron Nefcy August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 Marco wants to show Star the geyser '' Old Youthful '' during a Diaz camping trip . King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like . But , King Butterfly 's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger . When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser , and the ranger says it 's likely the last time it will ever erupt , the three try to rush there to see it . 19a 6a `` Starsitting '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog 's tadpoles . Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook , while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them . Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around . 19b 6b `` On the Job '' Piero Piluso John Mathot & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles , Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn , but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job , causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy . 20a 7a `` Goblin Dogs '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , John Infantino , & Aleth Romanillos Dominic Bisignano , Nate Federman , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star , Marco , Pony Head , and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified desert - themed dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog ( a goblin version of a hot dog ) . They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck . Guest star : Jerry Trainor as Roy 20b 7b `` By the Book '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out . Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile . Meanwhile , Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand . 21a 8a `` Game of Flags '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , & Piero Piluso Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 During a reunion between Star 's parents ' families -- the Butterflies and the Johansens -- Star is placed at the kids ' table . The two families compete in Flags , a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year . Against the wishes of her mother , Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags . Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning . 21b 8b `` Girls ' Day Out '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick 's class when she frees the class 's pet hamster Marisol . Although she could easily escape , she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention , and is assigned to help the students out with their needs . She helps all of them except for Toby , a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV . Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar . Meanwhile , Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe . 22a 9a `` Sleepover '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates ( Janna , Jackie , & Starfan13 ) and Pony Head . They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called `` Truth or Punishment '' , where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies , and refuses to free everyone until the game is over . The cube 's final question is who is their greatest crush . Marco admits he likes Jackie , but the cube insists someone has lied , and informs that Marco was n't the one who lied . When Star makes a monologue to the cube about how a person 's mind and heart disagree , and how feeling are always changing , the cube starts to malfunction after Star makes some examples and self - destructs . After everyone goes home , the discarded cube springs to life one last time , answering the question about Star 's crush , but it gets destroyed before the audience gets a clear answer . 22b 9b `` Gift of the Card '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Annisa Adjani & Natasha Kline Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 After having lost her job at St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses , Miss Heinous hires a lizard - man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture `` Princess Marco '' . Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card . Marco agrees , but because it 's a `` friends to the end '' card , he has to use it on something he really wants , and if he does n't redeem it by midnight when it expires , they will expire too . 23a 10a `` Friendenemies '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands , Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star . They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence , but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon , Tom refuses to let him go , and gets angry , voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge . Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song , and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead . Although they can not get into the theatre , Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 23b 10b `` Is Mystery '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork , a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand . Upon being put to work to grind corn , Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters . He encounters the rats as well as Ludo , who offers him Meat Fork 's job . Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork . Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back . 24a 11a `` Hungry Larry '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Bobby Miller , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house , Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry , reputed to be a very scary spirit , to haunt the house . Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house . But the kids get scared and go missing ; Star and Marco are attacked . Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone , and rescues them . Guest star : Billy West as Hungry Larry 24b 11b `` Spider with a Top Hat '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus , Piero Piluso , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party . Afterwards , he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall . Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock , he is unable to break through the wall . The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up . Encouraged by Rock 's words , Spider is finally called to fight a monster ' . Guest stars : Steve Little as Spider , Eric Christian Olsen as Rock , Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make - up Blast . 25a 12a `` Into the Wand '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Amalia Levari , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star 's wand malfunctions , making a mess of her spell casting . Glossaryck tells Star that this is a result of there being something inside the wand that does no belong there and that in order to fix it she must go inside to remove said something . Inside Star finds memorials to past queens , including her mother , who is revealed to have fought Toffee and cut off his finger , as well as the ancient queen Eclipsa , who married a monster . Star eventually exists the wand after removing the something that does not inside of it , which is revealed to be Toffee 's missing finger . 25b 12b `` Pizza Thing '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , Piero Piluso , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star , Marco , and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show . Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio 's shop . But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans , inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking , and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio 's pizza that Emilio takes to heart . 26a 13a `` Page Turner '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic . Star chooses a mysterious chapter , but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page . However , Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic ; he tells Star not to turn to that page , and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension . While Glossaryck must deal with a not - so - helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is `` on the fritz '' , Star is tempted to turn the page , and enlists Marco to help do it . 26b 13b `` Naysaya '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , John Infantino , Le Tang , & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date , but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself . He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things . It is a Naysaya , a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star . The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased , so Marco tries giving it what it wants , which is some cereal , but it does n't go away . Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up , so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie in an impassionate monologue . 27 14 `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 213 0.53 Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon , a clown who had died 100 years ago , but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco . Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie , who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park . During the seance , when Janna falls asleep , Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell , only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together , which makes her jealous . Star is surprised by Ludo , who steals Star 's spellbook . Marco and Jackie share a kiss under the Blood Moon light , but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her . They pull Star from being sucked through a portal , and Star tearfully cries about the loss of the spell book and Glossaryck . Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master . 28a 15a `` Raid the Cave '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 215 0.12 Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells . She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog , who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo 's hideout . There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo . Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back , but he refuses , saying that he belongs to the book , and the book belongs to Ludo now , despite the fact that he stole it . 28b 15b `` Trickstar '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 215 N / A Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei . Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O , who , after every magic trick he does , seems to be taking something spiritual from the person , and that his hat is becoming longer and longer . She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people , so she warns him not to do so or else she 'll blast him , but Preston does it anyway . When Star tells everyone what is happening , the audience is angry with Star for ruining the magic show and leaves . Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk , but when they open it , Preston has disappeared . Guest star : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Preston Change - O 29a 16a `` Baby '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Eric Acosta , Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 216 0.20 Moon sends a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star on her progress . Star is desperate to pass , as failing would mean her having to return to Mewni . Unfortunately , after several inspections and tests , Baby ultimately fails Star due to her unkept `` Closet of Secrets '' , her wand being broken under her care , her losing the Book of Spells and her being unable to do basic magic , such as levitating an apple . However , as Baby turns to leave , the apple Star failed to levitate suddenly grows into a tree , causing her to change her mind and pass Star . Baby later reports to Star 's parents that , despite being unorganized and unstructured , Star 's magic potential is way ahead of what her mother 's was at her age , adding that she had not seen anyone with such potential since the ancient queen Eclipsa . Guest star : Melissa Rauch as Baby 29b 16b `` Running with Scissors '' Piero Piluso Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 216 0.19 Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies , but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences , opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things . Hekapoo , the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors , pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star ( Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star ) . Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head . Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco , who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge . When they return , Marco reverts to his teenage body as only eight minutes have passed on Earth time . Guest star : Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo 30a 17a `` Mathmagic '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland & Riccardo Durante Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Christian Magalhaes , Daron Nefcy , & Robert Snow February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 217 0.16 Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class , but she refuses to do it . She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop . However with each iteration , the scenario is slightly different . Star goes to Father Time 's dimension , but Father Time is too busy to help her , and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime , who is in charge of space - time . Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time , Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime 30b 17b `` The Bounce Lounge '' Piero Piluso & Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 217 0.20 Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge , their favorite partying venue , is closing . Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse . They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place , however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years . Afterwards , the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth that Ponyhead took from the lounge . Guest star : Constance Shulman as Milly , Dana Davis as Kelly 31a 18a `` Crystal Clear '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 218 0.23 Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal , believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions . When he inadvertently encases his boss , and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council , he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament . Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star 's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck . 31b 18b `` The Hard Way '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Sarah Oleksyk & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 218 0.21 Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells . He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way . Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment . But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star , he makes Glossaryck unlock them . Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic , but when he talks with Glossaryck , he now has the voice of Toffee , who has possessed him . 32a 19a `` Heinous '' Brett Varon Gina Gress & John Mathot Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 219 0.25 The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still - living , still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter , Rastacore . Heinous wants `` Princess Marco '' to pay for causing the students at St. Olga 's to rebel and to kick Heinous out , leaving her living out of a car . The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons . Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails . After Heinous negotiates with Marco 's parents over the kind of punishment , Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming . 32b 19b `` All Belts are Off '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 219 0.21 Dojo - sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How - To - Karate video series . When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo , Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise , but Sensei sticks with his choice . Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy 's shenanigans , and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration , but realizing it is n't honorable , he apologizes . Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend . Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo . 33a 20a `` Collateral Damage '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen & Jushtin Lee Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 220 N / A Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school 's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it crumbles into dust . The entire school is devastated . Star tries to make a replacement statue , but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character . After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue , Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore . 33b 20b `` Just Friends '' Brett Varon Zach Marcus & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 220 N / A Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert , but also invites Jackie . Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek . Marco starts to feel bad about the mishaps he caused and wants them to go on without him , but Jackie and Star convince him otherwise . At the concert , everyone is having fun until couples start kissing , and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss , Star decides to let the two be . As Star leaves the concert , she fires a blast of tainted magic , destroying a billboard . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 34 21 `` Face the Music '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Sarah Oleksyk , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , Daron Nefcy , & Chris Walsh February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 221 0.32 The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewman tradition of Song Day . However , Star does n't cooperate as it portrays princesses as being perfect , until Ruberiot reveals that he wants to sing about the real Star . Meanwhile , Moon visits Ludo 's parents and with help from his brother , Dennis , learns that he is at the monster temple and in possession of the other half of Star 's wand . On Song Day , a large crowd , including Marco , Star 's parents and the Magic High Commission , gather to hear Star 's song . However , the song reveals that she lost the Book of Spells as well as her crush on Marco . These revalations cause the crowd to riot while the Commission gets angry at Moon for withholding information . Meanwhile , Marco confronts Star about her having a crush on him , causing her to flee . Guest star : Patrick Stump as Ruberiot , Atticus Shaffer as Dennis 35 22 `` Starcrushed '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Evon Freeman , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , John Mathot , & Le Tang Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 222 0.40 As Star and Marco 's class holds a end - of - the year party at Marco 's house , Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode . Star talks to Ponyhead , Janna , Kelly , and Starfan13 about her predicament and they convince her to ditch the party and instead attend another party where she meets Oskar . Meanwhile , Moon and the Magic High Commission invade the monster temple to take back the other half of Star 's wand and the Book of Spell from Ludo . However , Toffee takes control of Ludo 's body and uses the wand to drain the souls of Moon and the Commission members . In response , Commission chairman Lekmet sacrifices himself by transfering his own lifeforce into Moon , allowing her to escape with the other Commission members . When Star returns from the party , she is confronted by Moon , who informs her of Toffee 's return and that she will have to leave Earth immidiately . Star confronts Marco and confesses that she has a crush on him . She then leaves Earth . Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Story by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36a 1a `` Return to Mewni '' `` The Battle for Mewni : Part 1 '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 As Marco 's parents try to console him about Star leaving , Star and Moon try to take the Magical High Commission to the sanctuary , but their carriage breaks down due to the fritz . They encounter some of Ludo 's rats , who attempt to abduct the still soulless Commission members , but they fight them off . They eventually reach the sanctuary , but the well spring that is supposed to revive the Commission has been affected by the fritz . Moon urges Star to stay in the Sanctuary , to which she objects until Moon reveals that Toffee killed her mother . She then begins telling Star the story of how she defeated Toffee with help from Eclipsa , who she reveals is still alive . 36b 1b `` Moon the Undaunted '' `` The Battle for Mewni : Part 2 '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Moon shares her story revolving around the death of her mother ( Star 's grandmother ) at the hand of Toffee when she was a teenager . Moon was set to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army , led by Toffee . Since Toffee is immortal , Moon approaches Eclipsa , who is revealed to have been held in suspended animation inside a crystal prison for 300 years , to learn a dark magic that can destroy him . They forge a magic pact ; in return for Eclipsa teaching Moon the magic , she would be set free once Toffee is defeated . She then confronts Toffee and uses the dark magic . However , it misses and only severs his finger , which he is unable to regenerate . Seeing their immortal leader wounded causes the monster army to panic and flee with Toffee following suit . 37a 2a `` Book Be Gone '' `` The Battle for Mewni : Part 3 '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Ludo wakes up to find his wand is now fused with his hand is told by Glossaryck how he ( technically Toffee ) defeated the Magic High Commission . Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells , but the book no longer recognizes him as it 's owner and will not let him . After multiple failed attempts and different approaches , he ultimately throws the book into a fire in a fit of rage , destroying it along with Glossaryck . While Ludo is initially horrified at what he had done , Toffee , through the wand , convinces him that the book was a distraction and that he is now ready to take Butterfly Castle . 37b 2b `` Marco and the King '' `` The Battle for Mewni : Part 4 '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day , but he and his subjects wear down quickly . Marco arrives , but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave . River tries to hide , but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster . River rallies the villagers to fight the monster , and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle , not to go away . It leaves peacefully , but as River is about to have a party to celebrate , Ludo and his minions appear and they take over the kingdom . 38a 3a `` Puddle Defender '' `` The Battle for Mewni : Part 5 '' Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 With the sanctuary flooded with sludge , Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog 's . Star wants to sneak out to fight , so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewman board games such as Puddle Defender , which Moon realizes is biased towards monsters , and Buff Frog accuses Moon of being biased towards Mewmans . After a heated argument , they eventually reconcile , and Buff Frog blows Star 's cover and forbids her from leaving . However , Buff 's youngest tadpole , Katrina , later sneaks Star out . 38b 3b `` King Ludo '' `` The Battle for Mewni : Part 6 '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe , Evon Freeman , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Ludo has taken over the kingdom , and has imprisoned Marco and River , but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom 's villagers . He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky . Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself , but River has eaten his part of the butter which leaves Marco with no choice but to steal Ludo 's key . He meets with some of the court entertainers , and they steal the key , but River refuses to escape . Ludo levitates River into the sky while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next . 39 `` Toffee '' `` The Battle for Mewni : Part 7 '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) SPE 0.51 Star gets captured while attempting to attack Ludo , but she also realizes that he is being manipulated by Toffee . Marco and the entertainers try to rescue her , only to get captured themselves . While Moon and Buff Frog rescue Marco , Ludo finally realizes something is wrong and asks Star about his wand . She then uses the whispering spell , which causes a huge explosion that transports her to the Realm of Magic . Here she encounters Toffee , who reveals that the fritz is a result of him corrupting the realm . Toffee talks to Moon through Ludo and they make a deal ; Toffee 's finger in exchange for Star . Toffee is revived , but he does n't honor the deal . Star desperately searches the Realm of Magic for untainted magic , eventually finding some with help from Glossaryck . She is then revived with a new wand and Mewberty form and gravely injures Toffee , leaving him to be finished off by Ludo . Ludo then has Star to send him back to the void so that he can find himself while River is brought back to Mewni by a family of eagles . Remembering her magic pact with Eclipsa , Moon rushes to check on her crystal prison , which is still intact . However , as soon as she leaves , it begins to crack . 40a 5a `` Scent of a Hoodie '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 After helping defeat Toffee , Marco says goodbye to Star and returns to Earth , but he is missing his hoodie . Unknown to him , Star has been keeping his hoodie , but Pony Head arrives and throws it into the Royal Laundry for cleaning . Star tries to get the hoodie back from the Knight of the Wash , who insists it be cleaned to the highest standards . In spite of her efforts , the hoodie is eventually cleaned , but she is ecstatic that it has retained Marco 's scent . It is then shipped back to Earth where Marco receives it and is curious that his hoodie also has Star 's scent . 40b 5b `` Rest in Pudding '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 305 0.30 Star 's family and the Magic High Commission hold a memorial for Lekmet . Star notices Glossaryck in almost every waking moment that she starts believing he is haunting her over unfinished business . She contacts Janna for help and proceeds to tell her that anything that remains of Glossaryck must be properly buried in a place of meaning for him . Star then takes the remains of Glossaryck 's spell book and throws it into the well at the sanctuary . Star believes it 's over , only for Glossaryck to then be reborn . However , he has amnisia , with the only word he can pronounce being `` Globgor '' . 41a 6a `` Club Snubbed '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 During the annual Silver Bell Ball , all neighboring kingdoms ' rulers come to attend . Star is snubbed by Tom when his family arrives . After attempting to do the same by dancing with her other male dance partners , she then eventually confronts him alone to ask him why . Tom answers by saying he 's giving her space since he was present during Song Day , from which he misinterpreted that she and Marco are in a relationship . She denies this , and eventually reluctantly asks him to dance , which they begin to enjoy , and the Ball is declared a success . 41b 6b `` Stranger Danger '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 306 0.26 Star runs into Eclipsa , who is now free of her crystal prison . However , their friendly talk is interrupted by Moon and the Magic High Commission , who capture Eclipsa . Star asks why Eclipsa was crystalized and is outraged that it was just because she married a monster . While Moon and the Commission do n't trust Eclipsa and want to re-crystalize her , Star convinces them to give her a fair trial . In the meantime , Eclipsa is put under house arrest . Star later visits her and they start a friendship . 42a 7a `` Demoncism '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 A jittery Pony Head confides to Star that Tom is undergoing a `` demoncism , '' which is meant to turn him into a more normal , tamed being . They secretly infiltrate the ceremony for Star to rescue Tom , but the demoncism goes ahead as scheduled , only for its organizer to reveal that he still has plenty of rage in him . They are then seen holding hands , much to Pony Head 's dismay . 42b 7b `` Sophomore Slump '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , & Kirsten Gish Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 307 0.25 On Earth , Marco begins to spout so much of his adventures in Mewni that his friends , peers , and teachers begin to distance themselves from him except for Janna . Jackie suspects that he is n't letting go of these so easily , so Marco takes her out on a date to prove he 's moved on and a better boyfriend to her . Upon discovering he is secretly hiding the cape King River gave to him on Mewni under his hoodie , she tells him that he 's only staying in Echo Creek to make her happy for her sake . She kindly breaks up with him and leaves . Deciding he wants to return to Mewni as an exchange student , his family and friends see him off . 43a 8a `` Lint Catcher '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 Marco arrives on Mewni , but Star feels indifferent over his presence . She gives him a job below the castle as a squire to Knight of the Wash , Sir Lavabo . After a brief conversation with Eclipsa , Star runs back to the Royal Washroom to find Marco fighting off a giant lint monster . They eventually defeat it by turning on the lint blade catcher . Star apologizes to Marco and as an act of good faith , she magically creates an exact replica of his bedroom in the castle and appoints him as her own squire . 43b 8b `` Trial by Squire '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee , Amelia Lorenz , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 308 0.40 Star and Marco prepare for the Midnight Warrior Blowout Sale at Quest Buy . During the event , they meet fellow shoppers who will stop at nothing to get the best knight gear . After meeting female squire Higgs , she ridicules Marco by telling him that in spite of being named squire , it was handed to him under the impression that he 's Star 's boyfriend , which he denies . With all their efforts , Star reassures him that she only named him squire so they can go on adventures again like they used to . They finish the blowout sale by buying random , fun things instead of suitable knight gear much to the praise of the knights and Higgs ' chagrin . 44a 9a `` Princess Turdina '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 Marco is set to receive an honorary degree from St. Olga 's for inciting the rebellion . Pony Head approves of this and insists that he does everything to maintain the facade of Princess Turdina , but Star wants him to reveal the truth . Marco decides to listen to Ponyhead , in order to maintain the self - esteem of the princess 's of St. Olga 's but also because they are throwing a party and building a statue of Princess Turdina . Miss Heinous arrives at the Party and reveals that `` Princess Turdina '' is a boy , and Marco confirms the truth . Miss Heinous says that just as the Princesses need her , she needs them , but the Princesses are unfazed by the truth , stating that his gender does n't matter , as her message of being true to yourself is true as well , and chase Miss Heinous off once more . 44b 9b `` Starfari '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA 0.33 Star goes out into the field to understand why Mewmans treat Monsters unfairly . She meets the expert on the subject , the Royal Monster Examiner , who initally seems to understand Star 's point of view , but eventually reveals that she simply sees Monsters as animals and wants to put them in a sanctuary , by blowing up a dam and surrounding the monster village with water . Star manages to save village with Buff Frog and the other Monster 's help , and then , when the Monster Examiner decides to `` live like a monster '' in the mud , Star gives her position to Buff Frog . 45a 10a `` Sweet Dreams '' Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 Star has a dream that she is flying and eating goblin dogs to her heart 's content , only to wake up in her bedroom with Marco growing concern . To test her theory she has Marco watch her late at night with him chained to her , where he is dragged and discovers that she transforms into her butterfly form and is traveling through various dimensions into one portal . He wakes her up and with the help of Glossryck and Eclipsa , they manage to return to Mewni . Eclipsa suggests to Star that her dreams should be embraced openly as to understand what she is truly capable of . 45b 10b `` Lava Lake Beach '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Zach Marcus , Kenny Pittenger , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA 0.41 Star , Marco , Tom , and Kelly head out to Lava Lake Beach . Kelly however does n't feel too inclined on joining in too long with their festivities , so she wanders off alone . Marco chases after her , where she confides to him that she has broken up with her boyfriend Tad , but he is still living in her thick layer of hair and wo n't leave . Marco steps inside and tries to casually tell Tad that Kelly wants to move on , but Tad then easily guesses that Marco himself is miserable because of hidden feelings for his crush on Star . Conflicted , Marco runs off only to see Star kissing Tom from afar . Kelly finds him alone and offers to show him a grand view of the entire beach . He asks her if it 's already midnight to which she answers yes , indicating it 's Marco 's birthday . 46a 11a `` Death Peck '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Kenny Pittenger , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 Star urges the royal youth of Mewni to sign a petition calling for the equal treatment of Monsters . The only young royal who has not signed it , is Rich Pigeon , so Star , Marco and Ponyhead go to convince him . Marco assumes that Rich Pigeon is merely a normal pigeon and tries to make him sign the petition , but accidentally breaks his leg . The other Pigeons retaliate violently , and eventually capture the three , and plan on killing Marco through a slow execution called , `` Death by a Thousand Pecks '' in which Marco is apprently pecked repeatedly until he dies . However , Rich Pigeon intervenes , having learnt the common Mewmen language , in an attempt to help his kingdom and agrees to sign the petition believing it to be the path to a better future . 46b 11b `` Ponymonium '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kirsten Gish , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA 0.38 Star is thrilled when Pony Head invites her to dinner with her sisters . Ponyhead claims that her sisters are dangerous and scheming , but they appear very nice and kind , making Pony Head seem like the mean one , who eventually leaves in anger after an argument . The Sisters begin to become very close to star , and eventually reveal their intention to frame Pony Head for the ( False ) Murder of one of the sisters , as doing so would result in Pony Head losing the right to succeed to the throne . Pony Head reveals that she knew their plan and used Star to simply prove it , having captured the conversation on video . Star leaves completely bewildered and confused by the relationship of the family , after Pony Head reveals that she still loves her sisters regardless . 47a 12a `` Night Life '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 Marco is going around helping Hekapoo dealing with Rouge interdimensional portals as they open up in seemingly random places , but at the cost of ignoring his duties as squire to Star , which includes taking care of Glossaryck , who since being revived seems to have lost his mind , repeating the words , `` Glob Gore '' and acting like an animal . Marco lies to Star , not telling her about the truth of his adventures and continues to help Hekapoo close portals . Hekapoo reveals that she has managed to find the source of the problem , which causes Marco to panic , as it is revealed that Star is the cause ; while she is asleep , and when she enters her butterfly form , she travels through various dimensions but fails to close any of her portals , which Marco and Hekapoo have been dealing with . Hekapoo discovers that Star can not control her form and power , but Marco convinces her to not tell the high - council . He also reveals the truth to Star who thanks him for his help . 47b 12b `` Deep Dive '' Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Casey Crowe , Aaron Hammersley , Charlotte Jackson , Kenny Pittenger , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.34 Star decides to find out what is causing her transformations into her Butterfly form in her sleep and she enlists Janna 's help to do so . They attach a camera to her head in her sleep . It is revealed the Star is attracted to a portal but as she passes through the camera is knocked off and Marco begins to panic . Star wakes up in the realm of magic where she meets the First - Born , a unicorn of her own creation when she purified her magic from Toffee 's taint . Star begins to lose focus and her memories as she enjoys her time in the Realm of Magic . Marco in a last ditch attempt , uses Star 's wand and activates the All - seeing eye spell and manages to contact Star and brings her back to her senses . After returning Star is able to enter in and out of her butterfly form at will . 48 13 `` Monster Bash '' Dominic Bisigano , Tyler Chen , & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA 0.29 Star decides to hold a party that unites both Mewmans and Monsters at an old palace , but when guests start disappearing one by one under unknown circumstances , she and Marco investigate . They soon discover in the palace 's underground chamber that Mina Loveberry has been camping out capturing unsuspecting monsters to keep order . At the same time , Miss Heinous barges in on them to get her revenge on Marco , only for her to recognize the chamber was once her old nursery as a young child . In a stunning revelation to Star and Marco , Mina explains that Miss Heinous is - in actuality - Eclipsa 's daughter Meteora , thus making her a Butterfly . Before Mina can capture Meteora , Star demands to know more , but it leads to a conflict between the two . The party guests flee as the Magic High Commission raid the palace , leaving Star only further curious about these turn of events . Miss Heinous is last seen fleeing into the woods where she readopts her true name as Meteora . 49a 14a `` Stump Day '' Tyler Chen Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , & Sarah Olesyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 Stump Day is a holiday in Mewni where the people thank the stump , a literal tree stump that was pivotal in the formation of their kingdom . Star 's birthday falls on Stump day , but she never celebrates it as she says that they must pray to the stump , but Marco decides to hold her birthday anyway , as no one except Star believes that the Stump is real . However it proves to be real and attack them as they did not thank it that day . However it leaves , as soon as midnight passes since Stump Day ends , sparing their lives . 49b 14b `` Holiday Spellcial '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) 314 0.30 The Spells within Star 's wand are ready to celebrate Stump Day , but they are all nervous about Star 's new spell , Seeing - Eye , who says nothing and watches everyone . Spider in a Top Hat attempts to make sure it gets along with the others , but Seeing - Eye only ruins the situation by telling the truth to everyone , and revealing their dark and shameful secrets . He eventually reveals Spider 's secret which is where he vented his frustrations at all the other spells when no one would get along with each other , and just as everyone is leaving , Seeing - Eye understands its mistakes , and remedies the situation by showing other truthful scenes where everyone is expressing their love for each other . 50a 15a `` The Bogbeast of Boggabah '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Aaron Hammersley , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) 315 0.18 Star tells Moon about Meteora , but her claims are dismissed . River then forces her to go on a hunt for the Bogbeast of Boggabah with him . Star is warned by a ' Bogbeast veteran ' to listen for the bogbeasts song . Star and River then go through several rituals that Star rushes causing them to have to start over . That night Star hears the bogbeast 's song and rushes after it getting trapped in mud . River then reveals that she is the Bogbeast as she is impulsive and runs headfirst into situations . Having learned to keep impulsiveness in check , Star decides to stay for a bog party instead of going straight to Moon . 50b 15b `` Total Eclipsa the Moon '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 03 ) 315 0.18 Moon grows curious over Star 's claims about Eclipsa 's daughter . According to the Butterfly Family book Eclipsa 's daughter 's is called Festivia . However , Eclipsa claims to have never heard of her . To find out the truth , Moon and Eclipsa team up and secretly infiltrate the Magical Archives , where the entire history of the Butterfly family is held . They eventually find Eclipsa 's scroll only to discover anything about her daughter was rewritten . They then flee back to the castle after Moon accidentally trips the alarm . Eclipsa becomes concerned about her daughter , but Moon assures her they 'll find what happened to her . 51a 16a `` Butterfly Trap '' Sabrina Cotugno Sabrina Cotugno & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) TBA 0.36 Eclipsa 's trial begins . Moon uses the Truth or Punishment Cube and allows every member of the Magic High Commission to ask Eclipsa one question . However , it soon becomes a mock - trial where everything Eclipsa says is used against her . About to be declared guilty , it 's revealed that she is allowed to ask them a question as well . She then asks the Commission about Meteora , who they deny to have any knowledge about . However , the cube reveals that they are lying and forces them to reveal the truth : Eclipsa 's ex-husband , King Shastacan , had them replace her with Festivia , who was actually a peasant . Moon , Eclipsa and Star then reveal that they were suspicious of the Commission and set - up the whole trial . Outraged that they are not the true royal family , Star frees Eclipsa and runs off . 51b 16b `` Ludo , Where Art Thou ? '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 10 ) TBA 0.36 Ludo 's brother Dennis stumbles upon dimensional scissors at their family home , so he decides to use it to find his brother . Ludo 's minions Spider and Eagle volunteer by venturing into each portal , but to no success in finding him . Spider senses something in one portal , so Dennis ventures into it and finds Ludo having a mental breakdown in a makeshift home with their parents made up of various objects to keep himself company . Dennis unsuccessfully tries various ways to convince Ludo to come home , but Ludo ultimately comes to realize that he 's just not ready to return home yet . Dennis wishes him the best and returns to his own dimension , leaving Ludo pondering over Star and Marco . 52a 17a `` Is Another Mystery '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon , & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) TBA 0.30 Marco comes across a message from Buff Frog that he 's leaving Mewni along with his children and other fellow monsters , so Star and Tom venture to his swamp where he tells them that there 's no room for them on Mewni anymore due to the discrimination of their kind escalating . Although they try to persuade them otherwise - including Tom expressing his half - monster heritage - Buff Frog ultimately decides to depart , but reassures Tom and Star that he will stay vigilant if he is ever needed by them . 52b 17b `` Marco Jr . '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe & Charlotte Jackson Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Higgins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) TBA 0.30 Marco and Star return to Earth to find out that he will soon have a baby brother named after him . He soon has a Mewni painter paint a portrait of him as a present to his new sibling , but the painter gets his image wrong , and the distorted magic painting disfigures him . 53a 18a `` Skooled ! '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) TBA 0.23 Pony Head returns to St. Olga 's Reform School , just as Meteora breaks into the facility with Gemini and Rasticore to find the robot maid who raised her , St. Olga . She has Gemini hack into her to discover what she knows about her true origins . It is revealed that King Shastacan gave Meteora to St. Olga as a baby , who then brainwashed her and taught her to despise her monster side . Believing they have come to retake the school , the princesses fight them but are defeated , with Meteora taking Pony Head 's horn . Terrified of Meteora , Rasticore tries to flee . However , Meteora destroys Gemini , revealing he 's a robot , with the resulting explosion reducing Rasticore back to an arm . Meteora then takes Rasticore and announces her intentions to take the throne of Mewni for herself . 53b 18b `` Booth Buddies '' Tyler Chen Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , & Sarah Oleksyk Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 24 ) TBA 0.23 During Foolduke 's and Ruberiot 's wedding , Star finds photo - booth and forces Marco to take a photo with her . However , Star is unsatisfied and forces Marco to redo them until they 're perfect . The photo - booth eventually breaks down , locking them inside . The photo - booth repair goblin , Ben Fotino , claims that the booth is magic and that they must take a sincere photo for it to release them . Star and Marco discuss how their relationship has been since Star confessed she had a crush on Marco before finally taking a sincere photo that ultimately leads to them kissing , leaving them both flabbergasted and dumbstruck . Ben then reveals that he actually locked them in , having deduced they had feelings for each other . Afterwards , Star and Marco agree to keep what happened between them . 54a 19a `` Bam Ui Pati ! '' Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Madeleine Flores , Aaron Hammersley , Brett Varon & Nicolette Wood Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) TBA 0.32 Pony Head has fallen into a depression due to the loss of her horn , refusing to leave her room or talk to anyone while becoming addicted to soap operas . Star and her sisters try to cheer her up , but she runs away with them giving chase . Pony Head eventually snaps out of her depression after her favority soap opera manages to get a happy ending . She then agrees to get a horn transplant and returns to her former self , much to everyone 's annoyance . 54b 19b `` Tough Love '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Jushtin Lee , & Kenny Pittenger Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy March 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 31 ) TBA 0.32 Moon and Eclipsa travel to the Pigeon Kingdom upon learning that Meteora has been leaving a trail of destruction there . With help from a local named Eddie , they eventually locate her and discover that she is now a huge monster as result of feeding on souls . Eclipsa convinces Moon to allow her to talk to her daughter and the two share a happy reunion until Meteora demands the throne of Mewni , which Eclipsa denies . Moon and Meteora fight each other and just as Meteora is about to win Eclipsa declares her love for her daughter , hoping they could start over . Moon uses this as an opportunity to counterattack . However , Eclipsa stops Moon , allowing Meteora to drain half her soul . Moon and Meteora then both flee , leaving a distraught Eclipsa by herself . 55 20 `` Divide '' ( Part 1 ) Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , & Brett Varon Dominic Bisignano , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus , Sarah Oleksyk , Brett Varon , & Cassie Zwart Dominic Bisignano , Bryan Caselli , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 320 0.35 With Moon missing , Star is made acting queen , but struggles with the responsibility . As Meteora heads towards the castle , Star sends Marco to hold her off while she looks for her mother . Marco forms a team composed of himself , Tom , Pony Head , Hekapoo , Talon and Kelly and attempt to trap her , but their plan fails and they are forced to flee with Meteora giving chase . Meanwhile , Star deduces that Moon is in the Realm of Magic and heads there . She eventually finds her mother , who has regained the other half of her soul , but suffers from amnesia due to the realm 's influence . Star tries to bring her home , but eventually succumbs to the realm 's effects herself . 56 21 `` Conquer '' ( Part 2 ) Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Aaron Hammersley , & Brett Varon Tyler Chen , Sabrina Contugno , Casey Crowe , Aaron Hammersley , Charlotte Jackson , & Amelia Lorenz Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Amy Haggins , John Infantino , & Daron Nefcy April 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 321 0.37 Marco and his team once again try to trap Meteora , only for it to fail again . Everyone , with the exception of Tom , then has their soul drained . Meanwhile , the amnesiac Star and Moon fool around in the Realm of Magic , until the First - Born sends them away . Star then wakes up in her bed , with Moon still missing . As River fights Meteora , Star and Tom try to reach the sanctuary to attempt to revive Marco , but they are unable to access it . Tom proposes they flee to his realm , but seeing that Meteora has defeated River convinces Star that she must face her . She heads back to the castle and confronts Meteora , they fight and just as Star is about to be defeated Eclipsa takes her wand and regresses Meteora into a baby . As everyone 's souls return , Star allows Eclipsa to keep her wand as she believes it should be hers . However , Eclipsa then flees with Meteora and Glossaryck , whose amnesia was just an act . They arrive at the monster temple , where they find Eclipsa 's monster husband , Globgor , inside a crystal prison . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD . The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Friendenemies '' , Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers . He sings the Love Sentence song `` Awesome Feeling . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Tries Something New with ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women in Animation Host ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bryn , Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ( ' Bon Bon the Birthday Clown ' announcement ) '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . The 22 - minute mid-season finale you 've all been waiting for ! Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Channel Launching Toon Series ' Amphibia ' & ' The Owl House ' , Renews ' Star Vs . The Forces of Evil ' For Season 4 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daron Nefcy ( @ DaronNefcy ) ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` I just want to be clear that the movie is the 1st 4 episodes of S3 played together . It will play like a movie but it is the premiere of S3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Marcy ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` You Should Give Star vs. The Forces of Evil a Try '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- Star vs. the Forces of Evil on Disney '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Catalog '' . United States Copyright Office . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 3.30. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : 4.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Gotham ' on Fox Returns at Season - Low Numbers '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Scorpion ' on CBS Concludes Its Inaugural Season on a Positive Note '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 6.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 20 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 7.27. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 8.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Brian H. ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Awesome Feeling ( extended cut ) '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Nick Lachey in `` Friendenemies '' : Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 1 / 4 ) For today 's # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ep `` Friendenemies '' I got to fulfill not one , not two , but THREE lifelong dreams ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 2 / 4 ) 1 . Write a boyband song . ( And we wrote two ! ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 3 / 4 ) 2 . Record that song with an actual boyband member from the 90s . Many thanks @ NickLachey for being absurdly terrific '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 4 / 4 ) 3. Make @ _AdamM sing on national television . MISSION ACCOMPLISHED '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Larry / Spider with a Top Hat '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2016 '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.02 / 123K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 202K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.05 / 190K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.03 / 166K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 207K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 230K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 216K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 219K ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. The Forces of Evil '' . www.disneyabcpress.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.6. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.8. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.16. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.2. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.31. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . 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-7947385177946440162	New Coke	New Coke - wikipedia New Coke Jump to : navigation , search New Coke Type Cola Manufacturer The Coca - Cola Company Distributor Coca - Cola Enterprises Country of origin USA Introduced April 23 , 1985 Discontinued July 2002 Color Caramel Variants Coke II New Coke was the unofficial name for the reformulation of Coca - Cola introduced in April 1985 by the Coca - Cola Company to replace the original formula of its flagship soft drink , Coca - Cola ( also called Coke ) . New Coke originally had no separate name of its own but was simply known as `` the new taste of Coca - Cola '' until 1992 , when it was renamed Coke II . Coca - Cola 's market share had been losing ground to diet soft drinks and non-cola beverages for many years . Consumers who were purchasing regular colas seemed to prefer the sweeter taste of rival Pepsi - Cola , as Coca - Cola learned in conducting blind taste tests . However , the American public 's reaction to the change was negative , even hostile , and the new cola was considered a major failure . The subsequent , rapid reintroduction of Coke 's original formula , rebranded `` Coca - Cola Classic '' and put back into market within three months of New Coke 's debut , resulted in a significant gain in sales . This led to speculation by some that the introduction of the New Coke formula was just a marketing ploy to stimulate sales of original Coca - Cola ; however , the company has maintained it was a genuine attempt to replace the original product . Coke II was completely discontinued in July 2002 . It remains influential as a cautionary tale against tampering too extensively with a well - established and successful brand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Market research 2 Launch 2.1 Early acceptance 2.2 Backlash 2.3 Response by Pepsi 2.4 Company dissatisfaction 2.5 Reversal 3 Aftermath 3.1 After Coca - Cola Classic 3.2 Coke II 3.3 Commercial legacy 3.4 Conspiracy theories 3.5 Taste test problems 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background ( edit ) After World War II , the market share for Coca - Cola was 60 % . By 1983 , it had declined to under 24 % , largely because of competition from Pepsi - Cola . Pepsi had begun to outsell Coke in supermarkets ; Coke maintained its edge only through soda vending machines and fountain sales in fast food restaurants , concessions , and sports venues where Coca - Cola had purchased `` pouring rights '' . Market analysts believed baby boomers were more likely to purchase diet drinks as they aged and remained health - and weight - conscious . Growth in the full - calorie segment would have to come from younger drinkers , who at that time favored Pepsi by even more overwhelming margins than the market as a whole . Meanwhile , the overall market for colas steadily declined in the early 1980s , as consumers increasingly purchased diet and non-cola soft drinks , many of which were sold by Coca - Cola themselves . This trend further eroded Coca - Cola 's market share . When Roberto Goizueta became Coca - Cola CEO in 1980 , he pointedly told employees there would be no `` sacred cows '' in how the company did business , including how it formulated its drinks . Market research ( edit ) One of Coke 's ads to promote the flavor change Coca - Cola 's senior executives commissioned a secret project headed by marketing vice president Sergio Zyman and Coca - Cola USA president Brian Dyson to create a new flavor for Coke . The effort , Project Kansas , took its name from a photo of Kansas journalist William Allen White drinking a Coke ; the image had been used extensively in Coca - Cola advertising and hung on several executives ' walls . The sweeter cola overwhelmingly beat both regular Coke and Pepsi in taste tests , surveys , and focus groups . Asked if they would buy and drink the product if it were Coca - Cola , most testers said they would , although it would take some getting used to . About 10 - 12 % of testers felt angry and alienated at the thought , and said they might stop drinking Coke altogether . Their presence in focus groups tended to negatively skew results as they exerted indirect peer pressure on other participants . The surveys , which were given more significance by standard marketing procedures of the era , were less negative than the taste tests and were key in convincing management to change the formula in 1985 , to coincide with the drink 's centenary . But the focus groups had provided a clue as to how the change would play out in a public context , a data point the company downplayed but which proved important later . Management rejected an idea to make and sell the new flavor as a separate variety of Coca - Cola . The company 's bottlers were already complaining about absorbing other recent additions into the product line since Diet Coke in 1982 ; Cherry Coke was launched nationally nearly concurrently with New Coke during 1985 . Many of them had sued over the company 's syrup pricing policies . A new variety of Coke in competition with the main variety could also have cannibalized Coke 's sales and increase the proportion of Pepsi drinkers relative to Coke drinkers . Early in his career with Coca - Cola , Goizueta had been in charge of the company 's Bahamian subsidiary . In that capacity , he had improved sales by tweaking the drink 's flavor slightly , so he was receptive to the idea that changes to the taste of Coke could lead to increased profits . He believed it would be `` New Coke or no Coke '' , and that the change must take place openly . He insisted that the containers carry the `` New ! '' label , which gave the drink its popular name . Goizueta also made a visit to his mentor and predecessor as the company 's chief executive , the ailing Robert W. Woodruff , who had built Coke into an international brand following World War II . He claimed he had secured Woodruff 's blessing for the reformulation , but even many of Goizueta 's closest friends within the company doubt that Woodruff understood Goizueta 's intentions . Launch ( edit ) `` To hear some tell it , April 23 , 1985 , was a day that will live in marketing infamy ... spawning consumer angst the likes of which no business has ever seen . '' -- The Coca - Cola Company , on the New Coke announcement New Coke was introduced on April 23 , 1985 . Production of the original formulation ended later that week . In many areas , New Coke was initially introduced in `` old '' Coke packaging ; bottlers used up remaining cans , cartons and labels before new packaging was widely available . Old cans containing New Coke were identified by their gold colored tops , while glass and plastic bottles had red caps instead of silver and white , respectively . The press conference at New York City 's Lincoln Center to introduce the new formula did not go well . Reporters had already been fed questions by Pepsi , which was worried that New Coke would erase its gains . Goizueta , Coca - Cola 's CEO , described the new flavor as `` bolder '' , `` rounder '' , and `` more harmonious '' , and defended the change by saying that the drink 's secret formula was not sacrosanct and inviolable . As far back as 1935 , Coca - Cola sought kosher certification from an Atlanta rabbi and made two changes to the formula so the drink could be considered kosher ( as well as halal and vegetarian ) . Goizueta also refused to admit that taste tests had led the change , calling it `` one of the easiest decisions we 've ever made . '' ) A reporter asked whether Diet Coke would also be reformulated `` assuming ( New Coke ) is a success , '' to which Goizueta curtly replied , `` No . And I did n't assume that this is a success . This is a success . '' The emphasis on the sweeter taste of the new flavor also ran contrary to previous Coke advertising , in which spokesman Bill Cosby had touted Coke 's less - sweet taste as a reason to prefer it over Pepsi . Nevertheless , the company 's stock went up on the announcement , and market research showed 80 % of the American public was aware of the change within days . Early acceptance ( edit ) The company , as it had planned , introduced the new formula with big marketing pushes in New York ( workers renovating the Statue of Liberty were symbolically the first Americans given cans to take home ) and Washington , D.C. ( where thousands of free cans were given away in Lafayette Park ) . As soon as New Coke was introduced , the new formula was available at McDonald 's and other drink fountains in the United States . Sales figures from those cities , and other areas where it had been introduced , showed a reaction that went as the market research had predicted . In fact , Coke 's sales were up 8 % over the same period as the year before . Most Coke drinkers resumed buying the new Coke at much the same level as they had the old one . Surveys indicated , in fact , that a majority liked the new flavoring . Three - quarters of the respondents said they would buy New Coke again . The big test , however , remained in the Southeast , where Coke was first bottled and tasted . Backlash ( edit ) Despite New Coke 's acceptance with a large number of Coca - Cola drinkers , many more resented the change in formula and were not shy about making that known -- just as had happened in the focus groups . Many of these drinkers were Southerners , some of whom considered Coca - Cola a fundamental part of their regional identity . They viewed the company 's decision to change the formula through the prism of the Civil War , as another surrender to the `` Yankees '' . Company headquarters in Atlanta began receiving letters and telephone calls expressing anger or deep disappointment . The company received over 40,000 calls and letters , including one letter , delivered to Goizueta , that was addressed to `` Chief Dodo , The Coca - Cola Company '' . Another letter asked for his autograph , as the signature of `` one of the dumbest executives in American business history '' would likely become valuable in the future . The company hotline , 1 - 800 - GET - COKE , received over 1,500 calls a day compared to around 400 before the change . A psychiatrist whom Coke had hired to listen in on calls told executives that some people sounded as if they were discussing the death of a family member . They were , nonetheless , joined by some voices from outside the region . Chicago Tribune columnist Bob Greene wrote some widely reprinted pieces ridiculing the new flavor and damning Coke 's executives for having changed it . Comedians and talk show hosts , including Johnny Carson and David Letterman , made regular jokes mocking the switch . Ads for New Coke were booed heavily when they appeared on the scoreboard at the Houston Astrodome . Even Fidel Castro , a longtime Coca - Cola drinker , contributed to the backlash , calling New Coke a sign of American capitalist decadence . Goizueta 's own father expressed similar misgivings to his son , who later recalled that it was the only time the older man had agreed with Castro , whose rule he had fled Cuba to avoid . Gay Mullins , a Seattle retiree looking to start a public relations firm with $120,000 of borrowed money , formed the organization Old Cola Drinkers of America on May 28 to lobby Coca - Cola to either reintroduce the old formula or sell it to someone else . His organization eventually received over 60,000 phone calls . He also filed a class action lawsuit against the company ( which was quickly dismissed by a judge who said he preferred the taste of Pepsi ) , while nevertheless expressing interest in landing The Coca - Cola Company as a client of his new firm should it reintroduce the old formula . In two informal blind taste tests , Mullins either failed to distinguish New Coke from old or expressed a preference for New Coke . Still , despite ongoing resistance in the South , New Coke continued to do well in the rest of the country . But executives were uncertain of how international markets would react . Executives met with international Coke bottlers in Monaco ; to their surprise , the bottlers were not interested in selling New Coke . Zyman also heard doubts and skepticism from his relatives in Mexico , where New Coke was slated to be introduced later that summer , when he went there on vacation . Goizueta stated that Coca - Cola employees who liked New Coke felt unable to speak up due to peer pressure , as had happened in the focus groups . Donald Keough , the Coca - Cola president and chief operating officer , reported overhearing someone say at his country club that they liked New Coke , but they would be `` damned if I 'll let Coca - Cola know that . '' Response by Pepsi ( edit ) Pepsi - Cola took advantage of the situation , running ads in which a first - time Pepsi drinker exclaimed , `` Now I know why Coke did it ! '' Even amidst consumer anger and several Pepsi ads mocking Coca - Cola 's debacle , Pepsi actually gained very few long - term converts over Coke 's switch , despite a 14 % sales increase over the same month the previous year , the largest sales growth in the company 's history . Coca - Cola 's director of corporate communications , Carlton Curtis , realized over time that consumers were more upset about the withdrawal of the old formula than the taste of the new one . Roger Enrico , then director of Pepsi 's North American operations , declared a company - wide holiday and took out a full - page ad in The New York Times proclaiming that Pepsi had won the long - running `` Cola Wars '' . Since Coke officials were preoccupied over the weekend with preparations for the announcement , their Pepsi counterparts had time to cultivate skepticism among reporters , sounding themes that would later come into play in the public discourse over the changed drink . After the announcement on April 23 , PepsiCo gave their employees the day off saying , `` By today 's action , Coke has admitted that it 's not the real thing . '' Company dissatisfaction ( edit ) Some Coca - Cola executives had quietly been arguing for a reintroduction of the old formula as early as May . By June , when soft drink sales usually start to rise , the numbers showed that new Coke was leveling among consumers . Executives feared social peer pressure was now affecting their bottom line . Some consumers even began trying to obtain `` old '' Coke from overseas , where the new formula had not yet been introduced , as domestic stocks of the old drink were exhausted . Over the course of the month , Coca - Cola 's chemists also quietly reduced the acidity level of the new formula , hoping to assuage complaints about the flavor and allow its sweetness to be better perceived ( advertisements pointing to this change were prepared , but never used ) . In addition to the noisier public protests , boycotts , and bottles being emptied into the streets of several cities , the company had more serious reasons to be concerned . Its bottlers , and not just the ones still suing the company over syrup pricing policies , were expressing concern . While they had given Goizueta a standing ovation when he announced the change at an April 22 bottlers ' meeting at Atlanta 's Woodruff Arts Center , glad the company had finally taken some initiative in the face of Pepsi 's advances , they were less enthusiastic about the taste . Most of them saw great difficulty having to promote and sell a drink that had long been marketed as `` The Real Thing '' , constant and unchanging , now that it had been changed . The 20 bottlers still suing Coca - Cola made much of the change in their legal arguments . Coca - Cola had argued in its defense when the suit was originally filed that the formula 's uniqueness and difference from Diet Coke justified different pricing policies from the latter -- but if the new formula was simply an HFCS - sweetened Diet Coke , Coca - Cola could not argue the formula was unique . Bottlers , particularly in the South , were also tired of facing personal opprobrium over the change . Many reported that some acquaintances and even friends and relatives had ostracized them , or had expressed displeasure in other emotionally hurtful ways . On June 23 , several of the bottlers took these complaints to Coca - Cola executives in a private meeting . With the company now fearing boycotts not only from its consumers but its bottlers , talks about reintroducing the old formula moved from `` if '' to `` when '' . Finally the Coca - Cola board had had enough and decided to bring back the old Coke . Company president Donald Keough revealed years later , in the documentary The People vs. Coke ( 2002 ) , that they realized this was the only right thing to do when they visited a small restaurant in Monaco and the owner of the restaurant proudly said they had `` the real thing , it 's a real Coke , '' offering them a chilled 6 and 1 / 2 oz . glass bottle of original Coca - Cola . Reversal ( edit ) Coca - Cola executives announced the return of the original formula during the afternoon of July 11 , seventy - eight days after New Coke 's introduction . ABC News ' Peter Jennings interrupted General Hospital with a special bulletin to share the news with viewers . On the floor of the U.S. Senate , David Pryor called the reintroduction `` a meaningful moment in U.S. history '' . The company hotline received 31,600 calls in the two days after the announcement . The new product continued to be sold and retained the name Coca - Cola ( until 1992 , when it was renamed Coke II ) , so the original formula was renamed Coca - Cola Classic ( also called Coke Classic ) , and for a short period it was referred to by the public as Old Coke . Some who tasted the reintroduced formula were not convinced that the first batches really were the same formula that had supposedly been retired that spring . This was true for a few regions , because Coca - Cola Classic differed from the original formula in that all bottlers who had n't already done so were using high fructose corn syrup instead of cane sugar to sweeten the drink , though most had by this time . `` There is a twist to this story which will please every humanist and will probably keep Harvard professors puzzled for years , '' said Keough at a press conference . `` The simple fact is that all the time and money and skill poured into consumer research on the new Coca - Cola could not measure or reveal the deep and abiding emotional attachment to original Coca - Cola felt by so many people . '' The company gave Gay Mullins , founder of the organization Old Cola Drinkers of America ( which had lobbied Coca - Cola to either reintroduce the old formula or sell it to someone else ) , the first case of Coca - Cola Classic . Aftermath ( edit ) By the end of the year , Coca - Cola Classic was substantially outselling both New Coke and Pepsi . Six months after the rollout , Coke 's sales had increased at more than twice the rate of Pepsi 's . New Coke 's sales dwindled to a three percent share of the market , although it was selling quite well in Los Angeles and some other key markets . Later research , however , suggested that it was not the reintroduction of Coca - Cola Classic , but instead the less - heralded rollout of Cherry Coke , that can be credited with the company 's success that year . The Coca - Cola Company spent a considerable amount of time trying to figure out where it had made a mistake , ultimately concluding that it had underestimated the public reaction of the portion of the customer base that would be alienated by the switch . This would not emerge for several years afterward , however , and in the meantime the public simply concluded that the company had , as Keough suggested , failed to consider the public 's attachment to the idea of what Coke 's old formula represented . While that has become conventional wisdom in the ensuing years , some analyses have suggested otherwise . This populist version of the story served Coke 's interests , however , as the whole episode did more to position and define Coca - Cola as a brand embodying values distinct from Pepsi than any deliberate effort to do so probably could have done . Allowing itself to be portrayed as a somewhat clueless large corporation forced to back off a big change by overwhelming public pressure flattered customers ( as Keough put it , `` We love any retreat which has us rushing toward our best customers with the product they love the most . '' Bottles and cans continued to bear the `` Coca - Cola Classic '' title until 2009 when the company announced that it would discontinue the use of `` Classic '' to avoid confusion with the younger generation . While in the short term the fiasco led Bill Cosby to end his long time advertising for Coke , claiming his commercials that praised the superiority of the new formula had hurt his credibility , no one at Coca - Cola was fired or otherwise held responsible for what is still widely perceived as a misstep , for the simple reason that it ultimately was n't . When Goizueta died in 1997 , the company 's share price was at a level well above what it was when he had taken over 16 years earlier and its position as market leader even more firmly established . At the time Roger Enrico , then head of Pepsi 's American operations , likened New Coke to the Edsel . Later , when he became PepsiCo 's CEO , he modified his assessment of the situation , saying that had people been fired or demoted over New Coke , it would have sent a message that risk - taking was strongly discouraged at the company . In the late 1990s , Zyman summed up the New Coke experience thus : Yes , it infuriated the public , cost us a ton of money and lasted for only 77 days before we reintroduced Coca - Cola Classic . Still , New Coke was a success because it revitalized the brand and reattached the public to Coke . New Coke continued to do what it had originally been designed to do : win taste tests . In 1987 , The Wall Street Journal surveyed 100 randomly selected cola drinkers , the majority of whom indicated a preference for Pepsi , with Classic Coke accounting for the remainder save two New Coke loyalists . When this group was given a chance to try all three in a blind test , New Coke slightly edged out Pepsi -- yet many drinkers reacted angrily to finding they had chosen a brand other than their favorite . Goizueta claimed that he never once regretted the decision . He even threw a tenth anniversary party for New Coke in 1995 and continued to drink it until his death in 1997 . After Coca - Cola Classic ( edit ) In the short run , the reintroduction of original Coca - Cola saved Coke 's sales numbers and brought it back in the good graces of many customers and bottlers . Phone calls and letters to the company were as joyful and thankful as they had been angry and depressed . `` You would have thought we 'd cured cancer '' , said one executive . But confusion reigned at the company 's marketing department , which had to come up with a plan to market two Coca - Colas where such plans had been completely off the table just a few months before . Coca - Cola Classic did not need much help , with a `` Red , White and You '' campaign showcasing the American virtues many of those who had clamored for its reintroduction had pointedly reminded the company that it embodied . But the company was at a loss to sell what was now just `` Coke '' . `` The Best Just Got Better '' could no longer be used . Marketers fumbled for a strategy for the rest of the year . Matters were not helped when McDonald 's announced shortly after the reintroduction that it was switching from New Coke back to Coca - Cola Classic at every one of its restaurants across the country . Max Headroom print ad from `` Catch the Wave '' At the beginning of 1986 , however , Coke 's marketing team found a strategy by returning to one of their original motives for changing the formula : the youth market so beholden to Pepsi . Max Headroom , the purportedly computer - generated media personality played by Matt Frewer , was chosen to replace Cosby as the spokesman for Coke 's new `` Catch the Wave '' campaign . With his slicked - back hair and sunglasses , he was already known to much of the U.S. youth audience through appearances on MTV , where he had first appeared in the Art of Noise 's `` Paranoimia '' video and Cinemax . The campaign was launched with a television commercial produced by McCann Erickson New York , with Max saying in his trademark stutter , `` C-c-c - catch the wave ! '' and referring to his fellow `` Cokeologists '' . In a riposte to Pepsi 's televisual teasings , one showed Headroom asking a Pepsi can he was `` interviewing '' how it felt about more drinkers preferring Coke to it and then cut to the condensation forming on , and running down , the can . `` S-s-s-s - sweating ? '' , he asked . The campaign was a huge success , and surveys likewise showed that more than three - quarters of the target market were aware of the ads within two days . Coke 's corporate hotline received more calls about Max than any previous spokesperson , some even asking if he had a girlfriend . The ads and campaign continued throughout the year and were chosen as best of 1986 by Video Storyboard of New York . Coke II ( edit ) A can of Coke II In 1985 , New Coke was sold only in Canada , the United States , and United States territories , while the original formula continued to be sold in the rest of the world . New Coke was eventually returned to the company 's product portfolio ; it was test - marketed in certain U.S. cities under the name Coke II in 1990 , and officially renamed Coke II in late 1992 , despite the company 's original intention not to create a second brand . Filmmaker Miranda July is said to have suggested the name of Coke II while working as a tastemaker for an ad agency . However , Coca - Cola did little to promote or otherwise distinguish it . In a market already offering far more choice of drinks calling themselves `` Coke '' in some fashion or another , the public saw little reason to embrace a product they had firmly rejected seven years earlier , and within about a year , Coke II was largely off the American shelves again . By 1998 , it could be found only in some scattered Midwestern and overseas markets , and in July 2002 , Coca - Cola announced that it would be discontinued entirely . On August 16 , 2002 , Coca - Cola announced a change of the label in which the word `` Classic '' was no longer so prominent , leading to speculation that it would eventually be removed and the last traces of New Coke eliminated . In 2009 , Coca - Cola permanently removed `` Classic '' from its North American packaging . As of 2017 , however , the `` Classic '' label continues to appear on Coke cans in international markets . Commercial legacy ( edit ) New Coke had the spotlight for only three months in 1985 , but it casts a long shadow , in both the business world and popular culture that can still be seen today . It is most frequently mentioned as a cautionary tale among businesses against tampering too extensively with a well - established and successful brand . `` For a product so widely despised , '' noted AdWeek blogger Tim Nudd in 2006 , more than two decades later , `` New Coke ( a.k.a. Coke II ) still gets an admirable amount of ink . '' He noted Blink : The Power of Thinking Without Thinking ( 2005 ) by Malcolm Gladwell , and Why Most Things Fail : Evolution , Extinction and Economics ( 2005 ) by Paul Ormerod , that dealt with it at some length , as well as two recent mentions in Forbes and Sports Illustrated . Within Coca - Cola , the role the company 's bottlers had played in forcing its hand led executives to create a new subsidiary , Coca - Cola Enterprises , which bought out several of the larger bottlers and placed distribution and marketing efforts more tightly under Coca - Cola 's control . Conspiracy theories ( edit ) The Coca - Cola Company 's apparently sudden reversal on New Coke led to several rumors and conspiracy theories that have circulated in the years since to explain how a company with the resources and experience of Coca - Cola could have made such an obvious and colossal blunder . Some explanations that have been proffered are : The company intentionally changed the formula , hoping consumers would be upset with the company , and demand the original formula to return , which in turn would cause sales to spike . Keough answered this speculation by saying `` We 're not that dumb , and we 're not that smart . '' The putative switch was planned all along to cover the change from sugar - sweetened Coke to much less expensive high fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) , a theory that was supposedly given credence by the apparently different taste of Coke Classic when it first hit the market ( the U.S. sugar trade association took out a full - page ad lambasting Coke for using HFCS in all bottling of the old formula when it was reintroduced ) . In fact , Coca - Cola began allowing bottlers to remove up to half of the product 's cane sugar as early as 1980 , five years before the introduction of New Coke . By the time the new formula was introduced , most bottlers had already sweetened the drink entirely with HFCS . It provided cover for the final removal of all coca derivatives from the product to placate the Drug Enforcement Administration , which was trying to eradicate the plant worldwide to combat an increase in cocaine trafficking and consumption . While Coke 's executives were indeed relieved the new formula contained no coca and concerned about the long - term future of the Peruvian government - owned coca fields that supplied it in the face of increasing DEA pressure to end cultivation of the crop , according to author Mark Pendergrast there was no direct pressure from the DEA on Coca - Cola to do so . This theory was endorsed in a TIME magazine article , as well as by historian Bartow Elmore , who claims the reformulation was made in response to the escalating War on Drugs by the Reagan Administration . Taste test problems ( edit ) In his book Blink : The Power of Thinking Without Thinking ( 2005 ) , Malcolm Gladwell relates his conversations with market researchers in the food industry who put most of the blame for the failure of New Coke on the flawed nature of taste tests . They claim most are subject to systematic biases . Tests such as the Pepsi Challenge were `` sip tests '' , meaning that drinkers were given small samples ( less than a can or bottle 's worth ) to try . Gladwell contends that what people say they like in these tests may not reflect what they actually buy to drink at home over several days . Carol Dollard , who once worked in product development for Pepsi , told Gladwell : `` I 've seen many times where the sip test will give you one result and the home - use test will give you the exact opposite . '' For example , although many consumers react positively to the sweeter taste of Pepsi in small volumes , it may become unattractively sweet when drunk in quantity . Coke , on the other hand , may be more attractive for drinking in volume , because it is less sweet . A more comprehensive testing regimen could possibly have revealed this , Gladwell 's sources believe . Gladwell reports that other market researchers have criticized Coke for not realizing that much of its success as a brand came from what they call sensation transference , a phenomenon first described by marketer Louis Cheskin in the late 1940s : tasters unconsciously add their reactions to the drink 's packaging into their assessment of the taste . For example , one of the researchers told Gladwell that his firm 's research had found 7 - Up drinkers believe a sample from a bottle with a more yellow label is more `` lemony '' , although the flavor was identical . In Coke 's case , it is alleged that buyers , subject to sensation transference , were also `` tasting '' the red color of the container and distinctive Coca - Cola script . It was therefore , in their opinion , a mistake to focus solely on the product and its taste . `` The mistake Coke made , '' said Darrel Rhea , an executive with the firm Cheskin founded , `` was in attributing their loss in share entirely to the product . '' He points to Pepsi 's work in establishing a youth - oriented brand identity from the 1960s as having more bearing on its success . Coke considered but rejected gradually changing the drink 's flavor incrementally , without announcing they were doing so . Executives feared the public would notice and exaggerate slight differences in taste . In 1998 , Joel Dubow , a professor of food marketing at St. Joseph 's University , tested this `` flavor balance hypothesis '' and argued that it was not true . He and fellow researcher Nancy Childs tested mixtures of Coca - Cola Classic and Coke II and found that the gradual changes of taste were not noticed by a significant number of tasters . Coke , he said , would have succeeded had it chosen this strategy . See also ( edit ) 1980s portal Atlanta portal Drink portal Coca - Cola C2 Crystal Pepsi Dasani ( United Kingdom ) List of defunct consumer brands MagiCan OK Soda References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jamieson , Sean ( April 5 , 1990 ) . `` Coke II makes its Spokane debut '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . p . A8 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara ( March 13 , 2007 ) . `` Knew Coke / New Coke Origin '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Koten , John ; Kilman , Scott ( 12 July 1985 ) . `` Coca - Cola Faces Tough Marketing Task in Attempting to Sell Old and New Coke '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Richard W. ( 20 August 1985 ) . `` New Coke vs. Classic : The Verdict Is Still Out '' . The New York Times . NYTimes Co . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Story of New Coke , http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/coke-lore-new-coke/ > ^ Jump up to : Demott , John S. ( 24 June 1985 ) . `` All Afizz Over the New Coke '' . Time . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hays , Constance L. ( 2005 ) . The Real Thing : Truth and Power at the Coca - Cola Company ( Random House Trade pbk . ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7364 - X . ^ Jump up to : Pendergrast , Mark ( 2004 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola : The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company that Makes It ( 2 . ed. , rev. and expanded , ( Nachdr . ) ed . ) . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05468 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schindler , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . `` The Real Lesson of New Coke : The Value of Focus Groups for Predicting the Effects of Social Influence '' . Marketing Research . 4 ( 4 ) : 22 ( p. 27 ) . ISSN 1040 - 8460 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Story of New Coke '' . Coke Lore . The Coca - Cola Company . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver , Thomas ( 1987 ) . The Real Coke , The Real Story ( Repr ed . ) . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0140104089 . Jump up ^ American Jewish Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Blair ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Coca Cola 's Big Mistake : New Coke 20 Years Later ... '' Soda Pop Dreams . Archived from the original on December 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Coke Flavor - Suit Rejected '' . UPI . June 21 , 1985 . ^ Jump up to : Barry , Daniel ( 2002 ) . People vs Coke . BBC Documentary . Jump up ^ Barry , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The People vs Coke . BBC Documentary . ^ Jump up to : `` Topics ; Cars and Cola Jokes '' . The New York Times . October 23 , 1985 . Retrieved November 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Geller , Martinne ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Coke scraps `` Classic '' tag from flagship cola : report `` . Reuters . Jump up ^ TIME ; July 22 , 1985 ; 48 Jump up ^ En Erico , Roger & Kornbluth , Jesse . The Other Guy Blinked : How Pepsi Won the Cola Wars . New York , NY : Bantam Books . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 26632 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bigford , Andrew . `` Last Run : Sergio Zyman '' . SKI Magazine . Retrieved June 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gary ( October 15 , 2006 ) ( 1998 ) . Introduction to Statistical Reasoning . McGraw Hill . pp. 186 -- 87 . Jump up ^ `` Max & N-N - New Coke '' . The Max Headroom Chronicles. 2005 . Retrieved December 14 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highlights in the History of Coca - Cola Television Advertising '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Miranda July , The Make - Believer '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ John H. McConnell ; How to Design , Implement and Interpret an Employee Survey , AMACOM Division of the American Management Association , ISBN 0 - 8144 - 0709 - 9 , 2003 , 3 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Stephen ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` Coca - Cola Deleting ' Classic ' From Coke Label '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola -- Coca - Cola Malaysia '' . www.coca-cola.com.my . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Australia , New Look - Same great feeling . Discover our brands and stay up to date with the latest news and special events '' . www.coca-cola.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Classic Coca - Cola GB '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( February 24 , 2006 ) . `` Where are the last few cans of New Coke ? '' . AdWeek . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New Coke History America '' . TIME . ^ Jump up to : Gladwell , Malcolm ( 2005 ) . Blink : The Power of Thinking Without Thinking ( 1 . ed . ) . New YorK ( etc . ) : Back Bay . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17232 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cheskin , Louis & Ward , L.B. ( September 1948 ) . `` Indirect Approach to Market Reactions '' . Harvard Business Review . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gordon , Ian ; Frank , Thomas ( December 1999 ) . `` The Conquest of Cool : Business Culture , Counterculture , and the Rise of Hip Consumerism '' . The Journal of American History . 86 ( 3 ) : 1396 . doi : 10.2307 / 2568708 . Jump up ^ Dubow , Joel S ; Childs , Nancy M ( November 1998 ) . `` New Coke , Mixture Perception , and the Flavor Balance Hypothesis '' . Journal of Business Research . 43 ( 3 ) : 147 -- 155 . doi : 10.1016 / s0148 - 2963 ( 97 ) 00220 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Civille , Gail Vance & Lyon , Brenda G. ( 1996 ) . Aroma and Flavor Lexicon for Sensory Evaluation . West Conshohocken , PA : American Society for Testing and Materials . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Hine , Thomas ( 1997 ) . The Total Package : The Secret History and Hidden Meanings of Boxes , Bottles , Cans , and Other Persuasive Containers . Back Bay Books . ISBN 0 - 316 - 36546 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Imram , Nazlin ( 1999 ) . `` The role of visual cues in customer perception and acceptance of a food product '' . Nutrition & Food Science . 99 ( 5 ) : 224 -- 230 . doi : 10.1108 / 00346659910277650 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Leven , S. and Levine , D. ( 1996 ) . `` Multiattribute Decision Making in Context : A Dynamic Neural Network Methodology '' . Cognitive Science . 20 : 271 -- 299 . doi : 10.1207 / s15516709cog2002_4 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Meilgaard , Morten ; Civille , Gail Vance & Carr , B. Thomas ( 1999 ) . Sensory Evaluation Techniques ( Third ed . ) . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Wilson , Timothy & Schooler , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . `` Thinking Too Much : Introspection Can Reduce the Quality of Preferences and Decisions '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 60 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 192 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.60. 2.181 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Bastedo , Michael & Davis , Angela . `` God , What a Blunder : The New Coke Story '' . lycos.co.uk . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) With a good talk on the problems of their research methodologies ( focus groups v. surveys ) . `` Coke Lore ( Knew Coke ) -- Snopes ' take on New Coke '' . Snopes . `` Coke Lore : New Coke '' . Coca - Cola . `` New Coke - a market research disaster ? '' . St John 's College Blog. 2012 . `` QuickTime news clip on New Coke introduction '' . KTLA . Los Angeles : CNN . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Varieties of Coca - Cola Regular Coca - Cola Mexican Coke New Coke ( Coke II ) Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Cherry Coca - Cola with Lime Coca - Cola Vanilla Coca - Cola Citra Coca - Cola Black Cherry Vanilla Coca - Cola BlāK Coca - Cola with Lemon Coca - Cola Raspberry Coca - Cola Orange Coca - Cola Life White Coke Low - calorie TaB Diet Coke / Coke Light Coca - Cola C2 Coca - Cola Zero Sugar Coca - Cola Light Sango Diet Coke Plus The Coca - Cola Company List of Coca - Cola brands Soft drinks A&W Root Beer ( Canada only ) Ambasa Ameyal Barq 's Beat Beverly Bjäre Julmust Cannings Chinotto Citra Coca - Cola Fanta Fioravanti Fresca Fruktime Frutonic Gold Spot Guaraná Jesus Hit Inca Kola Iron Brew Joya Kinley Kola Inglesa Krest Kuat Lemon & Paeroa Lift Lilt Limca Mare Rosso Mello Yello Mezzo Mix Mr. Pibb Nordic Mist OK Soda Pibb Xtra Pibb Zero Portello Quatro Quwat Jabal Ramblin ' Root Beer RimZim Red Flash Royal Tru Santiba Sarsi Seagram 's Senzao Smart Sparkle Sparletta Sprite Stoney Surge Tab Tanora Thums Up Tiky Urge Vault VegitaBeta Victoria Yoli Juices and teas Ayataka Cappy Capri Sun Delaware Punch Enviga Far Coast Five Alive Fruitopia Frutonic Fuze Glaceau Gold Peak Hi - C Honest Tea Innocent Maaza Matte Leão Minute Maid Nestea Oasis Odwalla Qoo Royal Tru Simply Sokenbicha Sparkle Tum - E Yummies VitaminWater ZICO Sports drinks Aquarius Powerade Monster Beverage ( 17.9 % stake ) BPM Energy Burn Formula 50 Full Throttle Lift Plus Monster Mother NOS RAC 124 Relentless Tab Energy Vault Von Dutch Bottled water AdeS Arwa Ciel Dasani Deep River Rock Malvern Water Smart Water Topo Chico Valpre Coffee - based Caribou Coffee Georgia illy Dairy - based Fairlife Swerve Vio Joint ventures Beverage Partners Worldwide Coca - Cola FEMSA Philippines ( 49 % ) Coca - Cola Hellenic ( 23.2 % ) Coca - Cola European Partners ( 18 % ) Coca - Cola Beverages Africa ( 11.3 % ) Former holdings Columbia Pictures TriStar Pictures Legal Escola v. Coca - Cola Bottling Co. ( 1944 ) POM Wonderful v. Coca - Cola ( 2014 ) Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola ( 2001 ) U.S. v. 40 Barrels & 20 Kegs of Coca - Cola ( ( 1916 ) Other Coca - Cola buildings and structures Criticism of Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Freestyle Limca Book of Records My Coke Rewards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Coke&oldid=836102107 '' Categories : Coca - Cola brands Products introduced in 1985 Conspiracy theories in the United States Discontinued soft drinks Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Magyar 日本語 Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 17 : 57 . 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547245592502470771	Occupation of Japan	Occupation of Japan - wikipedia Occupation of Japan Empire of Japan ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Japan ( 1947 -- 1952 ) Military occupation 1945 -- 1952 Flag Imperial Seal Map of Japan under Allied occupation Japanese archipelago , placed under the authority of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , effective 1945 -- 1952 ( with the exceptions of Iwo Jima , under US authority until 1968 , and Okinawa , under US authority until 1972 ) Japanese Taiwan and the Spratly Islands , placed under the authority of China Karafuto Prefecture and the Kuril Islands , placed under the authority of the Soviet Union Japanese Korea south of the 38th parallel north , placed under the authority of the United States Army Military Government in Korea , granted independence in 1948 as South Korea Kwantung Leased Territory , occupied by the Soviet Union 1945 -- 1955 , returned to China in 1955 Japanese Korea north of the 38th parallel north , placed under the authority of the Soviet Civil Administration , granted independence in 1948 as North Korea South Pacific Mandate , occupied by the United States 1945 -- 1947 , converted into the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947 Status Military occupation Capital Tokyo Common languages Japanese Military Governor 1945 -- 1951 Douglas MacArthur 1951 -- 1952 Matthew Ridgway Emperor 1945 -- 1952 124th Hirohito Establishment Japanese surrender August 14 , 1945 Occupation established August 28 1945 Instrument of Surrender signed September 2 , 1945 Taiwan Province October 25 , 1945 Republic of Korea August 15 , 1948 Democratic People 's Republic of Korea September 9 , 1948 Treaty of San Francisco April 28 1952 ISO 3166 code JP Preceded by Succeeded by Empire of Japan Japan United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands United States Army Military Government in Korea Soviet Union Soviet Civil Administration Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Today part of Countries today ( show ) People 's Republic of China Republic of China Japan North Korea South Korea Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Russia United States Taiwan ( Formosa ) and Penghu ( Pescadores ) Joined the Republic of China on October 25 , 1945 . History of Japan Civil and naval ensign during the occupation of Japan Periods ( show ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Boxer Rebellion Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur , the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , with support from the British Commonwealth . Unlike in the occupation of Germany , the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan . This foreign presence marks the only time in Japan 's history that it has been occupied by a foreign power . The country became a parliamentary democracy that recalled `` New Deal '' priorities of the 1930s by Roosevelt . The occupation , codenamed Operation Blacklist , was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty , signed on September 8 , 1951 , and effective from April 28 , 1952 , after which Japan 's sovereignty -- with the exception , until 1972 , of the Ryukyu Islands -- was fully restored . According to John Dower , in his book Cultures of War : Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9 - 11 / Iraq , the factors behind the success of the occupation were : Discipline , moral legitimacy , well - defined and well - articulated objectives , a clear chain of command , tolerance and flexibility in policy formulation and implementation , confidence in the ability of the state to act constructively , the ability to operate abroad free of partisan politics back home , and the existence of a stable , resilient , sophisticated civil society on the receiving end of occupation policies -- these political and civic virtues helped make it possible to move decisively during the brief window of a few years when defeated Japan itself was in flux and most receptive to radical change . Contents 1 Japanese surrender 1.1 Initial phase 1.2 SCAP 1.3 Organs running in parallel to SCAP 2 Outcomes 2.1 Disarmament 2.2 Liberalization 2.3 Emphasis on stability and economic growth 2.4 Democratization 2.5 Trade Union Act 2.6 Labor Standards Act 2.7 Education reform 2.8 Women 's rights 2.9 Release of political prisoners 3 Impact 3.1 War criminals 3.2 Rape 3.3 Censorship 3.4 Industrial disarmament 3.5 Prostitution 3.6 Expulsions 3.7 Soviet activity 4 Politics 5 Japanese American contribution 6 End of the occupation 7 Criticism 8 Cultural reaction 9 Japanese women 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Japanese surrender ( edit ) Main article : Surrender of Japan Initial Phase ( edit ) Japan surrendered to the Allies on August 14 , 1945 , when the Japanese government notified the Allies that it had accepted the Potsdam Declaration . On the following day , Emperor Hirohito announced Japan 's unconditional surrender on the radio ( the Gyokuon - hōsō ) . The announcement was the emperor 's first ever planned radio broadcast and the first time most citizens of Japan ever heard their sovereign 's voice . This date is known as Victory over Japan , or V-J Day , and marked the end of World War II and the beginning of a long road to recovery for a shattered Japan . Japanese officials left for Manila , Philippines on August 19 to meet MacArthur and to be briefed on his plans for the occupation . On August 28 , 1945 , 150 US personnel flew to Atsugi , Kanagawa Prefecture . They were followed by USS Missouri , whose accompanying vessels landed the 4th Marine Division on the southern coast of Kanagawa . Other Allied personnel followed . MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30 , and immediately decreed several laws . No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people . No Allied personnel were to eat the scarce Japanese food . Flying the Hinomaru or `` Rising Sun '' flag was initially severely restricted ( although individuals and prefectural offices could apply for permission to fly it ) . This restriction was partially lifted in 1948 and completely lifted the following year . The instrument of surrender , dated September 2 , 1945 Representatives of the Empire of Japan stand aboard the USS Missouri prior to signing of the Instrument of Surrender . On September 2 , 1945 , Japan formally surrendered with the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender . On September 6 , US President Truman approved a document titled `` US Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan '' . The document set two main objectives for the occupation : ( 1 ) eliminating Japan 's war potential and ( 2 ) turning Japan into a democratic - style nation with pro-United Nations orientation . Allied ( primarily American ) forces were set up to supervise the country , and `` for eighty months following its surrender in 1945 , Japan was at the mercy of an army of occupation , its people subject to foreign military control . '' At the head of the Occupation administration was General MacArthur , who was technically supposed to defer to an advisory council set up by the Allied powers , but in practice did not and did everything himself . As a result , this period was one of significant American influence , described near the end of the occupation in 1951 that `` for six years the United States has had a free hand to experiment with Japan than any other country in Asia , or indeed in the entire world . '' Looking back to his work among the Japanese , MacArthur said , `` Measured by the standards of modern civilization , they would be like a boy of twelve '' compared to the maturity of the US and Germany , and had a good chance of putting away their troubled past . Gaetano Faillace 's photo of Douglas MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito SCAP ( edit ) The first proposals for the division of Japan On V-J Day , US President Harry Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers ( SCAP ) , to supervise the occupation of Japan . During the war , the Allied Powers had planned to divide Japan amongst themselves for the purposes of occupation , as was done for the occupation of Germany . Under the final plan , however , SCAP was given direct control over the main islands of Japan ( Honshu , Hokkaido , Shikoku , and Kyushu ) and the immediately surrounding islands , while outlying possessions were divided between the Allied Powers as follows : Soviet Union : North Korea ( not a full occupation ) , South Sakhalin , and the Kuril Islands United States : South Korea ( not a full occupation ) , Okinawa , the Amami Islands , the Ogasawara Islands and Japanese possessions in Micronesia China : Taiwan and Penghu It is unclear why the occupation plan was changed . Common theories include the increased power of the United States following development of the atomic bomb , Truman 's greater distrust of the Soviet Union when compared with Roosevelt , and an increased desire to restrict Soviet influence in East Asia after the Yalta Conference . The Soviet Union had some intentions of occupying Hokkaidō . Had this occurred , there might have eventually been a communist state in the Soviet zone of occupation . However , unlike the Soviet occupations of East Germany and North Korea , these plans were frustrated by Truman 's opposition . MacArthur 's first priority was to set up a food distribution network ; following the collapse of the ruling government and the wholesale destruction of most major cities , virtually everyone was starving . Even with these measures , millions of people were still on the brink of starvation for several years after the surrender . As expressed by Kawai Kazuo , `` Democracy can not be taught to a starving people '' . The US government encouraged democratic reform in Japan , and while it sent billions of dollars in food aid , this was dwarfed by the occupation costs it imposed on the struggling Japanese administration . Play media Half destroyed Tokyo as filmed by Gaetano Faillace Initially , the US government provided emergency food relief through Government and Relief in Occupied Areas ( GARIOA ) funds . In fiscal year 1946 , this aid amounted to US $92 million in loans . From April 1946 , in the guise of Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia , private relief organizations were also permitted to provide relief . Once the food network was in place MacArthur set out to win the support of Hirohito . The two men met for the first time on September 27 ; the photograph of the two together is one of the most famous in Japanese history . Some were shocked that MacArthur wore his standard duty uniform with no tie instead of his dress uniform when meeting the emperor . With the sanction of Japan 's reigning monarch , MacArthur had the ammunition he needed to begin the real work of the occupation . While other Allied political and military leaders pushed for Hirohito to be tried as a war criminal , MacArthur resisted such calls , arguing that any such prosecution would be overwhelmingly unpopular with the Japanese people . He also rejected the claims of members of the imperial family such as Prince Mikasa and Prince Higashikuni and demands of intellectuals like Tatsuji Miyoshi , who sought the emperor 's abdication . By the end of 1945 , more than 350,000 US personnel were stationed throughout Japan . By the beginning of 1946 , replacement troops began to arrive in the country in large numbers and were assigned to MacArthur 's Eighth Army , headquartered in Tokyo 's Dai - Ichi building . Of the main Japanese islands , Kyūshū was occupied by the 24th Infantry Division , with some responsibility for Shikoku . Honshu was occupied by the First Cavalry Division . Hokkaido was occupied by the 11th Airborne Division . May 1946 . The 2nd Battalion 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles march through Kure , Hiroshima soon after their arrival in Japan . By June 1950 , all these army units had suffered extensive troop reductions and their combat effectiveness was seriously weakened . When North Korea invaded South Korea in the Korean War , elements of the 24th Division were flown into South Korea to try to fight the invasion force there , but the inexperienced occupation troops , while acquitting themselves well when suddenly thrown into combat almost overnight , suffered heavy casualties and were forced into retreat until other Japan occupation troops could be sent to assist . Organs running in parallel to SCAP ( edit ) The official British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) , composed of Australian , British , Indian and New Zealand personnel , was deployed on February 21 , 1946 . While US forces were responsible for the overall occupation , BCOF was responsible for supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan 's war industries . BCOF was also responsible for occupation of several western prefectures and had its headquarters at Kure . At its peak , the force numbered about 40,000 personnel . During 1947 , BCOF began to decrease its activities in Japan , and officially wound up in 1951 . The Far Eastern Commission and Allied Council for Japan were also established to supervise the occupation of Japan . The establishment of a multilateral Allied council for Japan was proposed by the Soviet government as early as September 1945 , and was supported partially by the British , French and Chinese governments . Outcomes ( edit ) Play media 1946 newsreel Disarmament ( edit ) Japan 's postwar constitution , adopted under Allied supervision , included a `` Peace Clause '' , Article 9 , which renounced war and banned Japan from maintaining any armed forces . This clause was not imposed by the Allies : rather , it was the work of the Japanese government itself , and according to most sources , was the work of Prime Minister Kijūrō Shidehara . The clause was intended to prevent the country from ever becoming an aggressive military power again . However , the United States was soon pressuring Japan to rebuild its army as a bulwark against communism in Asia after the Chinese Civil War and the Korean War . During the Korean War , US forces largely withdrew from Japan to redeploy to South Korea , leaving the country almost totally defenseless . As a result , a new National Police Reserve armed with military - grade weaponry was created . In 1954 , the Japan Self - Defense Forces were founded as a full - scale military in all but name . To avoid breaking the constitutional prohibition on military force , they were officially founded as an extension to the police force . Traditionally , Japan 's military spending has been restricted to about 1 % of its gross national product , though this is by popular practice , not law , and has fluctuated up and down from this figure . Prime Ministers Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzo Abe , among others , have tried to repeal or amend the clause . The JSDF slowly grew to considerable strength , and Japan now has the eighth largest military budget in the world . Liberalization ( edit ) All the major sectors of the Japanese society , government , and economy were liberalized in the first few years and won strong support from liberals in Japan . Historians emphasize the similarity to the American New Deal programs of the 1930s . Moore and Robinson note that , `` New Deal liberalism seemed natural , even to conservative Republicans such as MacArthur and Whitney . '' The issuing of the Removal of Restrictions on Political , Civil , and Religious Liberties directive by SCAP on October 4 , 1945 , led to the abolishment of the Peace Preservation Law and the release of all political prisoners . Emphasis on stability and economic growth ( edit ) From late 1947 , US priorities shifted to internal political stability and economic growth . Economic deconcentration , for example , was left uncompleted as GHQ responded to new imperatives . American authorities encouraged business practices and industrial policies that have since become sources of contention between Japan and its major trade partners , notably the United States . During the occupation , GHQ / SCAP mostly abolished many of the financial coalitions known as the Zaibatsu , which had previously monopolized industry . Along with the later American change of heart , and due in part to the need for an economically stronger Japan in the face of a perceived Soviet threat , these economic reforms were also hampered by the wealthy and influential Japanese who stood to lose a great deal . As such , there were those who consequently resisted any attempts at reform , claiming that the zaibatsu were required for Japan to compete internationally , and looser industrial groupings known as keiretsu evolved . A major land reform was also conducted , led by Wolf Ladejinsky of General Douglas MacArthur 's SCAP staff . However , Ladejinsky has stated that the real architect of reform was Hiro Wada , former Japanese Minister of Agriculture . Between 1947 and 1949 , approximately 5,800,000 acres ( 23,000 km ) of land ( approximately 38 % of Japan 's cultivated land ) were purchased from the landlords under the government 's reform program and resold at extremely low prices ( after inflation ) to the farmers who worked them . By 1950 , three million peasants had acquired land , dismantling a power structure that the landlords had long dominated . Democratization ( edit ) In 1946 , the Diet ratified a new Constitution of Japan that followed closely a ' model copy ' prepared by the GHQ / SCAP , and was promulgated as an amendment to the old Prussian - style Meiji Constitution . The new constitution drafted by Americans allowed access and control over the Japanese military through MacArthur and the Allied occupation on Japan . `` The political project drew much of its inspiration from the U.S. Bill of Rights , New Deal social legislation , the liberal constitutions of several European states and even the Soviet Union ... ( It ) transferred sovereignty from the Emperor to the people in an attempt to depoliticize the Throne and reduce it to the status of a state symbol . Included in the revised charter was the famous ' no war ' , ' no arms ' Article Nine , which outlawed belligerency as an instrument of state policy and the maintenance of a standing army . The 1947 Constitution also enfranchised women , guaranteed fundamental human rights , strengthened the powers of Parliament and the Cabinet , and decentralized the police and local government . '' One example of MacArthur 's push towards democratization implemented the land reform and redistribution of ownership within the agricultural system . The land reform was established in order to improve not only the economy but the welfare of farmers as well . MacArthur 's land reform policy redistribution resulted in only 10 % of the land being worked by non-owners . On December 15 , 1945 , the Shinto Directive was issued abolishing Shinto as a state religion and prohibiting some of its teachings and rites that were deemed to be militaristic or ultra-nationalistic . On April 10 , 1946 , an election with 78.52 % voter turnout among men and 66.97 % among women gave Japan its first modern prime minister , Shigeru Yoshida . Trade Union Act ( edit ) In 1945 the Diet passed Japan 's first ever trade union law protecting the rights of workers to form or join a union , to organize , and take industrial action . There had been pre-war attempts to do so , but none that were successfully passed until the Allied occupation . A new Trade Union Law was passed on June 1 , 1949 , which remains in place to the present day . According to Article 1 of the Act , the purpose of the act is to `` elevate the status of workers by promoting their being on equal standing with the employer '' . Labor Standards Act ( edit ) The Labor Standards Act was enacted on April 7 , 1947 , to govern working conditions in Japan . According to Article 1 of the Act , its goal is to ensure that `` Working conditions shall be those which should meet the needs of workers who live lives worthy of human beings . '' Support stemming from the Allied occupation has introduced better working conditions and pay for numerous employees in Japanese business . This allowed for more sanitary and hygienic working environments along with welfare and government assistance for health insurance , pensions plans and work involving other trained specialists . While it was created while Japan was under occupation , the origins of the Act have nothing to do with the occupation forces . It appears to have been the brainchild of Kosaku Teramoto , a former member of the Thought Police , who had become the head of the Labor Standards section of the Welfare Ministry . Education reform ( edit ) See also : Educational reform in occupied Japan Before and during the war , Japanese education was based on the German system , with `` Gymnasien '' ( selective grammar schools ) and universities to train students after primary school . During the occupation , Japan 's secondary education system was changed to incorporate three - year junior high schools and senior high schools similar to those in the US : junior high school became compulsory but senior high school remained optional . The Imperial Rescript on Education was repealed , and the Imperial University system reorganized . The longstanding issue of Japanese script reform , which had been planned for decades but continuously opposed by more conservative elements , was also resolved during this time . The Japanese written system was drastically reorganized with the Tōyō kanji - list in 1946 , predecessor of today 's Jōyō kanji , and orthography was greatly altered to reflect spoken usage . Women 's rights ( edit ) Prior to World War II , women in Japan were denied the right to vote and other legal rights . With the defeat of the traditionalist government , the occupation authorities , on the order of general Douglas MacArthur , began drafting a new constitution for Japan in February 1946 . A subcommittee including two women , Beate Sirota Gordon and economist Eleanor Hadley , was enlisted and assigned to writing the section of the constitution devoted to civil rights and women 's rights in Japan . They played an integral role , drafting the language regarding legal equality between men and women in Japan , including Articles 14 and 24 on Equal Rights and Women 's Civil Rights . Article 14 states , in part : `` All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be no discrimination in political , economic or social relations because of race , creed , sex , social status or family origin '' . Article 24 includes : Marriage shall be based only on the mutual consent of both sexes and it shall be maintained through mutual cooperation with the equal rights of husband and wife as a basis . 2 ) With regard to choice of spouse , property rights , inheritance , choice of domicile , divorce and other matters pertaining to marriage and the family , laws shall be enacted from the standpoint of individual dignity and the essential equality of the sexes . These additions to the constitution were vital to women 's rights in Japan . `` Japanese women were historically treated like chattel ; they were property to be bought and sold on a whim , '' Gordon said in 1999 . Release of political prisoners ( edit ) The Japanese government releases members of the Japan Communist Party on October 10 , 1945 . See also : Political prisoners in Imperial Japan On October 4 , 1945 , the GHQ issued the Removal of Restrictions on Political , Civil , and Religious Liberties directive . The directive ordered the release of political prisoners . Impact ( edit ) Hideki Tōjō takes the stand at the Tokyo war crimes tribunal . War criminals ( edit ) While these other reforms were taking place , various military tribunals , most notably the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Ichigaya , were trying Japan 's war criminals and sentencing many to death and imprisonment . However , many suspects such as Masanobu Tsuji , Nobusuke Kishi , Yoshio Kodama and Ryōichi Sasakawa were never judged , while the Emperor Hirohito , all members of the imperial family implicated in the war such as Prince Chichibu , Prince Yasuhiko Asaka , Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu , Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni and Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda , and all members of Unit 731 -- including its director Dr. Shirō Ishii -- were granted immunity from criminal prosecution by General MacArthur . Before the war crimes trials actually convened , the SCAP , the IPS and Shōwa officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family from being indicted , but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor . High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals , while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in Sugamo prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility . Thus , months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced , MacArthur 's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tojo '' by allowing `` the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment . '' and `` with the full support of MacArthur 's headquarters , the prosecution functioned , in effect , as a defense team for the emperor . For historian John W. Dower , Even Japanese peace activists who endorse the ideals of the Nuremberg and Tokyo charters , and who have labored to document and publicize Japanese atrocities , can not defend the American decision to exonerate the emperor of war responsibility and then , in the chill of Cold war , release and soon afterwards openly embrace accused right - wing war criminals like the later prime minister Kishi Nobusuke . In retrospect , apart from the military officer corps , the purge of alleged militarists and ultranationalists that was conducted under the Occupation had relatively small impact on the long - term composition of men of influence in the public and private sectors . The purge initially brought new blood into the political parties , but this was offset by the return of huge numbers of formally purged conservative politicians to national as well as local politics in the early 1950s . In the bureaucracy , the purge was negligible from the outset ... In the economic sector , the purge similarly was only mildly disruptive , affecting less than sixteen hundred individuals spread among some four hundred companies . Everywhere one looks , the corridors of power in postwar Japan are crowded with men whose talents had already been recognized during the war years , and who found the same talents highly prized in the `` new '' Japan . Rape ( edit ) Main article : Rape during the occupation of Japan According to various accounts , U.S. troops committed thousands of rapes among the population of the Ryukyu Islands during the Okinawa Campaign and the beginning of the American occupation in 1945 . Many Japanese civilians in the Japanese mainland feared that the Allied occupation troops were likely to rape Japanese women . The Japanese authorities set up a large system of prostitution facilities ( Recreation and Amusement Association , or the RAA ) in order to protect the population . According to John W. Dower , precisely as the Japanese government had hoped when it created the prostitution facilities , while the RAA was in place `` the incidence of rape remained relatively low given the huge size of the occupation force '' . However , there was a resulting large rise in venereal disease among the soldiers , which led MacArthur to close down the prostitution in early 1946 . The incidence of rape increased after the closure of the brothels , possibly eight-fold ; Dower states that `` According to one calculation the number of rapes and assaults on Japanese women amounted to around 40 daily while the RAA was in operation , and then rose to an average of 330 a day after it was terminated in early 1946 . '' Michael S. Molasky states that while rape and other violent crime were widespread in naval ports like Yokosuka and Yokohama during the first few weeks of occupation , according to Japanese police reports and journalistic studies , the number of incidents declined shortly after and they were not common on mainland Japan throughout the rest of occupation . Two weeks into the occupation , the Occupation administration began censoring all media . This included any mention of rape or other sensitive social issues . According to Dower , `` more than a few incidents '' of assault and rape were never reported to the police . According to Toshiyuki Tanaka , 76 cases of rape or rape - murder were reported on Okinawa during the first five years of occupation , but according to Tanaka this is `` but the tip of the iceberg '' as most of the rapes went unreported . Censorship ( edit ) See also : Censorship in Japan § Occupation of Japan , Rape during the occupation of Japan § Allied censorship of Japanese media , and Civil Censorship Detachment After the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers abolished all forms of censorship and controls on Freedom of Speech , which was also integrated into Article 21 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan . However , press censorship remained a reality in the post-war era , especially in matters of pornography , and in political matters deemed subversive by the American government during the occupation of Japan . The Allied occupation forces suppressed news of criminal activities such as rape ; on September 10 , 1945 , SCAP `` issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of all reports and statistics ' inimical to the objectives of the Occupation ' . '' According to David M. Rosenfeld : Not only did Occupation censorship forbid criticism of the United States or other Allied nations , but the mention of censorship itself was forbidden . This means , as Donald Keene observes , that for some producers of texts `` the Occupation censorship was even more exasperating than Japanese military censorship had been because it insisted that all traces of censorship be concealed . This meant that articles had to be rewritten in full , rather than merely submitting XXs for the offending phrases . '' -- Donald Keene , quoted in Dawn to the West Industrial disarmament ( edit ) To further remove Japan as a potential future threat to the United States , the Far Eastern Commission decided that Japan was to be partly de-industrialized . The necessary dismantling of Japanese industry was foreseen to have been achieved if Japanese standards of living had been reduced to those existing in Japan the period 1930 -- 1934 . In the end , the adopted program of de-industrialization in Japan was implemented to a lesser degree than the similar U.S. `` industrial disarmament '' program in Germany . In view of the cost to American taxpayers for emergency food aid to Japan , in April 1948 the Johnston Committee Report recommended that the economy of Japan should instead be reconstructed . The report included suggestions for reductions in war reparations , and a relaxation of the `` economic deconcentration '' policy . For the fiscal year of 1949 funds were moved from the GARIOA budget into an Economic Rehabilitation in Occupied Areas ( EROA ) programme , to be used for the import of materials needed for economic reconstruction . Prostitution ( edit ) Allied servicemen visit the Special Comfort Facility Association . See also : Recreation and Amusement Association With the acceptance of the Allied occupation authorities , the Japanese organized a brothel system for the benefit of the more than 300,000 occupation troops . `` The strategy was , through the special work of experienced women , to create a breakwater to protect regular women and girls . '' In December 1945 , a senior officer with the Public Health and Welfare Division of the occupation 's General Headquarters wrote regarding the typical prostitute : `` The girl is impressed into contracting by the desperate financial straits of her parents and their urging , occasionally supplemented by her willingness to make such a sacrifice to help her family '' , he wrote . `` It is the belief of our informants , however , that in urban districts the practice of enslaving girls , while much less prevalent than in the past , still exists . The worst victims ... were the women who , with no previous experience , answered the ads calling for ' Women of the New Japan ' . '' MacArthur issued an order , SCAPIN 642 ( SCAP Instruction ) , on January 21 ending licensed brothels for being `` in contravention of the ideals of democracy '' . Although SCAPIN 642 ended the RAA 's operations , it did not affect `` voluntary prostitution '' by individuals . Ultimately , SCAP responded by making all brothels and other facilities offering prostitution off - limits to Allied personnel on March 25 , 1946 . By November , the Japanese government had introduced the new akasen ( 赤線 , `` red - line '' ) system in which prostitution was permissible only in certain designated areas . Expulsions ( edit ) The surrender of Imperial Japan meant reversal of its previous annexations -- Manchuria ( Manchukuo as a puppet regime under Japan ) was returned to China , while Korea regained its independence and was divided in two by the United States and Soviet Union . The Soviet Union claimed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands , with 400,000 Japanese fleeing or expelled . Similar actions happened in Taiwan and Manchuria after their return to China , while Korea saw the flight of over 800,000 Japanese settlers . In all , Japanese repatriation centers handled over 7 million expatriates returning to the Japanese main islands . Soviet activity ( edit ) In a bid to occupy as much Japanese territory as possible , Soviet troops continued offensive military operations after the Japanese surrender , causing large scale civilian casualties . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Reverse course Unlike the case in Germany , Japan retained a native government throughout the occupation . Although MacArthur 's official staff history of the occupation referred to `` the Eighth Army Military Government System '' , it explained that while `` In Germany , with the collapse of the Nazi regime , all government agencies disintegrated , or had to be purged '' , the Japanese retained an `` integrated , responsible government and it continued to function almost intact '' : In effect , there was no `` military government '' in Japan in the literal sense of the word . It was simply a SCAP superstructure over already existing government machinery , designed to observe and assist the Japanese along the new democratic channels of administration . General Horace Robertson of Australia , head of BCOF , wrote : MacArthur at no time established in Japan what could be correctly described as Military government . He continued to use the Japanese government to control the country , but teams of military personnel , afterward replaced to quite a considerable extent by civilians , were placed throughout the Japanese prefectures as a check on the extent to which the prefectures were carrying out the directives issued by MacArthur 's headquarters or the orders from the central government . The really important duty of the so called Military government teams was , however , the supervision of the issue throughout Japan of the large quantities of food stuffs and medical stores being poured into the country from American sources . The teams also contained so - called experts on health , education , sanitation , agriculture and the like , to help the Japanese in adopting more up to date methods sponsored by SCAP 's headquarters . The normal duties of a military government organisation , the most important of which are law and order and a legal system , were never needed in Japan since the Japanese government 's normal legal system still functioned with regard to all Japanese nationals ... The so - called military government in Japan was therefore neither military nor government . The Japanese government 's de facto authority was strictly limited at first , however , and senior figures in the government such as the Prime Minister effectively served at the pleasure of the occupation authorities before the first post-war elections were held . Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the occupation began . Left - wing organizations , such as the Japan Socialist Party and the Japan Communist Party , quickly reestablished themselves , as did various conservative parties . The old Seiyukai and Rikken Minseito came back as , respectively , the Liberal Party ( Nihon Jiyuto ) and the Japan Progressive Party ( Nihon Shimpoto ) . The first postwar elections were held in 1946 ( women were given the franchise for the first time ) , and the Liberal Party 's vice president , Yoshida Shigeru ( 1878 -- 1967 ) , became prime minister . For the 1947 elections , anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new Japan Democratic Party ( Minshuto ) . This divisiveness in conservative ranks gave a plurality to the Japan Socialist Party , which was allowed to form a cabinet , which lasted less than a year . Thereafter , the socialist party steadily declined in its electoral successes . After a short period of Democratic Party administration , Yoshida returned in late 1948 and continued to serve as prime minister until 1954 . Japanese American Contribution ( edit ) See also : Japanese American service in World War II Japan accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and surrendered on August 15 , 1945 . Over 5,000 Japanese Americans served in the occupation of Japan . Dozens of Japanese Americans served as translators , interpreters , and investigators in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East . Thomas Sakamoto served as press escort during the occupation of Japan . He escorted American correspondents to Hiroshima , and the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay . Sakamoto was one of three Japanese Americans to be on board the USS Missouri when the Japanese formally surrendered . Arthur S. Komori served as personal interpreter for Brig. Gen. Elliot R. Thorpe . Kay Kitagawa served as personal interpreter of Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr ... Kan Tagami served as personal interpreter - aide for General Douglas MacArthur . Journalist Don Caswell was accompanied by a Japanese American interpreter to Fuchū Prison , where the Japanese government imprisoned communists Tokuda Kyuichi , Yoshio Shiga , and Shiro Mitamura . Japanese Americans in the OSS parachuted down into Japanese POW prison camps at Hankow , Mukden , Peiping and Hainan as interpreters on mercy missions to liberate American and other Allied prisoners . Arthur T. Morimitsu was the only Military Intelligence Service member in the detachment commanded by Major Richard Irby and 1st Lt. Jeffrey Smith to observe the surrender ceremony of 60,000 Japanese troops under Gen. Shimada . Kan Tagami witnessed Japanese forces surrender to the British in Malaya . End of the occupation ( edit ) In 1949 , MacArthur made a sweeping change in the SCAP power structure that greatly increased the power of Japan 's native rulers , and the occupation began to draw to a close . The Treaty of San Francisco , which was to end the occupation , was signed on September 8 , 1951 . It came into effect on April 28 , 1952 , formally ending all occupation powers of the Allied forces and restoring full sovereignty to Japan , except for the island chains of Iwo Jima and Okinawa , which the United States continued to hold . Iwo Jima was returned to Japan in 1968 , and most of Okinawa was returned in 1972 . Following the American departure , Japan gained military protection from the United States . However , the United States was soon pressuring Japan to rebuild its military capabilities , and as a result , the Japan Self - Defense Forces were formed as a de facto military force with US assistance . However , following the Yoshida Doctrine , Japan continued to prioritize economic growth over defense spending , relying on American protection to ensure it could focus mainly on economic recovery . Through Guided Capitalism , Japan was able to optimally utilize its resources to economically recover from the war , and revive industry . Some 31,000 US military personnel remain in Japan today at the invitation of the Japanese government as the United States Forces Japan under the terms of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan ( 1960 ) and not as an occupying force . US bases in and around Tokyo , Hiroshima , Nagasaki , Aomori , Sapporo , and Ishikari are currently active . Criticism ( edit ) On the day the occupation of Japan was over , the Asahi Shimbun published a very critical essay on the occupation , claiming it turned the Japanese population `` irresponsible , obsequious and listless ... unable to perceive issues in a forthright manner , which led to distorted perspectives '' . The purpose for delaying the return of the Japanese southern islands , the Bonin Islands including Chichi Jima , Okinawa , and the Volcano Islands including Iwo Jima to civil administration was the U.S. military 's requirement to covertly base U.S. atomic weapons or their components on the islands where the presence or expansion of U.S. bases remain a heated controversy to this day . Cultural reaction ( edit ) Nihonbashi , Tokyo , in 1946 Hirohito 's surrender broadcast was a profound shock to Japanese citizens . After years of being told about Japan 's military might and the inevitability of victory , these beliefs were proven false in the space of a few minutes . But for many people , these were only secondary concerns since they were also facing starvation and homelessness . Post-war Japan was chaotic . The air raids on Japan 's urban centers left millions displaced and food shortages , created by bad harvests and the demands of the war , worsened when the seizure of food from Korea , Taiwan , and China ceased . Repatriation of Japanese living in other parts of Asia and hundreds of thousands of demobilized prisoners of war only aggravated the problems in Japan as these people put more strain on already scarce resources . Over 5.1 million Japanese returned to Japan in the fifteen months following October 1 , 1945 , and another million returned in 1947 . Alcohol and drug abuse became major problems . Deep exhaustion , declining morale and despair were so widespread that it was termed the `` kyodatsu condition '' ( 虚脱状態 , kyodatsujoutai , lit . `` state of lethargy '' ) . Inflation was rampant and many people turned to the black market for even the most basic goods . These black markets in turn were often places of turf wars between rival gangs , like the Shibuya incident in 1946 . Prostitution also increased considerably . In the 1950s , kasutori culture emerged . In response to the scarcity of the previous years , this sub-culture , named after the preferred drink of the artists and writers who imbibed it , emphasized escapism , entertainment and decadence . The phrase `` shikata ga nai '' , or `` nothing can be done about it , '' was commonly used in both Japanese and American press to encapsulate the Japanese public 's resignation to the harsh conditions endured while under occupation . However , not everyone reacted the same way to the hardships of the postwar period . While some succumbed to the difficulties , many more were resilient . As the country regained its footing , they were able to bounce back as well . Leftists looked upon the occupation forces as a `` liberation army '' . Japanese women ( edit ) It has been argued that the granting of rights to women played an important role in the radical shift Japan underwent from a war nation to a democratized and demilitarized country . In the first postwar general elections of 1946 , over a third of the votes were cast by women . This unexpectedly high female voter turnout led to the election of 39 female candidates , and the increasing presence of women in politics was perceived by Americans as evidence of an improvement of Japanese women 's condition . American feminists saw Japanese women as victims of feudalistic and chauvinistic traditions that had to be broken by the Occupation . American women assumed a central role in the reforms that affected the lives of Japanese women : they educated Japanese about Western ideals of democracy , and it was an American woman who wrote the Japanese Equal Rights Amendment for the new constitution . General Douglas MacArthur did not mean for Japanese women to give up their central role in the home as wives and mothers , but rather that they could now assume other roles simultaneously , such as that of worker . In 1953 , journalist Ichirō Narumigi commented that Japan had received `` liberation of sex '' along with the `` four presents '' that it had been granted by the occupation ( respect for human rights , gender equality , freedom of speech , and women 's enfranchisement ) . Indeed , the occupation also had a great impact on relationships between man and woman in Japan . The `` modern girl '' phenomenon of the 1920s and early 1930s had been characterized by greater sexual freedom , but despite this , sex was usually not perceived as a source of pleasure ( for women ) in Japan . Westerners , as a result , were thought to be promiscuous and sexually deviant . The sexual liberation of European and North American women during World War II was unthinkable in Japan , especially during wartime where rejection of Western ways of life was encouraged . The Japanese public was thus astounded by the sight of some 45,000 so - called `` pan pan girls '' ( prostitutes ) fraternizing with American soldiers during the occupation . In 1946 , the 200 wives of US officers landing in Japan to visit their husbands also had a similar impact when many of these reunited couples were seen walking hand in hand and kissing in public . Both prostitution and marks of affection had been hidden from the public until then , and this `` democratization of eroticism '' was a source of surprise , curiosity , and even envy . The occupation set new models for relationships between Japanese men and women : the western practice of `` dating '' spread , and activities such as dancing , movies and coffee were not limited to `` pan pan girls '' and American troops anymore , and became popular among young Japanese couples . See also ( edit ) Valery Burati Cold War 1945 in Japan Post-war Japan Japanese post-war economic miracle Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement Shipping Control Authority for the Japanese Merchant Marine References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art . `` Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History : Japan , 1900 a.d. -- present '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Theodore Cohen , and Herbert Passin , Remaking Japan : The American Occupation as New Deal ( Free Press , 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Takemae , E. ( 2003 ) . The Allied Occupation of Japan . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780826415219 . 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American Women , ' Feminist Reforms , ' and Politics of Imperialism in the U.S. Occupation of Japan , 1945 -- 1952 , '' Frontier : A Journal of Women Studies , Vol. 23 , No. 1 ( 2002 ) , pp. 29 . Jump up ^ Koikari 2002 , pp. 27 -- 30 Jump up ^ Koikari 2002 , p. 29 Jump up ^ McLelland , Mark . `` ' Kissing is a symbol of democracy ! ' Dating , Democracy , and Romance in Occupied Japan , 1945 -- 1952 '' Journal of the History of Sexuality , Vol. 19 , No. 3 ( Sept. , 2010 ) , pp. 517 . ^ Jump up to : McLelland 2010 , p. 518 Jump up ^ McLelland 2010 , pp. 511 -- 512 Jump up ^ McLelland 2010 , p. 514 Jump up ^ McLelland 2010 , p. 529 Jump up ^ McLelland 2010 , pp. 519 -- 520 Sources ( edit ) Asahi Shimbun Staff , The Pacific rivals ; a Japanese view of Japanese - American relations , New York : Weatherhill , 1972 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8348 - 0070 - 0 Bix , Herbert . Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan . New York : Harper Perennial , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093130 - 2 Cripps , D. `` Flags and Fanfares : The Hinomaru Flag and the Kimigayo Anthem '' . In Goodman , Roger & Ian Neary , Case Studies on Human Rights in Japan . London : Routledge , 1996 . pp. 76 -- 108 . ISBN 1 - 873410 - 35 - 2 . Dower , John W. ( 1993 ) , Japan in War and Peace , New York : The New Press , ISBN 1 - 56584 - 067 - 4 or ISBN 1 - 56584 - 279 - 0 Dower , John W. ( 1999 ) , Embracing Defeat : Japan in the Wake of World War II , Norton , ISBN 0 - 393 - 04686 - 9 Feifer , George ( 2001 ) . The Battle of Okinawa : the blood and the bomb . Guilford , CT : Lyons Press . ISBN 9781585742158 . Flores , Edmundo . Issues of Land Reform . The Journal of Political Economy , Vol. 78 , No. 4 , Part 2 : Key Problems of Economic Policy in Latin America . ( Jul -- Aug. , 1970 ) , pp. 890 -- 905 . Goodman , Roger & Kirsten Refsing . Ideology and Practice in Modern Japan London : Routledge , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06102 - 4 Gordon , Andrew ( 2003 ) . A Modern History of Japan . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511060 - 9 . Guillain , Robert . I Saw Tokyo burning : An Eyewitness Narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima ( J. Murray , 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 385 - 15701 - 0 Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01693 - 9 Hood , Christopher Philip ( 2001 ) . Japanese Education Reform : Nakasone 's Legacy . New York , NY : Routledge , Taylor and Francis Group . ISBN 041523283X OCLC 44885267 Kawai , Kazuo . `` American influence on Japanese thinking '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . Vol. 278 , 1951 : pp. 23 - 3 . Ness , Gayl D. Review of the book Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy : Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World . American Sociological Review ( 1967 ) , Volume 32 , Number 5 , pages 818 -- 820 . Schaller , Michael . The American Occupation of Japan : the Origins of the Cold War in Asia . New York , Oxford University Press , 1985 . ISBN 0195036263 OCLC 11971554 Schrijvers , Peter ( 2002 ) . The GI war against Japan : American soldiers in Asia and the Pacific during World War II . New York , NY : New York University Press . ISBN 9780814798164 . Sugita , Yoneyuki . Pitfall or Panacea : The Irony of US Power in Occupied Japan , 1945 -- 1952 ( Rutledge , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94752 - 9 Takemae , Eiji trans . and adpt . by Robert Ricketts and Sebastian Swann . Inside GHQ : The Allied Occupation of Japan and its Legacy . New York , Continuum , 2002 . ISBN 0826462472 OCLC 45583413 Weisman , Steven R. ( 1990 , April 29 ) . `` For Japanese , Flag and Anthem Sometimes Divide '' . The New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Aldous , Christopher , and Akihito Suzuki . Reforming Public Health in Occupied Japan , 1945 -- 52 : Alien Prescriptions ? ( Routledge , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 14282 - 0 Caprio , Mark E. & Yoneyuki Sugita ( 2007 ) . Democracy in Occupied Japan : The U.S. Occupation and Japanese Politics and Society . Routledge . Hirano , Kyōko ( 1992 ) . Mr. Smith Goes to Tokyo : The Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation , 1945 -- 1952 . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 157 - 1 . OCLC 25367560 . La Cerda , John . The Conqueror Comes to Tea : Japan under MacArthur . Rutgers University , 1946 . Mark Gayn ( Dec 15 , 1989 ) . Japan Diary . Tuttle Publishing . Richard B. Finn ( 1992 ) . Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan . University of California Press . pp. 112 -- 114 . Rinjirō Sodei ; John Junkerman ; Shizue Matsuda ( Jan 1 , 2006 ) . Dear General MacArthur : Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 31 -- 42 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Occupation of Japan . American Occupation of Japan , Voices of the Key Participants in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library J.C.S 1380 / 15 BASIC DIRECTIVE FOR POST-SURRENDER MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN JAPAN PROPER RELATIONS BETWEEN ALLIED FORCES AND THE POPULATION OF JAPAN The Road Ahead : Lessons in Nation Building from Japan , Germany , and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq , by Ray Salvatore Jennings May 2003 , Peaceworks No. 49 , United States Institute of Peace ( The PDF report contains a chapter on the occupation policies . ) Memories of War : The Second World War and Japanese Historical Memory in Comparative Perspective A sweet memory : My first encounter of an American soldier Hirata Tetsuo and John W. Dower , `` Japan 's Red Purge : Lessons from a Saga of Suppression of Free Speech and Thought '' Zaibatsu Dissolution , Reparations and Administrative Guidance . `` Four Jap Prisons Open Their Doors '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Oct 10 , 1945 . `` Nippon Communists March Through Allied - Ruled Tokyo , Ask Removal of Jap Emperor '' . The Bulletin . Oct 10 , 1945 . `` Japanese Wave Red Banners In Tokyo Parade '' . Ottawa Citizen. Oct 10 , 1945 . `` REMOVE HIROHITO IS CRY OF FREED JAP COMMUNISTS '' . Toronto Daily Star . October 10 , 1945 . `` JAPS . SAY SACK EMPEROR '' . Examiner. 12 October 1945 . `` AMAZED TOKIO PEOPLE SEE COMMUNIST MARCH '' . The Telegraph . 11 October 1945 . `` Communist Crowds Voice Imperial Rule Opposition ; Nippons Band To Assail Reds '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Oct 10 , 1945 . `` Anti-Russian Organization Rises In Japan ; Red Liaison Officer Says That American Occupation Too Soft '' . Times Daily . Oct 9 , 1945 . `` TOKYO COMMUNISTS , KOREANS SHOUT OPPOSITION TO HIROHITO '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle. Oct 10 , 1945 . `` CHANGES IN JAPAN '' . Kalgoorie Miner. Oct 12 , 1945 . `` Reds Stage Parade , Ask Hirohito Ouster '' . Lodi News - Sentinel. Oct 11 , 1945 . 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language text Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 20 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the us leave japan after wwii	[ "The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike in the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan. This foreign presence marks the only time in Japan's history that it has been occupied by a foreign power.[1] The country became a parliamentary democracy that recalled \"New Deal\" priorities of the 1930s by Roosevelt.[2] The occupation, codenamed Operation Blacklist,[3] was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, and effective from April 28, 1952, after which Japan's sovereignty – with the exception, until 1972, of the Ryukyu Islands – was fully restored.\n" ]	[ "April 28, 1952" ]
510927660334242490	World of Dance (season 2)	World of Dance ( season 2 ) - wikipedia World of Dance ( season 2 ) World of Dance Season 2 Broadcast from May 29 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) -- September 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 12 ) Judges Jennifer Lopez Ne - Yo Derek Hough Host ( s ) Jenna Dewan Broadcaster NBC Winner The Lab Origin West Covina , California Genre ( s ) Hip Hop Runner - up Michael Dameski ( Upper ) Chronology ◀ 2018 The second season of American reality competition television series World of Dance premiered May 29 , 2018 , on NBC . Jennifer Lopez , Ne - Yo , and Derek Hough returned as the judges , with Jenna Dewan also returning as the host . Contents 1 Production 1.1 Format changes 1.2 Show concept 1.3 Scoring 2 Judges , host and mentors 3 Dancers 3.1 Junior ( under 18 , up to 4 members ) 3.2 Junior Team ( under 18 , 5 - 15 members ) 3.3 Upper ( 18 and over , up to 4 members ) 3.4 Upper Team ( 18 and over , 5 - 15 members ) 4 The Qualifiers 5 The Duels 5.1 The Duel Picks 6 The Cut 7 Divisional Final 8 World Final 8.1 Final Scores 9 Highest Scoring Dances 10 Ratings 11 Contestants who appeared on previous season 12 References 13 External links Production ( edit ) Season 2 was taped between January and March 2018 at Universal Studios Hollywood ; about two months before first airing . Format changes ( edit ) While the format for season 2 remained relatively unchanged , there were a few slight alterations . Season 2 received a 16 - episode order. , six more than the ten - episode first season . Additionally , this season , a fourth category , Junior Team , was added for acts under 18 with 5 or more members . The qualifier rounds are cut down from a two minutes to an one - minute routine . The Duels are cut down from two minutes to a _́ 75 seconds _́ - routine . The top three highest - scoring acts in The Cut from each division will move on to The Divisional Final , in last season it was just the top two . The Cut , Divisional and World Final rounds are cut down from a two minutes to a ' 90 seconds ' - routine . In The Cut and Divisional Final guess celebrities are assigned as mentors to each division . On World Final there are intermezzo shows . This season by Les Twins , Keone & Mari ( actually Mariel ) Madrid , Kinjaz and Derek Hough . Show concept ( edit ) In preparation for season two , handpicked competitors , being talented in any styles of dancing , from qualifying events around the nation and thousands of online submissions , are divided into four divisions : Junior ( groups of 1 - 4 , under 18 ) , Upper ( groups of 1 - 4 , 18 and older ) , Junior Team ( groups of 5 + , under 18 ) and Upper Team ( groups of 5 + , 18 and older ) . In some cases dancers who did n't apply were directly contacted by the producers or their agents . The elimination process of the contestants are in four rounds : The Qualifiers - The contestants have to qualify with at least 80 points to make it to The Duels . The Duels - The contestants choose their opponent starting with the highest scorer from the qualifiers . If the number of contestants in a division is uneven , the last duel will be competed by the three remaining opponents that were unpicked previously . The winner of the dual is the contestant / s with the highest score who then move on to The Cut . The Cut - Mentors are assigned to each division to prepare the contestants for their performances . The top three scoring acts in each division move on to Divisional Final . Divisional Final - The mentors still support the contestants from each division . A guest judge joins the panel to four judges . The top scoring act in each division will become division champion and move on to the World Final . In the World Final all four division champions will compete for the $1,000,000 USD grand prize . The concept of last season is copied ; every contestant will perform twice in two separate rounds . The average score of both rounds by each contestant will make their final score . The contestant ( s ) with the highest final score will be crowned World of Dance champion 2018 and will win the $1,000,000 USD grand prize . Scoring ( edit ) The judges are scoring in 5 categories . Each category is worth 20 points , with a perfect score of 100 : Performance ( 20 points ) : Effort : How many different elements put into the routine without overloading or rushing through it . What was the whole effort to dance the performance by the act . Personality : How characters and personality put into the performance , in the sense of acting to stimulate emotions by the audience , telling a story or framing pictures . Technique ( 20 points ) : Transitions : How smooth and elegant the transitions from move to move were without lacking a performance moment . Cleanness : How synchronized , ordered by a pattern , precise and committed the movements were within the act . Execution : How flawless the execution of the performance by the act was to the performance song . Choreography ( 20 points ) : Difficulty : How difficult it was to perform the figures and movements by the act from judges point of view . Musicality : How well pictures , figures and movements were choreographed to the sound and beat of the performance song . Tricks : Are unexpected show elements included by properties , clothing or the bodies of the dancers and how well was it done . Creativity ( 20 points ) : Originality : How unique , new , fresh and interesting was the performance . Artistic Choices : What styles of dancing were shown and merged . How well was it done regarding basic dance styles and style culture , e.g. costumes , shoes . The performance song and the use of properties are artistic choices as well . How well did they fit to the performance . Dynamics : How energizing and powerful the performance was and how much action was on stage . Presentation ( 20 points ) : Crowd Appeal : How the crowd around the show stage reacted to the performance . Impact : How memorable , influential and worth talking about it later the performance was . Judges , host and mentors ( edit ) Season 2 host and judges Jenna Dewan Jennifer Lopez Derek Hough Ne - Yo Jennifer Lopez , Ne - Yo , and Derek Hough returned as the series judges , with Jenna Dewan returning as host . Misty Copeland , who judged in season 1 , is announced coming back as guest judge for the Divisional Final , with Julianne Hough , Mel B , Savion Glover and Paula Abdul also joining as guest mentors for The Cut . Tony Award winner Savion Glover will collaborate with judge Jennifer Lopez with the Junior Team division . Actress , dancer , singer and Emmy Award - winning choreographer Julianne Hough , who will be working with her brother , judge Derek Hough , in the Upper division . `` America 's Got Talent '' judge Mel B will join forces with judge Ne - Yo in mentoring the Junior division . World - renowned dancer / choreographer Paula Abdul will team with host / mentor Jenna Dewan in the Upper Team division Grammy Award - winning and multi-platinum selling artist Ciara joining as guest mentor during the Divisional Final as well ( airing Wednesday , Sept. 5 at 9 p.m. ET / PT ) . Three weeks after the season finale host Jenna Dewan publicly announced that she would not return as host for season 3 . `` It has been an absolute thrill to be a part of this incredible , groundbreaking show from the very beginning , and I am forever grateful `` . While she may not return for season 3 as a host she confirmed she would be returning briefly as a mentor . Dancers ( edit ) The acts competing in season 2 were released by People on May 1 , 2018 and Bustle . The list of contestants who made it to The Duels is published by NewsWeek , except Elektro Elite and ThaMOST ( s. below ) . The ages for each dance act were made available on the World of Dance website . Table key Key Description Contestant ( s ) came in first in the World Final and won the competition Contestant ( s ) did n't win in the World Final Contestant ( s ) has / have qualified for the Divisional Final but did n't make it to The World Final Contestant ( s ) has / have qualified for The Cut but did n't make it to The Divisional Final Contestant ( s ) has / have qualified for The Duels but did n't make it to The Cut Contestant ( s ) did not advance in The Qualifiers Junior ( under 18 , up to 4 members ) ( edit ) Dance act Age ( s ) Hometown Dance style Elimination date Placement Charity & Andres 18 Springville , Utah Contemporary - World Final ( 3rd Place ) Sean & Kaycee 16 / 15 Los Angeles , California Hip Hop Fusion September 5 , 2018 Division Final Jaxon Willard 16 American Fork , Utah Contemporary September 5 , 2018 Division Final Josh & Taylor 18 / 15 Edmonton , Canada Hip Hop August 29 , 2018 Cut Avery & Marcus 13 / 17 San Clemente , California / Scottsdale , Arizona Contemporary / Ballet August 29 , 2018 Cut Jonas & Ruby 14 / 15 Miami , Florida Ballroom August 29 , 2018 Cut Madison Brown 12 Wellington , Florida Contemporary August 29 , 2018 Cut Victoria Caban 14 Jersey City , New Jersey Flamenco August 29 , 2018 Cut 3 Xtreme 13 - 15 Bergen County , New Jersey Hip Hop August 1 , 2018 Duels Daniel & Mishella 10 Los Angeles , California Ballroom August 15 , 2018 Duels Elektro Elite 14 - 16 * Gilbert , Arizona Hip Hop August 15 , 2018 Duels Eva Igo 15 Inver Grove Heights , Minnesota Contemporary July 25 , 2018 Duels FRESHH 14 - 16 Vancouver , Canada Hip Hop August 8 , 2018 Duels Lucas Marinetto 14 Leesburg , Virginia Tap August 8 , 2018 Duels Second to None 13 - 15 San Diego , California Tap August 15 , 2018 Duels Vivian Ruiz 16 Miami , Florida Contemporary August 1 , 2018 Duels The Gentlemen - Fairfield , California Hip Hop July 17 , 2018 Qualifiers Ages of Elektro Elite are taken from a personal Q&A video . Junior Team ( under 18 , 5 - 15 members ) ( edit ) Dance act Age ( s ) Hometown Dance style Elimination date Placement The Lab 8 - 16 West Covina , California Hip Hop - Winners Fabulous Sisters 11 - 17 Fukushima , Japan Urban Dance September 5 , 2018 Division Final The Rock Company 10 - 16 Las Vegas , Nevada Contemporary September 5 , 2018 Division Final Expressenz 14 - 17 Indianapolis , Indiana Contemporary August 22 , 2018 Cut FLIP 15 - 17 Quebec , Canada Whacking August 22 , 2018 Cut The Pulse 15 - 17 Orem , Utah Ballroom August 22 , 2018 Cut Quad Squad 11 - 17 Anaheim Hills , California Contemporary August 22 , 2018 Cut Cubcakes Dance Crew 9 - 12 Orange County , California Hip Hop August 8 , 2018 Duels Dem Raider Boyz 15 - 17 Greenbelt , Maryland Stepping August 8 , 2018 Duels Girl Cool 11 - 17 Los Angeles , California Jazz / Fusion August 15 , 2018 Duels Iowa Girlz 12 - 16 Pleasant Hill , Iowa Contemporary August 15 , 2018 Duels Lil Killaz Crew 11 - 17 Minsk , Belarus B - Boying August 1 , 2018 Duels RASCALS 9 - 17 Waipahu , Hawaii Hip Hop July 25 , 2018 Duels Tribe Unleashed 11 - 17 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Hip Hop August 15 , 2018 Duels The Untouchables 10 - 17 Miami , Florida Ballroom July 25 , 2018 Duels Upper ( 18 and over , up to 4 members ) ( edit ) Dance act Age ( s ) Hometown Dance style Elimination date Placement Michael Dameski 22 Sydney , Australia Contemporary - World Final ( Runner - up ) Karen y Ricardo 23 / 24 Santiago , Chile Latin Cabaret September 5 , 2018 Division Final Ashley & Zack 24 / 26 Los Angeles , California Contemporary September 5 , 2018 Division Final Alisa & Joseph 23 / 30 Estonia & Greece Urban Dance August 22 , 2018 Cut BDash & Konkrete 27 / 29 Los Angeles , California Krumping August 22 , 2018 Cut DNA 28 / 32 New York City , New York Ballroom August 22 , 2018 Cut MarInspired 23 / 27 Los Angeles , California Contemporary August 22 , 2018 Cut Angyil 25 Kansas , Missouri Popping July 25 , 2018 Duels Dragon House 24 - 27 Atlanta , Georgia Animation August 1 , 2018 Duels Elektro Botz 19 - 21 Tempe , Arizona Popping August 1 , 2018 Duels L & J 24 & 30 Calgary , Canada & Paris , France Contemporary August 15 , 2018 Duels Luka & Jenalyn 17 / 20 Toronto , Canada Cabaret Ballroom July 25 , 2018 Duels Morning Of Owl Suwon , South Korea Street Fusion August 15 , 2018 Duels Pasha & Daniella 24 / 31 New York City , New York Ballroom July 25 , 2018 Duels Hilty & Bosch 35 / 36 Osaka , Japan Locking May 29 , 2018 Qualifiers St Kingz - Tokyo , Japan Hip Hop / Comedy July 10 , 2018 Qualifiers Upper Team ( 18 and over , 5 - 15 members ) ( edit ) Dance act Age ( s ) Hometown Dance style Elimination date Placement S - Rank 13 - 27 Los Angeles , California Hip Hop - World Final ( 4th Place ) The Ruggeds 21 - 30 Eindhoven , Netherlands B - Boying September 5 , 2018 Division Final Poreotics 20 - 29 Los Angeles , California Hip Hop September 5 , 2018 Division Final The Bradas 19 - 23 Auckland , New Zealand Hip Hop August 29 , 2018 Cut Connection 14 - 24 Chihuahua , Mexico Hip Hop August 29 , 2018 Cut Desi Hoppers 20 - 28 Mumbai , India Hip Hop August 29 , 2018 Cut Embodiment 15 - 28 Los Angeles , California Contemporary August 29 , 2018 Cut Lock ' N lol Crew 20 - 31 Seoul , South Korea Hip Hop / Lockin ' August 29 , 2018 Cut Brotherhood 20 - 28 Vancouver , Canada Hip Hop August 15 , 2018 Duels Funkywunks 17 - 28 Orlando , Florida Hip Hop August 8 , 2018 Duels The Jam Project 20 - 32 Washington D.C. Tap July 25 , 2018 Duels Marissa & The Heartbreakers 20 - 29 Los Angeles , California Heels August 8 , 2018 Duels Opus Dance Collective 16 - 24 Toronto , Ontario Contemporary August 1 , 2018 Duels Pursuit 19 - 22 Los Angeles , California Contemporary August 8 , 2018 Duels Royal Flux 20 - 28 Los Angeles , California Contemporary August 1 , 2018 Duels ThaMOST San Diego , California Hip Hop August 15 , 2018 Duels LD Dance Company - Houston , Texas Samba June 12 , 2018 Qualifiers Silver Beat - Rwanda / London , United Kingdom Afrodance June 26 , 2018 Qualifiers ^ 1 This dance act competed on Season 1 of World of Dance The Qualifiers ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The qualifier round took place between May 29 , 2018 and July 24 . In each round of the Qualifiers , the dance acts performed a 1 - minute routine in front of the judges and a live studio audience . For a dance act to move to the next round , they had to receive an average score of 80 or higher . Karen y Ricardo was the first dance act of the season ( and the second in the show 's history ) to receive a score of 100 from one or more of the judges , setting up an all - time show high score of 99.7 points , until Charity & Andres became the first act in the show 's history to receive a perfect score of 100 in The Duels . Table key Key Description Contestant ( s ) did not qualify Contestant performances and Judges ' score Date Name Division Performance song Judges ' score Ne - Yo Jennifer Derek Average May 29 Desi Hoppers Upper Team `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran 98 94 96 96 Sean & Kaycee Junior `` Silence '' - Marshmello ( ft . Khalid ) 97 96 95 96 S - Rank Upper Team `` One Time Comin '' - YG 92 91 90 91 Jaxon Willard Junior `` Fragile '' - Kygo & Labrinth 95 96 91 94 FLIP Junior Team `` Feeling Good '' - Avicii 81 83 84 82.7 Hilty & Bosch Upper `` Bad Man '' - Pitbull 79 78 78 78.3 Karen y Ricardo Upper `` Pégate '' - Ricky Martin 100 100 99 99.7 June 5 The Lab Junior Team `` Take It to da House '' - Trick Daddy 95 92 95 94 Pasha & Daniella Upper `` Limit to Your Love '' - James Blake 79 93 87 86.3 Connection Upper Team `` Mi Gente '' - J Balvin ft . Willy William 90 92 90 90.7 Charity & Andres Junior `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' - James Arthur 97 96 93 95.3 BDash & Konkrete Upper `` Moves '' - Big Sean 96 93 94 94.3 Fabulous Sisters Junior Team `` Beethoven Scherzo '' - David Garrett 94 93 97 94.7 June 12 The Ruggeds Upper Team `` Right Here , Right Now '' - Fatboy Slim 82 83 85 83.3 Josh & Taylor Junior `` Bellyache '' - Billie Eilish ( Marian Hill Remix ) 94 94 92 93.3 Lock ' N lol Crew Upper Team 80 79 84 81 Michael Dameski Upper `` Mercy '' - Shawn Mendes 90 95 93 92.7 LD Dance Company Upper Team `` Danza Kuduro '' - Don Omar 79 73 71 74.3 Rascals Junior Team `` Let 's Go '' - Travis Barker 83 83 88 84.7 Elektro Botz Upper `` Fireflies '' - Owl City 93 88 86 89 June 19 Jonas & Ruby Junior `` Legend '' - The Score 85 87 82 84.7 The Bradas Upper Team `` I Mean It '' - G - Eazy 86 92 85 87.7 Lucas Marinetto Junior `` Levels '' - Nick Jonas 82 84 82 82.7 Expressenz Junior Team `` Something in the Water '' - Carrie Underwood 84 90 87 87 Poreotics Upper Team `` TRNDSTTR '' - Black Coast ft . M. Maggie ( Lucian Remix ) 87 90 87 88 Eva Igo Junior `` I Ran ( So Far Away ) '' - Hidden Citizens 96 95 94 95 June 26 Embodiment Upper Team `` Believer '' - Imagine Dragons 80 88 86 84.7 Daniel & Mishella Junior Runaway Baby '' - Bruno Mars 80 87 81 82.7 Marissa & The Heartbreakers Upper Team `` Love So Soft '' - Kelly Clarkson ( Cash Cash Remix ) 83 86 82 83.7 Madison Brown Junior `` The Fire '' - Bishop Briggs 84 88 89 87 Freshh Junior `` Like That '' - Memphis Bleek 83 84 85 84 Silver Beat Upper Team `` Recebe '' - Black House 80 77 79 78.7 Royal Flux Upper Team '' Do n't You Cry for Me '' - Cobi 82 91 88 87 June 26 DNA Upper `` O Fortuna '' - Carmina Burana - Carl Orff 85 89 89 87.7 Brotherhood Upper Team `` Run It '' - Chris Brown 81 75 85 80.3 Vivian Ruiz Junior `` You Do n't Do It for Me Anymore '' - Demi Lovato 83 84 82 83 The Untouchables Junior Team `` Instruction '' - Jax Jones and Demi Lovato 87 89 90 88.7 St Kingz Upper `` Bang Bang '' - will.i.am 79 78 80 79 Ashley & Zack Upper `` Versace on the Floor '' - Bruno Mars 84 84 87 85 The Rock Company Junior Team `` Imagine '' - Emeli Sandé 97 97 96 96.7 July 17 Cubcakes Dance Crew Junior Team Swalla '' - Jason Derulo 84 85 80 83 Luka & Jenalyn Upper `` Down '' - Marian Hill 88 86 87 87 The Jam Project Upper Team `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' - Chicago 82 83 84 83 Marinspired Upper `` Issues '' - Julia Michaels 88 96 90 91.3 Alisa & Joseph Upper `` Stand by Me '' - Ben E. King 92 94 86 90.7 The Gentlemen Junior `` Another Love Song '' - Judge 81 79 79 79.7 Dragon House Upper `` Unforgettable '' - French Montana 81 80 79 80 Quad Squad Junior Team `` Sorry Not Sorry '' - Demi Lovato 91 86 90 89 July 24 Victoria Caban Junior `` Te Amo '' - Rihanna 89 93 90 90.7 Pursuit Upper Team `` All Time Low '' - Jon Bellion 86 89 86 87 L & J Upper `` What About Us '' - Pink 94 89 88 90.3 The Pulse Junior Team `` Bailar '' - Deorro 78 84 79 80.3 Avery & Marcus Junior `` Jungle '' - Jamie N Common & X Ambassadors 85 83 84 84 FunkyWunks Upper Team `` Sexy and I Know It '' - LMFAO 89 87 85 87 Morning of Owl Upper `` Go '' - The Chemical Brothers . 82 86 84 84 Iowa Girls Junior Team Everybody Wants to Rule the World - Lorde - - - 87.3 Dem Raider Boys Junior Team G.D.F.R. - Flo Rida - - - 84 Girl Cool Junior Team Feel It Still - Portugal . The Man - - - 81.7 Second To None Junior Glorious - Macklemore - - - 82.7 Lil Killaz Crew Junior Team `` It 's Just Begun '' - The Jimmy Castor Bunch - - - 83 Opus Dance Collective Upper Team Green Light - Lorde - - - 80.7 3 Xtreme Junior Mic Drop - BTS - - - 83.3 Tribe Unleashed Junior Team Hollaback Girl - Gwen Stefani - - - 83 Angyil Upper Confessions Part II - Usher - - - 85.3 Jump up ^ Desi Hoppers used a remix of `` Shape of You '' that incorporated Indian drums . Some average scores are taken from a summary clip from the TV broadcast of part 8 . Elektro Elite has qualified with 80 points and ThaMOST with 84 points , but neither performance was posted as a Digital Exclusive , nor are the acts listed on NBC World of Dance website . The Duels ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In each round of The Duels , two acts in the same division compete for a spot in the next round . In each division , the acts with the top qualifying scores choose their opponents , then both acts perform back - to - back , receiving feedback from the judges . The act with the highest average at the end of the duel moves on to the next round ; the other faces immediate elimination . Charity & Andres earned the first perfect score in the show 's run during The Duels . Table key Key Description Contestant ( s ) was / were eliminated by a duel The Qualifiers scores Rank Upper Upper Team Junior Junior Team Name Score Name Score Name Score Name Score 1st Karen y Ricardo 99.7 Desi Hoppers 96.0 Sean & Kaycee 96.0 The Rock Company 96.7 2nd BDash & Konkrete 94.3 S - Rank 91.0 Charity & Andres 95.3 Fabulous Sisters 94.7 3rd Michael Dameski 92.7 Connection 90.7 Eva Igo 95.0 The Lab 94.0 4th MarInspired 91.3 Poreotics 88.0 Jaxon Willard 94.0 Quad Squad 89.0 5th Alisa & Joseph 90.7 The Bradas 87.7 Josh & Taylor 93.3 The Untouchables 88.7 6th L & J 90.3 Funkywunks 87.0 Victoria Caban 90.7 Iowa Girlz 87.3 7th Elektro Botz 89.0 Pursuit 87.0 Madison Brown 87.0 Expressenz 87.0 8th DNA 87.7 Royal Flux 87.0 Jonas & Ruby 84.7 Rascals 84.7 9th Luka & Jenalyn 87.0 Embodiment 84.7 Avery & Marcus 84.0 Dem Raider Boyz 84.0 10th Pasha & Daniella 86.3 ThaMOST 84.0 FRESHH 84.0 Tribe Unleashed 83.0 11th Angyil 85.3 Marissa & The Heartbreakers 83.7 3 Xtreme 83.3 Lil Killaz Crew 83.0 12th Ashley & Zack 85.0 The Ruggeds 83.3 Vivian Ruiz 83.0 Cubcakes Dance Crew 83.0 13th Morning Of Owl 84.0 The Jam Project 83.0 Daniel & Mishella 82.7 FLIP 82.7 14th Dragon House 80.0 Lock ' N lol Crew 81.0 Lucas Marinetto 82.7 Girl Cool 81.7 15th Opus Dance Collective 80.7 Second to None 82.7 The Pulse 80.3 16th Brotherhood 80.3 Elektro Elite 80.0 The duel picks ( edit ) Opponent selection proceeded according to rank within each division , but performances have been arranged to spread the favorites among the episodes , in an effort to keep ratings up across all episodes . Contestant performances and Judges ' scores Date Division Name Performance song Judges ' score Ne - Yo Jennifer Derek Average July 25 Upper Karen y Ricardo `` La Malanga '' - Mercado Negro 97 99 99 98.3 Luka & Jenalyn `` Seven Nation Army '' - The White Stripes 90 92 95 92.3 Junior Team The Untouchables `` Warriors '' - Imagine Dragons 89 89 90 89.3 Expressenz `` Say Something '' - A Great Big World 93 95 94 94 Upper Pasha & Daniella `` Faded '' - ZHU 85 89 91 88.3 BDash & Konkrete `` Moonlight Sonata '' - Covered Record 95 94 94 94.3 Junior Team Rascals `` Snap Yo Fingers '' - Lil Jon and E-40 97 94 92 94.3 The Fabulous Sisters `` Shatter Me '' - Lindsey Stirling 95 96 96 95.7 Upper Michael Dameski `` Hanging On '' - Ellie Goulding 95 94 95 94.7 Angyil `` Down the Road '' - C2C . 90 87 88 88.3 Upper Team The Bradas `` Caught Up '' - Usher 90 90 89 89.7 The Jam Project `` I Feel Good '' - James Brown 86 88 91 88.3 Junior Eva Igo Praying - Kesha 94 91 91 92 Avery & Marcus Now or Never - Halsey 95 93 92 93.3 August 1 Junior Team The Lab `` Lean Back '' - Terror Squad 95 95 95 95 Lil Killaz Crew `` Pump It '' - The Black Eyed Peas 84 87 86 85.7 Upper Alisa & Joseph `` One in a Million '' - Ne - Yo 88 87 88 87.7 Elektro Botz `` XO Tour Llif3 '' - Lil Uzi Vert 85 85 91 87 Upper Team Opus Dance Collective `` Stone Cold '' - Demi Lovato 80 85 85 83.3 Desi Hoppers `` Talk Dirty '' - Jason Derulo 90 90 91 90.3 Junior 3 Xtreme `` Burn Up the Dance '' - Dillon Francis 86 87 88 87 Sean & Kaycee `` Grimey '' - TroyBoi 95 93 92 93.3 Upper Team Royal Flux `` I Am Here '' - Pink 86 89 90 88.3 Lock and LoL Crew `` Run Boy Run '' - Woodkid 89 89 90 89.3 Upper MarInspired `` Sign of the Times '' - Harry Styles 85 87 88 86.7 Dragon House `` Break Ya Neck '' - Busta Rhymes 85 84 90 86.3 Junior Vivian Ruiz `` Came Here for Love '' - Sigala 95 96 96 95.7 Charity & Andres `` Way Down We Go '' - Kaleo 100 100 100 100 August 8 Junior Lucas Marinetto `` Green Light '' - John Legend 86 89 89 88 Jaxon Willard `` Surprise Yourself '' - Jack Garratt 97 98 93 96 Upper Team Marissa & The Heartbreakers `` Do It Like a Dude '' - Jessie J 81 85 85 83.7 Poreotics `` Need You '' - Dillon Francis . 86 89 88 87.7 Junior Jonas & Ruby `` Santa Maria '' - The Gotan Project 90 90 94 91.3 Freshh `` It Takes Two '' - Rob Base and DJ EZ Rock 90 88 86 88 Upper Team Pursuit `` Go Off '' - M.I.A. 80 84 83 82.3 The Ruggeds `` Come Down . '' - Anderson Paak 85 84 85 84.7 Junior Team Flip `` Galvanize '' - Beethoven / The Chemical Brother 90 88 93 90.3 Dem Raider Boyz `` Pump It Up '' - Joe Budden 86 84 86 85.3 Cubcakes Dance Crew `` That 's Not My Name '' - The Ting Tings 88 88 88 88 Upper Team Connection `` My Humps '' - Black Eyed Peas . 85 86 85 85.3 FunkyWunks `` U Ca n't Touch This '' - MC Hammer 84 85 86 85 August 15 Junior Victoria Caban `` Havana '' - Camila Cabello 94 96 92 94 Daniel & Mishella `` Sax '' - Fleur East 86 87 88 87 Upper Team S - RANK `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' - Snoop Dogg Feat . Pharrell Williams 97 92 94 94.3 ThaMOST `` Temperature '' - Sean Paul 85 85 85 85 Junior Second To None `` Classic '' - MKTO 88 83 88 86.3 Josh & Taylor `` Fallin ' '' - Alicia Keys 90 95 92 92.3 Upper L&J `` I Like The Way '' - Bodyrockers 84 87 87 86 DNA `` Proud Mary '' - Tina Turner 88 89 88 88.3 Junior Team Girl Cool `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' - Nancy Sinatra 84 Quad Squad `` Shout '' - The Isley Brothers 93 Junior Madison Brown `` Game of Survival '' - Ruelle 86.3 Elektro Elite `` D.A.N.C.E. '' - Justice 83.3 Junior Team Tribe Unleashed `` It 's Tricky '' - Run - D.M.C. 82.7 The Rock Company `` Love , Reign O'er Me '' - Lovelife 's remix of The Who 85.7 Junior Team Iowa Girls `` Never Forget You '' - Zara Larsson 84 The Pulse `` Amor , Amor , Amor '' - Jennifer Lopez 84.3 Upper Ashley & Zack `` Do n't Wanna Think '' - Julia Michaels 91 92 93 92 Morning Of Owl `` The Rockafeller Skank '' - Fatboy Slim 94 90 91 91.7 Upper Team Embodiment `` Pray '' - Sam Smith 94 93 93 93.3 Brotherhood `` HUMBLE '' - Kendrick Lamar 94 91 93 92.7 Jump up ^ Desi Hoppers used a remix of `` Talk Dirty '' that incorporated Indian drums . Some average scores are taken from a summary clip from the TV broadcast of part 4 . The Cut ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In The Cut , the 30 remaining acts compete for three spots in each of their divisions . As each dance act competes , their final score is displayed on a leaderboard for their division . Once a dance act 's score falls out of the top 3 , they face immediate elimination . For this round , each of the judges and the host , Jenna Dewan , became mentors for one of the four divisions ; They were also joined by four guest mentors : Savion Glover , Julianne Hough , Paula Abdul , and Mel B. Jennifer & Savion worked with the Junior Teams , Derek & Julianne worked with the Upper acts , Jenna & Paula worked with the Upper Teams , and Ne - Yo & Mel B worked with the Junior acts . Table key Key Description Contestant ( s ) was / were eliminated The Duels scores Rank Upper Upper Team Junior Junior Team Name Score Name Score Name Score Name Score 1st Karen y Ricardo 98.3 S - Rank 94.3 Charity & Andres 100 The Fabulous Sisters 95.7 2nd Michael Dameski 94.7 Embodiment 93.3 Jaxon Willard 96 The Lab 95 3rd BDash & Konkrete 94.3 Desi Hoppers 90.3 Victoria Caban 94 Expressenz 94 4th Ashley & Zack 92 The Bradas 89.7 Avery & Marcus 93.3 Quad Squad 93 5th DNA 88.7 Lock and LoL Crew 89.3 Sean & Kaycee 93.3 Flip 90.3 6th Alisa & Joseph 87.7 Poreotics 87.7 Josh & Taylor 92.3 The Rock Company 85.7 7th MarInspired 86.7 Connection 85.3 Jonas & Ruby 91.3 The Pulse 84.3 8th The Ruggeds 84.7 Madison Brown 86.3 Contestant performances and Judges ' scores Date Division Name Performance song Judges ' score Ne - Yo Jennifer Derek Average August 22 Junior Team Flip `` Big Breakdown '' - Hans Dulfer & Candy Dulfer / `` Perm '' - Bruno Mars 87 88 90 88.3 Expressenz `` California Dreamin ' '' - Sia 86 87 88 87 The Pulse `` Another One Bites the Dust '' - Hidden Citizens 88 The Lab `` Cold Water '' - Major Lazer ft . Justin Bieber & MØ 100 97 98 98.3 Quad Squad `` Blame '' - Calvin Harris 86.0 The Rock Company `` Hallelujah '' - Jeff Buckley 93 93 95 93.7 The Fabulous Sisters `` Black and Gold '' - Sam Sparro 94 97 98 96.3 Upper Michael Dameski `` Lay Me Down '' - Sam Smith 91 95 93 93 DNA `` I Could Fall in Love '' - Selena 90 89 89 89.3 Alisa & Joseph `` Rather Be '' - Clean Bandit 86.3 BDash & Konkrete `` Something Just Like This '' - The Chainsmokers & Coldplay 92 91 90 91 MarInspired `` Make Me ( Cry ) '' - Noah Cyrus 88 87 88 87.7 Ashley & Zack `` Fix You '' - Coldplay 90 91 93 91.3 Karen y Ricardo `` Caminare '' - Marc Anthony 100 99 98 99 August 29 Upper Team Desi Hoppers `` Like A G6 '' - Far East Movement ft . The Cataracs & Dev 92 90 90 90.7 Embodiment `` Gravity '' - John Mayer 89 91 93 91 Lock and LoL Crew `` Get Up Offa That Thing '' - James Brown 86.7 The Bradas `` I 'll Show You '' - Justin Bieber 90 88 89 89 Connection `` Scream '' - Usher 94 91 89 91.3 Poreotics `` A Thousand Miles '' - Vanessa Carlton 93 91 91 91.7 The Ruggeds `` Not Giving In '' - Rudimental ft . John Newman & Alex Clare 92 92 94 92.7 S - Rank `` DNA '' - Kendrick Lamar 91 93 93 92.3 Junior Josh & Taylor `` Latch '' - Disclosure ft . Sam Smith 86 83 87 85.3 Victoria Caban `` Titanium '' - David Guetta ft . Sia 85.3 Jonas & Ruby `` Animals '' - Martin Garrix 85 89 91 88.3 Madison Brown `` American Funeral '' - Alex da Kid ft . Joseph Angel 85.7 Sean & Kaycee `` Can I Be Him '' - James Arthur 88 94 94 92.0 Avery & Marcus `` Thunder '' - Imagine Dragons 85 86 85 85.3 Charity & Andres `` Waves '' - Dean Lewis 89 93 96 92.7 Jaxon Willard `` Higher '' - The Score 90 90 92 90.7 Jump up ^ Desi Hoppers used a remix of `` Like A G6 '' that incorporated Indian drums . Jump up ^ Poreotics used a remix of `` A Thousand Miles '' that incorporated a jelly donut edm soundtrack , from the comment Derek Hough made about them in The Duels . Divisional final ( edit ) In the Divisional Final , the 3 remaining acts in each division square off , with only one act going to the World Final to represent their division . Same as The Cut , each of the judges and the host , Jenna Dewan , became mentors for one of the four divisions . Jennifer mentored the Upper acts , Derek worked with the Junior Teams , Ne - Yo worked with the Upper Teams , and Jenna worked with the Junior acts . Guest mentor Ciara helped each division in their practice as well . Guest judge Misty Copeland joined the panel for this segment . Table key Key Description Contestant ( s ) did n't make it to the World Final The Cut scores Rank Upper Upper Team Junior Junior Team Name Score Name Score Name Score Name Score 1st Karen y Ricardo 99.0 The Ruggeds 92.7 Charity & Andres 92.7 The Lab 98.3 2nd Michael Dameski 93.0 S - Rank 92.3 Sean & Kaycee 92.0 The Fabulous Sisters 96.3 3rd Ashley & Zack 91.3 Poreotics 91.7 Jaxon Willard 90.7 The Rock Company 93.7 Contestant performances and Judges ' scores Date Division Name Performance song Judges ' score Ne - Yo Misty Jennifer Derek Average September 5 Upper Karen y Ricardo `` Bemba Colora '' - Celia Cruz 95 94 96 96 95.3 Ashley & Zack `` Gravity '' - Alex & Sierra 84 86 87 90 86.8 Michael Dameski `` Madness '' - Ruelle 100 98 95 98 97.8 Junior Team The Lab `` Lemon '' - N.E.R.D & Rihanna 100 99 100 100 99.8 The Rock Company `` Find Me '' - Sigma ft . Birdy 91 92 91 92 91.5 The Fabulous Sisters `` Wrecking Ball '' - Miley Cyrus 93 92 91 92 92 Upper Team The Ruggeds `` Iron '' - Woodkid 92 90 92 92 91.5 S - Rank `` Gas Pedal '' - Sage the Gemini ft . IamSu 96 93 94 93 94 Poreotics `` Bangarang '' - Skrillex ft . Sirah 85 87 87 88 86.8 Junior Charity & Andres `` Castle '' - Halsey 93 93 92 94 93 Jaxon Willard `` Blind Faith '' - Johnny Manuel 87 89 87 88 87.8 Sean & Kaycee `` The Way I Do '' - Bishop Briggs 91 92 95 91 92.3 Jump up ^ The Fabulous Sisters used a remix of `` Wrecking Ball '' that incorporated Japanese sounds and beats . World final ( edit ) In the World Final , the final 4 division champions competed head to head to win the one million dollar prize . As with the previous 2 rounds , the judges and the host , Jenna , became mentors for each of the finalists . Derek worked with Charity & Andres , Jennifer worked with S - Rank , Jenna worked with Michael Dameski , and Ne - Yo worked with The Lab . Each of the 4 finalists performed twice . The first performance 's music was chosen by their judge , or Jenna , and the second was chosen by the finalist . After each performance , the final scores were displayed on a leaderboard . The winner of the World Finals was determined by the judges combined average scores from both performances . After the first four performances , Season 1 's Divisional Finalists Kinjaz and Keone & Mari performed with Derek Hough . Season 1 's winner Les Twins also performed before the crowning . After the final performances , The Lab were announced as the winners of World of Dance ; their final combined score of 97.5 beat out Michael Dameski by 1.5 points . Table key Key Description Contestant ( s ) did n't win the competition The Divisional Final scores Upper Upper Team Junior Junior Team Name Score Name Score Name Score Name Score Michael Dameski 97.8 S - Rank 94 Charity & Andres 93 The Lab 99.8 Contestant performances and Judges ' scores Date Round Dance Act Performance song Judges ' score Ne - Yo Jennifer Derek Average September 12 Charity & Andres `` Ai n't No Sunshine ( Lido remix ) '' - Bill Withers 92 96 95 94.3 S - Rank `` Headband '' - B.o.B ft. 2 Chainz 91 95 93 93 Michael Dameski `` Dive '' - Ed Sheeran 95 97 95 95.7 The Lab `` Work It '' - Missy Elliott 97 97 97 97 S - Rank `` It 's Goin ' Down '' - Yung Joc ft . Nitti 94 94 94 94 Charity & Andres `` Legendary '' - Welshly Arms 96 93 94 94.3 Michael Dameski `` Survivor '' - 2WEI 98 96 95 96.3 The Lab `` Waiting on the World to Change '' - John Mayer 100 96 98 98 Final Scores ( edit ) 4th S - Rank ( 93.5 ) 3rd Charity & Andres ( 94.3 ) 2nd Michael Dameski ( 96 ) WINNER The Lab ( 97.5 ) Highest Scoring Dances ( edit ) Dance act Division Round Music Scores Charity & Andres Junior The Duels '' Way Down We Go `` -- Kaleo 100 ( 100 , 100 , 100 ) The Lab Junior Team Divisional Final `` Lemon '' -- N.E.R.D. & Rihanna 99.8 ( 100 , 99 , 100 , 100 ) Karen y Ricardo Upper The Qualifiers `` Pégate '' -- Ricky Martin 99.7 ( 100 , 100 , 99 ) Karen y Ricardo Upper The Cut `` Caminaré '' -- Marc Anthony 99 ( 100 , 99 , 98 ) Karen y Ricardo Upper The Duels `` La Malanga '' -- Mercado Negro 98.3 ( 97 , 99 , 99 ) The Lab Junior Team The Cut `` Cold Water '' -- Major Lazer ft . Justin Bieber & MØ 98.3 ( 100 , 97 , 98 ) The Lab Junior Team World Final `` Waiting on the World to Change '' -- John Mayer 98 ( 100 , 96 , 98 ) Michael Dameski Upper Divisional Final `` Madness '' -- Ruelle 97.8 ( 100 , 98 , 95 , 98 ) The Lab Junior Team World Final `` Work It '' -- Missy Elliott 97 ( 97 , 97 , 97 ) The Rock Company Junior Team The Qualifiers `` Imagine '' -- Emeli Sandé 96.7 ( 97 , 97 , 96 ) The Fabulous Sisters Junior Team The Cut `` Black and Gold '' -- Sam Sparro 96.3 ( 94 , 97 , 98 ) Michael Dameski Upper World Final `` Survivor '' - 2WEI 96.3 ( 98 , 96 , 95 ) Desi Hoppers Upper Team The Qualifiers `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran 96 ( 98 , 94 , 96 ) Jaxon Willard Junior The Duels `` Surprise Yourself '' -- Jack Garratt 96 ( 97 , 98 , 93 ) Sean & Kaycee Junior The Qualifiers `` Silence '' -- Marshmello ft . Khalid 96 ( 97 , 96 , 95 ) ^ 1 Misty Copeland joined the Judges panel for Division Final round Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The Qualifiers 1 '' May 29 , 2018 1.7 / 7 7.17 `` The Qualifiers 2 '' June 5 , 2018 1.5 / 7 6.31 `` The Qualifiers 3 '' June 12 , 2018 1.4 / 6 6.07 `` The Qualifiers 4 '' June 19 , 2018 1.4 / 6 6.22 5 `` The Qualifiers 5 '' June 26 , 2018 1.3 / 6 6.08 6 `` The Qualifiers 6 '' July 10 , 2018 1.2 / 6 5.88 7 `` The Qualifiers 7 '' July 17 , 2018 1.3 / 6 5.90 8 `` The Qualifiers 8 '' July 24 , 2018 1.2 / 6 5.64 9 `` The Duels 1 '' July 25 , 2018 1.0 / 5 4.94 10 `` The Duels 2 '' August 1 , 2018 1.1 / 5 5.33 11 `` The Duels 3 '' August 8 , 2018 1.1 / 5 4.75 12 `` The Duels 4 '' August 15 , 2018 1.1 / 5 5.12 13 `` The Cut 1 '' August 22 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.05 14 `` The Cut 2 '' August 29 , 2018 1.1 / 5 5.06 15 `` Divisional Final '' September 5 , 2018 1.1 / 5 5.17 16 `` World Final '' September 12 , 2018 1.1 / 5 5.58 Contestants who appeared on previous season ( edit ) Melvin Timtim , of S - Rank , competed in season 1 , as a member of Chapkis Dance Family . Josh Price , of S - Rank , competed in season 1 , as a member of ImmaBEAST . The Lab competed in season 1 . They added six new members by The Lab to the lineup of last season . Sean Lew , of Sean & Kaycee , competed in season 1 , as a member of ImmaBEAST . Taylor Hatala , of Josh & Taylor , competed in season 1 with her dance partner Kyndall Harris as KynTay . Josh Beauchamp , of Josh & Taylor , competed in season 1 , as a member of ImmaBEAST . Eva Igo , competed in season 1 , reached the World Final and finished as runner - up to ' Les Twins ' . Luka & Jenalyn competed in season 1 . Royal Flux competed in season 1 . DNA competed in season 1 . D'Angelo Castro , of The Untouchables , competed in season 1 with his partner Amanda Carbajales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mark Your Calendars : NBC World of Dance Season 2 Has a Premiere Date '' . 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lemoncelli , Jenna ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Vs. Jenna Dewan : Which Hot Mama 's Look Was Your Fave At ' World Of Dance ' Event '' . Jump up ^ `` JNBC 's `` World of Dance '' Welcomes Ciara , Julianne Hough , Mel B , Misty Copeland , Paula Abdul and Savion Glover as Guest Mentors and Judges `` . 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( 29 May 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' : Everything you need to know about season 2 -- premiere , judges , format changes '' . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's ' World of Dance ' Welcomes Ciara , Julianne Hough , Mel B , Misty Copeland , Paula Abdul and Savion Glover as Guest Mentors and Judges '' . 23 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World of Dance Bringing Back Breakout Contestants from Last Season and Impressive Challengers -- See the Lineup ! '' . Jump up ^ `` The ' World Of Dance ' Season 2 Contestants Include Talented Groups From Every Genre & Backstory -- EXCLUSIVE PHOTOS '' . Jump up ^ `` World of Dance ' Season 2 , Episode 9 Duels Recap and Results : Who Left and Who Stayed Tonight ? '' . NewsWeek . Jump up ^ Elektro Elite qualified with 80 points . According on episode 9 1 : 10 : 31 video of NBC WOD website displayed charts . Jump up ^ ThaMOST qualified with 84 point according video of episode 9 1 : 00 : 37 displayed charts on NBC World of Dance website . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Beat Shazam ' adjust up , ' World of Dance ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts up , ' The Outpost ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and all shows hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last Defense ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' reruns adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Burden of Truth ' adjusts down : Wednesday final broadcast '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' adjust up , ' Castaways ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) All full episodes can currently be watched on NBC World of Dance website , but only officially within the United States due to geographical restrictions World of Dance on IMDb World of Dance at TV Guide This article needs additional or more specific categories . Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles . ( June 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_of_Dance_(season_2)&oldid=865094330 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional categories from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 17 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the junior division in world of dance	[]	[]
-3219793331492412736	Petrichor	Petrichor - wikipedia Petrichor Jump to : navigation , search `` Scent of rain '' redirects here . For the play , see Scent of Rain . For other uses , see Scent of Rain ( disambiguation ) . `` Smell of rain '' redirects here . For the album , see The Smell of Rain . For the song by Phish , see Big Boat . For the song by Paul Kelly , see Life Is Fine . Rainfall Petrichor ( / ˈpɛtrɪkɔːr / ) is the earthy scent produced when rain falls on dry soil . The word is constructed from Greek πέτρα petra , meaning `` stone '' , and ἰχώρ īchōr , the fluid that flows in the veins of the gods in Greek mythology . The term was coined in 1964 by two Australian CSIRO researchers , Isabel Joy Bear and Richard G. Thomas , for an article in the journal Nature . In the article , the authors describe how the smell derives from an oil exuded by certain plants during dry periods , whereupon it is absorbed by clay - based soils and rocks . During rain , the oil is released into the air along with another compound , geosmin , a metabolic by - product of certain actinobacteria , which is emitted by wet soil , producing the distinctive scent ; ozone may also be present if there is lightning . In a follow - up paper , Bear and Thomas ( 1965 ) showed that the oil retards seed germination and early plant growth . In 2015 , MIT scientists used high - speed cameras to record how the scent moves into the air . The tests involved approximately 600 experiments on 28 different surfaces , including engineered materials and soil samples . When a raindrop lands on a porous surface , air from the pores forms small bubbles , which float to the surface and release aerosols . Such aerosols carry the scent , as well as bacteria and viruses from the soil . Raindrops that move at a slower rate tend to produce more aerosols ; this serves as an explanation for why the petrichor is more common after light rains . Some scientists believe that humans appreciate the rain scent because ancestors may have relied on rainy weather for survival . See also ( edit ) Geosmin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bear , Isabel Joy ; Thomas , Richard G. ( March 1964 ) . `` Nature of argillaceous odour '' . Nature . 201 ( 4923 ) : 993 -- 995 . Bibcode : 1964Natur. 201 ... 993B . doi : 10.1038 / 201993a0 . Jump up ^ Garg , Anu ( 2007 ) . The Dord , the Diglot , and an Avocado Or Two : The Hidden Lives and Strange Origins of Words . Penguin . p. 399 . ISBN 9780452288614 . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Daisy ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Storm Scents : It 's True , You Can Smell Oncoming Summer Rain : Researchers have teased out the aromas associated with a rainstorm and deciphered the olfactory messages they convey '' . Scientific American . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bear , Isabel Joy ; Thomas , Richard G. ( September 1965 ) . `` Petrichor and plant growth '' . Nature . 207 ( 5005 ) : 1415 -- 1416 . Bibcode : 1965Natur. 207.1415 B . doi : 10.1038 / 2071415a0 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper - White , Macrina ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Here 's Why Rain Has That Distinctive Smell '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Chu , Jennifer ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` Rainfall can release aerosols , study finds '' . MIT News . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Palermo , Elizabeth ( 21 June 2013 ) . `` Why Does Rain Smell Good ? '' . LiveScience.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Look up petrichor in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Petrichor -- at `` A Word a Day '' From the Oxford English Dictionary Hansen , Joe , Where does the smell of rain come from ? , It 's Okay To Be Smart , PBS Digital Studios The Straight Dope : What 's that smell right before it rains ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petrichor&oldid=804012193 '' Categories : Olfaction Precipitation Soil Rain Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français گیلکی 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 03 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name for the smell of rain	[ "Petrichor (/ˈpɛtrɪkɔːr/) is the earthy scent produced when rain falls on dry soil. The word is constructed from Greek πέτρα petra, meaning \"stone\", and ἰχώρ īchōr, the fluid that flows in the veins of the gods in Greek mythology." ]	[ "Petrichor" ]
-8048471325409000316	Greater-than sign	Greater - than sign - wikipedia Greater - than sign Jump to : navigation , search For the use of the `` > '' sign as punctuation , see Bracket § Angle brackets . Greater - than sign The greater - than sign is a mathematical symbol that denotes an inequality between two values . The widely adopted form of two equal - length strokes connecting in an acute angle at the right , > , has been found in documents dated as far back as the 1560s . In typical mathematical usage , the greater - than sign is typically placed between the two values being compared and signals that the first number is greater than the second number . Examples of typical usage include 11⁄2 > 1 and 1 > − 2 . Since the development of computer programming languages , the greater - than sign and the less - than sign have been repurposed for a range of uses and operations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Computing 2.1 Angle brackets 2.2 Programming language 2.3 Double greater - than sign 2.4 Triple greater - than sign 2.5 Greater - than sign with equals sign 2.6 Hyphen - minus with greater - than sign 2.7 Shell scripts 2.8 Spaceship operator 2.9 HTML 2.10 E-mail and the Internet 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The symbols < and > first appear in Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas ( The Analytical Arts Applied to Solving Algebraic Equations ) by Thomas Harriot ( 1560 -- 1621 ) , which was published posthumously in 1631 . The text states : `` Signum majoritatis ut a > b significet a majorem quam b '' and `` Signum minoritatis ut a < b significet a minorem quam b . '' According to historian Art Johnson ( page 144 ) , while Harriot was surveying North America , he saw a Native American with a symbol that resembled the greater - than sign both backwards and forwards ( > and < ) . Johnson says it is likely he developed the two symbols from this symbol . Computing ( edit ) The greater - than sign ( > ) is an original ASCII character ( hex 3E , decimal 62 ) . The character in Unicode is U + 003E > GREATER - THAN SIGN ( HTML & # 62 ; > ; ) ; this is inherited from the same value in ASCII . Apart from this , Unicode also has the following variants : U + 232A 〉 RIGHT - POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ( HTML & # 9002 ; &rang ; ) Angle brackets ( edit ) The greater - than sign is used for an approximation of the closing angle bracket ( ⟩ ) . ASCII does not have angular brackets . Programming language ( edit ) BASIC and C - family languages , ( including Java and C++ ) use the operator > to mean `` greater than '' . In Lisp - family languages , > is a function used to mean `` greater than '' . In Coldfusion and Fortran , operator . GT . means `` greater than '' . Double greater - than sign ( edit ) The double greater - than sign ( > > ) is used for an approximation of the much greater than sign ( ≫ ) . ASCII does not have the much greater - than sign . The double greater - than sign ( > > ) is also used for an approximation of the closing guillemet ( '' ) . In Java , C , and C++ , the operator > > is the right - shift operator . In C++ it is also used to get input from a stream , similar to the C functions getchar and fgets . In Haskell , the > > function is a monadic operator . It is used for sequentially composing two actions , discarding any value produced by the first . In that regard , it is like the statement sequencing operator in imperative languages , such as the semicolon in C . Triple greater - than sign ( edit ) The triple greater - than sign ( > > > ) is the unsigned right shift operator in JavaScript , and is the default Python prompt of the interactive shell , often seen for code examples which can be executed interactively in the interpreter ~ : $ python Python 2.7. 5 ( default , Mar 9 2014 , 22 : 15 : 05 ) ( GCC 4.2. 1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 ( clang - 500.0. 68 ) ) on darwin Type `` help '' , `` copyright '' , `` credits '' or `` license '' for more information. > > > print ( `` Hello World '' ) Hello World > > > Greater - than sign with equals sign ( edit ) The greater - than sign plus the equals sign ( > = ) is used for an approximation of the greater than or equal to sign ( ≥ , the opposite of ≤ ) . ASCII does n't have a greater - than - or - equal - to sign . In BASIC , Lisp - family languages , and C - family languages ( including Java and C++ ) , operator > = means `` greater than or equal to '' . In Sinclair BASIC it is encoded as a single - byte code point token . In Fortran , operator . GE . means `` greater than or equal to '' . In Bourne shell and Windows PowerShell , the operator - ge means `` greater than or equal to '' . Hyphen - minus with greater - than sign ( edit ) In some programming languages ( for example F# ) , the greater - than sign is used in conjunction with a hyphen - minus to create an arrow ( - > ) . Arrows like these could also be used in text where other arrow symbols are unavailable . In the R programming language , this can be used as the right assignment operator . In the C , C++ , and C# programming languages , this is used as a member access operator . Shell scripts ( edit ) In Bourne shell ( and many other shells ) , greater - than sign is used to redirect output to a file . Greater - than plus ampersand ( > & ) is used to redirect to a file descriptor . Spaceship operator ( edit ) Greater - than sign is used in the spaceship operator . HTML ( edit ) In HTML ( and SGML and XML ) , the greater - than sign is used at the end of tags . The greater - than sign may be included with > ; , while &ge ; produces the greater - than or equal to sign . E-mail and the Internet ( edit ) The greater - than sign is used to denote quotations in the e-mail and newsgroup formats , and this has been taken into use also in forums . It is also used before a sentence for a sense of implication . ( > implying ) See also ( edit ) Inequality ( mathematics ) Less - than sign Relational operator Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode Much - greater - than sign Guillemet Material conditional References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Art . `` History of Mathematical Symbols . '' Classic Math : History Topics for the Classroom . Dale Seymour Publications , 1994 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater-than_sign&oldid=841359563 '' Categories : Typographical symbols Mathematical symbols Inequalities Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Latina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 11 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who invented the greater than and less than sign	[ "The symbols first appear in Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas (The Analytical Arts Applied to Solving Algebraic Equations) by Thomas Harriot (1560–1621), which was published posthumously in 1631. The text states: \"Signum majoritatis ut a > b significet a majorem quam b\" and \"Signum minoritatis ut a significet a minorem quam b.\"" ]	[ "Thomas Harriot" ]
7454394234281155290	Could've Been Me	Could 've Been Me - Wikipedia Could 've Been Me Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Could Have Been Me . `` Could 've Been Me '' Single by Billy Ray Cyrus from the album Some Gave All B - side `` I 'm So Miserable '' Released July 13 , 1992 Format Cassette and CD Recorded Genre Country Length 3 : 44 Label Mercury Songwriter ( s ) Reed Nielsen Monty Powell Producer ( s ) Joe Scaife , Jim Cotton Billy Ray Cyrus singles chronology `` Achy Breaky Heart '' ( 1992 ) `` Could 've Been Me '' ( 1992 ) `` Wher 'm I Gonna Live ? '' ( 1992 ) `` Achy Breaky Heart '' ( 1992 ) `` Could 've Been Me '' ( 1992 ) `` Wher 'm I Gonna Live ? '' ( 1992 ) `` Could 've Been Me '' is a song written by Reed Nielsen and Monty Powell , and performed by American country music artist Billy Ray Cyrus . It was released in July 1992 as the second single from his multi-platinum selling debut album , Some Gave All . The song reached number 2 on the U.S. Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart , behind `` Love 's Got a Hold on You '' by Alan Jackson and it also reached number - one on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart . It was the follow - up to the number 1 song , `` Achy Breaky Heart '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Content ( edit ) The song is a moderate up - tempo in which the narrator hears from a friend that his ex-lover had gotten married . He calls and tells her that he finally realized it `` could 've been ( him ) '' that she married . Critical reception ( edit ) Deborah Evans Price , of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably , calling it a `` flair of Springsteen - ish style . '' She states to `` look for the multiformat ball to keep on rolling . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Marc Ball and Kitty Moon , and premiered in mid-1992 , that song would be used on a 1992 Austin City Limits Season 17 episode Albert Collins followed by Danny Gatton when the song was played during the closing credits instead of the theme song London Homesick Blues . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Could 've Been Me '' debuted at number 65 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of July 4 , 1992 . Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 43 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 72 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 29 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24 US Billboard Hot 100 72 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 45 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 24 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 30 Preceded by `` I Still Believe in You '' by Vince Gill RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 3 , 1992 Succeeded by `` One Time Around '' by Michelle Wright References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard , July 4 , 1992 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Billy Ray Cyrus -- Could 've Been Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 1950 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 3 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 1890 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 31 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Billy Ray Cyrus '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Ray Cyrus Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2007 ) . Top Adult Songs 1961 - 2006 . Record Research , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 169 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Ray Cyrus Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1992 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Billy Ray Cyrus Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Some Gave All It Wo n't Be the Last Storm in the Heartland Trail of Tears Shot Full of Love Southern Rain Time Flies The Other Side Wanna Be Your Joe Home at Last Back to Tennessee I 'm American Change My Mind Thin Line Other albums The Best of Billy Ray Cyrus 20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection The Definitive Collection Love Songs Icon Brother Clyde Singles `` Achy Breaky Heart '' `` Could 've Been Me '' `` Wher 'm I Gonna Live ? '' `` She 's Not Cryin ' Anymore '' `` In the Heart of a Woman '' `` Somebody New '' '' `` Words by Heart '' `` Storm in the Heartland '' `` It 's All the Same to Me '' `` Busy Man '' `` You Wo n't Be Lonely Now '' `` Ready , Set , Do n't Go '' `` Somebody Said a Prayer '' `` Back to Tennessee '' `` Nineteen '' Other songs `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' `` Real Gone '' `` Butterfly Fly Away '' Related topics Ron Cyrus Miley Cyrus Trace Cyrus Nashville Star Brother Clyde Robby Stewart This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Could%27ve_Been_Me&oldid=737606906 '' Categories : 1992 singles 1992 songs Billy Ray Cyrus songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Mercury Records singles Songs written by Monty Powell Songs written by Reed Nielsen 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2016 , at 22 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	it should have been me billy ray cyrus	[]	[]
-1102904296168832432	Theog	Theog - Wikipedia Theog Town in Himachal Pradesh , India Theog ठियोग Town Theog Location in Himachal Pradesh , India Theog Theog ( India ) Show map of Himachal Pradesh Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 31 ° 07 ′ N 77 ° 21 ′ E / 31.12 ° N 77.35 ° E / 31.12 ; 77.35 Coordinates : 31 ° 07 ′ N 77 ° 21 ′ E / 31.12 ° N 77.35 ° E / 31.12 ; 77.35 Country India State Himachal Pradesh District Shimla Government SDM Manoj Chauhan ( HAS ) Elevation 2,310 m ( 7,580 ft ) Population ( 2001 ) Total 3,754 Languages Official Hindi Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 171201 Telephone code 91 1783 xxxxxx Vehicle registration HP - 09 Theog in Winters Theog Town Theog is a town and a municipal committee in Shimla district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh . First Regular settlement was done in theog in 1902 Contents ( hide ) 1 Demographics 2 Geography 2.1 Villages in Theog Tehsil 3 People 4 Profile 5 Transport 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Demographics ( edit ) As of 2001 India census , Theog had a population of 3,754 . Males constitute 57 % of the population and females 43 % . Theog has an average literacy rate of 64 % , higher than the national average of 59.5 % : male literacy is 73 % , and female literacy is 56 % . In Theog , 12 % of the population is under 6 years of age . According to the census of 1931 , the total population of Theog state was 6912 , there were 6800 Hindus , 91 muslims and 21 Sikhs in Theog State in 1931 Geography ( edit ) Theog is located at 31 ° 07 ′ N 77 ° 21 ′ E / 31.12 ° N 77.35 ° E / 31.12 ; 77.35 . It has an average elevation of 1965 metres ( 6446 feet ) . It is situated on National Highway NH22 ( on the Hindustan - Tibet Road ) , is 32 km away from Shimla , and is a town of five ' Ghats ' ( or ridges ) : Rahi Ghat , Deori Ghat , Prem Ghat , Janoghat , and Bagaghat . Theog Landscape in winter There are many villages which come under the jurisdiction of Theog . Villages in Theog Tehsil ( edit ) Villages in Theog Tehsil Aloti Anu Bachhlon Bagain Bagna Bagon Sandhu Bagoti Bagra Bagri Bahani Baila Baila Janrori Bajhowa Bajhyog Bajnashra Bakhog Bakhrna Bal Ghar Balag Balan Balawog Balhari Balhech Balheot Balhiana Balian Balihana Balowa Ban Bag Banar Banari Bandli Banea Banewal Bani Banjri Barail Barar Bariana Barog Baroth Barugarbi Barui Barun Barushargi Basa Mahog Basa Theog Basahat Palana Basahat Parala Basha Bagain Basmol Bateora Bathlawag Batlar Batog Bekhalti Batloth Behlaog Bhagever Bhalai Bharana Bhargari Bharog Bhaut Bhirgarh Bhog Bhot Bhuin Bashnog Bishri Bogra Bundu Chabtu Chaihr Chaili Chakhna Chalaog Chalawali Chambal Chamhech Charel Bhaela Charen Chatog Chhamrot Chichchi Chikkhar Chila Chiyog Chundi Dabrog Dadas Daghali Dakana Dalaiya Damiana Daniwal Darbar Balsan Darghot Darjoli Dhar Dashna Deha Dekoli Deori Deori Ghat Deothi Deothi Dhaklu Dhali Dhana Dhanaut Dhanewal Dhano Dhar Tarponu Dharampur Dharech Dharech Gohech Dharmai Dhelogar Didi Dipra Dodra Dohan Domahr Draunl Durgaut Fagu Gadaha Gadeog Gadhiari Gajaut Galhana Galu Kalan Galu Khurd Garpiyan Gathan Ghog Ghund Ghund Jangal Mahaduda Gijari Giraini Girenj Glanag Godhan Gowahi Gulu Guri Helai Hulga Ilmi Isthi Robar Jadeog Jadun Jageri Jagora Jaiee Jais Janahan Jangal Audh Jangal Babar Jangal Balhech Jangal Chadaha Jangal Chiyog Jangal Doba Jangal Dochya Jangal Gathan Jangal Ghorna Jangal Ishta Jangal Jhalru Jangal Kaleri Jangal Kaljer Jangal Kangar Jangal Khagn Jangal Kolu Nala Jangal Kot Jangal Kufta Jangal Kufta Jangal Lakhoti Jangal Mahol Jangal Narainti Jangal Narainti Jangal Rohru Jangal Sandhu Jangal Shila Gahrol Jangal Shila Jubbar Jangal Tir Mahasu Jannu Janog Janol Janoti Jao Jarashi Khanali Jatain Jathai Jhakri Jhalli Jheta Gaon Jugo Kachhaur Kachhi Kadeog Kadharab Kadharan Kainth Ser Kalahar Kalaun Kaleenda Kalind Kaljer Kalju Kalna Kamali Kamanah Kanashi Kanauri Kandi Ser Karaili Karali Karana Karani Kareli Kargoli Karuth Kashna Kasho Kathal Kathela Katiana Kaupara Kawg Kela Kelwi Keokri Khagna Khalantu Khalashi Khanar Khaniuri Khanu Khaprol Khar Kharori Khgan Khneu Kiar Kiara Kiari Kilra Kiri Kishaur Kit Kiyara Kot Kot Koti Koti Krel Kufar Jeta Kufar Khnal Kuftu Kun Kundli Kunjla Kur Kuthar Lanu Laphu Latiana Lellu Loli Machheora Madog Mahog Mahog Mahori Mahraug Majhogra Majholi Majroe Makhrol Malehri Malewg Maliana Manan Mandla Manjhrana Manlog Manrot Matli Meha Mihana Mul Matiana Mundu Nahol Neri Nal Nalia Namana Nani Nano Nawagaon Nawar Nehara Nehra Neori Noli Padrog Palail Palana Palat Palo Palvi Pansejal Pargeya Parhain Parla Parola Patandu Patinal Podul Pohach Pundar Ragsa Rahan Rail Raina Rajpura Randu Raog Rehog Rishaili Roni Chadara Roni Matiana Runkuli Digar Runkuli Godhan Sai Sainj Sainj Samabar Sanahu Sanai Sanghti Sanhana Sarog Satog Shaddi Shagalti Shai Shalaina Sharamla Shari Shariana Shatiyana Shawag Shikroat Shil Guri Shila Shila Gahrol Shili Mehla Shilwa Shirgal Shirgali Shiwa Shlo Shroi Silu Sonthal Taihna Tali Taragaon Tarapur Tatal Tathkar Thakar Ka Shil Thana Jubbar Thanda Thathal Thaut Tiali Tikar Tikkar Tikri Til Tinggar Tankoti Tunda Khariana Tungla Pajairo Tungla Shilnali People ( edit ) Pahari and Hindi are the main languages spoken among people in Theog . Their main occupation is growing vegetables including cabbage , cauliflower , broccoli , potatoes and capsicum ; and fruits including apples , peaches , cherries and apricots . Women folk are educated and equally participate with their male counterparts in day - to - day activities . This town has always remained the center of state politics with famous political leaders like Mrs. Vidya Stokes and Mr. Rakesh Verma . Many people are serving the public by joining sectors such as army , transport , police and education . Theog is also the top producer of vegetables in Asia . Theog has major contribution in pahari folk music , Laiq Ram Rafiq is famous song writer . Notable pahari folk ( mahaswi nati ) singers are Dr Mohan Rathore , Dr Mahinder Rathore , Kishan Verma , Kuldeep Sharma and Shyam Singta . ' Royal Apple Picture ' is the major production house based in Theog , ' Theogo Ra Gappu ' was the first local pahari ( mahaswi ) film made in 2010 . Before 15 August 1947 , majority of demographic and geographic area of Theog was ruled by Thakur of Sainj Riyasat ( small kingdom ) . The revolutionaries and local people of Theog revolted openly against Sainj riyasat and they unanimously passed resolution and decided to become part of Republic of India on 15 August 1947 . From that day onwards , 15 August is celebrated whole heartedly as Independence day at the local Potato ground. People from distant and nearby villages come to participate in that historic day . In year 2007 , first Summer festival was organized at historic Potato ground . Summer festival is now celebrated every year , local and national level artist perform there to entertain masses . Profile ( edit ) As of Census of India 2001 Area details Total Number Number of inhabited villages 400 Education facilities Number of primary schools 198 Number of middle schools 55 Number of secondary schools 27 Number of senior secondary schools Number of colleges Number of adult literacy class / centres 6 Number of other educational schools 7 Medical facilities . Number of allopathic dispensary Number of ayurvedic dispensary 11 Number of child Welfare centre 5 Number of primary health centre Number of primary health sub centre 35 Number of registered private medical practiotioners . Post , telegraph and telephone facilities . Number of post office 48 Number of telegraph office Number of telephone connections 2194 Banking facilities . Number of commercial bank 10 Number of Co-operative commercial bank Land use ( Two decimal ) in hectares . Number of forest land 7139 Number of government canal 164 Number of private canal 131 Irrigated Area 328 Unirrigated Area 11,026 Culturable waste ( including gauchar and groves ) 21,742 Area not available for cultivation 7,139 Transport ( edit ) Theog is well connected to Himachal and rest of India through National Highway 5 and National Highway 705 . See also ( edit ) Theog ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Punjab State Gazetteers : pt . A. Simla Hill States . Punjab : Superintendent , Government Printing , 1935 . 1935 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2001 : Data from the 2001 Census , including cities , villages and towns ( Provisional ) '' . Census Commission of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Punjab State Gazetteers : pt . A. Simla Hill States . Superintendent , Government Printing , 1935 - Punjab ( India ) . 1935 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Falling Rain Genomics , Inc - Theog Jump up ^ Census of India ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` National Highways in Himachal Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Blog on Theog Theog on Google Maps Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theog . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theog&oldid=842580326 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Shimla district Tehsils of Himachal Pradesh Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 10 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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6652233510052722612	United States dollar	United States dollar - Wikipedia United States dollar Jump to : navigation , search `` USD '' redirects here . For other uses , see USD ( disambiguation ) . United States dollar Federal Reserve Notes ISO 4217 Code USD Number 840 Exponent Denominations Superunit 10 eagle 100 union 1000 grand Subunit ⁄ dime ⁄ cent ⁄ mill Symbol $ cent ¢ mill ₥ Nickname List ( show ) Ace , bank , bean , bread , bill , bone , buck , C - note , cheddar , dead president , deuce , dinero , dub , ducat , doubloon , fin , fiver , frog , grand , greenback , large , moolah , paper , sawbuck , scratch , scrilla , simoleons , single , skins , smackeroo , smackers , spondulix , stack , Tom , and yard Plural : dough , green , bread , bones , bucks , skrilla , clams Based on denomination : Washingtons , Jeffersons , Lincolns , Hamiltons , Jacksons , Grants , and Benjamins See also : peso in Puerto Rico , and piastre in Cajun Louisiana Banknotes Freq . used $1 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Rarely used $2 Coins Freq . used 1 ¢ , 5 ¢ , 10 ¢ , 25 ¢ , $1 Rarely used 50 ¢ Demographics Official user ( s ) United States East Timor Ecuador El Salvador Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Panama Zimbabwe 3 non-U.S. territories ( show ) Caribbean Netherlands British Virgin Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Unofficial user ( s ) 31 other countries ( show ) Afghanistan Argentina The Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Bhutan Botswana Brazil Cambodia Costa Rica Guatemala Guyana Haiti Iraq Jamaica Kenya Laos Lebanon Liberia Malawi Maldives Mozambique Nicaragua Nigeria Peru Sierra Leone Tanzania Thailand Uganda Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Zambia 5 non-U.S. territories ( show ) Cayman Islands ( UK ; de facto ) Bermuda ( UK ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ; de facto ) Ascension Island ( UK ; de facto ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( de facto ) 4 non-U.S. cities ( show ) Pyongyang , North Korea Tijuana , Mexico Cancún , Mexico Unrecognized Republic ( s ) ( show ) Luhansk People 's Republic ( rarely ) Issuance Central bank Federal Reserve System Website www.federalreserve.gov Printer Bureau of Engraving and Printing Website www.moneyfactory.gov Mint United States Mint Website www.usmint.gov Valuation Inflation 1.73 % ( July 2017 ) Source inflationdata.com Method CPI Pegged by 27 currencies ( show ) Aruban florin Bahamian dollar ( at par ) Bahraini dinar ( higher value ) Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar ( at par ) Cayman Islands dollar ( higher value ) Cuban convertible peso ( at par ) Djiboutian franc East Caribbean dollar East Timor Centavo Coin ( at par ) Ecuadorian Centavo Coin ( at par ) Eritrean nakfa Hong Kong dollar ( narrow band ) Iraqi dinar Jordanian dinar ( higher value ) Kuwaiti dinar ( higher value ) Lebanese pound Netherlands Antillean guilder Omani rial ( higher value ) Panamanian balboa ( at par ) Qatari riyal Saudi riyal Trinidad and Tobago dollar United Arab Emirates dirham Venezuelan bolívar Zimbabwean Bond Coins and Zimbabwean Bond Notes ( at par ) The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US $ and referred to as the dollar , U.S. dollar , or American dollar ) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution . For most practical purposes , it is divided into 100 smaller cent ( ¢ ) units , but officially it can be divided into 1000 mills ( ₥ ) . The circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars ( 12 U.S.C. § 418 ) . The U.S. dollar is commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 ⁄ grain ( 24.1 g ) pure or 416 grain ( 27.0 g ) standard silver . Since the currency is the most used in international transactions , it is the world 's primary reserve currency . Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . Besides the United States , it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean : the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands . A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money , while still minting their own coins , or also accept U.S. dollar coins ( such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar ) . As of July 12 , 2017 , there was approximately $1.56 trillion in circulation , of which $1.52 trillion was in Federal Reserve notes ( the remaining $40 billion is in the form of coins ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Etymology 2.1 Nicknames 3 Dollar sign 4 History 4.1 Continental currency 4.2 Silver and gold standards 5 Coins 5.1 Collector coins 5.2 Dollar coins 5.3 Mint marks 5.3. 1 Notes 6 Banknotes 7 Means of issue 8 Value 9 Exchange rates 9.1 Historical exchange rates 9.2 Current exchange rates 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links 14.1 Images of U.S. currency and coins Overview ( edit ) Article I , Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power `` To coin money '' . Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112 . Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued . These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as `` legal tender '' in payment of debts . The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar . The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle . Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins , which have values ranging from one cent to 100 dollars . These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar . The Constitution provides that `` a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time '' . That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code . The sums of money reported in the `` Statements '' are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars ( for example , see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government ) . The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States . The word `` dollar '' is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution . There , `` dollars '' is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar , a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency , or reales . In 1792 the U.S. Congress passed a Coinage Act . Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins , including `` DOLLARS OR UNITS -- each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current , and to contain three hundred and seventy - one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure , or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver '' . Section 20 of the act provided , `` That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars , or units ... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation '' . In other words , this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States . Unlike the Spanish milled dollar , the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values . In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one - thousandth of a dollar ( symbol ₥ ) , cent or one - hundredth of a dollar ( symbol ¢ ) , dime or one - tenth of a dollar , and eagle or ten dollars , with prescribed weights and composition of gold , silver , or copper for each . It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union , but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist . However , only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar ; `` dime '' is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10 ¢ , while `` eagle '' and `` mill '' are largely unknown to the general public , though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies , and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $ X. XX9 per gallon , e.g. , $3.599 , more commonly written as $3.59 ⁄ . When currently issued in circulating form , denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes ( with the exception of gold , silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender , but worth far more as bullion ) . Both one - dollar coins and notes are produced today , although the note form is significantly more common . In the past , `` paper money '' was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar ( fractional currency ) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 ( known as the `` double eagle '' , discontinued in the 1930s ) . The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars , and subsequently was used in naming gold coins . Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination , known as `` fractional currency '' , was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as `` shinplasters '' . In 1854 , James Guthrie , then Secretary of the Treasury , proposed creating $100 , $50 and $25 gold coins , which were referred to as a `` Union '' , `` Half Union '' , and `` Quarter Union '' , thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100 . Series of 1917 $1 United States bill Today , USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper , unlike most common paper , which is made of wood fiber . U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint . U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and , since 1914 , have been issued by the Federal Reserve . The `` large - sized notes '' issued before 1928 measured 7.42 by 3.125 inches ( 188.5 by 79.4 mm ) ; small - sized notes , introduced that year , measure 6.14 by 2.61 by 0.0043 inches ( 155.96 by 66.29 by 0.11 mm ) . When the current , smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine - sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency . Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Dollar In the 16th century , Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers ( from German thal , or nowadays usually Tal , `` valley '' , cognate with `` dale '' in English ) , named for Joachimstal , the valley where the silver was mined ( St. Joachim 's Valley , now Jáchymov ; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia , now part of the Czech Republic ) . Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler , a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler , Norwegian as dalar and daler , Dutch as daler or daalder , Ethiopian as ታላሪ ( talari ) , Hungarian as tallér , Italian as tallero , and English as dollar . Alternatively , thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen ( `` great guilder '' , being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder ) , minted from the silver from Joachimsthal . The coins minted at Joachimsthal soon lent their name to other coins of similar size and weight from other places . One such example , was a Dutch coin depicting a lion , hence its Dutch name leeuwendaler ( in English : lion daler ) . The leeuwendaler was authorized to contain 427.16 grains of . 75 fine silver and passed locally for between 36 and 42 stuivers . It was lighter than the large - denomination coins then in circulation , thus it was more advantageous for a Dutch merchant to pay a foreign debt in leeuwendalers and it became the coin of choice for foreign trade . The leeuwendaler was popular in the Dutch East Indies and in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , and circulated throughout the Thirteen Colonies during the 17th and early 18th centuries . It was also popular throughout Eastern Europe , where it led to the current Romanian and Moldovan currency being called leu ( literally `` lion '' ) . Among the English - speaking community , the coin came to be popularly known as lion dollar -- and is the origin of the name dollar . The modern American - English pronunciation of dollar is still remarkably close to the 17th - century Dutch pronunciation of daler . By analogy with this lion dollar , Spanish pesos -- with the same weight and shape as the lion dollar -- came to be known as Spanish dollars . By the mid-18th century , the lion dollar had been replaced by the Spanish dollar , the famous `` piece of eight '' , which was distributed widely in the Spanish colonies in the New World and in the Philippines . Eventually , dollar became the name of the first official American currency . Nicknames ( edit ) See also : Slang terms for money § United States The colloquialism `` buck '' ( s ) ( much like the British word `` quid '' ( s , pl ) for the pound sterling ) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations , including the U.S. dollar . This term , dating to the 18th century , may have originated with the colonial leather trade . It may also have originated from a poker term . `` Greenback '' is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North . The original note was printed in black and green on the back side . It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar ( but not to the dollars of other countries ) . Other well - known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include `` greenmail '' , `` green '' and `` dead presidents '' ( the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills ) . A `` grand '' , sometimes shortened to simply `` G '' , is a common term for the amount of $1,000 . The suffix `` K '' or `` k '' ( from `` kilo - '' ) is also commonly used to denote this amount ( such as `` $10 k '' to mean $10,000 ) . However , the $1,000 note is no longer in general use . A `` large '' or `` stack '' , it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 ( such as `` fifty large '' meaning $50,000 ) . The $100 note is nicknamed `` Benjamin '' , `` Benji '' , `` Ben '' , or `` Franklin '' ( after Benjamin Franklin ) , `` C - note '' ( C being the Roman numeral for 100 ) , `` Century note '' or `` bill '' ( e.g. `` two bills '' being $200 ) . The $50 note is occasionally called a `` yardstick '' or a `` grant '' ( after President Ulysses S. Grant , pictured on the obverse ) . The $20 note is referred to as a `` double sawbuck '' , `` Jackson '' ( after Andrew Jackson ) , or `` double eagle '' . The $10 note is referred to as a `` sawbuck '' , `` ten - spot '' or `` Hamilton '' ( after Alexander Hamilton ) . The $5 note as `` Lincoln '' , `` fin '' , `` fiver '' or `` five - spot '' . The infrequently - used $2 note is sometimes called `` deuce '' , `` Tom '' , or `` Jefferson '' ( after Thomas Jefferson ) . The $1 note as a `` single '' or `` buck '' . The dollar has also been referred to as a `` bone '' and `` bones '' in plural ( e.g. `` twenty bones '' is equal to $20 ) . The newer designs , with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse ( rather than in cameo insets ) , upon paper color - coded by denomination , are sometimes referred to as `` bigface '' notes or `` Monopoly money '' . `` Piastre '' was the original French word for the U.S. dollar , used for example in the French text of the Louisiana Purchase . Calling the dollar a piastre is still common among the speakers of Cajun French and New England French . Modern French uses dollar for this unit of currency as well . The term is still used as slang for U.S. dollars in the French - speaking Caribbean islands , most notably Haiti . Dollar sign ( edit ) Main article : Dollar sign Spanish silver real or peso of 1768 The symbol $ , usually written before the numerical amount , is used for the U.S. dollar ( as well as for many other currencies ) . The sign was the result of a late 18th - century evolution of the scribal abbreviation `` p '' for the peso , the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries . These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America , namely in Mexico City ; Potosí , Bolivia ; and Lima , Peru . The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $ . Another popular explanation is that it is derived from the Pillars of Hercules on the Spanish Coat of arms of the Spanish dollar . These Pillars of Hercules on the silver Spanish dollar coins take the form of two vertical bars ( ) and a swinging cloth band in the shape of an `` S '' . Yet another explanation suggests that the dollar sign was formed from the capital letters U and S written or printed one on top of the other . This theory , popularized by novelist Ayn Rand in Atlas Shrugged , does not consider the fact that the symbol was already in use before the formation of the United States . History ( edit ) See also : History of the United States dollar Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note , featuring a portrait of President William McKinley . Reverse of a $500 Federal Reserve Note . The American dollar coin was initially based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar , used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries . The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint ( founded 1792 ) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar , minted in Mexico and Peru . The Spanish , U.S. silver dollars , and later , Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States , and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857 . The coinage of various English colonies also circulated . The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony ( New York ) , but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century . Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable , thus they were sometimes referred to as `` dog dollars '' . The U.S. dollar was first defined by the Coinage Act of 1792 , which specified a `` dollar '' to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains ( 27.0 g ) of standard silver and an `` eagle '' to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains ( 17 g ) of gold ( again depending on purity ) . The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton 's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars . Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains . A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight , and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar . The same coinage act also set the value of an eagle at 10 dollars , and the dollar at ⁄ eagle . It called for 90 % silver alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ dollars ; it called for 90 % gold alloy coins in denominations of 1 , ⁄ , ⁄ , and ⁄ eagles . The value of gold or silver contained in the dollar was then converted into relative value in the economy for the buying and selling of goods . This allowed the value of things to remain fairly constant over time , except for the influx and outflux of gold and silver in the nation 's economy . The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents , as is the custom now ; although today , by law , only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency . In fact , the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency , a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs . The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century ; before that `` heads '' side of coinage used profile faces and striding , seated , and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans . The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime ( 1946 ) and the Dollar ( 1971 ) . For articles on the currencies of the colonies and states , see Connecticut pound , Delaware pound , Georgia pound , Maryland pound , Massachusetts pound , New Hampshire pound , New Jersey pound , New York pound , North Carolina pound , Pennsylvania pound , Rhode Island pound , South Carolina pound and Virginia pound . Continental currency ( edit ) Continental One Third Dollar Bill ( obverse ) See also : Continental currency During the American Revolution the thirteen colonies became independent states . Freed from British monetary regulations , they each issued £ sd paper money to pay for military expenses . The Continental Congress also began issuing `` Continental Currency '' denominated in Spanish dollars . The dollar was valued relative to the states ' currencies at the following rates : 5 shillings -- Georgia 6 shillings -- Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Virginia 7 ⁄ shillings -- Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , Pennsylvania 8 shillings -- New York , North Carolina 32 ⁄ shillings -- South Carolina Continental currency depreciated badly during the war , giving rise to the famous phrase `` not worth a continental '' . A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states , which continued to issue bills of credit . Additionally , neither Congress nor the governments of the several states had the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds . The currency was ultimately replaced by the silver dollar at the rate of 1 silver dollar to 1000 continental dollars . Silver and gold standards ( edit ) From 1792 , when the Mint Act was passed , the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains ( 24.056 g ) of silver . Many historians erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver ; however , there is no evidence of Congress making this law . This has to do with Alexander Hamilton 's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15 : 1 ratio of silver to gold , respectively . The gold coins that were minted however , were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar . 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains ( 1.50 g ) , followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) in 1837 ( 16 : 1 ratio ) . In 1862 , paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals , due to the Civil War . Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated . This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812 . The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788 . With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited , the continentals quickly lost their value , giving rise to the phrase `` not worth a continental '' . This was a primary reason for the `` No state shall ... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts '' clause in article 1 , section 10 of the United States Constitution . In order to finance the War of 1812 , Congress authorized the issuance of Treasury Notes , interest - bearing short - term debt that could be used to pay public dues . While they were intended to serve as debt , they did function `` to a limited extent '' as money . Treasury Notes were again printed to help resolve the reduction in public revenues resulting from the Panic of 1837 and the Panic of 1857 , as well as to help finance the Mexican -- American War and the Civil War . In addition to Treasury Notes , in 1861 , Congress authorized the Treasury to borrow $50 million in the form of Demand Notes , which did not bear interest but could be redeemed on demand for precious metals . However , by December 1861 , the Union government 's supply of specie was outstripped by demand for redemption and they were forced to suspend redemption temporarily . The following February , Congress passed the Legal Tender Act of 1862 , issuing United States Notes , which were not redeemable on demand and bore no interest , but were legal tender , meaning that creditors had to accept them at face value for any payment except for public debts and import tariffs . However , silver and gold coins continued to be issued , resulting in the depreciation of the newly printed notes through Gresham 's Law . In 1869 , Supreme Court ruled in Hepburn v. Griswold that Congress could not require creditors to accept United States Notes , but overturned that ruling the next year in the Legal Tender Cases . In 1875 , Congress passed the Specie Payment Resumption Act , requiring the Treasury to allow US Notes to be redeemed for gold after January 1 , 1879 . The Treasury ceased to issue United States Notes in 1971 . The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains ( 1.505 g ) of gold , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67 . Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964 , when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters , and the half dollar was reduced to 40 % silver . Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970 . Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt . The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains ( 0.888 g ) , equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35 . This standard persisted until 1968 . Between 1968 and 1975 , a variety of pegs to gold were put in place , eventually culminating in a sudden end , on August 15 , 1971 , to the convertibility of dollars to gold later dubbed the Nixon Shock . The last peg was $42.22 per ounce before the U.S. dollar was let to freely float on currency markets . According to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing , the largest note it ever printed was the $100,000 Gold Certificate , Series 1934 . These notes were printed from December 18 , 1934 , through January 9 , 1935 , and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury . These notes were used for transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar Official United States coins have been produced every year from 1792 to the present . Denomination Common name Obverse Reverse Portrait and design date Reverse motif and design date Weight Diameter Material Edge Circulation Cent 1 ¢ penny Abraham Lincoln Union Shield 2.50 g 19.05 mm 97.5 % Zn 2.5 % Cu plain Wide Five - Cent 5 ¢ nickel Thomas Jefferson Monticello 5.00 g 21.21 mm 75 % Cu 25 % Ni plain Wide Dime 10 ¢ dime Franklin D. Roosevelt olive branch , torch , oak branch 2.27 g 17.91 mm 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 118 reeds Wide Quarter Dollar 25 ¢ quarter George Washington Various ; five designs per year 5.67 g 24.26 mm 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 119 reeds Wide Half Dollar 50 ¢ half John F. Kennedy Presidential Seal 11.34 g 30.61 mm 91.67 % Cu 8.33 % Ni 150 reeds Limited Dollar coin $1 dollar coin , golden dollar Profile of Sacagawea with her child , Jean Baptiste Charbonneau Bald eagle in flight ( 2000 -- 2008 ) , Various ; new design per year 8.10 g 26.50 mm 88.5 % Cu 6 % Zn 3.5 % Mn 2 % Ni Lettered Limited Discontinued coin denominations include : Half cent : ⁄ ¢ , 1793 -- 1857 Fugio Cent : 1 ¢ , 1787 Two - cent piece : 2 ¢ , 1863 -- 1873 Three - cent bronze : 3 ¢ , 1863 ( not circulated ) Three - cent nickel : 3 ¢ , 1865 -- 1889 Trime : 3 ¢ , 1851 -- 1873 Half dime : 5 ¢ , 1792 -- 1873 Twenty - cent piece : 20 ¢ , 1875 -- 1878 Gold dollar : $1.00 , 1849 -- 1889 Quarter eagle : $2.50 , 1792 -- 1929 Three - dollar piece : $3.00 , 1854 -- 1889 Stella : $4.00 , ( not circulated ) Half eagle : $5.00 , 1795 -- 1929 , minted as a commemorative 1986 -- present Eagle : $10.00 , minted as a commemorative 1984 -- 2003 Double eagle : $20.00 , 1849 -- 1933 , 2009 Half - union : $50.00 , 1877 ( pattern only ) , 1915 ( Panama -- Pacific International Exposition coin ) Union : $100.00 , 2015 ( High relief ; not circulated ) Collector coins for which everyday transactions are non-existent . American Eagles originally were not available from the Mint for individuals but had to be purchased from authorized dealers . In 2006 The Mint began direct sales to individuals of uncirculated bullion coins with a special finish , and bearing a `` W '' mintmark . American Silver Eagle $1 ( 1 troy ounce ) silver bullion coin 1986 -- present American Gold Eagle $5 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $10 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , $25 ( ⁄ troy oz ) , and $50 ( 1 troy oz ) Gold bullion coin 1986 -- present American Platinum Eagle ( $10 , $25 , $50 , and $100 platinum coin ) 1997 -- present United States commemorative coins -- special issue coins $50.00 ( Half Union ) 1915 Presidential Proofs ( see below ) 2007 -- present Technically , all these coins are still legal tender at face value , though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value , and for gold and silver coins , their precious metal value . From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content , which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel . However , since 1992 , the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes , quarters , and half dollars in place of the standard copper - nickel versions . In addition , an experimental $4.00 ( Stella ) coin was also minted in 1879 , but never placed into circulation , and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination . The $50 coin mentioned was only produced in 1915 for the Panama - Pacific International Exposition ( 1915 ) celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal . Only 1,128 were made , 645 of which were octagonal ; this remains the only U.S. coin that was not round as well as the largest and heaviest U.S. coin ever produced . A $100 gold coin was produced in High relief during 2015 , although it was primarily produced for collectors , not for general circulation . From 1934 to present , the only denominations produced for circulation have been the familiar penny , nickel , dime , quarter , half dollar and dollar . The nickel is the only coin still in use today that is essentially unchanged ( except in its design ) from its original version . Every year since 1866 , the nickel has been 75 % copper and 25 % nickel , except for 4 years during World War II when nickel was needed for the war . Due to the penny 's low value , some efforts have been made to eliminate the penny as circulating coinage . Collector coins ( edit ) The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators . Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime , quarter , and half dollar containing 90 % silver . Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997 , the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year 's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins . Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president . Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins , the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13 , 2011 , by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner . Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors . 2007 had George Washington , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and James Madison 2008 had James Monroe , John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , and Martin Van Buren 2009 had William Henry Harrison , John Tyler , James K. Polk , and Zachary Taylor 2010 had Millard Fillmore , Franklin Pierce , James Buchanan , and Abraham Lincoln 2011 had Andrew Johnson , Ulysses S. Grant , Rutherford B. Hayes , and James A. Garfield 2012 had Chester Arthur , Grover Cleveland ( 1st term ) , Benjamin Harrison , and Grover Cleveland ( 2nd term ) 2013 had William McKinley , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson 2014 had Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge , Herbert Hoover , and Franklin D. Roosevelt 2015 had Harry S Truman , Dwight D. Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , and Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 had Richard M. Nixon , Gerald R. Ford and Ronald Reagan . Dollar coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the United States dollar Flowing Hair Dollar The first United States dollar was minted in 1794 . Known as the Flowing Hair Dollar , contained 416 grains of `` standard silver '' ( 89.25 % silver and 10.75 % copper ) , as specified by Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 . It was designated by Section 9 of that Act as having `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar '' . Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States . Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935 ; a copper - nickel dollar of the same large size , featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower , was minted from 1971 through 1978 . Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century . The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979 ; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters , due to their nearly equal size , their milled edge , and their similar color . Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 ( collectors ' pieces were struck in 1981 ) , but , as with all past U.S. coins , they remain legal tender . As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted , additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999 . In 2000 , a new $1 coin , featuring Sacagawea , ( the Sacagawea dollar ) was introduced , which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color , without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar . However , this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still - existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions . The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support . In February 2007 , the U.S. Mint , under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 , introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin . Based on the success of the `` 50 State Quarters '' series , the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations , starting with George Washington , on the obverse side . The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty . To allow for larger , more detailed portraits , the traditional inscriptions of `` E Pluribus Unum '' , `` In God We Trust '' , the year of minting or issuance , and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face . This feature , similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £ 1 coin , is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs . The inscription `` Liberty '' has been eliminated , with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement . In addition , due to the nature of U.S. coins , this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse ( heads ) side ( Lincoln / penny , Jefferson / nickel , Franklin D. Roosevelt / dime , Washington / quarter , Kennedy / half dollar , and Eisenhower / dollar ) . Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with two different portraits issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms . Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks . Highly sought after by collectors , and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery , the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions `` E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P '' . The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia , although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units . Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to `` heads '' , some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying `` upside down lettering error '' coins . Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years , whereas coins are more permanent . The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes , which have been withdrawn from circulation , bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones . As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes , they commonly accept only $1 bills , though a few will give change in dollar coins . Mint marks ( edit ) Mint Mint mark Metal minted Year established Current status Denver All metals 1906 Facility open Philadelphia P or none All metals 1792 Facility open San Francisco All metals 1854 Facility open ( proof only ) West Point W or none Gold , Silver and Platinum 1973 Facility open ( bullion only ) Carson City CC Gold and Silver 1870 Facility closed , 1893 Charlotte Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Dahlonega Gold only 1838 Facility closed , 1861 Manila M or none All metals 1920 Facility closed , 1922 ; re-opened 1925 -- 1941 New Orleans Gold and Silver 1838 Facility closed , 1861 ; re-opened 1879 -- 1909 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The letter `` P '' is used for the Philadelphia mint mark on all coins ( except cents ) released from 1980 onward . Before this it had only been used on silver Jefferson nickels from 1942 to 1945 . Jump up ^ Between 1973 and 1986 there was no mint mark ( these coins are indistinguishable from coins produced at the Philadelphia Mint from 1973 to 1980 ) ; after 1988 the letter `` W '' was used for coinage , except for the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle . Jump up ^ It is now the home of the Nevada State Museum , which still strikes commemorative medallions with the `` CC '' mint mark ( most recently in 2014 commemorating the Nevada Sesquicentennial ) , using former mint 's the original coin press . Jump up ^ Although the mint mark `` D '' has been used by two separate mints , it is easy to distinguish between the two , as any 19th century coinage is Dahlonega , and any 20th or 21st century coins are Denver . Jump up ^ During the period in which this mint branch was operational , The Philippines was an insular territory and then commonwealth of the U.S. ; it was the first ( and to date only ) U.S. branch mint located outside the Continental United States . Jump up ^ The letter `` M '' was used for the Manila mint mark on all coins released from 1925 onward ; before this it had produced its coins with no mintmark . Jump up ^ During the Civil War , this mint operated under the control of the State of Louisiana ( February 1861 ) and the Confederate States of America ( March 1861 ) until it ran out of bullion later in that year ; some Half Dollars have been identified as being the issue of the State of Louisiana and the Confederacy . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Note Denomination Obverse Reverse Portrait Reverse Motif First Series Latest Series Circulation One Dollar George Washington Great Seal of the United States Series 1963 Series 2013 Wide Two Dollars Thomas Jefferson Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence Series 1976 Series 2013 Limited Five Dollars Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Memorial Series 2006 Series 2013 Wide Ten Dollars Alexander Hamilton U.S. Treasury Series 2004A Series 2013 Wide Twenty Dollars Andrew Jackson White House Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide Fifty Dollars Ulysses S. Grant United States Capitol Series 2004 Series 2013 Wide One Hundred Dollars Benjamin Franklin Independence Hall Series 2009 Series 2013 Wide The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to `` borrow money on the credit of the United States '' . Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes . Those notes are `` obligations of the United States '' and `` shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States , in the city of Washington , District of Columbia , or at any Federal Reserve bank '' . Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as `` legal tender '' for the payment of debts . Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes , including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note . The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s . Currently printed denominations are $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , and $100 . Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969 . These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime ; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use . With the advent of electronic banking , they became less necessary . Notes in denominations of $500 , $1,000 , $5,000 , $10,000 , and $100,000 were all produced at one time ; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details . With the exception of the $100,000 bill ( which was only issued as a Series 1934 Gold Certificate and was never publicly circulated ; thus it is illegal to own ) , these notes are now collectors ' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors . Though still predominantly green , post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations . As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note , except the $1 and the current version of the $100 bill . It also plans larger , higher - contrast numerals , more color differences , and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period . Means of issue ( edit ) The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury , plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks . The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994 , to 800 billion in 2005 , and over 3000 billion in 2013 . The amount of cash in circulation is increased ( or decreased ) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System . Eight times a year , the 12 - person Federal Open Market Committee meets to determine U.S. monetary policy . Every business day , the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy . If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply , it will buy securities ( such as U.S. Treasury Bonds ) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars . Conversely , it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars , to take dollars out of circulation . When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase , it credits the seller 's reserve account ( with the Federal Reserve ) . This money is not transferred from any existing funds -- it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high - powered money . Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve . To fulfill those requests , the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department . The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing ( to print new dollar bills ) and the Bureau of the Mint ( to stamp the coins ) . Usually , the short - term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short - term interest rate target . In other instances , monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold . For example , in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate , the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight . The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include : ( i ) Discount window lending ( as lender of last resort ) ; ( ii ) Fractional deposit lending ( changes in the reserve requirement ) ; ( iii ) Moral suasion ( cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes ) ; ( iv ) `` Open mouth operations '' ( talking monetary policy with the market ) . Value ( edit ) Buying power of one U.S. dollar compared to 1774 USD Year Equivalent buying power 1774 $1.00 1780 $0.59 1790 $0.89 1800 $0.64 1810 $0.66 1820 $0.69 1830 $0.88 1840 $0.94 1850 $1.03 1860 $0.97 Year Equivalent buying power 1870 $0.62 1880 $0.79 1890 $0.89 1900 $0.96 1910 $0.85 1920 $0.39 1930 $0.47 1940 $0.56 1950 $0.33 1960 $0.26 Year Equivalent buying power 1970 $0.20 1980 $0.10 1990 $0.06 2000 $0.05 2007 $0.04 2008 $0.04 2009 $0.04 $0.035 2011 $0.034 2012 $0.03 U.S. Consumer Price Index , starting from 1913 The 6th paragraph of Section 8 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution provides that the U.S. Congress shall have the power to `` coin money '' and to `` regulate the value '' of domestic and foreign coins . Congress exercised those powers when it enacted the Coinage Act of 1792 . That Act provided for the minting of the first U.S. dollar and it declared that the U.S. dollar shall have `` the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current '' . The table to the right shows the equivalent amount of goods that , in a particular year , could be purchased with $1 . The table shows that from 1774 through 2012 the U.S. dollar has lost about 97.0 % of its buying power . The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation , which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time . A consumer price index ( CPI ) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households . The United States Consumer Price Index , published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States . It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day - to - day living expenses . A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982 -- 1984 and the annual year - over-year change in CPI is shown at right . The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime , especially during the American Civil War , World War I , and World War II . The Federal Reserve , which was established in 1913 , was designed to furnish an `` elastic '' currency subject to `` substantial changes of quantity over short periods '' , which differed significantly from previous forms of high - powered money such as gold , national bank notes , and silver coins . Over the very long run , the prior gold standard kept prices stable -- for instance , the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s . The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability , reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s , before presiding over a 30 % deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s . Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II , the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce , and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold . Rising government spending in the 1960s , however , led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility , gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold , and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline . Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold , gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon , resulting in the `` Nixon shock '' . The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold , and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency . The Federal Reserve , however , continued to increase the money supply , resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s . This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked ( the Phillips curve ) , and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign . Between 1965 and 1981 , the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value . In 1979 , President Carter appointed Paul Volcker Chairman of the Federal Reserve . The Federal Reserve tightened the money supply and inflation was substantially lower in the 1980s , and hence the value of the U.S. dollar stabilized . Over the thirty - year period from 1981 to 2009 , the U.S. dollar lost over half its value . This is because the Federal Reserve has targeted not zero inflation , but a low , stable rate of inflation -- between 1987 and 1997 , the rate of inflation was approximately 3.5 % , and between 1997 and 2007 it was approximately 2 % . The so - called `` Great Moderation '' of economic conditions since the 1970s is credited to monetary policy targeting price stability . There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation ( which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time ) or low , stable inflation ( which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time , as is the case now ) . Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar , others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed . Exchange rates ( edit ) Historical exchange rates ( edit ) Currency units per U.S. dollar , averaged over the year 1970 1980 1985 1990 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Euro -- -- -- -- -- 0.9387 1.0832 1.1171 1.0578 0.8833 0.8040 0.8033 0.7960 0.7293 0.6791 0.7176 0.6739 0.7178 0.7777 0.7530 0.7520 0.9015 Japanese yen 357.6 240.45 250.35 146.25 111.08 113.73 107.80 121.57 125.22 115.94 108.15 110.11 116.31 117.76 103.39 93.68 87.78 79.70 79.82 97.60 105.74 121.05 Pound sterling 8 s 4 d = 0.4167 0.4484 0.8613 0.6207 0.6660 0.6184 0.6598 0.6946 0.6656 0.6117 0.5456 0.5493 0.5425 0.4995 0.5392 0.6385 0.4548 0.6233 0.6308 0.6393 0.6066 0.6544 Canadian dollar 1.081 1.168 1.321 1.1605 1.2902 1.4858 1.4855 1.5487 1.5704 1.4008 1.3017 1.2115 1.1340 1.0734 1.0660 1.1412 1.0298 0.9887 0.9995 1.0300 1.1043 1.2789 Mexican peso 0.01250 -- 0.02650 2.80 2.67 2.50 3.1237 9.553 9.459 9.337 9.663 10.793 11.290 10.894 10.906 10.928 11.143 13.498 12.623 12.427 13.154 12.758 13.302 15.837 Renminbi yuan 2.46 1.7050 2.9366 4.7832 5.7620 8.2783 8.2784 8.2770 8.2771 8.2772 8.2768 8.1936 7.9723 7.6058 6.9477 6.8307 6.7696 6.4630 6.3093 6.1478 6.1620 6.2840 Indian rupee 7.56 8.000 12.38 16.96 31.291 43.13 45.00 47.22 48.63 46.59 45.26 44.00 45.19 41.18 43.39 48.33 45.65 46.58 53.37 58.51 62.00 64.1332 Singapore dollar -- -- 2.179 1.903 1.6158 1.6951 1.7361 1.7930 1.7908 1.7429 1.6902 1.6639 1.5882 1.5065 1.4140 1.4543 1.24586 1.2565 1.2492 1.2511 1.2665 1.3748 South African rand 0.7182 0.7780 2.2343 2.5600 3.2729 6.1191 6.9468 8.6093 10.5176 7.5550 6.4402 6.3606 6.7668 7.0477 8.2480 8.4117 7.3159 7.2510 8.2014 9.6436 10.8420 12.7759 Notes : 1 . Mexican peso values prior to 1993 revaluation 2 . Value at the start of the year Sources : US : Last 4 years , 2009 -- 2012 , 2005 -- 2008 , 2001 -- 2004 , 1997 -- 2000 , 1993 -- 1996 , all available years Multiple countries : 2004 -- present Australia : 1970 -- present China : 1974 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 Mexico : 1976 -- 1991 Canada : 1977 -- 1991 Current exchange rates ( edit ) Current USD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY RUB INR CNY See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Numismatics portal Coins of the United States dollar Counterfeit United States currency Federal Reserve Note International use of the U.S. dollar Large denominations of United States currency Series ( United States currency ) Strong dollar policy U.S. Dollar Index Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alongside East Timor centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Ecuadorian centavo coins Jump up ^ Alongside Panamanian balboa coins Jump up ^ Official currency for Zimbabwean government transactions Jump up ^ United States dollars , Iranian rials , and Pakistani rupees are widely accepted . Jump up ^ Used heavily for large purchases . Jump up ^ Bahamian dollar tied at a 1 : 1 rate to the United States dollar , both are accepted interchangeably . Jump up ^ Barbadian dollar tied at about 2 : 1 , both accepted . Visiting Barbados FAQ : What is the local currency ? , Invest Barbados Jump up ^ Alongside the Cambodian riel Jump up ^ Alongside the Costa Rican colón Jump up ^ Iraqi dinar tied at about 2 : 1 , both accepted . Jump up ^ Alongside the Jamaican dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Lao kip Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Lebanese pound at a fixed exchange rate of 1 : 1,500 Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Nicaraguan córdoba Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Peruvian sol Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Sierra Leonean leone Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Uruguayan peso Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Venezuelan bolívar Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used alongside the Vietnamese đồng Jump up ^ Alongside the Bermudian dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the New Zealand dollar Jump up ^ Alongside the Saint Helena pound Jump up ^ The United States dollar and the Chinese Yuan are the only accepted currencies in most Pyongyang stores . Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used by locals . Jump up ^ The United States dollar is widely used by locals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ nichol , Mark . `` 50 Slang Terms for Money '' . dailywritingtips.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Central Bank of Timor - Leste '' . Retrieved Mar 22 , 2017 . The official currency of Timor - Leste is the United States dollar , which is legal tender for all payments made in cash . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . The dollar is legal tender Jump up ^ `` El Salvador '' . CIA World Factbook . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 27 , 2001 . The US dollar became El Salvador 's currency in 2001 Jump up ^ http://www.demtullpitcairn.com/2016JanFebMarch.pdf Jump up ^ FCO country profile Archived June 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory Currency '' . Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com . March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of original Coinage Act of 1792 determining U.S. and Spanish dollar equivalentcy '' ( TIFF ) . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Implementation of Monetary Policy -- The Federal Reserve in the International Sphere '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Cohen , The Future of Money , Princeton University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11666 - 0 ; cf . `` the dollar is the de facto currency in Cambodia '' , Charles Agar , Frommer 's Vietnam , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 79816 - 9 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` How much U.S. currency is in circulation ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 5 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 5112 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 7 of Section 9 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mehl , B. Max . `` United States $50.00 Gold Pieces , 1877 '' , in Star Rare Coins Encyclopedia and Premium Catalogue ( 20th edition , 1921 ) ^ Jump up to : National Geographic . June 2002 . p. 1 . Ask US . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Colonial -- Lion Dollar '' . Coins.lakdiva.org . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` etymologiebank.nl '' . etymologiebank.nl . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian , R.W. ( 2007 ) . `` All About the Dollar '' . Numismatist : 41 . Jump up ^ `` Buck '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paper Money Glossary '' . Littleton Coin Company . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cajori , Florian ( ( 1929 ) 1993 ) . A History of Mathematical Notations ( Vol. 2 ) . New York : Dover , 15 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 67766 - 4 Jump up ^ Aiton , Arthur S. and Benjamin W. Wheeler ( May 1931 ) . `` The First American Mint '' , The Hispanic American Historical Review 11 ( 2 ) , 198 and note 2 on 198 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Arthur ( 1957 ) . A History of the Dollar . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 56 . The dollar sign , $ , is connected with the peso , contrary to popular belief , which considers it to be an abbreviation of ' U.S. ' The two parallel lines represented one of the many abbreviations of ' P , ' and the ' S ' indicated the plural . The abbreviation ' $ . ' was also used for the peso , and is still used in Argentina . Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of the $ Sign ? '' , U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing website Jump up ^ Rand , Ayn . Atlas Shrugged. 1957 . Signet. 1992 . p628 Jump up ^ James , James Alton ( 1970 ) ( 1937 ) . Oliver Pollock : The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot . Freeport : Books for Libraries Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 5527 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion Dollar : Introduction '' . Coins.nd.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mint , U.S. `` Coinage Act of 1792 '' . U.S. treasury . Jump up ^ See ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` United States Dollar '' . OANDA . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Engraving and printing currency and security documents : Article b '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Soniak ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` On the Money : Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Coin Portraits '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Eric P. ( 1990 ) . The Early Paper Money of America ( 3 ed . ) . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 120 - X . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert E. ( 2008 ) . One Nation Under Debt : Hamilton , Jefferson , and the History of What We Owe . New York , New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 50 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 154393 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` IRS Court Case Shakes the Foundations of the Debt Money System '' . Beyondmoney.net . November 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.coinnews.net/2015/07/31/2015-100-american-liberty-high-relief-gold-coin-photos/ Jump up ^ Christian Zappone ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Kill - the - penny bill introduced '' . CNN Money . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Ali ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Penny pinching : Can Obama manage elimination of one - cent coin ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . Department of the Treasury . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 13 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CNN Money Congress tries again for a dollar coin . Written by Gordon T. Anderson . Published April 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Report to the Subcommittee on Treasury and General Government , Committee on Appropriations , U.S. Senate '' ( PDF ) . USGAO . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pub . L. No. 109 - 145 , 119 Stat. 2664 ( December 22 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ The United States Mint . `` The United States Mint Pressroom '' . Usmint.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Godless Dollars Jump up ^ `` Paragraph 2 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the United States Constitution '' . Topics.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 411 of Title 12 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5103 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5115 of Title 31 of the United States Code '' . Law.cornell.edu . August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See Federal Reserve Note for details and references Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Adjusted Monetary Base '' . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve 's Beige Book '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davies , Phil . `` Right on Target '' . Retrieved January 7 , 2008 . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Open market operations enable the Federal Reserve to affect the supply of reserve balances in the banking system . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheets : Currency & Coins '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Section 9 of the Coinage Act of 1792 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Measuring Worth -- Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to 2010 '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Olivier Blanchard ( 2000 ) . Macroeconomics ( 2nd ed . ) , Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 013306 - X Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman , Anna Jacobson Schwartz . A monetary history of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0691003542 . Jump up ^ Friedman 189 -- 190 ^ Jump up to : `` Central Banking -- Then and Now '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Controlling Inflation : A Historical Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monetary Credibility , Inflation , and Economic Growth '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Monetary Policy : The Fed 's Goals '' . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Exchange rates from TransferMate ^ Jump up to : 1970 -- 1992 . 1980 derived from AUD -- USD = 1.1055 and AUD -- GBP = 0.4957 at end of Dec 1979 : 0.4957 / 1.1055 = 0.448394392 ; 1985 derived from AUD -- USD = 0.8278 and AUD -- GBP = 0.7130 at end of Dec 1984 : 0.7130 / 0.8278 = 0.861319159 Jump up ^ `` Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and the South African Rand '' . Measuring Worth . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Foreign Exchange Rates -- G. 5A ; Release Dates '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Prasad , Eswar S. ( 2014 ) . The Dollar Trap : How the U.S. Dollar Tightened Its Grip on Global Finance . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16112 - 9 . 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7294842399273435997	Grace and Frankie	Grace and Frankie - Wikipedia Grace and Frankie Grace and Frankie Genre Comedy Created by Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Starring Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Sam Waterston Martin Sheen Brooklyn Decker Ethan Embry June Diane Raphael Baron Vaughn Opening theme `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' performed by Grace Potter Composer ( s ) Sam KS Michael Skloff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Tate Taylor ( pilot ) Paula Weinstein Dana Goldberg David Ellison Marcy Ross Alexa Junge Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Gale Tattersall Editor ( s ) Lisa Zeno Churgin Michael Jablow Sarah Lucky Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 35 minutes Production company ( s ) Okay Goodnight Skydance Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Grace and Frankie is an American comedy web television series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix . The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the title roles of Grace and Frankie , two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love and plan to get married . Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles . It premiered on Netflix on May 8 , 2015 , with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously . The second , third , and fourth seasons , also consisting of 13 episodes each , have been released on May 6 , 2016 , March 24 , 2017 , and January 19 , 2018 , respectively . Despite mixed reviews upon its debut , the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations , including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . On February 15 , 2018 , Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production and development 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Controversy 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Grace , a retired cosmetics mogul , and Frankie , a hippie art teacher , whose husbands , Robert and Sol , are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego . Grace and Frankie 's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives . Now , the women , who have never particularly liked each other , are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jane Fonda as Grace Hanson , a retired cosmetics mogul Lily Tomlin as Frances `` Frankie '' Bergstein ( née Mengela ) , a hippie art teacher Martin Sheen as Robert Hanson , a successful divorce lawyer and Grace 's former husband who later becomes Sol 's husband Sam Waterston as Sol Bergstein , a successful divorce lawyer and Frankie 's former husband who later becomes Robert 's husband June Diane Raphael as Brianna Hanson , older daughter of Grace and Robert , head of the company founded and once run by Grace Baron Vaughn as Nwabudike `` Bud '' Bergstein , son of Frankie and Sol , and also a lawyer at Robert & Sol 's firm Brooklyn Decker as Mallory Hanson , younger daughter of Grace and Robert , a wife and mother of four children Ethan Embry as Coyote Bergstein , son of Frankie and Sol , a substitute teacher and recovering addict Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Season Ernie Hudson Jacob Recurring Geoff Stults Mitch Recurring Guest Tim Bagley Peter Recurring Guest Recurring Peter Cambor Barry Recurring Guest Recurring Craig T. Nelson Guy Recurring Brittany Ishibashi Erica Guest Recurring Guest Michael Charles Roman Adam Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Sam Elliott Phil Milstein Recurring Estelle Parsons Babe Recurring Marsha Mason Arlene Guest Recurring Lindsey Kraft Allison Giampietro - Smikowitz Recurring Peter Gallagher Nick Skolka Recurring Jack Plotnick Paul Recurring Megan Ferguson Nadia Guest Recurring Lisa Kudrow Sheree Recurring Talia Shire Teddie Recurring Mark Deklin Roy Recurring Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grace and Frankie episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) 13 May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 13 March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 13 January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Production and Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , Netflix finalized a deal for a 13 - episode straight - to - series order for Grace and Frankie , with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles . The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris , who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda , Tomlin , Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor , and Skydance Productions ' Dana Goldberg , David Ellison and Marcy Ross . On May 26 , 2015 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season which premiered on May 6 , 2016 . On December 10 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on March 24 , 2017 . On April 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on January 19 , 2018 . On February 15 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements began in June 2014 , with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert , Grace 's husband . The following month , Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol , Frankie 's husband . June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast , with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna , Grace and Robert 's elder daughter , who rebels against Grace 's decorum . Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike , Frankie and Sol 's son . Shortly afterwards , Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series . Embry joined in the role of Coyote , Frankie and Sol 's recovering drug addicted son , while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory , Grace and Robert 's younger daughter . In October 2015 , it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace 's love interest . In April 2017 , it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree , Grace 's manicurist . In February 2018 , the same day as the fifth season was commissioned , RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie . Filming ( edit ) Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles , California , in early August 2014 , and ended in late November . Production on season two of the series began in July 2015 , and ended in November the same year . Reception ( edit ) The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50 % , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Grace and Frankie 's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal , although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The second season received a more positive reception from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 89 % , based on 9 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favourable reviews '' . Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5 / 5 , calling it `` heartfelt and hilarious '' and `` a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 100 % , based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Lily Tomlin Nominated Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Jane Fonda Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Lily Tomlin Nominated LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Nominated 27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated 19th OFTA Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Won Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Sam Waterston Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Allyson Fanger , Lori DeLapp Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Contemporary Television Series Allyson B. Fanger Nominated 28th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy Tracy Lilienfield , Emily Towler Nominated 20th OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Designers ( show ) Allyson B. Fanger , Heather Pain , Lori DeLapp Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half - Hour or Less ) Designers ( show ) Devorah Herbert , Ben Edelberg , Christopher Carlson Nominated 2018 70th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Pending Outstanding Contemporary Costumes Designers ( show ) Allyson B. Fanger , Heather Pain , Lori DeLapp Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half - Hour or Less ) Designers ( show ) Devorah Herbert , Amy Wheeler , Andrea Fenton Pending 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Controversy ( edit ) After the show 's release , Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston , even though `` the show is not ' Sol and Robert ' , it 's ' Grace and Frankie , ' '' in the words of Lily Tomlin , and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity . Shortly thereafter , Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars ' demands for a salary increase , with Waterston being quoted as saying : `` I think they 're being cheated '' . After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity , the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism , saying : `` This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews . We appreciate everyone 's support and the attention to this issue , but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair , and we could n't be happier to work with Skydance , Netflix and the great cast of this show . '' Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had `` made a joke in an interview about our salaries , which was taken out of context . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Erik , Pedersen ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix ; RuPaul To Guest Star '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Back Together Again in `` Grace and Frankie , '' A New Original Comedy Series on Netflix `` . The Futon Critic . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' Grace and Frankie ' for Season 3 '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Netflix & Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace and Frankie ' Renewed for Season 4 at Netflix , Adds Lisa Kudrow '' . Variety . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 4 : Official Renewal Status and Release Date '' . whats-on-netflix.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ; Goldberg , Lesley ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Martin Sheen to Star in Netflix 's Jane Fonda - Lily Tomlin Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Waterston and Jane Fonda Reunite for Netflix 's Grace and Frankie '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June Diane Raphael & Baron Vaughn Join Netflix Comedy ' Grace & Frankie ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Tuesday , July 29 '' . The Futon Critic . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fonda , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Grace & Frankie nearing end of Season 2 '' . JaneFonda.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starting the New Series , Grace & Frankie , with Lily Tomlin , Martin Sheen & Sam Waterston '' . JaneFonda.com . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gearing Up for Grace and Frankie Season II '' . JaneFonda.com . July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last day on Season II of Grace & Frankie '' . JaneFonda.com . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisener , Jasef ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 2 Review '' . TVOvermind . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards 2015 : The complete winners list '' . CNN.com . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . IPA . December 2 , 2015 . pressacademy.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Golden Globes : Lady Gaga , Transparent and Orange Is the New Black Leads the Race '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` GALECA 2015 / 16 DORIAN AWARDS '' . GALECA. 2016 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 / 01 / 2016 - glaad - media - award - nominations '' . vulture.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual TV Awards ( 2014 - 15 ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Anderson and Lauren Graham to Announce Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2017-sag-awards-nominations-nominees-list-1201941897/ Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Contemporary TV Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees # glaadawards '' . GLAAD . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2016 Jump up ^ http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/20th-annual-tv-awards-2015-16/ Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Go Public About Their Unfair ' Grace and Frankie ' Paychecks '' . Women and Hollywood . Indiewire.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vanmetre , Elizabeth ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Martin Sheen , Sam Waterston agree ' Grace and Frankie ' , stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin deserve pay raise '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gennis , Sadie . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Say They 're Okay with Grace and Frankie Gender Pay Disparity '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . 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Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Fastest Car Lost in Space Aggretsuko ReBoot : The Guardian Code Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown Luis Miguel A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted ! The Rain Safe The Who Was ? Show The Break with Michelle Wolf The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Harvey Street Kids Kiss Me First Samantha ! Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Treehouse Detectives All About the Washingtons Insatiable La casa de las flores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_and_Frankie&oldid=853736069 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2015 American television series debuts English - language television programs Gay - related television programs Netflix original programming 2010s American single - camera sitcoms Television shows set in San Diego Television series by Skydance Television Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 17 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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